text:
E-commerce News Blames Small Businesses for not Adopting BPM Faster
In an article titled "Getting Small Firms on Board with BPM", the author starts with the following assertion: The greatest obstacle small business operators face in adopting business process management (BPM) is themselves. That factor could account for the underutilization … Continue reading
Lombardi's August Blueprint Update
Over the weekend, Lombardi pushed out their August, 2009 Blueprint update. This release continues Lombardi's track record of pushing releases out every 6-12 weeks with significant improvements (and yet, without so many changes that current users get lost). In the … Continue reading
Applying Fast Innovation Techniques to BPM
Interesting article in the MIT Sloan Management Review, "The New, Faster Face of Innovation." In this article the author writes about the innovation currently going on in the act of innovating itself. It seems a bit circular in logic, but … Continue reading
BPM, ROI, and other TLAs
Jim Sinur produced a small preview of what Gartner's BPM awards will reveal. The key passage from his blog regarding ROI: I was really encouraged by the financial returns. Of the 21 companies submitting financial results 12 had break even … Continue reading
Sometimes Leadership Means Executing the Plan
There are times when we must ditch the plan and we often talk about these moments when a good leader has changed course to effect a better outcome. These tend to be fascinating decisions to study because we wonder, how … Continue reading
BPM Experts are not a Commodity
As a firm that is entirely focused on BPM implementations, we get a lot of queries from staffing firms, and I'm going to take this post to speak out against the practice of using these expensive, non-value-adding, players in the … Continue reading
Buying Success
Recently I was discussing with a colleague at a software vendor what BP3 does for a living. The question was asked, first, what does BP3 do? I gave my usual response, which has to do with process improvement and implementing … Continue reading
The Process Behind Twitter
Interesting tie-in between process and Twitter on GigaOm recently in an article by Jennifer Martinez. She points out that Biz Stone's discussion of the future of twitter appears to follow along the lines of Eric Ries' "Lean Startup". Notably, they … Continue reading
If BPM is so Great, Why isn't Stanford Doing it?
Turns out, the folks at Stanford are doing BPM. Last week I had the good fortune to visit my Alma Mater (Stanford). I had heard through the grapevine that Stanford was embarking on BPM, so I took advantage of the … Continue reading
The Rise of "Social" BPM Tools
I prefer to call them BPM Collaboration tools. Recently we've seen updates to Lombardi's Blueprint, the release (into Beta at least) of IBM's Blueworks (interesting choice of names, IBM), and the release of SAG's AlignSpace. Sandy Kemsley recently reviewed both … Continue reading
Process Applications – the new Black?
Are Process Applications the new Black of enterprise software solutions? It seems that there have been a flurry of announcements of new process applications. Certainly some of these announcements are no surprise at all – when they come from an … Continue reading
Another Model Portability Update
Bruce Silver has posted another update on model portability. This is related to the previous discussion regarding XPDL, Lombardi Blueprint support, and model portability. In this round, Bruce has time to really dive into the couple of aspects of the … Continue reading
Callidus Offers BPM for Incentive Management
I missed this press release from just about 2 weeks ago. I think it will be a growing trend to embed BPM functionality into core business applications. Callidus' offering in particular is interesting because it is a way to extend … Continue reading
Three of My Favorite Things…
It isn't that often that I run across a good blog that covers three of my favorite things: Apple (or Apple products) Startups Process But Eric Ries managed to hit all three topics in The Steve Jobs Method. Eric writes … Continue reading


text: the fight over Susan Rice was just another stupid partisan fight over nothing, and the Republicans won because they had the power to block her nomination in the Senate. This was just a defeated party scoring points against their enemy, a Democratic president, and they gained absolute nothing as far as US foreign policy is concerned. In fact they lost - for a handful of photo-ops and smears on the Sunday talk shows, and making their enemy look weak, they actually got a Secretary of State who is more likely to support what they don't want. For example, John Kerry is in favour of getting rid of the antiquated and failed embargo on Cuba. And of course, the right could defeat Susan Rice; whereas they can't defeat Kerry, because he is a long-time senator; and the Senate is an "old boys' club" where someone like Kerry will sail through regardless of his politics. the Israel lobby is teaming up with the neocon right to prevent President Obama from choosing his Secretary of Defence. Now comes Chuck Hagel, a Republican Senator who would normally also be easy to confirm in the Senate, as Obama's choice for Secretary of Defence. But unlike in the case of Susan Rice, there are real, substantive objections to real substantive positions he has held: he was an early critic of the Iraq war; he wants to get out of Afghanistan, soon; he does not want a war with Iran; and he has supported cuts in military spending. This makes him neocon enemy number one, someone who must be crushed.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
This website contains material related to marijuana and may not be viewed by anyone under the age of 21.
By entering your date of birth you agree to comply with all local and federal regulations and authorities.
Welcome to the Club.
*We take privacy seriously and will never share your information.


text:
Selected regions of an electronically modifiable display are fixed while other regions are left electronically modifiable. The selected regions are fixed by various methods including subjecting the selected regions to heat, light or pressure. In some embodiments, the fixed regions are reversibly fixed so that changes can be made to the fixed regions.
1. A modifiable display with a plurality of stable display states, comprising:
a first set of elements switchable between a first state and a second state; and
a second set of elements selectively physically fixed in the first state such that the second set of elements remains in the first state when subjected to any display signal, the second set of elements representing a desired image.
2. The display of
3. The display of
4. The display of
5. The display of
6. The display of
7. The display of
8. The display of
9. A method of fixing a region of a modifiable display having pixel elements, each pixel element having at least a first stable display state and a second stable display state, the method comprising:
controlling a first plurality of the pixel elements such that each of the first plurality of pixel elements is in the first stable display state; and
selectively physically fixing the first plurality of the pixel elements representing a desired image in the first stable display state such that each of the first plurality of the pixel elements remains in the first stable display state when subjected to any display signal.
10. The method of
11. The method of
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. A modifiable display with a plurality of stable display states, comprising:
a first protective layer;
a second protective layer;
modifiable pixel elements located between the first protective layer and the second protective layer; and
a desired printed pattern on the first protective layer that remains in at least one of the stable display states when subjected to any display signal.
24. The display of
25. The display of
26. The display of
27. The display of
28. The display of
29. The display of
30. The display of
31. The display of
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to modifiable displays with a plurality of stable display states and, more specifically, fixing regions of such modifiable displays to create displays with both fixed and changeable regions.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1 shows one type of modifiable display with a plurality of stable display states. This type of modifiable display is a type of electric paper called the Gyricon. In FIG. 1, electric paper 1 consists of a polymer substrate 10 with elements 20 embedded that are one color, for example, white 30, on one side and another color, for example, black 40, on the other. Such electric paper is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,027, incorporated herein by reference. Under the influence of an electric field, each element rotates so that either one colored side or the other is on top and, therefore, visible to a viewer viewing the electric paper from the top. The elements in this example have two stable states, but the elements can have more than two stable states. The stable state in which each element exists remains unchanged until the element is subjected to the electric field associated with a different stable state. In addition, the elements can be multicolored as discussed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,717,514, incorporated herein by reference, or cylindrical as discussed, for example, in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/960,865 entitled "TWISTING CYLINDER DISPLAY" filed Oct. 30, 1997, and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/960,868 entitled "A TWISTING CYLINDER DISPLAY USING MULTIPLE CHROMATIC VALUES" filed Oct. 30, 1997, incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 6 shows a cross sectional view of an example of electric paper. In FIG. 6, an element 20 is suspended in oil in a cavity 22 of elastomer 50. Elastomer 50 and element 20 are contained within an upper protective layer 60 and a lower protective layer 70. Because element 20 is suspended in oil within cavity 22, element 20 can freely rotate when subjected to an electric field.
Printing on this form of electric paper is accomplished by imposing an electrical pattern over the sheet, the electrical pattern being created by a voltage difference between the top side of the sheet and the bottom side of the sheet. As shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,945, one way to do this is to pass the sheet under an imagewise charging bar. As the sheet passes under the bar, voltages are applied along a set of closely-spaced electrical contacts, one for each pixel or element.
While one kind of electric paper is described above, many kinds of electric paper are known. In addition, other kinds of modifiable displays such as, for example, electrophoretic displays (both single cell type and micro capsule type), thermally addressable displays, magnetically addressable displays and certain kinds of liquid crystal displays, are known.
While conventional electric paper is useful due to its ability to be erased and reused, its erasable property results in added steps being required to use the electric paper as a form (e.g., a form to be filled out by a user). In order to use conventional electric paper as a reusable form, after every erasure, the background or common portions of the form must be rewritten to the electric paper. This step of rewriting the background or common portions is necessary because these portions are erased along with the unique portions.
This problem is addressed by the invention by physically fixing a portion of the modifiable display that is common to all uses of that display such that normal erasure of the display will not erase the physically fixed portions. In the case of a form, the common portions could include, for example, grid lines, headings and labels such as "Name" for blocks to be filled in by a user of the form.
The present invention physically fixes selected regions of the display while leaving the remainder modifiable. The selected regions can be physically fixed in a number of ways. For example, the elements in the selected regions can be heated. By heating the selected regions, the elements in the selected regions can be disabled by, for example, applying an electrical field while the rotatable elements are heated above their melting temperatures, causing them to deform against the cavity wall and thus be no longer capable of rotation. Heating the selected regions can also cause chemical damage which can destroy the mechanisms by which the display operates. Still further damage can be effected by localized heating in which the local optical properties of the display material are changed by the introduction of changes in light absorption or scattering. An example of this is a decomposition of a hydrocarbon material in which a gas bubble is formed which causes scattering of incident light, or, in the case of the Gyricon, greatly interferes with the rotation of the balls. Fixing heat can be applied by using a laser, LED bar or the like. Pressure fixing can also be used to fix the selected regions by using an impact print head or bar to deform the elements or surrounding walls of the substrate. This will have the effect of damaging the rotatable elements, in the case of the Gyricon, and of, for example, destroying the alignment of the molecules at the window surfaces in the case of some liquid crystal kinds of electric paper.
Another aspect of the invention includes printing physically fixed information on the face of the display with standard marking technologies such as permanent ink pens, printers and photocopiers.
The physical fixing of the selected regions can be permanent or temporary. Methods for un-fixing previously fixed regions include removal of ink.
The invention will be described in relation to the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like elements, and wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a conventional piece of electric paper;
FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a display of the present invention;
FIG. 3 shows the display of FIG. 2 after being written on;
FIG. 4 shows the display of FIG. 3 after being erased;
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the display of the invention;
FIG. 6 shows a cross sectional view of an example of electric paper; and
FIG. 7 shows the electric paper of FIG. 6 after being subjected to pressure.
FIG. 2 shows an example of one embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2, grid or border lines 100 are shown on a rotating element display 1. All of the Figures represent the elements 20 of the rotating element display by a matrix of circles. For the purpose of illustration, the circles or elements 20 are shown separated by a relatively large distance. However, in an actual rotating element display or other modifiable display, the elements or pixels are spaced very close together (currently several hundred per inch). Therefore, while the examples shown in the Figures are very simple, very detailed fixed regions are possible with an actual modifiable display.
The elements 20 of the fixed regions 100 are first rotated by conventional methods so that their black side 40 is up. The selected regions 100 are then subjected to one of several physical fixing procedures.
Where the modifiable display is a rotating element display, physical fixing can be performed by the application of heat to the elements in the region to be fixed. The fixing heat can be applied in many ways. For example, light emitted from a laser or a powerful arc lamp can be used to, for example, fuse the selected elements to the substrate, deform the substrate surrounding the element in order to prevent the element from rotating or deform the element itself to prevent the element from rotating. Also, heat can be used to stimulate a chemical reaction within the element to turn the entire element a certain color. Conductive heating can also be used to supply the heat to perform the physical fixing described above.
The elements can also be physically fixed through the application of physical pressure on the elements to deform the elements to the point that they no longer rotate in the substrate. As an alternative, or an addition to, deforming the elements, the substrate surrounding the elements can be deformed through the application of physical pressure, causing the cavities the rotatable elements are contained in to squeeze the rotatable elements and prevent their rotation, as shown in FIG. 7. The fixing pressure can be applied by, for example, an impact print head or bar.
FIG. 3 shows the form of FIG. 2 after being written on by a user of the form. The examples of user writings shown in FIG. 3 are initials "ST" 200, 210 and Xs 220, 230 (surrounded by dashed lines for clarity). These user writings are simple examples of user information written in non-fixed areas of a modifiable display form of the present invention. FIG. 4 shows the form of FIG. 3 after erasure of the user information 200, 210, 220, 230. As shown in FIG. 4, erasure of the form does not turn the fixed elements or pixels back to white. At this point, the form is ready for use by the next user.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the invention in which regions of the modifiable display, in this case electric paper, are provided with a certain color, in this case black, by printing on the face of the display with standard marking technologies such as permanent ink pens, printers and photocopiers. For example, the display can be put in a printer or copier in order to print or copy a form template onto the display. The ink or toner used during printing or copying can be soluble so that the image can be cleaned off and the display reused. This embodiment is not limited to reusable document applications in the office, but can also be utilized in large-area reusable display applications such as white boards, wall calendars, announcement boards, advertising boards and other types of signs. In FIG. 5, examples of fixed images are shown as boxes 300, logo 310 and heading 320.
While the above examples generally address permanent physical fixing of selected regions of the modifiable display, it is also possible to reversibly physically fix the selected regions. Thus the ink that was applied to the surface of the electric paper sheet can be removed by means of solvents or by heating it to its melting point and wiping it off, for example. In the case of the deformed substrate that in turn deformed the cavities containing the rotatable elements and prevented their rotation, thermal annealing could relieve the deformation, allowing the rotatable elements to again rotate in response to an electrical field.
Reversibly physically fixing regions permits the common areas of a form, for example, to be reformatted if necessary. This permits the reuse of displays, such as electric paper forms, after the format of the form or display is revised.
Many uses of physically fixing regions of a modifiable display become apparent from this application. Some examples of such uses are forms, stationery, notepads, display region boundaries, logos and glyph maps. This list includes only a very few examples of the large number of applications available for modifiable displays with physically fixed regions of the present invention and should not be considered as limiting.
While the invention has been described in conjunction with the specific embodiments described above, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, the embodiments of the invention as set forth above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined herein. For example, the modifiable display can be electronically modifiable, magnetically modifiable, or otherwise modifiable.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
"We designed the mission from the start to be able to upgrade the software as needed for different phases of the mission," said Ben Cichy of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., chief software engineer for the Mars Science Laboratory mission. "The flight software version Curiosity currently is using was really focused on landing the vehicle. It includes many capabilities we just don't need any more. It gives us basic capabilities for operating the rover on the surface, but we have planned all along to switch over after landing to a version of flight software that is really optimized for surface operations."
A key capability in the new version is image processing to check for obstacles. This allows for longer drives by giving the rover more autonomy to identify and avoid potential hazards and drive along a safe path the rover identifies for itself. Other new capabilities facilitate use of the tools at the end of the rover's robotic arm.
While Curiosity is completing the software transition, the mission's science team is continuing to analyze images the rover has taken of its surroundings inside Gale Crater. Researchers are discussing which features in the scene to investigate after a few weeks of initial checkouts and observations to assess equipment on the rover and characteristics of the landing site.
The Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft delivered Curiosity to its target area on Mars at 10:31:45 p.m. PDT on Aug. 5 (1:31:45 a.m. EDT on Aug. 6), which includes the 13.8 minutes needed for confirmation of the touchdown to be radioed to Earth at the speed of light.
Curiosity carries 10 science instruments with a total mass 15 times as large as the science payloads on NASA's Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Some of the tools, such as a laser-firing instrument for checking rocks' elemental composition from a distance, are the first of their kind on Mars. Curiosity will use a drill and scoop, which are located at the end of its robotic arm, to gather soil and powdered samples of rock interiors, then sieve and parcel out these samples into the rover's analytical laboratory instruments.
To handle this science toolkit, Curiosity is twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit or Opportunity. The Gale Crater landing site at 4.59 degrees south, 137.44 degrees east, places the rover within driving distance of layers of the crater's interior mountain. Observations from orbit have identified clay and sulfate minerals in the lower layers, indicating a wet history.
Mars Science Laboratory is a project of NASA's Science Mission Directorate. The mission is managed by JPL. Curiosity was designed, developed and assembled at JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena.
For more about NASA's Curiosity mission, visit:
http://www.nasa.gov/mars and http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl .
Follow the mission on Facebook and Twitter at: http://www.facebook.com/marscuriosity
and http://www.twitter.com/marscuriosity .
Guy Webster / D.C. Agle 818-354-5011
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
firstname.lastname@example.com / email@example.com /
Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington


text:
SUBSCRIBEWe will NOT sell your email address to anybody!
One year manufacturer's warranty on most items. Click for details
Orders received by 12 EST usually ship next business day. Click for details
Return any item in new condition for a refund or exchange. Click for details
Airgun or airsoft gun need fixing? Looking for peace of mind with our 10-for-$10 test or to save time with 20-for-$20 service? Our full service tech and repair shop can help! Click for details
Free ground shipping for orders over $150! Click for details
Shipping restrictions by location Click for details
|Sort by:
|Most Popular
Diana RWS 34 Meisterschutze Pro Compact
Add to Cart
Add to Compare
Add to Wishlist
TO6 Trigger, 3-9x40 Scope & Mount
About this product
Starting at $319.99
4.0 (32 reviews)
Gamo Viper Express Air Shotgun & Rifle
Add to Cart
Add to Compare
Add to Wishlist
SAT, Shotshells or Pellets
About this product
Starting at $199.99
4.5 (16 reviews)
From: Gamo
Bundle & Save $14.00!
Gamo Viper Express Shotgun & Rifle, Nitro Piston
Add to Cart
Add to Compare
Add to Wishlist
Shotshells or Pellets, SAT
About this product
Starting at $259.99
4.5 (8 reviews)
From: Gamo
Bundle & Save $17.00!
CheckoutSubtotal (USD):
does not include shipping and tax


text:
WASHINGTON (CNN) — There was no presidential contender at Saturday night's Democratic Party Jefferson Jackson dinner in Iowa, but that doesn't mean 2016 talk wasn't on the menu.
Sen. Chuck Schumer, D-New York, used his keynote address in Des Moines to urge former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to enter the race, offering his full endorsement for her candidacy, proclaiming "2016 is Hillary's time".
"Run, Hillary, run", Schumer told the dinner, "If you run, you'll win and we'll all win".
Schumer was an early supporter of Clinton during her 2008 campaign, becoming the first U.S. senator to endorse her bid. With his Saturday remarks he becomes of the highest officials to publicly push her to run again.
A Democratic source last week said Sen. Kay Hagan, D-North Carolina, told an EMILY's List fundraising event in New York that all sitting female Democratic senators signed a letter urging to Clinton to run as well, but that letter has not been released.
Sen. Claire McCaskill, D-Missouri, vocally endorsed the former secretary of state at another EMILY's List event in Des Moines. In August, McCaskill told the crowd she she could wait for "that moment in 2017 when we can say 'Madam President' to Hillary Rodham Clinton."
Schumer in Des Moines said, "you know her well. first lady, senator, secretary, and as a wife and mother. Hillary's experience is unrivaled and her vision is unparalleled." In 2008, he said, "the time was right for Barack Obama… 2016 is Hillary's time. And our nation will be better for it." Clinton lost a hard-fought battle for the Democratic presidential nomination to Obama in 2008.
The prospect of a Clinton run prompted Schumer to recall losing a junior high school presidential race to a female classmate.
"When I eventually lost to Mady Gibson, not that I still remember her name, but when I lost to her I said then as I say now, it's time for a woman to be president," Schumer said.
Despite much criticism of her actions during and after the Benghazi, Libya unrest last year, Hillary Clinton's approval rating remains high. A CNN/ORC poll conducted October 18-20 found 59% of adult Americans have a favorable opinion of Clinton.


text:
Updated: 08/18/2014 9:44 AM
Created: 08/18/2014 9:20 AM WNYT.com
By: WNYT Staff
WEST LEBANON - A 34-year-old drag racer at Lebanon Valley Dragway is in the hospital after his car's engine exploded in the pits Sunday.
Lebanon Valley's track manager says the driver was evacuated by helicopter after the motor exploded as it was being tuned up for a race.
State police say Jose Santana of East Hartford, Connecticut suffered severe injuries to his right eye and right arm along with burns to the upper part of his body.


text:
BFYA Teen Feedback Livestream from ALA Midwinter 2014
2014 January 25
Share and enjoy
Comments are closed.
from → Awards/Selected Lists, Book Review, Events
Comments are closed.
Get the latest and the greatest news delivered for free to your reader or your inbox:RSS Feed Email Updates Twitter
Copyright 2015 American Library Association


text:
AUBURN — A northeastern Indiana woman whose boyfriend was killed by police after he shot an officer has pleaded guilty to aiding in attempted murder.
The Auburn Star reports 34-year-old Julie Marie King pleaded guilty Friday as part of a plea agreement for her role in the December 2011 shooting of Waterloo Deputy Marshal Steve Brady. Brady was shot just below the left eye socket.
Her 41-year-old boyfriend, Ralph Hardiek, was fatally shot by police several hours later when he pointed a gun at them.
Prosecutors agreed to drop a murder charge accusing King of committing a crime in which a person was killed. The agreement calls for a maximum sentence of 38 years in prison. Judge Monte Brown is scheduled to sentence King on May 6.


text:
KINGSTON, R.I. -- April 8, 2002 -- When a deer tick bites a human or other mammalian host, it takes more than 24 hours before the Lyme disease bacterium travels from the ticks gut to the ticks salivary glands and then into the host. During that time, bioactive proteins in the ticks saliva begin to suppress the mammals pain response, increase blood flow to the area, and prevent clotting while at the same time battling the mammals immune system response to the biting arthropod.
Two University of Rhode Island researchers believe that the proteins in the ticks saliva may be the key to developing a new vaccine for preventing Lyme disease and other tick-transmitted infections by protecting hosts against blood-feeding ticks. The National Institutes of Health recently awarded them $2.3 million to screen for the most promising tick salivary genes over the next five years.
URI entomology Professor Thomas Mather and microbiology Professor David Nelson, director and associate director, respectively, of the URI Center for Vector Borne Disease, discovered the importance of tick saliva as a result of NIH-funded research in the late 1990s. The new grant will help them pinpoint the genes and proteins that can best be developed into a vaccine.
"Ticks have more than 400 proteins in their saliva, many of which have evolved to help them steal blood from a host animal by inactivating specific factors of the immune system," explained Mather. "Were attempting to identify, purify, and learn the function of these various proteins, because by disrupting their function we may be able to prevent ticks from feeding and transmitting disease-causing microbes."
Since they began studying the properties of tick saliva in 1994, Mather and Nelson, along with collaborators at NIH, have already identified a significant number of genes that appear promising. More recently their work has focused on developing a system for rapidly screening additional gene candidates for those that might be effective antigens. Mathers research team makes ticks drool into capillary tubes by administering a muscle relaxant to the ticks. A precious commodity, the team has collected more tick saliva than any other researchers in the world.
"That saliva has become a real treasure chest of potent molecules for us," Mather said. "Its now just a matter of sorting them out, which to me is very exciting."
While Mather focuses on the proteins in the tick saliva, Nelson is studying the Lyme disease bacterium itself.
"When the bacterium is in the ticks saliva on its way from the ticks gut to the mammal hosts blood its in a starvation mode because there arent enough nutrients in the ticks saliva for it to grow," said Nelson. "We think well be able to find a good vaccine candidate among the genes expressed in the bacteriums physiological response to starvation."
According to Nelson, the Lyme disease bacterium has about 1,000 genes, but he already knows that some arent good candidates for a vaccine. "To screen all of them isnt a trivial task. But we can predict which should be screened, so well probably only need to look at between 75 and 150."
Once Mather and Nelson identify the best vaccine candidates either in the tick saliva or in the Lyme disease bacterium they anticipate a pharmaceutical company will complete the process of developing it into a vaccine.
For Information: Thomas Mather 401-874-5616, David Nelson 401-874-5902, Todd McLeish 401-874-7892
Copyright © 1999
University of Rhode Island
For more information about this site, contact email@example.com
File last updated: Friday, April 12, 2002
The University is an affirmative action/equal opportunity employer.
All rights reserved. URL: http://www.uri.edu/news/


text:
The PrinterWorks environmental mandate is: to provide our customers with products that are both energy efficient and environmentally sustainable without compromising productivity; to operate in a manner that promotes environmental responsibility throughout the workplace; and to enable our customers to achieve their imaging solutions goals while reducing their impact on the environment.
Within the framework of the PrinterWorks Managed Print Services specialization we can help our customers adopt, manage, measure, and report on Sustainability both directly and indirectly as affected by all office printing equipment. We can help our customers write their own Sustainability Report as a direct result of the expertise and methodology we follow in managing an organization's printing requirements.
Like financial reporting, writing a sustainability report requires a standard of care, transparency, and diligence that all stakeholders can appreciate. A successful sustainability report will demonstrate how your company's overall strategy will fit into long term business goals. Companies need to avoid the "Greenwashing" that happens either intentionally or not within the act of misleading environmental practices as well as overstated possible benefits of products and services.
PrinterWorks follows core principles accepted internationally through organizations like the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) on how we scope the impacts of print to the environment and then measure all metrics within that scope. From our device Discovery and Design process we can report very detailed pictures of 'current state' as measured against standard office costs and efficiencies as well as environment impact. All customer products and services occupy environmental space beyond internal floor plans where the complete Value Chain must also be analyzed when selecting suppliers. Combine the supply chain metrics of suppliers to simple practices around duplexing, energy star, device right sizing, power consumption, recycling processes, and pure reduction practices so we can quantify gains on Green House Gas reductions and Carbon Footprint progress.
|Did you know?
|1 TONNE of CO2 =
|6.5 seconds of Airline Flight
emissions from one Cow for an entire year
660 bottles of Australian wine made and shipped to Canada
3000 miles driven in your gas powered car
boiling a kettle over 20,000 times
the volume of 6 Double Decker Buses
#3: Duplex – setting print drivers to automatically print on both sides of a page will save substantial dollars on your paper costs, and will reduce the impact on our environment.
To learn how you can start controlling
your printing and imaging fleet today!


text:
URL of site:__________________________________________________________
|1. Is author/manager clearly stated?
|2. Is information source in site?
|3. Is feedback to author/manager available?
|4. Is author/manager responsive
to questions regarding copyright, trademark, or ownership of all material
on site?
|1. Is site's purpose clear?
|2. Is the content the primary focus of the site and not overshadowed by advertising?
|3. Does the site avoid social bias (gender, racial, religious, or other types)?
|4. Does site enrich and expand users imagination?
|1. Is information easy to use and find?
|2. Is site design appealing for intended audience?
|3. Is the text easy to read and not cluttered?
|4. Are users able to move around the site easily?
|5. Are the links pages well-organized and appealing?
|6. Are the collected links
well-chosen and useful to
children exploring the subject?
|7. Is the site design appropriate for intended audience?
|8. If the site is for games or recreation, are playing instructions present?
|9. Does the page load in reasonable amount of time?
|10. Is the page consistently
available and does it load
without problems?
|11. Are required plug-ins clearly identified?
|12. Do the design elements and
features (searchable databases, animations, graphics, sound files,
introductory and transitional pages, and so on)
enhance the site?
|13. Are interactive features clearly explained?
|14. Is the site free of fees and requests for personal information?
|1. Is the title appropriate to the site's purpose?
|2. Is the content easy
to read and understand by its
intended audience?
|3. Is there enough information to make visiting the site worthwhile?
|4. If there is a large amount of information on the site, is there a search function provided?
|5. Is an outline of topics provided allowing users to find topics and move among them easily?
|6. Is the spelling and grammar always correct?
|7. Is the information current and accurate?
|8. Is the information updated regularly?
|9. Is there a "last updated" date?
|10. Are more links to information on the topic provided?
|11. Are graphics relevant and appropriate to the content?
|12. Is the subject matter relevant to and appropriate for the intended audience?
|13. Is the presented viewpoint
comprehensible to the
intended audience?
|14. Are the skills required to use the site's features and structure appropriate and/or appropriately challenging for the intended audience?
|15. Is the highest quality of
content available on
informational sites?
|16. Is the material on the site developmentally appropriate for the intended audience? (Health and life-education sites may include mature content.)
|1. Is the information
on the site as good as a book on
the same topic?
|2. Is the site interactive and engaging?
return to Evaluation of Web Sites
Additional Notes and Comments:


text:
I don't see it that way. You make a big deal out of stating that the stidents are suffering. Okay…so how's the release of this letter going to magically mend this student suffering?
Or is it additional criticism of Sheffield that you seek?
USD 205 is in failure. The release of this stupid letter will not change that. How many more superintendents do we have to go through before you, and the citizens of this Hillbilly Community wake up to the fact that you like it this way?
Dennis Thompson was the last change agent we had. He had some great ideas. But nope, not here in Hillbilly land. We don't want solutions, we want problems to gripe about.


text:
Location: Montreal, CanadaReports To: Engineering Manager
The Junior Mechanical Application Designer will assist the Senior Mechanical Application Designer. You will work to assess the costs of mechanical adaptations for a machine, as well as assisting with the design of mechanical systems and objectives on projects.
Equal Opportunity Employer
NJM Packaging © 2015 Copyright. All rights reserved.


text:
A method for improving step coverage of metallization layers of an aluminum alloy on an integrated circuit involves use of a deposited layer of a high melting point metal, such as tungsten or an alloy of tungsten and titanium, as an anti-reflective coating (ARC) to increase the efficient use of laser energy for planarization purposes where the underlying aluminum alloy covers a step, such as at an open via.
1. A method for improving step coverage of a metallization layer on an integrated circuit having micron/submicron geometry contact vias, comprising the following sequential steps:
depositing a metallization layer of an electrically conductive metal having a low melting and boiling point;
depositing an anti-reflective coating on the metallization layer, the anti-reflective coating having a reflectivity value less than that of the metallization layer, the anti-reflective coating further having a melting and boiling point sufficiently higher than that of the metallization layer to insure that intermixing of the two layers and resultant increasing of resistivity of the metallization layer will not occur during laser planarization; and
subjecting the resulting laminate to laser planarization to melt the metallization layer and cause it to flow into the contact vias without melting the anti-reflective coating.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the anti-reflective coating is tungsten.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the anti-reflective coating is a tungsten alloy.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the anti-reflective coating is a tungsten and titanium alloy.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the metallization layer comprises an aluminum alloy.
6. The method of claim 1, further including the following additional sequential step:
removing the remaining anti-reflective coating after the laser planarization step.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of depositing the anti-reflective coating involves its placement on the metallization layer only about those areas of the integrated circuit outside its micron/submicron geometry contact vias, thereby minimizing subsequent opportunities for intermixing of the metallization layer and the anti-reflective coating during laser planarization.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the first depositing step forms a metallization layer having a thickness between approximately 3,000 Angstroms and 1.5 microns and the second depositing step is carried out by sputtering the anti-reflective coating a thickness less than 1,000 Angstroms, the sputtered anti-reflective coating being deposited so as to not overlap or cover the micron/submicron contact vias after deposit of the metallization layer.
9. The method of claim 1 including the following step:
selecting an anti-reflective coating having physical properties that widen the planarization process window by lowering the via-fill limit of the metallization layer without proportionally lowering its ablation limit.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the lowering of the via-fill limit is attributable to a combination of the reflective properties of the anti-reflective coating, as well as its thermal conductivity and specific heat, and the lack of a proportional lowering of the ablation limit is attributable to its melting and boiling point.
This disclosure relates to metallization of integrated circuits, particularly to improvements in laser planarization of a low boiling point metallization layer at micron/submicron geometry contact vias on integrated circuits.
In the metallization step utilized in the production of integrated circuits preparatory to etching of conductors and bonding pads about their outer surfaces, step-coverage of conductive metal films (typically low boiling point metals, such as aluminum and/or copper alloys) is poor over surface discontinuities, such as via holes, where contact bonding must take place.
Step coverage of conductive metal films deposited conventionally by evaporation or sputtering becomes progressively worse as the dimensions of components on the integrated circuit shrink. The poor step coverage is a result of the "shadow effect" in the deposited film at the sidewalls of steps or holes.
Although the above-mentioned step coverage problem can be solved to some degree by either chemical vapor deposition of tungsten, or by metal deposition using high temperature and/or bias sputtering, the improvement in the step coverage is achieved at the expense of several drawbacks. For chemical vapor deposition of tungsten, the film resistivity is about three times higher than that of aluminum of aluminum alloys. On the other hand, high temperature and/or bias sputtering usually results in poor film qualities such as low electron migration resistance, and high dislocation density.
The use of a pulsed laser to melt and planarize thin metal films having low boiling points to fill high aspect ratio contact vias is a very attractive approach to current high density circuit metallization. Planarization of the conductive surface is particularly desirable when vias are stacked vertically in multilevel metallization. Laser planarization is a low thermal budget, simple, and effective technique for planarizing conductive metal layers and filling interlevel contacts at the cost of only one additional step to the standard process flow.
Excimer laser planarization relies on a very short laser pulse to rapidly melt an absorbing metal layer. During the molten period, mass transport of the conductive metal occurs, which results in flow of the metal into vias and drives the surface flat due to the high surface tension and low viscosity of molten metals.
Recently, the technique of laser planarization has shown promise in improving the step coverage of aluminum alloy films in micron/submicron geometry contacts and contact vias. However, due to the high reflectivity of aluminum (approximately 93% for wave lengths in the region down to 200 mm) and its relatively low evaporation temperature (2467� C.), aluminum alloys suffer from the following disadvantages: (1) inefficient use of laser energy, (2) low optical ablation limit, and (3) low process window between the ablation limit and the via-fill limit.
Planarization systems utilizing excimer laser irradiation show particular promise for filling submicron-diameter vias and planarizing the resulting surface. Lessening of the surface reflectivity normally encountered in heating of aluminum alloys by laser energy has already been reported as widening the "process window" between the "ablation limit", or temperature at which the conductive metal boils or evaporates, and the "via-fill limit", or temperature at which sufficient flow of the conductive metal occurs to fill the circuit recesses.
A general discussion of laser planarization can be found in a paper titled "Interconnects on Integrated Circuits Improved by Excimer Laser Planarization for Multilevel Metallization" by Mukai, et al., pp. 101-107, i.e., VLSI Multilevel Interconnection Conference, Santa Clara, CA (1988), which is hereby incorporated into this disclosure by reference. It describes the use of a thin copper overcoating to enhance aluminum planarization processing by increasing the initial optical absorbance of the laser beam in the conductive metal film. The paper fails to address the generally recognized low oxidation resistance of copper and the difficulty of subsequently etching such copper coatings.
Use of titanium as an anti-reflective coating for laser planarization processes has also been proposed. However, reported improvements in planarization were achieved at the expense of several drawbacks, including high resistivity and stress. The higher resistivity of the Ti--Al alloys that result from intermixing of these materials during laser planarization diminishes the advantage of aluminum metallization over alternative metallization schemes using chemical vapor deposited tungsten as the primary conductive medium. Moreover, the higher stresses in the resulting Ti--Al alloys imposes reliability concerns, such as adhesion, cracks and stress voiding. It has therefore been concluded by prior researchers that titanium itself is not a desirable anti-reflective coating for aluminum and aluminum alloys in metallization procedures.
Despite the shortcomings in presently-reported systems for laser planarization, the value of an anti-reflective coating in widening the process window has been concluded to be important and to have demonstrated usefulness in increasing the thickness of a layer of conductive metal across a step or via.
A search for alternative anti-reflective coatings has led to the present identification of deposited layers of high boiling point metals, such as tungsten or an alloy of tungsten and titanium, as a useful coating. A layer of the selected metal is proposed as an anti-reflective coating on aluminum alloys or other low boiling point metals used for metallization purposes. The addition of a the metallic film prior to laser planarization results in more efficient use of laser energy, less ablation of the aluminum layer at a given optical fluence, and widening of the process window. Its application over the conductive metal film is controlled to eliminate or minimize intermixing of the anti-reflective coating and metallization layer during laser planarization. The anti-reflective layer can then be substantially removed by etching, leaving the metallization layer exposed for further conventional processing steps.
The preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic cross-sectional view showing the initial metallization films;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view of the films following laser planarization;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view of the films following etching of the ARC; and
FIG. 4 is a flow diagram of the steps carried out in this process.
The following disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance with the constitutional purpose of the Patent Laws "to promote the progress of science and useful arts" (Article 1, Section 8).
The present method is directed specifically toward improvement of step coverage of a metallization layer on an integrated circuit having micron/submicron geometry contact vias (1 by 1 micron or less in area).
The use of excimer lasers to melt and planarize an aluminum alloy film used in the metallization of integrated circuits has been previously recognized as holding out possibilities of both improved step coverage and economical manufacturing of high density integrated circuits. However, several difficulties are inherent in this technique: (1) aluminum and its alloys, widely used as metallization layers, are highly reflective to light, down to approximately 200 nm, leading to inefficient use of the laser power directed to an aluminum film for planarizing purposes; (2) the low absorbance of aluminum and its alloys enhances localized ablation at points where surface irregularities absorb more light than the areas surrounding them; and (3) the process window of �6-8% for laser planarization of aluminum and its alloys is relatively narrow.
While reports have been published with respect to using copper and titanium as anti-reflective coatings (ARC) to solve these problems, the choice of these metals has apparently been dictated solely by their reflective qualities. The present improvements to these systems take into account not only the reflectivity of the coating metal, but also its electrical and thermal properties and its resistance to oxidation. The resistivity of the intermixed ARC must not be detrimental to the fundamental purpose of the metallization layer, which is to serve as an effective electrical conductor. By selecting metals having relatively high melting and boiling points in comparison to the low melting and boiling point of the underlying metallization layer, intermixing of the two layers is minimized or eliminated, thereby assuring that the electrical and physical properties of the metallization layer survive the process substantially intact. Resistance to oxidation of the ARC is of particular importance because the processed wafer typically is exposed to air when moving from the planarization equipment to the next processing station. Oxidized ARC surfaces can be detrimental to subsequent etching processes required for its removal.
The method of this invention is outlined in FIG. 4. Following the use of standard processes to produce an integrated circuit, the metallization steps first involve depositing a conventional barrier metal by sputtering. Then the metallization layer, which can be an aluminum alloy or other low melting and boiling point metal (such as copper or copper alloys), is deposited in a covering film by sputtering or other conventional deposition processes suitable for the electrically conductive metal to form a metallization layer having a thickness between approximately 3,000 angstroms and 1.5 microns. A layer of high melting and boiling point metal is next deposited as an anti-reflective coating over the metallization layer, using sputtering techniques to assure that it does not cover or overlap the recess or via where step coverage is to be improved. The sputtered anti-reflective coating being deposited so as to not overlap or cover the micron/submicron contact vias after deposit of the metallization layer. This prevents subsequent intermixing due to the resulting mass flow of melted metal that occurs in the metallization layer during the planarization step. The second depositing step is carried out by sputtering the anti-reflective coating a thickness less than 1,000 angstroms.
The final step leading to covering of the via or hole is laser planarization. This is accomplished by directing optical pulse irradiation from an excimer laser onto the area of the via, causing absorption of the laser beam within the anti-reflective coating 14. During laser planarization, the low melting and boiling point metallization layer will melt and flow into the open spaces of the via or other recess, but most or all of the high melting and boiling point metal covering it will remain in a solid state. The anti-reflective layer can then be removed by etching or other suitable techniques, leaving the planar outer surface of the metallization layer exposed for subsequent processing.
The anti-reflective coating must have a reflectivity value less than that of the metallization layer. It must further have a melting point sufficiently higher than that of the metallization layer to insure that intermixing of the two layers and resultant increasing of resistivity of the metallization layer will not occur during laser planarization.
FIG. 1, illustrates the laminate after deposition of the anti-reflective coating and prior to planarization. The underlying substrate is designated by reference numeral 10. A covering insulating layer 11 overlies the semiconductor components (not shown). The exterior surface of the layer 11 and the exposed surfaces on substrate 10 are apertured to form a via. The surfaces are covered by a barrier metal 12, such as Ti:W, which serves both as a wetting layer and a diffusion barrier.
A metallization layer of a low melting point metal, such as an aluminum alloy 13 extends across the via. The thickness of the aluminum alloy along the walls and bottom surface of the micron/submicron via is relatively thin or is discontinued, due to the shadow effect that occurs when coating a hole. The deposited anti-reflective coating is illustrated at 14. Note that it does not overlap the recessed contact region.
As shown in FIG. 2, subsequent laser planarization causes the aluminum alloy 13 to flow into the open via or hole. Finally, the outer layer of metallic material is removed by etching, resulting in a relatively plane outer surface in the resulting laminate (FIG. 3).
As the structure shown in FIG. 1 is subjected to laser irradiation, the metallization layer 13 is melted. This is facilitated by the reflective nature of the anti-reflective coating. The properties of the anti-reflective coating, with respect to the laser energy wave lengths, widens the planarization process window by the resulting increase in efficient use of laser energy to melt the conductive metal and a lowering of the via-fill limit. This can be attributed to the reflective properties of the selected metal layer covering most of the conductive metal layer.
By carefully controlling the areas about which application of the metallic material occurs, there will be little intermixing of the two metal layers. This is important, since the higher resistivity of the anti-resistive coating is undesirable in the conductors subsequently formed in the metallization layer. To further minimize intermixing, the use of low energy laser irradiation is preferred, leaving an outer layer of metallic material that can be removed by etching at the end of the process.
The major criterion for a film to function effectively as an anti-reflective coating is to have high optical absorbance and high melting and boiling temperatures. Experimental tests have been conducted using tungsten and a tungsten-titanium alloy (Ti-10%, W-90%) as anti-reflective coatings for the laser planarization of aluminum films. As shown in Table 1, the optical absorbance of the anti-reflective coating materials is significantly higher than that of aluminum. In addition, the higher melting and melting and boiling points of the selected metals are important to preserve the integrity of the anti-reflective coatings during exposure to laser energy. The properties of the aluminum film, such as grain size and resistivity after laser planarization, are determined by the degree of alloying and/or diffusion of atoms from the covering anti-reflective coating. Therefore, the state of an anti-reflective coating during exposure to laser beam and subsequent thermal cycle is very important from the standpoint of its usefulness.
TABLE 1______________________________________Bulk properties of various anti-reflective coatings andaluminum (From the Handbook of Physics and Chemistry) MELTING BOILING REFLECTIVITY POINT POINTMATERIAL (%) (�C.) (�C.)______________________________________tungsten (CVD) 45.1 3410 5660TiW (1:9) NA 3000 NAAl 92.5 660 2467______________________________________
The substrates used in this study were 150 mm diameter, p-type<100>Si wafers coated with 1.0 μm thick layer of boron phosphate doped silicon glass (BPSG) and then patterned with 1�1 μm contact vias. A TiW (for TiW and CVD tungsten anti-reflective coatings) diffusion barrier layer of thicknesses 100 nm and 50 nm respectively and an AlSi(1%)Cu(0.5%) layer 800 nm in thickness were then sputter deposited. The anti-reflective coating films (with the exception of tungsten films) were all deposited in-situ in a multi-chamber sputtering system after the aluminum-alloy deposition. Tungsten was deposited in a cold-wall reactor CVD system. The thickness of the various anti-reflective coating films used was 30 nm for CVD tungsten and 35 nm for TiW.
Optical reflectivity data on the sandwich structure obtained for various anti-reflective coating's is shown in table 2. The samples with anti-reflective coating films showed lower reflectivity compared to bare aluminum films. These multi-layered structures were then exposed to an excimer pulse laser of wavelength 308 nm. The energy of the laser pulse used during various experiments was around 470-500 mJ and the substrate temperature was kept at 300� C.
Scanning electron microscope micrographs of contact vias before and after laser planarization with and without and anti-reflective coating were reviewed after planarization. In the case of bare aluminum films, for a substrate temperature of 300� C., complete filling of the contacts was not observed even for an optical fluence of 4.8 J/cm2 which was the maximum optical fluence below ablation. In the case of TiW anti-reflective coating however, complete filling was observed at 2.7 J/cm2.
Table 2 lists the minimum optical fluences required for complete filling and the maximum fluence before the onset of ablation for a substrate temperature of 300� C. for each anti-reflective coating and bare aluminum. The data for aluminum was taken at a substrate temperature of 400� C. since no complete filling was observed for bare aluminum at 300� C.
The process window values in Table 2 were calculated by using the expression: ##EQU1## where, Ff is the minimum optical fluence required for complete filling and Fa is the optical fluence at the onset of optical ablation.
The process window (complete contact filling to ablation) for the contact filling was determined for all the anti-reflective coating's under various process conditions. The process windows were calculated for a substrate temperature of 300� C. For the case of no anti-reflective coating however, the process window is for a substrate temperature of 400� C. since complete filling could not be achieved for any laser fluence below optical ablation.
The reflectivity values in Table 2 were measure in relation to the reflectivity of silicon.
TABLE 2______________________________________Optical reflectivity of anti-reflective coating/800 nmaluminum/SiO2 /Si structures with CVD tungsten (30 nm) andTiW (35 nm) as anti-reflective coatings Process Reflectivity Ff Fa WindowMaterial (%) (J/cm2) (J/cm2) (%)______________________________________W (CVD) 102.2 2.81 3.86 16TiW 124.7 2.70 3.36 11Al* 152.2 4.47 4.90 5______________________________________ *Substrate temperature of 400 C. Ff -- minimum optical fluence required for complete filling. Fa -- optical fluence for the onset of optical ablation.
As shown in Table 2, both anti-reflective coatings showed an improvement in the process window at a substrate temperature much lower than that required for complete filling when no anti-reflective coating is used. The most improvement was observed for the tungsten anti-reflective coating which reflects the fact that the sandwich structure with tungsten anti-reflective coating showed lowest optical reflectivity.
In addition, the percentage filling of the contacts was calculated from the ratio of the filled and total contact area as determined from cross-sectional micrographs. The TiW anti-reflective coating resulted in complete filling at a much lower optical fluence compared to the tungsten anti-reflective coating. However, compared to tungsten anti-reflective coating, the optical ablation also occurred at a lower optical fluence, resulting in a smaller process window for the TiW alloy. For the case of no anti-reflective coating however, the maximum filling observed at 4.9 J/cm2 was less than 40%.
The surface morphology of the aluminum-alloy film after laser planarization has important implications for the subsequent patterning of interconnect lines. Optical micrographs of TiW/Al-alloy films deposited on an array of 0.9 μm deep contact holes etched into BPSG were reviewed both before and after laser planarization. For a relatively lower optical fluence of 0.97 J/cm2, the surface became wrinkled. This probably resulted from melting of the aluminum film underneath anti-reflective coating whereas the TiW film stayed in the solid form. The increase in the plasticity of the TiW film due to rise in the temperature during exposure to laser presumably prevented any cracking. For this laser fluence, very little contact filling was observed. For higher laser fluences, the observed absence of wrinkles could be due to alloying of TiW with aluminum and/or melting of the TiW film during laser planarization.
Preliminary electrical data on the films showed that the resistivity of aluminum film after laser planarization did not show a significant increase when using Tungsten or TiW alloy as an anti-reflective coating, as has been experienced when using titanium for this purpose.
The use of an anti-reflective coating in general resulted in lowering of the optical fluences required for complete filling as well as for the onset of optical ablation. The anti-reflective coatings used to date resulted in improvement of the process window by 11 to 16 percent. The improvement in the process window closely followed the optical reflectivity characteristics of various anti-reflective coatings. CVD tungsten anti-reflective coating gave best results in terms of the most increase in the process window. This follows from lower optical reflectivity and higher melting temperature of tungsten.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown, since the means and construction herein disclosed comprise a preferred form of putting the invention into effect. The invention is, therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the doctrine of equivalents.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Originally posted by the_0bserver85
Ok ok just a minute.
On one hand, I am proud of being an American, I am damn proud about it
BUT on the other hand, I seriously do not proud of my government.
Does it make sense ?
Originally posted by BlackOps719
editedit on 2/2/11 by BlackOps719 because: (no reason given)


text:
Advertisement:Close [X]
100% via 8 votes8
Tight babe gets fucked so good she couldn't help moaning for pleasure
- 11,789
- December 2, 2010
Rocco Siffredi This is the official site of Rocco Siffredi. See him taking advantage of the most beautiful babes as he bangs them rough and hard, or lap up some POV cock sucking as they wrap their sweet lips round thick hard cocks. You won't be disappointed.
Twitter follow @porntube
From Our Blog Blog RSS
We are happy to help.
Choose your size


text:
"I sent these holiday cards to my family and friends. The print & paper quality was very good! I chose the grey color to switch it up from the traditional holiday colors. If you're looking for a simplistic and non-traditional holiday card, this design fits the bill perfectly!"
"If you are like every family you realize that you forgot someone as all of the holiday cards come in only to find that you cannot order more cards without designing a new one with tiny prints or calling and telling them each new address that you need a card sent to. They need to hire a programmer so that they can get this done on their website!!!!"
"I ordered this card with the pearl white shimmer paper and could not be happier. The card was exactly as pictured on the web site."
"The quality of the printing was very nice - just like I expected. And I really appreciated the direct mailing service. So handy. This is the first time I've mailed Christmas cards in years and TinyPrints is the reason."
"I really like the simple three panel layout especially the room for the larger photo. I also like the the simple text area that didn't over power the photos. Friends commented on the same things. The paper stock was of high quality, firm card stock that wasn't overly stiff. The photos printed very clearly on it as well. Overall a very elegant and simple design that allows the photos to "do the talking". Highly recommend!"


text:
Pollster.com has a listing of several polls in Texas in Ohio the day before Democratic presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama battle in those key states. Most polls in Texas show Obama with a slight lead while most Ohio surveys show Clinton ahead.
Strange Bedfellows -- Politics News
News about Seattle and King County government as well as national politics.


text:
Several Duke teams post perfect APR scores
Duke University student-athletes nailed perfect Academic Progress Report scores for eight varsity teams, according to data released by the NCAA.
Teams at Duke that achieved a perfect 1,000 for the academic years ending in 2012-13 were:
- Men's and women's golf
- Men's swimming and diving
- Women's lacrosse
- Rowing
- Volleyball
- Wrestling
- Women's fencing
The men's basketball team ranked first in its conference in a tie with Notre Dame and Pittsburgh at 995. They were followed by Miami (990), Clemson (989), Syracuse (969), Virginia Tech (960), N.C. State (959), Florida State University (955), Maryland and Wake Forest (953), Boston College (951), Virginia (945) and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (938).
Duke's football team scored 992, followed by Clemson and Georgia Tech (983), Boston College (981), Virginia Tech (977), Miami (972), Wake Forest (970), Syracuse (965), Pittsburgh (961), FSU (958), Virginia (956), Maryland and N.C. State (950) and UNC (938).


text:
Click to expand
What do you think? Give us your opinion. Anonymous comments allowed.
Reply-2#80 - Goldenhawk (01/29/2013) [-]
Reply+4#92 to #80 - candytaker (01/29/2013) [-]
#93 to #92 - Goldenhawk (01/29/2013) [-]
Here for a month. Big family reunion, not much to do while sitting at home.
#85 to #83 - Goldenhawk (01/29/2013) [-]
I'm at a family members house here, he lives next to the Chinatown area of Honolulu. Where abouts are you?
#103 to #101 - Goldenhawk (01/29/2013) [-]
For sure! Just landed here yesterday and have to stay here while family members keep coming in which sucks, but im within 5 minutes walking distance to waikiki beach! Never heard of Diamond head but will look it up. Thanks!
#106 to #104 - Goldenhawk (01/30/2013) [-]
Just came back from the beach! Was great! Thanks for the info!


text:
Filtering Fair Use?
Publication Date:March 05, 2007
Source:Red Herring
Author:Alexandra Berzon
This article investigates whether it is a good thing to install Fair Use filters in order to prevent copyright infringements. Anthony Falzone, director of the Fair Use Project is quoted:"It's like using a sledgehammer on a thumbtack," said Anthony Falzone, director of the Fair Use project at Stanford University's Google-funded Center for Internet and Society.


text:
Romantic comedy to be staged by college drama students
Vance-Granville Community College drama students' production of John Cariani's comedy, "Almost, Maine," will run through Sunday. Performances, which will take place in the small auditorium in Building 2 on the college's Main Campus in Henderson, are scheduled for today, at 8 p.m.; Saturday, at 2 p.m. and 8 p.m.; and on Sunday at 2 p.m.
The story takes place in a remote, mythical town called Almost whose residents find themselves falling in and out of love in unexpected and often hilarious ways one night in the middle of winter.
The cast includes students Spencer Nunn of Warrenton; Rachel Pottern of Wake Forest; Joy Chalmers and Cody Trivette, both of Oxford; Cameron Kester of Bullock; Jennie Robinson and Bruce Hayes, both of Henderson; and Courtney Mitchell of Franklinton. Directing the play is Betsy Henderson, the college's theatre arts/speech instructor and department head for Humanities and Fine Arts.
Tickets — $5 for students, faculty and staff, and seniors; and $10 for the general public — may be purchased at the door. However, attendees are encouraged to making reservations by contacting Betsy Henderson at (252) 738-3371 or email@example.com.


text:
Explore Undergraduate Programs, Graduate Admissions at GCU
Lakewood, N.J., Dec. 22, 2011—Whether you're a high school senior making tough college choices or a professional looking for a way to get ahead in your career, Georgian Court University is hosting several admissions events in January designed to help you take the next step.
Members of the GCU admissions team will guide prospective students through the application process and share information about the university's undergraduate and graduate programs. Other important issues—scholarships, financial aid, academics, student life, and more—will be discussed as well.
The January admissions events include:
Contact Georgian Court University for detailed registration information about each event at 732.987.2700 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com for details
Founded in 1908 and sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy, Georgian Court University is a comprehensive university with a strong liberal arts core and a special concern for women. A forward-thinking university that supports diversity and academic excellence, Georgian Court serves more than 2,500 students of all faiths and backgrounds in a residential Women's College and a coeducational University College with undergraduate and graduate programs. Georgian Court's main campus is located at 900 Lakewood Avenue, Lakewood, N.J., on the picturesque former George Jay Gould estate, now named a National Historic Landmark. Georgian Court also offers classes at its site at One Woodbridge Center in Woodbridge, at Coastal Communiversity in Wall, and at Cumberland County College in Vineland.
# # #
Tuesday, Aug 4Graduate Information Sessions
Wednesday, Aug 12Summer Visit Days
Monday – Friday and selected Saturdays throughout the year
Campus Tours


text: Start your free moving quote: Moving from: Moving to: Next › Next › Reduce the stress of your big move with a reliable company - turn to North American Van Lines. Call us for a free quote or to schedule a service, today. Get a free moving quote from North American Van Lines! The Difference North American Van Lines Makes What makes North American Van Lines the better choice amongst other moving companies? The answer can simply be summed up in our affordable prices, leading-edge technology and high quality assurance standards that make helping you relocate a breeze. Most of all, we have 80 years of experience to give you the peace of mind you need. Our Moving Solutions Include:PackingTransportationTransporting cars/boatsProviding boxes and packing materialsStorageAnd much moreContact us today to receive a free quote or book your service. Put your trust in North American Van Lines Since 1933, North American Van Lines has built a reputation for itself as a world leader in relocation services. Our network of moving companies is 500 agent locations strong, so that we can serve you wherever you may be. Agents within 75 miles of Alexandria,louisiana Hathorn Transfer & Storage Co., Inc. 620 Elliott St., Alexandria, LA 71301 Distance: 0 Miles Williams Transportation & Storage, Inc. 2301 Sartor, Leesville, LA 71446 Distance: 49.17 Miles


text:
Mathematics and sensors come together in some new ways to form a powerful tool for combating terrorism, piracy and the transport of drugs. In a project that combines resources at ORNL and Clemson University, researchers and students are using something called Level 3 sensor fusion to identify and predict the behavior of ships, tanks, people and more. "This means we not only know where they are, but we can make educated guesses about what they're going to do and when," said Chris Griffin of ORNL's Computational Sciences & Engineering Division. The system, called LEPERD ? Learning and Prediction for Enhanced Readiness and Decision Making ? involves a lot of new math and uses techniques from pattern recognition, learning theory, statistical analysis and control theory. Funding is provided by the Office of Naval Research.
We're always happy to get feedback from our users. Please use the Comments form to send us your comments, questions, and observations.
Follow us on social media:


text:
Our unrivaled selection of Trek bikes set the bar in our industry for quality and comfort, and are included in the trip cost. From the full-carbon Trek Domane 5.9 with it's incredibly smooth ride, to the ultra comfortable Trek 7.6 Fx Hybrid, you'll have the best ride on one of our bike trips. Plus you can upgrade to the ultra fast Trek Madone 6.5 or get a little boost with our selection of eBikes. Learn more >
Trek Bikes, Excellence Comes Standard
Aug / 19 / 2013


text:
During a routine meet-and-greet with fans backstage during her LOUD tour, Rihanna got a surprise when one of her male fans dropped down on one knee and proposed marriage — with a ring and everything. While she was posing for pictures with two of her fans, the guy brought out a box from Tiffany's and dropped to one knee to ask his girlfriend to marry him. Rihanna was left speechless
After gushing about the proposal, RiRi was also caught groping one of her fans boobs. Check out the pic and more below


text:
Ryan M. Rothman, PGA
Main Address:
Grand Haven Golf Club
Grand Haven, MI 49417-8854
(616) 842-4040
Grand Haven, MI 49417-8854
(616) 842-4040
17000 Lincoln St
Grand Haven, MI 49417-8854
Grand Haven, MI 49417-8854
(616) 842-4040
Ryan Rothman is a PGA Professional in Grand Haven, MI. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
Services Offered:
- Instruction
Professional has not entered award information.
Home » Golf Courses » Michigan » Grand Rapids » Ryan M. Rothman, PGA
PGA of America Championships
Philadelphia Cricket Club
Philadelphia, Pa.
Whistling Straits
Kohler, Wis.
Hazeltine National Golf Club
Chaska, Minn.


text:
Bexar County deputy resigns after DWI arrest
Susanna Cervantes arrested in January, faces multiple charges
A Bexar County sheriff's deputy who was arrested in January on several charges including resisting arrest and DWI has resigned.
According to the sheriff's office, 35-year-old detention officer Susanna Cervantes resigned last week.
Cervantes was arrested in early January after an SAPD officer reported seeing her crash into two concrete barriers in a far West Side parking lot.
Officers said they had to use stun gun to subdue Cervantes after she became combative with them
Cervantes also reportedly kicked out the back of a patrol vehicle while she was detained.
Cervantes was charged with resisting arrest, criminal mischief, and driving while intoxicated.
Copyright 2013 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
US Airways Flight Attendants Vote to Strike
By Alex Johnston On November 20, 2012 @ 8:18 pm In National News | No Comments
Flight attendants with US Airways voted to enact a strike, said union representatives Tuesday.
"We want to work for a successful airline—but the airline will never be successful when its frontline workers are hurting," stated Roger Holmin and Deborah Volpe, presidents for the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA (AFA) representing flight attendants with US Airways and America West, according to an AFA media release.
US Airways is holding talks with the bankrupt American Airlines about a possible merger, but so far two contracts offered to flight attendants have been voted down by the union this year, reported Reuters.
The airliner has around 6,700 flight attendants.
The representatives said that the "attendants are determined to do whatever it takes to get our long overdue contract."
US Airways gave a statement to Reuters explaining that the flight attendants have not been released to strike, meaning that there will be no disruptions during this holiday travel season.
The Epoch Times publishes in 35 countries and in 19 languages. Subscribe to our e-newsletter.
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2012 Epoch Times. All rights reserved.


text:
Road unkind to HC volleyball team
- Release Date:
- March 1, 2008
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
STEVENSON, MD - The Hilbert College men's volleyball team lost all three matches played this weekend in Maryland at Villa Julie College. On Friday night the Hawks played the host Mustangs and lost 0-3 (26-30, 28-30, 21-30). In the first match on Saturday, Hilbert stretched New Jersey City University to four games but wasn't able to rally before succumbing 1-3 (26-30, 17-30, 30-21, 34-36). National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) member King College blanked Hilbert in the final match-up of the day 3-0 (30-21, 30-26, 30-16).
For the weekend the team was lead by freshman Dan Wolfe (Rochester, NY/Irondequoit) who had a combined 25 kills and contributed defensively with 21 digs and five solo blocks. Senior Kevin Murphy (Buffalo, NY/Bishop Timon) dished out 80 assists for the weekend, and teammates Robert Gerhard (Angola, NY/ Lake Shore) and Luke Whelan (Buffalo, NY/Lake Shore) each had 24 kills and seven solo blocks. Gerhard also added 29 digs in the three-match outing.
Hilbert (1-10, 1-4) will look ahead to playing at conference foe D'Youville College on Wednesday March 5th at 7:00 PM.
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015


text:
All inclusive holidays to Egypt
Beaches, camel rides and Pyramids
When you book an All inclusive holiday to Egypt, your flights, hotel, food and drink are covered. So you can get on with exploring the Pyramids...
Why you should visit Egypt
Whether you're into checking out tropical fish or epic ancient monuments, Egypt has it sorted. And with All inclusive holidays to Egypt, your basic costs are taken care of upfront. So, there's no need to worry about the bill when you're there. Here are our top 5 ways to enjoy yourself in Egypt...
- Beaches, diving and pools
Sand stretches for miles along the eastern coast of Egypt, but the beaches aren't just about sunloungers and watersports – the Red Sea here is home to some of the best dive sites in the world. Elsewhere, the Nile region is miles from the coast, but if you want to catch some rays, there are always the hotel swimming pools and sun decks on Nile cruisers
- Undersea life
There are over 1,000 types of fish swimming around in the Ras Mohammed National Park and you can get up close when you visit Shark Reef and Anemone City. It's an hour away from Sharm El Sheikh by boat. White storks, osprey and herons make this a good trip for twitchers, too.
- Haggling in the souk
If you like nothing better than a good haggle, you'll want to head to one of Luxor's souks. In the atmospheric bazaar, Sharia Al–Souk you can strike a bargain for souvenirs like water pipes, perfume bottles and jewellery. But if negotiating isn't your thing, you'll find fixed price shops around Television Street
- Super–sized temples
It took 1,300 years to get the Temple of Karnak in Luxor exactly right, and it's still in surprisingly good nick today. This massive monument is actually a mix of temples, sanctuaries and chapels. If you go to the Sound and Light Show
at night you can enjoy it with a spooky soundtrack in the background, as long–dead Pharaohs tell the story of Thebes' past.
- Camel rides in the desert
There's no better way to take in the romantic desertscapes of the Sinai than on the back of the camel. These trusty 'ships of the desert' have been Bedouin transport since forever – but if you want something a bit more 21st century, you can always hire a quad bike for a zoom about on the sands.
Check our full Egypt guide clicking here
Find some of the best All inclusive holidays to Egypt with one quick search.
Latest Deals
Price per person
£ 687All Inclusive
£ 489All Inclusive
£ 613All Inclusive
£ 536All Inclusive
£ 495All Inclusive
What are these prices
Where we go in Egypt
For terms and conditions click here


text:
Dr. Steve Greene is now sharing his reflections and practical insights as a ministry leader on Greenelines, a new podcast from Charisma. Listen at charismapodcastnetwork.com.
The Charisma Podcast Network is now live. Featuring a variety of programs including news, leadership, inspiring stories, women's topics, sports, and even more.
Subscribe now for free!