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Family Fun Shop Recipe
Family Fun Shop Recipes
"Sweet and Sour Chicken and Rice"
by Wes Fessler
Family Fun Shop
Recipes : Dinner Main
"Sweet and Sour Chicken and Rice "
Here is a fast and easy way to a savory sweet and sour
meal with the
family. Our original Sweet and Sour Sauce gives chicken and rice a
delicious and complete flavor. Don't be surprised when they ask for
Serves 5
Sweet and Sour Chicken and Rice Recipe
You will need:
1 1/2 pounds of Chicken Breasts (boneless and skinless)
Long Grain Rice
Tip: Get the chicken and rice started first, as they take the longest to cook.
1 1/2
pounds of Chicken Breasts (boneless and skinless)
Pinch of Poultry Seasoning
Pinch of Garlic Powder
Pinch of Paprika
Directions for Chicken
Pre-heat oven to 400
degrees fahrenheit.
Place 1 1/2 pounds of chicken breasts on a cookie sheet.
Spritz chicken with cooking spray.
Shake the following on the chicken as desired:
Poultry Seasoning, Garlic Powder, Paprika
Bake chicken uncovered at 400 degrees Fahrenheit for
45 minutes.
Allow chicken to cool enough to handle
Cut chicken into 1 inch squares
1 Cup Rice
2 Cups Chicken Broth
Directions for Preparing Rice
Pour 1 Cup of rice and
two cups of chicken broth into a saucepan.
Bring to rolling boil on high heat. When rolling boil is established,
immediately reduce heat to low. Allow boil to subside and cover.
Simmer covered for 15 minutes.
Check rice. If excess liquid remains after 15 minutes, heat
for 3 minutes.
If excess liquid remains after 3 minutes, drain excess in
a strainer.
1 Cup Brown Sugar
2 Tbsp Corn Starch
2 Cups Pineapple Chunks
1/2 Cup White Vinegar
3 Tbsp Soy Sauce
2 Tbsp Granulated Sugar
2 tsp Lemon Juice
1/2 Cup Water
Directions for Sweet and Sour Sauce
Mix 2 Tbsp of cornstarch and 1/2 cup cold water in a small bowl and set aside. (This will need to be re-stirred again just before adding to
boiling mixture).
Combine all other contents into a saucepan and heat over medium-
high (3/4) heat stirring continuously.
Bring to a boil at the medium-high (3/4) heat while continuously
When boiling is established, stir up the cornstarch and water
again and pour into the boiling saucepan. Continue stirring.
Stir while boiling until the mixture thickens to a thick syrup
consistency. This may take several minutes.
Remove from heat when desired thickness is achieved.
Combine chicken squares and sauce in a large bowl. Stir chicken
sauce together thoroughly.
Serve a scoop of rice onto 5 plates with a serving spoon.
Spoon a generous amount of chicken and sauce mixture over the
of the rice on each plate with a serving spoon.
Note to kids: Only try cooking with your parents'
permission. Get a parent to help if you can!
There's Much More to see at Family Fun Shop!
See our SITEMAP for all of our fun ideas and activities.
WAIT! There's more to explore!
See our sitemap or go to our homepage to find more fun.
Copyright © Family Fun Shop 2009 - All Rights Reserved


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The Televerse #70- Best and Worst of 2012
On last week's podcast, we talked about the Top 10 TV Series of 2012. This week, we discuss just about every other category you can think of. From more expected ones like Best Performance or Best Pilot to the more obscure Best Dance Sequence and Favorite "F*ck Yeah!" Moment, we break down the year in TV, both the good and the bad. The music used in this episode is taken from various TV moments throughout the year, including our picks for Best Original Song (errata: "If I Didn't Know Better" from Nashville is not in fact an original song. It… Read more
'Django' Image Gallery
quote by="Synopsis:"]A coffin-dragging gunslinger enters a town caught between two feuding factions, the KKK and a gang of Mexican Bandits. That man is Django, and he is caught up in a struggle against both parties[/quote]
2012 in Review: Personal Narratives and the Best Films Seen
Cinema, like most arts, exists beyond time and space. They are a medium of transportation, and for most of us, our only opportunity to fulfil our deepest desires and confront our darkest fears. That's why it seems unfair to look back on a year in film and focus only on new releases. Our year end obsession with best of lists extends far beyond our desire to compartmentalize cinema into qualitative categories, but reflects an innate desire to understand and communicate with the world. We look at the list of our favourite critics to better understand who they are, and make our own… Read more
Happy New Year from all of us here at Sound on Sight
Here on Sound on Sight, all our efforts to bring top-notch pop culture content would be for naught if there was nobody on the receiving end. Thus, we are grateful for our viewers, both old and new, who have come across our work, and continue to rely on us to provide quality news, reviews, and articles. Without you, we would likely have become simply another brick in the internet wall, and we hope our audience has a memorable New Year's, and a fantastic 2013. Here's what you can expect from the site in the coming months; – The focus on January will… Read more
Sunday Shorts: 'Doppelganger', starring Timothy Olyphant
Today's film is the 2001 short Doppelganger. The film is written by Burn Notice staff writer Michael Horowitz, who also co-directs with Gareth Smith, and stars Timothy Olyphant. Olyphant, who has been on shows such as Deadwood and Damages, can currently be seen on the FX show Justified, playing Deputy Marshal Raylan Givens. The fourth season of the show begins on January 8th. ****
We Live In A 3-d World – Or Do We?
"We live in a three-dimensional world," James Cameron admonished Hollywood a few weeks ago on the opening of Life of Pi. Calling Ang Lee's film some of the best use of 3-D since his own Avatar (2009), Cameron was trying to push the movie industry – as he has been for some time – toward a more full-bore commitment to 3-D filmmaking. The approximately 40 3-D titles slated for release in 2013, evidently, still represents only a chicken-hearted effort in Cameron's eyes. What Cameron has been hoping for with Pi is that the movie shows 3-D to be more than… Read more
Incredible Fan-Made Poster Art for 'Django Unchained'
As he did with Inglourious Basterds, Tarantino revisits history in Django Unchained, only this time through the filter of seventies pulp B-movies and sixties westerns. Django Unchained is yet another success for the writer-director and as expected, his film as inspired several artists to design fan made posters as tribute. In my opinion, these posters are far better than what Miramax produced and really do harken back to the look of Spaghetti Westerns of the past, such as the original Django and The Mercenary. Here are just some of the great posters found online. Head over to the official Django… Read more
5 Broken Cameras is a Found Footage Horror Documentary
5 Broken Cameras Written by Guy Davidi Directed by Emad Burnat and Guy Davidi 2011, Occupied Palestinian Territory/Israel/France/Netherlands, imdb, RIDM I walked into the RIDM screening for 5 Broken Cameras with trepidations and I walked out with questions: trepidations about the subject of the documentary and the way that it was filmed; questions about human nature and our capacity for casual cruelty. 5 Broken Cameras is a point of view documentary based on footage shot by Palestinian farmer Emad Burnat over a six year period beginning in 2005, documenting his life in the village of Bil'in and the village's non-violent protest over… Read more
Shaw Bros. Sat. 'Killers Five' is not perfect, but does the small things right
Killers Five (also known as Killers 5) Directed by Ching Gong Written by Sung Hoi-Leng Ching Gong Hong Kong, 1969 The easiest thing to highlight when reviewing these Shaw Brothers films is the action. Then might come the recognizable names of the actors who typically play their parts with the requisite gusto. Costumes, weapons and set design arrive in third and then story. Story is the one element of these pictures which is not always the easiest to remember. The rules and logic of the world the characters inhabit are often played fast and loose, with the emphasis being… Read more
25 Great Film Shots Seen for the First time in 2012
On the other side of my content filled posts for Sound on Sight, I manage a semi-popular Tumblr blog called Obscure and Offbeat Cinema. There is virtually no written content and the vast majority of what I present are screenshots taken from films that I'm watching or planning to watch. Though a popular film will sneak in now and then, the focus remains on films that are off the beaten path. With over 3000 images posted in 2012, I thought it would be interesting to single out my favourite shots seen for the first time this year and share them… Read more
Saturday Shorts: 'Partly Cloudy', by Pixar Studios
Today's film is the 2009 short Partly Cloudy. The film, which is animated, is created by Pixar Animation Studios, and is directed by Peter Sohn, with music from Michael Giacchino. Pixar has been responsible for some of the most well-received movies of the past decade, including Up, Toy Story 3, and WALL-E. Their last feature, Brave, hit theatres in the summer of 2012, and the summer of 2013 will see the release of Monsters University from the studio, a prequel to the 2001 feature Monsters Inc. ****
The Televerse #70- Best and Worst of 2012 (mp3)
On last week's podcast, we talked about the Top 10 TV Series of 2012. This week, we discuss just about every other category you can think of. From more expected ones like Best Performance or Best Pilot to the more obscure Best Dance Sequence and Favorite "F*ck Yeah!" Moment, we break down the year in TV, both the good and the bad. The music used in this episode is taken from various TV moments throughout the year, including our picks for Best Original Song (errata: "If I Didn't Know Better" from Nashville is not in fact an original song. It… Read more

subset: commoncrawl


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Tag Archives: Dermot o leary
May Bank Holiday food festival Brighton!
The May Day Bank Holiday sees the return of the amazing food festival this year on the Hove Lawns on Brighton's seafront. It has pop up restaurants like Jamie's Italian and Dermot O'Leary's Fishy Fishy as well as celebrity chefs … Continue reading
Posted in Uncategorized Tagged brighton food festival, Dermot o leary, Fishy fishy, Jamies italian, Sea Spray 2 Comments


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Our new Top Dog bowls with raised feeding station stand with non-slip gaskets to hold bowls in place and have non-skip rubber feet to protect floors and prevent slipping. Each bowl holds 1 cup.
Made from environmentally friendly melamine, bowls are dishwasher safe but not are for microwave use. All our melamine products are completely non-toxic, BPA-free, and lead-free according to U.S., European, and Canadian standards.
Dimensions: Raised Stand measures 12.75"Wx6.5"Dx3.5"H.
Care: Bowls are dishwasher safe, wipe-clean stand. Not for microwave use.
Do not use these bowls in the microwave.


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- Introduction
- Ericaceae group
- Balsaminaceae group
- Polemoniaceae group
- Pentaphylacaceae group
- Styracaceae group
- Lecythidaceae
- Primulaceae group
- Sarraceniaceae group
- Theaceae
Ericales, rhododendron order of flowering plants, containing 25 families, 346 genera, and more than 11,000 species.
The relationships of the order are unclear. It belongs to neither of the two major asterid groups (Asterids I or Asterids II), but with Cornales it is basal to the core asterid clade of flowering plants in the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) botanical classification system. The families included in it have previously been placed in several other orders, including Theales. The circumscription of the order and its placement in the asterids are something of a surprise, although both are well supported by morphological and molecular data.
Morphologically, the order is rather generalized and unspecialized for the asterids. Most members have at least weakly fused petals and radially symmetric flowers, a superior 3- or 5-locular ovary, and 5 or 10 (sometimes more) stamens that are often borne free of the petals. The fruit is most often a capsule, and the seed coat is usually thin. Iridoids, distinctive chemicals perhaps involved in protection of the plant against herbivores, are scattered through the order.
Molecular studies suggest that there are eight family groupings in Ericales, plus one isolated family (Theaceae). The Ericaceae group contains Ericaceae, Clethraceae, and Cyrillaceae. The Balsaminaceae group contains Balsaminaceae, Marcgraviaceae, and Tetrameristaceae (including Pelliciera). The Polemoniaceae group contains Polemoniaceae and Fouquieriaceae. The Pentaphylacaceae group contains Pentaphylacaceae (including Ternstroemiaceae) and Sladeniaceae. The Styracaceae group contains Symplocaceae and Diapensiaceae. The Lecythidiaceae group includes only Lecythidaceae. The Primulaceae group contains Primulaceae, Theophrastaceae, Myrsinaceae, Maesaceae, Sapotaceae, and Ebenaceae. The Sarraceniaceae group contains Sarraceniaceae, Actinidiaceae, and Roridulaceae. These groupings and their member families are described in this article.
Ericaceae group
The Ericaceae group contains Ericaceae, Clethraceae, and Cyrillaceae, which are characterized by having a hollow style as well as by features of the endosperm, or seed reserve, and stem anatomy.


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Special Issue Item
Journal Editorial
Scientific opinions of Scientific/Scientific Panel
Opinion of the Scientific Committee/Scientific Panel
Statement of the Scientific Committee/Scientific Panel
Guidance of the Scientific Committee/Scientific Panel
Statement of EFSA
Guidance of EFSA
Conclusion on pesticides
Reasoned opinion on pesticide
Scientific report of EFSA
Technical Report
Animal health & welfare
Biological hazards
Biological monitoring
Evidence Management (DATA)
Emerging risks
Plant health
Assessment and methodological support
Scientific Committee
Scientific cooperation
Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies related to a notification from Brewers of Europe and BFBi on isinglass used as a clarifying agent in brewing pursuant to Article 6 paragraph 11 of Directive 2000/13/EC - for permanent exemption from labelling
No abstract available
Beer production normally includes fining of the beer. Fining is achieved by mixing fining agents with the beer during production, thereafter complexed materials are removed by sedimentation, filtration, or both. Commonly used fining agents include a collagen preparation from fish swim bladders, isinglass. Fish allergy has been reported to affect 0.2%-2.2% of the population in European countries. Fish can cause severe reactions in allergic individuals and it is appropriate to assess allergen levels in beer clarified with isinglass.
Allergens of concern in isinglass are primarily residual amounts of the major fish allergen parvalbumin, and collagen/gelatine which constitute the major component (95%) of isinglass. An industry-agreed Code of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for isinglass has been adopted by the applicant to lower the content of parvalbumin in the product. This substantially reduced the levels of parvalbumin in isinglass. A history of safe use is claimed. However, there may have been a significant under-reporting of reactions against isinglass in beer, because it is uncertain whether beer drinkers and health professionals have been aware of the possible presence of fish protein in beer. Analytical data indicate a residue level of isinglass in beer up to 5 mg/L. Parvalbumin levels in isinglass ranged from 0.2 mg/Kg to 0.7 mg/Kg. The estimated maximum concentration of parvalbumin in beer is 0.005 μg/L. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of the assays. Two new double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge studies with isinglass are reported, in which none of 21 fish allergic patients experienced any adverse effects.
On the basis of the data provided, the Panel considers that it is not very likely that isinglass used as clarifying agent in beer will trigger a severe allergic reaction in susceptible individuals under the conditions of production and use specified by the applicant.
nda, efsa, opinion, food allergies, Brewers, Europe, BFBi, isinglass, clarifying agent, brewing, Article 6 paragraph 11, Directive 2000/13/EC, permanent exemption, labelling


text: The Meet Captain America wiki last edited by FearTheLiving on 12/27/13 05:40AM View full history Meet Captain AmericaIn Washington the US government is discussing a plan to stop enemies from secretly joining their ranks and sabotaging them from the inside. Que J. Arthur Grover head of the Federal Bureau of Investigation who has a plan to stop such things. Mister Grover leads the disguised army officials to an innocent looking shop of curiosities, but the shop is far from that. An old woman behind the counter leads the men through the building to a heavily barred door where it is opened by a scientist. Inside the room they find a laboratory. The old woman they've been following removes her face, revealing it was a mask to hide her identity. This young beautiful woman was X-13. Afterwards the men have a seat in an adjacent room with a large window and await a new experiment about to begin. Inside they witness a frail young man who volunteered to take part in the procedure next to a scientist by the name of Professor Reinstein. Professor Reinstein then injects the young man with a strange seething liquid, moments later the young man isn't so frail as his muscles star to grow. Professor Reinstein displays the new man as Captain America, America's savoir against the saboteurs, spys, and enemies; however the success is short lived as one of the men led in by X-13 jumps out of his chair and begins opening fire at Mister Grover and Reinstein killing Reinstein and shattering the syrum that made Captain America. Captain America pulls the spy through the glass window and gives him a few good punches; the spy starts to stumble back into some laboratory equipment, electrocuting himself to death. Fast forward, Captain America has been busy fighting terrorists and spies a young Bucky Barnes, Camp Lehigh's boy mascot tells Private Steve Rogers all about it. That night Bucky walks into Roger's tent only to discover Captain America and Steve Rogers are one in the same. Seeing little choice Steve accepts Bucky as Captain America's young crime fighting partner. No Man But Captain America Could Solve the Riddle!Captain America and his sidekick Bucky investigate a couple of suspicious individuals who claim to predict the future, already correctly predicting Fort Bix would explode. Under the guise of Steve Rogers and Bucky Barnes the sit in on Sando and Omar's act. As Omar starts to predict a bridge collapse Captain America and Bucky quickly make their move only to hear the explosion. Captain America leaps at the pair taking out Sando in one punch as Bucky chases after Omar. After hearing a women's scream Cap races for a back room where he witnesses Betty Ross and Bucky being held hostage by a bunch of Nazi saboteurs. Without missing a beat Captain America begins his assault on the men and Bucky manages to free himself. In a last ditch effort Sando Von Krantz pulls out a bomb. Bucky disarms Krantz of the bomb and tosses it from the window saving everyone inside. Our heroes then leave Miss Ross as she waits for the FBI. Captain America and the Chessboard of Death!In a shoddy old basement in a shoddy run down house awaits Rothcone and his flunkies. Rothcone is using his chessboard to strategize who he will have assassinated in the United States Army. The first target that catches the creep's eye is Admiral Perkin's who's found dead on stage in a theater. Captain America and Bucky chase down the suspect known only as 15 by his men. Bucky is able to catch up to him pretty easily but 15 pulls out a knife. Captain America bull rushes him causing the knife to fall and to allow Cap to question the man. However before he can talk he is gunned down by his own men luckily Cap deflects the bullets with his shield protecting himself and Bucky. Later back at camp Private Rogers and Bucky are sent on a special assignment to watch over General Ellsworth, but upon getting to his tent the duo discover the General is dead having been strangled to death. Afterwards seeing Captain America and Bucky as the next threat to his plan Rothcone puts them on the list only he wants them alive. Herr Kamelon orders the man who strangled the general to fill out this plan. The strangler or 13 has he is referred to by Herr Kamelon lures Bucky to Rothcone's hideout telling the boy he's taking him to the one doing the killings. Bucky agrees, but not before writing a note for cap and leaving it in his tent. When Bucky makes it down to the basement of the hideout he is confronted by Rothcone who knocks him out. Just as this was happening Private Steve Rogers discovers Bucky's note and makes his way to Rothcone's hideout dispatching 13 on the way to the basement where he's met with a tied up Bucky and a gun in his back. Captain kicks the Chessboard at Rothcone then continue to make quick work of him. Afterwards Captain unties Bucky and they defeat the incoming assassins. Once they're dealt with the two look around and find their plans, ending any involvement the group was partaking in. The Riddle of the Red SkullAfter a normal day of dropping off Major Croy at his home Private Steve Rogers warns the major of a suspicious Red Skull card he had got earlier. The major however writes it off as a prank and goes about his business, sending Rogers and Bucky on their way. Little did the major know the Red Skull sneaked into his home right behind him while he read. The fiendish Red Skull begins to strangle the major spouting out "Look at death! Look at death!" before leaving the major's lifeless body. Later the body is discovered by Steve and Bucky, they do the right thing and phone the police. While the police officer is busy with the crime scene Steve and Bucky take this chance to change into their alter egos. Captain America heads off on his own telling Bucky to stay put, however the stubborn boy that he his heads off on his own to look for the Red Skull. While looking Bucky accidentally stumbles onto the hideout of the the Red Skull when he peers through a sunroof of a building, but he ends up alerting the guards and gets himself captured. Their victory is short lived however because Captain America charges in and helps Bucky defeat the group of terrorists, but the Red Skull did manage to escape after using a secret escape door. Seeing little else they could do the two heroes head back for camp. While at camp the company witness a flight test with George Maxon of Maxon Aircraft Corporation. The test goes wrong causing the plane to crash leaving Steve to worry about the men on board and Maxon only caring about the plane. After the General Charles Manor who oversaw the test heads home his wife gives him a package that came for him. The general opens the package only to discover a red skull and a card signed by the Red Skull that his number was up. Moments later the Red Skull makes his move strangling the general all the while saying "Look at death!" until the life fades from him, however the general's wife rushes in pistol in hand to discover the corpse of her dead husband, but shes no match and just smacked away by the Red Skull. Before making his escape though, Captain America charges in and tackles the Red Skull. After a handful of blows back and forth the Red Skull manages to knock Cap out cold, but before he can take the life from him Bucky flanks the Red Skull biding enough time for Captain America to wake up and throw a punch at his foe causing the Red Skull's skull to shatter, revealing it was just a mask. Underneath the mask they discover it to be Mister Maxon and he was using a type of poison to kill his victims. While confronting him about it Maxon tries to escape but Bucky tackles him only to have Maxon roll over on his own poisonous needle. Afterwards Bucky questions Cap as to why he didn't stop in from happening, but Captain America leaves it alone. The two later discover on Maxon's body that he had a letter from Hitler stating that when America was in Nazi control Maxon would be given the post of Minister of all American Industry for his excellent spy work. Murder LTD.Featuring the Hurricane (Makkari) Stories from the Dark AgesFeaturing Tuk


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Timhotel Paris Gare de Lyon
- Free WiFi
Main amenities
- 54 guestrooms
- Breakfast available
- Airport shuttle
- Childcare
- 24-hour front desk
- Daily housekeeping
- Car rentals on site
- Front desk safe
- Concierge services
- Luggage storage
What's around
- In Paris City Centre
- Opera Bastille (0.5 mi / 0.7 km)
- Notre Dame Cathedral (1.3 mi / 2 km)
- Place des Vosges (0.8 mi / 1.4 km)
- Jardin des Plantes (0.9 mi / 1.4 km)
Budget hotel, VERY budget hotel! The free internet was very weak, sometimes not working…
Hotel was an okay place to stay in Paris. Price was right, especially for Paris, but…
Enter dates to check prices
Hotel Info: 866-539-8117from $75
- Classic Room
- Single Room
- Double Room
Recommended hotels
At a glance
Key facts
Hotel size
- This hotel has 54 rooms
- This hotel is arranged over 6 floors
- Check-in time starts at 2 PM
- Check-out time is noon
- Express check-in
Required at check in
- Credit card or cash deposit required
- Government-issued photo ID required
Travelling with others
- Babysitting/childcare
Extra people
- Roll-away beds available, charges may apply*
- Free WiFi in public areas
- Free WiFi in rooms
In the hotel
- Buffet breakfast daily (surcharge)
- 24-hour front desk
- Concierge services
- Luggage storage
- Number of buildings/towers - 1
- Elevator/lift
- Safe-deposit box at front desk
- Accessibility equipment for the deaf
- Accessible bathroom
In the room
- Private bathroom
- Satellite TV channels
- Free newspaper
- Free WiFi
- Daily housekeeping
- In-room safe
Timhotel Paris Gare de Lyon's small print
Also known as
- Timhotel
- Timhotel Hotel
- Timhotel Hotel Paris Gare Lyon
- Timhotel Paris Gare Lyon
- Timhotel Paris Gare De Lyon Hotel Paris
Mandatory fees
You'll be asked to pay the following charges at check in or check out:
- A tax is imposed by the city: EUR 1.65 per person, per night
Optional extras
Late check-out can be arranged for an extra charge
Parking is available nearby and costs EUR 29 per 24 hours
Rollaway beds are available for EUR 30 per night
Buffet breakfast is offered for an extra charge of EUR 13.50 per person (approximately)
We have included all charges provided to us by this hotel. However, charges can vary, for example, based on length of stay or the room you book.


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Investment Strategies - Swap and Collar Strategies
The main purpose behind bond swaps is to increase return.
- Substitution swap - The exchange of bonds with identical features (creditworthiness, maturity, coupon, YTM, call features) at different prices in order to exploit pricing inefficiencies. Risks include the fact that the bonds exchanged may not be perfect substitutes, gains may be realized that do not cover the costs of the transaction and the time necessary for the bonds' prices to equal one another (the workout time) may take longer and result in lower returns than required.
- Intermarket spread swap - The exchange of similar bonds with different coupons. The idea is that a change in yield could result in a price change that benefits the investor. The purchase of a bond with the higher yield could be less expensive and the sale of the lower yielding bond could generate income resulting in a net gain to the investor. However, yield changes may not rebound to the investor's benefit and the swap could result in a capital loss.
- Rate Anticipation swap - This exchange occurs in anticipation of an increase or decrease in interest rates. A rate rise would warrant a swap out of a long-term bond, which would be expected to decline in price, for a shorter-term bond which is less price sensitive due to its shorter duration. Conversely, a rate decline could warrant the sale of a short duration credit for the purchase of a longer term bond to benefit from a price increase.
- Pure yield pickup swap - This entails the exchange of a bond with a lower yield to maturity for one with a higher yield to maturity. The newer bond would have to be of a longer maturity or lower quality, making it less expensive relative to the bond sold resulting in a net gain to the investor.
- Tax Swap - Such a strategy is designed to benefit from current tax law. For example, an investor could sell a bond at a loss and repurchase the bond for the lesser amount, using the tax savings from the loss to reinvest. Investors need to avoid running afoul of the wash sale rules. With bonds, one may avoid purchasing a substantially identical security by purchasing a bond with similar characteristics from a different issuer.


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Community Involvement
As a member of the community, we at Red Deer understand the importance of maintaining a strong connection with our neighbours, and we proudly support local organizations, events, and initiatives which promote community values.
Red Deer Hospice Appreciation Lunch 2014
From all of us at Red Deer Funeral Home and Eventide Funeral Chapel, we would like to sincerely thank the staff from the Red Deer Hospice for joining us for our Hospice Appreciation Lunch on March 12, 2014. We truly appreciate the compassion and care you have shown and continue to provide patients and their families residing at the Red Deer Hospice; as well as the help you have provided us over the years. We enjoyed getting to know each and every one of you on a personal level.
Annual Westerner Days Pancake Breakfast 2014
Details to come


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TinyArro.ws API
TinyArro.ws is a URL shortening service that creates URLs through the use of Unicode and support for the International Domain Names. Users are given a preview before being taken to a link. The API lets developers create their own short links in the style and mode of their choice. The API uses RESTful calls and responses are formatted in HTML.
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A method of defining an address for a mobile terminal host (T/H) linked to a wired communications network, e.g, the global Internet. The method includes assigning an address to the mobile (T/H), the address corresponding in part to a first network base station to which the mobile T/H becomes linked, for example, by roaming into a cell of the base station. The address assigned to the mobile T/H is changed when the T/H roams and becomes linked to a second network base station, the changed address corresponding in part to the address of the second base station. At least one stationary terminal host in the network is informed of a current address assigned to the mobile T/H by establishing a connection between the mobile T/H and the stationary host. Message data is exchanged between the mobile and the stationary hosts as long as a connection is maintained between them.
1. A method of defining an address for a mobile terminal/host that is linked to a wired communications network, comprising:
assigning an address to a mobile terminal/host (T/H) affiliated with a wired communications network, the address corresponding in part to an address of a first network base station with which the mobile T/H becomes linked;
changing the address assigned to the mobile T/H when the mobile T/H becomes linked with a second network base station, the changed address corresponding in part to an address of the second network base station; and
informing at least one stationary terminal host in the network of a current address assigned to the mobile T/H by establishing a connection between the mobile T/H and the stationary terminal host.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said informing step is performed by transmitting endpoint update data from the mobile T/H to a stationary terminal host, the endpoint update data containing said current address.
3. A method according to claim 2, including transmitting endpoint update acknowledgment data from the stationary terminal host to the mobile T/H after the stationary terminal host receives said current address from the mobile T/H.
4. The method of claim 3, including defining a control field in each of said endpoint update and said endpoint update acknowledgment data, and allocating in said control field a first bit indicative of a request from the mobile T/H for a setup of an address update connection.
5. The method of claim 4, including allocating in said control field a second bit indicative of an acknowledgment from a stationary terminal host of receipt of the first bit in the control field of an endpoint update data from the mobile T/H.
6. The method of claim 3, including defining a control field in each of said endpoint update and said endpoint update acknowledgment data, and allocating in said control field a third bit indicative of a request from a terminal host to close an established connection.
7. The method of claim 3, including defining a connection identification field in each of said endpoint update and said endpoint update acknowledgment data, and allocating in said field a local connection identification whose value is selected by a terminal host when transmitting said data.
8. The method of claim 7, including allocating in said connection identification field a remote connection identification whose value is selected to correspond to a local connection identification value in data received by a terminal host.
9. The method of claim 3, including defining an update identification number field in each of said endpoint update and said endpoint update acknowledgment data, and incrementing the identification number field for each subsequent endpoint update data a network terminal host transmits to a peer.
10. The method of claim 1, including affiliating the mobile T/H with the network base stations by using radio channels over which the mobile T/H transmits and receives network data.
11. The method of claim 1, including assigning addresses to terminal hosts of the communications network conforming to an Internet protocol.
12. The method of claim 1, including linking the mobile T/H with both of the first and the second network base stations for a determined time period thus allowing the mobile T/H to receive data addressed to the mobile T/H which data was transmitted earlier to the first network base station.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to methods of addressing data packets destined to a host in a communications network, and particularly to a method of defining an address for a mobile terminal/host while it is linked with the network via network base station cells.
2. Discussion of the Known Art
A known method of routing messages to wireless mobile terminal/hosts (T/Hs) that access the Internet via network base station cells, involves assigning only one unique Internet Protocol (IP) address for each mobile T/H. All traffic destined to a mobile T/H is thus addressed and transmitted to one site address for the mobile T/H. A home agent or "proxy" is located at the site of the IP address, and forwards the traffic to the mobile T/H. The latter continuously informs the site address of its present location. Thus, a messaging protocol is needed between the mobile T/H and the proxy at the T/H's fixed IP site address, to ensure that the proxy always has an updated forwarding address for the mobile T/H.
There are two problems with the known forwarding method. First, the mentioned mobile IP messaging must be incorporated into the Internet. Hence, all routers with which the mobile T/H connects must be able to support such mobility management. Second, traffic destined to the mobile T/H is always transmitted to the site of the T/H's fixed IP address, regardless of the actual location of the mobile T/H at any moment. This results in wasted bandwidth and additional delay that may be unacceptable when, for example, transmitting real-time data such as audio, video, simulation data or the like. See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,751 (Jul. 29, 1997) which relates to message routing schemes for wireless mobile networks having dynamically changing topologies.
According to the invention, a method of defining an address for a mobile terminal/host (T/H) linked to a wired communications network, includes assigning an address to a mobile (T/H) affiliated with a wired communications network, the address corresponding in part to a first network base station with which the mobile T/H becomes linked, changing the address assigned to the mobile T/H when the mobile T/H becomes linked with a second network base station, the changed address corresponding in part to an address of the second base station, and informing at least one stationary terminal host in the network of a current address assigned to the mobile T/H by establishing a connection between the mobile T/H and the stationary terminal host.
For a better understanding of the invention, reference is made to the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing and the appended claims.
In the drawing;
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a wired network with base stations for linking a number of roaming mobile terminal/hosts;
FIG. 2 shows a data packet header according to the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a network similar to FIG. 1, illustrating a protocol for updating an address of a mobile terminal/host when linking with a different base station;
FIG. 4 shows an endpoint update datagram header according to the invention; and
FIG. 5 shows an endpoint update acknowledgment datagram header according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a wired network 10, for example, the Global Internet. The network 10 links fixed, i.e., stationary terminal host (H) users 12 and a number of network base stations (BS) 14 with one another. Each of the base stations 14 has an associated cell 16 within which one or more mobile terminal/hosts (T/H) 18 may enter to establish a wireless link with the base station, and, thus, gain access to the wired network 10.
A protocol known as UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is currently employed in the Internet for routing and delivering message packets called "datagrams", based exclusively on a datagram's destination endpoint address (i.e., IP address and protocol port). That is, currently, UDP is "connectionless" in that message packets are transmitted from a source to a destination without any connection having first been established between the two entities. According to the invention, the IP address of each mobile T/H 18 changes each time the T/H enters a different base station cell 16, and data packets or "datagrams" are routed to the mobile T/H according to a most recent IP address using a data header format explained below in connection with FIG. 2. The scheme of the invention is "connection-oriented" in that message packets in the format of FIG. 2 are exchanged between a mobile and a stationary host only after (a) the two entities acknowledge a connection between them, (b) the stationary host is informed of a current address for the mobile T/H, and (c) the connection remains up. Also, the stationary host is updated by the mobile T/H of any address change for the latter while the connection lasts, using endpoint update datagrams with formats explained below in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5.
Referred to herein as mobile UDP or "m-UDP", the present invention contemplates the opening and closing of duplex m-UDP connections between communicating (peer) m-UDP entities, viz., mobile and stationary hosts equipped to communicate with one another across the Internet. Each mobile m-UDP entity or T/H 18 continuously informs peer stationary m-UDP entities or hosts 12 of the former's current IP address as it roams from cell 16 to cell. Thus, each source (stationary) host 12 may send a m-UDP datagram directly to a mobile T/H 18 over an optimal route, rather than to a fixed location where a "home agent" relays the datagram to the T/H. 18. The present scheme executes exclusively in the mobile and stationary hosts, rather than becoming part of the network 10. That is, the scheme is external to the network 10.
Like the existing UDP service, m-UDP preferably retains checksumming of data and multiplexing by port number. If required, a higher layer, e.g., Real Time Protocol (RTP) running over a m-UDP connection can deal with communication problems such as flow control, re-transmission, segmentation and the like. The mobile T/H IP address identifies its point of attachment to the network 10. In addition, a dynamic domain name server (DNS) is assigned for the mobile T/H and is continuously informed of the mobile's current IP address to ensure proper routing of messages when the mobile's domain name is being used in an address. Using conventional protocols, the mobile's DNS is informed of the current IP address either by a base station into whose cell the mobile T/H has roamed, or by the mobile T/H itself. Thus, applications distributed across the Internet are able to initiate new m-UDP connections between stationary hosts and mobile T/Hs.
As mentioned, FIG. 1 shows the Global Internet 10 and a number of base station cells 16 which together define a wireless access Internet. One Base Station (BS) 14 is allocated to each cell 16, and each BS provides radio access for the mobile terminal/hosts 18. For example, one or more high capacity upstream and downstream radio channels may be allocated to each cell 16.
It is further assumed that each mobile T/H 18 is capable of simultaneously communicating with two base stations 14. That is, two duplex radio channel pairs are available to provide each mobile T/H 18 with two different routes to the Global Internet which routes pass through two corresponding base stations 14. As described later below, when either end of a m-UDP connection sends a datagram (FIG. 2), the datagram is sent over only one of the available routes.
With respect to IP traffic, each BS 14 is viewed as a router that connects a wireless access sub-network (i.e., a cell 16) to the Global Internet. Each cell 16 has its own IP address, referred to as "netid". According to the invention, each wireless mobile T/H 18 acquires a new address, i.e., a combination of a base station address ("netid") and the T/H's own "hostid", as it moves from one base station cell 16 to another. Thus, the network or IP address for the mobile T/H 18 is comprised of (netid, hostid). In addition, when a mobile T/H detaches itself from an "old" base station, the T/H relinquishes its old IP address. The attaching and detaching of a mobile T/H 18 to and from the base stations 14 is referred to herein as "hand-off". When a mobile T/H 18 links itself to a new BS 14 while still being linked to a prior base station, the process is referred to as a "soft" hand-off. A soft hand-off has the advantage that when a mobile T/H 18 links itself to a new BS 14, it is still able to receive datagrams over the old route. Therefore, all datagrams pipelined in the network 10 and destined to the mobile T/H are still delivered to the T/H over the prior route, and no datagrams are lost. The duration of a soft hand-off should preferably exceed the maximum time an old datagram can remain alive in the network 10, when traveling the prior route.
Necessary modifications to existing Internet protocols, and new functions to be incorporated in the present m-UDP scheme, are now discussed. It is assumed that a mobile T/H 18 communicates with a stationary host 12 that resides at a fixed Internet location. Each mobile T/H 18 is given a permanent assigned domain name which stays fixed regardless of the mobile's current IP address. Its domain name is always known to the mobile T/H, and is stored, e.g., in the mobile T/H's non-volatile memory. In addition, the name is registered with the mobile's domain name server.
A new class of domain names, referred to herein as a "Mobile Internet Class", is defined for the DNS. Thus, when a resolver in the network requests a name resolution for a mobile T/H from the mobile's DNS, the resolver is informed that a given name pertains to a Mobile Internet Class terminal host. Preferably, no temporary storage or "caching" of domain names is permitted for this class of names. Name resolution is allowed only by the DNS which serves the mobile T/H 18. This information is used to determine whether or not to use a m-UDP protocol. As disclosed, the m-UDP protocol of the invention executes on top of the standard IP layer. A new IP protocol port number is allocated to the m-UDP layer, however. This enables the IP layer to deliver an incoming datagram to the proper protocol port (i.e., to m-UDP).
As mentioned earlier, when a mobile terminal/host 18 roams and acquires new IP addresses, its DNS server is informed of the new address either by the mobile T/H or the associated base stations. During a soft hand-off, the mobile T/H's DNS server will always have a "latest" IP address. Further, whenever a mobile T/H disconnects itself (e.g., the T/H is powered down), it's DNS server will not acquire any IP address that is bound to the respective T/H's domain name. Any request for name resolution then will result in an error message from the mobile T/H's DNS server. Hosts at fixed Internet locations that access the mobile T/H's DNS server will then access the server via a standard Internet mechanism, i.e., either TCP (Transport Control Protocol)/IP or UDP/IP stacks.
As the mobile T/H 18 changes its point of linking to the wired network 10, it is informed which DNS server provides name resolution services for a present cell 16. The identified DNS server uses the m-UDP/IP stack and has a new m-UDP port for access from the mobile T/H's. A modified dynamic host configuration protocol ("m-DHCP") allocates IP addresses to the roaming mobile T/H's. Each base station 14 preferably incorporates the m-DHCP server functions. The m-DHCP client executes in the mobile T/H 18, while the m-DHCP server executes in the base station 14. The m-DHCP in the mobile T/H 18 and BS 14 executes on top of a standard UDP/IP stack. The exchange of m-DHCP request/response information should be sufficiently fast to occur while a mobile T/H 18 remains located in a given cell 16. Otherwise, the procedure may fail and must be repeated in a new cell.
A pool of IP addresses allocated to each BS 14 is preferably larger than the maximum number of mobile T/H's 18 presently located in the corresponding cell 16. Further, whenever an IP address is returned to the available pool, it is "retired" for a certain time to avoid having datagrams from a previous connection interfering with a current one. Ideally, such a retirement period is typically larger than the maximum time an old datagram can remain alive in the Internet.
When a mobile T/H 18 initially links itself to the Internet, or is handed off from an old to a new base station 14, it obtains a new IP address via the radio sub-network handled by the respective BS 14. As mentioned, the T/H 18 creates a m-DHCP request message and sends it to the m-DHCP server in the BS 14. The request message includes the T/H's domain name and a unique hardware address. In its response, the m-DHCP server indicates which IP address has been leased to the mobile T/H 18. In addition, the server specifies the duration of the lease, the BS's IP address (i.e., the address of the router for the wireless sub-network), and the IP address of the DNS server that serves the wireless sub-network. The m-DHCP server also informs the dynamic DNS server for the mobile T/H when an IP address is allocated to the T/H, and when the allocated IP address has been canceled. The m-DHCP will know the DNS server for the mobile T/H 18 because the latter supplies its domain name in its m-DHCP request message.
There are two variables for a mobile T/H 18, namely, a current IP address and a previous IP address, to indicate the T/H's two most recent addresses. As described below, the mobile T/H 18 uses the current IP address variable as the current source IP address when sending a datagram over the Internet. For incoming datagrams, they are accepted by the mobile T/H 18, if the destination IP address corresponds to either the current or the previous IP address.
The existing UDP allows an application program on a given T/H 18 to send datagrams to peers across the Internet. The UDP employs a protocol port mechanism to distinguish among multiple applications executing on the same machine. It is almost a null protocol; it does not use acknowledgments, it does not order incoming datagrams, and it does not provide flow control. It routes and delivers datagrams based exclusively on a given destination endpoint address (i.e., IP address and protocol port). In the present invention, the endpoint addresses (i.e., IP addresses) of mobile T/Hs are constantly changing, however. It is therefore impossible to route a datagram reliably based on a fixed destination IP address for a mobile T/H 18. A new mechanism is therefore employed to inform stationary hosts continuously about new IP addresses that a mobile T/H 18 will be acquiring.
Because it is impossible to inform all potential sources about address changes for a given mobile T/H 18, it is necessary to establish a "relation" (i.e., a connection) between a mobile T/H 18 and only those sources that intend to communicate with the mobile T/H 18. This provides a mechanism that enables each mobile T/H 18 to inform only relevant sources of any changes in the mobile's IP address.
There are two scenarios concerning how a m-UDP connection is established according to the invention. In the first, an application program running in a given mobile T/H 18 executes a passive open function, indicating to its m-UDP layer that it is willing to accept a connection on a specified m-UDP port number. A client program resident in a stationary (non-mobile) host 12 wants to establish a duplex m-UDP connection with a peer mobile T/H 18 and executes an active open function. Before the fixed host 12 executes the active open function, the program obtains a current IP address of the peer mobile T/H 18 from the mobile's DNS server. Subsequently, it sends a connection request to the mobile T/H. Meanwhile the mobile T/H 18 has changed its address, but the earlier mentioned soft hand-off mechanism insures that the connection request will reach the mobile T/H. In a connection-acknowledge response, the mobile T/H 18 includes its new IP address. If the old IP address has been relinquished before a request for connection arrives, the attempt to set up a connection fails and must be repeated. When repeating the setup procedure, the client program accesses the mobile T/H's DNS server again and then obtains the new IP address.
In the second scenario, an application program resident in the stationary host 12 indicates to the m-UDP layer that it will accept a connection on a specified m-UDP port number, by executing a standard passive open function. A client program resident in the mobile T/H 18 executes an active open function and specifies the IP address of the host 12 and the respective port number.
Preferably, a three-way handshake is used when establishing a m-UDP connection. A standard TCP three-way protocol is adopted to set and to close m-UDP connections. See FIGS. 4 and 5. Instead of using sequence numbers as are used in standard TCP, the m-UDP protocol of the invention exchanges two new parameters when making a m-UDP connection. The two parameters, "local connection identification" (local-- conID) and "remote connection identification" (remote-- conID), identify a m-UDP connection uniquely during its entire lifetime. For example, each side may choose a local-- conID value at random. The chosen values are sent and acknowledged during the three-way handshake. A "connection identification" (conID) that uniquely identifies the m-UDP connection is defined as a two-tuple formed by local-- conID and remote-- conID, i.e., conID=(local-- conID, remote-- conID).
During the mentioned three-way handshake, each m-UDP side chooses a local-- conID to identify its local side of the connection. Thus, a conID field 30 in each m-UDP header conveys identification information for the connection, including local-- conID 32 and remote-- conID 34. The conID field 30 is included in each subsequent m-UDP datagram, wherein the sender always includes its local-- conID in the local-connection field 32, and its peer's local-- conID (locally referred to as remote-- conID) in the remote-connection field 34. See FIG. 2. The existing TCP three-way handshake is preferably configured to work even if both sides attempt to initiate a connection simultaneously, or if datagrams are lost, delayed, duplicated, or delivered out of sequence.
For standard TCP, any inconsistency during an exchange of initial sequence numbers may result in resetting the connection. For m-UDP, an exchange of conID values is handled the same as initial sequence numbers in a standard TCP connection setup procedure. That is, a m-UDP three-way handshake may be viewed as a TCP handshake that exchanges local-- conID and remote-- conID, rather than exchanging initial sequence numbers. The checksum for m-UDP is preferably computed over the entire header of FIG. 2, including the conID field 30.
A control field 40 is also included in the m-UDP healer. The control field 40 includes the following bits, shown in FIG. 2: SYN, ACK, RST, FIN and UPD. By definition, if all bit are "zero", the datagram carries user information and is not a "control" datagram according to the invention, such as described below.
The first m-UDP (control) datagram of a three-way handshake is identified by a SYN bit in the control field 40. The first m-UDP datagram requesting a setup of a m-UDP connection (e.g., SYN=1), contains only a local-- conID value in the local-connection field 32. The remote-connection field 34 of the header is left blank.
A response header will have both the SYN and the ACK bits set (e.g., both=1), acknowledging the first SYN segment and continuing the handshake. The responder also includes its selected local-- conID value in the local-connection field 32 of the m-UDP header. In the remote-connection field 34, the responder copies the local-connection field content from the incoming segment being acknowledged. A final handshake segment is only an acknowledgment, and informs the destination that both sides agree that a m-UDP connection has been established. The conID 30 therefore plays the same role as a sequence number in standard TCP.
Operation of the present m-UDP protocol during an "established" phase of a m-UDP connection, is preferably subdivided into lower and upper functional sublayers. The lower-sublayer is configured so that, when required, arriving datagrams are error free and have arrived at the proper endpoint. This is achieved by the IP layer passing to the m-UDP layer the source and the destination IP addresses, and the datagram itself. When required, the lower sublayer uses this information to calculate a checksum. For outgoing datagrams, the lower-sublayer creates a pseudo-header, computes the checksum, and passes the source and destination IP addresses and the m-UDP datagram to the IP layer.
The upper-sublayer performs an internal demultiplexing function. For each established m-UDP connection, the upper-sublayer has associated conID and endpoint information available. As the endpoints of the connections change, the m-UDP upper-sublayer must be informed. The local-endpoint information (i.e., local IP address) is recorded as a current IP address variable. The remote-endpoint information (i.e., remote IP address) is obtained from a newly defined type of datagram that is described below. For each m-UDP connection, higher-sublayer peers must exchange endpoint update datagrams.
As shown in FIG. 3, whenever a mobile T/H 18 enters a new base station cell and obtains a new IP address, its m-UDP upper-sublayer sends an endpoint update datagram, shown in FIG. 4, to its stationary peer for each m-UDP connection. In addition, during the life of the m-UDP connection, the upper sublayer sends the endpoint update datagram of FIG. 4 to its peer at regular time intervals. The endpoint update datagram is acknowledged by the peer with an endpoint update acknowledgment datagram, shown in FIG. 5. The UPD bit in the m-UDP control field 40 labels the datagram as an endpoint update datagram. The endpoint update acknowledgment datagram of FIG. 5 has both the UPD and the ACK bits set. If an endpoint update datagram is not acknowledged, it should be re-transmitted.
Each endpoint update datagram also has an assigned identification number 50, seen in FIG. 4. The sender of an endpoint update datagram increments the identification number 50 for each subsequent endpoint update datagram it sends to its peer. The identification number 50 enables a receiver of an endpoint update datagram to ignore old endpoint update datagrams that may have been delayed in the network. The receiver includes the received identification number 50 in its endpoint update acknowledgment datagram (FIG. 5), thus indicating which endpoint update datagram it is confirming.
A three-way handshake is also used to close an established connection. Each side may close its half of the connection, using the control bits FIN and ACK in the m-UDP healer. Once a connection is closed in a given direction, no more user datagrams are accepted for that direction. Meanwhile, datagrams may continue to flow in the opposite direction until closed by the sender. The present scheme preferably employs procedures similar to those used in TCP when closing a connection.
Endpoint update (FIG. 4) and endpoint update acknowledgment (FIG. 5) datagrams are exchanged until a given m-UDP connection is closed (i.e., it reaches the closed state). Since IP addresses for mobile T/Hs 18 may change during the closing phase of a given connection, the endpoint update and the endpoint update acknowledgment datagrams should be exchanged in both directions until the connection is closed in both directions.
The reset (RST) bit of the control field 40 is used as in standard TCP. While a connection is in an established or "up" state, control bits are not used. A mobility management function for m-UDP connections is preferably embedded in the m-UDP upper sublayer. For each m-UDP connection, the upper-sublayer provides dynamic binding between the connection, and the endpoints of the connection. Incoming datagrams are routed to a proper m-UDP port based on their conID value. For outgoing datagrams, the upper-sublayer obtains current local and remote IP addresses and port numbers (which are not modified during a given connection), and passes them with the datagrams to the lower-sublayer. This mobility is transparent both to the user and to the Internet.
The present disclosure defines a new protocol, referred to as m-UDP, that supports mobility across the Internet and otherwise provides existing UDP-like service. The approach taken considers the entire network (Internet) to be a fixed network, and it is connection-oriented. Mobility management is external to the Internet, and is incorporated into a m-UDP/IP stack that executes in stationary hosts 12 and in mobile terminals/hosts 18, rather than being incorporated into the network 10 itself. Routing between two communicating entities is always optimal and cross-network delay is minimized, even when one of the entities is a roaming, wireless mobile T/H.
While the foregoing description represents a preferred embodiment of the invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention pointed out by the following claims.
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August 3, 2015
12-4-05 - OKLAHOMA CITY (AP) Corrections officials say a funding shortfall causing problems inside prisons also is hampering probation and parole officers trying to keep track of sex offenders and other criminals.
Governor Brad Henry and other Democratic leaders pushed for action at a special session to beef up prison funding. But the Republican majority in the House refused to go along, saying the problem could be handled when the Legislature convenes in regular session in February.
Officials say the public's safety is at risk because of manpower problems besetting the parole and probation division, which is charged with supervising people convicted of serious crimes, including rape and child molestation.
Veteran probation and parole officer Ray Aldridge says the problem is especially acute in rural areas, where one officer may be charged with overseeing as many as 130 offenders.
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On October 18, 2012, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) proposing to direct the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to develop one or more Reliability Standards that address the impact of geomagnetic disturbances on the reliability of the bulk-power system. The NOPR was prompted by concerns that the interaction of the Earth's magnetic field and solar events can cause low frequency geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) to flow along the surface of the Earth and into the bulk-power system. GICs can interfere with normal system operations and can potentially lead to outages and cascading blackouts. Specifically, GICs can cause transformer cores to become "saturated," which can cause internal components to overheat, produce harmonic distortions, and cause a transformer to substantially increase its absorption of reactive power.
The NOPR finds that there is a gap in NERC's Reliability Standards regarding geomagnetic disturbances, and proposes to direct NERC to file Reliability Standards addressing such disturbances. Importantly, the NOPR draws specific attention to the effect of GICs on step-up transformers at large generating facilities, suggesting that both generators and transmission owners will have Reliability Standards with which to comply.
FERC proposes a notably aggressive timetable for implementing the new measures. Within 90 days of the effective date of a final rule, NERC would file Reliability Standards requiring owners and operators of the bulk-power system to develop and implement operational procedures to mitigate the effects of geomagnetic disturbances. Within six months of the effective date of the final rule, NERC would file Reliability Standards requiring owners and operators of the bulk-power system to conduct initial and on-going assessments on the impact of geomagnetic disturbances on bulk-power equipment and the bulk-power system. In addition, based on those assessments, the Reliability Standards would also require owners and operators of the bulk-power system to develop and implement plans so that instability, uncontrolled separation, or cascading failures do not occur as a result of a geomagnetic disturbance.
Comments on the NOPR and its timing provisions are due 60 days after publication of the NOPR in the Federal Register.
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Burton, MI Auto Repair
Quality Muffler & More
Quality Muffler & More is a company that provides auto repair services in the area of Burton, MI. We have been providing quality auto repair services for over 20 years. We specialize in auto and light duty truck repair.
Our Services Include:
- Engine diagnostics
- Brakes
- Mufflers
- Tune-ups
- Custom exhaust
- Oil changes
- Batteries
We give free estimates.
Call Quality Muffler & More at 810-742-5505.
Contact Information