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|Summary of 14 reviews :
|Room :
|Facilities :
|Service :
|Location :
|Hotel room status:
|Grand Millennium Sukhumvit Bangkok features a
sail-like glass facade, with an atrium and concept floors. Rooms and
suites are spacious tastefully decorated with contemporary Thai
'touches' and presents the very latest in -room technology.
The hotel offers banquet/convention space totaling almost 2,000 square metres. Featuring two Ballrooms and nine meeting rooms with the very best Audiovisual facilities which can accommodate from 10 to 500 guests.
The hotel has six Food and Beverage outlets offering international and regional cuisine. Other facilities include business centre, a full spa and fitness centre, swimming pool and a putting green on site
|All guestrooms are designed with a sleek and
contemporary feel incorporating a touch of warm Thai hospitality.
They are tastefully furnished with long bath and separate shower,
electronic safe, LCD TV, broadband internet access, 'proximity' key
card access, hair dryer, mini bar, coffee and tea making facilities.
|221 Deluxe Rooms (38 Sq.m.)
Contemporary Thai design is dominant with earth tones ensuring a homely atmosphere. Suited to all travelers.
They are tastefully furnished with long bath and separate shower, electronic safe, LCD TV with satellite channels and in-house pay movies, Wi-Fi internet access, 'proximity' key card access, hair dryer, mini bar, coffee and tea-making facilities.
|Grand Deluxe Room
Grand Deluxe Rooms of this Sukhumvit hotel are in contemporary Thai design and dominated with earthy tones ensuring a homely atmosphere catering to all travelers.
This Bangkok luxury hotel's Grand Deluxe Rooms are tastefully furnished with long bath and separate shower, electronic safe, LCD TV with satellite channels and in-house pay-per-view movies, ' proximity' key card access, hair dryer, mini bar, coffee and tea-making facilities. Moreover, the guest will enjoy the higher floor with the superb city views with the additional benefit of hi-speed Internet access.
89 Executive Club Rooms (38 Sq.m.)
They are fashionably furnished in a contemporary Thai style. Advantage includes access to the Club Lounge with complimentary benefits and services.
All rooms come completely with long bath and separate shower, electronic safe, LCD TV with satellite channels and in-house pay movies, broadband internet access, 'proximity' key card access, hair dryer, mini bar, coffee and tea-making facilities.
Club Benefits :
|TERRA ROKU, Level6 (Under Renovation)
A Japanese and Italian Experience
Brat-pack decadence gels with the modern approach to luxury. Terra means earth in Italian while Roku is Japanese for six. Hence the cuisine runs the gamut from Italian to Japanese with a common theme of the surrounding seas. The Japanese and Italian chefs place the culinary accent on experimentation but rooted in the grand traditions. Stand-out decorative features range from out-size chandeliers to wine column lanterns. Richly carved walls evoke Aztec dining but seated on Charles Eames chairs. Overhanging floating gardens and private rooms with a view also beckon.
Capacity: 150 seats
Operation Hours: 18.00 -23.00 hrs. Tuesdays - Sundays
|ATELIER (level 2)
International Kitchen Theatre
Atelier is French for "workshop". Hence this restaurant hums with the sights and sounds of dedicated specialist chefs, including masters of Cantonese and Indian cuisines, creating one original Thai, Indian, Chinese or Western delicacy after another. All prepared a-la-minute at gleaming, art-of-life show kitchens. Decor is split level and stylishly decadent with hushed color tones pierced by stunning shafts of yellow light. Abstract classicism and retro elements are juxtaposed with jewel-like crystal chandeliers, leaving an unmistakable impression of sophisticated elegance. Made in heaven for everyone who loves exploring the culture of food.
Capacity: 141 seats
Operation Hours: 06.30 -22.00 hrs. daily
|FLOURWORX (Lobby Level)
Quick bites
Casual elegant and accessible to all age groups, Flourworx combines food service with a deli, bakery, sandwich, soup, coffee and tea specialty. The name is a whimsical play on the words "flour" and "flowers". Dishes are inspired by flour. Giant sandwiches packed with flavour and puff balls of bread bursting with scintillating salads are the house specialties, alongside equally irresistible noodles, pizzas and desserts. Wash some down with an innovative iced tea drink or any top-end beverage, from Ronnefeldt teas to the inimitable Illy cafe.
Capacity: 34 seats
Operation Hours: 07.00 -22.00 hrs. daily
|inBlu Jazz Lounge (Lobby Level)
Jazz & Cocktails
A honey pot jazz lounge destined to be the talk of the town for lovers of all styles of jazz music. Hip, vibrant and uber trendy with a fabulous beverage menu complete with funky cocktail creations. Live professional Jazz nightly. Light, nutritious bar snacks and tidbits.
Capacity: 51 seats
Operation Hours: 16.00 -01.00 hrs. daily
|TAPAS Y VINO(Level 2)
Tapas with a twist
Wine lovers will immediately gravitate to Tapas Y Vino with its exquisite selections of fine wines and tasty tapas, not just from Spain but all over the world. The monster mouthfuls range from Spanish and French classics to innovative creations inspired by the great cuisines of Asia. All delectably matched with the contents of a magnificent Old World/New World cellar. Discover how deliciously sherry goes with tapas and lots more revelations you will never forget.
Capacity: 43 seats
Operation Hours: Lunch 12.00 -14.30 (except Public Holiday)
Dinner : 18.00 - 23.00 hrs. Mondays - Saturdays
Banquet & Meetings Facilities
Audio and visual equipment and well-planned interiors make the two ballrooms and nine meeting rooms the perfect venue for meetings, conferences, special events and wedding banquets.
Spread over 2,000 square meters, our facilities are supported by a team of dedicated professionals who will see to your events every need.
The Grand Millennium Sukhumvit Bangkok features a wide array of facilities that make it an ideal business hotel in Bangkok. For the traveling business executive looking for a Bangkok hotel with a business centre will be more than delighted with the facilities and amenities.
Guest Services
This luxury hotel in Bangkok, Thailand offers its visitors a wide variety of facilities and services. Travelers looking for a Bangkok hotel with Wi-Fi Internet access in the premises will be satisfied with the facilities on offer. Guests at the Grand Millennium Sukhumvit Bangkok receive the following during their stay
Sport & Leisure
- Spa & Fitness centre As a spa hotel in Bangkok the Grand Millennium Sukhumvit Bangkok does not disappoint its guests. The Antidote is a modern & vibrant spa and fitness centre where you relax and unwind your soul, relieve your stress
- Pool
- Putting Green
|The hotel is located in one of Bangkok prime central
area - on Asoke Road (Sukhumvit Soi 21). It is adjacent to the
subway and sky train stations: Only one- stop by subway to the Queen
Sirikit National Convention Centre and again a one-stop by sky train
to the Emporium Department store. The hotel is a mere 30 minutes
drive away from Bangkok new Suvarnabhumi Airport.
|Go around Bangkok
By Air


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Check out this week's book trailer for Reckless by Cornelia Funke. Click here to find Reckless at the Library!
posted by Colleen, Teen Services Librarian
Check out this week's book trailer for Reckless by Cornelia Funke. Click here to find Reckless at the Library!
posted by Colleen, Teen Services Librarian
Fat Kid Rules the World by K.L. Going
Last week K.L. Going posted on her blog that the movie for Fat Kid Rules the World has finally started filming. Click here to read the full post. The independent film is shooting in Seattle, and will star two indie actors Jacob Wysocki and Matt O'Leary. Fat Kid Rules the World is an older novel, but it is a really good read. Also, the audiobook is excellent and is read by Matthew Lillard. Click here to download it! We first meet Troy, who is overweight and depressed, as he is contemplating suicide by throwing himself in front of a train. However, right before he is about to jump onto the tracks, the legend that is Curt MacCrae stops him. Curt has a reputation as a genius guitar player, punk rocker, and a slightly homeless high school drop out. In exchange for saving Troy's life, Curt claims that Troy owes him lunch, and thus begins an interesting friendship. Troy always wanted to be in a band and Curt just happens to need a drummer, nevermind that Troy can't play the drums. Together Curt and Troy set out to make an impact on the punk scene in New York. However, how much can a homeless possibly drug addicted skinny kid and a 6'1″ 198 pound depressed guy do to change the world…?
The Luxe by Anna Godbersen
The Hollywood Reporter is reporting that the production team behind the TV show Gossip Girl is bringing Anna Godbersen's Luxe series to the big screen. Filming has not yet begun and the screenplay is currently being written, but it sounds like they want the stlye of the movie to be like that of Moulin Rouge, complete with musical numbers. The Luxe series is a four book series, and the first book entitled The Luxe is set in Manhattan in 1899. The novel opens on a funeral of a young heiress named Elizabeth. We are then taken back through the events that have led to Elizabeth's death. Scandalous affairs, forced marriages, and high society definitely make this series an interesting spin on the traditional Gossip Girl drama.
Finally, look out for the book Shatter Me by Tahereh Mafi later this year. Not only is it in the ever popular dystopian genre, but MTV.com is also reporting that it already has a movie deal. The novel centers on Juliette who has the power to kill by touch. After she accidently kills someone, "the Reestablishment" finds out what she can do and locks up for murder. Meanwhile, outside her prison, the world is falling apart. Look for Shatter Me to hit bookshelfs in November 2011.
posted by Colleen, Teen Services Librarian
The Teen Summer Reading program is still going strong, with only a couple of weeks left! We have been receiving some great book reviews on the logs that are being turned in. So, we are going to post these short reviews, ten at a time, and call them "10 Reviews by You". Hopefully, you'll get lots of helpful suggestions on what book to pick up next! Just click on the title to find it at the Library.
1) Fairest
by Gail Carson Levine
Aza, an innkeeper's daughter, lives in Ayortha where everyone is pretty and can sing. Different since birth, Aza must overcome being ugly, a magic mirror, ogres, and being in prison in order to get her happy ending.
by S. Terrell French
Operation Redwood is about a boy named Julian. His uncle and his company, IPX, want to kill redwood trees to make money. So when Julian accidently reads a protest email to his uncle by a girl named Robin, he's sent on an adventure to save the redwood trees, meet new friends, and defeat evil.
3) Hana-Kimi
by Hisaya Nakajo
One of my favorite series, Hana-Kimi, is about a girl who sees a Japanese track star. Immediately, she was amazed so she travels to Japan to meet him. The catch is that he goes to an all-boys school, so she dresses as a guy and goes to the school.
by Marina Budhos
Ask Me No Questions is about a girl that lived in the U.S. with her family on expired visas. When her dad gets put in jail, she is determined to get him out.
5) 11 Birthdays
by Wendy Mass
11 Birthdays is about two kids who were born on the same day. They were supposed to have their parties together every year. They did until they were 11, and so have to live the same day over eleven times.
by Matt Christopher
Return of the Home Run Kid is about a boy who always hits homeruns, but then hits a massive slump. He then meets a trainer who helped him out, but there's something suspicious about the trainer.
7) Hatchet
by Gary Paulsen
Hatchet is about a boy trapped in the wilderness. He learns how to make bows and arrows with his hatchet to survive.
8) Bloody Jack
by L.A. Meyer
Bloody Jack is one of my favorite books. It is about an orphan girl named Jacky Faber and her adventures. I loved this book so much I kept on reading the series and I am excited to read the next books coming out.
9) The Pact
by Jodi Picoult
The Pact is about guy who is falsely accused of murdering his girlfriend. It was a good book!
by Melody Carlson
Diary of a Teenage Girl is actually a good book. It's about a girl who lets God come into her heart and how she has hardships with love, friends, and her family changing.
by Will Hobbs
I read the book The Maze by Will Hobbs. Rick Walker, an escapee from the local juvenile prison, finds himself lost in Canyonlands National Park in Utah, where he finds the camp of Lon Peregrino, a bird biologist who is working to reintroduce California Condors in the wild. In the process of working with the condors and exploring the canyon landscapes Rick comes to learn more about himself and realize that running away from his problems will not solve them. When two men come to Lon's camp, Rick automatically knows that something is not right. He listens into their conversation and finds out that Lon's condors are in grave danger. After further investigations, Rick finds out that the two men are hiding something. Something big.
review submitted by Emily
If you're not a big fan of blood and gore- then this is not the book for you. If you like blood, guts, gore, suspense and nightmare provoking monsters– then The Monstrumologist by Rick Yancey is like winning the lottery for you!
It takes place back in 1800's, where Will Henry is an assistant to Dr. Warthrop, a Monstrumologist who is someone who studies and sometimes kills monsters. The story begins with a knock at the door in late one night revealing a grave robber with a very special delivery…a dead monstrous beast, with its last meal still in its mouth. The beast is known as an Anthropophagi, a headless monster complete with a mouth in its chest full of skull crushing teeth. Soon the doctor and Will Henry begin to realize that this Anthropophagi appearance wasn't random when more gruesome killings are discovered. Extra hands have to be called in to launch a great hunt for these blood thirsty creatures and Will Henry finds himself at the dangerous forefront of it all – either as the victor or perhaps just monster bait.
by Joanna Philbin
This book is one of my favorites. It has it all: mystery, comedy, and a little horror. Three girls combine forces to overcome Ava, the girl who's out to get them all. I would definitely recommend this book to girls who like…girly books!
review submitted by Nida
by Steven Layne
I read the book Mergers by Stephen Layne. It is a science fiction/fantasy novel. Between Dirk, Mateo, Keiko, and Nicci, the world as they know it is at risk. When a machine called the merger created by Senator Broogue combines all races in order to create "peace", it does anything but that. When Dirk, Mateo, Keiko, and Nicci were kids, they knew they were different. Their skin wasn't merged. If someone saw them they would be in great danger. Dr. Lisa Tyrone takes the kids in and raises them until Senator Broogue kills her. Along the way, the kids meet three people just like them. Soon they find out that the fate of the world is in their hands.
review submitted by Emily
Beatrice lives in Chicago– well actually she lives in Abnegation, one of the factions of Chicago. Everyone in Abnegation is self-less. There are four other factions: amity (friendship/peace), dauntless (fearless), erudite (intelligence), and candor( who always speak the truth). Beatrice is now 16, which means it's time to figure out which faction she'll spend the rest of her life in. If she doesn't chose Abnegation, this choice also means cutting herself off from her Abnegation parents. A test, which is actually a simulation, helps decide which faction she would be best suited for, but Beatrice still has the final choice. Beatrice's test doesn't offer an conclusive results, her test proctor informs her that she's a divergent. Being a Divergent means you are someone who doesn't fit in any of the clearly defined factions, and is a result she must not share with anyone because the consequences could be terrible.
Which faction does Beatrice settle on? Dauntless, and the action ramps up from that point on. Beatrice, who now goes by Tris, finds out that even her though she has chosen Dauntless as her new faction this doesn't mean they chose her. Only ten initiates will be accepted in the faction and the newbies must prove themselves by performing well in intense tasks like fighting, knife throwing, shooting, and most of all confronting and overcoming their fears. Tris seems to have the odds stacked against her since she was an Abnegation and kind of scrawny, but her determination and some support from one of the trainers, who's named Four, help her stay in the running for a slot. While proving her worth to Dauntless, Tris also finds herself questioning the Dauntless and the other factions and their true motives. Her divergent-ness starts to become more apparent to not just her but to others who are secretly observing her. Will she be able to keep her secret and what does her divergence mean for the future of all of the factions?
From Bad to Cursed by Katie Alender was just published last month and is the follow up to Bad Girls Don't Die. This week's book trailer is a two for one deal, because both books have had awesomely creepy trailers. Check out the trailers below and then click here for Bad Girls Don't Die and click here for From Bad to Cursed, to check the books out in the Library.

subset: commoncrawl


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On this page the definition for the word kill is given as follows: 'To make laugh too much or ache with laughter.' The dictionary provides an example of how the word might be used in Guyana: 'When A hear them cackling away I know she was killin[g] them wit[h] the story about the police runnin[g] from the dog'.
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I recently took a trip to Toronto with the family. We crammed in as many things as we could into the days that we were there, spreading the choices of places and activities between the four of us...a visit to Ontario Place, a couple of trips to Silver Snail Comics, a walk at The Riverdale Farm (they have outdoor oven-fired pizza on Tuesdays!), poked around The Necropolis, dinner at Baton Rouge, and my personal choice - a visit to Kensington Market on a lazy, sunny Saturday.
It was a real treat (and a completely different experience/vibe) to have my kids with me as I strolled down the streets. We slipped in and out of the little stalls and store fronts, smelling spices, tasting foods - hot, sour, savoury, and sweet. Mmmmm...churros.
But what's a day in Kensington Market without a stop at Courage My Love?
I dragged my 12-year-old into the shop, proclaiming the virtues of vintage. After a nice browse around, I left with two hats and a sweet wooden ring. I wore the ring on my pinky most of the rest of the day, twirling it around as we ate vendor dogs and shouted out words for a street side rapper to incorporate into his mix. (He was pretty good...try lookin' cool while rapping about "artichokes".)
Later that evening, after we'd returned to the hotel and I was getting ready to go to dinner, I realized the ring was loose on my pinky. Not wanting to lose it, I moved it to my ring finger. It went on easily and seemed a good, snug fit.
As I put on my make-up, snug became tight. I tugged on it while we walked to the restaurant but the ring wouldn't budge and my finger began to swell. By the time we were ready to order, my finger was a lovely shade of maroon. Houston, we have a problem.
Of course, the problem was made worse because:
A. If you've ever eaten at Baton Rouge, you know you can't just get up a leave, not after you've dreamed of their BBQ sauce for months on end. (It's not Papa Joe's Smoke House, but pretty close.)
B. My book signing at Book Expo Canada was the next day at noon. Kind of difficult to scribble my name repeatedly when the fourth finger of my writing hand is the size of a sausage.
My dear husband (calmly) says, "we'll ask for a side of butter. Maybe that will work."
I thanked the server, scooped up a big pat of the stuff and stuck my hands under the table and started to slather away.
We were way beyond butter.
Husband (still quite calm) says..."OK. Emergency room?"
I could smell the glorious woody scent of the BBQ sauce as the server set my plate in front of me. I unrolled the napkin that was wrapped around the silverware.
"This steak knife looks pretty sharp. Maybe I can saw the ring off?"
Husband shook his head and sighed. "Give me your hand, I'll do it."
He made a good start, sawing a nice groove into the ring, but I couldn't stand watching the blade move back and forth so close to my fingers. "Thanks honey, I'll take it from here."
I worked at it, sawing away when I could, changing the angle ever so slightly when I came too near flesh, quickly hiding my hand under the table every time the waiter came by, or when the manager insisted on strolling around striking up conversations with us and every table within sight.
I may have lost a ring, but my finger was still in tact, my hand ready for BEC.
(Stay tuned for part two, Notes from Book Expo Canada)
June 20, 2006
3 comments:
What people who've worked for fine jewelers everywhere know--stuck ring on customer's finger? Windex will save the day.
- Ami said...
Windex? wow. I never knew...
I bet if I'd just taken a minute to Google "how to get ring off finger" I would have found it!
Thanks for the tip.
- M.B.S. said...
Did you bury the ring, or throw it in the trash? It looked a bit floral anyway--might as well let it push up daisies.
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CLAYBANK, TEXAS. Claybank, 4½ miles east of Kilgore in south central Gregg County, was probably established after the Civil War. A post office operated from 1897 until 1902. Around 1900 the small settlement had a general store and a number of houses. By the early 1920s the community no longer appeared on maps.
The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Christopher Long, "CLAYBANK, TX," Handbook of Texas Online (http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hrcfz), accessed July 28, 2015. Uploaded on June 12, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
For more information about towns and counties including physical features, statistics, weather, maps and much more, visit the Town Database on TexasAlmanac.com!


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Please select dates of travel and the number of guests to get accurate room availability and rates.
Need more than 8 rooms?
Contact our Group Travel Department
Location. Days Inn Hickory Conover Nc is located in Conover.
Property Features. The motel serves a complimentary breakfast. Days Inn Hickory Conover Nc features coffee in the lobby complimentary newspapers in the lobby and dry cleaning/laundry services. Additional property amenities include air conditioning in public areas. Guest parking is complimentary. The front desk is open 24 hours a day.
Guestrooms. All guestrooms at Days Inn Hickory Conover Nc feature coffee/tea makers and safes. Wireless Internet access is complimentary. Televisions have cable channels. Rooms also include hair dryers and irons/ironing boards.
Air-conditioned public areas
Business services
Complimentary breakfast
Pets accepted
Conference rooms
Coffee in lobby
Parking free
Complimentary newspapers in lobby
24-hour front desk
Swimming pool - outdoor seasonal
Dry cleaning/laundry service


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Facts about the Different Types of Guppies
Many people, young and old, have kept fish as pets, with the most popular being one of the many types of guppies in the aquatic world. And with good reason; these small fish are available in numerous sizes, colors and variations. Anyone who holds a fascination with fish will find that the guppy group offers great interest and satisfaction in the home aquarium.
About the fish
Guppies got their name from the gentleman who was one of their first enthusiasts, Reverend J.L. Guppy. They also are known popularly as "millionfish". Their natural habitat is in the tropical regions of Central America and Northern South America, such as Antigua, Trinidad, Brazil, Barbados and other such countries. Guppies are freshwater fish, found in rivers and lakes. They are omnivores, a term that means they eat either plants or other animal material. Main elements in the diets of these tiny fish are brine shrimp and algae, but they will also eat other organic matter and particles of food. One of the reasons that the fish found their way into different countries was not just due to their colorful cuteness, but more due to the inclusion of mosquito larvae in their diets. The guppies were brought to various areas in attempts to control mosquito populations so as to control the spread of malaria.
There are over 300 types of guppies in their natural habitats. After the small fish were introduced into different cultures, more and more people became fans of the colorful little swimmers and they began to find their way into people's home aquariums. As the fish were bred by guppy fans, unusual strains of the fish began to appear.
Colors of the guppies are endless. White, yellow, orange, red, blue, purple and every variation in between has been adopted by the little fish through selective breeding processes. Body patterns also vary widely. The names of guppies, in fact, are often attributed by the patterns on the bodies as well as the tail formations. For example, "tuxedo" guppies applies to those fish with two colors; one color on the front half of the body and a second unrelated color on the back half of the body. When named for their color, it is always the color appearing on the tail that dictates the moniker. If the front of the body is a grayish hue but the tail is blue, the fish is called a Tuxedo HB, or half blue to denote that the fish displays two colors and the tail is blue. Grass strains are types of guppies that show small black spots on the body and tail. Mosaic types also have spots, but larger dots than those in the grass strains.
There are two basic types of guppies from which all variations emerge, feeder guppies and fancy guppies. Fancies are often developed and bred for show quality and can feature amazingly elaborate tail formations. From swordtail to pin tail to incredibly flowing tails, the guppies offer a wonderful visual.
Aquarium fish
Guppies are great fish for the home aquarium. In captivity, these fish can live up to 3 years when properly cared for and given the right care. The ideal environment for the small fish is in an aquarium of appropriate size in an alkaline PH water of approximately 70° to 76°. They are adaptable, however, and can acclimate to warmer or cooler weather. It has been discovered, however, that guppies kept in warmer temperatures do not have as long of life spans as those kept in cooler waters.
Any of the types of guppies are susceptible to threats from larger fish, so it is important to be selective in choosing tank mates for these colorful fish. When fed sufficient amounts, guppies do not typically eat their own young, although most breeders use caution nevertheless and remove the female to a more private environment shortly before giving birth. It is not unheard of for males to attack females during this vulnerable time in their cycle.
One of the most notable features of guppies is in their propensity for active breeding. Fry are delivered through live birth, with between 60 and 100 baby guppies in a single batch. The female fish have the unique ability of impregnating at will after mating with a male one single time. They do this by storing the male's sperm. After giving birth, the female is able to become pregnant again almost immediately and will use the stored sperm to do so. This capability gave them the name millionfish.
The fry begin to swim and feed on their own as soon as they are born. They have an innate sense of danger as well to provide them with protection against their predators. Within just a few short months, the fry grow and mature into adult guppies.
Any of the many colorful types of guppies will do well in a home aquarium. Their beautiful patterns and elaborate tail fins, along with their easy care, make these small fish which are available in a virtual rainbow of colors, the most popular among aquatic enthusiasts in home aquariums.


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I am considering playing in a few of the events that are coming up near home. I play reasonably well, but certainly not up to the standards of zuglan, sabajos, and company. Are there usually players of all calibers at these events, or am I out to embarass myself? It seems such a valuable way to gain legitimate tournament experience. Also, are the formats usually single or double elimination, races to 7 or 9?
Thanks in advance,


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A range of copying services (including paper-copy, duplicate microfilm, and photography) is available from the British Library.
Without visiting the Library
Please see the Imaging Services webpages for details of how to order copies, and for an online order form and price list. In order to complete the order form, you will need to trace the item required in the catalogues and make a note of the shelfmark or manuscript number.
Where the item is still in copyright, you will also need to supply a letter from the copyright holder giving permission for the Library to make a copy on your behalf.
Please contact us if you need assistance tracing a particular music item in the catalogues.
W.A. Mozart, 'God is our refuge', K. 20 Partial autograph K.10.a.17.(3.) held by the British Library
In the Rare Books & Music Reading Room
There are three ways in which the British Library may copy items through the assisted copy service:
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In addition the material to be copied should meet the following criteria
- the work is out of copyright or appropriate permission from the publisher/copyright holder is provided
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Tel: +44 (0)20 7412 7772
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E-mail: Ask the Music Reference Team


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Search VIFF Films
Find Your Film
Use our search function below to sort the films by their English title, the names of directors, or their country of origin. Films can also be filtered by series, genre, or Vancouver International Film Festival venue. You can also browse by film series by visiting our Browse By Series page.
The majority of films in the Vancouver International Film Festival are unrated and you must be 18 and purchase a $2 VIFF membership to attend a screening. However, a selection of films are open to all ages.
Before you make your purchase, please note The Rio is 19+ exclusively with the exception of the rated High School Screenings at this venue.
Kabuki Sawako
A funny/sad pop-art mini-extravaganza! Ms Kabuki says that it's based on a dream she had when her lover left her. He was a man who liked enemas. Tony Rayns
We don't often hear from the young people in Canada's north, but here they are in their own words.
Alimamy Kamara
Made by a group of ex-street youth in Sierra Leone, Africa, this film explores how $2,000 could end poverty.
Kang Sangwoo
Kang's first films since serving time (for conscientious objection) are studies of post-prison rehab and of life on Anmado island, both precise and poetic. Tony Rayns
Kang's first films since serving time (for conscientious objection) are studies of post-prison rehab and of life on Anmado island, both precise and poetic. Tony Rayns
Hüseyin Karabey
Passionate and utterly compelling, Hüseyin Karabey's beautifully crafted film is founded in political absurdity. When the Turkish military surrounds a Kurdish village, takes alleged rebels into custody and demands the return of nonexistent guns, a little girl and her grandmother set off in search of a weapon—any weapon—that might earn her father's freedom. Breathtaking vistas and nerve-wracking suspense await. Winner, Audience Award, Istanbul 2014.
Yassmina Karajah
After a tragic death, a Lebanese immigrant struggles to arrange Islamic pre-burial rituals in his adopted home.
Jamie Kasaima
"Young people today are too often found in a space of social homelessness, where we are invisible in public discourse, and the value of our lived experience is reduced to teenage weirdness." A poetic statement of what youth need.
Nancy Kates
"This portrait of the influential writer and public intellectual somehow manages to do justice to both the breadth of her work… as well as the ins and outs of her personal life… That director Nancy Kates manages to hit so many important pivot points in Sontag's life and career in a cinematically engaging way feels like a small miracle."—Vulture.com. Winner, Special Jury Mention, Tribeca 2014.
James Keach
Singer and legendary guitarist Glen Campbell is so much more than just the purveyor of great tunes like "Wichita Lineman." When Campbell was diagnosed with Alzheimer's, director James Keach was given unfettered access to the singer during his farewell tour; the result is a remarkably musical testament to courage and determination that serves as the lead-in to VIFF's "Gentle on My Mind" sidebar. Winner, Grand Jury Prize, Nashville 2014.
Matthew Kennedy
When a series of grisly murders plague a low-rent film production, a former master-editor turned whipping boy becomes the prime suspect. Astron-6 (Manborg) film collective members Adam Brooks and Matthew Kennedy write, direct and star in this deranged, debauched ode to '70s Italian giallo fare. Gore, gratuitous nudity and an inspired guest appearance by Udo Kier make for the perfect late night out.
Sarah Kim
What would bullying look like if we saw it for what it is? (United Way Care to Change Video Competition winner.)
Ryland Walker Knight
For two teen girls, a clandestine night sharing secrets is transformed when there's a power failure.
Joanna Kos-Krauze
Joanna Kos-Krauze and Krzysztof Krauze's (My Nikifor) amazing drama is exquisitely designed and replete with stunning musical sequences. "Spanning most of the 20th century… [this] ravishingly beautiful biopic commemorates the life and works of Bronisława Wajs, the first publicly feted female poet from Poland's travelling gypsy minority… Every frame is a painterly masterclass in light and shadow."—Hollywood Reporter. Winner, Special Jury Prize, Istanbul 2014.
Matthew Kowalchuk
Tormented by bedbugs, an ostracized woman learns an unexpected lesson about acceptance.
Peter Krüger
Based on the life of French musician Raymond Borremans, who moved to West Africa in the 20s and tried to compile an encyclopedia of The Ivory Coast (he got to "N" before dying in 1988), this poetic semi-documentary is beautiful and revelatory. Nigerian novelist/poet Ben Okri co-wrote the script, director Peter Krüger authored the striking visual style and the great Michael Lonsdale embodies Borremans' spirit.
Eliza Kubarska
The nomadic Badjao tribe are citizens of the sea, subsisting for centuries on the spoils of their compressor-diving expeditions. Eliza Kubarska's poetic documentary follows 10-year-old Sari as he sets out on his first fishing trip and is initiated into his people's traditions and lore. "A mythological tale of wonder and water…"—DOX. Winner, Special Jury Prize: International Feature, Hot Docs 2014.
Lenn Kudrjawizki
Fear, prejudice and misunderstandings collide on a crowded airplane in the last minutes before takeoff.
Nagesh Kukunoor
Nagesh Kukunoor's raw, powerful and deeply disturbing drama about sex trafficking and child prostitution in Andhra Pradesh packs a wallop, in no small part due to the performance of Monali Thakur as the 14-year-old heroine Lakshmi. "The film belongs to singer-turned-actress Thakur. [Her] portrait of ravaged innocence will haunt you forever."—NDTV. Winner, Audience Award: Best Narrative Feature, Palm Springs 2014.
Julia Kwan
Director Julia Kwan documents the pivotal changes affecting the culture and economy of Vancouver's Chinatown, one of the oldest in North America. With humour and sympathy, Kwan introduces us to residents who see their way of living eroding and to others who welcome the transition, including real estate consultant Bob Rennie.


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Covers the entire photographic workflow in Aperture, from import to enhancement to output, plus special 3.3 features like Retina display support and iPhoto integration.
"Now you have food photography? It doesn't get any better than that. I now do freelance graphic design for a restaurant and am asked to do their food shots. The timing is so perfect. Thank you." —Alele T.
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Posted at: 11/24/2012 9:22 AM
MADISON, Wis. (AP) — A Chippewa tribal commission has until mid-week to respond to state wildlife officials' demand to block tribal hunters from going after deer at night.
Last Wednesday, the Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission authorized tribal hunters to hunt deer after dark in the ceded territory of northern Wisconsin beginning Monday.
The Department of Natural Resources says night deer hunting is too dangerous. The agency asked U.S. District Judge Barbara Crabb on Wednesday to block the authorization, triggering an automatic five-day period for the commission to respond. That makes Nov. 28 the deadline.
DNR officials say they hope Crabb will schedule a hearing before then. They've asked tribal leaders not to issue any night hunting permits until the matter is settled, but a GLIFWC spokeswoman says night hunting is justified.
(Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Daily Slice: Vinny Vincenz, East Village
The Sicilian square is the way to go, and the counterman generously offered us a corner slice. Though it may look a little dark, the crust isn't bitter at all, just crisp and well seasoned on the outside, without getting tough. The interior is fluffy and warm, rich and comforting. This is a slice you want to eat on a cold day. More


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Private, capital campaign consultants are notorious for not rushing to reveal the names and numbers of who and how much they have secured until a "good bet" or a "strong possibility" materializes into a hard and fast reality.
Such is the case with North Carolina-based Dickerson, Bakker & Associates, which the Animal Control Board is paying to help raise money to build the new Washington County-Johnson City Animal Shelter.
Derric Bakker, Dickerson, Bakker & Associates president, attended one ACB meeting in City Manager Pete Peterson's conference room about five months ago and joined in on a conference call at the same location around the same time.
He told the Johnson City Press at the time that major fundraising efforts are a delicate task and that public perception of their success was key. He made the remarks in a diplomatic tone, and it was evident the firm would not likely be blasting out donors' names at every whim.
On Friday, Bakker provided the Press with information held very close to the vest to this point. The information follows a meeting at which the termination of a $5,000-per-month contract with the company was discussed. Again, the engine behind that conversation was the City Commission's decision to borrow $1.5 million, which will go toward construction of the new facility on a 6.6-acre lot at 3411 N. Roan St. That financial commitment put the board in the driver's seat, so to speak.
In addition, Mayor Ralph Van Brocklin announced at the board's August meeting that the firm had secured a commitment for a $100,000 donation.
"This donation brings the total amount raised for the campaign to date to $262,000," Bakker said Friday. "This total represents eight firm commitments, ranging in size from $5,000 to $100,000, contributed either in the form of cash donations or a signed pledge form."
Bakker said each of these commitments are signed on paper and are technically legally binding documents.
"Out of respect for the private nature of the individuals who made these donations, and in consideration of the confidentiality agreement we have in place as part of our contract with the Animal Control Board, we cannot share the names of these donors publicly, but each of the pledge forms received to date have been delivered to the Animal Control Board by way of the city manager's office."
Overall, he is pleased with the progress of the campaign to date. Four months into a 12-month campaign, the company has reached about 25 percent of its goal, which is exactly where they would expect to be by this point in the campaign, Bakker said.
"Notably, every individual who has been approached for a contribution so far has been extremely supportive of the project," he added. "In fact, every individual we have met with to date has responded positively with a cash contribution or a pledge or has indicated an intent to make a contribution but is still considering the final amount and timing of their gift. This 100 percent success rate to date is a strong indication of the future success of the campaign."
Bakker credited Van Brocklin, saying he has been instrumental in not only leading the campaign but in working shoulder to shoulder with Gary Taylor, the firm's primary consultant on this campaign, in securing the initial donations. He also said the outlook from this point forward is encouraging since the local fundraising committee is now more fully formed and that he expects the campaign's momentum to pick up as plans for the building and site come together and people see strong positive progress being made.
Board members exuded a sense of confidence early this month regarding the coming start of construction on the new shelter. At this point, ground on the first phase of the shelter could be broken within two to three months. The entire first phase, which is estimated to cost about $1.9 million, includes what city commissioners consider to be at least the equivalent of the office and kennel space at the existing shelter.
Van Brocklin said this includes the basic structure, about 5,000 square feet of office space, 9,000 square feet of kennel space, site work and architectural fees. He also said the name of the $100,000 donor will "probably" be announced within the next month.
The second phase includes an additional 5,000 square feet of office space, 3,000 to 4,000 square feet of additional kennel space off the back of the building, a spay and neuter clinic for which $50,000 has been donated for equipment, a possible meeting space and rooms for guests considering adoption.
To date, the firm has been paid $20,000 for the four months, and Bakker made note of Press's continual notation of the company's fee to manage the campaign. He agreed the amount was no small sum.
"Importantly, however, this investment of $20,000 of taxpayer money has yielded private community donations of more than 10 times that amount," he said. "Specifically, for every $1 of taxpayer money spent on this campaign to date, over $13 in private donations has been raised for the community. That is about as sound a financial decision that any citizen of Washington County and Johnson City can ask of their city and county leaders."
One area where Dickerson, Bakker & Associates would like to have seen more progress is in the number of people involved in the campaign so far.
"Fundraising at this level is an 'eyeball-to-eyeball' business, so the pace of a campaign of this nature is heavily reliant on the number of people involved, which impacts the number of donors we can see," he said.


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A sputter-coated layer system including a non-nitrided and non-oxidized nickel or nickel alloy layer located between two layers of Si3 N4 of the requisite thicknesses and used for architectural and automotive glass substrates so as to be heat treatable and have ΔE characteristics sufficiently low to render the products matchable as between heat treated and non-heat treated products having the same coating thereon.
1. A method of heat treating a coated glass article comprising:
a) sputter-coating onto a glass substrate having a thickness of about 1.5 mm-13 mm a layer system comprising from the glass substrate outwardly:
an undercoat layer comprised of silicon nitride;
a substantially metallic layer which includes nickel or a nickel alloy having a nickel content of at least 10% by weight Ni, and which is substantially free of any nitride, or oxide; and
an overcoat layer comprised of silicon nitride, and
b) thereafter subjecting said coated glass substrate to a heat treatment selected from the group consisting of bending, tempering, heat strengthening and combinations thereof;
wherein after said heat treatment the resultant article exhibits a glass side reflectance ΔH of no greater than about 2.0.
2. A method of heat treating a coated glass article according to claim 1 wherein said heat treatment consists essentially of tempering said glass by subjecting said glass article to an environmental temperature greater than about 1200� F. and quenching said glass article for a period of time to temper said glass article.
3. A method of heat treating a coated glass article according to claim 1
wherein said undercoat layer has a thickness of about 5-70 Å said substantially metallic layer has a thickness of about 30-150 Å, and said overcoat layer has a thickness of about 200-500 Å, and
wherein after said heat treatment said glass article exhibits a film side reflectance ΔEH of no greater than about 5.0, and has the following characteristics both before and after heat treatment:
TY, about 1%-80%
RG Y, about 4%-55%
Rf Y, about 4%-65%
En, about 0.1-0.75
EH, about 0.1-0.75
Rs, about 20-500 ohms/sq.
4. A method of heat treating a coated glass article according to claim 3 wherein said sputter coating includes applying layer (a) at a thickness of about 30-50 Å, applying layer (b) at a thickness of about 50-100 Å, and applying layer (c) at a thickness of about 300-400 Å, and
wherein the glass article has the following characteristics both before and after heat treatment:
TY, less than about 70%
RG Y, about 5%-45%
Rf Y, about 5%-45%
Visible color, ah about 0�2 bh about -4�4
En, about 0.2-0.75
Eh, about 0.2-0.75
Rs, about 20-300 ohms/sq. and wherein said glass article both before and after heat treatment is durable and chemically resistant.
5. A method according to claim 4 wherein said layer (b) is applied at a thickness of about 75 Å and the glass article both before and after heat treatment has a TY of about 50%, a visible transmittance ΔEH of less than about 1.0, and a glass side reflectance ΔEH of less than about 0.5.
6. A method according to claim 4 wherein said layer (b) is applied at a thickness of about 140 Å and the glass article both before and after heat treatment has a TY of about 30% and a visible transmittance ΔEH of less than about 3.0.
7. A method of producing a heat treated sputter-coated glass article which is aesthetically matchable with a non-heat treated, sputter-coated glass article so as to have at least substantially the same glass side appearance, the steps including:
a) sputter-coating onto each of at least two glass substrates each having a thickness of about 1.5 mm-13 mm a layer system comprising from the glass substrates outwardly:
an undercoat layer comprised of silicon nitride;
a substantially metallic layer which includes nickel or a nickel alloy having a nickel content of at least 10% by weight Ni, and which is substantially free of any nitride or oxide; and
an overcoat layer comprised of silicon nitride,
b) subjecting at least one of said sputter-coated substrates to a heat treatment selected from the group consisting of bending, tempering, heat strengthening and combinations thereof; whereby said at least one substrate after heat treatment exhibits a glass side reflectance ΔEH of no greater than about 2.0 when compared to said non-heat treated substrates,
said heat treated sputter-coated substrates so formed being of substantially the same glass side appearance as said non-heat treated sputter-coated substrates.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein said glass substrates both before and after said heat treatment have the following characteristics:
TY, less than about 70%
RG Y, about 5%-45%
Rf Y, about 5%-45%
Visible color, ah about 0�2 bh about -4�4
En, about 0.2-0.75
Eh, about 0.2-0.75
Rs, about 20-300 ohms/sq.
and wherein said heat treated substrates after heat treatment exhibit the following characteristics as compared to said non-heat treated substrates:
a film side reflectance ΔEH no greater than about 5.0,
a visible transmittance ΔEH no greater than about 5.0.
9. A method according to claim 7 wherein said glass substrates both before and after said heat treatment have the following characteristics:
TY, about 50%
RG Y, about 13%
Rf Y, about 10-11%
a glass side reflectance ΔEH of less than about 1.5,
a film side reflectance ΔEH of less than about 4.0,
a visible transmittance ΔEH of less than about 4.0;
and wherein said coated glass substrates are durable and chemically resistant.
10. A method according to claim 7 wherein said glass substrates both before and after said heat treatment have the following characteristics:
TY, about 30%
RG Y, about 20-21%
Rf Y, about 16%,
a glass side reflectance ΔEH of less than about 2.0,
a film side reflectance ΔEH of less than about 4.0,
a visible transmittance ΔEH of less than about 3.0,
and wherein said coated glass substrates are durable and chemically resistant.
This is a division of application Ser. No. 08/572,061 filed on Dec. 14, 1995, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,585 which is a C-I-P of appln. Ser. No. 08/486,643 filed on Jun. 7, 1995 which is a C-I-P of appln. Ser. No. 08/102,281 filed on Aug. 5, 1993.
This invention relates to sputter-coated glasses and methods of making them. More particularly, this invention relates to sputter-coated glasses which are heat treatable and durable and whose glass side appearance does not change significantly during heat treatment.
The popularity of metal and metal oxide coated glasses in architectural and automotive design is well known. As reported prolifically in patent and other literature, such glasses usually achieve, through the manipulation of the coating's layering system, quite acceptable degrees of reflectance, transmittance, emissivity, chemical resistance, and durability, as well as the color desired. See, for example, in this respect, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,935,351; 4,413,877; 4,462,883; 3,826,728; 3,681,042; 3,798,146; and 4,594,137 just to name a few.
It has also been well reported that while several reasonably acceptable techniques exist for applying such coatings, one of the most efficacious, and thus preferred, is the well known technique referred to as "magnetically enhanced sputter coating". Such a technique is reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,166,018, a recognized fundamental teaching on the subject. (See also, Munz et al. "Performance and Sputtering Criteria of Modern. Architectural Glass Coatings", SPIE Vol. 325, Optical Thin Films, 1982, pp. 65-73.)
In recent years, the popularity of coated glasses has occasioned numerous attempts at achieving a coated glass article which, prior to heat treatment, can be coated, and which thereafter, can be heat treated without adversely changing the characteristics of the coating or the glass itself (i.e. the resulting glass article). One of the reasons for this is, for example, that it can be extremely difficult to achieve a uniform coating on an already bent piece of glass. It is well known that if a flat glass surface can be coated and thereafter bent, much simpler techniques can be used to get a uniform coating than if the glass has been previously bent. This is also true, in this respect, for example, in architectural and residential glass where in certain instances tempered and untempered glass sheets are used in the same building and must be matched as closely as possible in at least their glass side appearance as to color and reflectance, a characteristic best represented by ΔE as defined in ASTM Designation D-2244-93 (published November 1993) entitled "Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates". In short, the lower the ΔE, the closer the match.
Certain techniques have been developed in the past for making coated heat treatable glass articles which may then, and thereafter, be heat treated by way of tempering, bending, or a technique known as "heat strengthening". Generally speaking, many of these prior coated articles, have suffered from not being heat treatable at the higher, n elevated temperatures necessary to achieve economic bending, tempering, and/or heat strengthening (i.e. 1150� F.-1450� F.). In short, such techniques have often suffered from a need to keep the temperature at approximately 1100� F. or less in order to achieve heat treatability without adversely affecting the coating or its substrate. In virtually all prior, known techniques a substrate coated with the system was not truly matchable with itself after undergoing heat treatment, even if deemed heat treatable, as reflected, for example, by too high a ΔE value in at least its glass side reflectance characteristic.
The absence of any substantial adverse affect upon the coating or its substrate, defines what is meant herein by the term "heat treatable". While in certain situations some characteristics may change somewhat during heat treatment, to be "heat treatable" as used herein means that the desired properties such as emissivity, sheet resistance, durability and chemical resistance of the ultimate layer system and overall product must be achieved despite the fact that the coated glass has been subjected to one or more of the heat treatments discussed above (i.e. bending, tempering and/or heat strengthening). For most architectural purposes contemplated by this invention optimized heat treatability means that the glass and its layered coating remains substantially unchanged in at least its emissivity, sheet resistance, durability and chemical resistance properties as between the pre-heat treated product and the final product after heat treatment. For most automotive, as well as architectural, purposes an emissivity change for the better (i.e. lowering) due to the heat treatment may be tolerated and is even desirable, so long as optimized heat treatability means that the change takes place uniformly across the substrate and is independent of the parameters used to perform the heat treatment.
In the embodiments of this invention, the coating system is preferably "heat treatable" within the meaning of this term as defined above, but equally as essential, the article so coated with the coating system after heat treatment is also matchable with a similar article which has not been heat treated (e.g. itself before heat treatment) because its ΔE, at least as to glass side reflectance, has been minimized as a characteristic of the coating system (i.e. due to the uniqueness of certain of the coating systems of this invention).
In this respect, U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,887 discloses certain prior art coating systems which are heat treatable because they can be heat treated successfully at the higher, more elevated temperatures aforesaid, to achieve the desired result despite having gone through tempering, bending or heat strengthening. Generally speaking, these prior art coating compositions find their uniqueness in a layering system which employs as a metallic layer, a high nickel content alloy which, in its preferred form, is an alloy known as Haynes 214, consisting essentially of 75.45% Ni, 4.00% Fe, 16.00% Cr, 0.04% C, 4.50% Al, and 0.01% Y (percentages are by weight). By using a high nickel content alloy, such as Haynes 214, and overcoating it with stoichiometric tin oxide (SnO2) either alone or with other layers (such as an undercoat of the same stoichiometric tin oxide and/or an intermediate layer of aluminum between the top SnO2 layer and the high content nickel alloy), it was found that heat treatability of glass articles at elevated temperatures of from approximately 1150� F.-1450� F. from about 2-30 minutes, could be achieved without substantial degradation of color, mechanical durability, emissivity, reflectance or transmittance. These compositions therefore constituted a significant improvement over prior heat treatable systems such as those disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: 4,790,922; 4,816,034; 4,826,525; 4,715,879; and 4,857,094. However, such coating systems were found to be unmatchable as defined above and as exemplified by their rather high ΔE's resulting from heat treatment.
In addition to the above disclosures in the aforesaid patents, the Leybold windshield glass system TCC-2000 is also known. In this system, four or five layers of metals and metal oxides are employed to obtain a sputter-coated glass which, being somewhat heat treatable at temperatures up to 1100� F. may be used as a pre-coated glass for making bent or unbent glass windshields, provided that rapid time limits are placed on the heat treatment. The layering from glass substrate outwardly usually includes a first layer of tin oxide, a second layer of nickel/chrome alloy (usually about 80/20), a third layer of silver, a fourth layer of the nickel/chrome alloy, and a fifth layer of tin oxide. In addition to the rather low upper limit on heat treatment temperature and times, the resultant-coatings are rather soft and exhibit such unacceptably low chemical resistance characteristics that they can realistically be used only on the inner surfaces of laminated glass windshields. Matchability is unattainable in these systems.
In the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 4,715,879, it is specifically taught that the layering system therein cannot be achieved unless the protective layer of a metal oxide (e.g. tin oxide) be formed such that the oxide has an oxygen deficit (i.e. is non-stoichiometric). This, of course, requires delicate balancing in the manufacturing process. Heat treatability, in this respect, is also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,525. However, in this patent it is specifically taught that a layer of aluminum must be applied to achieve heat treatability. In neither instance, however, is matchability achievable.
In the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,194, a significant advance in heat treatable sputter coatings is disclosed, even when compared to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,188,887. In that invention it was found that unique results in the area of heat treatable sputter-coated glasses were achievable, particularly when used as "privacy" windows in vehicles, if metallic nickel or a high content metallic nickel alloy layer were surrounded by an undercoat and overcoat of a separate layer of an oxide or nitride of nickel or high content nickel alloy, and a further overcoat of an oxide such as SnO2, ZnO, TiO2 or oxide alloys thereof was employed. Silicon is also mentioned as useful for the first overcoat of the metallic nickel-containing layer.
Such layering systems in their preferred forms proved particularly heat treatable and abrasion resistant. However, while some were found initially to be chemically resistant, certain systems when put into mass production were found not to pass the rather rigorous 5% HCl boil chemical resistance test (discussed below). Their infrared and UV reflectance characteristics were, however, found to be excellent for a wide range of uses. Still further, however, their visible light transmittance values, desirably low for "privacy" window use, nevertheless proved to be too low to be truly useful as glass windows or panels for architectural or residential purposes where high visible light transmittance is required. Thus when production called for the sputter-coater to fulfill orders for architectural or residential coated glass after glass sheets for "privacy" windows had been coated, the coater had to be shut down so that a new layer system could be formed. If such a shutdown could be avoided a significant economic advance would be accomplished. Matchability once again was found to be lacking.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,718, there is disclosed certain unique sputter-coated layering system having unique applicability for architectural and residential purposes because of their achievement of not only good chemical and mechanical durability, but their solar management properties as well. These systems are properly deemed "low-E" glasses (coatings) because their hemispherical emissivity (Eh) was generally less than about 0.16 and their normal emissivity (En) was generally less than about 0.12. Measured another way, their sheet resistance was preferably less than about 10.5 ohms/square. In addition, for normal glass thicknesses (e.g. 2 mm-6 mm), visible light transmittance was preferably about 78% or more (compared to less than about 22-23% in certain preferred embodiments of the aforesaid heat treatable "privacy" window layer systems).
The invention in this aforesaid '718 patent achieved its unique low-E, high visible light transmittance values, along with its good chemical durability and resistance to abrasion, by employing a layer system which generally comprised (from glass outwardly) an undercoat layer of Si3 N4, a first layer of nickel or nickel alloy, a layer of silver, a second layer of nickel or nickel alloy, and an overcoat layer of Si3 N4. In certain preferred embodiments the layer system from glass outwardly consisted essentially of:
Si3 N4 /Ni:Cr/Ag/Ni:Cr/Ag/Ni:Cr/Si3 N4
This seven layer system was found to exhibit somewhat higher durability and scratch resistance characteristics than the above-described five layer system. In each system, however, the preferred Ni:Cr layer was nichrome, i.e. 80/20 by weight Ni:Cr, and in which a substantial portion of the chromium formed as a nitride of Cr because the Ni:Cr layer was formed in a nitrogen-containing atmosphere.
Unfortunately, these durable, low-E, high visible transmittance glass layer systems proved to be non-heat treatable and are not matchable. This has now been found to be true not because of any oxidation of the silver layer(s), but because the metallic silver layer(s) during heat treatment become(s) discontinuous due to non-wetting; in this case, because the Ni:Cr surrounding layers are insufficient to maintain the continuity of the silver layer(s) during heat treatment. Thus these otherwise advantageous layer systems could not be used where the layered glass was thereafter to be heat treated as by tempering, heat strengthening and bending. Unfortunately, the silver layers were necessary to employ in order to achieve the desired low-E levels.
It is to be remembered, in this respect, that it is not just in the automotive windshield art where heat treatable sputter-coated layer systems find their utility. As stated above, certain architectural and residential uses also require the coated glass to be tempered, bent, or heat strengthened. Still further, the low-E glass systems of the aforesaid '718 patent could generally not be adjusted to achieve low enough visible transmittance values to make them useful in "privacy" windows", even if they were heat treatable . . . which they were not.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,455 there are disclosed certain heat treatable, "Low-E" coating systems. These systems generally comprise, from the glass outwardly, a first layer of Si3 N4 (approx. 350 Å-450 Å), a first layer of nickel or nichrome (approx. 20 Å), a layer of silver (approx. 50 Å-120 Å), a second layer of nickel or nichrome (approx. 7 Å) and a second layer of Si3 N4 (approx. 450 Å-550 Å). While matchability between heat treated and unheated systems was achieved, it was only achieved by matching two different layer systems (e.g. col. 23, 1. 68-col. 24, 1. 21). Thus, while a significant step forward in the art, these systems generally could not provide a single layer system which, being "heat treatable", also possessed at least a sufficiently low enough glass side reflectance ΔE to be considered matchable after heat treatment with itself (e.g. the same coating system applied simultaneously to the same substrate batch, or later to another batch) before heat treatment.
As can be seen from the above, heretofore if the skilled artisan wished to continue to achieve the known benefits of abrasion and corrosion (i.e. chemical) resistance by using Si3 N4 layers, but also wished to avoid costly downtime or the need to create a different layer system for matchability, while at the same time achieving heat treatability and yet have flexibility to vary the solar management properties over a reasonably wide range to avoid further production shutdowns (to meet the needs of different customers), that artisan was faced with an unsolvable problem.
It is apparent from the above that there exists a need in the art for a sputter-coated layer system which achieves the benefits of sputter-coating while overcoming the above-described problems and drawbacks in the art. It is a purpose of this invention to fulfill this need in the art as well as other needs which will become apparent to the skilled artisan once given the following disclosure.
Generally speaking, this invention fulfills the above-described needs in the art by providing a glass article which includes a glass substrate having thereon a sputter-coated layer system comprising from the glass substrate outward (a) an undercoat layer of silicon nitride (Si3 N4), (b) a substantially metallic layer which includes nickel or a nickel alloy and which is substantially free of any nitride; and (c) an overcoat layer of silicon nitride (Si3 N4); and wherein the layers are each of sufficient thickness such that when the glass substrate has a thickness of about 1.5 mm-13 mm and has the aforesaid layer system thereon, the so-layered glass article when heat treated is matchable with a glass article having the same layer system thereon in that its glass side reflectance ΔE, as measured by the Hunter technique (i.e. ΔEH, ASTM 2244-93) is no greater than about 2.0. In further preferred embodiments the so-layered glass article is also heat treatable and has a visible transmittance of about 1-80%, and more preferably below about 70%. In certain further preferred embodiments the glass article both before and after heat treatment is durable and chemically resistant. In still further preferred embodiments of this invention the layer system does not contain any layer of silver.
This invention further fulfills the above-described needs in the art by providing a method of heat treating a coated glass article which generally comprises:
a) sputter-coating onto a glass substrate a layer system comprising from the glass substrate outwardly, an undercoat layer of silicon nitride, a substantially metallic layer which includes nickel or a nickel alloy; and an overcoat layer of silicon nitride; and
b) thereafter subjecting this coated glass substrate to a heat treatment selected from the group consisting of bending, tempering, heat strengthening and combinations thereof; and
c) wherein after this heat treatment the resultant article has a glass side reflectance ΔEH (as defined above) of no greater than about 2.0 as compared to the coated glass substrate prior to said heat treatment.
The layer systems as aforesaid are preferably formed by sputter-coating each layer to its requisite thickness onto a glass substrate. While the glass thickness may be varied widely, typically the glass article will be of the float glass type and have a thickness of about 1.5-13.0 mm (i.e. about 0.060"-0.50") and more usually about 2 mm-6 mm. The glass may be tinted or non-tinted, or patterned glass. Such glass may be of the single strength type.
In order to properly define the matchability achieved by this invention, the various characteristics set forth herein are measured by application to a clear glass substrate (thereby to emphasize that matchability is achieved by the coating system and not by the effects of the substrate). Typical characteristics achieved by the unique coating systems of this invention are as follows:
______________________________________Characteristic Range Preferred Range______________________________________Visible (TY) about 1%-80% less than aboutTransmission: 70%Visible (RG Y) about 4%-55% about 5%-45%Reflectance(glass side):Visible (Rf Y) about 4%-65% about 5%-45%Reflectance(film side):Visible Color silver, pewter, about ah, 0 �2(glass side): blue, gray b.sub., -4 � 4Emittance about 0.10- about 0.2-0.75(normal, i.e. 0.75En & hemis., Eh)Sheet about 20-500 about 20-300Resistance ohms/square ohms/square(Rs):Solar (Ts) about 1%-80% less than aboutTransmission: 70%ΔEH glass side about ≦2.0 less than aboutrefl. 1.5ΔEH film side about ≦5.0 less than aboutrefl. 4.0ΔEH Vis. Transm. ≦5.0 ≦4.0______________________________________
In the most preferred forms of this invention the resultant article, and its layer system, both before and after heat treatment exhibits excellent chemical resistance and durability (i.e. abrasion or scratch resistance).
FIG. 1 is a partial, side sectional view of a coating system on a glass substrate which illustrates an embodiment of this invention.
Certain terms are prevalently used in the glass-coating art, particularly when defining the properties and solar management characteristics of coated glass used in the architectural and/or automotive field. Such terms are used herein in accordance with their well-known meaning. For example, as used herein:
Intensity of visible wavelength light, "reflectance" is defined by its percentage and is reported as Rx Y (i.e. the Y value cited below in ASTM 308-85), wherein "X" is either "G" for glass side or "F" for film side. "Glass side" (e.g. "G") means, as viewed from the side of the glass substrate opposite that on which the coating resides, while "film side" (i.e. "F") means, as viewed from the side of the glass substrate on which the coating resides.
Color characteristics are measured using the "a" and "b" coordinates. These coordinates are indicated herein by the subscript "h" to signify the conventional use of the Hunter method (or units) Ill. C, 10 observer, according to ASTM D-2244-93 "Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates" Sep. 15, 1993 as augmented by ASTM E-308-85, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 06.01 "Standard Method for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System".
The terms "emissivity" and "transmittance" are well understood in the art and are used herein according to their well known meaning. Thus, for example, the term "transmittance" herein means solar transmittance, which is made up of visible light transmittance (TY), infrared energy transmittance, and ultraviolet light transmittance. Total solar energy transmittance (TS) is then usually characterized as a weighted average of these other values. With respect to these transmittances, visible transmittance, as reported herein, is characterized by the standard Illuminant C technique at 380-720 nm; infrared is 800-2100 nm; ultraviolet is 300-400 nm; and total solar is 300-2100 nm. For purposes of emissivity, however, a particular infrared range (i.e. 2,500-40,000 nm) is employed, as discussed below.
Visible transmittance can be measured using known, conventional techniques. For example, by using a spectrophotometer, such as a Beckman 5240 (Beckman Sci. Inst. Corp.), a spectral curve of transmission is obtained. Visible transmission is then calculated using the aforesaid ASTM 308/2244-93 methodology. A lesser number of wavelength points may be employed than prescribed, if desired. Another technique for measuring visible transmittance is to employ a spectrometer such as a commercially available Spectragard spectrophotometer manufactured by Pacific Scientific Corporation. This device measures and reports visible transmittance directly. As reported and measured herein, visible transmittance (i.e. the Y value in the CIE tristimulus values, ASTM E-308-85) uses the Ill. C., 10� observer.
"Emissivity" (E) is a measure, or characteristic of both absorption and reflectance of light at given wavelengths. It is usually represented by the formula:
For architectural purposes, emissivity values become quite important in the so-called "mid-range", sometimes also called the "far range" of the infrared spectrum, i.e. about 2,500-40,000 nm., for example, as specified by the WINDOW 4.1 program, LBL-35298 (1994) by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, as referenced below. The term "emissivity" as used herein, is thus used to refer to emissivity values measured in this infrared range as specified by the 1991 Proposed ASTM Standard for measuring infrared energy to calculate emittance, as proposed by the Primary Glass Manufacturers' Council and entitled "Test Method for Measuring and Calculating Emittance of Architectural Flat Glass Products Using Radiometric Measurements". This Standard, and its provisions, are incorporated herein by reference. In this Standard, emissivity is reported as hemispherical emissivity (Eh) and normal emissivity (En).
The actual accumulation of data for measurement of such emissivity values is conventional and may be done by using, for example, a Beckman Model 4260 spectrophotometer with "VW" attachment (Beckman Scientific Inst. Corp.). This spectrophotometer measures reflectance versus wavelength, and from this, emissivity is calculated using the aforesaid 1991 Proposed ASTM Standard which has been incorporated herein by reference.
Another term employed herein is "sheet resistance". Sheet resistance (Rs) is a well known term in the art and is used herein in accordance with its well known meaning. Generally speaking, this term refers to the resistance in ohms for any square of a layer system on a glass substrate to an electric current passed through the layer system. Sheet resistance is an indication of how well the layer is reflecting infrared energy, and is thus often used along with emissivity as a measure of this characteristic. "Sheet resistance" is conveniently measured by using a 4-point probe ohmmeter, such as a dispensable 4-point resistivity probe with a Magnetron Instruments Corp. head, Model M-800 produced by Signatone Corp. of Santa Clara, Calif.
"Chemical durability" or "chemically durable" is used herein synonymously with the term of art "chemically resistant" or "chemical stability". Chemical durability is determined by boiling a 2"�5" sample of a coated glass substrate in about 500 cc of 5% HCl for one hour (i.e. at about 220� F.). The sample is deemed to pass this test (and thus the layer system is "chemically resistant" or is deemed to have "chemical durability") if the sample's layer system shows no pinholes greater than about 0.003" in diameter after this one hour boil.
"Mechanical durability" or simply "durable" as used herein is defined by one of two tests. The first test uses a Pacific Scientific Abrasion Tester (or equivalent) wherein a 2"�4"�1" nylon brush is cyclically passed over the layer system in 500 cycles employing 150 gm of weight, applied to a 6"�17" sample. In the other, alternative test, a conventional Taber abrader (or equivalent) is used to subject a 4"�4" sample to 300 revolutions of two C.S. 10F abrasion wheels, each having attached a 500 gm weight. In either test, if no substantial, noticeable scratches appear when viewed with the naked eye under visible light, the test is deemed passed, and the article is said to be "durable".
Thicknesses of the various layers in the systems reported are measured by, and thus the term, "thickness" as used herein is defined by alternative techniques. In one technique, known optical curves, or, in the alternative, the use of a conventional needle ellipsometer (i.e.profilometer) is employed. In another and particularly advantageous technique, an "n & k" analyzer is used (n & k Technology, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.). This technique is believed to be generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,170, along with the ability to determine the "n" (i.e. refractive index) and "k" (i.e. the coefficient of extinction) values of the film under investigation. The disclosure of this patent is incorporated herein by reference. Such procedures and techniques are well known to the skilled artisan and thus need no further explanation, except to note that thicknesses reported and used herein are reported in angstrom units (Å).
Another term used herein, and one important to an understanding of the subject invention, is the term "delta E" (i.e. "ΔE"). This term is well understood in the art and is reported, along with various techniques for determining it, in the aforesaid ASTM-2244-93 (the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference).
As reported and determined according to ASTM-2244-93, "ΔE" is a way of adequately expressing the change (or lack thereof) in reflectance and/or transmittance (and thus color appearance, as well) in an article. Reported therein is ΔE as determined by the "ab" technique, by the Hunter (H) technique, and/or by the Friele-MacAdam-Chickering (FMC-2) technique. All are deemed useful, and equivalent for the purposes of this invention. However, for convenience, the "ΔE's" used herein, and recited in the claims of this invention, are those determined by the Hunter technique and are thus conventionally designated as ΔEH. Thus, for example, when stating that the "glass side reflectance ΔEH " of a coated substrate as contemplated herein is no greater than about 2.0, the value 2.0 is the Hunter value. Within the scope of this invention, then, of course, are the equivalent (matching) values if determined by one of the other two techniques ("ab" or FMC-2) reported in ASTM-2244-93 or any other technique for calculating such a change or lack thereof.
In this respect, it should be pointed out that for most commercial purposes contemplated, it is the glass side reflectance characteristic that must have the lowest possible ΔE for matchability, and that the ΔE for film side reflectance and/or transmittance are either unimportant or of significantly less importance for most, but not all, applications. Nevertheless, this invention contemplates for matchability when these latter two ΔE's are of consideration that "film side reflectance ΔE", as well as "visible transmittance ΔE.sub. H", should be less than or equal to about 5.0, and preferably less than or equal to about 4.0. These, of course, are Hunter values and the same discussion above regarding equivalency of values using other techniques applies here, as well.
Turning now to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a partial cross-sectional view of a typical embodiment of an article according to this invention. Therein glass substrate 1 has provided on it an undercoat 2 (i.e. layer 1) of Si3 N4, an intermediate layer 3 (i.e. layer 2) of as non-nitrided nickel or nickel alloy (preferably 80/20 nichrome) and an overcoat 4 (i.e. layer 3) of Si3 N4. The layers themselves are referred to as layers 1, 2, 3, respectively.
The process and apparatus used to form the various layers on glass substrate 1 may be a conventional multi-chamber (multi-target) sputter-coating system such as is produced by Airco, Inc. An example of a coater useful herein is a G-49 Airco Inc. large area flat glass sputter coater. It is to be noted here that it is an aspect of this invention that its unique results are achieved through the use of conventional sputter-coating techniques without the need for special processes to relieve intrinsic stresses as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,045 discussed above.
As shown in FIG. 1, only 3 layers, i.e. 1, 2, and 3, are employed in this embodiment. From the glass outwardly the layers and both a general and a preferred range of thicknesses, measured by the "n & k" technique above, for this particular embodiment are:
______________________________________ PreferredLayer Ingredient Thickness (Å) Thickness (Å)______________________________________1 Si3 N4 * about 5-70 about 30-502 Ni or nichrome** about 30-150 about 50-1003 Si3 N4 * about 200-500 about 300-400______________________________________ *the target may be admixed with up to about 6% by wt. aluminum and/or stainless steel (e.g. ss#316), with about this amount appearing in the layer formed. **preferably nichrome is employed (e.g. 80/20 Ni/Cr by weight)
It is a feature of this invention that the heretofore believed essential limitation of having to use a high content nickel alloy (or pure nickel) to achieve heat treatability is no longer applicable when used in combination with the layers of Si3 N4 as set forth above. While layer 2 should be a nickel-containing layer, it need not be a high content nickel alloy. It is a requirement, however, for this invention, that while some small or minor amount of oxidation may be tolerated in the nickel-containing layer, the nickel-containing layer must remain substantially free of any nitride so as to be sufficiently chemically resistant to satisfy most needs. However, it has been found preferable for optimized matchability that substantially no oxidation of the nickel or nickel alloy layer be allowed to take place. In this respect, while nitrides do not significantly interfere with the achievement of heat treatability in most instances, the formation of such a nitride has been found to reduce chemical durability as measured by the aforesaid 5% HCl boil test.
As stated above, the nickel-containing layer may be substantially all nickel, but are more preferably a simple Ni/Cr alloy. An example of one such group of alloys which may be used are the rather large number of stainless steels having as their nickel content as little as about 10% by weight nickel (e.g. SS-316, which is 10% Ni and 90% other, mainly Fe and Cr). Of course, high content nickel/chromium alloys remain preferred for use in this invention. Such include 80/20 by weight Ni/Cr and Haynes 214 Alloy whose nominal composition by weight consists essentially of:
______________________________________Element (Approx.) Wt. %______________________________________Ni 75.45Fe 4.00Cr 16.00C .04Al 4.50Y .01______________________________________
Other examples of Ni/Cr alloys useful in the practice of this invention include Inconel and nichrome. Generally speaking, then, the metallic layer(s) used in combination with the sandwiching Si3 N4 layers as contemplated by this invention include at least about 10% by weight nickel, and these layers must be present in substantially unoxidized form (or have undergone only a minor amount of oxidation) and is preferably substantially free of a nitride to maximize chemical resistance.
While a three layer system is shown in the FIGURE, it is understood that the invention is not so limited. Other layers may be added if desired so as to effect further purposes and characteristics. However, such other layers should not adversely affect the matchability characteristic unique to this invention. Thus, as used herein, the term "consisting essentially of" means that the invention is not confined to a three layer system, so long as matchability is still achieved despite the addition of one or more layers to the essential three layers described above.
The following layer systems were sputter-coated using the aforesaid G-49 Airco large area, flat glass sputter coater onto clear glass substrates of 1/4" in thickness and 100"�144" in width and length, using Si target(s) doped with about 6% by wt. aluminum and conventional sputter-coating techniques as indicated. The chemical and durability tests employed are as described above. The heat treatment employed exemplified a typical tempering process using a commercial tempering furnace which subjected the sample to about 1265� F. (685� C.) for an approximately 3 minute cycle (actual sample temperature about 1200� F.) and quenched to room temperature. The samples were cut before tempering to 24"�36" plates. Coating layer thickness measurements were made according to the "n & k" technique described above.
Using the aforesaid conventional coater and the below-listed coater settings, a first undercoat 2 layer 1! was applied to a thickness of about 40 Å onto the aforesaid clear float glass substrate. An intermediate nichrome coating 3 (80/20 Ni:Cr by weight) i.e. layer 2! was then applied at a thickness of about 75 Å. Finally an overcoat layer layer 3! of Si3 N4 was applied at a thickness of about 350 Å.
The coated samples so formed passed the mechanical durability and chemical resistance tests above-described both before and after tempering and were heat treatable as defined above. Their solar management properties and Hunter ΔE's (and Hunter color coordinates ah and bh) are reported below. In short, the coated article was found to be durable, temperable, bendable, and did not change significantly in appearance as a result of the tempering heat treatment to which it was subjected. It was therefore deemed matchable on a commercially acceptable basis and had highly desirable solar management properties useful in single pane or IG multi-pane architectural products.
__________________________________________________________________________Coater Settings N2 Ar PRESSURE CATHODE CATHODE CATHODE LINE No. OFLAYER MATERIAL % % (Torr) POWER VOLTAGE AMPS SPEED PASSES__________________________________________________________________________1 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 27.7 KW 414 V 66.9 A 334 12 Nichrome 0 100 2.0 � 10-3 18.1 KW 429 V 42.1 A 334 13 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 334.9 KW 462 V 724.9 A 334 1__________________________________________________________________________OPTICAL PROPERTIES(I11. C, 10� observer, Hunter Values)PROPERTY Y ah bh__________________________________________________________________________Glass Side Reflectance (Not Heated) 12.93 -1.1 -8.1Glass Side Reflectance (Heated) 12.75 -1.12 -7.75Delta E 0.44Film Side Reflectance (Not Heated) 9.79 1.53 4.05Film Side Reflectance (Heated) 10.67 1.15 3.34Delta E 1.6Transmittance (Not Heated) 51.85 -2 -2.59Transmittance (Heated) 52.99 -1.93 -2.29Delta E 0.84__________________________________________________________________________
Normal (En) and hemispherical (Eh) emissivities were 0.73 and 0.69, respectively, and sheet resistance (Rs) was 269 ohms/sq. before heat treatment. After heat treatment En and Eh were 0.71 and 0.67, respectively, and Rs was 235 ohms/sq. (i.e. each is deemed an insignificant change under the aforesaid definition of "heat treatable").
The procedures of EXAMPLE 1 above were repeated, except that intermediate nichrome 3's i.e. layer 2's! thickness was increased to about 140 Å (i.e. approximately doubled) in order to substantially reduce visible transmittance into a true "privacy" window range (e.g. about 30% visible glass side transmittance). The tables below list the coater settings and properties, respectively. Once again the coated article was found to be matchable on a commercially acceptable basis, durable, temperable, bendable, and exhibited no significant change in appearance as a result of heat treatment. It also exhibited desirable solar management properties, particularly where low visible transmittance for privacy is desired.
__________________________________________________________________________Coater Settings N2 Ar PRESSURE CATHODE CATHODE CATHODE LINE No. OFLAYER MATERIAL % % (Torr) POWER VOLTAGE AMPS SPEED PASSES__________________________________________________________________________1 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 28.2 KW 414 V 68.1 A 334 12 Nichrome 0 100 2.0 � 10-3 39.3 KW 454 V 86.6 A 334 13 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 334.9 KW 462 V 724.9 A 334 1__________________________________________________________________________OPTICAL PROPERTIES(I11. C, 10� observer, Hunter Values)PROPERTY Y ah bh__________________________________________________________________________Glass Side Reflectance (Not Heated) 20.6 0.9 -3.59Glass Side Reflectance (Heated) 19.5 -1.22 -5.03Delta E 1.9Film Side Reflectance (Not Heated) 15.6 2.45 14.31Film Side Reflectance (Heated) 16.4 1.47 10.43Delta E 3.9Transmittance (Not Heated) 32.1 -1.8 -5.93Transmittance (Heated) 33.4 -1.55 -3.82Delta E 2.5__________________________________________________________________________
Normal (En) and hemispherical (Eh) emissivities were 0.55 and 0.54, respectively, and sheet resistance (Rs) was 108 ohms/sq. before heat treatment. After heat treatment En and Eh were 0.48 and 0.49, respectively, and Rs was 89 ohms/sq. (each again is deemed an insignificant change and within the definition of "heat treatable" set forth above).
Once given the above disclosure many other features, modifications and improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other features, modifications and improvements are therefore considered to be a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims:
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text: Flip through the radio stations in your car or visit the mall this month and you'll probably hear "I Want a Hippopotamus For Christmas" a time or two. The song was recorded in 1953 by then 10-year-old Oklahoman Gayla Peevey. The song's popularity helped raise enough money to adopt Matilda, the Oklahoma City Zoo's first hippo. KOSU's Nikole Robinson Carroll had a chat with Peevey for the 60th anniversary of the song's release.