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Economic liberalisation in India
|This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: repeated information and poor organisation. (August 2014)
The economic liberalisation in India refers to the ongoing economic liberalisation, initiated in 1991, of the country's economic policies, with the goal of making the economy more market-oriented and expanding the role of private and foreign investment. Specific changes include a reduction in import tariffs, deregulation of markets, reduction of taxes, and greater foreign investment. Liberalisation has been credited by its proponents for the high economic growth recorded by the country in the 1990s and 2000s. Its opponents have blamed it for increased poverty, inequality and economic degradation. The overall direction of liberalisation has since remained the same, irrespective of the ruling party, although no party has yet solved a variety of politically difficult issues, such as liberalising labour laws and reducing agricultural subsidies.[1] There exists a lively debate in India as to what made the economic reforms sustainable.[2]
Indian government coalitions have been advised to continue liberalisation. India grows at slower pace than China, which has been liberalising its economy since 1978.[3] The McKinsey Quarterly states that removing main obstacles "would free India's economy to grow as fast as China's, at 10% a year".[4]
There has been significant debate, however, around liberalisation as an inclusive economic growth strategy. Since 1992, income inequality has deepened in India with consumption among the poorest staying stable while the wealthiest generate consumption growth.[5] As India's gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate became lowest in 2012-13 over a decade, growing merely at 5%,[6] more criticism of India's economic reforms surfaced, as it apparently failed to address employment growth, nutritional values in terms of food intake in calories, and also exports growth - and thereby leading to a worsening level of current account deficit compared to the prior to the reform period.[7]
Pre-liberalisation policies[edit]
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Indian economic policy after independence was influenced by the colonial experience (which was seen by Indian leaders as exploitative in nature) and by those leaders' exposure to Fabian socialism. Policy tended towards protectionism, with a strong emphasis on import substitution, industrialisation under state monitoring, state intervention at the micro level in all businesses especially in labour and financial markets, a large public sector, business regulation, and central planning.[8] Five-Year Plans of India resembled central planning in the Soviet Union. Steel, mining, machine tools, water, telecommunications, insurance, and electrical plants, among other industries, were effectively nationalised in the mid-1950s.[9] Elaborate licences, regulations and the accompanying red tape, commonly referred to as Licence Raj, were required to set up business in India between 1947 and 1990.[10]
Before the process of reform began in 1991, the government attempted to close the Indian economy to the outside world. The Indian currency, the rupee, was inconvertible and high tariffs and import licencing prevented foreign goods reaching the market. India also operated a system of central planning for the economy, in which firms required licences to invest and develop. The labyrinthine bureaucracy often led to absurd restrictions—up to 80 agencies had to be satisfied before a firm could be granted a licence to produce and the state would decide what was produced, how much, at what price and what sources of capital were used. The government also prevented firms from laying off workers or closing factories. The central pillar of the policy was import substitution, the belief that India needed to rely on internal markets for development, not international trade—a belief generated by a mixture of socialism and the experience of colonial exploitation. Planning and the state, rather than markets, would determine how much investment was needed in which sectors.
Pre-1991 liberalisation attempts[edit]
Attempts were made to liberalise the economy in 1966 and 1985. The first attempt was reversed in 1967. Thereafter, a stronger version of socialism was adopted. The second major attempt was in 1985 by prime minister Rajiv Gandhi. The process came to a halt in 1987, though 1967 style reversal did not take place.[12]
In the 80s, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi started light reforms. The government slightly reduced Licence Raj and also promoted the growth of the telecommunications and software industries.[citation needed]
The Vishwanath Pratap Singh (1989–1990) and Chandra Shekhar Singh government (1990–1991) did not add any significant reforms.
- The low annual growth rate of the economy of India before 1980, which stagnated around 3.5% from 1950s to 1980s, while per capita income averaged 1.3%.[13] At the same time, Pakistan grew by 5%, Indonesia by 9%, Thailand by 9%, South Korea by 10% and Taiwan by 12%.[14]
- Only four or five licences would be given for steel, electrical power and communications. Licence owners built up huge powerful empires.[11]
- A huge private sector emerged. State-owned enterprises made large losses.[11]
- Income Tax Department and Customs Department became efficient in checking tax evasion.
- Infrastructure investment was poor because of the public sector monopoly.[11]
- Licence Raj established the "irresponsible, self-perpetuating bureaucracy that still exists throughout much of the country"[15] and corruption flourished under this system.[16]
The fruits of liberalisation reached their peak in 2007, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9%.[17] With this, India became the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China.[16] The growth rate has slowed significantly in the first half of 2012.[18] An Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report states that the average growth rate 7.5% will double the average income in a decade, and more reforms would speed up the pace.[19]
First Round of Reforms (1991–1996)[edit]
By 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged to the value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it was in a serious economic crisis. The government was close to default,[22][23] its central bank had refused new credit and foreign exchange reserves had reduced to the point that India could barely finance three weeks' worth of imports. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland and 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Most of the economic reforms were forced upon India as a part of the IMF bailout.[24]
A Balance of Payments crisis in 1991 pushed the country to near bankruptcy. In return for an IMF bailout, gold was transferred to London as collateral, the rupee devalued and economic reforms were forced upon India. That low point was the catalyst required to transform the economy through badly needed reforms to unshackle the economy. Controls started to be dismantled, tariffs, duties and taxes progressively lowered, state monopolies broken, the economy was opened to trade and investment, private sector enterprise and competition were encouraged and globalisation was slowly embraced. The reforms process continues today and is accepted by all political parties, but the speed is often held hostage by coalition politics and vested interests.
— India Report, Astaire Research[16]
Later reforms[edit]
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
- The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-Atal Bihari Vajpayee administration surprised many by continuing reforms, when it was at the helm of affairs of India for five years.[25]
- The BJP-led National Democratic Alliance Coalition began privatising under-performing government owned business including hotels, VSNL, Maruti Suzuki, and airports, and began reduction of taxes, an overall fiscal policy aimed at reducing deficits and debts and increased initiatives for public works.
- The United Front government attempted a progressive budget that encouraged reforms, but the 1997 Asian financial crisis and political instability created economic stagnation.
- Towards the end of 2011, the Congress-led UPA-2 Coalition Government initiated the introduction of 51% Foreign Direct Investment in retail sector. But due to pressure from fellow coalition parties and the opposition, the decision was rolled back. However, it was approved in December 2012.[26]
- In the early months of 2015, the second BJP-led NDA Government under Narendra Modi further opened up the insurance sector by allowing up to 49% FDI. This came seven years after the previous government attempted and failed to push through the same reforms and 16 years after the sector was first opened to foreign investors up to 26% under the first BJP-led NDA Government under Atal Bihari Vajpayee's administration.[27]
- The second BJP-led NDA Government also opened up the coal industry through the passing of the Coal Mines (Special Provisions) Bill of 2015. It effectively ended the Indian central government's monopoly over the mining of coal, which existed since nationalization in 1973 through socialist controls. It has opened up the path for private, foreign investments in the sector, since Indian arms of foreign companies are entitled to bid for coal blocks and licences, as well as for commercial mining of coal. This could result in billions of dollars investments by domestic and foreign miners. The move is also beneficial to the state-owned Coal India Limited, which may now get the elbow room to bring in some much needed technology and best practices, while opening up prospects of a better future for millions of mine workers.[28]
Impact of reforms[edit]
The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US$132 million in 1991–92 to $5.3 billion in 1995–96.[30]
Cities like Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, NOIDA, Gurgaon, Ghaziabad, Pune, Jaipur, Indore and Ahmedabad have risen in prominence and economic importance, become centres of rising industries and destination for foreign investment and firms.
Annual growth in GDP per capita has accelerated from just 1¼ per cent in the three decades after Independence to 7½ per cent currently, a rate of growth that will double average income in a decade. [...] In service sectors where government regulation has been eased significantly or is less burdensome—such as communications, insurance, asset management and information technology—output has grown rapidly, with exports of information technology enabled services particularly strong. In those infrastructure sectors which have been opened to competition, such as telecoms and civil aviation, the private sector has proven to be extremely effective and growth has been phenomenal.
Election of AB Vajpayee as Prime Minister of India in 1998 and his agenda was a welcome change. His prescription to speed up economic progress included solution of all outstanding problems with the West (Cold War related) and then opening gates for FDI investment. In three years, the West was developing a bit of a fascination to India's brainpower, powered by IT and BPO. By 2004, the West would consider investment in India, should the conditions permit. By the end of Vajpayee's term as prime minister, a framework for the foreign investment had been established. The new incoming government of Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2004 is further strengthening the required infrastructure to welcome the FDI.
Today, fascination with India is translating into active consideration of India as a destination for FDI. The A T Kearney study is putting India second most likely destination for FDI in 2005 behind China. It has displaced US to the third position. This is a great leap forward. India was at the 15th position, only a few years back. To quote the A T Kearney Study "India's strong performance among manufacturing and telecom & utility firms was driven largely by their desire to make productivity-enhancing investments in IT, business process outsourcing, research and development, and knowledge management activities".
Challenges to further reforms[edit]
For 2010, India was ranked 124th among 179 countries in Index of Economic Freedom World Rankings, which is an improvement from the preceding year.
- Slow growth of the agricultural sector, where half of Indians earn most of their income[31]
- Highly restrictive and complex labour laws.[32][19][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]
- High inflation[31]
- High poverty[31]
- Corruption and graft[31]
- Lack of political consensus and will[31][40]
OECD summarised the key reforms that are needed:
In labour markets, employment growth has been concentrated in firms that operate in sectors not covered by India's highly restrictive labour laws. In the formal sector, where these labour laws apply, employment has been falling and firms are becoming more capital intensive despite abundant low-cost labour. Labour market reform is essential to achieve a broader-based development and provide sufficient and higher productivity jobs for the growing labour force. In product markets, inefficient government procedures, particularly in some of the states, acts as a barrier to entrepreneurship and need to be improved. Public companies are generally less productive than private firms and the privatisation programme should be revitalised. A number of barriers to competition in financial markets and some of the infrastructure sectors, which are other constraints on growth, also need to be addressed. The indirect tax system needs to be simplified to create a true national market, while for direct taxes, the taxable base should be broadened and rates lowered. Public expenditure should be re-oriented towards infrastructure investment by reducing subsidies. Furthermore, social policies should be improved to better reach the poor and—given the importance of human capital—the education system also needs to be made more efficient.
Reforms at the state level[edit]
According to an OECD survey of the Indian economy [19] states that had more liberal regulatory regimes had better economic performance. The survey also concluded that were complementary measures for better delivery of infrastructure, education and basic services implemented, they would boost employment creation and poverty reduction.
See also[edit]
- ^ "That old Gandhi magic". The Economist. 27 November 1997.
- ^ For a critique of the existing explanations and a comprehensive alternative explanation see: Sharma, Chanchal Kumar (2011) "A Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reforms Sustainability." India Review (Routledge, UK)126-84
- ^ "India's economy: What's holding India back?". The Economist. 6 March 2008.
- ^ "The McKinsey Quarterly: India—From emerging to surging" (PDF). The McKinsey Quarterly. 2001.
- ^ "India's income inequality has doubled in 20 years - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ GDP growth slumps to 5%, a decade's low, Hindu Business Line 31 May 2013
- ^ India's Ponzi-styled economic reforms run out of steam, East Asia Forum 4 June 2013
- ^ Kelegama, Saman and Parikh, Kirit (2000). "Political Economy of Growth and Reforms in South Asia". Second Draft.
- ^ Sam Staley (2006). "The Rise and Fall of Indian Socialism: Why India embraced economic reform".
- ^ Street Hawking Promise Jobs in Future, The Times of India, 25 November 2001
- ^ a b c d "India: the economy". BBC. 12 February 1998.
- ^ For a complete history & analysis of liberalisation episodes in India, see: Sharma, Chanchal Kumar (2011) "A Discursive Dominance Theory of Economic Reforms Sustainability." India Review (Routledge, UK)126-84
- ^ "Redefining The Hindu Rate of Growth". The Financial Express.
- ^ "Industry passing through phase of transition". The Tribune India.
- ^ Eugene M. Makar (2007). An American's Guide to Doing Business in India.
- ^ a b c "The India Report" (PDF). Astaire Research.
- ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ "BBC News - India growth rate slows to 5.3% in first quarter". Bbc.co.uk. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ a b c d e "Economic survey of India 2007: Policy Brief" (PDF). OECD.
- ^ V. Venkatesan (1–14 January 2005). "Obituary: A scholar and a politician". Frontline 22 (1). Archived from the original on 2010-01-30. Retrieved 30 March 2010.
- ^ PV Narasimha Rao Passes Away. Retrieved 7 October 2007.[dead link]
- ^ India's Pathway through Financial Crisis. Arunabha Ghosh. Global Economic Governance Programme. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.
- ^ What Caused the 1991 Currency Crisis in India?, IMF Staff Papers, Valerie Cerra and Sweta Chaman Saxena.
- ^ Economic Crisis Forcing Once Self-Reliant India to Seek Aid, New York Times, 29 June 1991
- ^ J. Bradford DeLong (2001). "India Since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative" (PDF).
- ^ "End of policy paralysis: Govt approves 51% FDI in multi-brand retail". Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
- ^ "Parliament passes insurance bill in a major boost to Modi's reforms agenda". livemint.com. Retrieved 2015-03-13.
- ^ "Parliament boost to Modi's plans: Coal, mining bills passed by Rajya Sabha". indiatoday.intotoday.in. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
- ^ "HSBC GLT frontpage". Retrieved 22 August 2008.
- ^ Local industrialists against multinationals. Ajay Singh and Arjuna Ranawana. Asiaweek. Retrieved on 2 March 2007.
- ^ a b c d e Biswas, Soutik (2011-07-27). "Challenges ahead for India reforms". BBC News (BBC). Archived from the original on 2011-09-08. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
- ^ "IMF calls for urgent reform in Indian labour laws".
- ^ Kaushik Basu, Gary S. Fields, and Shub Debgupta. "Retrenchment, Labor Laws and Government Policy: An Analysis with Special Reference to India" (PDF). The World Bank.
- ^ R. C. Datta/Milly Sil (2007). "Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India" (PDF).
- ^ Aditya Gupta (2006). "How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms?" (PDF).
- ^ Basu, Kaushik (27 June 2005). "Why India needs labour law reform". BBC.
- ^ "A special report on India: An elephant, not a tiger". The Economist. 11 December 2008.
- ^ "India Country Overview 2008". The World Bank. 2008.
- ^ Gurcharan Das (July–August 2006). "The India Model". The Foreign Affairs.
- ^ Schuman, Michael (2012-11-05). "India vs China: Which Has a Bigger Reform Challenge?". Time (Time). Archived from the original on 2013-03-09. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
External links[edit]
- For a short educational video of the "economic history of India".
- Nick Gillespie (2009). "What Slumdog Millionaire can teach Americans about economic stimulus". Reason.
- Gurcharan Das (2006). "The India Model". The Foreign Affairs.
- Ravinder Kaur (2015). "Good Times, Brought to you by Brand Modi". Television and New Media.
- Ravinder Kaur (2012). "India Inc. and its Moral Discontent". Economic and Political Weekly.
- Aditya Gupta (2006). "How wrong has the Indian Left been about economic reforms?" (PDF). Centre for Civil Society.
- "The India Report" (PDF). Astaire Research <<doesn't work>>. 2007.


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COLUMBIA CITY — Recent facility improvements at the Whitley County Jail are now complete.
Showers at the jail were recently sealed with an epoxy to prevent leaks. The water had begun to be a problem at the facility.
"It has prevented the leaks from going down under the hallway floors or down to the basement," said Whitley County Sheriff Mark Hodges. "When water leaks it has to go somewhere. We had water going into the basement from the showers."
Throughout the years the showers had been routinely painted. Eventually, though, the paint was not sealing the cracks in the floor.
Another addition to the showers is a new floor, which has a slip-resistant surface.
To read the rest of this story, see the March 1 issue of The Post and Mail. Don't have a subscription? Call (260) 244-5153 or subscribe to our e-edition. For breaking news, sports updates and additional coverage, bookmark the homepage and find us on facebook.

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I love pearls (maybe you've heard? ha!) and I especially enjoy designing jewelry with nubby iridescent stick pearls, flower jewelry in particular. It combines two of my faves--pearls and flowers--because to me, stick pearls just beg to be given new life as flower petals.
Note: My stick pearls were drilled lengthwise; you can find them top-drilled or drilled across one end, similar to how briolettes are drilled. Those would make a neater flower with hardly any wire showing.
I used a gold-plated cuff, but the only gold-plated wire I had to play with was memory wire--and my poor wire cutters weren't up for another round with them--so I used some brass wire. The brass had some good tarnish on it, which would add interest and pair nicely with the iridescence of the stick pearls, which were a little more brass-colored than gold anyway.
I used 24-gauge but 26- or 28-gauge would've worked fine too). It hardens as you work with it, of course, so anything larger than 24-gauge would get pretty stiff and brittle--plus most pearl holes aren't large enough to take more than about 24-gauge wire. The brass wire was fairly durable so I didn't have any breaks, but using a softer wire like silver or copper would warrant more caution to avoid kinks or overworking it to a breaking point.
Tip: Rather than anchoring one end of the wire and working with the whole remaining length, bend the wire in half and insert each end up through two adjacent holes and work out from there, so that you're only working with about half the wire at a time. That lessens the amount of work-hardening each end of wire will receive by half.
Now I have to decide if I'm done, or if I want to add a bit more fullness to the cuff. I'm considering adding some Crystal Clay in the center and pressing into it--what do you suggest, round pearls or crystals? Or maybe I'll wire in some smaller round pearls to resemble the seedy center of a flower--do you like the red, purple, matching gold, or peacock pearls? Maybe I should wire on just one large crystal, what do you think? I'd love to hear your suggestions on how to finish my flower cuff in the comments below!
P.S. Happy Fourth of July! Maybe this isn't a flower at all but a firework cuff? Either way, don't forget to let me know how you'd finish it in the comments below!
HELEN DRIGGS is the senior editor for Lapidary Journal Jewelry Artist and an experienced metalsmith. A BFA graduate of Moore College of Art, she has worked as an information graphics artist, art director, writer, and editor. She is a member of PSG, CoMA, and SNAG. Follow her on Twitter: @fabricationista. Read her blog: materialsmithing.wordpress.com.
My only idea is this: instead of bending the wire down so that it shows along the side of the stick pearls, I'd use a small bead (either a metal round or a seed bead) at the top of the pearl before I slid the wire back down through the pearl. That said, now I know what to do with the awesome hammered copper collars I got at the Tucson bead shows!
My two favs are the crystal and the tiny red pearls - both for the color contrast and the size. Like Jennifer, I too wondered about using tiny beads at the tips - I am guessing the pearl sticks would not accommodate 2 wires though.
I love the red pearls/beads. They have great contrast and snuggle down in the base nicely. What a great project - Love it!
What a great design! I like how the wire looks along the bead, actually. It sort of frames the pearls. I don't think you would be able to pass 24 gauge wire through those pearls twice. I think wiring in those pearls you have would look great. The red and gold are my favorites, but any of those colors would look great. It would resemble a beautiful dry, seedy flower. Seed pods maybe? I love it!
I vote for those deep ruby pearls -- like a cluster of pomegranate arils tossed into the center!
I think the red looks most like mother nature would have done it. The contrast is good & it enhances the design.
Thank you all! And thanks for your comments. I like the red pearls best, too. I agree, it looks more like nature would make it, and I love the contrast of the ruby red with the gold.
Radiance@3, thanks for the tip about pomegranate seeds--I have lots of these little red pearls and that's exactly what they look like to me! I'm going to do a pomegranate series I think :o) AND thank you for teaching me the word "aril"! So cool
Thanks all of you for your input and thanks for reading JMD!
Tammy, do you live in Baton Rouge?!?!? (I live just north of the city) Is there a group here that teaches people how to do certain bead things? I was wondering if you couldn't have just used Crystal Clay instead of wire and then glue it to the cuff. I know it would be a cheat.....maybe I'll give it a try!
Hi Ingrid! I live in Lafayette, but there's not a bead store here with much metal or supplies other than beading stuff. I could've used Crystal Clay, you're right! As my grandmother would say, more than one way to skin a cat ;o)
I'm not sure about beading groups in/around Baton Rouge, but there is a metal/metal clay group started here in Lafayette. Officially we are the "Louisiana chapter of the PMC guild" but everyone does stuff other than metal too. There are over 50 members in the group. It's a very fun and talented group! It's called L'esprit du Metal and here's a link to the Facebook page
We meet at a gallery in Lafayette most of the time but sometimes we meet at a bead store in Baton Rouge or Alexandria, so those folks won't have to drive to Lafayette all the time--but you are welcome to drive over if you want to, and welcome to come to a meeting before you join officially too! Please check it out on Facebook and let me know if you have any questions.
Thanks for reading JMD!
I like the red first or purple second.
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Vermonters march on Washington
By Christian Avard | Vermont Guardian
Photos by Christian Avard
Posted February 2, 2007
WASHINGTON — "Troops home now!" was the common chant heard as tens of thousands of people — perhaps as many as 400,000 — descended on Washington to protest the Iraq War.
Among them were more than 500 Vermonters, who traveled to the nation's capital by planes, trains, buses, and automobiles.
Wendy Coe, who's been organizing trips to Washington from her perch at the Burlington Peace & Justice Center for 25 years, said four packed buses from Burlington and Rutland were joined by two others from the University of Vermont and Johnson State College.
Individuals young and old, families with children, high school and college students, and others, sleepily found their way to the mall, picked up signs, marched, and clapped their way toward the capitol.
Banners declaring, "Vermont says not one more dollar: Bring the troops home now!" were scattered throughout the crowds, along with one youngster's homemade sign that read, "I wanta new President."
Vermonters didn't just march along and join in with fellow antiwar demonstrators.
Staff Sgt. Liam Madden, of Rockingham, spoke to the large crowd on the mall. He is a co-creator, along with Navy Seaman Jonathan Hutto, of the Appeals for Redress, a statement signed by more than 1,000 troops. The statement allows individual service members to appeal directly to their elected representatives to end the war without fear of reprisal.
"We're at 1,200 and the update is that it hasn't stopped just because we handed things into Congress," said Madden. He urged Vermonters to pressure elected officials at all levels.
A rally highlight was a speech given by Jane Fonda, the Oscar-award winning actress and long-time political activist. Fonda has been criticized over the years for her criticism on the Vietnam War and shared why she felt the need to speak out now.
"This is the first antiwar rally I've been to in 34 years because I've been afraid that because of the lies that have been and continue to be spread about me in that war that they would be used to hurt the antiwar movement, but silence is no longer an option," she told the crowd.
Shortly after the speeches, Vermonters took to the streets and were joined by Burlington Mayor Bob Kiss and Rep. David Zuckerman, P-Burlington.
Kiss left a meeting of the U.S. Mayors Conference to join the rally while Zuckerman took time out from a meeting at the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
"I think it's great to have so many [Vermonters]," said Zuckerman. "It's obviously an expression of our feeling about democracy, and indicative of the fact that we have the most per capita losses in this ridiculous war."
Kiss said now is the time for Vermonters to up the ante. "I think they should continue to speak out this way," said Kiss. "It was two years ago that [Vermonters] passed resolutions to bring the troops home. Two years have gone by and we're no closer to that."
Dennis Duhaime of Rutland went to Washington because the mid-term elections gave him hope things may change, but only if Vermonters continue to hold politicians accountable.
"I think this is part of the push to hold their feet to the fire and to let them know we're pretty serious about this; that our country is at risk, the country of Iraq is at risk, and the direction has just got to change. Obviously the president isn't going to change it, so it's up to our elected representatives to make it happen," said Duhaime.
Hope brought Rita McCaffery of Weston to the Washington rally, but like Duhaime she agrees now is not the time to let up. "I feel that we're close but we got to keep going," said McCaffery. "There are so many vigils springing up the littlest towns. Ludlow now has 35 people vigiling on Sunday afternoons, which is unheard of. You never see people in Ludlow. I think people understand that the more that people are willing to not give up, the closer we're going to get to ending the violence."
A number of younger Vermonters made their presence known at the rally — from young kids to college students.
"It's amazing. I never thought there would be so many people for this [protest] because they never show that in the media, so it's quite unexpected, and awesome," said Evan Jurant, a senior at West Rutland High School, whose parents gave him permission to go with friends to the rally.
"I thought it was really cool. It reminded me of that scene in Forrest Gump. I always wished that my generation would be that interesting," said Savanah Pope, a senior at Vermont Academy who came down with 30 classmates. "There was just so much going on, so many different kinds of people … I mean it wasn't just hippies it was people from all walks of life and it was really a representation of America."
No members of Vermont's congressional delegation attended the rally.
Andrew Savage, spokesman for Rep. Peter Welch, D-VT, said Welch met Jan. 29 with a handful of Vermont protesters.
"He vigorously opposes escalation and will be hard pressed to vote for a supplemental funding bill that allows for the continuation of the president's failed Iraq policy," said Savage.
Vermonters also met with the staff of Sen. Patrick Leahy, D-VT.
"They spoke passionately about the terrible human cost of this war and urged the Congress to stop the funding for it," Leahy told the Vermont Guardian. "As one who has opposed this war from the beginning I appreciate the effort they made to come to Washington. Their concern and their activism are in the best traditions of our small state."


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Founded in 1989, the Seminar Program is offered in France in partnership with The Frick Collection. It offers in-depth exploration of themes in French art, architecture and decorative arts for museum curators, art historians, distinguished scholars and serious collectors. Limited scholarships are available.
In 2008, an American PhD fellowship for research at the Centre de Recherche in Versailles was offered in conjunction with the seminar "Versailles: Architecture, Gardens and Decorative Arts."
The program is led by Anne L. Poulet, Director of The Frick Collection and Monique Barbier, French Heritage Society coordinator and art historian. Past seminars have included: "Art Nouveau in Nancy," "The Silk Industry in Lyon," "The 18th Century in Bordeaux," and "Romanesque Art in the Southwest of France: The Road to Compostela."
French Heritage Society
14 E 60th Street, #605
New York, NY 10022-7131
Tel: +1 (212) 759-6846
Fax: +1 (212) 759-9632
French Heritage Society
7 rue Lincoln
75008 Paris, France
Tel: +33 (0) 1 40 70 07 57
Fax: +33 (0) 1 40 70 07 86


text: Bookmarks Hoarseness Print-Friendly Voice strain; Dysphonia; Loss of voicePrevious imageEnlargeCloseNext image / NavigatorHoarseness refers to a difficulty making sounds when trying to speak. Vocal sounds may be weak, breathy, scratchy, or husky, and the pitch or quality of the voice may change.I Would Like to Learn About:Expand All Collapse All Considerations Hoarseness is most often caused by a problem with the vocal cords, which are part of your voice box (larynx) in the throat.When the vocal cords become inflamed or infected, they swell. This can cause hoarseness.The most common cause of hoarseness is a cold or sinus infection, which usually goes away on its own within 2 weeks.Another rare, but serious cause of hoarseness that does not go away in a few weeks is cancer of the voice box. Causes Acid reflux (gastroesophageal reflux) Gastroesophageal refluxGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus (the tube from...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Allergies AllergiesAn allergy is an immune response or reaction to substances that are usually not harmful.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Breathing in irritating substances Cancer of the throat or larynx Chronic coughing CoughingCoughing is an important way to keep your throat and airways clear. But too much coughing may mean you have a disease or disorder. Some coughs are d...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Colds or upper respiratory infections Heavy smoking or drinking, especially together Overuse or abuse of the voice (as in shouting or singing), which may cause swelling or growths on the vocal cords Less common causes include: Injury or irritation from a breathing tube or bronchoscopy BronchoscopyBronchoscopy is a test to view the airways and diagnose lung disease. It may also be used during the treatment of some lung conditions.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Damage to the nerves and muscles around the voice box (from trauma or surgery Damage to the nerves and muscles around the voiceThroat cancer is cancer of the vocal cords, voice box (larynx), or other areas of the throat.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Foreign object in the esophagus or trachea Foreign object in the esophagus or tracheaIf you breathe a foreign object into your nose, mouth, or respiratory tract, it may become stuck and cause breathing problems or choking. It can als...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Swallowing a harsh chemical liquid Changes in the larynx during puberty Thyroid or lung cancer ThyroidThyroid cancer is a cancer that starts in the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located inside the front of your lower neck.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Lung cancerLung cancer is cancer that starts in the lungs. The lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Underactive thyroid glandUnderactive thyroid glandHypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. This condition is often called underactive thyroid....ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Home Care Hoarseness may be short-term (acute) or long-term (chronic). Rest and time may improve hoarseness. Hoarseness that continues for weeks or months should be checked by a health care provider.AcuteAcute means sudden or severe. Acute symptoms appear, change, or worsen rapidly. It is the opposite of chronic.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article ChronicChronic refers to something that continues over an extended period of time. A chronic condition is usually long-lasting and does not easily or quick...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Things you can do at home to help relieve the problem include:Talk only when you need to until hoarseness goes away. Drink plenty of fluids to help keep your airways moist. (Gargling does not help.) Use a vaporizer to add moisture to the air you breathe. Avoid actions that strain the vocal cords such as whispering, shouting, crying, and singing. Take medicines to reduce stomach acid if hoarseness is due to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Do NOT use decongestants which can dry out the vocal cords. If you smoke, cut down or stop at least until hoarseness goes away. When to Contact a Medical Professional Call your health care provider if:You have trouble breathing or swallowing Hoarseness occurs with drooling, especially in a small child Hoarseness occurs in a child less than 3 months old Hoarseness has lasted for more than 1 week in a child, or 2-3 weeks in an adult What to Expect at Your Office Visit The doctor will examine your throat, neck, and mouth and ask you some questions about your symptoms and medical history, including: To what extent have you lost your voice (all or partially)? What kind of vocal problems are you having (such as making scratchy, breathy, or husky vocal sounds)? When did hoarseness start? Does hoarseness come and go or get worse over time? Have you been shouting, singing, or overusing your voice, or crying a lot (if a child)? Have you been exposed to harsh fumes or liquids? Do you have allergies or a post nasal drip? Have you ever had throat surgery? Do you smoke or use alcohol? Do you have other symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, or fatigue?You may have one or more of the following tests:Laryngoscopy LaryngoscopyLaryngoscopy is examination of the larynx (voice box) using a small mirror held just below the back of your palate, or a rigid or flexible viewing tu...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Throat culture Throat cultureA throat swab culture is a laboratory test that is done to identify germs that may cause infection in the throat. It is most often used to diagnose ...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Throat examination with a small mirror X-rays of the neck or CT scan X-rays of the neckA neck x-ray is an imaging test to look at cervical vertebrae. These are the seven bones of the spine in the neck.ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article CT scanA computed tomography (CT) scan is an imaging method that uses x-rays to create pictures of cross-sections of the body. Related tests include:Abdomin...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood tests such as a complete blood count ( CBC) or blood differentialCBCA complete blood count (CBC) test measures the following:The number of red blood cells (RBC count)The number of white blood cells (WBC count)The tota...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Blood differentialThe blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. It also reveals if there are...ImageRead Article Now Book Mark Article Related Information Open ReferencesReferencesCummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 5th ed. St Louis, Mo; Mosby; 2010.Feierabend RH, Malik SN. Hoarseness in adults. Am Fam Physician. 2009;80(4)363-370.Schwartz SR, Cohen SM, Dailey SH. Clinical practice guideline: Hoarseness (Dysphonia).Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 2009;141 (3S2)S1-S31. BACK TO TOP Review Date: 11/9/2012 Reviewed By: Seth Schwartz, MD, MPH, Otolaryngologist, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, David R. Eltz, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Call 911 for all medical emergencies. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.


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Fall Flavor Craze
It's that time of year again! Everyone is getting into the fall spirit. It seems like everything around you is gearing up for the fall season. Pumpkins, candy, candles, and even what you eat and drink are fall inspired. Coffee shops especially seem to bring in the fall season with a bang. NewsSource 8 sat down with Scottie Bragdon, the owner of the Presque Isle Tim Hortons, and Edward Wright the owner of Star City Coffee to talk about the fall flavor craze.
Scottie Bragdon said, "People want to try anything new. The newness, the new products do attract a lot of our customers. Especially in the fall. It's our busiest time of the year, October being our busiest month of the year."
Bragdon says Tim Horton's is offering a bunch of fall items that people wait for year round. This year, they are featuring pumpkin spiced muffins, apple cider doughnuts and tidbits, apple caramel bagels, and apple caramel flavor shots for hot and iced coffees. Bragdon says these are all big sellers. Edward Wright, the owner of Star City Coffee is changing his menu to reflect the fall flavors. He says people have been raving since summertime about the new fall arrivals.
Edward Wright says, "As we approach fall we are thinking of changing our menu. We're adding things like pumpkin spice and apple flavors in all of our items, the bakery items and the drink items."
Everyone seems to love the fall flavored coffees.
Dale Day says, "The pumpkin flavor and the hazelnut. I think it's great that we have all these flavors because people have grown up on just regular brand coffee."
Marlene Mceachern says, "I love the fall time because that's when they have the pumpkin coffee come out, and the apple spiced ones. Those are my favorite."
Shawn Berry says, "Pumpkin spice with caramel. I love the fall season especially when it rolls around. It's a time for sitting by the fire and drinking coffee and hot chocolate."
So it seems like many people have embraced the fall flavor craze. With the change of seasons comes the change of taste.
Category: News


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How to Survive Holiday Travel
How to Survive Holiday Travel from Overstock.com. Use these tips to keep your cool when you travel during the holiday season.
Great product, very well made. Excellent construction. So so cute! Loved it!...
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Great product, very well made. Excellent construction. So so cute! Loved it!Read More
My 4-year old wanted a rolling backpack for Christmas and loves this! The compartments are easy for him to open, and it rolls nicely. A few minor complaints: the shoulder straps (off white) drag on the floor when he rolls the backpack, unless I tie them up with string. Also, since the bag material is canvas, I worry how it will wear with time. But it is cute and seems to be pretty good quality.Read More
The reason for my decision to buy this bag was because my 7 year old nephew needed a suitcase and he also loves monkey's, and I though this bag would be sufficient. Although the description states that you can use it for clothes as a suitcase, it is entirely too small to pack clothes in it for a family trip. An overnight stay would be all it's good for; however I assume it would be a great spacious backpack for school; unfortunately this was not my purpose. Overall it is a very cute, strong, and nicely made backpack for your young one. My nephew likes to carry it on his back, which is another plus feature. It allows you to either roll it on the wheels or either wear it as a backpack, which is cool. Although its small for the purpose I wanted to use it for, I am definately satisifed with this item.Read More
My grandson loaded it up with his travel stuffed toys and pulled it around the house for hours. He is nearly two years old and really is a large hit.Read More
For Our Annual Rotary Auction, I used this backpack for my handmade Sock Monkey, along with several other sock monkey theme items. All was stuffed hanging out the top zipper.A great hit to say the least.Read More
How to Survive Holiday Travel from Overstock.com. Use these tips to keep your cool when you travel during the holiday season.
Best New Colors and Patterns in Fashion Luggage from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about fashion luggage and advice about our many brand-name products.
Extended Warranty Buying Guide from Overstock.com. Our guides provide customers with information about extended warranties and advice about our many brand-name products.
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Nest Fest
Real estate news in San Antonio.
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AIA: No relief in sight
The American Institute of Architects has released its concensus Construction Forecast. The outlook: not so good. Overall, nonresidential construction spending likely will decrease 16 percent this year and dip another 12 percent next year. Retail is the biggest mess of all. It will see a 28 percent drop this year, and a 12.6 percent drop […] [Read More]


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Human Resources | EDP | Businesses A to Z
Pickup Specialties
Automotive > Parts and Accessories
Discount: 10%
Pick up Truck Accessories - Find the most accurate up to date truck accessories at Pickup Specialties! We offer a variety of discount priced items such as Tonneau Covers, Floor Mats, Nerf Bars, Mud Flaps, Tool Boxes and more.
How to redeem: Enter coupon code eduoff at checkout. You can call 1-888-590-4769 and mention the eduoff code to purchase through the phone.
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My child has
When your child requires surgery, you want to be certain that you are receiving the most advanced care possible from the most experienced medical team. The Pediatric Surgery team at Cook Children's specializes in many surgical conditions, from simple to the most complex, and many of these procedures are performed using minimally invasive techniques.
Experience counts, and the pediatric surgery experts at Cook Children's perform more than 3,400 procedures each year on children of all ages. Our surgeons handle a wide range of conditions including congenital malformations, head and neck masses, abdominal and gastrointestinal issues, genitourinary surgeries, thoracic issues, tumors and malignancies, and urological procedures.
Children's bodies are not the same as adult bodies. A pediatric surgeon is specifically trained in caring for patients from birth to young adulthood. When you choose a pediatric specialist, you can trust that he or she understands the very specific needs of a child before, during, and after treatment.
Combining experience with compassion, our dedicated team of skilled surgeons provides high-quality care with the added support of our specialists throughout Cook Children's Medical Center. They work closely with other pediatric experts, like pediatric anesthesiologists, who are dedicated to each child they take care of.
Our focus is on the child and family every step of the way. Our patients recover from surgery in recovery rooms staffed by nurses, doctors and technicians who are specially trained in the treatment and care of pediatric surgery patients.
If your child's surgical procedure is performed as day surgery, you will be able take your child home the same day as surgery. The staff will provide you with care instructions so that your child can comfortably recover in familiar surroundings.
There are situations where the doctor will decide to admit the child to the hospital for an overnight stay or for as long as is necessary to provide the best care possible. Should a child require intensive care, our critical care units are staffed by board-certified doctors who work hand-in-hand with the surgeons in charge of the child's care.
Pain is a major concern for children and their parents. All members of our team are experienced in taking care of pain issues for children and are available to treat pain concerns appropriately and as quickly as possible.
Cook Children's is focused on family-centered care and our child life specialists will work with the patient and family to make the experience as pleasant as possible.
During the first appointment, your child will have an assessment and exam. We may ask several questions about your child's diagnosis and we will review their past medical history. We'll discuss options and recommend the best treatment for your child. If your child should require surgery, you'll be able to schedule it at the time of your appointment.
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Shaped articles can be made by extruding, or injection moulding, a composition containing at least 50% by weight of dried cells of a micro-organism containing a β-hydroxybutyrate polymer. In order to make the composition melt processable the cells are subjected to a cell wall breakage step before or after drying and, if necessary, are mixed with an extracted β-hydroxybutyrate polymer.
1. A process for the production of a shaped article comprising forming a composition containing (i) at least 50% by weight of dried cells of a micro-organism containing at least 30% by weight of a β-hydroxybutyrate polymer containing at least 50 mole % of β-hydroxybutyrate residues in the polymer chain, said dried cells having been subjected to a cell wall breakage process, before or after drying, and (ii) sufficient, if any, of an extracted β-hydroxybutyrate polymer containing at least 50 mole % of β-hydroxybutyrate residues in the polymer chain, such that the composition has a melt flow time, as herein defined, of not more than 15 minutes, and thereafter forming said shaped article by melt processing, extrusion or injection moulding, said composition.
2. A process according to claim 1 wherein said composition contains at least 70% by weight of said dried cells.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein said dried cells contain at least 40% by weight of said β-hydroxybutyrate polymer.
4. A process according to claim 1 wherein said composition contains no extracted β-hydroxybutyrate polymer.
5. A process according to claim 1 wherein said dried cells are produced by subjecting an aqueous suspension of said micro-organism containing at least 30% by weight of said β-hydroxybutyrate polymer to a cell breakage step and thereafter drying said suspension.
6. A process according to claim 5 wherein the cell wall breakage process includes an autolysis step.
7. A process according to claim 6 wherein the cell wall breakage process comprises autolysis followed by a cell wall breakage step involving shearing of the cells.
This invention relates to moulding and in particular to moulding articles from β-hydroxybutyrate polymers.
Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) is a thermoplastic polyester consisting of repeat units of the formula
which is accumulated by many micro-organisms, particularly bacteria, for example of the genera Alcaligenes, Athiorhodium, Azotobacter, Bacillus, Nocardia, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Spirillium, as an energy reserve material.
The polymer is conveniently prepared by cultivating the micro-organism in an aqueous medium on a suitable substrate, such as a carbohydrate or methanol, as an energy and carbon source. The substrate must, of course, be one that is assimilable by the micro-organism. In order to promote accumulation of the polymer, at least part of the cultivation is preferably conducted under conditions wherein there is a limitation of a nutrient that is essential for growth of the micro-organism but which is not required for polymer accumulation. Examples of suitable processes are described in EP-A-15669 and 46344.
Polymers containing both β-hydroxybutyrate units and other hydroxycarboxylic acid units, such as β-hydroxyvalerate acid units, can also be produced microbiologically. Thus a micro-biologically produced heteropolymer containing β-hydroxybutyrate and β-hydroxyvalerate residues is described by Wallen et al in "Environmental Science and Technology" 8 (1974) 576-9. Also, as described in EP-A-Specification Nos. 52459 and 69497 various copolymers can be produced by cultivating the micro-organism on certain substrates, such as propionic acid which gives rise to β-hydroxyvalerate units in the copolymer.
In the following description therefore by the term HB polymer we mean not only the homopolymer, poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) but also copolymers in which the β-hydroxybutyrate residues form at least 50 mole % of the polymer chain.
HB polymers can be extracted from cell suspensions by a variety of methods, generally involving a solvent extraction step. Methods that have been proposed include breakage of the cells by methods such as treatment with acetone, followed by solvent extraction of the HB polymer from the broken cells. Examples of such processes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,036,959 and 3,044,942 in which the solvents employed are pyridine or mixture of methylene chloride and ethanol. Other extraction solvents for PHB in the form in which it is produced in the bacterial cells include cyclic carbonates such as 1,2-propylene carbonate (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,533); chloroform (see U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,610); and 1,2-dichloroethane (see EP-A-15123).
U.S. Pat. No. 3,275,610 discloses other methods of cell breakage viz. ultrasonic vibration, grinding, French pressing, freezing/thawing cycles and lysozyme treatment, while, as described in the aforementioned European Patent Specification No. 15123, spray or flash drying of the suspension of cells renders them sufficiently permeable to enable the HB polymer to be solvent extracted.
In order to produce shaped articles from HB polymers it is generally necessary to employ an HB polymer that has been extracted from the micro-organism cells. However the extraction procedures significantly increase the cost of the product and so it would be desirable, where possible, to minimise the amount of extracted polymer employed.
For some applications however, high quality articles resulting from the use of extracted polymers are not necessary. An example of a use where a high quality is not required is a moulded seed tray or plant pot. Indeed it has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,107,172 to use dried bacterial cells containing poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) as a moulding material without any extraction step. We have found that, while such dried cells can be compression moulded, they have such a high viscosity, even at 190°-200° C. (above which temperature the polymer degrades), that they cannot be processed by other thermoplastics moulding methods, e.g. extrusion or injection moulding, involving significant flow of the polymer melt.
Applicants believe, although they do not wish to be bound by the theory, that the high viscosity resulting when no cell breakage step is employed is because the polymer granules are bound within the walls of the bacterial cells. Although the polymer melts at the moulding temperature, it is unable to flow as a result of the constraining influence of the bacterial cell walls.
In order that an HB polymer composition can be injection moulded or extruded, we have found that it is necessary that the melt flow time is not more than 15 minutes when assessed by the following procedure:
3.5 g of the composition are charged to the barrel of a melt flow grader (Daventest, Welwyn, England) provided with a die having a circular orifice of 2 mm diameter and 8 mm land length. The barrel is maintained at a temperature 10° C. above the melting point of the highest melting HB polymer in the composition, viz at 190° C. in the case where the HB polymer is β-hydroxybutyrate homopolymer. After a 5 minute warm-up period, a 10 kg load is applied to the piston, which has a weight of 0.16 kg. The melt flow time is the total time, including the 5 minute warm-up period, taken for a total of 2 g of the composition to be extruded through the die.
While dried cells can be used as a biodegradable filler in a composition containing an extracted HB polymer (which may be the same as, or different from, the HB polymer in the dried cells), in order to obtain a composition having a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes, it is necessary that the composition contains at least 50% by weight of the extracted HB polymer. The use of such large amounts of extracted HB polymer is uneconomic for many applications because of the cost of the extraction process.
We have found that if the cells are subjected to a cell wall breakage step, before or after drying, then the amount of extracted HB polymer required to give a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes to a composition containing a substantial amount of such dried, broken, cells can be reduced, and in some cases eliminated.
Accordingly the present invention provides a composition comprising at least 50% by weight of dried cells of a micro-organism containing at least 30% by weight of an HB polymer and 0 to 50% by weight of an extracted HB polymer, said dried cells having been subjected to a cell wall breakage step, before or after drying, such that said composition has a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes.
The present invention also provides a method of making a moulded article comprising extruding or injection moulding a composition as aforesaid.
The micro-organism cells are produced in the form of an aqueous suspension. The cells have therefore to be separated from the suspension and dried.
While spray drying an aqueous suspension of cells containing a HB polymer renders the cell walls sufficiently permeable to permit the HB polymer to be extracted from the cells by means of a solvent, for example as described in the aforementioned European Patent Specification No. 15123, we have found that the use of such spray dried cells does not enable the amount of additional extracted HB polymer required to give a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes to be significantly reduced.
It is therefore necessary to employ a method of cell wall breakage other than simply rendering the cells permeable to solvent as is the case with spray drying. Examples of suitable cell wall breakage steps include autolysis; digestion with hypochlorite, e.g. sodium hypochlorite; freezing/thawing cycling; lysozyme treatment; treatment with a solvent for cellular constituents (but not for the HB polymer)--acetone is such a solvent; or processes involving shearing of the cells, for example milling, homogenisation, French pressing, ultrasonic vibration, and, as described in EP-A-46335, heating the cell suspension to above 100° C. under pressure and then releasing the pressure by extrusion of the heated suspension through an orifice.
Autolysis of the cell walls by merely allowing the aqueous cell suspension to stand for a period of time is an effective method of cell wall breakage, particularly when used in conjunction with one or more subsequent cell wall breakage steps such as one of the other techniques described above. The amount of autolysis will depend on the amount of dissolved oxygen present in the cell suspension in relation to the amount of cells: hence the percentage of cells that undergo autolysis will decrease as the biomass concentration of the cell suspension increases unless the suspension is aerated. The rate of autolysis is such that the amount of autolysis is insignificant if the cells are dried within 10 hours of the removal of the cell suspension from the fermenter. Unless the suspension is aerated, e.g. by sparging with air, the amount of autolysis will not change significantly after about 3 days standing. Where the suspension has been allowed to autolyse by merely allowing it to stand for a few days, and then the cells are subjected to a further cell wall breakage step, little or no additional extracted HB polymer may be required to give a composition having a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes. However, where no additional cell wall breakage step is employed after autolysis or where the amount of autolysis is insignificant and another cell wall breakage treatment is employed, the composition will generally need to contain 10 to 40% by weight of extracted HB polymer, although with particularly severe cell wall breakage processes, e.g. French pressing, no additional extracted HB polymer may be needed even if there is no autolysis.
A preferred cell breakage technique involves milling an autolysed cell suspension and then drying the milled suspension, e.g. by spray drying. Typically a 7% solids autolysed suspension is milled by a single pass through a commercial `Dyno-mill` at a rate of 75 l/hr to give substantial cell fracture as seen by phase contrast microscopy.
Although the cell breakage process may be insufficient to give a melt flow time of not more than 15 minutes in the absence of additional, extracted, HB polymer, it is believed that the cell wall breakage enables the HB polymer within the broken cells to exert, when molten, some lubricating effect, thereby allowing the amount of extracted HB polymer required to be reduced.
The broken dried cells should contain at least 30% by weight of HB polymer for there to be any significant reduction in the amount of extracted HB polymer required. Preferably the dried broken cells contain at least 40, and in particular at least 50, % by weight of the HB polymer. The amount, if any, of additional extracted HB polymer required will depend on the HB polymer content of the dried broken cells and the severity of the cell breakage.
The composition should contain at least 50% by weight of the dried broken cells, and preferably contains at least 70% by weight. In addition to any extracted HB polymer that may be required the composition may also contain other materials such as an inert filler material such as calcium carbonate, silica or even dried cells of an HB polymer-containing micro-organism that have not been subjected to a cell wall breakage process.
In many cases the amount of extracted HB polymer required will be less than 30% by weight of the composition. The extracted HB polymer, if any, and any other ingredients may be mixed with the dried cells by conventional powder mixing processes.
The processing temperature required in an extrusion or injection moulding operation will depend on the nature of the highest melting HB polymer in the composition. With poly(β-hydroxybutyrate), i.e. the homopolymer, a processing temperature of the order of 180°-200° C. is required. While the homopolymer has a melting point of the order of 180° C., copolymers generally have lower melting points, in some cases as low as about 120° C. and so, with copolymers, lower processing temperatures can, in some cases, be employed.
The invention is illustrated by the following examples.
An aqueous suspension of Alcaligenes eutrophus mutant S 301/C5 (NCIB 11599) was prepared by the method described in EP-A-46344 using glucose as the substrate and concentrated by centrifugation to a solids content of 54 g per liter. The cells had a poly (β-hydroxybutyrate) content of 60% by weight. The suspension was left standing at room temperature for four days after removal from the fermenter to allow autolysis to occur and then samples of the suspension were subjected to a variety of treatments:
(a) The suspension was centrifuged at 5700 rpm for 15 minutes and the resulting pellets freeze dried.
(b) The suspension was spray dried with inlet and outlet air temperatures of 240° and 110° C. respectively.
(c) The suspension was milled by passing it through a "Dyno-mill" type KDS (Willy A. Bachofen, Switzerland) at a rate of 60 1 hr-1 and then spray dried as in (b).
(d) The suspension was milled as in (c) and then centrifuged and freeze dried as in (a).
(e) The suspension was homogenised using an APV laboratory homogeniser model ISM-88A at an operating pressure of 34 MN m-2 and then centrifuged and freeze dried as in (a).
(f) The suspension was French pressed in a French pressure cell press at an operating pressure of 10 MN m-2 using a pressure cycle time of 30 minutes and then centrifuged and freeze dried as in (a).
(g) The suspension was sonicated using a DAWE Soniprobe type 7532A for 30 minutes at an output power of 110 watts, and then centrifuged and freeze dried as in (a).
(h) The suspension was frozen to -18° C., then thawed to room temperature and then centrifuged and freeze dried as in (a).
(i) The suspension was centrifuged as in (a) to give a pellet which was then resuspended in acetone for 6 hours. The acetone was removed by filtration and then the cells dried in a vacuum oven.
The above procedures, with the exception of (e) were repeated on a similar cell suspension that had not been allowed to autolyse: the treatments and drying steps were carried out within 10 hours of the removal of the cell suspension from the fermenter.
The melt flow times were measured at 190° C. and are shown in the following table.
______________________________________Treatment Melt flow time (min)Sample Cell breakage Drying Autolysed Non-autolysed______________________________________a None Freeze 20* >60**b None Spray >30* >60**c Milled Spray 11 >60*d Milled Freeze 14 >60*e Homogenised Freeze 12.5 --f French Pressed Freeze 12.5 14g Sonicated Freeze 14 50*h Freeze/thawed Freeze 19* >60*i Acetone Vacuum 14 >60* washed oven______________________________________
In the case of the samples marked *, compositions containing 80% by weight of the treated cells and 20% by weight of extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) were made up and their melt flow times measured. In all cases the melt flow times were below 15 minutes.
In the case of the samples marked **, in order to give melt flow times below 15 minutes, the composition had to contain at least 50% by weight of the extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate).
The extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) was obtained by solvent extraction from cells produced by spray drying the non-autolysed suspension.
The degree of cell breakage in the non-autolysed sample of run (f) was assessed by measuring the relative amounts of DNA in a sample of the French pressed suspension dissolved in the aqueous medium and remaining in the cells. The ratio of these measurements, which were made by a spectrophotometric technique following enzymatic treatment of the cell suspension, indicates the degree of cell breakage and was found to be 69%.
A larger sample of an autolysed suspension similar to that used in Example 1 was treated by the procedure (c) above except that the milling rate was 75 liters per hour. The dried cells again had a melt flow time of 11 minutes. The dried cells were extruded using a Betol 2520 extruder fitted with a 4 mm diameter die at a screw speed of 80 r.p.m. The thermostatted heaters along the barrel were set at 160° and 185° C. with the die zone at 190° C. It was found that the milled spray dried cells extruded as a continuous lace. The lace was relatively brittle but strong enough to feed through a water bath to crystallise the polymer and then to a pelletiser to granulate it.
A portion of the non-autolysed cell suspension as used in Example 1 was charged to a first stirred autoclave. A similar quantity of water was charged to a second stirred autoclave and heated under nitrogen pressure to 350° C. The first autoclave was pressurised with nitrogen to a pressure exceeding that in the second autoclave and then the contents of the first autoclave were forced into the second autoclave by the nitrogen pressure excess. The combined contents of the second autoclave were mixed vigorously for two minutes. The temperature of the combined contents of the second autoclave was approximately 150° C. but the applied pressure was sufficient to maintain the contents in the liquid state.
The contents of the second autoclave was then forced by the nitrogen pressure through a fine jet into a collection tank containing cold water.
The cells were collected by centrifugation and then freeze dried. The melt flow time was greater than 30 minutes.
A composition containing 80% by weight of the dried cells and 20% by weight of the solvent extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) as used in Example 1 had a melt flow time of 15 minutes.
The procedure of Example 3 was repeated using a suspension of cells of Methylobacterium organophilum (NCIB 11483) grown in an aqueous medium using methanol as the substrate and concentrated to a biomass content of 6.7% by weight by centrifuging. The cells contained about 40% by weight of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). The melt flow time of the dried cells was at least 60 minutes.
A composition containing 80% by weight of the dried cells and 20% by weight of the solvent extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) as used in Example 1 had a melt flow time of 15 minutes.
In this example the cell suspension employed was a non-autolysed suspension of Alcaligenes eutrophus (NCIB 11599) cells similar to that used in Example 1 but in which the cells contained about 40% by weight of poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). Part of the suspension was centrifuged and freeze dried while the remainder was subjected to a cell wall breakage process as described in Example 3, and then centrifuged and freeze dried.
Compositions were then made up from the dried cells and varying amounts of the solvent extracted poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) as used in Example 1, and their melt flow times measured.
The results were as follows:
______________________________________Composition (% by weight) Melt flow time (minutes)Dried cells extracted polymer Unbroken cells Broken cells______________________________________100 0 >30 >3090 10 -- >3080 20 >30 1570 30 >30 1250 50 >30 1040 60 15 --______________________________________
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Hey Everyone! Has anyone else had issues with their driver side door hinge?
2005 Dodge Magnum RT
common on the 05/06 for it to squeak over time.. There is no way to get grease/lubercant into the squeaky area..
They changed the hinge style at some point I forget the 'manu date' but had mine swapped under warranty when it was still valid and the hinges looked different making me look at the Wife's 07 Charger and it had the same style as the replacements..
Remember to paint the hinges before replaceing them.
2006 Lil Red Wagon SXT
Modlist : AFE Stage II, JBA Headers, Corsa Catback, 20" Vipers, Cross Drilled Rotors, Diablo Bob@SVS Tuned, Pioneer DEH-5000UB, 12" Enclosers, Halos, Low/Fog HIDs, Cuda Grille, TruFiber Chally Hood.
at the Track
My Garage
Mentoria Computer Consulting
Thank you for the info, I took my magnum to the dealer said it wasnt covered under warranty (have the extended) would have to take to a body shop, body shop told me it would be $400 to fix....Yeah Right! My magnum has been in the shop (a friend of a friends shop) for 2 days now, should be getting it back tomorrow. Thanks again for the info.
crap at 400 just buy the hinge a spray bomb and do it in the driveway ..
good to see you getting it sorted though..
Mine just started acting up about three weeks ago. Annoying!
2008 Dodge Charger SRT-8.... Starting over after trading in the Mag!!, Diablosport Predator, Airaid Intake, Eibach Pro Kit springs, Flashtech color change halos, HID's, some bass of course,Flowmaster 40's,... to be continued...
I have a few sets laying around if anyone wants to make a quick deal on them.
1(855) 3GC-Parts-------------------------------------------Gussets, Trophies, WineRacks and Metal ArtworkYou Dream It, We Can Build It-------------------------------------------
The door hinges on these suck hard. Mine makes noise too. The newer designed hinge looks like an old GM type, not sealed like these shiddy ones are.
2006 Dodge Magnum R/T - SC Flashpaq, Volant exhaust, 22x9.5" Boss 338, 265/35/22, 14.1@98MPH
2000 Jeep Wrangler
1966 Dodge Monaco 500
Do we have to get these from the dealer or is there somewhere else we can purchase them from cuz this noise is driving me up the wall....uuuuggghhhhh!!!!!!!!!
Yup mine just started making that knocking sound about two weeks ago too
I'd be unstoppable if it wasnt for Physics & Law enforcement
I have the newer updated hinges sitting on my work bench, where they've been for a year now. But the clicking noise is finally taking enough of a toll on me that they should be getting done this weekend when the bumper comes off. And they are just getting spray bombed since whos going to actually see them?
$30 bucks a side plus $10 for shipping? Takers???


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Christina Ricci had a 1920s-inspired bob.
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Looking for some hairstyle pictures to inspire your next 'do? Check out our pictures and articles for tips.


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CRESTVIEW — The 10th annual Healthy Woman presentation is at 6:30 p.m. Aug. 27 at Crestview Community Center, 1445 Commerce Drive. Doors open at 6 p.m.
The event features author Nicole Johnson, who will give attendees a "fresh brewed" perspective on living life to the fullest.
Tickets cost $25 per person. For more information visit http://www.northokaloosa.com/HealthyWoman or call 689-8446.


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The Pentagon Press Briefing for Tuesday, June 3, 1997 is
canceled and will be replaced by several media activities planned
for the day, including arrival ceremonies, a joint press
conference and a background briefing.
Events begin when Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen
hosts an honor cordon to welcome Minister of Defense Tit Turnsek,
of the Republic of Slovenia, to the Pentagon at 10:30 a.m. (EDT).
The cordon will be held on the steps of the Pentagon River
Entrance. There will be a media availability immediately
following the cordon.
Media must be at the River Entrance no later than 10:10 a.m.
Secretary Cohen will host another honor cordon to welcome
Secretary of State for Defense George Robertson, of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Pentagon at
noon on the steps of the Pentagon River Entrance.
Media interested in audiovisual coverage of this honor
cordon must be at the River Entrance no later than 11:40 a.m.
In lieu of a media availability following the cordon,
Secretary Cohen and Secretary Robertson will conduct a joint
press conference at 1:45 p.m. (EDT) in the Pentagon Briefing
Studio, Room 2E781.
Point of contact for audiovisual coverage of both of these
events is Terry Mitchell at (703) 695-0169.
Finally, a senior defense official will hold a background
briefing on gender integrated training on June 3, 1997 at 2:30
p.m. (EDT) in Room 3E752.


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Pop Culture
Married at First Sight Exclusive InterviewBy Gerri Miller
An interview with Greg Epstein, Married at First Sight's spiritual advisor on the show and how to help interfaith couples #ChooseLoveGo To Pop Culture
Tag Archives: loss
Remembering My Mother
My mother, Beatrice Case, died one week ago, on March 16, 2014. She was 95 and had been remarkably healthy until just two months ago. She was a much-loved woman, especially by my 97-year-old father with whom she shared 72 years of marriage. My dad says his "secret" for a long and happy marriage is to never go to bed mad and always say "I love you."
I don't usually like to talk about my family in connection with my work at InterfaithFamily. But there is something important that I want to share to honor her memory.
My mother's father was a traditionally observant Jew. My parents were founding members of the Conservative synagogue to which my mother schlepped my older brother and then me to religious school three times a week, a 25-minute drive each way. They made their opposition to intermarriage unmistakable to my brother and me.
In my eulogy I said that in the spring of 1968, when I was a senior in high school, I had started going out with Wendy, who wasn't Jewish at the time (or for many years later). One day I asked my mom, "what would be so bad if I kept on going out with Wendy?" She said: "Well, you might really like her a lot, and you might go to college and not meet any one you like as much, and then you might get back together with her, and then you might want to get married." That's exactly what happened.
I also said in my eulogy that six years later, when I told my parents that I wanted to marry Wendy, they had a choice to make, and they put their love for me and their devotion to their family above anything else. Wendy feels that they came to embrace her as their own daughter.
At shiva the next day a cousin, who visited with my father while the funeral was taking place (he isn't able to travel), told me that at about the same time as I was giving my eulogy, my father started telling her about exactly the same thing. He said, "Bea and I talked about it. We decided that we didn't want to turn our backs and lose our son. And look at the wonderful family that we got."
Also at shiva my mother's childhood next-door neighbor and friend Elaine was talking to Wendy and said that my mother lived a "charmed" life. Wendy said, "probably the worst thing that happened to her is that Ed married me" and Elaine said, "that's right." Wendy said, "if I'm the worse thing that happened to her, I guess she did have a pretty charmed life," and Elaine readily agreed. Because Wendy and I have been married for almost 40 years. Our daughter and son are happily married to wonderful partners; my mother adored all of them, and the feeling was mutual. My mother got to meet and know three great-grandchildren; the oldest one, who is three, is asking, "where is great-grandma?"
I would like to think that my mother and my father could see into the future the whole little universe of our loving family that would result from their loving embrace. But that embrace made something more than a loving family possible – they opened doors to continuing Jewish life. Wendy and I have been very Jewishly engaged. We can't know for certain what our children's families' long-term relationship to Judaism will be – but our daughter's wedding was officiated by a rabbi – my parents got to attend – and so was our son's; each of our grandsons had a bris – my mother got to attend the second one, just last November; and our 8-month old granddaughter currently is a regular attendee with her parents at services at Mishkan in Chicago.
I said in my eulogy that my mother leaves behind the ongoing radiating ripple effect on the world that she and her thousands of interactions have had. She set a great deal of warmth and brightness and loving-kindness in motion. And she set the possibility of an ongoing Jewish future in motion too. I know that for me and my family her memory will always be a blessing.
The Power of Prayer – Helping Children through Anxiety and Stress
I couldn't stop thinking about Connecticut, the 26 people killed, 20 of whom were children. My children are in elementary school. I was scared to tell them because I was afraid they'd never want to go to school, but with media everywhere and emotions so raw, they found out about the tragedy. I struggle with what to tell them. I struggle with letting them leave the house. I want them to go out into the world without fear. I worry that they won't want to go to school and that they won't want to go to sleep.
Several years ago, my second son, Sam, was scared and having trouble sleeping. When Sam used to fear monsters, I could calm his fear with helping him control his imagination. But this time the fear was real. My older son, Rob, had nearly been hit by a car while his brother was two steps away. Rob walked into the street as a car came around the corner and he walked into the side of a moving car and bounced back onto the sidewalk. Fortunately, Rob was fine physically, but emotionally, we were all affected. Sam saw it happen and became anxious all the time. The school noticed the problem too. I spoke with the school psychologist and she suggested prayer. My inner agnostic didn't take her seriously at first, but I quickly realized that this idea had some merit. My kids already knew the Jewish bedtime prayer, the Shema. Religious Jews say it several times a day but at night, it seems to have special meaning. The translation is "Hear o Israel, The Lord our G-d, the Lord is one." I explained to my kids that we should say this prayer together every night. It is our way of letting go of the fear and stress we have and having some faith that G-d will take care of us. As a parent, I noticed that the kids immediately relaxed and were able to get some sleep.
After the incident in Connecticut, I began to think more about prayer. I thought about the concept of saying a prayer before we eat — Hamotzi. We eat all the time, why should we take a second to say thanks? Today I realized that the act of prayer makes us realize that we can't take the simple things for granted – like our kids will be safe when they are at school. We should say thank you for what we have. The agnostic voice in my head says that if there is a supreme being, he doesn't have time to listen to my prayer for the food that we eat. I now realize that prayer isn't just for G-d. Prayer is for us; to save our sanity in an insane world, to give us a moment of calm and appreciation of the good things. I feel that if we have the balance of appreciation, we can ride out the tougher things like a bad day or a human tragedy with a little more strength. Prayer gives us calm, focus, and a little bit of inner peace. Oprah Winfrey used to recommend keeping a journal of appreciation — write down the good things in your life every day and it will help you avoid depression. I now realize that religion is way ahead on this concept — appreciate what you have and it will save your soul today, tomorrow and in the future. It can get you through a bad day and help you sleep at night.
In a few months, InterfaithFamily/Philadelphia will be offering a class called "Raising a Child With Judaism in Your Interfaith Family." These online classes (with two in-person sessions) teach about various Jewish rituals such as the Shema and Hamotzi. As a parent, I realize how meaningful these small prayers are toward helping us all function and appreciate the life we have. As we share more details about the class, including how to register, in the coming weeks, I hope you will spread the word about this class and encourage even the most cynical to look into it. When we watch tragedy take place in the world, I find prayer to be one of the more powerful weapons in our parental arsenal. In the meantime, I say a prayer for the families in Connecticut. I am so sorry for your loss.


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Minecraft Walking Dead Mod [1.5.1]Minecraft Mods — April 5, 2013, 1:58 PM
This mod only really has two features. It adds a new type of zombie, called a walker, into Minecraft. They're pretty similar to the original zombie, seeing as they do drop rotten flesh. They differ in three ways, though. They look different, they attack you, chickens, and pigs… and they don't burn in the sun. It also adds a config file which allows you to disable spawning of all hostile monsters, which has some use to the person who doesn't want the walkers themselves. Goodbye creepers! Zombies are tough enough as is, but spawning during the day seems a little scary. Or fun. It depends on who you ask, really.
How to install Walking Dead Mod for Minecraft 1.5.1:
- Install Mod for Windows
- You need Minecraft Forge
- Open your minecraft.jar file. This can be found here: C:\Users\(insert computer name here)\AppData\Roaming\.minecraft\bin. It can also be found by searching for "%appdata%" in your start menu. Once you have searched for "%appdata%," you have to follow the same path as stated above. Open your minecraft.jar with Winrar by simply dragging the .jar into Winrar.
- Open the .zip/.rar/folder of your mod and drag and drop the contents into the minecraft.jar.
- Delete the META-INF folder in the minecraft.jar. Close minecraft.jar.
- Open Minecraft and play!
- If your mod doesn't work properly or you get a black screen at the Minecraft startup: You need Delete your minecraft.jar found here "C:\Users\(insert computer name here)\AppData\Roaming\.minecraft\bin". Then Open Minecraft, let it auto-update so your .jar can be restord. Attempt to re-install mod (If you want).
- Install Mod for Mac
- Open up your finder application. In the menu that appears full of files, locate the one named Library.
Locate the file named Application-Support. It is usually near the top of the contents inside of the folder labeled Library.
Locate the folder named minecraft. Once inside of the minecraft folder, open the folder labeled bin. This folder contains the minecraft.jar
Slowly double click the minecraft.jar so you are able to rename it. Rename the folder minecraft.jar.zip. It will ask you if you want to use .jar or .zip. Select .zip to save your changes to the folder's name.
- Open the now newly created folder named minecraft.jar.zip which will give you a new folder named minecraft.jar. This will now act as your minecraft.jar
- You are now able to drag any .class files needed into the jar to play the mod you wish.
Developer: crackedEgg
Download Walking Dead Mod for Minecraft 1.5.1:


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Share your reviews,
photos and videos here!
Involvement:General (knows how to use it) - Ownership:1 day to 1 weekPros:
-Good price
-Great performance
-Nice sound
-Preset equalizer
-Doesn't use much power
-small size
-Remote controlled (even an included ir extension cable)
-usb sd card and fm are all working like a charm
-Power input at the front side
-No display (but i knew when i bought it)
-Antenna at front side
All cons should be takin care of (wich make it more expensive) and you will have 5 stars
Great value for money i am using this module in a crate as a workingradio in the cunstuction.
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10 Things We Learned From the Revenge Season 2, Episode 7, "Penance" Promo: Mason Treadwell's in Big Trouble
From weddings to engagements to dead bodies, last night's episode of Revenge was action-packed in a major way. But that's nothing compared to next week. Mason Treadwell stumbled upon a major story, but it's sure to put him in harm's way.
Check out our promo analysis to see what happens in Revenge Season 2, Episode 7, "Penance."
1) Victoria Has a New Sleeping Partner
No offense, but our girl Vicki gets around. This time it's not Dominik Wright or David Clarke in her bed — it's her brand new, pearl-handled gun. But what's going bump in the night and causing Victoria to reach for her new BFF?
2) Aiden Suffocates ... Spoiler?
It seems Aiden's revengey past is coming back to haunt him. In a quick flash, it looks like Aiden is suffocating a blond lady. Gasp! Could it be Ems? Probably not. Our guess is that Kara Wallace Clarke discovers Aiden's location and he's stopping her in her tracks — literally.
3) Victoria's Blindfolded
Something tells us that this isn't another one of Conrad's bedroom games ... [pause for shudder]. Victoria is sporting a black blindfold and looking particularly peeved, but who has her under wraps?
4) Nolan Smashes His David Clarke Check
Aiden takes a field trip to Nolcorp to tell Em's bestie that it's his "last chance to save Emily." We then see Nolan smashing the framed check that David Clarke gave him to start his business. Umm, hello?! You're shattering previous memories, N. Unit — it better be worth it.
5) Aiden and Ems Mack
The flashback episode isn't until Nov. 25, so could Aiden and Ems be getting frisky in present day? Unless Danny's ready to dump his ladder-climbing lady, we're all for this hookup.
6) There's a Party at Grayson Manor
Umm excuse us, but where's our invite? It looks like Conrad's hosting some sort of "I-was-freed-from-jail-by-a-terrorist-group" party and we weren't invited. Also, tan jackets seem to be really in.
7) Ems and Nolan See Mason's Revenge Board
Remember Mason Treadwell's super serial killer-style Revenge board? Well, it's no longer a secret. Both Nolan and Emily get a sneak peek.
8) Aiden and Daniel Start Working Together
It's time to cash some checks in the Hamptons. We see Aiden handing his to Daniel Grayson as Ashley looks on.
9) Fauxmanda's Got a Weapon
In last week's episode, Amanda Clarke warned Emily that if the Mason problem didn't go away, she was going to handle it her own way. And Mandy's way isn't exactly pleasant — as Frank Stevens's dead, rotting corpse can attest to. Moments after we see her talking to Mason, Fauxmanda is spotted with a hefty metal weapon. Could this be the end of the journalist?
10) Emily and Mason Make a Deal
It looks like the Hamptons' most notorious journalist stumbled upon a bigger scoop than he can chew. He has knowledge that is sure to put him in Emily's line of fire, and his intel could seriously hurt Em's cause. The solution? It looks like she's making him a deal, and we hope it involves his bowtie collection ...
What do you think of our analysis? Weigh in below!
Wanna share theories with fellow Revenge fans? Join the discussion on our Revenge Facebook page!
Follow @RevengeWetpaint on Twitter
More About Revenge
Revenge Spoilers
Revenge Photos
Revenge Episodes
Revenge Music
Revenge Relationships


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Welcome to the WDWMAGIC.COM Forums!
Please take a look around, and feel free to sign up and join the community.You can use your Twitter or Facebook account to sign up, or register directly.
PHOTOS - A look at the first day of the big Next-Gen FASTPASS+ test
Discussion in 'WDW Parks News, Rumors and Current Events' started by wdwmagic, Sep 18, 2012.
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Perfect 10 Lifestyle Dashama's Blog
September 17
(Dashama and Dr Wayne Dyer, Santa Monica, CA 2010)
I'd heard of many of Dr. Dyer's books and programs (The Power of Intention has sold over 200 million copies world wide -for example), but I had never had the opportunity to hear him speak. So when I heard he was coming to Santa Monica, I decided I needed to be there and that was all that I knew.
He started out talking about his children, the obvious pride and joy of his life. And he shared many stories about his own path as well.
The most touching story he shared was about the time he went to look for his father's grave stone in his 30s. It had been over 20 years since he was abandoned as a 9 year old boy. He heard an Inner Calling to go see this grave stone to see if his father had acknowledged he had a son named Wayne, a mystery that had plagued him his entire life.