text:
NLRB v. FLEETWOOD TRAILER CO.
- 1960-1969
Legal provision: National Labor Relations, as amended
Argument of Norton J. Come
Chief Justice Earl Warren: Number 49, National Labor Relations Board, Petitioner, versus Fleetwood Trailer Co., Incorporated.
Mr. Norton J. Come: Mr.Chief Justice and may it please the Court.
This case is hereon a certiorari to the Ninth Circuit to review the judgment of that Court denying enforcement of the Board's order issued against the respondent company.
The basic question presented is whether an employer interferes with strike activity and discriminates against strikers in violation of the National Labor Relations Act, where he treats returning strikers as having lost their right to be reemployed ahead of new employees simply because on the day that they asked for their jobs back, those jobs are temporarily unavailable due to a reduction in production caused by the strike.
Now, the basic facts are briefly these.
Respondent company is a manufacturer of mobile homes in California.
On August 6th of 1964, as a result of a breakdown in collective bargaining negotiations, between the company and the carpenter's union approximately one-half of the company, the 108 employees, went out in support -- went out on strike in support of the Union's demand.
That was an economic strike.
Because of this reduction in working force, the company cutback its production schedule which had been about 20 units per week to 10 units per week and curtailed its standing orders for raw materials accordingly.
By August 18, the company hired 21 new employees and some of the strikers had returned to work so that its workforce was now 71 as concurred with a prestrike level of about 108.
On that date, the Union accepted the company's last contract offer, terminated the strike and requested reinstatement of the remaining strikers.
Although the company intended to increase its production and workforce to the prestrike level as soon as possible and I'll come back to that later.
It explains that the Union, that it could not, right at that moment, handle any of the returning strikers.
The Union requested that the strikers be put on a preferential hiring list.
The company refused saying that although it would consider them for openings as they occurred, if desired, they'll remain free to hire from the outside market as well.
On August 20, two days after the strike ended, six strikers applied for reemployment and on a number of occasions thereafter, they renewed their applications making it quite clear that they were ready and able to return for work.
Between October 8 and 16, the company hired six new employees for jobs which the striker applicants were qualified to fill.
None of these jobs was first offered to the strikers.
The six striker applicants were reemployed between November 2nd and December 14th.
.justice Potter Stewart: No questions that this is an economic strike?
Mr. Norton J. Come: There is no question that it was an economic strike, not an unfair labor --
.justice Potter Stewart: Not on unfair labor practice?
Mr. Norton J. Come: That is right Your Honor.
The Board found that when the six strikers applied for reinstatement at the end of the strike, they had not been permanently replaced.
No one has been hired to fill their particular jobs.
The Board further found that the lack of immediate openings at that time was a temporary condition which the company knew would change and intended to change was its purpose later achieved to return to full production and to a full crew as soon as practicable.
The Board concluded that in these circumstances, the strikers were entitled to be reinstated, a job when it came open and then when the company failed to do that in October and instead hired new employees, the company discriminated against the strikers in violation of Section 8 (a) (1) and (3) of the Act.
The Board ordered the company to cease and desist from its unfair labor practices and to reimburse the strikers for any loss of earnings attributable to the failure to hire them in October.
.justice Potter Stewart: Isn't that -- Mr.Come, am I wrong in thinking that maybe the basis you view here is one of fact.
The Board as I understand it found true and was drawing it, conclusion of fact that it found that these jobs has not been permanently -- these people have not been permanently replaced nor had their the jobs been permanently abolished.
The Court of Appeals found that they had been permanently replaced or that their jobs have been abolished as of the time that they applied.
Do you and your -- counsel on the other side really differ as to the applicable provisions of labor law?
Don't you really differ as to the propriety of the Court of Appeals setting aside the factual determination of the Board?
Mr. Norton J. Come: No, Your Honor.
I submit that it is more than a question of fact because what the Court has done here is to treat a temporary job unavailability as the equivalent of a job -- as the equivalent of a permanent job abolition.
And we submit that that is a question of law which has very serious impact upon the right to strike.
The reason that the Court --
.justice Potter Stewart: Well, you would not say would you that if the jobs had been abolished or -- and more predominantly if the -- if there had been permanent replacement hired, you wouldn't -- you would have -- you would not say that the refusal -- if they hire these applicants, it would have been an unfair labor practice, wasn't it?
Proceeding on my factual premise?
Mr. Norton J. Come: Now, the -- under the Board decision, the Board was not have found that the refusal to take them back when they first applied in August would be an unfair labor practice.
It might have a case of subsequent discrimination if they had a continuing application.
But had there been --
.justice Potter Stewart: Permanent replacement --
Mr. Norton J. Come: A permanent replacement --
.justice Potter Stewart: And economic strike --
Mr. Norton J. Come: Or a permanent job abolition --
Justice Byron R. White: Right.
Mr. Norton J. Come: The Board would not have found a violation --
.justice Potter Stewart: They tell you to hire these people was not a fair labor practice.
Mr. Norton J. Come: Now, what you had here was nothing like that and it is so substantially different on those two situations and we submit that it does present a very basic legal question.
I would like to illustrate what I'm talking about here.
Now, this was not under Mackay, there is no question that in an economic strike, the employer would have a right to hire permanent replacements.
Now this was not -- despite the fact that the respondent here talks of this as though it were a situation of replacement, this is not a Mackay situation.
By that, I think it's perfectly clear that respondent did not show in this record that it was his obligation to do.
He didn't hire any particular person to replace the new strikers.
I think that that's quite apparent on the letter which the respondent's counsel wrote to the Union which appears at page 81 of the record where he says, "Since we did not hire nearly as many replacements as the number of persons on strike, it's really impossible to supply a statement indicating which individual strikers the new employees replaced.
And similarly, the plant manager at page 62 of the record said that as to who replace who, it is difficult to say.
But as to what man filled, what man's position on page 63, I can't honestly say these men were hired in preparation for increasing the production and getting it backed up.
In other words, the company was in the process of expanding its production back to the pre-war level even -- no, it hired some new employees.
It was still well below at least over 30 jobs below of the pre-war compliment which it was intending to get up.
There was no replacement in -- on Mackay, nor was there any permanent job abolition in the sense that the prior cases have regarded as legally sufficient to be the equivalent of -- to be sufficient could deprive the employees of their employee status.
Because after all, what we have to set is again is to require of course specific provisions in Section 2 (3) of the Act which says that an employee on strike has not lose his status as an employee.
You have to have something -- a very substantial before it is going to rise to a stature of being sufficient, could deprive the employee of his employee -- a striker of his status as an employee.
A permanent replacement is one of those things.
Yes, permanent job abolition is another one.
Now, let us examine that.
With respect to that, we have the credited testimony here of the plant manager, Mr.Chapman, on page 51 of the record in which he is asked, "Did you subsequently increased your program production of units?"
He answered, "Yes, we did, for the purpose of purchasing and getting reorganized, we agree that we would -- say, programs 10 units a week until we found out how things was going.
But it was our intention to get back the flow production as soon as possible".
And he repeats the same thought on page 17 -- 57 of the record.
You did intend at all times to get production as quick as possible up to 20 trailers a week, correct.
So here is a situation where at the time the strikers asked for their jobs back, on August 20, those jobs were not filled by anyone that was hired during the strike as replacement for the strikers nor could it fairly be said that in any realistic sense, those jobs had been abolished.
Justice Byron R. White: Oh, are you -- are you suggesting that this was a thought (Inauidble) the aftermath of most strikes at least its production doesn't start automatically as descending take -- that they ask the striker and that the -- for that reason, there has been no room for the strikers for the turn of the -- takings (Inaudible) and they were entitled to have those positions, Is that the kind of situation (Inaudible)?
Mr. Norton J. Come: That is the kind of situation they think Your Honor because what I'm getting through now and the last analysis, what we have here is a problem of balancing the action of the employer against its effects upon the rights to strike.
And since -- what occured here is likely to be a situation in most strikes to regard this kind of a temporary job unavailability.
It's wiping out the striker's employee status is inherently disruptive of the right to strike and is trying to mean that in virtually every strike, a striker is going to run the risk of this kind, the loss of his employment status.
It is a far more devastating than the right of permanent replacement which is recognized in Mackay because after all, permanent replacement depends upon a number of variables.
It depends upon the nature of the labor market at the time of the strike, the skills that the strikers possessed.
There's no (Inaudible) that the strikers are going to be replaced by going on a strike.
As a matter of fact, that the anomaly, if you adopt the principle of the Court's norms that this kind of temporary job unavailability is enough to supply the employee -- the strikers of their employee status is that the more effective the strike, the more likely the strikers are going to find that their employment status is going to be lost because it would take the employer a little longer to get back into production.
To give the best example, if the strikers are wholly successful to get everybody in the plant out, they offer to come back two weeks earlier, it's going to be most (Inaudible).
The employer was not able to hire any replacements at all, he's not going to be able to open up that day or the next day.
Its going to take him a couple days and under the principle of the court below here, those strikers lose their employee status.
We submit that, as far as recognized that the Board (Inaudible) strike the balance of the -- the balance of the Board confronts here is defining that this kind of a job unavailability is not an opportunity to deprive the strikers of theiremployment status.
And (Inaudible) could have been (Inaudible).
And I should point out that one has got (Inaudible) taking this important law.
I think it is important to (Inaudible) probably thrown off basically by (Inaudible) of the Board and I think that those (Inaudible) distinguishable on their fact that the holdings of -- it is (Inaudible).
Unknown Speaker: Are these briefs in (Inaudible)?
Mr. Norton J. Come: (Inaudible)
Justice Byron R. White: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well, what we had is the Board's decision.
The Board forced on the (Inaudible)
Justice Byron R. White: But Does it -- (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: (Inaudible)
Justice Byron R. White: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well --
Justice Byron R. White: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: They filed (Inaudible) decision on page 87, Footnote 4, (Inaudible).
I think this --
Justice John M. Harlan: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: (Inaudible)
.justice Potter Stewart: (Inaudible)
Justice John M. Harlan: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: I understand Your Honor.
Chief Justice Earl Warren: (Inaudible)
Argument of Hugh J. Scallon
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Mr.Chief Justice may it please the Court.
The Court has shown itself familiar with the basic facts in this case which are substantially as outlined by Mr.Come.
The factual nature of this dispute, I think is made very clear if I may simply quote one sentence each from the decision of the National Labor Relations Board and the decision of the Ninth Circuit.
The National Labor Relations Board and this appears in the record at page 87 said, "None of the six had been permanently replaced.
The lack of job openings on August 20th was a temporary condition".
The Ninth Circuit on review and specifically quoting the language on scope of review from Universal Camera, stated, "The record demonstrates that the jobs had been abolished or absorbed for an indefinite period of time and only later were they recreated."
This is basically the issue of this case, the fact issue whether these jobs had been permanently abolished or only temporarily unavailable.
Justice Byron R. White: What was the page (Inaudible) for your second quotation.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: The second quotation appears at page 101 of the record Your Honor.
Justice Byron R. White: (Inaudible) the fact that there were 71 jobs that the -- when the strike was settled and only 68 when these people applied for reinstatement?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Well, we take two positions on that sir.
The first one is that this definitely goes to show that what we had had here was not a temporary aba -- temporary displacement of jobs due to the strike.
Actually, two months after the strike, employment was still decreasing.
In spite of the fact, and the Ninth Circuit specifically cited the record on this account that the -- a record shows that all strike associated disabilities were cured or were curable within 30 days, the training of employees and getting supplies and so on.
Now this proves that what we had here was an abolishment due to an economic state of affairs.
Essentially, it was nothing but a layoff which happened to coincide with a strike.
And second of all, we would point out that to the extent that there was a decrease of employment, these new job openings that occurred in October were really nothing but filling the place of permanent replacements.
And it's well established that there is no right to preference on the part of strikers with it then replaced to --
Justice Byron R. White: So three replacements -- there had been -- three openings had been created out of the 71 jobs that were in existence at the end of the strike.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That's right.
Justice Byron R. White: Now, did the Labor Board or the deal with -- what you -- what that would mean is a difference between three of these people and three others?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That's right, the Labor Board --
Justice Byron R. White: Did they deal with that at all?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: The Labor Board did not deal with it.
The Court of Appeals did deal with it and has treated it in this way that to that extent they were -- did constitute nothing but a replacement of replacements.
Justice Byron R. White: But what do you do with the fact that five months later, you were back to prestrike levels, just like you at all -- like you're plan -- said the -- that he is intended to be --
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Well --
Justice Byron R. White: -- as soon as possible.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Five months is a long time Your Honor in the industrial market.
This strike occurred in August, this prestrike production or this is what you might call a prestrike production level and there's really no magic in saying that there was a 110 employees and 20 units before the strike.
But even so, this level was not achieved until five months after the end of the strike and there is no evidence in the record that this represented a calculated regrouping of the --
Justice Byron R. White: Well there's evidence, is that -- there's evidence that the -- that your client intended to get back to prestrike level as soon as possible.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That's right Your Honor.
And if -- but as the Court of Appeals pointed out and this appears at page 100 of the record, that these four lines which were reported by the -- by Mr.Come, really were addressed to nothing more than big intentions as to future plans.
The specific test to the specific course of events however was that the production had remained -- it was actually slightly less than their capacity at the end of the strike two months later.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Mr.Scallon, do I gather that if these were in fact a situation of temporary unavailability, you would concede that the Board order should have been enforced?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Oh, yes sir.
We stipulated that --
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Well, now -- except for three people?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That is right Your Honor --
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Well now --
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That stipulation appears in the record in this brief.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Well, I would have take the Board finding in that respect as a finding that this was a temporary unavailability situation.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: I feel that -- that was their finding of the fact.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Well then -- then I gather the -- on the Universal Camera, the only issue for the Court of Appeals are that whether there was substantial evidence to support that finding?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That's right sir.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Is that what this case contend to?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Yes sir.
And the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals supported Universal Camera and in this Court there is no contention by the petitioner that the Ninth Circuit misapplied Universal Camera.
Now, under -- question of the Board president, the petitioner's brief and Mr.Come here today could only distinguish them on the grounds and I'm quoting from his brief now, "The strikers' jobs had in effect been abolished".
Now that is precisely the very question which the Board itself said it was determining, which the Ninth Circuit said it was determining so that they cannot constitute a valid distinction of those cases.
Unknown Speaker: Well, I think that's just wrong.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Now, although not addressed to an oral argument here, the petitioner suggest that a different result might be compelled in this case because of this Court's recent decision in the Great Dane case which holds that given the discriminatory act by an employer, that an intent to discourage membership in a union organization in its broad sense can be inferred in the burden of proof shifts to the employer to justify his action.
Now, we submit that Great Dane is not applicable to this case for these three reasons.
First of all, as Mr.Come said this morning, the Labor Board concedes that no preference is required for strikers whose jobs had been abolished, now I submit that it couldn't have been the intent of Great Dane to require an employer to justify an action which the Labor Board concedes as a matter of law it had a right to do.
Secondly, and probably recognizing the foregoing, the law of the Labor Board in it's own brief here only applies Great Dane to unreplaced economic strikers.
That appears in their brief at page 10.
Now, as I indicated, we stipulated at the hearing orally to -- on the record and we have contended ever since that if the strikers' positions had not been permanently abolished, they were entitled to preference.
But if they had been permanently abolished, they were not entitled to preference.
But again, this turns on that fact issue.
There is even however -- I think a more fundamental reason why Great Dane is not applicable to this case.
And I think -- and it goes to the whole heart of the Government's action.
In Great Dane, the -- an employer on July 12th suddenly announced that back as of July 1, vacation eligibility would be determined.
The result was that the strikers were not eligible for vacation, nonstrikers were.
At least in the opinion of the majority, this was a clear case of discrimination and the Court to hold it to both of its opinion to the issue of intent and burden of proof in that regard.
Now, the Court pointed out in Great Dane an 8 (a) (3) violation consisted two elements, ithas to have the discriminatory act and there has to have the intent to discourage union activity.
Here, we do not have the first element of the 8 (a) violation, a discrimination.
As the record shows the -- and the Court of Appeals so found, what we had here was really a permanent cutback of operations and these strikers were unemployed as a result of a permanent cutback.
And this doesn't constitute a discrimination, and again, I -- I think the best statement of why it doesn't constitute a discrimination appears in the petitioner's brief where they say and I'm quoting, this is at page 15, "Where there's always a risk that changes in economic conditions or inefficiency of production may prompt the elimination of the jobs that some employees hold.
And still another argument, what seems to me to be basically inconsistent incidentally with the Board's acceptance of the general principle of permanent abolishment constitutes replacement, the petitioner here suggests that we should be compelled to establish a preferential hire list because the employer might use an economic cutback as a deliberate subterfuge to pun -- to continue to punish strikers after the strike is over.
Now, this I submit is just another way of raising a fact issue.
It goes to the question whether there was in fact abolishment or whether there is a deliberate withholding of the position from the employees.
I'd like to point out here, that the hearing examiner found, the Labor Board adopted and the Circuit Court approved the finding that the employer had no conscious intent to discriminate against these employees.
Its discrimination if any was inadvertent in determining whether there had been a permanent cutback or not.
Turning to the amicus brief and so far as it goes beyond the intentions of the Labor Board, is the position of the AFL-CIO that notwithstanding the entire body of law that has developed under the Mackay Radio case back 1938, this Court sua sponte should establish a rule that an employer must create a preferential hire list or striking employees regardless of the business conditions and so on that exist after the strike.
It is very candid in its brief and is -- and it admits that the contrary rule had been applied and I've quote without exception since the Mackay case was decided.
Now, there are a number of reasons why the Court should not act on the suggestion of the amicus in this brief or in this case.
I'd say first of all, that this is not the type of case that this Court decides as a matter of first impression.
This is a highly important and highly -- very noble decision that should not be made without the -- without prior consideration of lower levels.
As this Court said in the (Inaudible) case, which I quoted in my brief, followed the Board's decision is not the last word, it must assuredly be the first.
Second, I believe the contention of the amicus is not sound in law either in the language of the statute or in its legislative history.
First, looking specifically at the language of the statute, Section 9 (c) (3) deals with the rights of strikers who have been replaced and speaks specifically in terms of reinstatement.
Section 9 (3) -- (c) (3) simply gives them a very limited right, the right to vote and we submit that the limited nature of this grant indicates that the Congress did not have in mind to grant them any additional right beyond this point.
Second, if you look at -- or third rather, if you look at the legislative history of the 1947 and 1949 amendments to the Labor Management Relations Act, there are twice specific reference to the Mackay Radio case and is significant, the language that the spokesman at that time used is the position of the amicus that Mackay holds nothing more than that an employer may hire permanent replacements, but did not address itself to the question of what the right of those persons who have been replaced -- what their right will be after the strike is over.
But if -- we're referring to page 22 of my brief where the pertinent legislative history is given, it should be noted that the Senate Report Number 1126 says this, "If such strike is an economic one and not caused by an unfair labor practice of the employer, strikers permanently replaced have no right to reinstatement".
In other words, Congress at this point had recognized the further extension of the Mackay doctrine that it not only give the employer the right to replace but hire replacements, but it also terminated the rights of reinstatement of the replaced employees.
Now, that's from the Senate -- that is from the report.
As all -- I had -- it's very significant, although it comes from a critique of the bill, Senator Pepper used this virtually identical language.
Finally, there is a practical reason why the Court should not change this rule at this stage of the game.
This has been the virtually universal -- or the universal rule for almost 30 years and employers all over the United States have acted in reliance on these rules concerning reinstatement.
Now, if this Court were to change that rule today and apply it to my client, essentially on a retroactive basis, the result would be that subject only to the statute of limitations, every employer in this comp -- in this country, who hired as of -- which might call off the seniority list, in other words a new employee would be subject to an unfair labor practice finding and the substantial back pay liability.
I've cited in the -- in my brief, the cases in this Court which point out that when there has been a long reliance, unchallenged on an administrative interpretation of an act that this Court will not likely reverse it.
I have nothing more unless the Court has some questions, I will --
Justice Byron R. White: Well, what would you do if the period here is getting back to a full production for 30 days if I joined this -- and had then a refusal to be reinstate sometime during the 30-day period on the ground that we (Inaudible) with those employees but and they hired somebody else?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Well, I think your question Mr.Justice White illustrates the very factual nature of this case.
There's no -- there's going to be some industries in which you can put people back to work the very next day doing what they were doing, you've had a repetitive type of work with a ready market for it.
A department store where the employees can walk back in the door and walk behind their counters and ready to go back to work.
It may have a contrary situation of the -- whether the maker of a locomotive factory or some capital goods factory in which heavily dependent on orders in order to be --
Justice Byron R. White: Are you saying then that the -- that all jobs other than those which are in existence at the day -- on the day the strike ends, have been abolished?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: No sir.
No, we had never made that contention and that is words that --
Justice Byron R. White: Well, what other jobs are available at the end of the strike, other than those jobs that -- in which people have been working?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: I would say the jobs should be considered available are those which -- once the employer or those which will be created as the employer recovers from the effect of the strike.
But once the effect of the strike has been obviated and the employer then continued, then he's simply is in the position of -- as if there had been a layoff for instance.
Justice Byron R. White: Well, what's -- here's a strike one day and -- the strike is over on one day.
And five months later, the employer in fact to where he was before that strike.
Well, whatever got him below a prestrike level strike did, isn't it?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: The strike did, but also from the record, apparently, there must have been a shift in the market because as I say, the records shows and the Ninth Circuit found that the effects of the strike were overcome in 30 days, yet the employer contend -- continued to operate at that reduced level.
Justice Byron R. White: Are you saying that even if there hasn't been a strike, the employer couldn't -- could've fallen off to the strike.
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: That's definitely in -- there's -- the record would indicate that, yes sir.
Chief Justice Earl Warren: Didn't the Court of Appeals indicate that the -- they said judge this as a number of jobs that were available at the conclusion of the strike?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Well, the Court of Appeals quoted some language from the Brown & Root case which would appear to establish a highly arbitrary cutoff.
It says that essentially, that is to be determined as of the day that the strike has ended.
I think what you -- the problem there is a little bit of a conceptual one.
Ordinarily, the question whether a man had been replaced in a situation of abolishment isn't going to come up the day the strike ends.
It's going to come up later on down the line when there is a new opening, just as it did in this case.
That's what this whole case is about when you get on down the line.
Nevertheless, the status of the employee is actually determined as to the end of that strike -- but you, but the question comes up and the evidence to which the Court looks would be both the evidence which exist on the day that the strike ends and also subsequent evidence.
And the opinions of the Ninth Circuit is a good illustration of this.
They -- while they made that is determined as of August 20th, they didn't went on to point out to see, if you look at this, the employer had a capacity to produce 15 units at the end of the strike, two months later it's only producing 14.
He had said -- by the end of the strike he had 71 employees.
Two months later, he had only 68.
In other words, that -- the statement of the Court of Appeals is not to be taken literally.
Chief Justice Earl Warren: And you wouldn't suggest (Inaudible)?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: No sir.
Chief Justice Earl Warren: And if a -- if they found the fact contrary to the Board, with that concept in mind, what would say?
Mr. Hugh J. Scallon: Well, I think sir that the -- I would say this, that the opinion of the Ninth Circuit clearly shows that it did not make it that -- that they can't make it under that determination because if so, all this information about what happened two months later would be totally irrelevant.
Yet, the Court set it out in detail.
I would say in defense of the Ninth Circuit, that it quoted this language verbatim from the decision of the National Labor Relations Board.
Thank you.
Chief Justice Earl Warren: Mr.Come.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Mr.Come, why isn't this just as it --
Rebuttal of Norton J. Come
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well --
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : -- Mr.Scallon had suggested, nothing except a question whether the Court of Appeals correctly applied Universal Camera.
And if that's all it is, what might have been possibly the result?
Mr. Norton J. Come: I intended to answer that question first Your Honor.
I think that it is not a pure fact question for the reason that the Chief Justice has suggested, namely, you look at the Court's opinion on page 100, the last paragraph.
"With such an intent directed to the future is not the determinative of the question of whether or not the jobs had been abolished, tested as of the date when the strikers applied for work".
I think that the Court in finding contrary to the Board in here that these jobs had been abolished, did so under the erroneous legal premise.
If you will look only at the situation, on the day that the strikers come back, now once you eliminate that premise, I submit, that the Court of Appeals probably would have and indeed should have sustained the Board's finding, because on this record, it's quite clear, you'll had only a temporary job unavailability to -- specifically to strike conditions.
There is no suggestion here that there was any change in market demand.
The vice-president, Mr. Weidy (ph) testified in the record here at pages 37 and 38 that the reasons that they were not able to pick up immediately was a two-fold one.
One, so the people that they hired during the strike, the new people were untrained.
They needed to be trained.
Secondly, orders for raw materials had been cancelled during the strike and it took 30 days to refill them.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Well, I gather Mr. Come that -- these were on the -- the Universal Camera problem, perhaps I shouldn't say again, do you or do you not agree -- if only Universal Camera then -- right or wrong is -- does Universal Camera contemplates with you (Inaudible) into your case?
Mr. Norton J. Come: I think that's right.
Of course, Universal Camera has the safety valve that where you have a situation where the Court has so grossly applied it, this Court will step in.
Justice Mr. Justice Brennan : Have we done that often?
Mr. Norton J. Come: No, you have not done it often.
Justice William O. Douglas: I thought that the issue was not what you read or I think a hundred (Inaudible) would compensate a 101 in the mind of the Court of Appeals, I mean, if the record demonstrates that the jobs has been abolished and absorbed in an indefinite time?
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well, I submit to Your Honor that the reason they made that finding is because they were operating under the erroneous legal principle that they set forth on page a 100 before they get to that conclusion.
Justice William O. Douglas: But if that was true, that the jobs had been abolished, as soon as it is -- as a fact then there would be no issue here (Inaudible)?
Mr. Norton J. Come: That is correct, there would be no violation either.
Now, with regard to this five-month business, this is not a five-month situation.
The -- it's true they didn't get up to full levels of the production until five months.
But they started picking up within six weeks when they made their first hires.
They hired -- they took back -- they hired three new people and there was no showing that they were any better qualified than the --
Justice Byron R. White: Well, what about the --
Mr. Norton J. Come: -- three --
Justice Byron R. White: -- when they hired the -- they were pretty short with what they had when the strikers --
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well, with respect to that Your Honor --
Justice Byron R. White: Don't you have to deal with that?
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well, I think that the Court has dealt with it by finding that none of the people that were hired during the strike were replacements for any of the strikers because the company did not indicate that they had replaced any particular striker and who was in the process of expanding its workforce.
So therefore, the threat -- the inference that the Board --
Justice Byron R. White: Yes, but you'll have to admit, it is -- you have to say that none of the strikers could have gotten the company to replace any of the 71 people that they had on the payroll in the strike whether they were replacements or whether they were returning -- strikers who had returned.
Mr. Norton J. Come: No, but the point is --
Justice Byron R. White: Isn't that raised, isn't that right?
Mr. Norton J. Come: Well, that is correct but the --
Justice Byron R. White: Well, then the company does the way of either three people lie -- die or leave or something, three of those 71 jobs, there are some strikers have first (Inaudible).
Mr. Norton J. Come: Because the strikers' jobs were not filled because the company had a work compliment of a 108 before the strike and they were going to a 108 at all times and they ultimately reached that.
Now the fact that they have 71 jobs filled, leave at least 30 some odd that remained to be filled.
And there --
Unknown Speaker: (Inaudible)
Mr. Norton J. Come: -- there were only six strikers here --
Justice Byron R. White: You'd put all the three jobs as a 106th, seventh and eighth job, they still considered it.
Mr. Norton J. Come: Oh, I submit that the burden is upon the company to show that that is not so.
That that law presumes it as that's so -- that that is so, unless the company is able to establish as they were unable to do --
.justice Potter Stewart: I'd say, last in, first out.
Mr. Norton J. Come: That is correct.
They were unable to do that on this record and in the passages that I read you.
Now, with respect to the Board cases, I just want to say this Mr.Justice Stewart.
It is in quite as flat as I left it, not only did the trial examiner indicate that the Brown and Root case was factually distinguishable.
He cited the case there called (Inaudible).
And in that Board case, the Board draw the distinction between strikers who are permanently replaced and those who are not permanently replaced.
And it points out that with respect to those who are not permanently replaced the employer is under a duty to recall them as work becomes available.
We submit that that --
.justice Potter Stewart: As I understand there is no disagreement between counsel on that legal question at all?
Mr. Norton J. Come: On what --
.justice Potter Stewart: It's a -- if strikers have been permanently replaced -- an economic strike, and there's a
Mr. Norton J. Come: -- That is correct.
.justice Potter Stewart: -- to rehire --
Mr. Norton J. Come: That is correct.
.justice Potter Stewart: If they have not been -- and it's an economic strike, and they apply, then there is a duty to rehire.
I understand there is no issue between counsel on that problem whatsoeer.
Mr. Norton J. Come: On that issue the --
An issue was raised however by the position of the AFL-CIO, I believe (Voice Overlap).
.justice Potter Stewart: Yes, but you're not espousing that position are you?
Mr. Norton J. Come: No, we are not espousing that position.
But this is not a case of permanent replacement in the Mackay sense.
Thank you.


text:
Below is the poem entitled M I A which was written by poet
ishmael. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Kasim Ishmael
She sits crying alone
Where no one sees
Under the shades
Of the coconuts trees
He promise to come back
Now they say he is M.I.A
He propose the day before
Then they ship him away
They meet in high school
And become sweet hearts
Then he was drafted
As soon as the wars starts
Now the day gets longer
As the years moves on
She never love again
Couldn't touch another one
My oh my, how time flies
As she tries to survive
She was twenty then
And now she's forty five
She never gives up hope
She prays every day
But no matter how much
Her pain never goes away
In a jungle prison cage
There's a mistreated man
His spirits are broken
But he is a proud American
He thinks of only one girl
Wonder if she still has his ring
Maybe she forgotten him
But he wishes to see her again
He don't know why today
The soldiers set him free
Left him to the side of the road
After 25 years in captivity
He was found and taken
To the American embassy
Where he eats all he can
After years of being hungry
She walks through lanes
Of the grocery store
She saw him in the drive way
And he smile came back once more
If you wish for it
Sometimes it can come true
So to all my friends
I wish the best for you

subset: commoncrawl


text:
121 Diamond Spring RoadDenville, NJ 07834
Due to the possibility of slippery conditions this evening, we are postponing our evening storytime until February. Please check back for the new date. Thank you!
We love our cuddly, fuzzy friends ... and our super-fun, super-awesome toys, too!
In honor of some of our favorite things, we are hosting a Toys & Teddy Bears Storytime for ages 3 and up on Monday, January 12th at 6:30 pm. Come hear fun stories, sing songs, act silly, and make a cute bear craft to take home.
This storytime is now full! See you soon!
Want a fun-filled, penguin-friendly storytime? Are you 2 years old and up? Then you'll love reading penguin stories, singing penguin songs, and dancing like the cool penguin you are at our January Wiggles & Giggles!
Feeling cold and winter-y? Looking for a fun way to warm up? How about coming to the library to do a cute penguin craft?
Playtime is full. We'll see you for a fun Friday morning!
Our yoga session is now full. Thank you!
Choo choo!
We are all ready to welcome winter, and we are celebrating with a special Drop-In Craft on Saturday, December 27th from 11:00 am to 12:00 pm. Ages 3 and up, please join us to make a Marshmallow Snowman! We will be using mini marshmallows, pretzels, white paint, and glitter to create our masterpieces.
No registration is necessary! Stop in any time during the hour!
We're cleaning out our craft closet and want YOU to come make fun things from all our odds and ends! We'll have paint, stencils, all sorts of projects, jewels, stickers, glitter, yarn, and more. Help us use it all up by making neat stuff to take home!
Our Craft-a-Palooza program on Monday, December 29th will run from 4:30 pm to 6:00 pm and is open to grades 2 though 8. We hope to see lots of boys and girls ... we have something for everyone!
Our next session of Sensory and Movement Storytime for Kids with Special Needs (for children with physical, developmental, medical, emotional, and/or learning-based special needs) will be held on
This session is full. Thank you!
Find us on Facebook!
© 2011 Denville Public Library. All rights reserved.
121 Diamond Spring RoadDenville, NJ 07834973.627.6555


text:
Niles, IL Auto Parts
Niles Auto Parts
Niles Auto Parts in Niles, IL sells new and remanufactured auto parts since 1968. We have supplies for foreign and domestic cars. We also cut rotors and drums and we also sell auto glass. Installation available.
Learn More About Niles Auto Parts:
- Brake pad shoes and rotors
- Calipers, starters, alternators
- U joints, CV boots, control arms
- Oxygen sensors, hub assemblies
- Fuel pump modules
- Radiators, springs
- Press bearings
- Emission parts
Contact Niles Auto Parts today at 847-966-3230 for all of your auto parts needs.
Contact Information


text:
Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
Want to set your local edition?
Select an edition for more focused local news coverage when you visit AL.com.
Don't worry. You can change this setting at any time to another local edition.
The racial makeup of the jury is about half black.
OK, Wind, fair point. Here are some facts. Check out this report by Pew last year (http://pewglobal.org/files/pdf/268.pdf).
You'll note that bid Laden at the time was rejected by a majority of respondents everywhere except the Palestinian territories and Nigeria's Muslim population. Only two countries registered a favorable view of Hamas, Egypt and Jordan (though, to be fair, Nigeria's Muslims and Lebanon's Shia population also had favorable views).
Only in Jordan (and again Nigeria's Muslims and Lebanon's Shia) does Hezbollah get majority support.
When asked if they identify with modernizers or fundamentalists, low percentages side with fundamentalists.
Certainly, Muslim support of these organizations, even in the moderate countries, is higher than people in the West would want. But that is not the same thing as saying that most Muslims are supporting terrorism.
And I have been to Egypt and Turkey, both majority-Muslim nations.
First of all, I'm not trying to smear Christianity. I'm only trying to point out that there are different interpretations in all of the religious texts. Second, it is just not true that most Muslims or even most Middle Eastern Muslims support terrorism. Think about how much worse terrorism would be if that were the case.
Wind, there are more than a billion Muslims on this planet and the vast majority reject terrorism. And I might point out that you could pick passages from the Bible that, if interpreted literally, would reflect badly on Christianity.
You are entitled to your opinion about what the genuine teachings of Islam are. But it is a fact that most Muslims believe otherwise, because most of them do not support indiscriminate killing of non-believers.
The offense Edmonds pleaded guilty to was a fraud against the bank, not her employer. So even if her employer authorized it -- winch the employer disputes -- it still would be a fraud against the bank. That's why she pleaded guilty.
Without knowing the names of the students, school officials were not able to discuss what discipline infractions they accumulated (they likely would not have been able to dicuss those issues publicly anyway). The plaintiffs acknowledge that these are not one-time violations. But they say the students are not violent and did not commit serious offenses. The school system's position is that a long string of minor infractions add up to a serious violation.
Then central legal issue, though, is likely to be whether the school system affords students and their families an adequate opportunity to challenge a suspension before it takes effect.
Pettersen did plead guilty. The judge sentenced her earlier this month to a year and a day in prison. She has been free while the case was pending, although she has been under house arrest at her parents' house. The judge allowed her to remain out on those same conditions until the Bureau of Prisons designates a prison. She then will be allowed to self-report to that prison. That is fairly common for nonviolent offenders who comply with the rules of their release.
And, no, she did not skip out on any hearings.
Hey, there. I just wanted to clarify a few things. First, there was no trial because Heather pleaded guilty. She was on the wiretaps talking about drug deals, discussing purchases of the drug. The government said it was in quantities too large to be for personal use. She said she used the Ecstasy to feed her methamphetamine habit. Regardless, her actions still violated the law.
The government did not dispute that Pettersen had left the drug world on her own. I think it's important to note that she was not arguing that she did nothing wrong or that she did not deserve punishment. As she put it, it's not like she is an innocent person about to go to a concentration camp.
People can make up their own minds about the fairness of her sentence, whether prison is just for rehabilitation or punishment and what emphasis to put on deterrence. I just wanted to make clear that she did not express a "whoa is me" attitude.


text:
Thursday, March 13, 2014
Winter Storm Vulcan has shared over 2 feet of snow with Sugarbush since yesterday, bringing us to 200" for the season so far. The flakes are still flying and we picked up another 6" since this morning. Even better, there is more snow in the forecast for the weekend.
We already had a solid base in place before the latest accumulation, so pretty much every trail, glade, chute and gully are in play now. If you missed today, don't worry. Mt. Ellen was closed, due to high winds, so it sits fresh and waiting for tomorrow's tracks. Heaven's Gate also did not open, although there was some hiking traffic.
Johnny Egan on Morning Star today.
Sweet sap.
While it's cold today, the maple sap might run this weekend, just in time for the Sugaring Time Festival. Join us for a celebration of our favorite golden elixir.
Coach Rick has a few tricks up his sleeve.
The Mountain Dew Vertical Challenge is Saturday at Lincoln Peak. Race for your friends to rack up the runs.
Women's Ski Discovery found some powder!
The third and final Tour De Moon of the season is Saturday night at Mt. Ellen. Check out one of our coolest climbs, followed by a tasty dinner at the Glen House, with a delicious dessert descent to cap off the evening.
All smiles for Women's Ski Discovery this week.
Go Jo!
Larry knows where the goods are.
The mountain is in prime condition and we've got a ton of fun in store for the weekend. Better be here!
John Atkinson
Chairman, Sugarbush Stoke Exchange
Staff Photographer/ Snow Reporter/ Coach
Login to Leave a Comment


text:
YourNews: Westminster Presbyterian to present musical program March 13
Westminster Presbyterian Church, 6500 Northshore Drive, will present "How Can I Keep from Singing," a program of traditional and classical sacred music and spirituals at 3 p.m. Sunday, March 13.
The program will feature John Edward Hankins, baritone; Eileen Rudd, organist; Margaret Harrison, piano; Carol Zinavage, piano; Sarah Fallenbaum, trumpet; and Terrance McCracken, guest vocalist.
The program is a benefit for the Westminster Presbyterian Church Music Department. Admission is free. All are invited.


text:
Browser does not support script.
The research in our group lies in the interdisciplinary area of nanoscale science. We combine and apply tools and concepts from nanochemistry, supramolecular chemistry, biochemistry and micro- and nanolithography to create sophisticated model substrates for studies of cell behavior and bio- and nanomaterials with applications in medical imaging and catalysis.
Currently, our efforts are focused on three major areas:
Switchable Biological Surfaces
The development of surfaces that have switchable properties, also known as smart surfaces, have been actively pursued in the past few years. The recent surge of interest in these switchable systems stems from the widespread number of applications to many areas in science and technology ranging from environmental cleanup to data storage, micro- and nanofluidic devices.
Moreover, the ability to modulate biomolecule activity, protein immobilisation, and cell adhesion, at the liquid-solid interface is important in a variety of biological and medical applications, including biofouling, chromatography, cell culture, regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Our group is developing to novel stimuli-responsive surfaces for real-time, reversible controlling of activity of biomolecules with different biological functions, size and structure on macroscopic surfaces.
The goal is to precisely control the physical, chemical and, in particular, the biological properties of the surfaces from the molecular level and be able to change or tune in a well-defined and predictable manner such properties by using an external stimulus.
Artificial Bacterial Biofilms
Bacterial biofilms are of great practical importance for beneficial technologies such as wastewater treatment and bioremediation. In other settings, biofilms can cause severe problems. For instance, they are responsible for biofouling and for chronic infections of the human body which are particularly difficult to eradicate because of the increased resistance of biofilm bacteria to antibiotics.
Growth in a biofilm entails a multitude of positive and negative interactions with near neighbours and their signals, metabolites and toxins, which can form concentration gradients as opposed to planktonic growth in a mixed liquid. By understanding the biology behind bacterial biofilm growth, we will be able to devise new and more effective technologies to deal with the current demanding microbial problems in industry and medicine.
We are addressing this problem by controlling – on the single-cell level – the spatial positioning of the different types of interacting bacteria in a biofilm setting and are collaborating closely with the research groups of Dr Jan Kreft and Prof Chris Thomas, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham.
Novel Nano-Electrocatalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
The use of costly and rare platinum(Pt)-based catalysts for PEMFC electrodes currently presents a significant barrier to the deployment and widespread commercialisation of this technology for automotive and domestic applications.
In addition to their prohibitive cost, the lack of long-term performance of platinum(Pt)-based catalysts has motivated major research efforts in the development of superior alternatives. We are currently using wet-chemical synthesis to develop low-cost, high performance nano-electrocatalysts for PEMFC.
Through our work we hope to make significant progress towards meeting targets for reduced platinum group metal loading (down to 0.04 mg.cm-2 at anodes and 0.15 mg.cm-2 at cathodes, Source: US Dept of Energy) and improved lifespan (>5000 hours intermittent, Source: US Dept of Energy) of PEMFC systems which in turn, are crucial steps towards commercial deployment and viability in the automotive and domestic markets.
Group Members
Print this page
Download as PDF
Powered by Contensis


text:
Calhoun hosts press conference as Air Force prepares to travel to Michigan
Coach Calhoun Press Conference (video)
Cody Getz and Connor Dietz Interviews (video)
Air Force plays at Michigan this week in the Wolverines season opener. The Falcons are coming off an impressive 49-21 victory over Idaho State in the season opener last week. Air Force head coach Troy Calhoun discussed the game and the season during his weekly press conference this week.
Game Notes
GAME FACTS: Air Force will be playing for the second time at Michigan ... The team's first played in 1964 in Ann Arbor, a 24-7 win for Michigan ... Air Force is 3-2 in week two of the season under head coach Troy Calhoun ... Air Force is 16-71-4 all-time vs. ranked teams ... Air Force is facing a ranked team for the first time since playing at No. 5/7 Boise State on Oct. 22 of last season ... The largest crowd Air Force has ever played in front of is 105,466 at Tennessee in 2006 ... Wolverines Stadium has a capacity of 109,901 ... Air Force is 3-2 in its first road game of the season under head coach Troy Calhoun ... The Falcons were 3-2 in road games last season and won their last road game at Colorado State, 45-21, last season ... Michigan's ranking reflects last week's ranking, as the updated rankings for this week are not available until Tuesday.
THE SERIES: Air Force and Michigan are meeting for the second time overall and first since 1964. Michigan defeated Air Force, 24-7, in Ann Arbor in front of 68,888. The head coaches were Bump Elliott for Michigan and the legendary Ben Martin for Air Force. Former Air Force superintendent Paul Stein was the Falcons' quarterback that day, while Bart Holaday handled the kicking duties. Holaday and his late wife, Lynn, were the primary donors for the Holaday Athletic Center which was opened in the fall of 2011. Joe O'Gorman, who donated the O'Gorman Theatre in the Falcon Athletic Center was a defensive end for Air Force that year. Jim Bowman, a 1956 graduate of Michigan, was an assistant coach on the Air Force staff. Bowman worked 48 years at the Academy before retiring in 2007 as the associate athletic director for recruiting support.
AIR FORCE VS. THE BIG TEN: Air Force is 5-9-2 all-time vs. teams from the Big Ten Conference. The Falcons last played a Big Ten opponent in 2009 at Minnesota. Air Force's all-time results against the conference follow.
A LOOK AT MICHIGAN: Michigan's first year of football was in 1879 ... The program has an all-time record of 895-311-36 ... Michigan was won 11 national championships, 42 conference championships and gone to 41 bowl games ... The Wolverines have had 23 undefeated seasons and 26 10-win seasons ... There have been 125 first-team All-Americans play at Michigan, including 78 consensus ... Senior QB Denard Robinson is on the Maxwell, Davey O'Brien, Walter Camp and Manning Award watch lists ... Senior kicker Brendan Gibbons joins Air Force's Parker Herrington on the Lou Groza National Placekicker watch list ... Michigan is 14-4 in September the last six seasons ... The Wolverines return 13 starters from last season, including six on offense and seven on defense ... Michigan dropped its season opener last week vs. #2 Alabama, 41-14, in Cowboys Statium.
AIR FORCE - MICHIGAN CONNECTIONS: Air Force sophomore TE Nate Dreslinski is from Clinton, Mich., and graduated from Clinton High School. Junior center Michael Husar, Jr., is a native of Chicago, Ill., and his father, Mike, Sr., played footabll at Michigan from 1984-89.


text:
Some of you who were at the Fitness and Health Bloggers Conference in June in Boulder, Colorado may have gotten an invite to participate in the Daily Challenge by MeYou Health. For those of you who did not attend and did not get an invite the Daily Challenge is simple and rewarding.
We are all very busy in our lives with work, training, family/friends, bills etc that we sometimes don't see the forest for the trees. The Daily Challenge allowed those participating to actually stop for a moment, a brief moment, and do something that would help them in their lives. These tasks were as easy as stretching or walking in place for a minute. Some were just what the Doctor ordered to get away from life for a moment like resist the urge to look at the news.
Every morning I got an email with the challenge and without thinking about it I was able to do it almost immediately and sometimes you felt a little foolish doing it other times you felt great because you knew it was going to improve your outlook for the day. You were going to start the day off extremely positive because of this one simple task.
Imagine, like the Liberty Mutual commercial, how many people you can affect by being a more positive person. If one person sees you smiling you may have just helped them to smile and it becomes a domino effect from there. The Daily Challenge is also set up for people like me who are competitive and want to win at tiddly-winks against 3 year olds (can three year olds play tiddly-wink? — I digress.) Anyway you accumulate points and you can compare your score to the friends you invite.
There is also the social component behind it so that it is not just the people you run into in your daily life, but those that are on Facebook and those that have also joined the Daily Challenge. I know not everybody wants to have another social network but I enjoyed this one because of the people I invited. Some people I just knew would do it for fun and others I invited because of personal conversations we had had about making a healthier life for themselves. The daily gentle reminders to stretch, eat Vitamin C, etc were just little helpful hints to make sure that you treated your body and each day as a special event.
I was originally asked to participate for one week and yet it is three weeks later and I'm still doing these little challenges and each day it makes me feel better. It has helped me keep a positive attitude on the most stressful days and has also helped me see the forest for the trees that life isn't as bad as it seems at that time.
I will suggest that you join the Daily Challenge and see what the tasks are and see if they help you see a brighter world.
You can read more about the Daily Challenge [HERE]


text:
Consider selecting a Christmas tree from a nursery this year with its root ball intact, then replant it in your yard after the holidays.
According to Tennessee Tech University horticultural professor Douglas Airhart, there are many beautiful choices for live Christmas trees. Selecting a live tree makes economical sense, too, because you can add your tree choice to your landscape to enhance the value of your property.
Airhart offers these tips for anyone planning to buy a live tree this year:
• Check with your local nursery now to see if a live tree selection can be reserved for shortly before Christmas Day. A live tree shouldn't be inside the house for longer than about two weeks before you return it outdoors.
• Once you've located a tree, ask the nursery for replanting instructions and ready the appropriate-size hole in your yard now. By January, the ground may be frozen and difficult to dig.
• Check for signs that the tree has been too dry. Gently rub your hand over a stem and needles. Any Christmas tree will shed some needles, but the shedding should not be excessive.
• Once your tree is inside the house, position the burlapped root ball inside a large tub, which will let you amply supply water. Even a small-sized white pine, for example, needs about a gallon of water a day to withstand the dry conditions inside a house. Keep the ball moist but not dripping wet.
• When you're ready to return the tree outdoors for replanting, select a sunny, relatively warm day to reintroduce the tree to the outdoor conditions.
Pines, spruces and firs are traditionally selected as cut Christmas trees for shape, color and ability to hold ornaments. But firs cannot survive our summer heat and are not good landscaping choices. Some non-traditional choices might work for you, especially if you want to enhance your landscape. Airhart suggests these trees might be workable choices: arborvitae, false cypress, Japanese black pine, deodar cedar, blue atlas cedar, Arizona cypress, Leyland cypress, Fat Albert or Hoops Colorado spruce.
Learn more about the care of live Christmas trees and other trees at the website TLC for Trees. View a video that explains how to select and care for a live Christmas tree here.


text:
Mockup of my Mythology set, for those that weren't able to be there!
A bit slower, more progressive than usual, but still every bit as good!
This comment has been deleted.
Skazareli1 year agoReplyDelete and block
This comment has been deleted.
Dan Wikström1 year agoReplyDelete and block
Really nice. Thanks for sharing. :)


text:
Memorial Day
On a day set aside to pay tribute to those who died for their country, local heroes were honored at the War Heroes Memorial in Jarales on Memorial Day.
The flag raised during the ceremony was loaned to the American Legion Secundino Baldonado Post 81, host of this year's event, by the George Benavidez's family. Benavidez, a World War II veteran, was awarded the Bronze Star. Post member Ruperto Baldonado said Benavidez grew up and went to school in Jarales.
Baldonado said the memorial is a tribute to those from Jarales, Bosque, Pueblitos and Casa Colorada who made the ultimate sacrifice for our freedom from World War I to Vietnam. He also said the War Heroes Memorial is to honor those who lived through and died in the Bataan Death March.
"I remember I was just 10 years old, and I'll never forget how they were lifted up like a magneto and taken to war," Baldonado said. "There are no words to describe their sacrifice."
The memorial has been the site for the annual celebration and remembrance since 1986 when the marble monument was first unveiled. Folks from all over the county — veterans, families of the fallen and community members — gather each year to honor those who died in battle, who gave their lives for freedom.
Those honored and remembered are: World War I: Porferio Peña; World War II: Filimon C. Castillo, Ignacio C. Castillo, Luis Espinosa, Jeremias G. Martinez, Jesus P. Trujillo, Antonio Armijo, Ivan Lee Block, Horacio Chavez, Seferino G. Chavez, Elvin Crawford, Anthon Wayne Golleheair, Raymond Livers, Wayne Livers, Benito Lopez, Rufino Molina, Pedro Torres, Florenio Trujillo, Daniel Ulivarri, Alfredo Baca, Archie "Buddy" Boggus, Arturo Sais and Edwin Trujillo; Korea: Alfredo B. Olguin and Fidel Peralta; Vietnam: Secundino Baldonado, Luperto Garcia and Jerry Delbert Abeyta
At the end of Monday's ceremony, Dicky Romero, owner of Romero Funeral Home in Belen, surprised the crowd as he released dozens of white doves into the overcast skies. They immediately gathered into formation, swooping up, and circling back around over the crowd and War Heroes Memorial.
-- Email the author at firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
Emergency NumbersPhone Book (Must be on-campus or have a valid network account)
2.2 Faculty Contracts
All faculty contracts include the policies and procedures governing faculty employment as described in Part II (Section 2.0 and subsections: "Contractual Policies and Procedures").2.2.1 Types of Contracts 18.104.22.168 Term Contracts
Term contracts are limited to the term of employment stated in the contract and carry no presumption of renewal. Term contracts do not lead to tenure. Should a faculty member with a term appointment subsequently receive a probationary appointment, the length of the probationary period prior to tenure review is determined in accord with Section 2.3.6, "Initial Rank and Length of the Probationary Period." Compensation and responsibilities are ordinarily worked out and agreed upon in writing between the appointee and the divisional dean [and/or the dean of the School of Theology], in consultation with the department chair. See Sections 2.1.3 and 2.1.4 for a further description of term appointments.
Although a part-time, term-contract appointment might be appropriate for many years in succession, full-time faculty members are ordinarily either tenured (receiving a continuous contract; see Section 220.127.116.11 below) or on tenure-track (receiving a probationary contract; see Section 22.214.171.124 below). Full-time term contracts are routinely limited to no longer than three years.
In special circumstances (for example, for summer teaching), ranked faculty of the college [university] may receive term contracts in addition to their regular contracts.
Full-time, term-contract faculty will receive annual departmental reviews.188.8.131.52 Probationary Contracts
Probationary contracts are given to tenure-track faculty members (see Section 2.1.1), and are renewable annually. (See Section 2.6.1 for the definition of probationary status.) Any decision by the college [university] not to reappoint a probationary faculty member must follow the procedures described in Section 2.13.3, "Non-reappointment of Probationary Faculty."220.127.116.11 Continuous Contracts
Continuous contracts are given to faculty members who have been granted tenure. (See Section 2.6, "Tenure Policy and Procedures.") Continuous contracts are subject to the terms and conditions of employment that exist at the time of issuance of annual contracts (see Section 2.2.4) by the college [university] as described in Section 2.0. A faculty member with a continuous contract is entitled to annual contract renewal unless either the faculty member or the college [university] has terminated the contract in accord with the procedures of Section 2.13, "Separation."2.2.2 Locus of Appointment
All faculty appointments by probationary or continuous contract have as their locus of appointment their academic department [and/or the School of Theology], as stated in their contract. Faculty members teaching in the core curriculum or other interdisciplinary programs shall have their locus of appointment in one of the academic departments.2.2.3 The Contract Year
Ordinarily, the contract year for faculty members begins with the first day of the fall faculty workshop and ends with spring commencement and submission of final grades.2.2.4 Issuance and Return of Contracts
Except for initial appointments or after third-year review (see Section 188.8.131.52) or in situations of financial emergency (see Section 2.13.5) or by mutual agreement of the Assembly and the president, all probationary and continuous contract offers for the subsequent academic year must be issued by the college [university] on or before April 1 and be signed and returned on or before April 15, or the first working day thereafter. If a contract offer is not accepted by April 15 (or by 15 days after the date of issuance of contracts, if that occurs after April 1) and if special arrangements have not been made with the provost by that date, the offer automatically expires.
These same policies ordinarily apply to the renewal of term contracts. When it is not possible to determine by March 1 whether the term position will be continued for the following year, the provost notifies the faculty member in writing of the date by which a decision will be made. The provost then either notifies the faculty member of non-renewal in writing or issues the new contract by the date specified in the previous letter.2.2.5 Special Note on Members from Religious Orders
The provisions of the Faculty Handbook apply equally to faculty members who are members of Saint Benedict's Monastery, Saint John's Abbey, or other religious orders, even though such faculty members are technically agents of their order rather than employees of the college [university].


text:
In the News
Original journalism from the Center's OpenSecrets Blog
For Outgoing Lawmakers, Connections Mean Chance to Cash In
December 26, 2012 | It's that time of the year where retiring members of Congress or those who were forced out by voters begin looking for jobs elsewhere -- such as K Street. Making the jump from lawmaker to lobbyist is lucrative. Some members aren't even waiting for their terms to expire.
Blue Dogs' Lobbying, SEC's Revolving Door and More in Capital Eye Opener: May 16
May 16, 2011 | BLUE DOGS CHASE JOBS ON K STREET: Having been systematically targeted by congressional Republicans during the 2010 election cycle, some conservative Blue Dog Democrats appear to have found a silver lining to their exile from Capitol Hill.
American Action Network Under Fire, Barbour's Hire and More in Capital Eye Opener: March 9
March 9, 2011 | Your daily dose of news and tidbits from the world of money in politics.
Embattled Blue Dog Representatives Face Voters, Financial Hurdles
November 2, 2010 | In districts currently represented by a Blue Dog, nearly one-in-five of the Democratic candidates have been out-raised, have been out-spent or ended the last reporting period with less cash on hand than their Republican opponents, a Center for Responsive Politics review of campaign finance records shows.
Democratic Lawmakers Help Bankroll Blue Dog Gene Taylor, Who Voted For McCain Over Obama
October 29, 2010 | Rep. Gene Taylor (D-Miss.) collected $11,500 from fellow Democrats during his 2008 congressional bid, and he's collected $10,500 from Democratic leadership PACs and candidate committees since January 2009, according to an analysis by the Center for Responsive Politics.
Vulnerable Incumbents, Promising Upstart Candidates Reap Financial Benefits From Political Brethren
October 6, 2010 | The top beneficiaries of the generosity from party leaders and other politicians who donate with their leadership PACs and candidate committees are some of the party's most vulnerable incumbents and most promising challengers.
Chuck Norris Triggers the Vote, Vitter's Prostitution Ring Ties Highlighted and More in Capital Eye Opener: Sept. 3
September 3, 2010 | TEA PARTY, NRA GET BOOSTS FROM CHUCK NORRIS: Action movie star and conservative activist Chuck Norris badly wants you to vote this November. Norris stars in a new ad for the National Rifle Association as part of the group's "Trigger the Vote" campaign.
Trial Lawyer Embraces Approach of Energy Tycoons to Influence Elections In New Orleans
August 25, 2010 | In the final hours before primary election day, a shadowy new political group is comparing Louisiana Democratic Congressional candidate Cedric Richmond to a comic book villain and accusing him of committing all seven deadly sins. Want to know who's funding the attack? Too bad.
Politicians Contribute Big Money to Protect Their Partisan Brethren
April 13, 2010 | Particularly vulnerable or especially promising politicians often receive financial help from their fellow partisans who want success on election day. Toward this end, party leaders and others may transfer or contribute money from their candidate committees and leadership PACs to these targeted candidates.
Blue Dog Democrats Display Stronger Than Average Fund-Raising in 2009
February 24, 2010 | Whether it was health care reform, cap and trade climate proposals or financial regulatory reform, Blue Dog Democrats were often at the center of Congress' top legislative fights. This caucus of 54 moderate and conservative House Democrats was also at the center of political fund-raising in 2009, the Center for Responsive Politics has found.
Lawmakers Bring In Big Money As They Close The Books on 2009
February 17, 2010 | A preliminary analysis by the Center for Responsive Politics shows that 433 sitting members of the U.S. House of Representatives raised $78 million during the fourth quarter of 2009, an increase of 5.4 percent above their third-quarter hauls.
Richard Shelby's War for Defense Dollars, NFL Love for Louisiana Pol and More in Capital Eye Opener: February 8
February 8, 2010 | Over the past 20 years, employees and political action committees associates with the defense aerospace, defense electronics and miscellaneous defense industries rank among Sen. Richard Shelby's top 15 campaign contributors when grouped by industry.
Capital Eye Opener: Monday, September 28
September 28, 2009 | "CO2 IS GREEN" FLUSH WITH GREENBACKS: The men at the helm of two new energy advocacy groups trying to derail the climate change bill in the Senate have been consistent campaign donors throughout the years.
Health Insurers Continue to Woo Blue Dog Democrats in Congress
August 20, 2009 | The 52 fiscally conservative House Democrats known as the Blue Dogs and playing prominent roles in the nation's health care reform debate continue to collect campaign funds from health insurers at a greater rate than their non-Blue Dog counterparts, tCRP has found.
Committee Members Speak Out–Or Stay Mum–On Health Care
July 9, 2009 | Over the past three weeks, Capital Eye has contacted members of five Capitol Hill committees responsible for drafting health care reform legislation this summer. Here are their responses (and non-responses) and the money they're collecting from various industries.
Blue Dog Bark Backed by Insurers
June 25, 2009 | There's a particular breed of lawmaker on Capitol Hill that is pushing hard against a public health care plan, much to the delight of two seriously moneyed special interest groups-insurers and pharmaceuticals. They're the Blue Dogs: moderate, vocal and funded in part by the industries trying to protect their bottom line.
Tracking Your Representatives' Health Care Cash
June 25, 2009 | Here's a cool tool that brings together data from various parts of OpenSecrets.org to show how much money each current lawmaker has raised from various health-related industries and the health sector overall since 1989 (including President Obama's haul).
Races to Watch IV: Money Flowing from Oil and Gas
September 29, 2008 | The oil and gas industry, under the spotlight this fall with energy at the forefront of political discourse, isn't hesitating to put some of its record profits into the hands of candidates who support its cause (or those it's seeking to convert). So far this election cycle, the oil and gas industry has given $12.3 million total to congressional candidates. The nonpartisan Center for Responsive Politics has identified the candidates who have received the most money from oil and gas interests in this election cycle, and Capital Eye selected a few races to more deeply examine the impact of well-digger dollars on politics.
Update: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Invest in Lawmakers
September 11, 2008 | When the federal government announced two months ago that it would be seizing mortgage buyers Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, CRP looked at how much money members of Congress had collected since 1989 from the companies. On Sunday the government proceeded with the takeover and we've returned to our data to bring you the updates, this time providing a list of all 354 lawmakers who have gotten money from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (in July we posted the top 25).
Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac Takeover Costs Congressmen Who Were Invested
September 10, 2008 | Now that the federal government has bailed out Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac from their impending financial doom, Congress has an even greater interest in seeing the giant mortgage buyers succeed-some lawmakers perhaps more than others. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, 28 lawmakers had between $598,100 and $1.7 million of their own money invested in the two companies last year.
Power Struggle: Energy Industries Open Up the Pipeline to Democrats
July 17, 2008 | President Bush's decision this week to lift the federal moratorium on offshore drilling defied the Democratic Party's long-held opposition to oil exploration along the U.S. coastline. But recently more Democrats are indicating that they might change their minds, leaving environmentalists wondering whether the lawmakers will stick to their ideological guns or be swayed by high gas prices and campaign contributions from big industries.
2006 Election Analysis: Incumbents Linked to Corruption Lose, but Money Still Wins
November 8, 2006 | While voters in some states are still waiting to see who will represent them in Congress, one thing is certain: Money was a clear winner in the 2006 elections. Equally clear was voters' concern about corruption in Washington; officeholders tied to scandal lost in disproportionate numbers.
Feel free to distribute or cite this material, but please credit the Center for Responsive Politics. For permission to reprint for commercial uses, such as textbooks, contact the Center.


text:
The Dodgers ended up signing 28 of their 40 picks by last Friday at 5 PM ET, which was the deadline to sign 2013 MLB Draft selections. The two signees that came closest to the deadline were RHP Michael Villegas (23) and C Ryan Scott (30). Neither announcements came with signing bonus information. Those two rounded out a Dodgers draft ... Read More »
Dodgers 2013 MLB Draft, Rounds 21-30: Baune, Fisher, Villegas, De Leon, Hooper, Taylor, Kiest, Bare, Finfer, Scott
Right-handed pitcher James Baune out of Southern Arkansas University was taken by the Dodgers with the 634th pick in the 2013 MLB Draft. A profile on him via his school: Baune, an All-America pitcher who went 13-1 with a 3.07 ERA this past season, was the first Mulerider to be drafted this year as the Los Angeles Dodgers took the ... Read More »


text: Prev | Next Purchase this photo Lori Wolfe/The Herald Dispatch Mayor Steve Williams welcomes visitors to the fifth-annual Project Homeless Connect event on Wednesday, Feb. 20, 2013, at the Big Sandy Superstore Arena in Huntington. Gallery: Project Homeless Connect Feb. 21, 2013 @ 07:22 AM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 The Cabell-Huntington-Wayne Continuum of Care's fifth annual Project Homeless Connect took place Wednesday at the Big Sandy Superstore Arena Conference Center. ()


text:
Forwarded from Linda Wong (email@example.com)
The NEAR team has invited Planetary Society members and others to suggest crater names for Eros, which will later be submitted to the International Astronomical Union (IAU) for official consideration. Named for the Greek god of love, Eros will be a fitting Valentine's Day target for NEAR to begin courting in a year-long mission in which the spacecraft will image and study the 33-kilometer-long asteroid. In keeping with the asteroid's namesake, the theme for crater names will be love. The craters of Eros can be named after famous lovers, legendary romantic locales, aspects of love, and so on. Name submissions - accompanied by a short explanation (50 words maximum) - may be brought to the public event or mailed to The Planetary Society. Send submissions to Names on Eros, The Planetary Society, 65 N. Catalina Avenue, Pasadena, CA 91106. For more information, visit the Society's website at http://planetary.org and click on "Help Name the Craters of Eros" in the Contest section.
The Student Press Conference will take place Thursday, February 10, 2000 at 10:00 AM, at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, Maryland. To register, schools must contact Linda Butler at (443)778-5746 from Baltimore or (240)228-5746 from Washington. Unless alternate arrangements are made, each school is limited to sending two student journalists accompanied by one adult mentor.
The public event, "NEAR's Tryst with Eros," will be held Thursday, February 10 at 7:00 PM at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. Admission is free and on a first come, first served basis.
For more information on NEAR, visit http://near.jhuapl.edu/index.html.
Contact Susan Lendroth at (626)793-5100 ext. 214 or by e-mail at email@example.com for more information about the Student Press Conference, public event or the Society's Name the Craters contest.
Carl Sagan, Bruce Murray and Louis Friedman founded The Planetary Society in 1980 to advance the exploration of the solar system and to continue the search for extraterrestrial life. Its 100,000 members make it the largest space interest group in the world.
Linda Wong
The Planetary Society
65 N. Catalina Ave.
Pasadena, CA 91106-2301
Tel: (626) 793-5100 ext. 236
Fax: (626) 793-5528
E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Well today was the first of the summer tournaments and pitted us against teams that we dont usually play, on a plastic pitch which was 18 yards wide and refs that we dont know (say no more there)!!!
First up was Hendy tough game first out but everybody tagged really well from the start with 1 6 tag turnover, we came out with 2 tries from Charlie G and Ben Sull we won 2-1
Second up was Nantgaredig, another tough opponent with 2 really good and quick players to deal with. Tagging was again first class (2 6 tag turnovers) and even though the game was a little disjointed we came through 5 -4 with tries from Katie T (1), Athson H (1), Robbie M (1) and Charlie G (2)
Third was St Clears. A really hard fort game with some difference is style saw us have to pass much better and we maintained a great defence with another 2 6 tag turnovers, saw us draw 5-5 with Tries from Charlie G (2), Ben S (2) and Robbie mm (1). Would have been a win but for some differences of interpretation!!
Fourth game was Whitland!!!! A much different game and they had some really slick players albeit they were much more physical than what we are used to. The ref appeared to like hand offs and physically pushing players rather than tagging!!! It what was arguablly the best game of the day saw us to and fro and we still managed to complete 3 6 tag turnovers! Our defence was really first class. We came out 2-3 losers with both tries from Charlie G
Last up was Lampeter. Another excellent defensive display saw us with numerous 6 tag turnovers and we completed a 6 - 4 win with tries from Alfie G (2), Charlie G (3) and Jacob (1).
All in all we played really well with some excellent performances from every one. Special mentions go to Sam R, great determenation with your defence and some great passes, Gabe S storming powerful runs and great tagging, Katie D good defensive work, Thomas D wonderful to see you getting stuck in all day; Finn great runs and good passing. All in all guys a great days performance which you should all be proud of, just need the parents now to get behind the players a little more!!!! Only joking great vocal support all day.
Thanks from Chris, Danny and Matt


text:
DATE: Will be calculated from "Release
Start Date" field.
Mova o cursor para baixo para ler este release em português
SÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO, Brazil - The all-new EcoSport closed the year with record registrations in December, with 6,679 units, the best result in its history. This performance helped the model to ensure the sales leadership in the SUV segment in the last quarter of 2012, with a total of 16,752 units, according to Renavam (Brazilian Registry of Motor Vehicles.)
With the arrival of the new automatic PowerShift and 4WD versions, with four-wheel intelligent traction, it is expected that the New Ford EcoSport increases this trend in 2013. The new line's generation went on sale in September and brought a series of innovations in the category. It is the most modern SUV in the market, equipped with SYNC connectivity system with voice control, airbags, and ABS brakes as standard, besides stability and traction electronic control, among other optional items.
"The EcoSport represents the most advanced technology and design in its class, within a concept of global product. The leadership in sales reflects this innovation content, which is available in all its models", says Andre Leite, Product Marketing Manager, Ford.
Mova o cursor para cima para ler este release em inglês
Novo Ford EcoSport Lidera o Segmento no Último Trimestre e tem Recorde de Vendas em DezembroSÃO BERNARDO DO CAMPO, Brasil - O Novo Ford EcoSport fechou o ano com recorde de emplacamentos em dezembro, de 6.679 unidades, o melhor resultado de sua história. Esse desempenho contribuiu para o modelo garantir a liderança de vendas do segmento de utilitários esportivos no último trimestre de 2012, com o total de 16.752 unidades, segundo o Renavam.
Access to all HR Related information provided to Ford Motor
Company Employees. Review health care information, view your
paycheck, note offered vehicle programs, and much more.
Ford Motor Company's premier wiki...holding all the links your fellow
employees thought were important for you to reference. Add more
links to the index, edit existing links that you see may have an error,
and delete old links that no longer are accessible.
Copyright © Ford Motor Company |
Feedback |
Privacy Statement |
Your California Privacy Rights |
SSN Privacy Policy


text:
This item has been discontinued and is no longer available
Ordering for a Team?
Let our Team Division Help!
Item has a Minimum Qty
Excel in any terrain with the Teva® Men's Tevasphere Running shoes.
NEW!Now you can comment & reply on customer reviews. Simply click "comment" below any review.
great shoe great price
lite weight. love the rounded heel and the extra supportive bump on the sole-lateral support. they run true-to-small (feel right but not generous). great price-thanks!
Fit: Feels true to size
Report abuse
Your comment has been posted.
Get an alert when we add new styles of Teva! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Grand Canyon River Guide Mark Thatcher started Teva Sandals when he noticed many of his
clients were wearing water-logged sneakers. Determined to find a sandal that was supportive
of an active lifestyle, he created a prototype for Teva based on his experience on the river.
Little did he know Teva Sandals would become so popular, selling out immediately from the
back of his van.
He called his business Teva (pronounced "Teh' -vah"), which means nature in Hebrew. The
hand symbol logo is a Hopi symbol that stands for "friendship" and "water". These are the
foundations for the water shoes now known all around the globe as Teva Sandals.
Not only is Teva one of the most innovative leaders in the sport sandal industry, they are
also committed to providing positive contributions to the world. Teva Footwear incorporates
environmentally friendly technology in their sandals and packaging- this includes recycled
straps and webbing, recycled rubber, and specially formulated anti-odor and anti-bacterial
devices that are safe for the environment.
Teva Sandals are the icons of water sandals. Teva is recognized globally and are known for
their quality and comfort. For the best selection in Teva Sandals on the web, come shop with
us at SwimOutlet.com.


text:
Posted by Jack
77,000 federal employees earn more than the governor of the state in which they work. More than 77,000 federal government employees throughout the country — including computer operators, more than 5,000 air traffic controllers, 22 librarians and one interior designer — earned more than the governors of the states in which they work. This according to the Washington Times. Click here for more info.
CA has at least one $822,000 worker, and we also lead the nation in high state salaries. Nine years ago, California Democrat Gray Davis became the first U.S. governor in 82 years to be recalled by voters. The state's 20 million taxpayers still bear the cost of his four years and 10 months on the job. Davis escalated salaries and benefits for 164,000 state workers, including a 34 percent raise for prison guards, the first of a series of steps in which he and successors saddled California with a legacy of dysfunction. Today, the state's highest-paid employees make far more than comparable workers elsewhere in almost all job and wage categories, from public safety to health care, base pay to overtime. Click here for more info.
Gov. Jerry Brown today announced two appointments to the California Public Employment Relations Board. Both jobs pay $128,109 per year and require Senate confirmation. The five-member board administers the collective bargaining laws that cover state, local and regional public employees in California. Both are democrats. Click here for more info.
BEST AND WORST: According to a 2012 study by 24/7 Wall Street, California is the worst run state taking into account debt per capita, budget deficits, unemployment, median household income, and the percentage of the percentage of the population below the poverty line. The best run state is North Dakota. Read more here.
The chart below represents how much of the state's budget comes from the federal government. The number is the corresponding ranking in relation to the rest of the nation (if #1, the state receives the highest percentage of federal funding in the nation):
|26.99% (#33)
|32.49% (#29)
|34.48% (#33)
|32.38% (#37)
And who is hit hardesr for it? Have you had enough of the liar-in-chief? http://www.csmonitor.com/Business/2013/0222/Why-is-Wal-Mart-worried-Payroll-tax-could-cut-consumer-spending.-video?nav=87-frontpage-entryLeadStory
Certainly many of these government workers are overpaid, but why does this blog pay so much attention to that issue, and so little attention to the millions of Americans who are being *under*paid?
Certainly it's a bigger problem for our economy that the average worker today makes less than the average worker in 1968?
Conservatives say that raising the minimum wage won't work, but you've offered no alternative plan for increasing the take-home pay of the average worker, other than "individuals should just negotiate with their bosses"–a proposal that would cause any minimum wage worker to laugh in your face. Other times conservatives simply dismiss the issue entirely, often mocking the concept of a living wage.
Low wages = low consumer demand, which most economists and small business owners say is the central problem with our economy right now.
Low wages also cause more people to go on government assistance. For instance, Wal-Mart is also the largest employer of people on Medicaid and food stamps:
Why does it not bother conservatives that the world's largest corporation is asking the taxpayer to pick up the tab for their employees?
Jack, you say you are concerned about government waste and overspending. But you ignore the role that corporations play in creating the need for government spending. If Wal-Mart paid its employees slightly more, less people would qualify for government assistance.
Sorry, comments are closed.