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Experienced Transit Manager Brings Expertise to Roadrunner Shuttle
CAMARILLO, Calif., -- Roadrunner Shuttle, the leader in passenger ground transportation services in Ventura County and beyond, has added the former transit manager for the city of San Luis Obispo to its team. John P. Webster Sr. brings 36 years of transportation experience to the assistant transit manager position.
"We are positioned as a strong partner to help lead the way toward Ventura County's transportation solutions," said Charles Sandlin, Roadrunner Shuttle's operations manager. "John's wealth of experience with all facets of transportation and his proven leadership and problem-solving skills impressed us, as did his passion for public transportation, a trait we see as invaluable as we move forward to make mass transit more accessible in the county."
At the city of San Luis Obispo, Webster provided direction to the city's bus system and was in charge of its extensive public transportation programs, as well as negotiating and administering contracts for transit services and providing policy guidance. He is the former vice president of McDonald Transit Associates, Inc. and general manager of Bayshore Transit Management Inc.
Roadrunner Shuttle started with one airport shuttle van in Camarillo and has grown to be the largest transportation provider in Ventura County and one of the largest in the western United States. Roadrunner annually serves 3 million business and pleasure passengers and is the only private operator in Ventura County to use the latest environmentally friendly alternative fuel vehicles in its fleet of more than 300 vehicles.
Locally owned and operated, Roadrunner Shuttle was established in 1991 and provides on-time, reliable and door-to-door, 24/7 ground transportation solutions for all travelers. The fleet includes executive sedans, limousines, charter buses, city buses and school buses. Services include airport shuttles to all major Southern California airports, charters to sporting events and tours, and chartered trips. Roadrunner Shuttle has offices throughout Southern California and Maricopa County, Ariz. For more information, visit www.rrshuttle.com.
This story is contributed by a member of the community and is neither endorsed nor affiliated with Ventura County Star.
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Posted: Sunday, July 8, 2012 1:03 AM
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• Location: Hillsborough Co, Bush Garden Area
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subset: commoncrawl


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It is very simple.
You attract what is in alignment with your dominant vibration that you are emitting all the time and you direct it by your dominant attention.
Those things like vision boards, visualization, meditation and all the other "tools" that are suggested are just that…."tools".
They can be great tools for some people and are there to help you raise your vibration and direct your attention.
However, if you only use these tools for a few minutes everyday and then spend the rest of the time being in vibrations that are lower and directing your attention to things you don't want, then it will not help you much or probably, at all.
Someone who is dominantly in a high vibration and also dominantly puts their attention on what is wanted regardless of what is happening can set up a vision board and begin to manifest those things.
Another person, who is generally in a lower vibration such as fear, worry, sadness or anxiety and they also generally have their attention on all the things they are worried about puts up a vision board and really, nothing much happens.
You see, it was never the board, itself.
That is just a "tool".
If however, someone who is pretty neutral in their vibration, creates a vision board and then by looking at it, it makes them feel better and they carry that higher vibration with them for most of the time, they will soon manifest their visions also.
The "tools" are to HELP YOU stay in a higher vibration and keep your attention mostly on what you want.
THAT is what attracts to you all that you get!
Truthfully, it is really simple to be high vibration and to direct your attention to what you want once you are in the habit of it.
Read many of my other posts on this site for more suggestions and also sign up for my free daily email coaching to get even more help.
Kathy Hadley
P.S. I might add, although a vision board can be a great "tool" to direct your attention, I've discovered other techniques that work much faster and more effective and those are the main things I use in my one on one coaching.
There are only 2 spots remaining!!!
I am taking applications for those who want to get one on one direct email coaching at a greatly discounted rate of the training ($56) and then weekly ($75).
Step one will be some high powered work on money flows that so that you can attract back the cost of the coaching asap, but that is up to you following instructions and your vibration. I don't believe you will find this anywhere else and I people get great results with it.
If you have already purchased the training, you can go right into the coaching. If you are serious about improving your life, apply at http://kathyhadleylifecoach.com/one-on-one-email-coaching-special-application/


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Google also rose before the bell, although its gains were limited as Techcrunch, the website, reported the company may be in talks to buy Twitter, the microblogging service that has become the latest online craze. Google's shares picked up 0.8 per cent to $365.45.
French President Nicolas Sarkozy said today that his country will accept one prisoner from the U.S. military prison at Guantanamo Bay as a way of demonstrating approval of President Obama's decision to close the facility, adding that "it feels really good to work with a U.S. president who wants to change the world."
One of the t-shirts has a rifle sight aimed at a pregnant Palestinian with the slogan "1 shot, 2 kills," according to a report last month in the Haaretz newspaper. A spokesman for the military called the shirts "simply tasteless," and said the armed forces' chief educational officer had instructed commanders to ensure soldiers did not create or wear the items and to discipline those who disobeyed. Haaretz said soldiers graduating from a snipers' course designed the t-shirts with the gun sight on the pregnant woman and printed them privately. The paper described examples of soldiers in other units printing shirts with their own slogans.
One of the t-shirts has a rifle sight aimed at a pregnant Palestinian with the slogan "1 shot, 2 kills," according to a report last month in the Haaretz newspaper.
A spokesman for the military called the shirts "simply tasteless," and said the armed forces' chief educational officer had instructed commanders to ensure soldiers did not create or wear the items and to discipline those who disobeyed.
Haaretz said soldiers graduating from a snipers' course designed the t-shirts with the gun sight on the pregnant woman and printed them privately. The paper described examples of soldiers in other units printing shirts with their own slogans.
This as some Israelis fear a growing isolation of that country from Europe, and potentially, from the Obama administration. Indeed, when it comes to the creation of a Palestinian state, Israel's new ultra-right wing government is quickly becoming the odd man out, with its new foreign minister, Mr. Lieberman, even pissing off Israel's one sem-friend in the region, Egypt.
Labels: Carla Bruni, France, international news, Israel, Michelle Obama, Mideast peace process, news and current affairs, Nicolas Sarkozy, President Barack Obama, the economy, the obamas, unemployment
Unemployment rates were higher in February than a year earlier in all 372 metropolitan areas, the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S.Department of Labor reported today. Fourteen areas recorded joblessrates of at least 15.0 percent, while 20 areas registered rates below 5.0 percent. The national unemployment rate in February was 8.9 per-cent, not seasonally adjusted, up from 5.2 percent a year earlier. Among the 310 metropolitan areas for which nonfarm payroll data wereavailable, 270 areas recorded over-the-year employment decreases, 37reported gains, and 3 had no change.
El Centro, Calif., recorded the highest unemployment rate, 24.5 per-cent. The areas with the next highest rates were Merced, Calif.,19.9 percent; Yuba City, Calif., 18.9 percent; and Elkhart-Goshen,Ind., 18.0 percent. Among the 14 areas with jobless rates of atleast 15.0 percent, 10 were located in California.
April 1 (Bloomberg) -- U.S. stocks advanced for a second day as sales of existing homes unexpectedly increased and a manufacturing gauge topped economists' estimates, bolstering optimism that the worst of the recession is over. The dollar strengthened against the euro and oil fell. D.R. Horton Inc. led gains in 12 of 13 shares in an index of homebuilders as the National Association of Realtors reported a 2.1 percent increase in pending home resales in February. Citigroup Inc. and JPMorgan Chase & Co. added at least 5.8 percent after Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said there are signs that financial markets are recovering.
Labels: jobs, the economy, u.s. economy, unemployment, Wall Street vs Main Street
The economy has lost 4.4 million jobs since the recession began in December 2007, with more than half coming in the last four months. Read full report. Payrolls fell by 655,000 in January and by 681,000 in December, revised down by 161,000 from previous estimates. The job losses in December were the biggest monthly decline in jobs since October 1949, when half a million steelworkers went on strike for higher pay.
The unemployment rate continued to trend upward in February for adult men (8.1 percent), adult women (6.7 percent), whites (7.3 percent), blacks (13.4 percent), and Hispanics (10.9 percent). The jobless rate for teen-agers was little changed at 21.6 percent. The unemployment rate for Asians was 6.9 percent in February, not seasonally adjusted.
Employment in professional and business services fell by 180,000 in February. The temporary help industry lost 78,000 jobs over the month. Since December 2007, temporary help employment has declined by 686,000, or 27 percent. In February, job declines also occurred in services to buildings and dwellings (-17,000), architectural and engineering services (-16,000), and business support services (-12,000). Widespread job losses continued in manufacturing in February (-168,000). The majority of the decline occurred in durable goods industries (-132,000), with the largest decreases in fabricated metal products (-28,000) and machinery (-25,000). Employment in nondurable goods manufacturing declined by 36,000 over the month. The construction industry lost 104,000 jobs in February. Employment in the industry has fallen by 1.1 million since peaking in January 2007. Two-fifths of that decline occurred over the last 4 months. Employment fell sharply in both the residential and nonresidential components of the industry in February. Employment in truck transportation declined by 33,000 in February; the industry has lost 138,000 jobs since the start of the recession in December 2007. Nearly two-thirds of the decline (-88,000) occurred over the last 4 months. The information industry continued to lose jobs (-15,000). Over the last 4 months, employment in the industry has decreased by 76,000, with about two-fifths of the decline occur-ring in publishing.
Labels: economic crisis, the Bush recession, the economy, unemployment
Initial claims for state unemployment insurance benefits fell 21,000, to a seasonally adjusted 554,000 in the week ended December 13 from an upwardly revised 575,000 the previous week. State offices were closed for at least one day near the end of November because of the Thanksgiving holiday, distorting the holiday week and the following week's numbers.A Labor Department official said there were no special factors influencing the report. Analysts polled by Reuters had forecast 558,000 new claims versus a previously reported figure of 573,000 the week before.
In other words, unemployment claims "fell" this week because a) last week's number was TOO LOW when first reported, and b) this week's number wasn't quite as bad as expected. Your headline should have read:
"Holy, shit! Another 554,000 people filed for unemployment last week!!!"
And by the way, Reuters had more sunny "good news":
Continuing claims fell to 4.38 million in the week ended December 6 after scaling a 26-year of 4.43 million the previous week.
God, is everyone writing for "Morning Joe"??? The Labor Department lays reality out with a lot more seriousness, and you'll never guess where the biggest job losses Toyota Central:
States reported 933,652 persons claiming EUC (Emergency Unemployment Compensation) benefits for the week ending Nov. 29, an increase of 258,601 from the prior week. ... The largest increases in initial claims for the week ending Dec. 6 were in North Carolina (+26,596), California (+22,963), Georgia (+20,237), Pennsylvania (+20,090), and Tennessee (+12,170), while the largest decreases were in Wisconsin (-8,593), Iowa (-3,424), North Dakota (-895), Arkansas (-514), and Idaho (-320).
States reported 933,652 persons claiming EUC (Emergency Unemployment Compensation) benefits for the week ending Nov. 29, an increase of 258,601 from the prior week.
... The largest increases in initial claims for the week ending Dec. 6 were in North Carolina (+26,596), California (+22,963), Georgia (+20,237), Pennsylvania (+20,090), and Tennessee (+12,170), while the largest decreases were in Wisconsin (-8,593), Iowa (-3,424), North Dakota (-895), Arkansas (-514), and Idaho (-320).
Labels: Morning Joe, the Bush recession, u.s. economy, unemployment
WASHINGTON – An alarming half-million American jobs vanished virtually in a flash last month, the worst mass layoffs in over a third of a century, as economic carnage spread ever faster and the nation hurtled toward what could be the hardest hard times since the Great Depression.Underscoring Friday's dismaying signs of a rapidly deteriorating economy, General Motors announced yet more job cuts, and a record number of homeowners were reported behind on mortgage payments or in foreclosure.Somehow Wall Street found a silver lining, betting that so much bad news would force fresh government action to revive the foundering economy. The Dow Jones industrial rose 259 points.
Staring at 533,000 lost jobs, economists were anything but hopeful. Since the start of the recession last December, the economy has shed 1.9 million jobs, and the number of unemployed people has increased by 2.7 million — to 10.3 million now out of work.Some analysts predict 3 million more jobs will be lost between now and the spring of 2010 — and that the once-humming U.S. economy could stagger backward at a shocking 6 percent rate for the current three-month quarter."The economy is in a free fall," said Richard Yamarone of Argus Research. "It is as if someone flicked off the switch on hiring.""It's a mess," said Mark Zandi, chief economist at Moody's Economy.com. "Businesses, battening down the hatches, are concerned about their survival and are cutting workers."
The Labor Department report showed monthly jobs losses of 533,000 spread across the economy, hitting construction firms, computer makers, auto dealers, clothing stores and banks and insurance companies alike.The new data translate the steady stream of pink slip notices coming from companies as diverse as financial titans like the Carlyle Group to discount retailers like Linen 'n Things into evidence of broad economic weakness. The headline number alone -- the worst monthly job loss since Dec., 1974, amid a steep downturn and in the wake of an oil embargo by Arab states -- is likely to raise fresh concerns about the depth and length of an ongoing recession.
WASHINGTON – President George W. Bush publicly acknowledged for the first time Friday that the U.S. economy is in a recession and worried aloud that Detroit's Big Three automakers may not all survive their mounting troubles.Four days after the long-suspected existence of a recession was made official, Bush used the word himself."Our economy is in a recession," Bush said flatly, speaking to reporters on the South Lawn only hours after the release of a government report showing the biggest month of job losses in 34 years. "This is in large part because of severe problems in our housing, credit and financial markets, which have resulted in significant job losses."While repeatedly listing the serious problems in the economy, the White House has refused to embrace the actual term until Monday, when a panel for the National Bureau of Economic Research said the recession began last December and is ongoing.
Labels: economic crisis, the Bush recession, u.s. economy, unemployment
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Funeral Food, Update
A few people kindly asked that I update them on the impending death of my aunt. She went yesterday morning, peacefully, some of her family with her. The past two weeks she had never been alone, with dozens of family members and friends coming to see her often.
I appreciated all the contributions to my original thread on this subject including those from people who didn't actually like the thread, those comments gave me a perspective outside of my own, and it's always good to consider differing ideas.
Anyone interested in reading more on this subject can follow the link below.
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!


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Hello to you here on Audiko.net! The best opportunity to download a free Mr. Big ringtones for your iPhone or mobile. Elect your favorite snippet from your favorite song - Oh Baby, Baby,Its a Wild World, Wild World, Baby, It's A Wild World, or any other track. Then download the prepared Mr. Big ringtones to your mobile device, and enjoy Hard Rock music by Mr. Big every time your phone rings. If you love Hard Rock or maybe Metal and 80s music, then you will probably like Paul Gilbert, Extreme, or whitesnake as well. For all who want a free Mr. Big ringtone, we also recommend listening to Rock, Classic Rock, and Hair Metal. You can download your track piece both in the MP3 and m4a formats, supported by both mobile phones and iPhones. Just select a track, and choose free Mr. Big ringtones download option.
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Increased Use Of 'Personal Drones' Needs Urgent Regulation
An excerpt from a blog written by Ryan Calo, CIS Director of Privacy and Robotics, is referenced by Sara Mansoori of The Guardian in regards to how the greatest use of drones can be for surveillance.
The military use of "spy drones" is very well established. United States Air Force drones have now done more than a million "combat hours". Drones have been used by the police in Britain for some time. It is now reported that they are being used for news gathering purposes by News Corporation in the United States.
News Corporation's iPad publication, The Daily has reportedly used its drone to capture aerial footage of Alabama storms and flooding in South Dakota. Their hardware is a MicroDrone md4-1000, a micro aerial vehicle that can be fitted with various imagery or sensor payloads. It appears that such use may be contrary to the Federal Aviation Administration rules which currently govern the use of drones – as they cannot be used for commercial purposes.
The use of drones by media corporations obviously gives rise to serious privacy issues. These are discussed in a recent post by Ryan Calo on the US "Concurring Opinions" blog. He points out that the greatest use of drones is for surveillance:
"Industrial-grade drones can fly for miles searching for objects of interest or hover at a particular location and report any movement. Not only can they record high-resolution video, but some drones come equipped with thermal-imaging and other sensors capable of seeing what people cannot. There have even been reports of a drone capable of impersonating a cell tower so as to intercept phone conversations".
In his post, which is entitled Will drones save privacy law?", Ryan Calo seeks to draw out some potential positive outcomes from the "drone" phenomenon. He suggests that the difficulty in obtaining public support for privacy law derives in part from an inability to visualise the processes behind modern privacy harm, "this lack of visceral cues, forms a significant part of the reason that privacy law lags so far behind advancements of technology". However, he suggests that people may feel very different about drones:
"The introduction of government and private drones into our cities will feel very different to the public and perhaps to the courts. What data there is suggests that Americans are nervous around robots. They may associate drones in particular with violence and the theater of war. The proliferation of drones in our skies could lead to a new, Warren and Brandeis moment—all of our amorphous fears about new technology watching us suddenly reified and immediate."
As a result, he suggests that drones could end up being good for privacy law with the backlash against their use generating public support for privacy protection. This is an interesting and optimistic thought but, as Calo rightly points out, the increased use of drones appears an inevitability. Regulatory action in relation to both private and public bodies is an urgent requirement.


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One of the top-ranked female vocalists in any musical genre, Lynn Anderson is often referred to as a "singer's singer." Her sophisticated image and "countrypolitan" sound helped her to become one of the first female country artists to achieve mass crossover appeal, and her strong vocals have garnered her more awards and accolades than many country artists combined. Billboard currently ranks Lynn Anderson among the Top-10 most successful country female artists for all-time record sales.
Lynn has sung for four U.S. Presidents and the Queen of England, most recently for former President Jimmy Carter at his birthday celebration. During the 1970s, when Hollywood needed a country act for variety shows, benefits, national telethons, talk shows and even television dramas, Lynn Anderson was usually the choice. She was the first female country artist to do the Tonight Show circuit, as well as the first to headline and sellout Madison Square Garden in 1974. That same year, she became the first female country artist to win the American Music Award for "Favorite Female Vocalist." In addition to several appearances on the Tonight Show, Lynn has been featured on the Ed Sullivan Show, Kraft Music Hall of Fame, Dean Martin Show, Tom Jones Show, Midnight Special, Johnny Cash Show, Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, Carol Burnett Show, Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour, Hollywood Squares, Dinah Shore Show, Solid Gold, Good Morning America, People's Choice Awards, American Music Awards, Grammy Awards Show, and three Bob Hope Specials, as well as acting on an episode of Starsky and Hutch at the height of its popularity and in "Country Gold," an NBC Movie of the Week. Lynn also starred in her own CBS television special with guest star Tina Turner. Throughout her career she has served as an ambassador for country music, broadening its appeal and taking it to new levels, proving that a country artist could have major success on national television.


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I am the founder of InfoGamer a site providing a knowledgebase for gamers.
Shnooter interviews Tactical Assault developer Angry Penguin about the game's progress.
Shnooter interviews Alex and Strangelet about Angels Fall First: Planetstorm, a Unreal Tournament 3 Mod.
Shnooter interviews one of the D.I.P.R.I.P developers.
Shnooter interviews Dylan Fitterer the Audio Surf developer about how the game was created and what is in store for the future.


text: No-frills carrier SpiceJet narrowed its losses to Rs 163.52 crore in the quarter to September, and said high fuel costs and currency volatility remain a cause of concern.The Chennai-based carrier trimmed losses by 32 per cent from Rs 240.07 crore it reported in the same period a year ago, helped by various cost control measures as well as a healthy 57 per cent jump in sales.Net sales rose 57 per cent at Rs 1,207 crore during the July-September period as against Rs 766 crore in the year- ago quarter, the airline said today."Improved yields, coupled with effective cost control, helped the company perform better in the quarter. But fuel costs and a weak rupee continue to be a cause of worry for the sector," SpiceJet Chief Executive Neil Mills said.International crude prices, which saw some moderation during the previous quarter, firmed up and threaten to got closer to the previously recorded highs although there are some signs of stability at the lower levels, he said.The fuel cost as a proportion of the revenue stood at a whopping 53 per cent, or Rs 680 crore, of the revenue during the quarter, which was Rs 478 crore in the year ago period, Mills said.He said the fovernment, which in September allowed 49 per cent investment by foreign airlines in Indian carriers, is proactively addressing bottlenecks plaguing the aviation sector. "We hope to see better days in the near future."According to Mills, the sharp improvement in efficiency was due to "better pricing" and repositioning of aircraft on the profitable routes.Besides a 15.9 per cent growth in passenger numbers, the airline clocked 48 per cent growth in total departures.SpiceJet, the third largest carrier by market share with 18.5 per cent of the pie in September after IndiGo and Air India, said the average realisation per passenger during the reporting quarter increased 37 per cent.


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International Bulgarian-Turkey expedition to Mount Ararat (5 137 m). First international climbing expedition for members of alpine club Mlad Dihatel, Sofia.
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Overall, it is extremely rare for a baby to have problems before birth due to a lung mass. Most are benign, can be easily managed birth, and the resulting babies live happy, healthy lives. In the rare setting that intervention is required before birth, the St. Louis Fetal Care Center has the expertise to help your baby with the appropriate monitoring, treatment and intervention, whether that be via a needle or open fetal surgery.Learn more about these conditions and treatment options:CCAMBronchopulmonary Sequestration
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Cast: Suriya (actor), Radhika Apte, Vivek Oberoi, Priyamani, Abhimanyu Singh, Kota Srinivasa Rao, Shatrughan Sinha, Sudeep, Sushant Singh
Producer: Sheetal Vinod Talwar
Director: Ram Gopal Varma
Release Date: 22 October,2010
Storyline: Rakta charitra is a two-part indian biographical film based on the life of paritala ravindra, directed by ram gopal varma. the film features vivek oberoi as ravindra in the lead role, whilst suriya plays surya, who predominantly appears in the second part. sudeep, shatrughan sinha, abhimanyu singh, kota srinivasa rao, sushant singh, priyamani, and radhika apte play other supporting roles. the film was released in three different languages. Read on Wikipedia
Rakta Charitra : Cast
Cast overview
- Radhika Apte
- Vivek Oberoi
- Priyamani
- Abhimanyu Singh
- Kota Srinivasa Rao
- Shatrughan Sinha
- Sudeep
- Sushant Singh


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Bill was born in the small Southeast Texas town of Winnie. He grew up with a strong Cajun influence listening to the sounds of Cajun and Zydeco music, but also country and some Southern Gospel thrown in for good measure. Bill was in his first band at age 14 playing the local clubs through his high school years. He then went to Sam Houston State, and he drifted away from music and into rodeo. After being out of music for 15 years the tug at his soul was too great, and he came back to music and started a band in 1992. For the last 10 years, Bill has been singing and playing in the clubs and dance halls around Southcentral Texas. He has released his first CD, Looking Back In Time and will be going back to the studio in the Spring to record a new CD of all original songs.
Bill has sang in Nashville at the Nashville Palace and has worked with musicians such as Benny McArthur, Ronnie Huckabee, Rick McCray which are all working for George Strait. He has worked with Billy English who works for Willie Nelson and David Varnado who plays for Chris Ledoux. Bill had the wonderful experience of working in the Bismeaux Studio which is owned by Ray Benson. These are just a few of the artists and muscians he's worked with. Bill's music has a traditional country flare to it but in listening you can here the other influences in his life that molded him into the singer he is today.
For more information email Bill at email@example.com
This page was written by: LMC


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T10FS - High Precision Torque Sensor
The T10FS torque sensor adds to the outstanding market reputation of the T10F torque sensor, extending the range covered to greater accuracy, higher speeds and smaller outside diameters. It is based on a modified T10F measuring body and also uses the shear stress principle of measurement.
Product Description
The measuring body and the torque introduction part are made from one piece.
The patented, compact measuring body geometry increases measurement precision and saves you money in your test stand implementation. The low weight relieves the load on the bearing.
Lower mass moments of inertia result in lower dynamic moments when accelerating and braking. Because there are no bearings or slip-rings, there are no maintenance costs involved with the torque and speed measuring system. Thanks to the modular structure there are a large number of mechatronic variants, making it possible for you to choose the correct torque flange for your particular application.
Product Literature
Vänligen ange din epostadress.
Product Literature
|Data Sheet
|Mounting instructions
|CE-Declaration of Conformity
Candid data sheets: We keep our promises.
Precision in series: This also applies to the accuracy of the values specified in our data sheets. Ideal conditions can often be theoretically attained based on the values given, but our data sheets focus on realistic standard assumptions - such as those likely to be encountered in your application. Therefore, please consider this when comparing our data sheets with those of other manufacturers.
Vänligen logga in på hbm.com nedan för att få tillgång till komplett CAD-data för denna produkt (inklusive nedladdningar).
Vänligen ange din epostadress.
Request a Quote for T10FS
Få en offert för T10FS
Key Features T10FS
- Nominal (rated) torques of 100 N•m, 200 N•m, 500 N•m, 1 kN•m, 2 kN•m, 3 kN•m, 5 kN•m and 10 kN•m
- Nominal (rated) rotation speeds of 12,000 rpm to 24,000 rpm
- Low rotor weights
- Low mass of inertia
- Small outside diameters
- No bearings, no slip rings
- Option: integrated optical speed measuring system


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Amidst all the hype and excitement surrounding James Cameron's new film, Avatar, many have critiqued its use of Indigenous imagery and innuendo and have charged that it is a thinly veiled colonialist fantasy that perpetuates damaging stereotypes. We asked First Peoples advisory board member, Daniel Heath Justice, to weigh in with his own thoughts on the film and its allusions to indigeneity, colonialism, and other pertinent issues.
Justice is a Colorado-born Canadian citizen of the Cherokee Nation. He is associate professor of Aboriginal literatures and Aboriginal Studies at the University of Toronto, and has written extensively on Indigenous North American literary expression. He also teaches a regular course in fantasy and horror literature and is the author of The Way of Thorn and Thunder, an Indigenous fantasy trilogy.
James Cameron's Avatar: Missed Opportunities
By Daniel Heath Justice
Apologies for spoilers! And thanks to Kent Dunn, Jim Cox, and Kirby Brown for their comments on early drafts of this blog.
In the past few weeks, I've chatted with a number of friends, colleagues, and students about the phenomenon that is Avatar. Certainly this particular community tends to be quite conversant about prominent themes in the film, such as Indigenous sovereignty and spirituality, colonization and decolonization, other-than-human kinship, traditional ecological knowledge and environmental destruction, so although we're a diverse group we do have some values that align pretty closely across our differences. And given the fact that the film has already met with some pretty blistering critique online and in print from both the right and the left for its handling of many of these themes, I'd initially thought that the underlying perspective emerging from these conversations would be sweeping dismissal, or at least substantial indignation.
That's not how it turned out, not even for me. Our responses ranged from guarded optimism (given that a huge international audience is clearly so engaged with a film that confronts the horrors of colonialism and resource exploitation) to thoughtful frustration (it's powerful in so many ways, but why do we need yet another story about Indigenous struggle told through a non-Native's voice and perspective?), but no one dismissed it. On the whole, the overwhelming sense was, "Well, it's flawed, but at least it's getting people talking." That there's so much commentary in the blogosphere on the film's underlying current of "white guilt" indicates to me that something is happening with audiences and critics; it's probably too early to tell yet what that is, but there's probably a good opportunity here to engage an audience on Indigenous issues that might not otherwise have been interested or receptive.
To be honest, I went in expecting to hate the film. I'd already heard that it was pretty much Dances with Wolves in outer space, and the heavy-handed parallels to Pocahontas and Last of the Mohicans were readily apparent even in the first half-hour. The minute I saw Michelle Rodriguez as the tough-talking pilot Trudy Chacon, I knew that her character was going to die, die heroically but die nonetheless–this is the almost inevitable fate of most Latinas in science fiction films. For all the amazing 3D effects, the characters were simplistic caricatures, much of the dialogue was leaden and cliché, and the storyline was surprisingly predictable for a $300 million epic. To my surprise, there was enough in terms of world-building and interest around the Indigenous Na'vi to keep my attention; indeed, I would have liked to have seen much more of the Na'vi and their world and much less of the generally obnoxious and self-absorbed human invaders.
The film didn't annoy me so much as make me sad, largely because it promised to be much more substantial than it actually was. That Cameron chose the least interesting and most consistently obtuse figure in the film (Jake Sully, a paraplegic ex-Marine, performed by Sam Worthington) to be the point-of-view character is, I think, symptomatic of the most significant failures of Avatar, namely, that for all its visual sophistication, the story suffers from low narrative expectations, and it regretfully fulfils them. Complexity and ambiguity are surrendered for expedient moralizing; the possibility of richly realized and multidimensional characters is tossed out in favor of stock heroes and villains. Cameron drives home the relevant political concerns with the subtlety of a sledgehammer; the good guys are very good, the bad guys are very, very bad, and there is little overlap between the categories. The Na'vi are exotic and intriguing, but their narrative function is to serve as the redemptive influence on a disillusioned white guy; they're more interesting than the humans, but ultimately only to show what qualities the good humans will attain. It's all part of the "white guy goes Native" Western film formula–the only real difference is that these whooping, warlike natives have blue skin and ride oddly limbed alien horses or fly giant bat-beasts.
This is, I think, where my primary disappointment lies: because the characters and their motivations are so clumsily handled, because the story is so formulaic, because the imaginary setting is so unimaginatively derivative of this world, the potential for actual critical commentary is diminished, and the audience is left with a self-congratulatory feeling of having grappled with major issues without having actually dealt with any of the real complexities of colonialism, militarism, reverence for the living world, or environmental destruction. (Nor does it deal much with dis/ability, in spite of Jake's injuries and their effects on his sense of self–that he ends up not only ambulatory but immensely powerful in his Na'vi body at the end is another narrative cheat. Is it so hard to imagine in a science fiction film that a paraplegic can be an adventurous hero in his own ways and with his own body and do so in a way that doesn't ultimately require him to be something other than he is?) The film is a journey into a not-so-strange world that neither disorients nor dislocates viewer expectations; indeed, it asks very little of its audience aside from a willingness to be enraptured by its own spectacle. That's good for entertainment, but that's not asking for much these days.
For example, if Cameron had still decided for whatever reason that the viewpoint character couldn't be one of the Indigenous Na'vi, Sigourney Weaver's character, the scientist/teacher Dr. Grace Augustine, would have been an immeasurably more interesting (and inherently more complicated) choice than Jake, the pouting and resentful soldier/jock. (That Weaver's fine performance is both multilayered and compelling in spite of the weak script demonstrates once again that she's an extraordinary but sadly underappreciated talent.) While the film offers some muted critique of academic colonialism, the decidedly mixed blessings of Grace's work as a teacher of human ways to the Na'vi are almost entirely obscured by the fact that she's not a murderous military thug like Colonel Quaritch (Stephen Lang). Because she's not a sneering, cardboard villain, and because in spite of her bristly personality she obviously has good intentions, the dangerous legacies of her interference in the world of the Na'vi are ultimately erased, and she remains a hero. Yet many of the devastations visited upon Indigenous cultures have come from well-meaning teachers, preachers, and scholars, many of whom have believed that their actions are for the good of the peoples whose cultures they're working to undermine.
And such shallow attention to motivation doesn't begin or end with Dr. Augustine. Colonel Quaritch is despicable, vindictive, and brutal almost entirely for the sake of efficient brutality. There's nothing sophisticated about his evil, nor is there anything about him that would elicit audience empathy–he's meant to be entirely a murderer, an ecosystem killer, and an all around monster. Yet how much more complicated a story might this have been had he been a good man of personal integrity who proudly did his duty in spite of the horror he felt at decimating a people and their world? How much of the evil in our contemporary world is created by people whose sole purpose is destruction and devastation? Not as much as is done by those who believe that what they're doing is a good thing, or who know it's wrong but feel that a higher duty compels them to act against their own moral qualms. Much more could have been done with this, and with the fact that, although Quaritch and his other fighters now work for a private corporation, their self-concept is still very much within the military honor code of fighting on behalf of God and country. Therein lies the makings of true tragedy.
Following that line, what if, instead of the hackneyed convention of a cruel white man assaulting Indigenous peoples on another world, he was instead a world-weary Native warrior grappling between empathy for the Na'vi and fulfilling his (or her) duties as a soldier? Having numerous family members (both Native and non-Native) who've served in the armed forces, and knowing something of their complicated relationships to service, I'm a little less willing than Cameron to simply dismiss them as brutes and bigots; given that American Indians have the highest rate of military service of any demographic in the U.S., and having seen the U.S. flag carried proudly by Native veterans at many powwows and community gatherings, I think it's fair to say that all kinds of people join the military for all kinds of complex, sometimes problematic reasons, mostly because of a mixture of love for their people, nation, and country, the search for adventure in another land, and a hunger for opportunities that are otherwise limited or denied. None of these are neutral, and none are without their dangers or moral complications, but none are categorically evil, either–people can be sensitized to the beauty and humanity of other cultures through military service, just as they can be turned into xenophobic killers. This is the horror, and the tragedy, of war–and this is a much more poignant but ultimately less comfortable perspective, one that finds many degrees of good and harm in an entire range of characters, one that indicts the viewer as much as the character.
There are some impressive moments of depth and narrative brilliance in the film, as when Zoe Saldana's warrior-woman Neytiri saves a stupidly unprepared Jake from being killed by feral hyena-panther creatures, then chastises him for his casual response to the destruction of life his rescue required; the soul-crushing horror of Hometree's destruction and the survivors' disorientation and exile; and the adoption ceremony that remakes Jake into a full Na'vi, with both the rights and responsibilities that such a ceremony necessitates, and his subsequent betrayal of the Na'vi and Neytiri's anguished response. Yet for all its good intentions, for all its visual spectacle and effecting sentiment (yes, I got teary-eyed a couple of times), it's still ultimately a story about "those bad guys who aren't us." Sadly, as we know from example after example in the past, distant and immediate, the bad guys, all too often, are us. It's a comforting lie to believe that only those big bad guys with the superweapons or the white hoods and burning crosses are the only ones who do nasty racist things, but it's a lie nonetheless.
In distancing the audience from any complicity with these evils on our world, the film actually fails to take seriously what would really be required of the audience to effect real and lasting change. The genocide perpetrated against the Na'vi is undeniably evil and despicable, yet genocide isn't enacted only by wicked, bloodthirsty soldiers–mundane, ordinary people participate in all kinds of atrocities at home and abroad, knowingly and unknowingly, every day. Indeed, as Hannah Arendt might remind us, it's usually the ordinary people whose actions are most responsible for such horrors, made all the worse because of their seeming banality.
Yet because no audience member is expected to take the side of Colonel Quaritch or of Parker Selfridge (Giovanni Ribisi), the insipid and cowardly corporate sycophant, audiences can only claim the righteousness of the Na'vi for themselves. In so doing, they — or rather more often, we –are exempted from the hard work that actually accompanies the struggles for decolonization, social and environmental justice, and peace. There's no real sense that good intentions can actually be far more destructive to a people (and have much more lasting impacts) than shooting napalm into the Hometree; there's no acknowledgment that people can do terrible things out of a sense of misplaced obligation rather than simply because they're sociopaths.
Ultimately, Cameron's beautiful, evocative, and deeply flawed epic falls prey to the surprisingly limited ambitions of its characters: by exchanging complexity and narrative nuance for heavy-handed, simplistic political evangelism, Cameron misses the opportunity to make a real statement about injustice and more thoughtful relationships with one another and the natural world. He had the opportunity to be as profound in substance as in spectacle, to ask difficult and unsettling questions of his audience that might not have been as popular or lucrative but would have been more meaningful. Instead, he settled on feel-good, self-congratulatory pop progressivism, and wasted, or at least diminished, the chance to make a difference.
Tags: colonialism, critique, environment, film, sovereignty, stereotypes


text:
Marco PoloHardback
List price $28.95
Unavailable - AbeBooks may have this title.
- Publisher: Random House Inc
- Format: Hardback | 415 pages
- Dimensions: 157mm x 231mm x 38mm | 794g
- Publication date: 23 October 2007
- Publication City/Country: New York
- Illustrations note: 24 PP OF FULL COLOR
- Sales rank: 893,192
Product description
As the most celebrated European to explore Asia, Marco Polo was the original global traveler and the earliest bridge between East and West. A universal icon of adventure and discovery, he has inspired six centuries of popular fascination and spurious mythology. Now, from the acclaimed author of Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe ("Superb . . . A first-rate historical page turner"—The New York Times)—comes the first fully authoritative biography of one of the most enchanting figures in world history. In this masterly work, Marco Polo's incredible odyssey—along the Silk Road and through all the fantastic circumstances of his life—is chronicled in sumptuous and illuminating detail. We meet him as a callow young man, the scion of a wealthy Venetian merchant family, only seventeen when he sets out in 1271 with his father and uncle on their journey to Asia. We see him gain the confidence of Kublai Khan, the world's most feared and powerful leader, and watch him become a trusted diplomat and intelligence agent in the ruler's inner circle. We are privy to his far-flung adventures on behalf of the Khan, living among the Mongols and other tribes, and traveling to magical cities, some far advanced over the West. We learn the customs of the Khan's court, both erotic and mercantile, and Polo's uncanny ability to adapt to them. We follow him on his journey back to Venice, laden with riches, the latest inventions, and twenty-four years' worth of extraordinary tales. And we see his collaboration with the famed writer Rustichello of Pisa, who immediately saw in Polo the story of a lifetime; enlivened by his genius for observation, Polo's tales needed little embellishment. Recorded by Rustichello as the two languished as prisoners of war in a Genoese jail, the Travels would explode the notion of non-Europeans as untutored savages and stand as the definitive description of China until the nineteenth century. Drawing on original sources in more than half a dozen languages, and on his own travels along Polo's route in China and Mongolia, Bergreen explores the lingering controversies surrounding Polo's legend, settling age-old questions and testing others for significance. Synthesizing history, biography, and travelogue, this is the timely chronicle of a man who extended the boundaries of human knowledge and imagination. Destined to be the definitive account of its subject for decades to come, Marco Polo takes us on a journey to the limits of history—and beyond.
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Author information
Laurence Bergreen is the prize-winning author of Over the Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Globe, as well as James Agee: A Life; Louis Armstrong: An Extravagant Life; Capone: The Man and the Era; and As Thousands Cheer: The Life of Irving Berlin, each considered the definitive work on its subject. A graduate of Harvard University, he lives in New York City. As part of the research for this book, he traveled Marco Polo's route across Mongolia and China.
Review quote
"As enthralling as a rollicking travel journal." -- New York Times Book Review "With his polished, authoritative storytelling, Bergreen makes the world of Marco Polo very pertinent."--Entertainment Weekly "Mesmerizing . . . This is lively history that is richly detailed and destined to be the definitive account of Marco Polo and his adventures for decades to come." --Tucson Citizen "Illuminating . . . A window into the most exotic of places and times." --St. Petersburg Times "Fascinating . . . A constant surprise and delight." --The Plain Dealer "[An] exciting reconstruction of the extraordinary life of Marco Polo . . . impressively researched and deftly composed." --Booklist "This is an enthusiastic retelling of Marco Polo's timeless story. Laurence Bergreen draws from a broad range of the surviving Polo manuscripts to create a convincing portrait of how Marco was able to get to thirteenth century China, and of what he saw, felt and did when he got there. Readers unfamiliar with Polo's adventures will find much pleasure here." --Jonathan Spence, author of Emperor of China "At last! Marco Polo comes to life! Laurence Bergreen, perhaps America's liveliest biographer, has created a triumph of fascinations, a classic portrait that now surely can never be bettered." --Simon Winchester, author of The Map That Changed the World


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Portland, OR (SportsNetwork.com) - Thomas Van Der Mars scored a game-high 14 points on 7-of-8 shooting from the floor, as the Portland Pilots captured a 69-52 win over the Columbia Lions as part of the Coaches vs. Cancer Classic at the Chiles Center.
Also scoring in double figures for the Pilots (3-2) were Kevin Bailey and Ryan Nicholas with 13 and 12 points, respectively.
The Lions (2-3) had three players score in double figures as Luke Petrasek, Maodo Lo and Jeff Coby with 10 points apiece in the losing cause.
Portland scored the first points of the night and never looked back, hitting on 53.8 percent from the floor in the first half in order to claim a 35-27 edge at the break. Columbia tallied a mere seven field goals through the first 20 minutes of action.
In the second half the Lions made even fewer field goals (six), as they stumbled to the 17-point road loss.
The Pilots, who shot better than 49 percent from the field, turned the ball over just six times on the night.
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Are you allowed to go swimming on Shabbos?
The original prohibition as brought in the Gemarah Maseches Shabbos against swimming on Shabbos has to do with concern that one may perform "Gibul" - mushing the dirt at the side of the body of water into mud which would be a toldah of lash, kneading. As Yirmiyahu said there is also the concern of making a raft. Therefore in an outdoor pool most poskim do not permit it, (although R' Leizer Silver seemingly did. See http://hirhurim.blogspot.com/2007_01_01_archive.html). Indoor pools are permitted by a minority although most major poskim do not recommend it. Rav Moshe Feinstein writes that the minhag is that one should not immerse even in cold water on Shabbos unless it is for a mitzvah. (Igroth Moshe, Even Haezer 2,13.) There is also the concern of wringing out one's hair. There are those who say that going into the pool with a bathing suit on is laundering. Also see http://www.dafyomi.co.il/shabbos/insites/sh-dt-041.htm .
Swimming is prohibited out of concern that one might construct a [makeshift] raft.
Indeed the prohibition against swimming is one of the reasons, as I recall, for the Ashkenazi practice not to bathe even in cold water on Shabbos.
Bli neder I'll try to add sources later.
swimming might lead to fixing the the plumbing.


text:
A technique for sensing the temperature of power MOS devices contemplates a main transistor and monolithically formed sense transistor. A resistor, which may integrated into the device or may be off chip, is connected between the respective source nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor (as in a normal current mirror). However, the respective gate nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor are not directly connected to each other (in contrast to the normal current mirror configuration where the respective gate nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor are directly connected). Rather, the sense transistor gate node is coupled to the output terminal of an operational amplifier. The amplifier, has a first input terminal coupled to a reference voltage and a second, complementary, input terminal coupled to the sense transistor source node.
1. A semiconductor device in combination with temperature sensing circuitry comprising:
a first insulated gate transistor having a first drain node, a first gate node, and a first source node;
a second insulated gate transistor, monolithic with and much smaller than said first transistor, having a second drain node, a second gate node, and a second source node;
said first and second drain nodes having a common connection;
a resistor coupled between said first and second source nodes;
means defining a reference voltage; and
an operational amplifier having a first input terminal coupled to said reference voltage, a second complementary input terminal coupled to said second source node, and an output terminal coupled to said second gate node;
whereupon when current flows from said second drain node, through said second gate insulated transistor, through said resistor, and to said second source node, the voltage appearing at said second gate terminal provides a direct measure of the temperature of said second insulated gate transistor.
2. The combination device of claim 1 wherein said first and second insulated gate transistors are MOSFETs.
3. The combination device of claim 1 wherein said first and second insulated gate transistors are IGBTs.
4. The combination of claim 1, and further comprising switching means for disconnecting said operational amplifier's output terminal from said second gate node and for connecting said second to said first gate node, whereby the voltage appearing across said resistor provides a representation of the current flowing through the device.
5. The combination of claim 1 wherein said first and second insulated gate transistors are n-channel enhancement mode devices.
6. The combination of claim 1 wherein said resistor is formed monolithically with said first and second insulated gate transistors.
The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices, and more specifically to power insulated gate devices including MOSFETs (MOS field effect transistors and IGBTs (insulated gate bipolar transistors).
In controlling the application of electrical power to a load, it is a known practice to use a switching device in series with the load. Power MOS devices have proved very useful in this regard. The terms MOS (which originally stood for Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) and MOSFET are used to refer to insulated gate devices generally, not withstanding the fact most modern devices have polysilicon gates rather than metal gates.
A power MOS device is often implemented as an array of switching cells (perhaps 10,000 in number) formed on a single chip, with each cell defining a microscopically small insulated gate transistor. In the case of MOSFET cells, respective gates, drains, and sources of the cells are connected in parallel to define the power MOSFET. In the case of IGBT cells, the respective gates, emitters, and collectors of the cells are connected in parallel to define the power IGBT.
During operation it is often desirable to sense various of the device's operating parameters, such as the current through the device and load, the voltage across the device, the power dissipated in the device, and the temperature of the device. The results of such sensing can be used to detect device and load efficiency, short circuit conditions, meltdown conditions, and the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,844, issued June 5, 1990, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference, describes the use of a current mirror technique for providing voltage, current, power, resistance and temperature sensing capability. In brief, the current mirror technique provides a relatively small number of cells on the chip, referred to as mirror cells, with their respective terminals connected in common with each other to define a monolithically formed sense transistor (also referred to as a mirror transistor, a current mirror, or simply a mirror).
In a typical current mirror configuration, the respective drain nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor are connected together, and the respective gate nodes of main transistor and the sense transistor are connected together. A resistor is connected between the main transistor source node and the sense transistor source node. Assuming that the resistor has a resistance that is small compared to the on-resistance of the sense transistor, the voltage across the resistor will provide an indication of the current flowing through the sense transistor.
The sense transistor current is a known fraction of the main transistor current, being lower by a factor generally commensurate with the ratio of the number of sense transistor cells to main transistor cells. Actually the sense transistor current is generally proportionately larger.
In the forementioned U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,844, the temperature of the chip is determined by calculating the on-resistance of the chip and correlating that value with the known temperature dependence of the on-resistance. The on-resistance is determined from the voltage and current in the main transistor as determined on the basis of the sense transistor current. That approach is useful for measuring the temperature when the main transistor is in the conducting or on state.
Another approach to temperature sensing is shown in M. Glogolja, "Built in protection makes TEMPFET resistant to catastrophic failures," PCIM, March 1989, pp. 19-23. This approach provides an extra chip that is die attached to the top surface of the power device for temperature sensing. However, this solution may be unreliable, possibly adding contamination to the main power die if not carried out under scrupulously controlled conditions.
The present invention provides a technique for sensing the temperature of power MOS devices, either in the on or off state. The invention can be incorporated with normal current sensing.
In brief, the present invention contemplates a main transistor and a monolithically formed sense transistor. A resistor, which may integrated into the device or may be off chip, is connected between the respective source nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor (as in a normal current mirror). However, the respective gate nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor are not directly connected to each other (in contrast to the normal current mirror configuration where the respective gate nodes of the main transistor and the sense transistor are directly connected). Rather, the sense transistor gate node is coupled to the output terminal of an operational amplifier. The amplifier, has a first input terminal coupled to a reference voltage and a second, complementary, input terminal coupled to the sense transistor source node.
The sense transistor is thus connected in a current source configuration where the amplifier controls the sense transistor gate node so to maintain the voltage at the sense transistor source node substantially equal to the reference voltage. The gate voltage required to sustain a particular amount of current through the sense transistor has a known linear temperature dependence. Thus, the temperature of the die is determined by sensing the voltage at the operational amplifier output terminal (equivalently the sense transistor gate node), and comparing the sensed voltage to the calibration table of the device.
A switching arrangement that disconnects the operational amplifier output terminal from the sense transistor gate node and directly connects the main transistor gate node and sense transistor gate node allows the sense transistor to be used as a current mirror to provide current sensing in the normal way.
A further understanding of the nature and advantages of the present invention may be realized by reference to the remaining portions of the specification and the drawings.
FIG. 1 is a simplified top view of a power MOS chip having a sense transistor that may be used for either temperature or current sensing;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are cross-sectional and top views showing suitable cell structure and layout for n-channel devices;
FIGS. 3A and 3B are circuit schematics of n-channel MOSFET and IGBT embodiments of the chip of FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a circuit schematic of the n-channel MOSFET embodiment with external circuitry for temperature sensing;
FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic of the MOSFET embodiment with external circuitry for providing temperature and current sensing; and
FIG. 6 is a circuit schematic of a p-channel MOSFET embodiment with external circuitry for temperature sensing.
FIG. 1 is a top view showing, in stylized form, a MOS power chip 10 having temperature and current sensing capabilities according to the present invention. For simplicity, bond pads and external connections are not shown. A major part 15 of the active chip area is devoted to a main transistor switch, designated T1, while a smaller part 17 is devoted to a sense transistor, designated T2. According to well known practice, each of transistors T1 and T2 is actually implemented as a number of small cells 20. For example, the main transistor might comprise 10,000 cells while the sense transistor might comprise 10 cells. While the ratio of the number of cells is 1000:1, the current ratio in operation is about 700:1.
FIG. 2A is a sectional view showing a suitable cell structure for an n-channel enhancement mode power MOSFET. Chip 10 is preferably fabricated by a double-diffusion MOS (DMOS) process, as is well known in the art. (As alluded to above, the use of the term "MOS" or "MOSFET" is not intended to imply a metal gate).
An n+ substrate 22 has an n- epitaxial (epi) layer 27 is formed on its surface and the active regions are formed therein. A typical cell 20 comprises a p/p+ body 32 (p-well) formed in epi layer 27 and an n+ source region 35 formed within the perimeter of body 32. Body 32 is p-type over most of its lateral extent with one or more central regions doped p+. The portion of body 32 adjacent the surface and between the source region and the n- epi layer defines a channel region 37.
A polysilicon layer 40 overlies the channel region and the regions between cells, and is separated from the epi surface by a thin layer 42 of gate oxide. The polysilicon extends over the surface of the all the cells in the transistor with an opening at each cell (for source and body metallization).
A top metal layer is patterned so as the define portions 45 and 46. Portion 45 makes ohmic contact with the n+ source region (as well as p/p+ body) of each of the cells so as to define a common source node for that transistor. Portion 46 of the top metal layer provides a low resistance connection to the polysilicon gate portions of each of the cells so as to define a common gate node G for that transistor.
Since there are two separate transistors on the chip, polysilicon layer portions 45 and 46 are each segmented into two parts corresponding to parts 15 and 17 of the chip area (i.e., transistor T1 and T2). This defines separate gate nodes G1 and G2 and separate source nodes S1 and S2. A metal layer 37 is formed on the bottom surface of the substrate to form a drain electrode D common to all cells of the device.
FIG. 2B shows a simplified top view of a typical cell layout. The solid octagon denotes the opening in the gate polysilicon layer while the dashed lines show channel region 37 under the gate (bounded by the p-well boundary and the source region boundary). This particular type of cell has the n+ source region formed so that the body portion contacts the epi surface in two regions (denoted by solid rectangles). The contact opening for the source/body contact extends over both these regions and the intermediate n+ region. This type of cell is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,860,072, issued Aug. 22, 1989.
The fabrication process for n-channel devices may be briefly outlined as follows:
(1) Provide an n+ substrate.
(2) Grow n- epitaxial layer.
(3) Grow localized field oxide to define peripheral non-active areas of the chip.
(4) Deposit gate oxide.
(5) Deposit polysilicon over gate oxide.
(6) Create openings in the polysilicon and gate oxide to define the cells.
(7) Implant p-type dopants aligned to polysilicon openings.
(8) Implant p+ regions within the openings (non-critical alignment).
(9) Diffuse to form p-well (body).
(10) Mask at least portions of p+ diffusion and implant n+.
(11) Diffuse to form source regions and channel regions.
(12) Deposit CVD oxide over wafer.
(13) Etch poly contacts and source/body contacts.
(14) Deposit metal layer.
(15) Etch metal layer to define gate electrodes and source/body electrodes.
(16) Passivate.
The process can be used to make either MOSFETs or IGBTs. The process outlines above is for MOSFETs. IGBTs could be made by a similar process modified by providing a p+ substrate and then optionally doping the upper portion of the p+ substrate n+ prior to growing the n- epitaxial layer.
FIG. 3A is an equivalent circuit schematic of chip 10 when fabricated as a MOSFET. The cells in main transistor T1 are connected in parallel with their gates commonly connected to define a main transistor gate node G1, and their sources commonly connected to define a main transistor source node S1. Similarly, the cells in sense transistor T2 have their gates commonly connected to define a sense transistor gate node G2, and their sources commonly connected to define a sense transistor source node S2. The cells of each of the main and sense transistors have their drains commonly connected to define a common drain node D.
A resistor R is connected between source nodes S1 and S2. The resistor has a value on the order of 100Ω to 10K, which is generally less than the on-resistance of the sense transistor. The resistor is shown in phantom since it may be integrated onto the chip, or provided as an external circuit element. In either event, chip 20 has five external pins.
FIG. 3B is an equivalent circuit schematic of the chip, designated 10' when fabricated as a power IGBT. In this configuration, there is a common collector node C corresponding to the substrate, a main transistor gate node G1, a main transistor emitter or source node S1, a sense transistor gate node G2, and a sense transistor emitter or source node S2. As before, a resistor R between the two source nodes may be provided on-chip or off-chip.
FIG. 4 shows the MOSFET embodiment in combination with a load 50, a power supply 52, and external temperature sensing circuitry. Load 50 is connected between the high voltage terminal of the power supply and common drain terminal D. To the extent that resistor R is not provided on chip, it is connected externally between main transistor source node S1 and sense transistor source node S2. Source node S1 is grounded.
An operational amplifier 60 is connected with its non-inverting input terminal held at a reference voltage Vref, its inverting input terminal coupled to source node S2, and its output terminal coupled to sense transistor gate node G2. Thus, sense transistor is connected in a current source configuration with amplifier 60 providing feedback to guarantee that the current through sense transistor T2 is maintained very near (Vref /R).
It is property of MOSFETs and IGBTs that the gate voltage (relative to the source) needed to sustain a given current through the device goes down with temperature at a rate typically on the order of 5 mv/�C. The actual coefficient depends primarily on the process details and specific device structure, and to a lesser extent on the given current. Thus, the gate voltage required to maintain this current is a known function of temperature, and a measurement of this voltage provides a measurement of the temperature. A resistor R' having a high value (say 50 KΩ to 1 MΩ) may be coupled between gate node G2 and ground to ensure that the sense transistor is off when no signal is presented at its gate.
In addition to providing a relatively linear diagnostic of temperature, the gate voltage provides an indication of other possible abnormal conditions. For example, should there be a break in the line between power supply 52 and drain node D, amplifier 60 will drive gate node G2 the to maximum possible voltage in an attempt to bring the current to the right value (Vref /R), which will show up as an abnormal condition.
Although not shown in the schematic, MOS power chip 10 is often used in combination with a driver chip which supplies signals to main transistor gate node G1. Amplifier 60, resistor R', and possibly resistor R may be discrete elements, or may be integrated on the driver chip. The schematic shows the amplifier power supply as being different from the power supply to the load. This is sometimes, but not always the case. Also, the load is shown connected between the power supply and the drain, but this is not necessary. The load could be connected between source node S1 and ground, in which case, Vref and the amplifier power supply would have to be referenced to source node S1.
FIG. 5 is a circuit schematic showing a switching arrangement that allows chip 10 or 10' to be used for both temperature and current sensing. In this embodiment, amplifier 60 is provided for temperature sensing as described above and a separate amplifier 80 is provided for current sensing. A double-pole double-throw switch 85 has a pair of movable contacts 90a and 90b, switchable to make contact with either a first pair of terminals 92a and 92b in a first position or a second pair of terminals 95a and 95b in a second position. Contact 90a is connected to gate node G2 and contact 90b is connected to a sense output node 100 that provides the sensed voltage that represents temperature or current. Terminals 92a and 92b are connected together and to the output terminal of amplifier 60. Terminal 95a is connected to gate node G1 and terminal 95b is connected to the output of amplifier 80. As in the case of FIG. 4, the amplifiers, resistors, and the switch can be integrated onto the driver chip.
In the first switch position, used for temperature sensing, contact 90a is connected to terminal 92a and contact 90b is connected to terminal 92b. This results in gate node G2 being connected to the output of amplifier 60 and to the sense output node. In the second switch position, used for current sensing, contact 90a is connected to terminal 95a, thereby connecting the gate nodes G1 and G2 together, and contact 90b is connected to terminal 95b, thereby providing the output of amplifier 80 on the sense output node. A possible center off position is provided where no sensing is desired. In this position, no signal is applied to sense transistor gate node G2 and neither amplifier drives the sense output node.
FIG. 6 is a circuit schematic showing the connections for temperature sensing with a p-channel MOSFET embodiment. Double primes are used on the node identifiers corresponding to those in FIG. 4. The figure also illustrates having the load connected between the source and the power supply. If desired, a switching arrangement similar to that shown in FIG. 5 could be used.
In conclusion, it can be seen that the present invention provides a simple and effective method of temperature sensing. The sense transistor is readily fabricated in the normal fabrication process, and can also be used for current sensing.
While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment, various modifications, alternative constructions, and equivalents may be used. For example, FIG. 5 shows an embodiment where two separate amplifiers are provided for temperature and current sensing, with suitable switching. A more complex switching arrangement could be provided that would allow the use of a single amplifier, with various resistors and other components switched in and out to change the amplifier's operation.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,931,844 discloses a technique where a single current mirror is used for current and voltage sensing with a switched resistor network. Again, the technique disclosed in that patent could be applied to the current sensing mode of the present invention so as to provide voltage sensing as well.
Therefore, the above description and illustration should not be taken as limiting the scope of the present invention which is defined by the claims.
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text: Marsden Hartley occasionally painted imaginary portraits of historical persons such as this one of John Donne, the seventeenth-century English poet and Dean of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London. The portrait is based on an engraved frontispiece for a collection of Donne's sermons, an image that, in turn, had its source in Donne's carved tomb effigy. The shrouded body is painted in blues and whites, cold colors evocative of death, and the striated pattern of folds recalls the hard, carved stone of Donne's tomb. Hartley's sensitivity to correspondences between verbal and visual imagery is evident in a line from his own poem about Donne: "In any case, if it is character / is wanted in a face / I would say--look at / John Donne, / that will suffice, / fierce passion turned to ice / and frozen light."


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Mplayit! Wants to Let Your Share, Demo iPhone Apps via Facebook
Mplayit! [Facebook link] is a new online service that aims to let your Facebook friends share iPhone app recommendations with you -- and then take it one step further and actually let you see videos, demos, and other information before you decide to buy it via the iTunes App Store.
Now anything with iPhone and Facebook in the title is no doubt attention-grabbing, but as the App Store zooms past 100,000, discoverability is going to need fixing, if not from Apple than from a ton of independent thinkers just so something (anything) can shake out. Is Mplayit! it?
Mplayit introduces "playable discovery" for the iPhone today in its new Facebook app store and said it would add Android and Blackberry in the coming months. Rather than hunting and pecking for reviews and top lists, the Facebook page shows real "apptivity" that is going on in app stores so users can see which apps are receiving the most downloads, reviews, plays. In coming weeks, mobile users will also be able to see the "apptivity" within their social network so they can clearly see which apps their friends and family are most interested in.
Our guess is it will depend on how many popular apps they can really show off in a way that's compelling for users. If you check it out, let us know what you think.
(And really, anything that keeps Facebookers busy, and not hitting "invite all" to spam online friends with random events on other continents -- is huge.)
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Mplayit! Wants to Let Your Share, Demo iPhone Apps via Facebook
Mplayit! Wants to let you share and demo iPhone apps via facebook.
Better ?
Tag, you're it...
RON JEREMY SAYS Ya apple needs people to find a way to discover that outta 100,000 apps 75,000 are worthless. THIS SHOULD HELP.
@ get a life and a dictionary
Great to leverage the power of Facebook. Many users, however, really do ignore notifications related to games and apps as security is a real issue with Facebook. We recently launched App Popular for the iPhone in order to help users discover, track and share the world's iPhone apps. We're hard at work adding additional discovery features. It's still early in the game. What happens when there are a million iPhone apps? Most people are overwhelmed and rely exclusively on the recommendation of people they know or respect.


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Not sure if anyone wants to follow along, but we'll be online here and watching.
Just a note, the Galaxy gave up nearly twice as many goals at home this year (wide pitch?, home field malaise?) so the Sounders have a shot.
End of the the day, the Landos have it.
Starting line-ups:
Sounders: Keller, Riley, Ianni, Marshall, Gonzalez, Nyassi, Alonso, Sturgis, Zakuani, Nkufo, Montero.
Galaxy: Ricketts; Lewis, Gonzalez, DeLaGarza, Franklin (FRANKLIN!); Kovalenko, Donovan, Juninho, Beckham; Buddle, Magee


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Monthly Archives: September 2012
Reefdoser Pro iPad app released!
We were alerted to a new app in the Apple App Store named Reefdoser Pro. This is available for the Apple iPad and features an incredible amount of logging and statistical analysis tools for the advanced aquarists. Despite the huge number of possible inputs, you can use this app to identify common causes of pH issues, Alk/Ca balance issues, balling light, as well as long term trending for Phosphates and Nitrates. Basically the app depends on you putting in your test results, but it gives you a very nice interface and explanation of what your current chemistry is and how to dose to get to the ideal levels. If you're like us, you keep some sort of computer or iPad near your tank to record this information and Reefdoser Pro seems like a great fit if you are struggling to understand what is going on with your water chemistry. Check it out now on Pixelwand's website.… More:
Reef Nutrition Announces Beta Brine
Around this time every year, the folks over at Reef Nutrition start cooking up a new flavor of deliciousness for your reef. We've previously mentioned their new R.O.E. product, which will be on display at MACNA in Dallas next week, but to add to the excitement, we just got a sneak peek of their new Artemia product that is due out this Fall. The "Nutrition" in the company name is not just for marketing, these brine shrimp are super gut loaded with saltwater phytoplankton in salt pond farms in Australia, ensuring that they are one of the most nutritious things you can feed your fish and corals. Gone are the days of keeping some live brine alive until they die and smell up your home, these tasty morsels are packed with beta-carotene and can be safely refrigerated long enough for you to use them up. We can't wait to get a bottle of this to see how excited our fish get, if you use the RN products you know how crazy they get the first they see the new foods hit the water!… More:
Advice on Finding Nemo
With the re-release of "Finding Nemo" in 3D this week Drs. Foster & Smith and "Live Aquaria" have put out a great article for new hobbyists. The article highlights responsibility, cost & maintenance as well as tips on setting up a freshwater system as an alternative to a saltwater one. Also of note is the section on the tank bred species available and their benefits. Nice job! Read the full article: Finding Nemo In Your Home… More:
Product Review: Cobalt Aquatics Neo-Therm
ORA Offering Goldflake Maroons and Premium Variations
Dustin over at ORA just revealed some interesting developments in their captive breeding of Maroon clownfish. First up is the availability of the striking Goldflake Maroon clown pictured above. These fish are the result of a very healthy breeding program that has been going on for the past 15 years, but these new Goldflakes demonstrate that ORA has a good amount of data showing that the strange patterns shown in some wild caught clowns will not be passed on to their first generation offspring. One of the most unusual varieties is what they are referring to as a 24k Solid Gold Maroon, which is the fish above but completely white, like a platinum. These fish are just reaching maturity now and when their coloration changes from white to gold they will be incredible looking. Be sure to check out the details on the breeding program HERE and you can expect these new Goldflakes in your LFS in the coming months.… More:
Mr. Saltwater Tank TV Friday Am Quick Tip #94: Trim Me For Best Results
Tunze Silence pumps 1073.020 – 1073.040 – 1073.050: The Total Comparative Test
This is, for now, the last post on our testing with various pumps, we hope to soon have others to compare with these tests. Today we talk about the Tunze Silence, and in particular 1073.020, 1073.040, and 1073.050. All in accordance to what you can read in our introduction: Return Pumps: tests and real measurements compared
Tunze Silence 1073.020
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Not as well as USC does.
Agree that Tra should get the most carries. I was being a bit flip there in saying that, at some point, Oregon's 3rd and 4th string are as competitive as Colorado's second string. They are. That's how much depth Oregon has and how little the Buffs have.
Go Ducks!
Well, word is that Bryce Cottrell, the linebacker from Plano, Texas committed on his visit. We know at least Bryce liked it. Here's hoping Shaq, Foster, Castro, Daniels, and McCarthy are next.
I think he's dirty. He punched at a player trying to get it loose after the whistle. He kicked at a guy's head. And he hit a guy out of bounds. This all happened in just this one game. He's been a dirty player for years. His reputation precedes him. Great player, but a dirty player.
As I remember, the Ducks 'caused' some of those turnovers. And for all the discussion about how LMJ is 'Oregon's best player Oregon's best player Oregon's best player.' Last I checked Thomas, Barner, DAT, Huff, Tuinei, Paulson and a few others would likely start for nearly every other team in the conference. Boyett, Clay will be back.
Oregon's got plenty of great players. LaMichael is their best player and yes he's special, but unlike other teams Oregon's got 15 more right behind him. DAT scored 3 TD's in the last game alone. Please.
Wow, no initial caps when you start a sentence. Looks lazy. If you're going to be hyper critical...
I agree with you. I don't know that they'll be so young as much as they are inexperienced playing together as a group. Olu, Woods, Singler, Jacob and others are all way beyond their high school years. But they'll all be stepping onto the court together for the first time in real action. This could be a very, very difficult team to face by the time the conference tournament rolls around and Altman's had 6 months with them.
I see them as a bubble NCAA tournament team. Right at or just short of 20 wins with their soft non-conference schedule. That could hurt them when the RPI is used to help determine who gets in though. They'd better win 20 if they want to dance. IMO
perfectly said.
We'll have to agree to disagree. Maldonado's been nails with field goals and I won't ever criticize him for missing a 50-yarder in wet conditions. Jackson Rice drilled a 50+ yarder yesterday that went out of bounds with no return. None. Shifted the field from Oregon's 20-something to the Bears 20-something.
Rice also has a 47 yard average. 2nd in the Pac 12 for distance per kick. If that's not great given what Oregon's been in the past, it's darned close in my book. A quick look at the conference shows Oregon's coverage isn't what it should be on punts but the punts themselves are great.
Don't instantly look at this as Oregon being ranked 6th, Colorado is first because it's based on 'number of total punt yards'. Um, nobody wants to win that battle. Look how many more CU has kicked v. Oregon. Look at Rice's distance. That's all he can do is drill it long.)
Also, Oregon...33 for 33 on extra points. That used to be a disaster or one waiting to happen as well.
They're at the bottom because they've only ATTEMPTED 3 field goals period.
And the kickoff teams have been strong.
Just some evidence to back up why I wrote what I did. Appreciate the debate and the thought put into your comment, as always.
No idea. Good question.
No idea on the hardwood for Daniel. He plays both ways and also punts for his team. Feels like a guy, like Dion Jordan, who could become a very good player. As a 2-star player he could become John Laidet or Patrick Chung. Has the potential to be very good, or nothing. As with most players.
Jordan's a good comparison except that he was a highly sought after guy and would've been even higher had he not been in that awful fire accident in high school. Oregon was patient with him and it's paid off.
At 6' 5" 220lbs. Daniel has a chance to fill out and be around 235-240lbs. without losing much speed once he hits Coach Radcliffe's program and he gets around better nutrition, etc.
If so, Kelly might have his two tight end sets in the future.
Don't look now but Michigan won't play anyone who is any good for another 5 weeks. Their SOS might be the worst in the history of a top 10 team when they get there. They beat a mediocre Notre Dame team, that's it. Period. But, watch for the "old boy's" to love them anyway soon. 6 wins, 7 wins, 8 wins against TERRIBLE teams. But they'll get loved.
There are people who will always hate. Most of them don't use their real names on the boards. Why? Because they don't have to be accountable for their own statements. Ironic? I think so, especially when you're constantly calling someone else out.
There are a couple guys who seem to be watching it closer than others. As more is revealed, it's truly not going to be an issue in my opinion. Oregon's done nothing wrong here and in fact, now we know the Ducks suspended Seastrunk and held him out because they knew exactly what had happened with Tennessee. (Ironic isn't it, that Mike Garrett and Dillon Baxter would be on the Ducks about improper recruiting and then iit turns out not just their last regime (Carroll, etc.) but their new one too (Kiffin) presided over improprieties that are flat out against the rules.
Unbelievable to me. But, that's the have's trying to protect themselves from the have-nots in recruiting.
In the end, if Oregon gets anything at all, it will be very minor. And Cal, Auburn, Alabama, OSU and Washington should be in the same boat.
Will do killer.
Tom, yep, my mistake. Was looking at the schedule and got it backward. Will fix it. Thanks
Word is that Oregon will be reprimanded, along with a lot of other schools. Oregon is the focus of investigaton but the NCAA realizes that Cal, Oregon State, UW, Alabama, USC and dozens of other schools are also using these recruiting services. They're also well aware that no exact rules exist in the way they're used. Look for Oregon to possibly lose a scholarship or two, but not much more than that.
As for players wondering what might happen and not committing to Oregon, there might be one or two, but if so, they're using it as a reason not to commit anyway. Oregon's in on so many good players right now that I don't see it affecting them much if at all.
By comparison, no money was exchanged between Oregon or a recruiting service and any player. None. There is also no evidence that anyone steered anyone to Oregon. (See: Lache committing to USC before he committed to Oregon, and the picture of Lyels with Pete Carroll's arm around him. That's just as much evidence that Lyles steered Lache to USC as anything they have on Oregon.)
I'm not naive, but I just don't see any evidence to the contrary. Until it's presented, and Oregon's been shown what they've done wrong, this will be a reprimand and maybe a little more at most. (Sorry Husky fans and Kim Grinolds. Sorry.)
way to keep it classy david!
Agreed. Go Viks.
I'm not speculating at all. I'll leave that up to others. There are all kinds of articles about what happened to Fili if you Google his name. Kid came from a tough situation.


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The suspect, Brian Jury, 38, of the 10700 block of Strecker Road, remains in the Lorain County jail on weapons charges out of the city of Lorain, where he was arrested Nov. 1, just hours after a passing motorist found the victim naked and bound on the side of Strecker Road in Groton Township. Erie County officials have issued rape and kidnap warrants for Jury, who will be handed off to them after his Nov. 12 arraignment.
Also on Friday, an Erie County grand jury indicted Jury on rape and kidnapping charges. A list of the precise charges won't be available until early next week, Erie County prosecutor Kevin Baxter said.
Sandusky police joined deputies from Erie and Geauga counties, and agents from the FBI's Evidence Recovery Team, in searching Jury's 15 acres of wooded property Friday. Investigators had executed a search warrant at the property Nov. 1, just hours after Jury's alleged crimes came to light, but they opted to return with cadaver dogs this week because of troubling testimony the victim later shared with investigators.
"She said (Jury) repeatedly threatened to kill her and made a comment about burying her," Erie County Sheriff Paul Sigsworth said. "Based on the totality of the facts we've learned so far, we felt it would be prudent to have that property examined more thoroughly, not only concerning this case and this victim, but any other potential victims as well."
Lorain police arrested Jury at about 6 p.m. Nov. 1, four hours after the victim was found on the roadside. The woman told deputies she was walking in the Lorain area at about 9 a.m. that day when Jury drove up alongside her in his pickup and asked her if she wanted a ride. She recognized him from a previous encounter, so she accepted his offer, according todeputies.
Jury then used zip ties to bind the woman's hands, and he held her at gunpoint as he drove from Lorain to the Strecker Road address. There, he allegedly raped her five times in a small camper on the property. When he left, the woman managed to bust open the door. She was naked, her mouth was gagged and her feet and hands were bound, but still she managed to roll to the road about 20 feet away, where a driver spotted her.
In Friday's search, the cadaver dogs did not alert to any human remains on the property, although investigators noticed four depressions in the ground that warranted a closer look.
With help from Groton Township's road foreman, investigators used a backhoe and a few shovels to uncover two locations where items were buried.
In the first hole they found some textbooks, clothing and purses. Deputies quickly identified the owners of those items and confirmed those people were not missing or dead.
In the second hole they found animal bones wrapped inside a plastic bag, Sigsworth said. Investigators were initially unsure what type of bones they were, so they sent photos to an FBI analyst, who determined they were not human, Sigsworth said.
"We're well aware of the number of resources we used today," Sigsworth said. "But given the violent nature of this offense, we felt the use of those resources was warranted. We'd be remiss if we didn't investigate further."
On Monday, Ohio Bureau of Criminal Investigation agents and deputies examined the camper Jury allegedly used in last week's crimes. The only noteworthy items found were the victim's clothing and a partial roll of tape consistent with the woman's bindings, Sigsworth said.
They did, however, find several more new rolls of the same tape in one of the property's barns, Sigsworth said.
Agents also swabbed for DNA matter on a mattress and other areas inside the camper, Sigsworth said, but those lab results are not yet complete.
"This is a very, very serious and troubling crime," Sigsworth said. "This kind of thing, I'd guess, this is every woman's worst nightmare."