text:
A roaming algorithm for associating a mobile station (STA) with an access point in a wireless LAN system used in an automatic guidance vehicle (AGV) application. Fast roaming is achieved by eliminating a STA's scanning time during the search of the next AP to associate with. To eliminate the scanning time, each AP is pre-configured with its adjacent APs in advance. Whenever an AP is associated with, a mobile station (STA) gets the information of neighboring APs from the currently associated AP. Then, the STA continuously monitors the signal strength of APs in its neighborhood. During roaming, the STA chooses the best AP to associate with without having to scan all the APs.
1. A method for associating a mobile station (STA) with an access point (AP) in a wireless LAN having a plurality of APs, comprising the steps of:
pre-configuring each AP with its adjacent APs in advance according to relative locations of said plurality of APs;
downloading wireless hopping information of the adjacent APs of a currently associated AP whenever an AP is associated; and
selecting a best AP for said STA to associate with when roaming is activated, using a method including the steps of:
a. determining if a roaming direction exists for said STA;
b. selecting an AP from the adjacent APs as the best AP if a roaming direction exists and by associating with the selected AP the same roaming direction can be continued; otherwise
c. scanning the adjacent APs and selecting an AP that has a highest received signal strength as the best AP.
2. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 1, wherein if the selected AP in step b is hung up or can not be associated with, step c is used to select a best AP.
3. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 1, wherein each AP continuously broadcasts a Beacon frame to an Ethernet in the wireless LAN, said Beacon frame comprising hopping set and hopping pattern that are parameters of wireless hopping information.
4. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 1, wherein the received signal strength of an AP is the value of the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a Beacon frame broadcast by an AP.
5. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 4, wherein after said STA has downloaded wireless hopping information of the adjacent APs of a currently associated AP, said STA continuously sniffs the Beacon frames of the adjacent APs and saves the RSSI values of the received Beacon frames.
6. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 5, wherein a hopping dwell period is a multiple of Beacon intervals and an AP broadcasts its Beacon frame at the start of each hopping dwell period, said STA being synchronized to each AP for hopping directly to an adjacent AP and staying for a short period to listen for the Beacon frame of the adjacent AP.
7. The method for associating a mobile station with an access point as claimed in claim 5, wherein said STA keeps the RSSI values of the received Beacon frames for last four sniffs corresponding to each adjacent AP.
The present invention relates to a roaming algorithm in a wireless LAN, and more specifically to a method for associating a mobile station with an access point in a wireless LAN system used in an automatic guidance vehicle (AGV) application.
Description of a Wireless Local Area Network (LAN) Systems:
According to the wireless LAN standard (IEEE 802.11), a wireless LAN station needs to connect to an AP (assess point) for accessing a file server or other workstations of a network system. The AP connects distributed systems and a set of basic service areas. It provides the communication between a local station in a wireless LAN and a remote station in another wireless LAN. It also provides the capability of accessing distributed systems for a station.
FIG. 1 shows the typical hardware architecture of a wireless LAN system. As illustrated in FIG. 1, an Ethernet LAN 100 may have two basic service sets 101 (BSS1) and 102 (BSS2), one workstation 103 and one file server 104. Each basic service set comprises one access point and two wireless stations. Basic service set BSS1 includes the access point AP1 and two stations STA1 and STA2. Basic service set BSS2 includes the access point AP2 and two stations STA3 and STA4. Each wireless station should associate itself with one AP before it can communicate with the file server 104 or the workstation 103 in the Ethernet LAN 100.
When a wireless LAN station is powered on, it first looks for an AP. After it finds an AP, the wireless LAN station registers itself with the AP. The station can then synchronize with the AP and, thereafter, transmit and receive information packet to and from the AP.
According to the wireless LAN standard FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) (IEEE 802.11), the bandwidth used in the RF (radio frequency) is between 2.40 Ghz and 2.50 Ghz among 79 channels in the US and Canada areas. The frequency hopping radio signal shall hop in the frequency band between 2.40 Ghz and 2.50 Ghz as shown in FIG. 2. The AP shall be the timing master and shall perform the TSF (timing synchronization function) to keep the timers for all wireless stations in the same BSS synchronized. For each channel, the AP shall periodically transmit special frames called beacons each containing a copy of its TSF timer and hopping sequence to synchronize other wireless stations in a BSS. The AP shall broadcast a generated beacon frame at a fixed time interval referred to as a beacon interval. A receiving wireless STA shall always accept the timing information in beacons sent from the AP servicing its BSS. If a wireless STA's TSF timer is different from the timestamp in the received beacon frame, the receiving wireless STA shall set the value of its local timer to the received timestamp value.
Traditionally, when an AP is powered on in a basic service set, it periodically broadcasts a beacon frame to all wireless STAs in the service set. The beacon frame contains the information for synchronizing with the AP and the information is referred to by the wireless STA looking for the AP. Because the beacon interval used in the traditional approach is long (100 mini seconds), it could increase the search time when wireless STA is looking for the AP.
A wireless LAN station needs to do a registration before it can communicate with an AP. According to 802.11 standard, the registration should include two phases. The first phase is authentication. This process is used to identify whether the station has the legal right or not to access the wireless network via a medium access control (MAC) layer. After the authentication is passed, the station needs to establish a connection link with the AP by sending an association request packet to the AP and waiting to receive a response frame from the AP which acknowledges the association.
The general steps taken by a traditional MAC sub-layer management architecture for a wireless STA from search to registration with an AP are shown in FIG. 3. According to the design of FIG. 3, a wireless STA shall perform the three phases: scanning phase, authentication phase and association phase.
In the scanning phase, all IEEE 802.11 STAs initially start from "IDLE" state (step 301). The radio hopping channel shall be set by the hardware (step 302). To search for the AP, a wireless STA shall listen in each channel and scan for any beacon frame transmitted by the AP (step 303). Upon finding the channel and receiving the AP beacon, the scanning phase is completed. Otherwise, the wireless STA shall listen in the next channel and return to step 302. A new radio hopping channel shall be set.
After receiving the AP beacon, the receiving wireless STA will join a BSS by setting its local hopping time and channel sequence according to the information contained in the AP beacon (step 304) in order to maintain synchronization with the AP. The remaining steps constitute the authentication phase and association phase.
In the authentication phase, IEEE 802.11 in general requires bi-directional authentication. At step 305, the wireless STA exchanges some packets with the AP for authentication. It may further include three steps of assertion of identity, challenge of assertion and response to challenge.
In the association phase (step 306), the wireless STA exchanges the association packets with the AP to accomplish the AP registration. The communication link between the wireless STA and the AP is thus setup. The wireless STA can start exchanging data frames with the AP (step 307).
Because the radio frequency hops between 2.40 Ghz and 2.50 Ghz, a wireless LAN station may take a long time to find an AP among the 79 channels in Federal Communications commissions (FCC) regulation.
Each frame used in authentication and association should be sent in complying with the rule of to 802.11 standard (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with collision Avoidance, CSMA/CA). The time consumed for a wireless station to complete all the processes of authentication and association may vary greatly, and is unpredictable, especially when the traffic in the wireless medium is busy. Therefore, the total time from searching for an AP to accomplish the registration is unpredictable for the wireless LAN stations that comply with 802.11 standard.
From the foregoing discussions of prior arts, it can be seen that the disadvantages as pointed out earlier make the conventional access scheme inappropriate for a wireless LAN station to connect with an AP. There exists a strong need for having a more efficient access scheme for the wireless LAN station to quickly access a wireless LAN through an AP.
In general, the wireless LAN is used in a working field. A vehicle travels along a predetermined track through a plurality of BSS. NDC's existing roaming algorithm can not support the application need for AP's hand over (switching the radio connection from the current AP to the next one which is similar to cellular phone application) without delay. Due to AGV's (Automatic Guidance Vehicle) mobility, this delay is critical to its application in the factory. For example, if the search time for each channel is 200 mini seconds, since there are 80 hopping channels, totally, an average time of 8 seconds is required for an AGV to establish a connection with the AP in the following BSS. This delay is a long period of time. Often, in this time interval, the vehicle has traveled through a long distance. The result is that some messages can not be communicated between the AGV and other control unit. If the work is strictly controlled from a remote controller, then the work can not be continued. Therefore, not only the work process is not successful but also dramatic fault may be generated.
Therefore, an intelligent roaming algorithm is desperately needed to resolve this issue. Thereby, by this roaming algorithm, we hope the search time during handing over from one BSS to another BSS may be reduced greatly.
Accordingly, the objective of the present invention is to provide an intelligent roaming algorithm to support the handing over of an access point (AP) in a wireless LAN system used in an automatic guidance vehicle (AGV), wherein the AGV travels in a pre-defined route. The key to achieve the fast roaming is by eliminating STA's scanning time in search of the next AP to roam to. To achieve the elimination of scanning time, each AP needs to be pre-configured with its adjacent APs in advance. During associations, STA could get the information of neighboring APs from the currently associated AP. Then, STA will continuously monitor the signal strength via APs in its neighborhood. During roaming, STA can choose the best AP to associate with without the need to scan all the channels.
FIG. 1 illustrates the typical hardware architecture for a wireless LAN system.
FIG. 2 illustrates that the radio signal shall hop among 79 channels within the frequency band between 2.40 GHz˜2.50 GHz in the U.S. and Canada areas according to IEEE 802.11 standards.
FIG. 3 illustrates the general steps taken by a traditional MAC sub-layer management architecture for a wireless STA from search to registration with an AP.
FIG. 4 shows the sniffing process in the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an ETHE-BEACON in the present invention.
FIG. 6 shows the geographic location of neighboring APs in the present invention.
FIG. 7 shows an AP coverage according to the present invention.
FIG. 8 shows an algorithm of the present invention.
1. Introduction
The algorithm of intelligent roaming of an wireless LAN system will first be described. The system configuration will also be described at the end of this document.
Those skilled in the art should understand that the description is just as an embodiment, thereby, users may fully understand the present invention by this description. Moreover, those skilled in this art may modify the embodiment in other system within the scope and spirit of the present invention defined in the appended claims.
2. Objective
In a conventional system, a mobile station needs to scan every channel (max. 79 in FCC regulation domain) to find a suitable AP to associate with in roaming. For some time critical applications, the long scanning time can't be afforded. Hence, a new algorithm is created to shorten the roaming time to achieve the requirement of time critical applications.
In addition to fast roaming, this design allows a roaming STA to move freely in any direction when it leaves the coverage of the associated AP. It will be more flexible to apply this system in the real world application. Besides roaming, this implementation also improves the search algorithm for a boot up STA. With this revised algorithm, a boot up STA could always find the best AP to associate with.
3. Algorithm
This section briefly describes the intelligent roaming algorithm that shortens the roaming time. The key to achieve the fast roaming is by eliminating STA's scanning time in search of the next AP to roam to. To achieve the elimination of scanning time, each AP needs to be pre-configured with its adjacent APs in advance. During associations, STA could get the information of neighboring APs from the currently associated AP. Then, STA will continuously monitor the signal strength via APs in its neighborhood. During roaming, STA could choose the best AP to associate with without the need to scan all the channels.
The algorithm comprises five parts that are described in the following subsections respectively.
3.1. Synchronization
The subsection explains how these APs, which incorporated with the intelligent roaming function, synchronize their TSF time through Ethernet. In addition, the design also includes a backup algorithm to resolve the case when the timing master hanged up.
(1) There should be an AP pre-configured as the TSF timing master via the NMS (network management system) program. After being started, the master AP will broadcast its TSF time periodically through Ethernet network that can allow other APs to update their TSF time to synchronize with the master AP continuously.
(2) All the other APs, called as slave AP, can not start their wireless BSS until they receive the TSF time from the master AP. Then, after adopting their TSF time to be the same as the master, the slave AP can start their BSS. After that, the slaved APs need to adjust their local timer to keep the synchronization with the master AP dynamically when receiving the TSF time from the master AP. With this scheme, all the APs and STAs can make their TSF time synchronized. Note that according to the 802.11 standard, the AP and its associated STAs could synchronize their TSF time through the wireless Beacon frame periodically.
(3) Besides the master AP, called as primary-master from now on in this disclosure, a secondary-master AP can be configured by NMS program as well. If the secondary-master is configured and the primary-master hangs up, the secondary-master AP will be the backup master, which will broadcast its TSF time periodically to make the system timing synchronized.
3.2. Neighboring APs
This subsection describes the algorithm on how each AP collects the information respective to its neighboring APs and how the STA gets the information.
(1) Each AP should be configured with its adjacent APs by NMS program in advance.
(2) All APs that exist in the same sub-net should know the information about each other's hopping pattern and hopping set. To achieve this requirement, each AP will broadcast its hopping information to Ethernet periodically.
(3) After started and synchronized, APs will then collect the hopping information of their neighboring APs by receiving the broadcast frame described in (2), and update received information to their database. As a result, each AP would hold the most updated hopping information of its adjacent APs in the same subnet by exchanging the information through the Ethernet network.
(4) In association, STA will request the hopping information of the neighboring APs from the presently associated AP first. Whenever AP receives the association-request from the STA, it will respond with the hopping information of its neighboring APs in association-response frame to STA. Therefore, after association is completed, the STA will know the hopping information of the APs located in its neighborhood.
3.3. Sniffing the Beacon of Neighboring APs
With reference to FIG. 4, after being associated with an AP, STA has gotten the hopping information of its neighboring APs. It will then sniff the Beacon of its adjacent APs continuously. It will also save the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) value of the collected Beacon, which will be referenced when STA is roaming, to its database. Note the RSSI value of the received Beacon can be used as an indication of the relative distance between the STA and the neighboring AP. If the RSSI value is larger, the distance between the STA and AP is shorter. Therefore, when roaming, STA always chooses the AP with best RSSI value to associate with. Following paragraphs describe the sniffing in detail.
(1) If the hopping dwell time is set to the value to multiple number of Beacon intervals, AP will broadcast its Beacon frame at the start of each hopping dwell. Since each AP and STA are synchronized and STA has learned the hopping information of the neighboring APs after association, STA could hop to the channel of its neighboring AP directly and stay for a short period of time to listen for the Beacon coming from its neighboring AP. If the Beacon is received during this period, the RSSI value of the received Beacon will be saved in STA's database. FIG. 4 illustrates how a STA hops among its neighboring APs and associated AP to sniff Beacon at every start of hopping dwell.
(2) During the sniffing period, both AP and each associated STA can't transmit the data packets. Only the Beacon frame, sent by AP, can be seen in the air during this period.
(3) STA will continuously sniff the Beacon of its neighboring APs at the start of every hopping channel. Moreover, the order of the sniffing will be done sequentially among the neighboring APs. For example, if there are mulitple APs (AP1, AP2 and AP3) existing in the neighborhood, the sequence o the sniffing will be AP1→AP2→AP3, and then go back the AP1 to continue the sequence again.
(4) STA will keep the RSSI value of the collected Beacon for the last four sniffs respective to each neighboring AP. The value will be referenced when STA is roaming. That means STA could get the most updated information at the moment of roaming.
3.4. Roaming
This subsection explains how a STA decides the best AP to roam among the APs located in its neighborhood. Additionally, it also describes the algorithm that the STA would use if the association of all the neighboring APs failed.
(1) As the algorithm described in the previous subsection, the STA will always keep the RSSI result of the last four sniffing. When the roaming is activated (i.e., the received Beacon quality falls below roaming threshold), STA will first average the RSSI value of the last two sniffing Beacon for each neighboring AP. If no Beacon is received in last two tries of sniffing, STA will refer to the RSSI value of the last 3rd and 4th sniffing results and average their values. This design is for the case that the Beacon frame may be lost by interference. After STA averages the RSSI value of all neighboring APs, it will begin to associate with the AP in the sequence by sorting the averaged values in descending order. Note, if STA can't receive any Beacon frames in the last four tries of sniffing, STA will consider this neighboring AP may not exist and abort the attempt to associate.
(2) If the association of all neighboring APs failed, including the case of losing the Beacon frame in the last four sniffs, STA will begin to scan all the channels to find the best AP to associate with.
(3) Since there is no need to scan AP, the elapsed time of roaming only costs the time to do authentication, association and s/w overhead.
Note: the objective of the intelligent roaming algorithm is to shorten the roaming time. It doesn't guarantee the reception of data packet during roaming period.
3.5. Search AP when Booted up
This subsection describes how a STA finds the best AP to associate to when it is booted up.
(1) When booted up, STA will begin to probe all hopping channels. This behavior is called as active scan in 802.11 standard. If an AP exists in the channel and receives the probe request, it will respond to the STA with the probe response frame. So, after probing all channels, by comparing the RSSI value of the probe response, STA is able to choose the AP with best RSSI value to associate with.
(2) Since AP may hop around when the STA is probing, STA needs to scan all the channels 4 times to make sure that all APs in the area are searched completely.
4. Timing Synchronous to AP
4.1. ETHE-BEACON Frame
As described in section 3.1, the master AP needs to broadcast its TSF time periodically through Ethernet network. A proprietary multicast frame is defined to broadcast the TSF time of master AP. Besides, this multicast frame, called ETHE-BEACON hereafter, can be used to convey the hopping information of AP, mentioned in the section 3.2. Every AP will broadcast this information to Ethernet continuously after launching its BSS.
The format of ETHE-BEACON is illustrated in FIG. 5. In the format, the DA (Destination Address) of ETHE-BEACON frame is set to "03:00:00:00:00:07", that is the same as the roaming notification frame. SA (Source Address) is the Ethernet MAC address of transmitting AP. Len is the byte length of ETHE-BEACON frame and its value is fixed to 72. Type is used to distinguish this MAC frame type from other frames in the network. A propriety value (1234 in hex) is chosen for ETHE-BEACON to avoid duplication with other MAC frame. Alias Name is the AP logical name that can be specified by user using the NMS program. ESSID, BSSID, Hopping Set and Hopping Pattern are the parameters of the wireless hopping information that will be referred by a roaming STA for association purpose. If the ETHE-BEACON is transmitted from master AP, TSF will contain the TSF timestamp of the master AP. Otherwise this field will have zero value in ETHE-BEACON, sent by slave APs.
4.2. Send ETHE-BEACON
When the master AP boots up, it will first send an ETHE-BEACON frame to Ethernet immediately. After that, the master AP will broadcast ETHE-BEACON frame every 10 seconds thereon. Once the slave APs receive an ETHE-BEACON, coming from the master, it will delay a random time and then begin to broadcast its ETHE-BEACON to Ethernet. Like the master AP, the slave AP will send the ETHE-BEACON in 10 second interval after the first ETHE-BEACON is sent.
4.3. ESSID Filtering and Neighboring APs
When AP receives an ETHE-BEACON frame, it will filter out the frame that doesn't match its own ESSID. If the ESSID is the same, the frame content will be stored onto the database. The maximum number of hopping information that one AP can keep in the database is 20 in the current implementation.
Whenever a STA requests the association, AP will filter out its neighborhood AP from the database and then respond the information to STA. The maximum number of neighboring APs that can be set via an AP is 4 in the implementation.
4.4. Aging Timer and Backup Master
An aging timer whose time is set to 60 seconds by default is created for each saved element of the database. The aging timer will be reset whenever AP receives an ETHE-BEACON frame. If there is no ETHE-BEACON received before the aging time expired, the stored element will be deleted.
If the expired entry is the primary master AP, then the secondary master will be assumed to be the backup master that it will continuously broadcast its TSF time by ETHE-BEACON frame. In the case that there is no secondary master configured and the primary master AP expires or both primary and secondary master APs expire, the AP with the smallest hopping pattern will start to broadcast its TSF time as the backup master to maintain the TSF synchronization.
When APs are started, if the primary master AP is hung up to transmit the ETHE-BEACON, the secondary master will begin to send the ETHE-BEACON with its own TSF after 15 seconds.
5. System Configuration
This section highlights the points that should be careful when installing the system with the intelligent roaming function.
5.1. Set APs and Roaming STAs to the Same ESSID
System administrator must set the same ESSID (Wireless Domain name) for all APs that the roaming STA may associate with. The intelligent roaming AP will filter out the ETHE-BEACON frame that holds different ESSID value. If the ESSID is set differently between the STA and AP, then the STA won't be able to receive the AP's hopping information exists in its neighborhood.
5.2. Assign Each AP with a Unique Alias Name and Hopping Sequence
Before configuring AP's neighbors, each AP should be set with a unique Alias Name by NMS program. After the alias name is given, administrator can begin to set AP's neighbors.
Additionally, each AP should be set with different hopping sequence to avoid the case that more than one BSSs might overlap their hopping channels always. Also, the configuration of hopping sequence can be done by NMS program as well.
5.3. Set Neighboring APs by Geographic Location
Since the roaming STA will choose the AP by the RSSI value, it implies that the relative distance between the roaming STA and the neighboring APs should be configured by the their geographic location in the deployment environment.
As shown in FIG. 6, if there are four APs (AP1, AP2, AP3 and AP4) installed around the AP0, with some overlapped signal coverage, AP0 can set AP1, AP2, AP3 and AP4 as its neighbors. Thus, these neighboring APs will be referenced by the roaming STA when it leaves from AP0's coverage.
5.4. Assign the Master AP
For the synchronization issue, system administrator must assign an AP as the primary master in an ESS domain. Beside the primary master, administrator may optionally choose another AP as the secondary master to be the backup for the primary master.
5.5. Connect APs to the Same Ethernet Subnet
Since the ETHE-BEACON frame will be transmitted to the Ethernet network by multicast frame, the intelligent roaming APs should be linked by Ethernet cable and be configured correctly to receive the multicast frame, coming from the same ESS domain.
5.6. Set APs to the Same Hop Dwell Time, Beacon Period and Carrier Set
The wireless hopping information of dwell time, Beacon period and carrier set are not included in the ETHE-BEACON frame. Therefore APs that are set in the same ESS domain, should make sure the value of these parameters are set as the same. These parameters are set to same value when delivering from factory default.
Besides, in order to sniff the Beacon of neighboring AP at the start of every hopping dwell, hopping dwell time must be set to the multiple number of Beacon intervals. Take the factory default setting as the example, the dwell time and Beacon interval is set to 200 ms and 100 ms respectively. With these values, the STA can sniff the Beacon of its neighboring APs successfully.
5.7. Start APs in Ahead of STAs
When the system starts, all APs should be powered on before the STAs are lunched (note, 30 seconds before STAs start). It is because of the fact that AP needs time to do hardware self-test, TSF synchronization and collects the neighboring AP's information. After all these are done, STA could be booted up and then find the best AP to associate with and be able to receive the hopping information of its neighboring APs.
5.8. AP Coverage
To provide the network connectivity for a roaming mobile STA, the neighboring APs must be installed with some overlapped coverage.
The received Beacon quality (that is a percentage value indicating signal quality between the AP and STA) and roaming threshold (configurable parameter) will determine roaming coverage and the time to roam. For example, once the Beacon quality of the mobile STA dropped below the threshold, the STA will begin to roam to the next AP. Hence, if a higher threshold is set, the AP's coverage range will be shorter. Moreover, the time of roaming will be quick for the STA. However, the received Beacon quality will be calculated and honored only after the STA is associated with an AP in 4 seconds. Therefore, the system administer should install the AP in signal coverage range that can support a roaming STA with the distance in 4 seconds movement at least. The picture as illustrated in FIG. 7 shows the scenario.
6. Algorithm Summary
The algorithm of the present invention will be briefly described in the following.
6.1) Each AP needs to be pre-configured with its adjacent APs in advance by its relative location. As shown in FIG. 8, with reference to the AP2, its configuration needs to be set by AP3 in the East, AP1 in the West, AP4 in the North and AP5 is set to the location of the South direction. Whenever AP is booted up, in addition to its own hopping info, it will send the ETHE-BEACON frame, containing its neighboring info as well.
6.2) Whenever a STA is associated with an AP. it may download the hopping information of the adjacent APs from the currently associated AP.
6.3) When roaming is activated, STA will be responsible for making the decision for the next destined AP. There are two cases that STA could decide the roaming route. One is that the roaming STA assumes its movement will go to the same direction as it roams previously. Thus, it could predict the next destined AP. For example, if the STA comes from the West (AP1), it will predict the next destined AP will be in the East (AP3) when it leaves from the currently associated AP (AP2). If the STA is coming from the North (AP4), the next destined AP will be predicted in the South (AP5). This method is suitable for the application that moves in a static route and on a straight line.
6.4) The other situation is that STA may scan the adjacent APs and find the best AP to associate with. The best AP is decided by the RSSI value, collecting from the APs Beacon frame. Since STA has known the hopping info of adjacent APs after association, the scan time will be short in that STA could synchronize to the adjacent AP directly and listens for a Beacon frame. For example, if the Beacon interval is set to 10 ms, the total time for scanning the 4 adjacent APs may take 40-50 ms. This kind of scenarios will be ideal for the STA that may roam in any random direction.
6.5) When booted up, STA needs to scan all the hopping channels to receive APs Beacon frame (passive scan). Then, by comparing the RSSI value of received Beacon, STA may choose the AP with the best RSSI value to associate with. If the Beacon Interval is set to 10 ms. STA may take 2400 ms (3 times of scanning to make sure the all APs are found) to find out the best AP. For the case that AGV may be booted up in the random position of the route, by this method, STA could figure out the best AP to associate with.
6.6) In the case that STA is leaving from the first associated AP, since it has no previous roaming direction to refer to, the STA can only use the method in 6.4) to choose the next AP. After STA has roamed once, the movement direction can be saved and be referred to in the next time. However, when STA reaches boundary (e.g., STA has roamed to AP in the most right side), it could not get the next AP located in the same direction, and thus it will use the method in 6.4) to find the next AP.
6.7) After association, STA will download the hopping info of the next destined AP, which is determined by prediction, and its adjacent APs. The hopping info of neighbors will be used when the next predicted AP is hung up. If this situation happens, the roaming STA will use method in 6.4) to choose the best AP to associate with. Moreover, the direction history will be reset when the predicted AP can not be associated with.
7. An Example
The following description will use a simple example to explain how the roaming algorithm of the present invention as summarized in the previous section is applied. Assuming that a wireless LAN has been initialized and an STA is booted up in a location near AP1, as described in 6.1) an AP with a highest RSSI value is chosen to associate with. After scanning and comparing all RSSI values, AP1 is associated. After the association, the hopping information of AP1's neighboring APs is downloaded according to 6.2). Therefore, the hopping information of AP2 is available after association.
When the STA leaves the area of AP1's coverage, it searches for the next AP from RSSI values of Beacon frames collected from adjacent APs as described in 6.4). AP2 is selected. The moving direction which is East is saved in the STA after AP2 is associated. According to 6.7), it downloads the hopping information of the next destined AP and its neighbors. Therefore, hopping information of AP3 and AP2 is available.
When the STA leaves the area of AP2's coverage, as described in 6.3) it predicts the next AP to associate with and AP3 is chosen. After association, It attempts to download the hopping information of the next predicted AP and its neighbors according to 6.7). Assuming that there is no AP in the East, the predicted direction (East) is reset and the neighbors of currently associated AP are scanned when the STA roams next time.
When the STA leaves the area of AP3's coverage, the boundary case as described in 6.6) applies because there is no AP in the East. Therefore, a best adjacent AP is looked for according to 6.4) and AP2 is selected. After the association, the moving direction (West) is saved and it downloads the hopping information for the next predicted AP and its neighbors according to 6.7). Therefore, the hopping information of AP1 and AP2 is available.
When the STA leaves the area of AP2's coverage, it predicts the next AP to associate with as described in 6.3) and AP1 is chosen. After the association, according to 6.7) it downloads the hopping information for the AP located in the West and its neighbors. Assuming that there is no AP in the West, the predicted direction will be reset. The neighbors of the currently associated AP will be scanned when the STA roams next time. When the STA leaves the area of AP is coverage, the condition is similar to that has been described earlier.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Find the perfect hotel in Sturgis using our hotel guide provided below. Find cheap and discounted hotel/motel rates in or nearby Sturgis, MI for your upcoming personal or group trip. We show the best Sturgis Michigan hotel rooms. Review the Sturgis hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Sturgis hotels. Coordinating a group? Get Sturgis Group Hotel Rates
Sturgis Hotels & Accommodations
Next 20 Sturgis Hotels > [1 - 20 of 50]
Next: See My Sturgis Hotels with Pricing >

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Courses & Units
Master of Police Studies R7L
Hobart, Distance Hobart
This course is offered on a full fee paying basis with fees established per unit enrolled.
The Master of Police Studies is offered at the Hobart campus and by distance. It is normally a 1 calendar year (or 3 semesters) full-time or up to 3 years (or 6 semesters) part-time program. Students may enrol for semester 1 or semester 2 entry.
|Course Name
|Master of Police Studies
|Course Abbreviation
|Course Duration
|1 Years
|Maximum time to complete (Part-time)
|3 Years
|CRICOS code
|Responsible Faculty
|Faculty of Arts
|Study periods
|Semester 1, Semester 2
|Distance Hobart
|Semester 1, Semester 2
The MPoliceStuds aims to provide a high quality qualification at the postgraduate level in a professional coursework-plus-thesis program. The course aims to provide students with:
- a thorough grounding in policing theory and practice;
- skills to engage in informed debate about major policing issues in contemporary society;
- knowledge of recent developments in the field;
- skills to design, conduct and appraise research critically.
Career Outcomes
Enhancement of students' careers by the achievement of a postgraduate award from a prestigious university.
The Tasmanian Department of Police and Emergency Services endorses this professional postgraduate course. Indeed, its Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme (which involves Commissioner's scholarships and interest-free loans) is an incentive for eligible Tasmania Police officers to undertake postgraduate study at the University of Tasmania.
Students may apply for credit for units passed in other courses (complete or incomplete).
Tasmania Police Sergeants Course graduates are eligible to receive 12.5% credit towards the Master of Police Studies for studies completed since 1998. Tasmania Police Inspectors Course graduates are eligible to receive 25% credit towards the Master of Police Studies for studies completed since 1998.
Students are normally expected to have a minimum of a bachelor degree from the University of Tasmania or from another university or tertiary institution which is deemed equivalent, and a level of English equivalent to a score of 6.0 on an IELTS test. In exceptional circumstances the Faculty may admit a person with some other tertiary qualification and relevant employment experience.
Students seeking entry into postgraduate courses based on employment experience only (i.e. no bachelor degree), will generally only be allowed entry at Graduate Certificate level.
Direct entry for admission is approved subject to successful completion of 100% of coursework units with Distinction average prior to progression to thesis unit/s, is required for articulation to the this Masters.
Students who do not achieve at Distinction level in coursework components, but nonetheless complete 100% of units will be able to exit with a Graduate Diploma.
If you've previously undertaken study overseas, please review our list of equivalent qualifications.
Please note: international students should refer to the General Admission Requirements page for information regarding entry requirements.
Credit Transfer and Articulation
Students who terminate their studies after completing 100% of the coursework units (including the core units) are eligible to achieve the Graduate Diploma in Police Studies.
Students must complete 100% of coursework units from the schedule below including the core units HSP417 Contemporary Policing andHSP402 Advanced Policing Practices, plus the Research Thesis.
Course Structure
Schedule of units
Fees & Scholarships
Annual Course Cost
Fees for domestic students are based on individual unit selections. Please refer to the fees section of each unit description to work out an indicative annual cost.
International students should refer to the International Students course fees page to get an indicative course cost.
For information on general scholarships available at the University of Tasmania, please visit the scholarships website.
Course Rules
|In these Specifications 'Faculty' means the Faculty of Arts acting on the advice of the Board of Humanities and Social Science.
|[ii] The Faculty may accept as a candidate for the degree of Master of Police Studies any of the following:
|an applicant who has qualified for admission to a bachelor degree in the University of Tasmania;
|an applicant who holds a degree of another university or tertiary institution approved by the Faculty for this purpose, and who is deemed by the Faculty to be equivalent to a candidate in paragraph (a);
|in exceptional circumstances a person who holds a tertiary qualification and whose employment experience indicates a level of knowledge and skill deemed by the Faculty to be sufficient to complete the course satisfactorily.
|Candidates shall complete the award requirements as hereinafter prescribed, in not less than three separate semesters or a maximum of three years. In certain circumstances, Faculty may approve a suspension of candidature for a period not exceeding twelve calendar months.
Course structure
|To qualify for the award, the candidate shall successfully iomplete 100% of units plus a research project (50%) as listed in the accompanying Schedule.
|Units may be counted towards the award only if they have been taken in accordance with prerequisites and corequisites determined by the Faculty summarised in the Schedule.
|A candidate normally may not enrol in any year in units totalling more than 100% weight, or more than 50% weight if the candidate is in full-time employment during any given semester.
|Where two or more units of the same name or content are offered within the University, only one may be counted towards the award.
|In every case the candidate's choice of units and the order in which they are taken shall be subject to approval by the Faculty or in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 3.
Credit for Previous Studies
|Passes in subjects or units in other honours or postgraduate courses (completed or otherwise) in this University or another approved tertiary institution (or other approved professional examining body) may be credited towards the award, to a maximum of one third of the award, provided that the Faculty may specify what more a candidate so credited shall be required to do to qualify for the award.
|The Faculty may from time to time make amendments to the Schedule.
|These specifications shall take effect on 1 January 2002 and shall apply to all candidates for the award.
|The approved abbreviation for the award of Master of Police Studies shall be MPoliceSt.
|The research project shall be bound and lodged for examination in accordance with the Rules of Higher Degrees. A candidate may also be required by the Faculty to deposit a representative collection of material relevant to the thesis.
|The examination of the research project shall be conducted by at least two examiners appointed by the Faculty.
|After considering the reports of the examiners of the research project and reports from assessors of the candidate's performance in the remaining sections of the course, the Faculty shall decide whether the candidate merits the award of the degree or, if not:
|whether the candidate should present an oral defence of the research project or submit an amended research project, or both, within such further period as the Faculty may determine, after which the Faculty shall then decide upon the award of the degree, or
|whether the candidate should be awarded the Graduate Diploma.
|A candidate shall not, without the consent of the Faculty, submit for examination for the degree any work which the candidate has previously submitted for any degree or diploma.


text:
Get all the important statistics and information regarding Roush Fenway Racing's line-up of drivers and what's in store for this weekend in this week's race preview!
Click here to download the Full Preview (pdf)
NASCAR Sprint Cup Series
Bank of America 500
Saturday, October 11
7:00 PM Eastern TV - ABC
7:25 PM Eastern RADIO - PRN
David Ragan No. 6 AAA Ford Fusion
Greg Biffle No. 16 3M Ford Fusion
Matt Kenseth No. 17 Carhartt Ford Fusion
Jamie McMurray No. 26 Crown Royal Ford Fusion
Carl Edwards No. 99 Aflac Ford Fusion
NASCAR Nationwide Series
Dollar General 300
Friday, October 10
7:30 PM Eastern TV - ESPN2
8:00 PM Eastern RADIO - PRN
David Ragan No. 6 Discount Tire Ford Fusion
Jamie McMurray No. 17 CitiFinancial Ford Fusion
Carl Edwards No. 60 Scotts Winterguard Ford Fusion


text:
- Attorney General Brad D. Schimel
- Fighting Crime
- Victim Assistance
- Consumer Protection
- Media Center
- About Department of Justice
- Topical Index
This Google™ translation feature is provided for informational purposes only.
The Office of the Attorney General is unable to guarantee the accuracy of this translation and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information resulting from the translation application tool.
Please consult with a translator for accuracy if you are relying on the translation or are using this site for official business.Contact the Department of Justice
MADISON - The court of appeals today affirmed the Walworth County conviction of former Jesuit priest Donald J. McGuire for five counts of taking indecent liberties with two minor victims at a cabin in Fontana, Wisconsin in 1967 and 1968. The court rejected McGuire's claims that suspension of the statute of limitations for the many years he was not publicly a resident of Wisconsin violated his rights to Due Process, Equal Protection or under the Privileges and Immunities Clauses of the United States Constitution. The court rejected McGuire's claim that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to interview and call several witnesses to testify on his behalf. The court then rejected McGuire's claim that the trial court improperly allowed the state to introduce evidence of similar sexual conduct between McGuire and the two victims in the state of Illinois both before and after the incidents in Fontana. The court also rejected McGuire's claim that the trial court improperly allowed the state to put on rebuttal witnesses to counter certain defense testimony at trial. Finally, the court ruled that McGuire should not receive a new trial in the interest of justice.
"This prosecution and today's court of appeals decision lets victims who were sexually abused while children a long time ago know that it might be possible for the state to proceed with criminal prosecution," stated Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen, whose office handled the appeal.
"Depending on the facts of each case, coming forward decades later is not necessarily futile."
Then a Jesuit priest, McGuire taught at Loyola Academy High School in Chicago at the time of these offenses, and was a highly regarded scholar and mentor who once advised Mother Teresa. He befriended two high school students in the late 1960s, Victor and Sean. In 1967 and 1968, he took both boys on separate occasions to a cabin in Fontana owned by Victor's uncle where sexual activity occurred. As the two (now middle-aged) victims testified at trial, the conduct in Fontana was similar to sexual activity McGuire engaged in while they were practically living in his room as high school students at Loyola Academy both before and after the Fontana incidents.
Victor and Sean did not report the Wisconsin incidents until 2003 at which time the Walworth County prosecution began. (Sean had reported the sexual abuse of himself to Loyola Academy administrators in 1969 or 1970. While a meeting was held, nothing came of it other than that Sean transferred to another school).
A Walworth County jury found McGuire guilty as charged of the five indecent liberties offense and McGuire was sentenced in July, 2006 to seven years in prison followed by twenty years of probation. The trial court denied postconviction relief and McGuire appealed. His prison sentence was stayed by the trial court pending appeal.
McGuire is serving lengthy federal sentences in Chicago after being found guilty by a jury in October, 2008 of engaging in sexual activity with other boys in Minnesota, Switzerland and Austria beginning in the late 1990s and ending in 2002. He is also facing charges in Arizona.
The decision can be found at: http://www.wicourts.gov/ca/opinion/DisplayDocument.pdf?content=pdf&seqNo=36478.
The case was prosecuted by Walworth County District Attorney Phillip Koss. The appeal was handled by Assistant Attorney General Daniel O'Brien


text:
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
Create a child theme based on an existing parent theme in WordPress and change the functionality, presentation, or styling of your website. In this course, author Morten Rand-Hendriksen shows how to use the default WordPress theme, Twenty Twelve, as a basis for a new child theme and add custom menus; new headers, sidebars, and footers; and index pages with widgets and pagination to your site. The course also demonstrates how to add a responsive welcome message to your front page using PHP and jQuery, and how to edit the many templates found in a WordPress theme. Morten explains how to perform these changes using any code editor, the developer tools in the Chrome browser, and WordPress.
A little button down here somewhere, you can click on the button and this content is hidden and then you click on the button again and it shows the content again. To make that work I am going to use some jQuery Scripts, but before I can add the script I need to add the button. In my child theme I'll open welcome.php, scroll all the way to the bottom, and here I'm simply going to add a regular button. I'll wrap it in a div with a class, call the class hide-button, and inside this div I'm going to put a regular link.
And this is the folder where I am going to place all my JavaScript. Then I'll go to my code editor, create a new page, save it, and put it inside the JS folder calling it hide.js and I'll just make sure that this is a JavaScript file, Save it, and this is where I'll place my jQuery code. To make it easier for you, I have created a codesnippet, so you can simply go into the codesnippets file, copy out the codesnippet, paste it in, and then I'll show you how this works.
What we're doing here is adding a jQuery function. The function starts out by looking for a link that's wrapped in the class hide-button that's a link we just created down here, link wrapped in the hide-button class. It says when that link is clicked, run the following function. And the function does the following. It's finds the ID front page intro, which is the ID that wraps all the content in the welcome page. And then it says, slide toggle that front page intro slowly.
Previously in the course we looked at enqueuing and dequeuing scripts and styles, and now we're going to use that same technique, to add a new script into our sites via our child theme. Enqueuing happens in functions.php, so I'll open functions.php in my child theme, scroll all the way to the bottom, create some more space and then I'll go back to my codesnippets file and find the function I need. It's right down here. I'll copy out that function, paste it in, and now we'll take a quick look at what it's happing here.
I create a new function called ChildOfTwentyTwelve_hideMeta. This function only works if this is not an admin page, because we don't need it for the admin page. What the function does is it first registers a script we give the script the name hide. We find the script in the stylesheet directory that is the directory for the child theme under the JS folder and the file is called hide.js. That's a file we created just a bit earlier. Then we associate hide.js with the jQuery scripts that's packaged inside WordPress and finally we enqueue this hide scripts.
The last part is an add_action call that on an initiation of the theme calls ChildOfTwentyTwelve_hideMeta which is this function. When I save this and reload my page again, you'll see that now the Hide/Show function works. I can hide the content, and when I hide it the text changes to Show and then back to Hide again. The last step in this process is purely cosmetic. It looks kind of weird right now because the hide is associated with the post directly underneath it.
What I want to do is add some styling to move Hide over here and make it visually associate with the box with the welcome content. So once again I'll go back to my codesnippets scroll down and here I'll find a little bit of style code that I can copy and paste into style.css in my child theme, so I'll open style.css, scroll down to the end of where I have the style for the front page and just paste that style in. If you look closely you'll see all this is a styling that affects the button, so that the button looks different, it has some borders on it, and it has a different color, and it also floats to the right.
When I save my stylesheet and reload my page, you'll see the button jumps over here to the rights it also looks like it belongs to this welcome box and it still works the exact same way as it did before. JavaScripts can make your site more interesting and easier to use for your visitors. Adding JavaScript correctly through enqueuing allows creative flexibility and less clutter when you work with your theme. The key when using JavaScripts is to subtle about it.
Adding too much fancy JS often leads to a clunky site that takes away from the content. What you have seen here in the few last movies is how we can add advanced features into our site in a very easy way and add extra functionality for our visitors. And that's kind of whole point of using a child theme, you make the experience better for your visitors.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about WordPress 3: Building Child Themes .
Here are the FAQs that matched your search "" :
Sorry, there are no matches for your search "" —to search again, type in another word or phrase and click search.
Access exercise files from a button right under the course name.
Search within course videos and transcripts, and jump right to the results.
Remove icons showing you already watched videos if you want to start over.
Make the video wide, narrow, full-screen, or pop the player out of the page into its own window.
Click on text in the transcript to jump to that spot in the video. As the video plays, the relevant spot in the transcript will be highlighted.


text:
Baby Or Bust: Infertile Couples Turn To The Web To Raise Funds For IVF
Professor Hank Greely, a leading expert in health law and the biosciences, is quoted on possible consequences for couples who hold fundraisers for IVF treatments:
When Shelton and Brandi Koskie learned five years ago that they would need fertility treatments to have a baby, they were stunned. After all, the Koskies, who met while working at Old Navy in college, were in their early twenties, not typically an age when couples have to worry about the biological clock. Perhaps equally shocking was how much the procedures would cost: Some $20,000 out of pocket. Even though they were young professionals with good jobs, they had nowhere near that kind of cash lying around.
"There were a lot of nights that we would come home from work and sit quietly in the dark together and just cry," says Brandi, now a 28-year-old senior editor at health and weight loss company DietsInReview.com. "That lasted a few days and then we said 'That's it, we're done crying.'"
Hank Greely, a biomedical ethicist at Stanford University, says couples should be aware of the consequences of fundraising for IVF. People who donate money might take an unwanted interest in the pregnancy and the child. "They might feel entitled to information that I'd rather keep private or to a relationship with a child I wouldn't like," says Greely, who is also a law professor and director of Stanford's Center for Law and Biosciences.
There is also the potential that fraudsters could pose as infertile couples. Couples sometimes go through several rounds of IVF before conceiving or giving up. "It would be a pretty easy scam to claim that 'Oops, it didn't work. We're heartbroken. Will you help us try again?" he says.


text:
Sometimes you meet people that make lasting impacts on your character. Sometimes you meet people that have no impact at all. And sometimes it's somewhere in between.
Episode 33 is ready for your ears. Give it a listen.
Sometimes it takes just five seconds to change the day of a stranger. Today I'll prove it.Episode 33: Red Lights, Pomade and Niceties [ 6:01 ] Play Now | Play in Popup | Download
Take a listen to Episode 29: The Real Answer.
Don't you love it when you ask someone "What's up?" And he replies, "Good." Or when you say, "How are you?" and he replies, "Not much." This episode is not about that.Episode 29: The Real Answer [ 8:55 ] Play Now | Play in Popup | Download


text:
Playwright and award-winning actor John Cariani to speak during UMPI's 104th Commencement Exercises
President Linda Schott has announced that John Cariani—the playwright and actor who has performed on Broadway, in the movies, and on the small screen, and hails from Presque Isle—will deliver the commencement address during the University of Maine at Presque Isle's 104th Commencement Ceremony, to be held on Saturday, May 18. During the event, an Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters Degree will be presented to Cariani.
"We are honored to have a Presque Isle native who has achieved so much on the stage and screen address our graduating class this year. John Cariani is a wonderful example of how long-term goals and dreams can be achieved through hard work and perseverance. We look forward to the words of wisdom he will share during our commencement exercises and hope they will serve as inspiration for our graduates as they prepare to enter their career fields," President Schott said. "We are also very pleased to be honoring John for his outstanding example of leadership and commitment and contributions to the arts by conferring upon him an honorary doctorate degree."
Cariani is an accomplished playwright and award-winning actor. His first play, Almost, Maine, premiered at Portland Stage Company in 2004 and became that theater's most successful production: It sold out its run and garnered critical acclaim. Almost, Maine opened Off Broadway in 2006, and is now featured in Smith and Kraus' New Playwrights: Best Plays of 2006.
The play has since become one of the most frequently produced plays in the United States, with over 70 professional productions and over 1500 community, high school, and university productions to date. In 2011, the Washington Post reported that Almost, Maine had replaced Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream and Thornton Wilder's Our Town as the most frequently produced play in North American High Schools. Almost, Maine has been translated into eight languages and is currently playing in Russia, Hungary, and Germany. His two other plays, Last Gas and LOVE/SICK, premiered at Portland Stage Company and are currently in negotiations for Off Broadway engagements in the coming season.
As an actor, Cariani got his start on Presque Isle stages, with numerous roles in Presque Isle High School productions; Calamity Jane under the direction of Dan Ladner was Cariani's first high school musical. Other PIHS performances included roles in Grease, Cabaret, The Wizard of Oz, and Juvie. He also performed with university students and community members in Pioneer Playhouse productions of Oklahoma, My Fair Lady, Fiddler on the Roof, and South Pacific at the university's Wieden Auditorium.
He got his break when he was cast in the Off Broadway play It's My Party (And I'll Die if I want To), which starred Academy Award Winner F. Murray Abraham. Since then, he has shared the big screen with legends Robert De Niro (in the Warner Brothers release Showtime), Christopher Walken (in the indie hit, Scotland, PA), and Ed Asner (in the 2012 independent release, Elephant Sighs). In 2004, he shared the stage with Alfred Molina in the Broadway Revival of Fiddler on the Roof, and his performance earned him an Outer Critics Circle Award and a Tony Award nomination.
His success on stage and on the big screen aside, Cariani is probably best known for his work on television. From 2002-2007, he played CSU Tech Julian Beck on NBC's long-running drama, Law & Order. He also had recurring roles as Professor Otto Bahnoff in the final season of CBS' Numbers, (2009-2010) and as reporter Michael Falk on the IFC's The Onion News Network (2011). He recently guest-starred on Showtime's acclaimed series, Homeland.
Originally from the Star City, Cariani graduated from Presque Isle High School in 1987. He studied acting and directing at StageWest in Springfield, Mass., after graduating from Amherst College. He now lives in New York City.
The University's Commencement Exercises are scheduled for 10:30 a.m. on Saturday, May 18, in Wieden Gymnasium.


text:
At last, we bring you Part 2 of our exclusive interview with Salt-N-Pepa (here's Part 1 of our Salt-N-Pepa interview). After the jump, the hip-hop titans talk more about The Salt-N-Pepa Show (their upcoming reality series that debuts Oct. 15 on VH1), women in hip-hop, feminism and the question that's on everyone's mind: where on earth is Spinderella?
From what you said previously, it sounds like you're hinting at something. Are you guys recording again, or are there plans to record again?
Salt: She's like, "Yes!" and I'm like…we're taking this one step at a time.
Pepa: I'm makin' these plans. Look, my family cued it, I'm working on it.
Salt: Right now I'm trying to adjust to being back at work. My son doesn't even know me as a working woman, my family, my husband, my kids, we're all trying to just adjust to this, you know?
And how is it? You're a reality show veteran, Pep, but how is it for you, Salt, dealing with the cameras and production?
Pepa: She's a nervous wreck, she is adjusting. Some people can't deal with that at all. I told her that this is nothing compared to The Surreal Life, what I had to really deal with. It was overwhelming. Spinderella came to visit me during filming. It was supposed to be a sleepover. She left she didn't even stay! She was out.
Well, that brings up the question that's on everybody's mind: What is up with Spinderella? Where is she?
Salt: Well she's coming she's gonna be on the show. We shot an episode already with her and there might be another one. We're introducing her gradually but…
Pepa: She lives in L.A. She has her thing, her DJing. She has her own radio show and she DJs all over the country. But we definitely incorporated her. I guess we're trying to introduce what happened and where we are and the Salt-N-Pepa thing.
Was that always the dynamic? I know she joined after Hot, Cool and Vicious was recorded. Was she, for lack of a better term, a third wheel?
Salt: I wouldn't call her a third wheel but you're right when you say this group was already established before she came in. We had "Push It" out and we were already a success and we needed a DJ and we always thought of Spinderella as an addition to something that was already there. We have a whole episode about that where we're going deep into that whole thing.
Together: People are like, "Where is Spinderella?"
Pepa: And it's explained.
It seems that no better experts exist on women in hip-hop than you two, so I'd like to pick your brains about something. Something I've noticed is that it seems like for a woman to be successful or even noticed in rap today, she either has to have a very hard, sort of thuggish, with maybe even a butch image, or she is incredibly sexualized. Salt-N-Pepa never was either really, you guys were just sort of yourselves. I wonder what you think about that. What do you think about the state of women in hip-hop now, then?
Salt: I think that there is definitely room for more innovation, more originality. I think that goes not just for hip-hop, but for women in music right now, period. Everyone is getting caught up in this momentum of who can be the sexiest and who can be the baddest. And I think that the essence of a person is so much more interesting than what they think everyone wants them to be. I don't agree that Amy Winehouse shouldn't go to rehab. If she has a problem, she should go, but I appreciate her music. I appreciate how real she is and what she's singing about. That is art to me. She is talking about something that is real and so I just respect that and I just feel like there's more room for just realness.
Pepa: It's always baffling because there aren't that many female artists that actually make noise and stay making noise. I wonder too like what is that? Why? It's dominated by the male rappers and male audience, musicians and I'm like what is that? And you're right when you point that out it is that extreme. Like is it the pressure of that? "I got music that needs to be heard or I have to be apart of somebody's camp," whether it's G-Unit or the Terror Squad. You know there's always that women of that group, but they're not that independent. You know, like Remy Ma. Eve even started out as the first lady of Ruff Riders.
Salt: Respect to Eve.
Do you feel like anybody is carrying out your legacy now?
Pepa: To me, group-wise, there hasn't been another Salt-N-Pepa. People seem to acknowledge that, which is good. Even Missy [Elliott], she's a big fan and she's a good friend. She's like, "Ain't nobody can do it like you girls. You could drop off the face of the earth and come back and have a show and everybody will want to watch!"
Speaking of that, ageism is alive and well in hip-hop. You two bowed out of the game, but a lot of people just sort of fade away. What do you think about the lack of career longevity in rap music?
Salt: Well LL kinda…LL kinda did well.
Pepa: Hey, Jay-Z is pushing 40. He didn't come from the time of the Runs, the Salt-N-Pepas, the LL's, the Whodinis, but it's still ageless in that way. He's still hot, like the kids love him. That is amazing.
Salt: Age is an attitude. Look at Halle Berry. She is 40 years old and she's having a baby. Look at Brad Pitt. My daughter was saying the other day, "My girlfriend has a crush on a guy he's 42 years old." I said, "You like Brad Pitt?" She's like, "Yeah." I said, "He's 43 and he's still hot!"
You both had kids in the height of your careers, around the release of Blacks' Magic. Did motherhood change you?
Pepa: Yeah, especially when it came to concerts and shows and stuff, you feel a sense of responsibility. And I can speak for Salt, as well. We started out a little rough around the edges, I mean we were always rough but there was a time I was cursing at my shows, I was a little bit more provocative, a little wilder. Then all these kids started coming to the show more and more and we started seeing these little kids in the front row and I'm like, "Damn!" It just changed gradually, and it's basically the same having your own kid. For me, I'm still a little rough. I had a hard time with Surreal Life, when I did that scene with the banana. My son is 17, so I had really a hard time, but I am an entertainer. I try to weigh it, but I don't wanna lose me either, 'cause these things are just for fun. I'm not really that serious. I just do me. I'm a Scorpio I'm just Pep.
Well yeah it seems like it probably goes for a lot of parents but its just different cause there's a camera on you. You can't really keep stuff from your kids that happens on a reality show.
Pepa: Exactly! And that what it is. You can't keep it from him! That's why with me, it's about balance. I think we've been a really good group for a long time. We've always been all about empowering women. That's what people talk about, especially about this show. People look up to us, they count on us. We're a voice and they're like, "I hope you're not going on doing nothing crazy, 'cause we still love you. We need you. We're here. We wanna make sure you're still giving us advice." To some of them, there's nobody else.
When you speak of empowering women that what's so mind blowing to me, you would think that the way society goes is that certain things become more and more acceptable and more and more visible. You guys released pro-woman stuff like "Expression" and "Independent," Yo-Yo was a self-proclaimed womanist, Queen Latifah did "U.N.I.T.Y." All of these really political songs were also very popular. You just don't hear that anymore. I mean real music with a message…
Pepa: That's why people, they're crying out to Salt-N-Pepa. People literally come up to us and go, "Please! Help!"
That hasn't changed with you, right? You're still very much about lifting up women?
Salt: Absolutely. I have a women's group that comes to my house once a month. We support each other. I mentor young females. I'm very female-oriented.
How do you feel about the word "feminist?"
Salt: It doesn't bother me, but I feel like anything taken to an extreme is error. I feel like there is a role for everyone. In a marriage, I don't think the word feminist works and I'm a married woman. It's a partnership for me. And so, open my car door, you know? Treat me like a lady all day long!
But I also get the feeling you don't really take any crap either, though…
Salt: You know what? I don't. But there is a way you can not take crap without acting crappy. There is a way to get what you need out of every situation, which is a learning process for all of us, in a smooth non-confrontational way. That's what I've learned, accepting a pilot.
Pepa: She pushes my buttons. You see it on the first episode.
Salt: And they have me blowing up, but they never show what she says before I get to that point, so I'm like the ranting raving maniac.
The way it's set up, Pep's coming to you so you're, in a way, calling the shots. Right? Is that safe to say that is the dynamic? You're the boss?
Salt: Yeah
Pepa: What? What? What?
Salt: She got to do what I say.
So my question is I guess when you meet again for the first time on the first episode, and you're reluctant, Salt, why did you go at all?
Salt: This girl been asking me for years. I had to hold her back. She is relentless and so it's like I have to do something with this woman. I just had to, I have to, I feel like I got to a point where I'm like I have no choice. This is never gonna go away.
Pure obligation?
Salt: Not just obligation for me, I wanted her to be my friend, I do, and this is what I gotta do for her to be my friend.
Pepa: This time around I'm trying to make it easy. It's about communication, 'cause I didn't really know what the problem was before. And so now I'm trying to make sure everything is OK. Runs smoother.
Salt: Before the reality show, she came up with a sitcom idea, and I was like, "OK. I can do that without feeling compromising and like I would still be able to have a family life." Like, that's a 9 to 5, basically. But when I went to pitch it to an agent, he was like, "Reality is the way to go these days." At first I was like, "No way!" and then I thought about it and I was like, OK, as long as we're not working for VH1, but for ourselves. We went and got a production company. So this is our show that we pitched to them and they picked up, as opposed to something they made up. I feel like we're in control of our image and we're in control what goes into this show. And me being a control freak, like she calls me on the first episode…I feel like I could do this as long as I didn't feel like I was at somebody's mercy. Cause that's not a good place for me, that's when I get stressed.
Pepa: What I like about the show is that it's fun, but we are still dealing with issues that we want to address and points that we want to get across. There is an episode where we show our involvement with AIDS, which is something we've been doing for years. This is still a problem, still an issue among women, black women. The numbers are still high and we're still educating. We still wanna get that in. We don't want to let our fans down.
Salt: Just like our music, we want our show to be meaningful as well as entertaining.
And just to wrap this up, you say in the show that you went from friends to competitors, is it safe to say that you've gone back to friends?
Salt: Yeah absolutely.
Pepa: I just told her I just put up a picture up for the first time in I don't now how long, of her and I…
Salt: We've been working out our stuff. It's still a work in progress. She was here [at Salt's house] till, like 3:30, the other morning.
Pepa: I can't even tell you…
You were up that late, still working stuff out?
Salt: Yeah man. If they can get that, that's the reality!


text:
A lot of people seriously don't know what an American Pit Bull Terrier is. Watch this video and you will understand the breed allot more. Most people that claim to own these dogs really don't. They own mixed bred dogs that are designed using the American Pit Bull Terrier. Allot of these crosses have American Bulldogs added in for size and strength and some even try adding Bullmastiffs! Both the American Bulldog and Bullmastiff are much larger and more powerful dogs then the American Pit Bull Terrier. That is one of the reasons they are used to produce the dog commonly seen today. Allot of these dogs end up in shelters. In reality, the true APBT is, in my opinion, one of the best dogs you can own, if you know how. Dogs are pack animals and you need to make sure you're the pack-leader without ever hitting or abusing your animals. You also need to make sure that you can handle a dominant breed. The true American Pit Bull Terrier is a small to medium sized dog that gets 15 – 21 inches at the shoulders and 22 – 65 pounds. Anything more then 70 pounds is obese and/or a mutt. In this video you will learn: *- What a true American Pit Bull Terrier is and how to know. *- How to tell the difference between the true APBT and the Fakes. *- How to know if the breeder is a legit, educated, responsible, reputable, respectable breeder, and also how to tell if they are a "Back-Yard" breeder. *- You will also learn the "Pit Bull" isn't a breed, its a term used to describe a certain group of …
Related posts:
- How to Breed dogs on Nintendogs
- how to breed a mutant horse on g1 jockey wii
- Finches as Pets : How to Breed Finches
- Pet Spider Tips for Chaco Golden Knee Tarantula : How to Breed Pet Chaco Tarantula
- Dog Breeding & Pregnancy : Deciding to Breed a Dog
- How to Care for Hognose Snakes : How to Breed Hognose Snakes
- How to Care for Pueblan Milk Snakes : How to Breed Pueblan Milk Snakes
- Keep Your Parakeet Happy : Breed Your Parakeets
- How to breed nintendogs
- Pet Lizard Care : How to Breed a Bearded Dragon
25 thoughts on "Behind the breed: American Pit Bull Terrier Dogs."
August 6, 2010 at 5:27 am
@ghost121086 American Bullies are "Pit Bulls" as its not a breed, its a group. I never said a Bully Kutta was the tallest, they are not. I was using the breed as an example as they are taller then Danes and Wolfhounds. The dog is now a purebred because of many years of selective breeding – American Bullies, are mutts, though. Don't comment on my videos disrespecting me like I'm stupid when you are uneducated and have made Yourself look stupid ….
August 6, 2010 at 5:30 am
Now how can you sit here and say that bully are not actually pitbulls that they are mutts, even though in your other video you said that great danes, irish wolfhounds, and mastiffs are not the tallest dogs and that the bully kutta is, even though the bully kutta is from Pakistan, and to "make" that dog it was bred from great danes, english mastiffs and bulldogs, so hows it not mutt. and I really dought your even gona post this so you dont look so fuckin stupid on youtube
August 6, 2010 at 6:18 am
Nice video but I hope people would adopt from shelters – so many bully breeds die in shelters. They often wind up there because people don't realize how high energy they are.
I have pittie from a shelter and she is such a loving girl. I am retired, in my sixties, and I didn't get her for my image But since I've had my pittie girl, I've because a big advocate for these wonderful dogs.
August 6, 2010 at 7:07 am
i am sick of preaching this same exact stuff every time i run into someone that takes interest in my dogs. it should be mandatory for the world to watch this!!! lol. but i love this breed and i would die for my american pitbull terriers because i know they would die for me.
August 6, 2010 at 7:17 am
Ignorance is the key word. And people still don't realize that small dog's like 5-10 pounds harm more people than the larger ones.This video was awesome thank you
August 6, 2010 at 7:19 am
Great video, hopefully someday the masses of idiots out there will learn the difference.
August 6, 2010 at 7:39 am
no kidding..finally! i have an ampt and she looks nothing like a bully!
August 6, 2010 at 7:40 am
i never heard of any one confusing a labradore before
August 6, 2010 at 8:31 am
August 6, 2010 at 9:02 am
i knew they wer mixing up the breed to obtain those sizes, great info
August 6, 2010 at 9:37 am
Finally! Its good to see someone who knows the difference between AmBullies and APBTs.
August 6, 2010 at 9:38 am
Thank you finaly some one that knows the difference, And I have to say I did own a true American Pit Bull Terrier, And I loved that dog. Someone actually shot it!!! Just because it was a pitbull!!! I hope he is having a good time rotting in jail
August 6, 2010 at 10:05 am
Well, i knew that, only thing i dont understand is how people can confuse retrievers with APBT's????? Does that happen?? I love APBT's but they are illegal in my country.
August 6, 2010 at 10:55 am
i got both apbt and american bullie they are great dogs
August 6, 2010 at 11:42 am
Smartly done video. I agree 100%. Now to educate the Michael Vick Thugs out there
August 6, 2010 at 12:11 pm
great video man an APBT should only weigh 40 to 60 lbs and not suppose to be extremely muscular they are slender athletic dogs not to have the crazy bulk u see some people think is the in thing or accutally think that dog is suppose to like that which its not check out my vid response of my white APBT puppy playing with my staffordshire bull terrier mix… tell me what u think
August 6, 2010 at 12:50 pm
Thanks for the video it helped settle and arguement between me and my neighbor who owens two american bullies and i own a real APBT but when we're walking our dogs he's being dragged by two 100 pound dogs and my 60 APBT is walking at my side.
August 6, 2010 at 1:43 pm
yeah these dogs are great and the do not get the reputation the deserve, but unlike the American Staffordshire Terrier the APBT is not an AKC recognized breed. I completely agree with the message you are send and am in no way saying any wrong about your video I'm just stating more facts. Trust me APBT, Am Staff, and Staffie Owners are all in this together this is a war worth fighting and we will not stop untill justice is served for "Pit Bulls"
August 6, 2010 at 2:27 pm
video is 100% correct
August 6, 2010 at 3:05 pm
They are though. People are uneducated and ignorant. They see short coats, muscles and big heads and think "pit bull". They don't know the difference. They don't care. My friend had a pharaoh hound/duck toller cross and people asked if she was pit all the time. Just plain ignorance.
August 6, 2010 at 3:11 pm
Well.. people are stupid. There are more lab bites in the U.S. than any other breed, but ignorant people just assume.
August 6, 2010 at 4:02 pm
I really enjoyed this video. I respect the TRUE bred APBT, but I can't respect the "designer" breeds that claim to be APBT's. They just try to make the breed "bigger" because they think that's going to make them "better." The reality is, a REAL APBT is such a beautiful, sleek breed of dog, and people who cross-breed to get a huge monster and claim it as an APBT is just ruining the true breed.
August 6, 2010 at 4:48 pm
Christ that dog at 0:47 is a beast, quite a frightning pic actually lol , great vid, i know about the pit bull not being an actual breed but its god damn anoying trying to explain that to dim wit owners braggin about owning a pitbull!
August 6, 2010 at 5:38 pm
yes this guy nows his shit like i no my shit , he says all things i say when it comes to the misconseption towrds american pitbull terriers
August 6, 2010 at 6:23 pm
Thank you for the video, so much ignorance circulating in the US thanks to irresponsible and uneducated people. People need to know the truth about the breeds, disposition etc. My grandparents had APBT growing up, they where the main breed for most americans at that time. great dogs, but now people are trying to change the face of this dog and make it into some kinda monster or killing machine. laws are getting strick, we need to fight the ignorance!


text:
Scientific Learning Corp. (OTCQB:SCIL) today announces ReadingAssistant.com, a new website that provides teachers, reading specialists and school principals with an array of resources focused on reading fluency and comprehension.
Scientific Learning Corp. (OTCQB:SCIL) today announces ReadingAssistant.com, a new website that provides teachers, reading specialists and school principals with an array of resources focused on reading fluency and comprehension.
The Chester County District Attorney's Office became aware of the texts during an investigation of the Coatesville Area School District, Chester County DA Tom Hogan told ABCNews.com.
A Fordham Institute analysis of report card results for districts and charters concludes that charter schools even in Ohio's eight largest districts usually perform worse than that city's district – with Cleveland as the only exception.
San Diego Unified was honored as one of four finalists that had vied for the award, which recognizes academic achievement and innovative leadership in urban districts that typically have many poor and minority students.
During a special meeting of the Board of Education to discuss several proposals already on the table, Moss added another plan to the mix -- one that would redraw attendance zones across the district to balance enrollment numbers and racial composition among the county's schools.
In this school year's official head count, which took place that day, Hispanic students outnumbered any two other ethnicities combined in the Clark County School District. Their numbers are rising at twice the rate that the Caucasian student population is declining.
While the majority of state school systems have cut spending between fiscal year 2008 and the upcoming fiscal year 2014, the cuts have been much more severe in some places than in others.
It took exactly one week for nearly 300 students at Roosevelt High School to hack through security so they could surf the Web on their new school-issued iPads, raising new concerns about a plan to distribute the devices to all students in the district.
As students return to school this fall, most will find a plethora of new technologies and virtual environments, on which their institutions have been spending millions of dollars to bring into the classroom. Yet many of these resources will be needlessly discriminatory.
Oklahoma City Public Schools continues to build new construction projects without a plan for a tornado safe room.
Portland's Franklin and Grant high schools would be large enough to hold about 16 percent more students than initially planned under a new construction proposal from Portland Public Schools officials.
Secretary of Education Arne Duncan might have been preaching to the choir -- on one subject, anyway -- in a Monday address to some Atlanta business leaders. At least the "Amens," metaphorically speaking, seem sincere.
October 15-17, 2013
Philadelphia, Pa.
The parents of elementary school students in 19 states -- including Arkansas, Illinois, California and Massachusetts -- are receiving letters regarding something that really isn't a school's business: their children's weight.
The U.S. Department of Education has awarded a $1.4 million grant to Family Health International in Washington, D.C., to establish the Center on Technology and Disability. The center is a collaborative effort among FHI, American Institutes for Research, and PACER Center, designed to help children with disabilities who need assistive and instructional technology to improve their learning.


text:
Shipping Costs are determined by weight of the item(s) and your zipcode.
Once you have entered your zipcode into checkout, your shipping total will be calculated and available for review (Before you enter any payment information!), thank you.
In-stock items will be processed and shipped from our fulfillment facility within 2 business days. We ship UPS Ground delivery which averages from 1 to 6 days. Please refer to the shipping map below to determine your estimated shipping time.
If you have any questions please contact our Customer Service representatives at 1-800-345-0169
The above shipping chart applies to UPS ground shipments to the 48 contiguous states only.
Please call 1-800-345-0169 for timing on shipments to Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, thank you!
5 Stars Multi Purpose
Angela Cox from SC wrote (April 10, 2015):
My employer needed a cost effective solution for protecting our forklift daily inspection sheets and allowing them to be kept on the forklift for ease of access. My searches for product specifically designed for that purpose were very expensive so this alternative met our needs, was low cost and bonus - made of thick, high quality plastic. Excellent find!
5 Stars ATV canister tool pod
Mark Sly from AR wrote (February 10, 2013):
I bought this for my ATV. I needed a waterproof canister that would hold some tools and other stuff. The length was ideal for what I stored in it. This canister attaches easily in just a few minutes. Very accessible and a great value as well.
5 Stars love them
jason from FL wrote (September 04, 2012):
Acetone takes the lettering right off.
5 Stars Manual Canister
Steve from NY wrote (May 31, 2012):
I use a bunch of them on my adventure bike to store extra gas and water. I used them in conjunction with 33 oz MSR fuel bottles. These things are great and Agri prices are superb compared to others who want 15 bucks for them just because they added a drill bit and sealing washers. Bit I have and Rustoleum sealing washers I get for about a buck at home depot. I don't mind the yellow graphics but I think they can be rubbed off with something very fine, maybe 2000 grit.


text:
CRESTVIEW — North Okaloosa residents and visitors can expect to see acrobats, performing elephants, Siberian and Royal Bengal tigers and other attractions next week when the Loomis Bros. Circus comes to town.
The circus will present eight shows Nov. 8-11 at Old Spanish Trail Park.
It'll be a homecoming for ringmaster Justin Loomis, whose mom, Paulette Loomis, and sister live in Crestview. Paulette sings "God Bless America" to start each Crestview performance.
During the city's Nov. 11 Veterans Day parade, the renowned Loomis Bros. Circus elephants will join other groups to honor U.S. veterans.
This is the fourth year the Main Street Crestview Association has sponsored the traveling circus, which is now in its 16th year.
Previously the association hosted traveling carnivals, member Cal Zethmayr said. However, there were accountability issues regarding the association's percentage of the ticket office take.
"I started calling around to see what other carnivals or events were available," Zethmayr said. "Then I ran into Mrs. Paulette Loomis at a Main Street event and she said, 'Well, my son has a circus.'"
Zethmayr said the partnership between Main Street and the circus has been mutually beneficial and enjoyable, and has also been profitable for the association, which uses its share to produce downtown events such as the Fall Festival and Christmas parade.
"We know right to the penny what we took in," Zethmayr said.
WHAT: Loomis Bros. Circus, benefiting the Main Street Crestview Association
WHEN: 7 p.m. Nov. 8; 1, 4 and 7 p.m. Nov. 9; and 3 and 7 p.m. Nov. 10 and 11. Gates open an hour beforehand.
WHERE: Old Spanish Trail Park, at Stillwell Boulevard and Industrial Drive
TICKETS: $10 advance, $15 at gate; available at select area merchants in Crestview, Baker, Blackman, Laurel Hill and DeFuniak Springs. Details: 240-4053.
Contact News Bulletin Staff Writer Brian Hughes at 850-682-6524 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @cnbBrian.


text:
Course Descriptions
Criminal Justice
CJ 1113 Introduction to Criminal Justice
An introduction to the primary components of the criminal justice system - law enforcement, the court system, and corrections -and their general operating processes and responsibilities; the legal, social, and ethical issues influencing criminal justice; and the availability of criminal case file information to the public.
CJ 1213 Introduction to Corrections
A survey of corrections including a review of the history and development of the system; roles and functions of participants; and prevention, treatment, and supervision programs for offenders.
CJ 2013 Criminal Law I
The study of criminal law including the classification of criminal offenses, elements of crimes, ranges of punishment, and basic defenses to criminal charges. Prerequisite: CJ 1113.
CJ 2150 Criminal Justice Seminar
The study of law enforcement procedures, problems, and topics. May be repeated for a total of 12 credit hours. (1-4 credit hours.)
CJ 2343 Community Relations
An examination of the relationship between law enforcement and the community, including programs in community policing, human relations, and crime prevention. The course will examine ethics, conflict resolution, cultural diversity, and professionalism.
CJ 2533 Patrol Techniques Seminar
The role, responsibilities, and duties of a local police patrol officer; an examination of the police patrol function; and crime prevention and suppression methods.
CJ 2553 Traffic Administration and Investigation
A study of traffic enforcement, education, and engineering; traffic accident investigation, analysis, and reconstruction; and traffic enforcement methods and techniques.
A practicum of proprietary law enforcement concepts, skills, and techniques for community relations, patrol, CPR, and first aid. Prerequisite: CJ 2013, completion of at least one-half of the General Education requirements (21 hours), acceptance into the CLEET Collegiate Officer Program, and COP Director's permission.
CJ 2711 CLEET Firearms
The Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training basic police firearms training course. Restricted to Collegiate Officer Program students. Prerequisite: COP Director's permission. (Formerly CS 2712)
CJ 2721 CLEET Custody and Control
The Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training basic police custody and control training course. Restricted to Collegiate Officer Program students. Prerequisite: COP Director's permission.
CJ 2731 CLEET Law Enforcement Vehicle Operation
The Council on Law Enforcement Education and Training for basic police law enforcement vehicle operation training course. Restricted to Collegiate Officer Program students. Prerequisite: COP Director's permission.
CJ 3003 Criminalistics
The fundamentals of criminal investigations encompassing the search, recognition, collection, transportation, and presentation of physical evidence in criminal proceedings and the evidentiary rules governing admissibility during criminal legal proceedings Prerequisite: CJ 2013.
CJ 3013 Criminal Procedures
An analysis of the constitutional protections most frequently implicated by routine police conduct; the primary United States Supreme Court decisions interpreting the constitutional validity of police action with special emphasis on arrest, search and seizure, right to counsel, consent, and out-of-court identification; and the Federal statutes imposing civil liability of police and correctional officers for unconstitutional conduct. Prerequisite: CJ 2013. (Formerly CJ 2133)
CJ 3023 Communications for Justice Professionals
Development of advanced communication skills, both written and oral, with emphasis on writing formats used by justice professionals. Formats will include investigative reports, affidavits for search & arrest warrants, and the development of strategic plans. Prerequisites: ENGL 1213 and ENGL 2333 or SPCH 1113. (Formerly CJ 3024)
A practicum of proprietary law enforcement concepts, skills, and techniques for advanced patrol and traffic administration. Prerequisites: CJ 2563, CJ 3013, good standing in COP Option, and COP Director's permission.
CJ 3213 Criminal Law II
A study of the legal foundations of selected topics that impact many professions including criminal justice, social sciences, medical, and education. Emphasis includes domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, emergency intervention, legal jurisdiction of law enforcement officers, legal rights of crime victims and consular notification by undocumented aliens. Prerequisite: CJ 2013. (Formerly CJ 2023)
CJ (POLS) 3243 Ethics in Public Service
This course investigates the distinctive ethical dilemmas that face leaders whose work will likely impact the public at large. Case, studies, ethical concepts, and terminology are introduced in an effort to seriously analyze the practical application of ethical practices in the public sector. Prerequisite: POLS 1113.
CJ 3313 American Court System
A general perspective of the legal system and judicial branch of government; introducing legal terminology, survey of practices, and ethics of legal professionals. Prerequisites: CJ 1113 and POLS 1113. (Formerly POLS 3113 and cross-listed with LA 3113)
CJ 3523 Interview and Interrogation
Interviewing skills and techniques of witnesses, informants, and suspects. Communications skills developed to include the interrogation process with emphasis on voluntariness of admissions and confessions within the legal parameters of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. Documenting the interview and interrogation exchange also included. Prerequisite: CJ 2013. (Formerly CJ 2523)
CJ 3950 Special Topics in Criminal Justice
A seminar in selected topics in criminal justice. Topics and credits may vary each time course is offered (1-3 credit hours). May be repeated with changes of topic. Prerequisites: CJ 2013 and CJ 1213.
CJ 4613 Criminal Justice Internship
Opportunity to interact with criminal justice professionals within a work environment. Students experience the connection between criminal justice theory and practice, particularly the time constraints, interactive dynamics, and magnitude of decisions that are routinely made within the criminal justice paradigm by federal, state, and local law enforcement; institutional and community-based corrections, juvenile facilities, and other social service facilities. Prerequisites: CJ 3013, CJ 3023, and CJ (POLS) 3243. (Formerly CJ 2140)
CJ (POLS) 4993 Policy and Program Evaluation
This is a senior-level course in which students will apply knowledge they've gained in other courses in their major to develop and execute an evaluation plan. Along the way, students will learn how to interpret and apply various quantitative and qualitative research methods, measurement and data collection techniques, theoretical and practical applications, relevant literature, and cultural and ethical considerations. Prerequisite: ORGL 3333. (Formerly POLS 3503)


text:
Liverpool FC are today delighted to announce the launch of the brand-new official LFC TV iTunes page.
Bringing you more access to the Reds than ever via your Apple device, the platform will allow fans to download some of the best LFC TV programming as well as club apps, podcasts, magazines and match programmes.
Through the new iTunes page, Kopites can now follow the entire goings on at Liverpool by downloading our weekly magazine show Inside Melwood.
The best of the match action featuring the Reds' Academy starlets will be readily available throughout the season in LFC's Young Guns while iTunes also brings you The Big Interview in which Kop legends past and present open up about their life in Liverpool red.
All this great LFC TV content and much more can be purchased as single downloads or via a series pass option.
Also, LFC official apps, including LFC Match and News centre, LFC Connect and Liverpool Fantasy Manager 13 are now all available for the iPhone, iPad and iPad touch.
Submit your views in the box below. Alternatively, you can debate these issues with fellow fans on our Message Boards or blog about them on The Kop
The views expressed here are not those of Liverpool Football Club (read more)


text:
As a kid who screamed his head off Christmas after Christmas opening boxes of consoles from Atarti to Gamecube, this video practically has me weeping. Although it's missing some great consoles, it gives a brief history of gaming in a short period of time. If 30 years (not counting the oscilloscope) has brought us this far, imagine what it will be like in another 30 years.
Man, what I wouldn't do to have a setup like this!


text:
skip navigation
(Last updated: March 28, 2014; last reviewed: March 28, 2014)
Panel's Recommendations
|Rating of Recommendations: A = Strong; B = Moderate; C = Optional
Rating of Evidence: I = One or more randomized trials with clinical outcomes and/or validated laboratory endpoints; II = One or more well-designed, nonrandomized trials or observational cohort studies with long-term clinical outcomes; III = Expert opinion
For additional information on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV, see HIV/Hepatitis C Coinfection in the Adult and Adolescent Antiretroviral Guidelines1 and Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the Adult Opportunistic Infections Guidelines.2 The management of HIV/HCV coinfection in pregnancy is complex and consultation with an expert in HIV and HCV infection is strongly recommended, particularly if treatment of HCV infection during pregnancy is being considered.All HIV-infected women should be screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV at entry into general HIV care. Pregnant HIV-infected women should be re-screened for HBV and HCV unless they are known to be coinfected or have already been screened during the current pregnancy. HCV coinfection is not uncommon in HIV-infected women, particularly those infected via parenteral use of drugs; among HIV-infected pregnant women, the HCV seroprevalence rate ranges from 17% to 54%.3 Screening for chronic HCV infection using a sensitive immunoassay for HCV antibody is recommended for all HIV-infected individuals, including pregnant women. False-negative anti-HCV immunoassay results can occur in HIV-infected individuals, particularly those with very low CD4 T lymphocyte (CD4) cell counts, but it is uncommon with the most sensitive immunoassays. Individuals who have a positive HCV antibody test should undergo confirmatory testing for plasma HCV RNA using a commercially available quantitative diagnostic assay. Testing for HCV RNA also should be performed on individuals whose serologic test results are indeterminate or negative but in whom HCV infection is suspected because of elevated aminotransaminase levels or risk factors such as a history of intravenous drug use.