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A tornado watch remains in effect for East Tennessee, including all counties in the Tri-Cities region, until 11 p.m. tonight, according to the National Weather Service storm prediction center in Norman, Okla.
A squall line of strong to severe storms is expected along or ahead of a cold front. The line is expected to race across the Tennessee River Valley late this evening, bringing widespread damaging winds and locally heavy rainfall across Southern Appalachia. Large hail and tornadoes are possible.
Washington County schools dismissed at 1:30 p.m. this afternoon, and jurors in a child abuse trial this week in Washington County went home early in anticipation of the severe weather approaching the region.
Any student enrolled in the county's School Age Child Care Afternoon Program must be picked up by 2:30 p.m.
Johnson City schools are not closing early.
The trial of Robert Simons III, 55, and Mary Ella Tittle, 39 is being held this week. The couple was charged with eight counts of aggravated child neglect because investigators and prosecutors say they failed to send their children to school.
Jurors were told to go home for the weekend because the storms were approaching.
Forecasters warn of a possibly severe outbreak of storms across the central part of Tennessee.
Near-record high temperatures Friday afternoon and moisture-rich Gulf air will collide with an approaching cold front and thunderstorms will intensify.
Some moderate storms had developed before dawn Friday in Middle Tennessee.
The most dangerous tornado risk area, according to the National Weather Service Storm Prediction Center, is expected to be from Middle and East Tennessee, northward across Kentucky to the Ohio River. NWS said a few long track tornadoes are possible.
Temperature and winds will increase across Friday and the cold front will move through, triggering storms from about noon near the western Tennessee River Valley through mid-evening farther east.
Strong wind and heavy rain was likely up the valley between Chattanooga and the Tri-Cities.


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Terry Executive & Professional MBA Lunch & Learn
Terry Executive & Professional MBA Lunch & Learn
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Learn more about the University of Georgia's Terry College of Business Executive MBA and Professional MBA programs. During the session we will discuss the curriculum, program formats, and admissions requirements. You will also have the opportunity to meet our Admissions Director, Career Services staff and alumni. We look forward to meeting you.
Terry Executive Education Center
3475 Lenox Road
Atlanta, GA 30326
United States
The Terry Executive Education Center is currently undergoing renovations. Find out more.
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North Seattle
Welcome to North Seattle, a reader blog about Maple Leaf, View Ridge, Wedgwood, Ravenna, Roosevelt, Sand Point and other other neighborhoods. Interested in writing for it? Email email@example.com.
Posts filtered on Category
Lots of holiday fun in Northeast Seattle this weekend
There is A LOT going on in Northeast Seattle this weekend. Check out the post for the big events. [Read More]
First-ever nationwide Wii tournament at Northgate Mall this weekend
Nintendo is hosting a Wii video game tournament from August 13 -15 at Northgate Mall. [Read More]
Seattle neighborhoods brace for tree removal to make room for 75 foot tall towers
Towers that could be full of toxic waste and covered in pornography. That's the logical extension of the reasoning behind the Department of Planning and Development's proposed update of private property tree regulations in Seattle. Why the "We couldn't possibly tell property owners what they can and cannot do" and prioritizing "anything that is built over anything that grows" attitude is so ridiculous from City officials who *love* to tell people what to do in this allegedly Emerald City. [Read More]
Beat the Heat With Free AC
Because if you waited until you needed it, that would be wasteful. [Read More]
The Best (and Worst) Playgrounds in North Seattle
A tour of area places for kids to play reveals some hidden gems, a few that have seen better days (maybe), and a couple leave children staring in confusion wondering what they are supposed to do. [Read More]


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Kat Dahlia's Reinvented Introduction - Charting Her Own Path
Miami newcomer singer and flow-er, Kat Dahlia, has a knack for making the most out of first introductions. Her Twitter is flooded with confessions of instantaneous infatuation from new fans - "So…Yeah after seeing this young lady perform on BET…Guess what I did? Went and downloaded her music on iTunes!! @KatDahlia," writes one fan after viewing her live television debut on BET's 106 & Park. Her prowess in capitalizing on first impressions is not limited to Twitter encounters, and dates back to before she signed with music industry titan, Sylvia Rhone's record label, Vested in Culture – Rhone's joint venture with L.A. Reid's Epic Records, which already boasts a strong repository of artists: pop duo Quadron, R&B singer/songwriter Deon Young, pop singer/songwriter/musician Sebastian Mikael, and rappers Casey Veggies and Cashius Green.
Kat used to work a night shift at a New Jersey restaurant. When she wrapped up her shift, she would head over to the studio and record into the early morning. It just so happened that the head of A&R for Vested in Culture, Amanda Berkowitz, was hanging out one night with some producer friends at that same Manhattan studio. The rest, as they say, is history. Amanda met Kat, jammed out to a couple of her tracks, which included the autobiographical single, "Gangsta," that is rapidly rising on the radio charts and has had a few million people glued to the screen on YouTube. Her ears abuzz, Amanda quickly invited the 21-year old artist to meet with Sylvia. They met the next day, and Sylvia signed Kat before the meeting was out. Two more introductions nailed.
Kat Dahlia's story begins in Miami, Florida, where she was raised by Cuban parents in very a family-orientated household. Her first excursions into writing music came at the age of 15, when she started ripping instrumentals off YouTube and would record her own vocal tracks. Her considerable singing ability was recognized in high school, when a music instructor asked her to sing the national anthem at graduation. Like many students at inner-city public schools, Kat wasn't particularly engaged in school, but graduated. She spent the next couple of years at Miami Dade College, but yet again, the schooling environment failed to tap into her interest in music. Eventually, she moved out of her family's home with her brother, and began working as a cocktail waitress in Miami's nightlife industry.
During this time, Kat's passion for music solidified to the point where she knew that it was her calling, and that she should pursue it fulltime. However, her lifestyle in Miami and the city itself had become barriers. Instead of recording and networking with other artists and expanding her artistic acumen, she was working herself into a cyclical routine. She had been fired twice for drinking on the job, and was spending her time hanging out, beaching, and succumbing to the allure of Miami's seductively addictive nightlife. She developed a distaste for where she was heading and felt unfulfilled because she wasn't working towards her personal and professional goals of becoming an artist. Like most people, Kat was not immune to the very difficult, personal questions raised in the timeless battle between pursuit of a passion and paying the bills. Like many in her generation, Kat could have continued at her cocktail job, paid her bills, pursued music on the side, indulged freely in the nightlife, and faded into obscurity - another artist destined solely to aspire and never inspire. Thankfully, Katriana Hugeut knew her calling was to become Kat Dahlia, put her nose to the grindstone, and is getting it done.
Part of our process in choosing Kat Dahlia for the cover included speaking to our Miami counterparts to see how much noise she was making down in the 305. The response we received was that she could have been doing more groundwork in her city to further cement her roots and establish that unwavering hometown support. A fair assessment, considering many, if not most in the industry take a lot of time with their artists to make sure the artist's city is their home base forever. Our viewpoint is a little different though - we applaud and encourage swift rises to positions of prominence for Latin artists. As a general rule, artists of Latin descent have grinded for too long. The grind and the hustle is what artists and their team are accustomed to in order to make an impact. So while we understood where our industry friends down in Miami were coming from, we were encouraged by the artist development investment that Sylvia Rhone and her team at Vested in Culture made in Kat Dahlia.
At times, the Latin music industry has suffered from artists not receiving the proper development required to turn them into stars. Other times, labels place Latin artists solely in the Latin bucket. Vested in Culture and Kat Dahlia are directly addressing these issues by taking an artist with a very limited buzz in her city, and investing heavily to make her stand out and stick in this new landscape of attention-deficient fans. Additionally, they are letting her explore her sound and are not positioning her solely as a Latin artist. Why not? Apart from the fact that it would be a pretty dumb strategy (in order to continue promoting and expanding Latin influence in music, artists need support from outside the Latin music community in the form of investment and directional guidance if they are going to reach a broader audience), Kat just wouldn't classify herself that way. She prides herself in her heritage, but there is more to it than being just a Latina. Kat Dahlia represents the new reality of the Latin community in the United States. While our heritage as Latinos is unwavering, we also identify with the American experience. In the marketing world, this unique Latin consumer is labeled "the 200% individual"; 100% Latino and 100% American. Acculturation is a real process. Kat Dahlia and many other Latinos experience it as part of their upbringing. ULM is happy to see Kat's team understands this reality.
When I asked Kat how she would respond to criticism regarding her move up north to New York City, making it the new breeding ground for her artistic development as opposed to Miami, she quickly provided a rationale that made perfect sense. First, she recalled the impact Miami had on her music: "That my hometown. So much culture. So much flavor down there when it comes to music. It was a big influence of mine. Constantly listening to Latin music, especially in a Cuban family. You have a lot of Caribbean influences, it is practically part of the Caribbean. I listened to a lot of reggae." These influences are very present in her music, which employs a reggae bounce feel while her voice dances smoothly all over the track in her unique hybrid of singing and rapping - or as she calls it "flowing." We've heard the Latina Reggaeton artists that rap, but Kat Dahlia is unique in that she sings and raps in Spanish over hip-hop and pop production that is congruous with contemporary musical trends. For examples of her huge potential to make relevant Latin-influenced music, peep two standout tracks: Gangsta en Espanol, and Tumbao. These two tracks display Kat's versatility as a true Urban Latina artist.
Another source of Miami's influence on Kat was its notorious party scene. "The whole party scene influenced me a lot. I started going out and hanging out and gozando very young. I got really tired of it really quickly. That was partially the reason I moved to New York – I realized that there was nothing down there for me. I had done all the partying and hanging out that I needed to do." Her early introduction to Miami's nightlife left her unfulfilled professionally and artistically, despite her connection to the musical culture of the city. "For me personally, it wasn't where I needed to be. I found myself jobless again for drinking on the job. It was not about the city. It was about me and how I was living in the city. A lot of people get stuff done down there, but when it comes to music, there isn't much opportunity. I love my city. I'm actually thinking about moving back. I love the vibe down there and the culture. Miami will always be home to me. But when it came to what I wanted to do professionally, there just wasn't enough opportunity for me." Coming to this realization and willfully stepping away from it all has produced great results for Kat's music. Nobody wants to listen to a burnout, and she is not about to be one.
Before she became the empowered and in-control voice of Kat Dahlia, she was Kat Hue, the moniker an abbreviation of her real name, Katriana Hugeut, whose grandparents on her mother's side are Cuban, and on her father's, Lebanese. Kat's relocation from her childhood home of Miami to New Jersey was not exclusively driven by the effects of Miami living - there was also a boy.
This boy, who would later become her love interest, invited her to come live in NYC, and she gladly obliged. The relationship quickly turned sour, due to extreme jealousy in combination with strong passion. This relationship translated into her music as Kat Hue, when she independently released a 9-track EP, Shades of Grey. As the EP's title suggests, the music is filled with darker melodies and lyrics that recall stories of broken relationships. "Do Better" tells the story of a boyfriend promising to do better in a relationship, to which Kat replies back that she resigns from the relationship, and if she "had a thousand lives, she would leave him a thousand times." "Lose You," featuring her former manager and rapper, Candy Warhol, is a hypnotizing melody that speaks to the intimate and personal boundaries shared by two young lovers that shared everything together and experienced events that only make sense to them. It leads us to imagine a fast-paced Bonnie and Clyde-esque couple who prompted the beautiful lyrics, "I'm too difficult to decipher for you to break me, and you don't know me like he did, I'm sorry stranger you should quit. I just ain't ready for this shit." "My Shoes" is another track that features a minimalist Houston-chopped, slow snare, and bass-heavy beat that perfectly exemplifies Kat's hybrid approach to music. While she is a talented blues singer, Kat introduces rap-like cadences. This approach is unique in that her voice is bluesy while adding the vibrant grittiness of a street rapper that is unapologetic in her direct objection and defiance to male standards. This outspokenness translates in her social media. Her Vine is uncensored; her Tweets are her unique thoughts. Even in her interaction with BET's 106 and Park's hosts, she made crude jokes that would raise some eyebrows when compared to the cookie-cutter celebrities of the world. The end result is that Kat comes off just the way she is – a stunningly beautiful young woman that doesn't deal with bullshit. She is in control. She pays her bills, books her studio time and if you're interested in her, you better come correct. The mystique is there. The talent is there. The support system is there. The most exciting part about her? The fact that she is just getting started.
The realism in her music is derived from her belief in presenting truth in art. When I told her that the realities portrayed in "Gangta" would really resonate with a Latin audience, she quickly clarified her intention: "The state of the country and that of people's lives, people losing their houses, can't feed mouths, it's really sad. I always stay connected to that. I want to tell simple truths. I want to tell stories, but the stories have to have meaning. I don't think it's limited to Spanish culture. It's such a worldly thing. It's a motherly thing. And everything in Gangsta is true. That was me telling my life. My dad is a gambling guy. He is still trying to come out of this rut that he's been in for years, because he's not that responsible. He has vices and it's hard. My mom has made a lot of mistakes as well, but always kept food on the table. 'Single mother and making it happen for her kids.' She loses her job again and ends up turning to the church because she found herself at a point where she didn't know where to go. She ended up starting to reconnect with herself spiritually with God. It's how life goes. Telling stories of people. Not just Latin or American. It's a true spirit within whatever culture you're in."
The next chapter in Kat's ascension to great heights in the world of music will take place this summer. She plans to continue creating music for her official debut release in September, My Garden. She describes the album as such: "My music is hard to fit into a box. You have some sunflowers, some daisies, some roses, and then you have thorns and Venus flytraps. You can also have some willows. All these evoke a different emotion, different feelings, expression and frequencies. I wanted it to be an introduction to my mind, sound, music, and let the world know who is Kat Dahlia."
We couldn't help but to further explore the metaphor. A Dahlia in bloom is a sight to behold - vibrant and colorful, they grow naturally in the hills of Central America, and are cultivated in gardens the world round for their variety, beauty, and their potential to form hybrid flower species. Such is the way we see Kat - a vibrant, colorful musician, full of beauty; a songwriter splicing, botanist-like, her identify as a Latina with her identity as an American, creating the ultimate Urban Latina artist.
Going forward, she'll continue her radio promotion and will perform during the summer to continue expanding her fan base one introduction at a time. If you can't catch her on the road, purchase her 3-track EP, Gangsta on Itunes. or stream it on Spotify. Cheers to Kat!


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Slick jazz quartet invite you on a musical journey
Posted: January 17, 2013|
If there's one thing you can be sure of at an Empirical gig, it's the fact you won't be in for a dull ride.
The four young, British Jazz musicians, who perform compositions and improvisations, are Nathaniel Facey (alto saxophone), Shaney Forbes (drums), Lewis Wright (vibraphone, similar in appearance to the xylophone) and Tom Farmer (bass).
"If people come to one of our gigs and have never heard anything of this kind before and can take something away from it, that excites me," says Lewis, who was nominated for a British Jazz Award in 2010 and 2012.
"There's some pieces we play that are really set, whereas other pieces of music are more open in terms of harmony and form and lends itself to more improvisation.
"It's inclusive and friendly and we try and get through a spectrum of different feelings and tunes. We have fun, with narrative and range and story through the gig. The aim at the end of the day is for people to feel like they have gone on some kind of journey."
Together since 2007, the debut eponymous record Empirical was followed up in 2009 with Out 'n' In and have been extensively toured throughout the jazz circuit in the UK and abroad.
"At our gig coming up at the Terry O'Toole it will be a mixture of stuff. A lot of music from the last record we did, Elements Of Truth, and maybe a bit of a preview of the music on the new record we are recording now.
"We have done a lot of playing together and you get to the point, as with any relationship or friendship, where there's an element of trust and it's the same with music. If any of the others are going to take a risk I am going to listen – they always make good choices.
"I have always been a fan of jazz," says Lewis whose father, a percussion teacher and professional musician, began giving him drum lessons at the age of 3.
"I've recently got into vinyl and have been going back through records I know and records I don't. The fact you can hear a jazz song, say from The American Songbook, then you can hear it five times by five different people and it's completely different. There's so much you can do with jazz and there's a deep history to it. It's a cliché to say this I know but it's like a language, there's various ways of listening to it.
"So much popular music, when you follow family trees back and join the dots, it often leads back to jazz. I love other genres as well, soul, funk and classic music. And playing it. But jazz is like conversing with your friends, that's what I do on stage with Tom, Nathaniel and Shaney. Hopefully there's conversation involved musically. The interactive quality I really enjoy, being in the moment with them."
Empirical play the Terry O'Toole Theatre, North Hykeham on Thursday, January 24 (7.30pm). Tickets: £5-£12. Box office: 01522 883311, www.terryotooletheatre.org.uk
For more music news, reviews and opinion turn to page 62...


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Good technique will help the one doing the hitting. However getting hit in the head with a shoulder or getting slammed onto the back of you head or any number of other scenarios can also cause them. No way to get rid of them completely - not using a helmet is just dumb btw - but they can reduce them with technology. Better helmets etc...
He was no Bo Jackson, or Barry Sanders, but he kept the defense honest when I played as the Houston Oilers in Tech-mo Bowl.
I think the real surprise is that "more than a half yard less than they gained on the rest of their carries" That means they averaged over 4.5 everywhere else.
I totally agree. They should have sensors in the ball that can tell when the ball crosses the goal line. Have a panel of "judges" or "rule experts" rule on controversial plays including every fumble and possible scoring play and "two-feet" in bounds play. Have a team standing by for each game. Let the ref announce their answer. We have the technology to ensure things are correct a lot more then we are doing now.
So when we play a team with a larger fan base, like the Steelers, they will win every call?
I think Best is more of an explosive back but not an every-down back - which he was forced to be with Mickel's injury. Hopefully he can be more of a threat on screens and passes like Sproles. Sproles isn't the pounder. But he is very valuable and dangerous. That's how I see Best.
Best & Smith are both good runners and excellent off the screen. If Mickel can handle a good portion of the load running on 1st down and short yardage - interchanging Best & K Smith to change pace (especially on 3rd down) maybe that's the way to both keep them all healthy and be explosive running and opening up the passing game. I'd rather pound it w/Mickel and use K Smith as a secondary, off-tackle runner and Best for the screens and rb routes. He blazes in the open field. Our offense could be the most exciting and explosive since the Rams "greatest show on turf."
Maybe. But not a given. If we get the right player, our team is much better. We have a decent core of young players. We're light in the post, but we may remedy that in the draft.
Unless they draft MJ again and hire the next Phil Jackson - they probably aren't that much better next year.
Poor guy.. what else is he going to write about. Hey. I guess he could write about how thankful he is not to be a Bobcat writer. Although - at least there's some juice to being that bad... Mediocrity sux.
We see.. we ignore... he shrivels and melts away. BEst advice: don't even notice him.
I'd like to see what happens if they switch Cabrera and Fielder around in the order. Let them Walk Fielder or let them feel forced to pitch to him. We all know Fielder has power. But once you get though the 1st inning it's not like he would bat '4th' each time he's up. You may have our 8th or 9th batter on base when he gets up...
Jackson, Dirks, Fielder, Cabrera, Young, Avila, Peralta
First off, LOL. The question. I had to comment b/c it's got to be tough being the beat writer for the Pistons. I would say we don't have anyone who could displace the top tier of super stars in this league. Ben Wallace and Chauncey Billups were our last super stars to have the possibility and they weren't expected to have the careers they did, so who knows. Maybe if we're winning championships again with Monroe & Knight and they grow into the elite.. then sure. I mean - anything is possible... almost.
Hey.. maybe you're sparking some hope for us Piston fans. Are you trying to trick me into thinking positive about the future?
I guess the Vikings have Suh on their line too and that's why Jarred Allen gets so many Sacks - it's all b/c of his D line. You guys crack me up. Avril is a play maker and is getting better. It's not like anyone really knew who this guy was when he was drafted. He's brought up by the Lions and I hope we can keep him. He's going to get better. To say we can just plug anyone in there and expect the same thing is kind of naive.
Are you just leaving a dispensary? I'm just curious b/c I've never heard of him and the fact that no one dropped a 7th round pick on him, means he wasn't highly thought of either. I hope you're right, and not just picking up your script. It'd be nice for the Lions to find a gem every one else is jealous about.
The only thing RG3 has going against him is playing for Washington. I don't understand all the negative about him on this site. Has anybody watched this kid play or listen to him interview? He goes #1 OA any other year and I think he's gonna be a Pro Bowler... once he gets out of WA. Actually - He may be the one to turn things around in WA.
Does RG3 sound or seem dumb to you? He seems very smart, cool-headed as well as a gifted athlete. Did you see any of his games? Watch his demeanor.. watch his delivery - dude is gonna be great.
The way our DBs were injured last year - it would be nice to have someone consistently on the field. He is an NFL starter and if he's a number 2 or 3 that can be counted on to be healthy, a good tackler and a good price, I don't see why we don't see what he's got in the tank. If nothing else competition is good for the team and some veteran wisdom can also help our youth at that position.
No. He's saying that doesn't THEM good.
Maybe doesn't THEM bad, but definitely doesn't THEM good.
You've got a severe man-crush on Fairly - geesh! RB post and you rant about the Defense.. then Fairly in particular. I feel ya - we needed to address our D, but we need to look at our RB situation also. Trying to sign a veteran RB doesn't mean we're done looking on D and doesn't mean Fairly doesn't have to earn his spot. I think WE ALL know your opinion on him by now :]
So do you think it's a good idea to have a veteran RB who maybe can help p/u a blitz and maybe offer some insight to our divisional rival's offense?
This is a tough one. Going into the draft my thought was that our #1 need was CB. I don't blame them going O-Line with Reif & DeCastro there. I was stunned when we drafted WR in 2nd. If he ends up being the Reggie Wayne that complements Marvin Harrison then this is a great pick. If he ends up being Mike Williams then this was a horrible pick with two possible starting OL still available. CB Jenkins is crap shoot. Especially coming to MI were the bud is beautiful and plentiful. Even if he succeeds where he is - that doesn't mean he would in Detroit. So this pick isn;t going to get my approval (not that it matters) until it earns my approval. Being a fan, I am hoping this works out.
I do understand the thinking that Nate is getting older and we need to keep our WR core sharp. This guy just better be worth it. I don't see it paying dividends til next year, but I hope it pays big for the next 5+ after that


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This course teaches the net present value (NPV) methodology, an investment evaluation formula used by countless publicly traded companies and financial analysts, in a way that makes it accessible and applicable to you—no finance background required. Rudolph Rosenberg explains what investments are, how they are measured, and what makes a good investment. Then he explores the NPV formula in depth, showing you how to evaluate your cash flows, choose a rate of return, and assess the risk of a particular investment. This all culminates in a look at how the principles of investment apply to three real-life scenarios that any individual or company might encounter.
Hi, I'm Rudolph Rosenberg. And welcome to Financial Literacy: Making Investment Decisions. In this course, we're going to cover one of the basic elements of investment decision making along with real life applications. I'll start by explaining investments. What they are, how they're measured, and what makes a good investment. Then, we'll explore the net present value method, or NPV. Finally, we look at investments in real life situations.
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Majoring in Sport Management involves the study of how to use legal and business principles to run athletic programs, sports teams, fitness facilities and health clubs. You'll learn core concepts in business, sport theory, and kinesiology and how to apply them to a number of sport management areas, including facility management, sports marketing and fitness center management. What is the science behind fitness routines? What are the legal questions surrounding athletic organizations? What are the hallmarks of successful promotions? You'll gain knowledge and skills that are important for any career in sport management as you take 48 credit hours towards a Bachelor of Arts degree.
You'll also keep it real beyond the classroom via Concordia Health Alliance for Majors in Physical Education & Kinesiology (CHAMP) Club activities; participation in conferences, workshops, seminars, and clinics locally and nationally; and internship opportunities. Because we design our sport management program to be responsive to the exact needs of the marketplace, it will be a relevant major if you're considering a career as an athletic director, coach, sports information director, sporting facility manager or sport marketer.
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I'm feeling your prompts today! Two for two, Jo.. Thanks for the inspiration.
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Aug. 31, 2007
TEMPE, Ariz. --- The University of New Mexico volleyball team keeps finding ways to win as it beat Iowa State, 32-30, 30-28, 30-22, in the Hilton Phoenix/East Mesa Challenge. The Lobos improve to 5-0 on the season, the squad's best season start since 1990.
The teams battled in Game One with neither team able to put a scoring streak together or build a lead greater than two. All-America candidate Jeanne Fairchild put down three kills in a row for the Lobos to win, 32-30, only UNM's second two-point lead in the game.
In Game Two, the Lobos gradually built a 10-point lead, 19-9. But Iowa State fought back, evening the score to 24-24. The teams battled the remainder of the game with Lobo middle blocker Kerri Beck came up with three kills, including the game-winner, to secure a 2-0 match-lead for UNM.
"We did well in streaks, then would let up," said New Mexico head coach Jeff Nelson. "I thought we played a bit casual at times. Our middle blockers and right-sides played well."
The Lobos were sluggish to start Game Three as they allowed Iowa State to build a 6-0 lead. Fairchild came up with two key kills to get UNM back on track. The Cyclones continued to keep UNM at arms-length until kills by Beck and Fairchild, a block by Beck and Rose Morris, and a service ace by Sarah Kwasigroch evened the score at 14.
The teams continued to swap leads until the Lobos took the lead for good at 22-21 on a kill by Fairchild. The Lobos sealed the match win with a service ace by Kwasigroch and a block by Beck and Morris.
"Jeanne Fairchild really came back in Game Three after struggling in Game Two," said Nelson. "Our serving and passing did well again, probably the biggest difference-maker in the match."
The Lobos (5-0) will play host Arizona State (1-3) at approximately 8 p.m. (MDT).
New Mexico def. Iowa State 32-30,30-28,30-22
New Mexico (5-0) (Kills-aces-blocks) - Fairchild, Jeanne 16-0-2; Beck, Kerri 10-1-7; Morris, Rose 7-0-3; Michaelsen, Jade 6-0-1; Meeter, Lisa 4-0-1; Lehne, Anna 3-0-1; Tripp, Gayle 1-1-0; Kwasigroch, Sarah 0-3-0; Totals 47-5-9.0. (Assists) - Michaelsen, Jade 20; Kwasigroch, Sarah 13. (Dig leaders) - Meeter, Lisa 16; Tripp, Gayle 15
Iowa State (1-3) (Kills-aces-blocks) - Boeve, Erin 14-0-2; Henson, Victoria 10-0-0; Cummings, Lauren 8-0-4; Malcom, Jen 7-0-6; Kieger, Diane 4-1-0; Manns, Kaylee 1-0-1; Mass, Ashley 0-2-0; Vos, Amy 0-1-0; Totals 44-4-7.0. (Assists) - Manns, Kaylee 37. (Dig leaders) - Boeve, Erin 12; Cady, Laura 9


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Montgomery County Executive Isiah Leggett will join with Montgomery County Councilmembers George Leventhal and Nancy Floreen, Montgomery County Department of Economic Development Director Steve Silverman and representatives from the academic, private and nonprofit sectors to release a new report, Beyond Charity: Nonprofit Business in Montgomery County. Among other findings, the report shows that 10 percent of the County's workforce is employed by nonprofits, with total wages of $2.2 billion.
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Much 27, 1973 A, LIQTTA 3,723,064
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE CONCENTRATION OF A MATERIAL IN A LIQUID Filed July 26, 1971 II I II II 'II 12 mam mlxx e y v V 9-10 F I I l 20a 20b 20c 20d 32 206 IN VENT O2 12 ZOIZOC Lance A.Li.otta
5 ATTOQNEKS United States Patent O US. (11. 23230 R 14 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A layered testing device is used for quantitatively determining the concentration of a substance. The layered device includes a first porous layer impregnated with a reagent system adapted to react with the test substance to produce an end product. Adjacent to the first porous layer is a membrane having plural regions each having a different permeability to said end product. The difference in permeability is obtained either by impregnating the regions with different concentrations of a chemical reactive with the end product or by varying the pore size in the regions. Adjacent the membrane there may be a porous element to aid in drawing the end product under test out of the membrane. Immediately adjacent to the porous element is an indicator layer containing an indicator substance for providing a visual indication of any of said end product reaching the indicator layer. By marking the indicator layer in accordance with the regions permeabilities, a visual indicator of and method of determining concentration is available.
This invention relates to a detecting device and, more particularly, to a testing device for quantitatively determining the concentration of a test fluid using 'a visual indicator.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION There are many instruments available today for the analysis of body fluids including urine, blood and the like. Among these instruments are included the gas chromatograph and automatic blood analysis equipment both of which are capable of taking a sample of one of the body fluids and analyzing it for various components or subcomponents. While generally satisfactory, these instruments are relatively expensive and often diflicult and time consuming to operate. They do, however, provide highly accurate results which give both quantitative as well as qualitative information.
Among the simpler diagnostic techniques are included the test strips impregnated with various chemicals which when reacted with a body fluid or other substance under test yield a characteristic color change which provides information both as to the presence and concentration of the particular chemical substance under test. These colormetric tests, while available, have several disadvantages. For one, color changes often must be compared against a standard color which, if done by the eye, yield inaccuracies.
Another disadvantage is that the color changed produced is relatively transient in nature and often uneven. Hence, it becomes a question of judgement on the part of the analyst to determine which portion of the test strip to examine. To provide accurate information as to concentration, the color change must be measured by the use of a colorimeter or other instrument capable of providing precise color comparison results. Furthermore, since the sense strip does not provide a permanent display, it does not provide a lasting record of the test.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to obviate many of the disadvantages of the prior art techniques for the testing of the presence of substances.
Patented Mar. 2'7, 1973 'ice Another object of this invention is to provide an improved method testing for the presence and concentration of biochemical substances.
Still another object of this invention is to provide an improved test device which is relatively simple to operate and yet provides a permanent record for indicating the presence and concentration of substances under test.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the preferred method of this invention a fluid containing the substance under test is permitted to permeate through a membrane having diflerent regions therein which have different permeabilities to the fluid under test. An indicator strip or layer sensitive to the substance under test is placed adjacent the several regions of the membrane to provide a visual indication of those regions which permit after a period of time the passage of the fluid under test.
Modifications of the method include initially reacting of the fluid under test with a chemical reagent to produce an end product prior to passage through the membrane. The end product may be reacted with a chemical sensitive to the end product during passage through the membrane. Diflerent concentrations of this reactive chemical are placed in each of the membranes regions to vary the permeation of the end product through the different regions according to concentration of the original test substance. Alternatively, pore size variation between the several membrane regions may be relied on to achieve the selective region permeabilities.
A preferred embodiment of the invention includes a layered test device in which the first or receiving layer is highly porous and impregnated with a chemical reagent for reaction with the fluid substance under test to produce an end product. Adjacent the receiving layer is a porous membrane layer having regions of different permeability to the test fluid. A second or transmission layer is placed on the other side of the membrane layer to aid in drawing the end products through the membrane layer and passing them on to the next layer. This next layer, an indicator layer, is impregnated with a chemical reactive with the end product to provide a visual or color indication of the presence of the end product reaching the indicator layer. lIIl this manner, any end product which permeates through the membrane will produce a -visual indication on the indicator layer. The indicator layer is adapted to be peeled off to provide a permanent record of color changes produced thereon. These color changes indicate not only presence of the chemical of the fluid under test but also its concentration.
Using this preferred test device, the fluid under test is applied to the receiving layer Where it is exposed to and reacts with the reagent contained therein. The end product of that reaction passes through the membrane layer which permits passage of the end product through the various regions of the membrane according to the concentration of the substance in the fluid under test, i.e., the end product permeats through the specific reagents of the membrane layer only if it exceeds a certain concentration. The indicator impregnated display strip, which is eflectively in contact with the other side of the membrane layer through the transmission receives and registers by a color change the presence of the end product. Since the permeation through the permeable membrane layer occurs at specific regions according to concentration, the display on the indicator strip of those regions by the color indication displays also the concentration of the test substance present in the test fluid.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The novel features that are considered characteristic of this invention are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. The invention, itself, however, both as to its organization and method of operation, as well as additional objects and advantages thereof, will best be understood from the following description when read in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a pictorial view of the layered test device of this invention with the display strip peeled back;
FIG. 2 is a fragmental cross-sectional representation greatly enlarged, of a section of the test device illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the passage of fluids through the permeable membrane to the display strip of the test device illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2;
FIG. 4 is a partial pictorial representation of an alternative embodiment of the invention which utilizes a different membrane than that illustrated in FIG. 2;
FIG. 5 is a partial pictorial representation of still another alternative embodiment of the permeable membrane that may be used in the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 6 is a plan view of still another alternative embodiment of this invention which facilitates the preparation of the several membrane regions.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In describing the novel method and device of this invention reference will first be had to the drawings in which the test device itself is seen most clearly in FIGS. 1 and 2. The test device comprises a series of layers placed together in a laminated or sandwich fashion. Each layer is either formed differently from its adjoining layers or is impregnated with a chemical to perform particular functions in the test device. Thus, as seen in FIG. 1, the test device of this invention includes a receiving or porous reactant layer 10, a differential membrane layer 12, a porous transmission layer 14, and a display strip 16. The reactant layer 10 has secured thereto, so as to be in inti mate contact therewith, a capillary sized tube which is in effect cut in half to form a U-shaped conduit or channel 18 one side of which is formed by the reactant layer 10. Channel 18 acts as a container for the test fluid and it runs the full length of the device. The fluid under test may, for example, be any chemical whose presence or concentration is desired to be tested for and indicated such as blood, urine, etc. various components of any of these mixtures are tested for in various medical laboratories routinely and, for that matter, during the course of operations. The volumes are adjustable simply by changing the size of the tube and, if necessary, the size of the layer. Channel 18 is adhered to the reactant layer 10 by gluing or other suitable means. A suitable adherent for this purpose is any water-proof glue (rubber cement). The tubing used may be inert plastic such as polyethylene, glass, or other suitable material and may be formed, if desired, by extrusion or molding.
The receiving layer 10 may be formed of a relatively porous paper or any other suitable porous material. In the preferred embodiment the porous material is presoaked with a chemical reagent capable of reacting with a component in the fluid under test and particularly the test substance contained therein to produce a desired reactant or end product. In this manner, it becomes a reactant layer 10 and, with or without the capillary tube, it acts as a receiver for the material under test. This reactant layer 10 which receives the test fluid performs several functions. Because of its uniform porosity, capillary migration provides an even distribution of the components in test fluid before entering the adjacent membrane layer 12. It also functions to supply the test fluid or its reaction products to the membrane layer 12 at a uniform rate. Finally, it serves to protect the membrane layer and may be fixed to the membrane layer as by laminating. Suitable adherents are any permeable materials such as starch or resins. The receiving layer 10 need not be impregnated with a reagent for reaction with the test fluid. The test fluid itself may be such as will provide a visual indication when reacted with the display strip as will be described. In any case, either the fluid under test or the end products thereof (after reaction with the reagent in the reactant layer 10) passes through the reactant layer 10 to the next layer, the differential membrane layer 12.
This next layer 12 is a differential porous membrane composed of a plurality of regions 20a, 20b, 20c and 20d (FIG. 2) which vary in their permeability to the test fluid, or its reaction products formed in the layer 10, sequentially and in a graduated manner along the length of the membrane layer 12. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane layer 12 is a cellulose substrate of relatively high porosity such as filter paper. The cellulose substrate is saturated at discrete regions 22 with a permeable composition of an organic polymer such as cellulose acetate to form barriers 22 which separate the regions Mia-20d inclusive. These barriers 22 thus form the dividing line between the several regions 20a, 20b, 20c and 20d.
The barriers 22 perform several functions. For one, they permit a predetermined degree of cross migration between the compartments of the test fluid or reaction products. This cross-migration serves to provide a smoother gradient of concentration of this test fluid between compartments. Thus, With a sufficient number of compartments each differing incrementally from its adjoining compartments in permeability to the test fluid or its reaction products, the layer 12, can, in effect, provide a continuous gradation of concentration as will be described.
While the regions 20a-20d inclusive are illustrated as being in the form of thin rectangular wafers, it is to be understood that they may be in any configuration desired. For example, each region may be in the form of a thin cross wherein the peripheral compartments at the ends of the cross tips feed into one main compartment at the center of the cross. By varying the cross-sectional area of the channels between the regions compartments, the rate of migration or rate of flow from one compartment to another may be maintained at any level desired simply by changing the density, thickness, or shape of the barrier 22 between the several compartments. The shape and relationship of the regions compartments formed by the barriers 22 will determine the location or manner in which the information is displayed.
The barriers 22 preferably are formed by impregnating the cellulose substrate, which forms the membrane layer 12, with a polymer of a specific concentration utilizing a masking technique. The polymer is dissolved in a solvent and the solution applied to the mask onto the areas wherein the barriers are to be formed. The solvent migrates away from these areas where the solution encounters the substrate but the rate of migration is too slow to significantly blur the effect of the mask. The solvent is quiokly evaporated and the polymer (cellulose acetate or other polymer of high water permeability is preferred) is left in the configuration, dictated by the mask and the barrier 22 formed. It may also be formed by impregnating the various strips 20a-20d as separate strips and then using the polymer as a glue to join the strips together.
The compartments or regions 20a through 20d, inclusive, are usually impregnated with a sceeninng chemical which is sensitive to the fluid under test so as to react with the component therein that is under test. In some cases layer 10 will be impregnated with a chemical that is reactive with a fluid component to produce in layer 10 a new product which is detected. In this use the screening chemical will be reactive with the new product.
A different concentration or quantity of the screening chemical is placed in each of the compartments or regions 20a through 20d, inclusive, in a sequential manner of increasing concentration. These reagents or compartments 20a through 20d, inclusive, thus serve as separate areas which encapsulate specific chemicals which can react with and thereby control the passage, i.e., the permeation of the chemical under test through the reagents.
It is possible in one embodiment of the invention for this compartment configuration to maintain a very fine, incremental concentration gradient from one region to the next. This is achieved by constructing the regions of different volumes, as seen in FIG. 5, yet impregnating them with the same volume and concentration of solution. The chemical impregnated within them will then have its concentration adjusted to the volume of the compartment which encapsulates it. For instance, two compartments, one twice the volume of the other, but both impregnated with the same volume and concentration of chemical, will then have a concentration variance such that the compartment of the smaller volume will have twice the concentration of the compartment of higher volume. As shown in FIG. 6, the layer 12 can have a triangular shape with the barriers 30 dividing the strip into regions 20a, 20b, 200, etc. of decreasing volume.
The chemical is placed in each region by first dissolving the chemical in a solvent to form a solution of a desired concentration. A specific volume of this solution is allowed to come in contact with the region. The region then draws the solution into its volume by capillary action. When the solvent evaporates out of the compartment, it leaves a specific concentration of the screening chemical in the compartment.
After the compartments are impregnated and dry, the entire membrane can be soaked with a liquid such as water, which causes slight transmigration to occur across the polymer barriers, between compartments, thus slightly evening out the difference between compartments. The result after this soaking is more even concentration gradients.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown layer 14 which is made by depositing a relatively low (.500 to 3 percent by weight in asolvent such as acetone) concentration of an organic polymer such as cellulose acetate on top of layer 16. This has the advantage of producing a leveling or distributing effect which distributes the action occurring within each region and thereby increases the accuracy of the concentration gradient between regions. The transmission layer 14, which, as noted, is immediately adjacent the membrane layer 12, can be any porous organic polymer or thin celllulose composition. It provides by its capillary action a transmission medium between the membrane layer 12 and the display strip 16. The transmission layer 14 may also be formed of a porous laminated paper. While layer 14 is not essential, it is generally present for the advantages it affords.
The topmost layer, the display strip 16, is impregnated with an indicating substance which changes color when it receives the test substance either produced by the chemical reaction occurring in the reactant layer or a material not combined with the screening chemical in the membrane layer 12.
The indicator layer 16, which can be backed against the permeable membrane 12, is a normal paper substrate which has been coated with a starch or resin in a standard manner. The coated paper is then soaked in the indicating chemical. The impregnated indicator paper is then dried. This coated indicator layer will change color when wetted with a chemical to which its indicator is sensitive, but because transverse migration in this layer would blur the effect of the compartment difierences which feed into it, this coated indicator paper does not furnish any crossmigration. Backed directly against layer 12, transmission of a color eliciting chemical out of each region in layer 12 is registered separately on the indicator paper 16 because the coating blocks substantially all longitudinal migration affording a transmission connection between the membrane layer and the indicator layer.
EXAMPLE I In the quantitative analysis of hemoglobin, for example, the hemoglobin is oxidized to methemoglobin by an oxidizing agent in the reactant layer 10. Potassium cyanide in the membrane layer 12 combines with methemoglobin to render it undetectable to a chemical indicator in the indicator display strip 16. The indicator layer display strip 16 responds to the absence and the position of the end product (or the original chemical under test) along the length of the test device. Thus by marking the display strip 16 with divider lines 40, the various gradations or dividing lines between the concentration areas may be noted.
For purposes of illustration and with particular reference to FIG. 3, it will be assumed that material has left container 18 and passed into layer 10 where a reaction occurred and that the end or test product (potassium ferrocyanide) has a concentration represented by the magnitude of the numeral 6 appearing throughout the reactant layer 10 in this figure. The several regions 20a, 20b, 20c and 20d of the difierential membrane 12 have differing concentrations of potassium cyanide which reacts with the end product. The differing concentration in each of these regions is represented by the magnitude of the relative numbers 4, 5, 6, '7, 8, and 9 which represent the concentration of the several different regions 20a through 200. of the membrane layer 12. The end product (potassium ferrocyanide) is seen to pass through the membrane layer 12 in those regions where its concentration is high enough to overcome combination with the chemical encapsulated within the membrane layer 12. This passage occurs at a specific concentration of chemical in the membrane and in this instance, is seen to occur between the regions 5 and 6 in FIG. 3. Thus, the end product does reach the display strip 16 in concentration regions 4 and 5, but not in concentration regions 6, 7, 8 and 9 of FIG. 3. In the concentration regions 4 and 5, the concentration of the screening chemical is such that it cannot block the passage of end product by combining with all of the end product. Thus, the end product reaches the display strip 16 in these regions.
The display strip 16 is impregnated with an indicating substance which changes color when it receives the end product not combined with the chemical in the membrane layer 12. The permeation through the concentration organic polymer which is deposited on the cellulose acetate substrate transmission layer, usually present but omitted in FIG. 3 for convenience, increases the accuracy and uniformity of the concentration gradient throughout each region. Since the transmission layer 14 possesses the ability of transverse permeability in the region of the barriers 22, transverse migrations occur between adjoining regions to aid in the formation of a continuous gradient along the length of the transmission layer 14 nd, hence, along the length of the display strip 16.
When the reaction is complete, the display strip 16 which is placed against the transmission layer 14 or layer 12 with the use of an adhesive, is merely peeled back and removed from the test device. This provides a permanent color record of the presence and concentration of the methemoglobin in the hemoglobin sample.
Another embodiment of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows in pictorial view only a layer 24 which may be substituted for the layers 12 and 14 of FIG. 2. The membrane in this instance is formed of a porous cellulose substrate with each region 20a20d differentially soaked with a porous membrane forming polymer such as cellulose acetate or other suitable membrane forming polymer that is water permeable. In this manner, the permeability of each of the sections 20a through 20c varies in incremental manner so that varying quantities of the material under test or its end product is permitted to pass through the membrane to display layer 16 (FIG. 1). This embodiment is particularly useful for the determination of a concentration of a chemical which is the primary chemical present in solution (such as an acid dye in a water solution). This porous membrane so formed to make up the layer 24 is then exposed to the dye which is introduced through the capillary sized channel 18. The dye passes through the porous membranes to the indietor strip 16, not shown for convenience. Its concentration is measured by the time it take to pass through a given section of the incremental diffusion gradient created. Since each of the regions 20a through 20c inclusive is soaked With a difierent amount of the membrane forming polymer, the permeability of the several sections to the dye will vary. That section having the most permeability will permit the most dye to pass through in the shortest amount of time. The dye itself will provide the indication on the indicator strip and, hence, no particular chemical process need be employed. On the other hand, if an acid or alkaline dye is used, a conventional pH indicating paper may be employed for the indicating strip 16, affording the chemical reaction to produce the indicating color change.
In another alternative embodiment, the differential membrane thickness layer 36 illustrated in FIG. may be substituted for the differential concentration layer 24 of FIG. 4 or layer 12 of FIGS. 1-3. The layer 36 may be formed by utilizing a porous cellulose substrate 32 and depositing thereon different thickness layers of a permeable polymer membrane 34 to form a step-like configuration wherein each of the regions 20a, 20b, 200, etc. present different thicknesses of a membrane to the permeation or migration of the end product or original chemicals therethrough. Here again, the concentration of the test fluid is determined by the time required to pass through a given thickness section.
Regardless of the embodiment employed, all are designed to present different regions, each of which presents a different permeability to the migration of the chemical end product or the original chemical under test. Thus the passage of the chemical under test or its end product is impeded to a very great extent depending upon the extended region it passes through. The permeability which impedes the migration may be either chemical in nature or physical in nature as described.
EXAMPLE II To illustrate further the use of a device of this invention, the following example is given in which hemoglobin concentration is determined. The device of this invention used in this example consisted of a receiving layer that obtained the test fluid from a capillary tube, a compartmentalized layer that contained a gradient concentration of a reagent and finally a layer which was uniformly impregnated with an indicator. The test fluid passed through the first two layers and then registered on the indicator layer.
As previously described, this inner layer was composed of a number of compartments separately impregnated and holding a series of successively higher concentrations. The reagent concentration of this layer is therefore a gradient concentration.
The reagent in the compartmentalized layer is ammonium sulfate (impregnated in the gradient concentration described) which forms an insoluble precipitate when reacted with alkali hematin. The indicator layer is impregnated with an indicator which is sensitive to the peroxidase activity of alkaline hematin. Such indicators in the presence of a peroxidase active biological compound are catalytically oxidized to their colored forms by hydrogen peroxide. Among indicators of this type which can be used in this invention are guaiac, benzidine, benzidine dihydrochloricle, o-tolidine, and mixtures thereof. The embodiment of this invention performs quantative hemoglobin analysis.
A sample of blood is diluted with a known volume of alkaline solution. The hemoglobin in the blood which has been entered into the alkaline solution is denatured to alkaline hematin. A known volume of this alkaline hematin solution is placed in capillary channel 18 and is allowed to permeate through all of the layers. As this solution permeates through the reagent layer, it combines with the ammonium sulfate to form an insoluble precipitate. In the combined form, the hematin cannot pass through. to the indicator layer. Because the reagent layer is impre nated with a gradient concentration (in its series of compartments) at the points in this layer that all the hematin is not combined, an excess of hematin passes through the reagent layer to the indicator layer.
Uncombined hemoglobin is then present at the indicator layer if it has passed through the reagent layer. If hydrogen peroxide is present, either by its formation from compositions in the indicator layer, or by external application, a color appears. Because the color reaction only occurs at those points on the indicator which have been encountered by hematin, and because the passage of hematin depends on the concentration of reagent in the reagent layer, the indicator layer will display, in a bar graph fashion the concentration of hematin. That is, there will be bars or sections along the length of the indicator strip that are deeply colored, less and less colored and colorless depending on the passage of hematin.
One of the embodiments of this invention was fabricated in this manner using these chemical compositions:
(A) In a strip of polyethylene in. by in. by 3 in. was cut a groove in. deep and in. wide along the center of its length. This groove became the capillary tube 18 to feed the receiving layer 10.
(B) This layer was a highly porous paper strip. Suitable papers are rayon porous paper or filter papers of highest porosity. This specific layer possessed the same dimensions as the polyethylene strip, except for its thickness, which was about 2 mils. It was laminated onto the grooved face of the polyethylene strip with rubber cement in two bands on opposite sides of the capillary groove. The lamination was carried out so that no glue was obstructing the flow out of the capillary groove into the porous paper.
(C) The reagent layer which is composed of a number of compartments separated by organic polymer separating membranes. This layer was constructed out of a filter paper substrate impregnated with the separating membrane bands and then impregnated with the reagent. Experiments have shown that other suitable substrates are: cellulose triacetate membrane filter material, rayon paper, and other types of permeable paper. A 3 in. by A in. strip of porous paper was impregnated with cellulose acetate barrier membranes separating the strip into ten A in. bands, sections or compartments. This was accomplished by the masking procedure previously described where the cellulose acetate solution was allowed to contact the paper only where an impregnation was desired.
The indicator solution was prepared next. This was because it was necessary to determine the indicators sensitivity, adjusting it and determining the reagent concentrations which would work in this range of sensitivity. A peroxide sensitive indicator can be too sensitive for the quantitative analysis of blood hemoglobin, so ascorbic acid, an inhibitor in this reaction, was added to this indicator solution to lower its sensitivity. It was found that .01 gm./ml. ascorbic acid added to an o-tolidine indicator solution of 20% reduced its sensitivity to .004 gms./ml. of hemoglobin. In this sensitivity, a color was produced that persisted after one minute, apermanent color change actually being obtained at this hemoglobin concentration.
It was found that ammonium sulfate concentration .16 gms./rnl. precipitated .01 gms/ml. alkaline hematin so that it was undetectable by the indicator.
In producing the compartmentalized reagent layer the following steps were taken:
The concentration of reagent which combines with a known amount of hematin was determined. The sensitivity of the indicator after the addition of the ascorbic acid inhibitor was determined. The number of grams of hematin passing through a compartment in this layer at a specific alkaline hematin dilution was calculated. Knowing over what range the quantitative analysis was desired, a gradient concentration of reagent was impregnated 1n the compartments of the layer (as in the test for hemoglobin over the range of 11-21 gms./100 ml., the reagent concentrations impregnated in this layer combined with this range of hemoglobin) and the reagent layer was laminated to the receiving layer and the indicator layer (prepared below) using a thinned starch paste, the three layers being sealed and dried with an iron.
In producing the indicator layer the following steps were taken:
The indicator layer was fabricated from a standard grade coated paper. The paper layer was soaked in the indicator and ascorbic acid solution. After being dried, a thin membrane was formed by applying cellulose acetate to the paper. Even though this cellulose acetate treatment is not necessary for the function of the invention, it seems to cause the layer to wet more evenly and quickly.
In forming the compartments various solutions of cellulose acetate in acetone were used as the impregnating solutions. The following shows the permeation allowed by the given concentration:
5.0%no passage between compartments; 4.0%-very small passage; 3.5%passage between compartments; 2.5% compartments virtually undifferentiated; 0.5 1.5%--membrane suitable for indicator layer.
The following tabulation gives the reagent concentration and the ingredients in the indicator solution.
Range11-2.1 gms. Al hematin/ 100 ml. Dilution .0025/1.=
Indicator solution 20% o tolidine in ethyl alcohol .06 gms./ 100 ml. indicator ascorbic acid .5 cellulose acetate membrane on impregnated, dried indicator layer hydrogen peroxide -20% The compartmented reagent layer can contain a reagent which inhibits the indicator-hemoglobin reaction, instead of precipitating the hemoglobin. Such a reagent could be ascorbic acid, hydn'odic acid, acid citrate dextrose, balanced oxalate, or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The hemoglobin permeating from layer one is added to a selection of inhibitor concentrations in the compartmental layer, before it passes to the indicator layer. At compartments in the layer Where the concentration of hemoglobin is more than the inhibitor can mask, a color reaction is ellicited at the indicator layer. Similar indicator compositions will Work for this embodiment as for the last example.
This embodiment wass fabricated identically as described above, except for the reagent in the compartmental layer. The reagent used in this embodiment was ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid crystals were dissolved in water and impregnated in this gradient concentration:
Compartment: Grams ascorbic acid Range0l0 grns. hemoglobin/ ml. in water di luted .0025 l.
Indicator-10% benzidine-dihydrochloride in water.
If desired, a buffer could be added to layer one or three to maintain a specific pH.
In this instance a decisive, easily readable bar graph was also quickly obtained.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of testing for the concentration of a substance using a permeable member having at least two regions differing in permeability which method comprises:
permitting the substance to permeate through said member, subjecting the substance passing through each of said regions to an indicator that provides a visual indication of the presence of said substance and, determining the region through which the substance permeates first to thereby provide an indication of the concentration of the substance.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein said substance is hemoglobin.
3. A method according to claim 1 which includes the step of subjecting said substance to a reagent in said member to react with it to produce a product that is capable of permeation through said regions to an extent depending upon the permeability of the regions, said indicator being responsive to said product.
4. A method according to claim 3 which includes the step of reacting said product prior to permeation through said regions with difierent concentrations of a chemical in said member to prevent the passage of said product through regions having a higher concentration of said chemical than said product.
5. A layered testing device for determining concentration of a material in a liquid, said layers comprising:
a permeable member having first and second regions of ditferent permeabilities;
contact means adjacent said member to apply said material to each of said members regions;
indicator means contiguous to each of said members regions and impregnated with a substance for producing a reaction with said material to produce a product and in which the product permeates through the regions of said permeable member only if the concentration of the material exceeds a predetermined level, the differing permeabilities of the re gions indicating concentration by the presence or absence of product permeating therethrough.
6. A device according to claim 5 which includes a semipermeable membrane between said regions.
7. A device according to claim 5 which also includes a porous member disposed between said permeable member and said indicator means.
8. A device according to claim 5 wherein said contact means is a porous element impregnated with a reagent system to react with a component in said material to produce an end product capable of permeation through said device, and said indicator means is responsive to said end product.
9. A device according to claim 8 wherein said regions are each impregnated with different quantities of a screening chemical sensitive to said end product.
10. A device according to claim 8 wherein each of said regions has a different layer thickness, thereby to provide said different permeability to said end product.
11. A device according to claim 8 which includes a semi-permeable membrane between said regions.
12. A device according to claim 11 which also includes a porous member disposed between said permeable member and said indicator means.
13. A device according to claim 8 which also includes a porous member disposed between said permeable member and said indicator means.
14. A device according to claim 13 which also includes a semi-permeable membrane between said regions.
1 2 References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,510,263 5/1970 Hach 23253 TP 3,531,254 9/1970 Okuda 23253 TP X 3,607,093 9/1971 Stone 23-230 B X JOSEPH SCOVRONEK, Primary Examiner 0 R. M. REESE, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R. 2323O B, 253 TP
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By Sgt. Mark Bell, USASpecial to American Forces Press Service
BAHGDAD, Iraq, Dec. 24, 2003 He's opened the canals that supply water to farmers across southern Baghdad, provided a medical clinic to an isolated community, and given new schoolbooks to young Iraqi children. But more importantly, he is giving his soldiers the chance to make a difference for the Iraqi people.
Col. John Huntley, 414th Civil Affairs Battalion commander, a 21-year Army veteran and New York state veterinarian, said being a soldier in Iraq is the best place to make a difference in the world today. "We are working in a way to help the Iraqi people here, and at the same time working for the best interest of Iraqi people and coalition forces," he said.
Although Huntley commands the small unit of 17 soldiers from Utica, N.Y., he said his soldiers deserve all the credit for a big difference. Although small, Huntley said the civil affairs teams around Iraq is where the small war on terrorism is going to be won.
Huntley said the civil affairs soldiers are the interface between civil and military operations. He said civil affairs teams help with rebuilding Iraq by assisting the different levels of governments to rebuilding themselves.
"In the aftermath, what we are working on is civil administration," he said. "Everything you associate with the normal function of a municipal government we are trying to restore and build in Iraq."
Huntley said his team is keying in on governments, "The ability for Iraqis to build themselves," he said, "that's how coalition forces are going to exit Iraq when they can go and take over themselves."
Huntley said working with the neighborhood, district and city level administration is the key element that will allow the Iraqi people to move to a better Iraq. "They need to have the ability to build those structures," he said. "That will carry them into the future with a new Iraq that will interact with the international community."
He noted that his biggest gift to the Iraqi people is education. "It gives you a fresh perspective in life," he said about educating them. "It's one of the few things that keeps you engaged on a daily basis and as you get older, you keep learning to keep from getting stale. Every day is an adventure. You are always learning something new."
Huntley said his teams have the opportunity to help a lot of people here. With school projects filling his calendar, Huntley said seeing the end result of a lot of hard work is the ultimate gift given to him and his soldiers.
"You can see it in the children's faces," he said. "They truly appreciate the restoration we have done. The teachers are happy with the upgrade with facilities."
Huntley said restoring schools is a good way to demonstrate to Iraqi people that coalition forces are trying to improve the quality of life for the average Iraqi. Whether he is cutting the ribbon on a new school, putting the final touches of paint on a medical clinic or turning the crank to release fresh water to the desert croplands, Huntley said changes won't happen overnight.
"The American people need to realize we are not here for the short term," he said. "Right now, especially in the environment we are in, we need to worry about our long- term goals."
He said he thinks the stability of the operation is the future of Iraq. "This is where the long-term success will be made," he said pointing to his list of upcoming projects. "What our team is doing is demonstrating the successes that will generate popular support and our enemies are after the same popular support, and I think we are taking that ground away from them."
Huntley said his soldiers are the drive behind his success as a battalion commander. He pointed out that he couldn't be more proud of his youngest and brightest soldiers.
"I've got specialists and sergeants with a tremendous responsibility," he said. "Everyone really has stepped up to the plate and done a great deal to make these projects successful."
More importantly, Huntley said his soldiers are proud of the work they have done. "They enjoy working with the people here, and I think this is definitely something they'll be proud of for rest of their lives," he said.
Together, Huntley and his small band of soldiers who working nonstop behind the scenes and without the high-profile media coverage are making a difference one small project at a time. "I have something to return home to be really happy about," he said. "The whole experience has taught me that I really have enjoyed working with the Iraqi people. They genuinely want what is best for their children, and I hope I have helped them achieved their goal."
(Army Sgt. Mark Bell is assigned to the 372nd Mobile Public Affairs Detachment.)


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it is all the discs, I am pretty sure that it is the lens, that is why I wanted to trade it in.
ok all i could suggest is clean the lens replace it but tradeing it in they will test the wii and see its not working so see if you could get a new lens??? good luck hope you make tha right choice
thanks to bmarlo for this signature


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Invasive microbe aids coral survival but puts reefs at risk
By now it's common knowledge that climate change and human activities are reshuffling the distributions of plant and animal species all over the world – an invasive plant takes root here
Reef sharks may already be adapted for climate change
The oceans are getting more and more acidic as they slurp up all the carbon dioxide that our cars and factories are churning into the air.
Sharks prefer healthy reefs, healthy reefs need sharks
Stop fishing, and there will be more fish. That's the idea, at least.
Reaching deep: BP oil spill had big impact on deep-sea coral
The Deepwater Horizon oil spill left some indelible images on most of our minds: the burning rig, the oiled birds and fish and turtles, the slicks stretching for what seemed like infinity ac
Corals could survive climate change by getting fat
When it comes to climate change, some shall live and some shall die.
Reefs grow by crawling along the seafloor
In November 1835, the HMS Beagle visited Tahiti, in the South Pacific.
Reef fish don't care where conservation lines are drawn
In recent years, marine protected areas, or MPAs, have proliferated around the world and in particular in the Caribbean. But no one seems to have told the fish.
Raised in acidified seawater, reef fishes act like risky teenagers
When you're a tiny reef fish and the reef is your entire world, there are a few important strategies to avoid becoming the meal of a slightly larger reef fish.
Understanding how corals may resist climate change
Coral reefs cover just one tenth of one percent of the world's ocean surface, and yet the so-called "rainforests of the sea" represent some of the most diverse ecosystems o
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- About
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- Pillsbury Doughboy trademarked (1970)
Paula Deen and Bobby Flay Host Cooking Demos in Dallas
Chia Chong
Chia Chong
Today on The Daily Meal
Recipe of the day
The Metropolitan Cooking and Entertaining Show, which features a weekend of celebrity cooking demos, tastings, workshops, exhibitors, and book signings, returns to Dallas Sept. 22 and 23.
Paula Deen, host of Paula's Home Cooking, is set to appear both days of the event at meet-and-greets and cooking shows. Food Network celebrity chef Bobby Flay is also participating in a meet-and-greet and hosting a cooking demonstration.
Tickets to the one-hour cooking shows are $65. VIP tickets for each chef are $400 per day and include admission to the cooking demonstration, a photo opportunity, a meet-and-greet, signed copies of cookbooks, access to VIP lounge, and merchandise such as aprons and reusable totes, plus general admission to the rest of the events for the day of the ticket.
General admission tickets are $24.50 and offer access to cooking demos by regional chefs, tastings, and workshops.
Nikki Maniscalco is a Junior Writer at The Daily Meal. Follow her on Twitter @NikkiMarie2116
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text: In the Bag Events | 07.28.10 share it Tweet comment Okay, so we've been up to our ears in the book this week, but we had to take a break when this incredible Michael Kors bag arrived. As our amazing photo editor Christian David ( @christianrian) demonstrates, you could literally fit your life inside! EXPLORE: Events LEAVE A COMMENT Comments * Trending are we "Facebook Official" yet? Follow @whowhatwear


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The 14-bed renovated medical/surgical unit at University Hospitals Conneaut Medical Center offers all private rooms. Our relationship-based care establishes a trusting relationship between patients/family members and nurses, encouraging maximum patient and family participation in their care.
The unit treats a variety of conditions including:
Request an appointment with a specialist at University Hospitals.
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Akitio MyCloud Mini ReviewSo I got my hands on this little device from Akitio called the MyCloud Mini. This device basically lets you host media on your network and share it anywhere you would like. So basically it lets you have your own mini cloud at home for media and document sharing. Pretty cool right? Well, I got to thinking what if I could attach a hard drive to the unit and load it with a bunch of videos to share to my... read more
iTwin Review
Paramount Films Brings UltraViolet Streaming to the Cloud
Paramount is now offering digital versions of UltraViolet-based movies with the unveiling of a new service named Paramount Movies. The new service will allow users to stream physical or digital movies they have purchased by storing it on a digital locker in the cloud. The streaming will of be available for iOS devices with no support for other mobile operating systems as of yet. The current content catalog of movies from Paramount Movies includes 60 titles at $19.99 a pop for HD movies and $12.99 for Standard definition (SD) films.read more
Microsoft to Take Gaming to the Cloud with Xbox in the Future
Microsoft's Brian Prince at GDC China talked a little bit about the future of the Xbox. He ventured into the possibilities of cloud gaming and said that services like Gaikai and Onlive are the distant future of online gaming and the services have certain limitations.
The drawbacks he was referring to is that the services are relying on big game or AAA titles "typically these platforms focus on AAA PC game titles," he says. "If you're not in that space, they don't want to talk to you as much. Another problem is that your gamers need high speed internet access. That's fine if you live in a city, but most of America doesn't live in a city, for example." Microsoft plans to use their Azure service to save game data and allow cross platform game resumes from the browser to console to PC.
Cloud gaming is the obvious evolution to cloud gaming, however bandwidth usage and cost will definitely be an issue. Microsoft will likely have to strike deals with internet service providers to get around current bandwidth limitations to get the service off the ground. I am excited to see this come to the Xbox.
Price does confirm that these services will exist in the future for the Xbox console. He even hints that he is working on it right now. What do you think? Would you play cloud games on a console?read more
Apple Releases First OTA Update for iOS
Apple today has released their first Over The Air update to the public since the release of iOS 5. The update brings users to iOS 5.0.1. The update brings a few new features and a couple bug fixes to iOS 5.
The update includes the following changes:
- Fixes bugs affecting battery life
- Adds multitasking gestures to the original iPad
- Resolves bugs with documents in the Cloud
- Improves voice recognition for Australian user using dictation


text: Kirkland Creek Campground is definitely very quiet and peaceful. If your looking for a weekend getaway with drinking this is your place. Gunny the owner is very friendly with his dog. There are also two horses roaming the premises. Overall the campground is kind of ran down but the cabin was extremely nice inside.


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The KPMG Top Woman Executive Club was initiated by KPMG's CEO, Khun Kaisri Nuengsigkapian. She made the decision to start the club when she came across some statistics about women's leadership in Thailand. Thailand is the third highest ranking country when it comes to number of female top executives. Furthermore, women make up more than 50% of the Thai workforce.
These statistics inspired Khun Kaisri to form a club to support women executives in Thailand and serve as a forum to share experiences and learn from one another. This idea became the Top Woman Executive Club, which began with 30 members from Khun Kaisri's professional network,
From the get go, each person was enthusiastic about exchanging success stories, and even accounts of past failures, in order to learn from each other. The exchange led to the realization that members share many similar experiences.
One early realization was that most significant challenge of management is "people". Managing human resources is perhaps the most important aspect of being an executive, as it can make or break an organization. Through open dialogue, members of the club are able to consider their strong and weak points when it comes to managing people. The unanimous conclusion was that each person has areas where they can develop their management skills. This recognition is the first step toward developing into a better manager. It pertains not only to work life, but also to personal and family life.
Membership to the club remains at 20-30 women, in order to keep the atmosphere friendly and intimate, giving each person a chance to reveal their experiences. Members range from Managing Directors and Directors to Vice Presidents and CEOs. The variety of experiences and industries represented in the club mean that each member is exposed to new ideas and ways of thinking in different aspects of every day life such as overcoming challenges, business, health, family, extracurricular activities, and travel. Activities range from talks on beauty and health to discussions about using positive thinking in work and daily life.
Many members have expressed that before the club they did not have an avenue to discuss their career and life in detail with others who shared similar experiences. The club follows the old adage, 'we have two ears and one mouth', which means that everyone shares, but listening is key. This allows each person to analyze and consider new ideas in an environment where they can be themselves.
The club is small but represents many different experiences, meeting each month, in order to continuously build the knowledge of its members. The Top Woman Executive Club is one way that KPMG embraces the differences within each individual. By acknowledging the differences and working together to utilize each person's strengths to our advantage, we can always expect results.
Club Objective
Socialized networking by the group of top ladies for gathering knowledge, experiences, vision sharing with monthly group activities to strengthen their connection.
© 2015
KPMG Phoomchai Holdings Co., Ltd., a Thai limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved.
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International") is a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm.


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You can keep your child busy in the backseat rearranging the scene and the stories forever!
This is a great project for art-challenged types like myself.
Ink Jet printable static vinyl cling paper
Ink Jet Printer
Clip Art and Personal photos collection
Small Photo Album (storage of the clings)
The hardest part of this project is trying to photograph the results on the window.
Step 1: Step 1:Layout
Be aware that vinyl cling paper feeds differently in various printers. It is a good idea to avoid taking images right to the top edge until you know how your printer will feed.
Step 2: Step:2 Sizing
It is good to remember that little hands (three to seven years old) will be handling these clings. If you make items smaller than 1.5 inches it will be hard for them to paste them on the windows because the cling will curl at the edges slightly.
Step 3: Step 3:Get in the story!
Include pictures of everybody in the family - paste Dad's head onto a superhero, Mom can be the Queen. The possibilities are endless.
Note: You should only get worried if it seems every story ends with Dad in the mouth of the T-Rex!


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All most people know of Club 33 is the address plate in New Orleans Square that simply says "33." Many people think the existence of a private club at Disneyland is just a rumor, but it is true. On the second floor of New Orleans Square is a full service restaurant with impeccable service and a marvelous menu. Access is restricted to members who pay very large fees and their guests. Dinner here is very expensive, but if an opportunity to dine here presents itself - whether for dinner or the less expensive brunch buffet - it should be taken as least once.
If a menu is presented here it is for guidance purposes only. Menus can change without notice and at some restaurants daily. If you have specific dietary needs or questions it is best to contact the restaurant directly for information. If you'd like to notify us that a menu has changed, or you can provide the complete information, please let us know through our email form.
You can help us keep these guides current. If you see anything incorrect on this page, or if you have additional information that should be added, please fill out our form.


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Steak and Guinness Pie
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Category: Main Course
Steak and Guinness Pie - TastyPlanner.com
Chef: Amackenzie
Steak and Guinness Pie
3/2 lbs stewing steak, diced
2 heaped tablespoons flour
1 onion, peeled and roughly chopped
1 large carrot, peeled and roughly chopped
4 sticks celery, washed and roughly chopped
2 parsnips, peeled and roughly chopped
1 handful of fresh mixed herbs (rosemary, thyme and bay), leaves picked
1 pint Guinness
1 egg beaten
Season beef generously with salt and pepper, sprinkle in flour and toss until coated. Heat 2 or 3 glugs of olive oil in a large casserole type pan and fry meat, in 2 batches if necessary, until golden brown.
Add the onion and fry another minute, then add carrot, parsnips, celery and herbs. Fry for a further 4 minutes and then add Guinness. Bring to a boil, then simmer uncovered for 2 hours or until meat is really tender.
The sauce should be really thick with an intensely tasty flavour. Season. At this point your could serve it as a stew with mash, or it will keep really well for a good 5 days in the fridge (while improving in flavour at the same time).
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Slalom skiing at sunset..it doesn't get better than that!
Cool pic. What kind of boat and where is your lake?
Thanks! MasterCraft 197 & northern WI near Eagle River.
It thought it looked like a MasterCraft!!
My parents live on a chain of lakes about 45 minutes east of Eagle River. Spread Eagle WI to be exact. I love all the lakes in NE Wisconsin just wish there were some jobs up there :)
Forgot to mention I am in the MasterCraft family too. We have an X9
Nice! We downsized to a 197 from an X15...great boats:)


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Posted at: 08/23/2013 9:27 PM
Updated at: 08/26/2013 4:11 PM
By: WNYT Staff
SARATOGA SPRINGS - Saratoga Police have more to say about a deadly accident that happened Friday on Lake Avenue.
A bicyclist and tractor trailer collided at Lake and Route 29.
According to police, it appears the bicyclist, 20-year-old Justin Price of Saratoga Springs became distracted and drifted into the path of the tractor trailer.
The truck driver tried to swerve but could not avoid impact.
Police are awaiting toxicology test results although they say alcohol does not appear to have been a factor.


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In Response to Ron Brace to DE?: I know he was a rookie last year, but was still disappointed with him when he did play. One of the factors to re-signing Wilfork was the poor play by Brace. Since the more »
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