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An apparatus for plasma sterilization includes a sterilization chamber and at least one microwave plasma generator for producing gas plasma products communicating therewith. The microwave plasma generator comprises a cylindrical metal waveguide and an axially concentric antenna extending into the waveguide. The plasma generator includes an inner plasma container made of a electromagnetic transparent material.
1. An apparatus for plasma sterilization comprising:
a sterilization chamber;
a plasma container made of a material transparent to an electromagnetic radiation, said plasma container having a gas inlet for admitting a plasma generation gas and a plasma product outlet conduit for passing plasma gas products into said sterilization chamber;
at least one microwave plasma generator for producing the plasma gas products in said plasma container, said microwave plasma generator further comprising:
a electromagnetic energy source for generating electromagnetic radiation,
a cylindrical metal waveguide enclosing said plasma container for guiding the electromagnetic radiation thereto, and
an axially concentric antenna extending into the cylindrical waveguide for feeding the electromagnetic radiation from the electromagnetic energy source to the cylindrical waveguide.
2. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plasma container is made of quartz.
3. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the plasma container is concentric with the waveguide.
4. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic energy source is a magnetron.
5. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic energy source is a klystron.
6. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic energy source is a travelling-wave tube.
7. An apparatus of claim 1 wherein the electromagnetic energy source is a radio-frequency source.
This application is a continuation-in-part of copending application Ser. No. 07/589,511 filed Sep. 28, 1990 U.S. Pat. No. 5,184,046.
This invention relates to an apparatus for sterilizing articles with a gas plasma generated from a gas mixture of oxidizing and/or reducing agents. In particular, this invention relates to a plasma sterilizing apparatus having a sterilizing chamber communicating with a plasma generator. The plasma generator is a cylindrical waveguide microwave plasma system including an antenna which injects the microwave energy field axially into a sealed coaxial gas containing an antechamber which is transparent to the microwave energy.
A variety of gas sterilization methods has been investigated in the past. Methods using ethylene oxide and other disinfecting gases are widely used for sterilizing a wide range of medical products from pharmaceutical preparations to surgical instruments. Irradiation alone and together with disinfecting gases has also been investigated, as summarized by Russell, A.; The Destruction of Bacterial Spores.; New York: Academic Press (1982).
A sterilizing method must effectively kill all organisms, including spores, without damage to the article or goods being sterilized. However, many disinfecting methods which meet this criteria, such as ethylene oxide and irradiation methods, have been found to expose workers and the environment to unacceptable safety hazards. States and Federal legislation are severely restricting the amount of hazardous gases such as ethylene oxide (a carcinogen) in the working environment, or the use of any system or method which produces toxic residues or exhaust products. This is presenting a major crisis in hospitals and other areas of the health industry.
The use of plasma to sterilize containers was suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 3,383,163. Plasma is an ionized body of gas which may be generated by the application of power from different sources. The ionized gas will contact microorganisms on the surfaces of the items to be sterilized and effectively destroy the microorganisms.
Sterilizing plasmas have been generated with a wide variety of gases: argon, helium or xenon (U.S. Pat. No. 3,851,436); argon, nitrogen, oxygen, helium or xenon (U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,601); glutaraldehyde (U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,286); oxygen (U.S. Pat. No. 4,321,232); oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon or freon with pulsed pressure (U.S. Pat. No. 4,348,357); hydrogen peroxide (U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,876); nitrous oxide, alone or mixed with oxygen, helium or argon (Japanese Application Disclosure No. 103460-1983); and nitrous oxide, alone or mixed with ozone (Japanese Application No. 162276-1983). Unfortunately, these plasma methods have proven to be too corrosive to articles being sterilized, and particular packaging materials; have left toxic residues on the sterilized articles; or have presented other safety or environmental hazards.
Non-plasma gas sterilization procedures have been described using ozone (U.S. Pat. No. 3,704,096) and hydrogen peroxide (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,169,123; 4,169,124; 4,230,663; 4,366,125; 4,289,728; 4,437,567; and 4,643,876). These materials are toxic and leave undesirable residues.
Plasma gas sterilizer systems described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,851,436 and 3,948,601 have a plasma RF generation chamber and a separate sterilizing chamber. Products of a gas plasma produced in the chamber with argon, helium, nitrogen, oxygen or xenon are passed into a separate sterilization vacuum chamber. U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,876 describes a hydrogen peroxide plasma RF generation chamber which also functions as the sterilizing chamber. The articles being sterilized are exposed directly to electromagnetic radiation, damaging nonmetallic components of the articles or packages being sterilized. Matching networks or equivalent adjusting means are required with RF systems to adjust the system to the conductivity variations in the electromagnetic field of the plasma generating zone introduced by metallic articles.
Goode, S. R. et al., Appl. Spectroscopy. 38:755-763 (1984), disclose a variety of microwave generating systems, including use of cylindrical cavity plasma systems with axial microwave generators. The TM operating modes and their advantages are also defined.
Rizzi, P. A., Microwave Engineering Passive Circuits., New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, pp. 216-217 (1988), discloses a cylindrical waveguide in TM01 mode.
Veley, V. F., Modern Microwave Technology. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, pp 132-135 (1987), discloses a cylindrical waveguide in TM01 mode.
The apparatus of this invention is an apparatus for plasma sterilization comprising a sterilization chamber and at least one microwave plasma generator for producing gas plasma products communicating therewith. The plasma generator comprises a cylindrical metal waveguide, and an antenna which injects the microwave energy field axially into a sealed coaxial gas containing an antechamber which is transparent to the microwave energy. One end of the waveguide is closed with a metal plate, and the antenna extends therethrough. The other end of the waveguide is closed with a metal plate having an outlet passageway for exit of plasma gas products, the outlet passageway and the waveguide having a common central axis. However, it is important to note, that according to the present invention, it is not necessary to have a common central axis, and plasma gas products can be brought out at any angle to the axis of the waveguide.
Preferably, the waveguide has an inner plasma container, preferably a concentric, cylindrical container, made of an electromagnetic transparent material such as quartz or TEFLON, the container having a gas inlet and a plasma product outlet conduit. It can have a distributor arrangement communicating with the plasma gas generator, for distributing plasma gas products in the sterilizing chamber. Optimally, the waveguide has an axial length L, corresponding to the formula:
L=(n) λg /2
wherein n is an integer, and λg is the guide wavelength of the wave guide and is defined by the following: ##EQU1## where λ=wavelength
fc =cutoff frequency
f=operating frequency of the electromagnetic field generator
The diameter (D) of the wave guide is further defined by this relationship →λc =1.31 D, λc corresponding to the cutoff wavelength.
A plasma is, by definition, a partially ionized gas containing molecules, atoms, ions, electrons and free radicals. At lower pressures, it has been determined that electron temperatures are typically many times greater than the temperatures of free radicals and of the gas itself. This nonequilibrium plasma system is defined as a cold plasma. The cold plasma is further defined as having a high E/P ratio, where E is the electric field strength and P is the pressure. Circular wave guides operating in the TM01 mode generate electric field strengths which are greater in magnitude than the traditional rectangular waveguide methods of coupling microwave energy into a plasma antechamber, and therefore, is the preferred method of implementation for the generation of the maximum number of free radicals at the lowest possible temperature.
It is an object of this invention to provide a plasma sterilizer which operates at low temperatures, low gas consumption and effectively sterilizes all types of articles, packaged or unpackaged, without damaging the article or packaging.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a plasma sterilizer which provides sterilizing gaseous plasma products which can be used alone or in conjunction with ancillary treatment of articles with vaporized antimicrobial chemicals to provide complete killing of spores.
FIG. 1 is a front view of the plasma sterilizer of this invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the plasma sterilizer of FIG. 1, taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a detailed, fragmentary cross-sectional view of the cylindrical microwave plasma generator of this invention.
FIGS. 4A-4B are respectively detailed, cross-sectional side and end views of the electro (E) & magnetic (H) field for a TM01 wave propagation for a circular waveguide.
Hospitals originally relied on disinfectants and steam autoclaves for sterilizing implements. In more recent years, ethylene oxide gas sterilization has made possible the sterilization of packaged articles, drugs and medical supplies, and hospital systems are highly dependent upon these procedures. Ethylene oxide is now known to be a dangerous carcinogen, however, and a number of new state laws protecting worker safety and the environment are precluding or greatly restricting further use of ethylene oxide sterilizers in hospital environments.
Numerous gas plasma sterilizers using a wide variety of gases have been described in the patent literature. A few have been commercially produced, and a few have focused on residue contamination problems. The previously described gas sterilizers either fail to satisfy current regulatory residue and exhaust emission safety standards of several states, because they either leave unacceptable residues or produce exhaust emissions which are potentially hazardous to hospital personnel, or they cause unacceptable destruction of packaging materials. They are thus not satisfactory for replacing ethylene oxide sterilizers.
The gas sterilizer of this invention produces a plasma from gas mixtures containing argon, helium and/or nitrogen; and oxygen and/or hydrogen; and optional inert gases. The exhaust gas products fully satisfy current environmental and worker safety concerns, the products of the plasma being almost entirely water vapor, carbon dioxide and non-toxic gases normally found in the atmosphere.
The term "plasma" as used herein is defined to include any portion of the gas or vapors which contain electrons, ions, free radicals, dissociated and/or excited atoms or molecules produced as a result of an applied electric or electromagnetic field including any accompanying radiation which might be produced. The electromagnetic field can cover a broad frequency range, and is produced by various frequency generators.
One embodiment of a plasma sterilizing apparatus having a separate plasma generator and sterilizing chamber is described in commonly assigned, U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,166, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. In that embodiment, the plasma is generated in a rectangular waveguide. However, maintaining the process gas pressure in the generator higher than the sterilizer vacuum chamber pressure was found to be necessary to obtain and retain a stable plasma in the plasma generating chamber, and this required the presence of a restriction in the generator outlet passageway. With some gases, the use of a secondary energy source such as a spark was found to be necessary to initiate the plasma. In contrast, with the cylindrical waveguide plasma generator in the sterilizer of this invention, the plasma can be reliably initiated and maintained at suitable process gas pressures without the use of a secondary energy source.
FIG. 1 is a front view of the plasma sterilizer of this invention. The plasma sterilizer comprises one or more plasma generators 2 and a sterilizing cabinet 4. The plasma generators includes electromagnetic field generators 6 and cylindrical waveguides 8 which can be supported on the sterilizing cabinet 4.
The electromagnetic field generator 2 can be a microwave source such as a magnetron, a klystron, a travelling-wave tube or a gyrotron. For large installations, the electromagnetic field generator 2 can operate in the radio-frequency range. In the preferred implementation, a magnetron is used.
The plasma source gases are fed through process gas supply tubes 10 to a control valve complex 12. The operation of the control valves is controlled by standard procedures with a conventional central processing unit (CPU) 14 connected therewith. The gas flows providing the precise process gas mixture desired are thus regulated. The process gases are directed by supply tubes 16 to the plasma chamber inlet conduits 18 where they mix to form the desired process gas compositions.
Additional treatment fluids such as antimicrobial agents can be introduced directly into the sterilizing cabinet by secondary treatment fluid conduit 19. For example, the cylindrical waveguide plasma sterilizer of this invention can be used with peracetic acid and/or hydrogen peroxide treatments of the articles such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,084,239.
The sterilizing cabinet has a door 20 and a exhaust gas outlet port 22 connected to a conventional exhaust vacuum system (not shown), through which exhaust gases 24 are removed. With a suitable selection of process gases, the exhaust gases are environmentally safe and non-toxic.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the plasma sterilizer of FIG. 1, taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1. The sterilizing cabinet 4 comprises a sterilizing chamber 26 defined by metallic ceiling and floor plates 28 and 30, backplate plate 32, door 20, and end plates 34 and 36 (FIG. 1). The door 20 is secured in a sealed relationship with the sterilizing chamber. It is hinged at the top, side or bottom with conventional hinge pins (not shown) to swing against abutting surfaces 37 and 39, and an O-ring seal 38.
FIG. 3 is a detailed, fragmentary cross-sectional view of the cylindrical microwave plasma generator of this invention. The plasma generator 2 comprises the metallic cylinder 8, metallic support plate 40 for supporting the electromagnetic field generator and the antenna and metallic shorting floor plate 42. The antenna 44 is axially concentric with the cylinder 8. The plasma is generated in the cylindrical plasma container 46 made of a material which is transparent to electromagnetic radiation and has the strength to withstand reduced pressure when evacuated. A suitable material is quartz or pyrex, for example. The plasma container 46 is essentially a bottle with a cylindrical sidewall 48 and integral top and bottom ends 50 and 52. It has an integral process gas inlet conduit 54 for introducing a flow of process gases into the interior of the container where the plasma is produced. It also has an integral plasma outlet conduit 56 through which gaseous plasma products are fed to distributor 62 and into the sterilizing chamber. The plasma container outlet conduit 56 passes into the sterilizing chamber through an opening in the metallic shorting floor plate 42 and sealing ring 58. The opening does not appreciably compromise the confinement of the electromagnetic field within the shield provided by the metallic cylinder 8, the metallic support plate 40 and the metallic shorting floor plate 42. Sealing ring 58 has two O-ring seals 60 which form a seal between the outer surface of the conduit 56 and the top plate 28 of the sterilizing cabinet. The plasma outlet conduit 56 leads to plasma distributor 62 via a restriction means (not shown). The plasma distributor has holes (not shown) in the lower surface to distribute gaseous plasma products across the full width of the sterilizing cabinet. The plasma products flow downward over objects to be sterilized and are exhausted through outlet port 22.
The cylindrical waveguide plasma generator produces plasmas more efficiently with less power and lower gas consumption than rectangular waveguide configurations with RF generator systems. It allows operation independent of power and flow within a given band. The cylindrical waveguide is preferably operated in the TM01 mode described by Rissi and Veley (supra) because of the increased energy coupling into the gas which satisfies the equation E/P as mentioned previously. In this mode, the electromagnetic field generator couples into the waveguide axially, not from the side.
Electromagnetic field frequencies within the range of from about 915 MHz to 106 MHz can be easily generated by conventional electromagnetic field generator microwave generators. Preferred frequencies are within the range of from about 915 MHz to 2450 MHz because of cost, FCC regulations and waveguide sizing considerations. Electromagnetic field generators that operate at 2.45 GHz are the most practical due to their use in the commercial heating marketplace where the large volume has brought the price down.
To insure propagation of the TM01 mode only, the upper frequency limit of the electromagnetic field generator is preferably set five percent below the cutoff frequency of the TM11 mode. The lower frequency is preferably set to approximately twenty-five percent above the cutoff frequency of the TM01 mode.
The axial length of the cylindrical waveguide, L, is the distance between the antenna support plate 40 of the antenna 44 and the shorting end plate 42. The waveguide length, L, is selected based on increments of λg /2 as shown in FIG. 4. Therefore, the guide wavelength (λg) can be determined by the formula: ##EQU2## wherein λg is the guide wavelength of the electromagnetic field generator, which is further defined by the operating frequency of the electromagnetic field generator, i.e.
λ=wavelength (cm)
f=frequency (GHz)
fc =cutoff frequency (GHz).
The apparatus can be used to generate a sterilizing plasma from a mixture of oxygen; argon, helium, and/or nitrogen; and hydrogen, or with a mixture of air and hydrogen, supplemented by oxygen or nitrogen to give the desired ratios. The sterilization is carried out at a vacuum pressure of from 0.01 to 100 torr and preferably from 0.1 to 15 torr. Sterilization may be carried out at higher pressures provided steps are taken to ensure uniformity of gas flows and temperature throughout the chamber. The temperature in the sterilizing chamber is maintained below 80� C. and preferably from 38� to 60� C. for articles that can not tolerate high temperatures. Elevated temperatures may preferably be used with articles capable of withstanding them.
The apparatus disclosed herein is capable of producing plasma having uncharged, highly reactive species. For example, in the plasma generating chamber, oxygen is energized by microwave radiation and forms a plasma having an initial high concentration of ions and ultraviolet emissions. These are not allowed into the sterilization chamber as they tend to be strongly destructive on the article to be sterilized, or the packaging. The UV emissions are localized in the plasma generating chamber and are attenuated by the restriction means and the plasma distribution means before they reach the sterilizing chamber. Similarly, as high energy ions hit the restriction means and the internal wall of the plasma distribution means, they recombine with free electrons to revert to uncharged, highly reactive free radicals. By the time the plasma enters the sterilizing chamber, the plasma's downstream products include high concentration of highly reactive uncharged free radicals, uncharged atoms and excited molecules.
Typically, a microwave source is used to generate the plasma. It is channeled by a waveguide to form a highly confined electromagnetic (EM) field zone. Little of that field can spread to the sterilizing chamber. Thus, production of high energy ions and UV is only possible in the field region of the plasma generating chamber and not outside of it. Also, there is no EM field to cause non-uniformity in the sterilizing chamber. The restriction means, apart from obstructing the passage of UV and ions as noted above, further helps to make plasma generation outside the plasma generating chamber less favorable. The restriction means maintains an optimal gas pressure in the plasma generating chamber for generating plasma. Once the gas exits via the restriction means, the pressure and the EM field drop to make generation impossible under normal conditions. Thus, Uv and ions can only be generated in the plasma generating chamber; once outside, they are allowed to dissipate to form a downstream plasma consisting essentially of energized, highly reactive uncharged free radicals, atoms and excited molecules.
Under these conditions, effective sterilization is effected without significant deterioration of packaging materials in which articles to be sterilized may be placed.
The method of this invention for plasma sterilization comprises exposing an article to be sterilized to a plasma generated from a gaseous mixture of argon, helium or nitrogen mixed with oxygen and/or hydrogen at temperatures of less than 60� C., a pressure of from 0.01 to 100 torr, preferably from 0.1 to 15 torr and a treatment time of at least 5, and preferably from 10 to 15 minutes. For sterilizing packaged goods, the gas mixtures from which the plasma is generated can contain from 1 to 21 (v/v) % oxygen and from 1 to 20 (v/v) % hydrogen, the balance being argon, helium and/or nitrogen and optional small quantities of inert gases. The gas mixtures producing plasmas for sterilizing packages preferably contain from 1 to 10 (v/v) % oxygen and from 2 to 8 (v/v) % hydrogen, and optimally contain from 2 to 8 (v/v) % oxygen and from 3 to 7 (v/v) % hydrogen. Packages are treated for at least 15 minutes and preferably from 1 to 5 hours.
In an alternate embodiment, packaged goods are sterilized by treatment for at least 15 minutes and preferably from 1 to 5 hours with plasma generated from a gas mixture containing from 1 to 10 (v/v) % hydrogen and from 90 to 99 (v/v) % argon, helium and/or nitrogen, with little or no amounts of oxygen being present, the optimum mixture comprising 5 (v/v) % hydrogen and about 95 (v/v) % argon.
Objects which are resistant to oxidation such as metallic surgical instruments can be sterilized by treatment for at least 1 minute and preferably for at least 5 minutes with plasma generated from a gas mixture containing from 10 to 40 (v/v) % oxygen; from 60 to 90 (v/v) % argon, helium and/or nitrogen; and optional amounts of hydrogen and/or inert gases at a pressure of from 0.01 to 100 torr, preferably from 0.1 to 15 torr. The plasma can be generated from air (21 v/v % oxygen, 78 v/v % nitrogen, etc.), for example.
It is to be understood that the operating temperature of the present process is determined by the characteristics of the articles being sterilized, not by temperature limitations of the sterilization process. Many medical articles to be sterilized will not withstand temperature over 60� C. while other articles such as metallic surgical instruments are more efficiently sterilized at higher temperatures.
Similarly, the pressure limitations given are examples illustrative of the preferred embodiments. Different pressure limits are contemplated for other plasma sterilizers having different dimensions and surface characteristics.
A processing time of from 5 to 10 minutes is usually sufficient to sterilize most articles. Clean articles packaged in envelopes or other shapes having porous surfaces allowing easy penetration of the plasma are usually completely sterilized within 60 minutes.
In an optimum method of sterilizing, the articles to be sterilized are placed in the sterilizing chamber, supported by conventional fixtures which permit the plasma gas products to reach all surfaces of the articles. The chamber is closed, the sterilizing chamber is evacuated, plasma generation is begun, and the plasma gas products are directed into and through the sterilizing chamber.
The plasma components have a short life, and quickly decay to form water vapor (gas), carbon dioxide, and other non-toxic components usually found in air. These are fully acceptable as residues or as exhaust gas components.
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In the all-new Photoshop CS5 One-on-One: Mastery, the third and final installment of the popular series, join industry expert and award-winning author Deke McClelland for an in-depth tour of the most powerful and empowering features of Photoshop CS5. Discover the vast possibilities of traditional tools, such as masking and blend modes, and then delve into Smart Objects, Photomerge, as well as the new Puppet Warp, Mixer Brush, and HDR features. Exercise files accompany the course.
Recommended prerequisites: Photoshop CS5 One-on-One: Fundamentals and Photoshop CS5 One-on-One: Advanced.
In this exercise, I'm going to explain how the Add and Subtract Blend modes work, since they're so useful where masking is concerned. And how you can modify their behavior using the Offset and Scale values. I'm still working away inside Hair in flight.tif. I've gone ahead and chosen the Calculations command, set the first channel to Blue, the second channel to Red, and Inverted both of them, and then set the Blend mode to Add. The Add blend mode does what it says it does. It adds the luminance levels of one channel to the luminance levels of the other. And as you might imagine, that means the luminance levels get quite a bit brighter.
Now because we've inverted both the channels at this point, they're quite bright where the hair is concerned, for example. So the hair is gone from very dark to very bright now. And when you add the hair, this bright hair from one channel to the bright hair from the other channel, it goes beyond white. It's clipping like crazy. So the only colors that aren't clipping inside of this image are the ones that were bright before we inverted the channels and are now quite dark indeed. Well this is pretty typical behavior for the Add mode. It goes ahead and blows highlights across the board, which is why you can drop things down using the Offset value or the Scale value.
Now Offset just goes ahead and subtracts luminance levels from the result of the operation whereas the Scale value allows you to divide away the results. And we'll see what that looks like in a moment, but first I'm just going to say, you know what, let's go ahead and subtract, so I'll enter a negative value, -150 luminance levels and see what we come up with, and as a result, notice the hair remains white. That's how far beyond 255 it was. Remember that 0 is black and 255 is white, so it must have been out there in the stratosphere in a 400s or 500s or what have you.
By entering -150 though, we go ahead and sync the background. And then at this point you might want to tweak the value. Now, of course, you wouldn't just know that -150 was a good place to start, you would experiment and see what you come up with, but if I press Shift+Down Arrow I'm going to incrementally darken the image. And at some point I'll start to see a bunch of details show up in the hair which happens for me at about -200. The problem with this so far is that we don't have a lot of darkness to work with in the background. The hair is bright, it's great, but we're running out of darkness at the ends of the hairs.
And so that's going to create troubles for us. And I've got a workaround, don't worry about it, but for now let's get a sense of how the Scale value works. You can divide a number by anything from 1 to 2. So you don't have a lot of range here and what's funny is if I enter 4 or something like that and press the Tab key it's going to get mad at me and say nope, the only numbers are between 1.000 and 2.000 and the closest value is inserted which is 2. So you have a high degree of accuracy where this value is concerned, but you don't have much range.
Now what ends up happening when you scale the results of your modification is that you're going to darken things. So if I'm dividing all the luminance levels by 2, that's going to darken the heck out of them. So I'll go ahead and brighten things up again, let's take the Offset value to -100 to go brighter. And you'll notice that you have a lot less contrast as a result of that scale value. Now you only want to use the scale value when you want to reduce the contrast and that's typically if you want to smooth out the results. If you're getting super sharp transitions inside of your new alpha channel, then dividing the results by something between 1 and 2 can prove helpful.
However, if that's not the problem, if you're in need of more contrast not less, then you want to leave that value set to 1. Anyway, the closest I'm going to come to something halfway decent right now is something like Add with -200 or I could go ahead and try out the Subtract mode instead and see what I come up with. Now, Subtract is going to do exactly what it says it's going to do,e it's going to subtract the luminance levels of one channel from those of another channel. And you still have the option of adding an Offset and a Scale value. Now, of course, that's going to end up with something very dark for us because if we're subtracting one inverted channel from the other inverted channel, why then we're going to get a lot of zeros as a result, and zero is black.
So not surprisingly we're getting a very dark result. And then you could then add luminance levels using that Offset value or if you wanted to further darken things and smooth out the transitions, you could increase the Scale value. We're not going to do that, but notice that we're getting a terrible result. You might think well subtract, what a horrible mode. It's not delivering what we need. Well that's because we're subtracting two very similar images from each other. We need to exploit the differences once again. So we need to turn off one of these Invert checkboxes. So I'll start by turning off the Invert checkbox associated with Red and we end up getting dark hair against a fairly bright background.
Interesting, but not what I'm looking for. So I'll turn Invert back on and now I'll turn Invert off for Blue and I end up coming up with something that's much more in keeping with what I want, and then I could adjust this Offset value. So if the result of the Blend mode is too dark, I could raise that Offset value like so. And if it's getting to be too light, then I could go ahead and back off the Offset value. And in my case, for this image, I might take that Offset value down to 50 or something along those lines, but really I got to tell you, this just isn't doing it for me.
I don't have nearly enough contrast in this background over here and I'm running out of contrast over on the left -hand side. So what do I do? Well, tell you what, I'm just going to go ahead and accept this new base alpha channel for now. Subtract, Offset of 50, notice that, I'll click OK. And I'll go ahead and name this guy subtract and offset 50 just so I remember how I created it. And then I'm going to go back to the drawing board because you know what I need to do, I need to do something I've never really tried this before, and it's working out brilliantly, I have to tell you.
I'm going to increase the contrast of the image before I even start creating the mask. And I'll show you how to do that in the next exercise.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
401 W. Kennedy Blvd.
Box: 30FTampa, FL 33606
(813) firstname.lastname@example.com
Building Location: HSHP 231
Secondary Physical Education and Online Instruction
Leslie Williams specializes in preparing pre-service teachers at the secondary level in physical education, health-related content and general methods for effective middle and high school classroom instruction. Her research interests include effective physical education practices and examining online teaching and learning at the secondary level, specifically within physical education and health content areas.


text:
Few days ago I read a horrible news again.
Here in Finland in a city call Oulu, it's a about 2 h drive from my hometown a 16 year old young man
stabbed four people in a school. In the news they said that the guy walked into schools
dining room and stabbed two girls. Police was called and they arrested the man. Police also
found two others stabbed on the school yard. All four are now hospitalized with bad
injuries. This man told later to the cops that he would had shoot all students in the school to death if he
have had a gun.
Now they are talking about metal detectors in schools too. Nobody is safe no longer.
What these young people need is someone who listen to them if they not doing well
or having trouble. They talk about to get a school psychologist for every school so
there is someone for these young people. Maybe that would be a good idea.


text:
The Voyage of the "Argo": The Argonautica of Gaius Valerius FlaccusPaperback
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- Publisher: JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY PRESS
- Format: Paperback | 180 pages
- Dimensions: 154mm x 229mm x 11mm | 259g
- Publication date: 19 October 1999
- Publication City/Country: Baltimore, MD
- Illustrations note: black & white illustrations
- Sales rank: 1,203,119
Product description
The story of Jason and the Argonauts and their quest for the Golden Fleece is one of the oldest and most familiar tales in classical literature. Apollonius of Rhodes wrote the best-known version, in Greek, in the third century B.C.E. The Latin poet Gaius Valerius Flaccus began his own interpretation of the story in the first century of the Christian era, but he died before completing it. With The Voyage of the "Argo," the acclaimed poet and translator David Slavitt recovers for modern readers the only surviving work of this little-known writer. The result is an engaging rendition of Jason's adventures, of particular interest when compared to the Greek version of the story. While Apollonius' tale offers a subtle psychological study of Medea, Valerius Flaccus' achievement is to present Jason as a more complete and compelling heroic figure. Slavitt, for one, enjoyed the rediscovery immensely-and he invites his readers to do the same. "I am content to let my rendition into English speak for Valerius, but for those whom I imagine standing in an aisle of a library or bookstore, trying to decide, I can offer some reassurance. This piece is playful, unpredictable, oddly contrarian, sometimes almost mannerist. Valerius' description in book 8 of Medea's putting the serpent to sleep so Jason can filch the fleece involves a gesture no other Latin poet I know would have thought to try-a brief moment in Medea's head when she allows herself to feel sorry for the snake...It is this kind of droll surprise that drew me to undertake the translation of a work that is not, I freely confess, well known."-David Slavitt
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David R. Slavitt, poet, novelist, critic, and journalist, has published more than sixty books. He is co-editor of the Johns Hopkins Complete Roman Drama in Translation series and the Penn Greek Drama Series. His translations include the Metamorphoses of Ovid, The Fables of Avianus, and Seneca: The Tragedies, vols. 1 and 2, all available from Johns Hopkins.
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A playful version of Valerius that is accessible and enjoyable. -- Robert V. Albis New England Classical Journal


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Playboy model sues after using her bum as a golf tee
A 28-year-old Playboy bunny is suing her former employer and a radio host after a charity golf tournament ended with a shocking bruise on her bum. In 2012, Elizabeth Dickson volunteered her posterior as a golf tee for radio host Kevin Klein. Unfortunat… [Read More]
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In the March issue of Playboy, Hugh Hefner asks his subscribers to imagine a Playboy Club in space, as private enterprise is blasting off more and more into space ventures, Time magazine reports. [Read More]


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Year of publication
- 2002 (8) (remove)
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- Search for deconfinement in NA49 at the CERN SPS (2002)
- Experiment NA49 at the Cern SPS uses a large acceptance detector for a systematic study of particle yields and correlations in nucleus-nucleus, nucleon-nucleus and nucleon-nucleon collisions. Preliminary results for Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A*GeV beam energy are shown and compared to measurements at lower and higher energies.
- Energy dependence of pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions (2002)
- Measurements of charged pion and kaon production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV are presented. These are compared with data at lower and higher energies as well as with results from p+p interactions. The mean pion multiplicity per wounded nucleon increases approximately linearly with s_NN^1/4 with a change of slope starting in the region 15-40 AGeV. The change from pion suppression with respect to p+p interactions, as observed at low collision energies, to pion enhancement at high energies occurs at about 40 AGeV. A non-monotonic energy dependence of the ratio of K^+ to pi^+ yields is observed, with a maximum close to 40 AGeV and an indication of a nearly constant value at higher energies.The measured dependences may be related to an increase of the entropy production and a decrease of the strangeness to entropy ratio in central Pb+Pb collisions in the low SPS energy range, which is consistent with the hypothesis that a transient state of deconfined matter is created above these energies. Other interpretations of the data are also discussed.
- Xi- and Xi+ production in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon (2002)
- Results of the production of Xi and Xi-bar hyperons in central Pb+Pb interactions at 158 GeV/c per nucleon are presented. This analysis utilises a global reconstruction procedure, which allows a measurement of 4pi integrated yields to be made for the first time. Inverse slope paramters, which are determined from an exponential fit to the transverse mass spectra, are shown. Central rapidity densities are found to be 1.49 +- 0.08 and 0.33 +- 0.04 per event per unit of rapidity for Xi and Xi-bar respectively. Yields integrated to full phase space are 4.12 +- 0.02 and 0.77 +- 0.04 for Xi and Xi-bar. The ratio of Xi-bar/Xi at mid-rapidity is 0.22 +- 0.03.
- Results on correlations and fluctuations from NA49 (2002)
- The large acceptance and high momentum resolution as well as the significant particle identification capabilities of the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS allow for a broad study of fluctuations and correlations in hadronic interactions. In the first part recent results on event-by-event charge and p_t fluctuations are presented. Charge fluctuations in central Pb+Pb reactions are investigated at three different beam energies (40, 80, and 158 AGeV), while for the p_t fluctuations the focus is put on the system size dependence at 158 AGeV. In the second part recent results on Bose Einstein correlations of h-h- pairs in minimum bias Pb+Pb reactions at 40 and 158 AGeV, as well as of K+K+ and K-K- pairs in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 AGeV are shown. Additionally, other types of two particle correlations, namely pi p, Lambda p, and Lambda Lambda correlations, have been measured by the NA49 experiment. Finally, results on the energy and system size dependence of deuteron coalescence are discussed.
- System size dependence of strangeness production at 158 AGeV (2002)
- Strange particle production in A+A interactions at 158 AGeV is studied by the CERN experiment NA49 as a function of system size and collision geometry. Yields of charged kaons, phi and Lambda are measured and compared to those of pions in central C+C, Si+Si and centrality-selected Pb+Pb reactions. An overall increase of relative strangeness production with the size of the system is observed which does not scale with the number of participants. Arguing that rescattering of secondaries plays a minor role in small systems the observed strangeness enhancement can be related to the space-time density of the primary nucleon-nucleon collisions.
- Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons in central Pb+Pb collisions at E_beam = 158 AGeV (2002)
- Bose-Einstein correlations of charged kaons were measured near mid-rapidity in central Pb+Pb collisions at 158 A GeV by the NA49 experiment at the CERN SPS. Source radii were extracted using the Yano-Koonin-Podgoretsky and Bertsch-Pratt parameterizations. The results are compared to published pion data. The measured m_perp dependence for kaons and pions is consistent with collective transverse expansion of the source and a freeze-out time of about 9.5 fm.
- Energy dependence of Lambda and anti-Lambda production at CERN-SPS energies (2002)
- Rapidity distributions for Lambda and anti-Lambda hyperons in central Pb-Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 AGeV and for K 0 s mesons at 158 AGeV are presented. The lambda multiplicities are studied as a function of collision energy together with AGS and RHIC measurements and compared to model predictions. A different energy dependence of the Lambda/pi and anti-Lambda/pi is observed. The anti-Lambda/Lambda ratio shows a steep increase with collision energy. Evidence for a anti-Lambda/anti-p ratio greater than 1 is found at 40 AGeV.
- Lambda production in central Pb+Pb collisions at CERN-SPS energies (2002)
- In this paper we present recent results from the NA49 experiment for Lambda and Lambda hyperons produced in central Pb+Pb collisions at 40, 80 and 158 A GeV. Transverse mass spectra and rapidity distributions for Lambda are shown for all three energies. The shape of the rapidity distribution becomes flatter with increasing beam energy. The multiplicities at mid-rapidity as well as the total yields are studied as a function of collision energy including AGS measurements. The ratio Lambda/pi at mid-rapidity and in 4 pi has a maximum around 40 A GeV. In addition, Lambda rapidity distributions have been measured at 40 and 80 A GeV, which allows to study the Lambda Lambda ratio.


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Could working in Mental Health/Human Services be your career pathway?
Click here for flyerPDF Format
Behavioral Healthcare Specialist
If you say yes, then Mental Health/Human Service could be your career pathway.
Click here to see the Behavioral Healthcare Specialist Career Pathway Certificate classes.
Learn professional skills
The Behavioral Healthcare Specialist Career Pathway Certificate is ideal for people who would like to pursue an entry-level position in the behavioral health, mental health, or addictions fields. In addition to the job title of behavioral healthcare specialist, related job titles include social and human service assistant, case manager, client advocate, referral specialist, community-based or residential skills trainer, outreach specialist, parent coach/advocate, group facilitator, and psychiatric aide/technician. These professionals provide emotional support and counseling. They work closely with social workers, psychologists, and providers of medical and behavioral care. They maintain accurate records and consult with supervisors when problems come up.
Courses apply to the Mental Human/Human Service Associate of Applied Science Degree.
For more information, contact the faculty adviser:
Leslie Allen (503) 491-7178 Room firstname.lastname@example.com
"Copyright University of Oregon for the Oregon Career Information System, 2012. Adapted and used with permission."


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44 Shocking Photos of the Drought in the American West
The golden toad is not the only species to disappear in the past 40 years, but it might just be the brightest. This fluorescent amphibian was found in the high-altitude ridges of Costa Rica, but thanks to pollution, global warming and fungal skin infections, the species became extinct in 1989.
Read on to find out about 10 other incredible species we've lost in the last several decades.
One of several subspecies of leopard, the Zanzibar leopard made its home on the Zanzibar archipelago of Tanzania. It's still unclear whether this large cat is technically extinct — there are occasional unconfirmed sightings.
Cause of extinction: Locals believed the leopards were kept by witches, and aggressively hunted them. The animals were seen as evil predators that must be exterminated — and even the government was in on the campaign. In the mid-'90s there was a short-lived conservation effort but it was deemed too little, too late.
33 Utterly Weird Sea Animals We Strangely Love


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Unraveled is an online and physical storytelling platform for independent musicians and designers, performance artists and writers, video and sound mavens and installation artists. The Unraveled Artist Community now includes 80 bands from 8 countries and 15 visual artists as well as numerous volunteers and production assists. Unraveled's products and events seek to find innovative solutions for limitations of space, time and money often faced by the independent artist and hopes to provide access to materials and resources they need in order to create.
Unraveled funds itself by producing The Unraveled Collection, a series of t-shirts known as Unraveled Originals, designed by our visual artists in response to a song made by one of our curated bands. In doing so, Unraveled creates a physical representation for art that is increasingly experienced digitally. When you purchase an Unraveled Original, you also receive a complimentary download of the song it represents. Unraveled is inspired by the social nature of apparel and its potential to spread art and ideas and create a connection between people with shared references.
Unraveled was started in an effort to amplify the voice of young independent artists. All artists featured on Unraveled create work that speaks for their generation. Take the time to find a phrase that speaks to you, discover its source, and read about its creator's motivation. Then wear it with pride and, when people ask you what your shirt means, share the art and spread its story.
Farida Amar, Founder + Art Director
Karna Ray, Music Curator
Benjamen Riggan, Production Assistant
Kaylee Bugg, Production Assistant


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Updated: 05/27/2013 7:19 AM KSTP.com By: Nick Winkler
A visit to Raceway Park in Shakopee reveals 110 octane racing fuel selling for $8 a gallon. That's up recently from $6.50-$7 a gallon.
Despite the increase, between 70-90 race car drivers flocked to Raceway Park for a Memorial Day weekend of racing. The majority tell us there is no price point that would force them to stop racing. They say they have too much time and money invested in their cars.
However, several tell us expensive regular gasoline and diesel actually hurt worse than $8 a gallon racing fuel.
Many haul heavily loaded trailers over long distances to race in Shakopee and do not get impressive fuel mileage.
Still, no one we spoke with is planning to skip a race. Instead, most say they'll simply cut back elsewhere.


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Using Social Media To Make Shopping Decisions [Infographic]
Today's shoppers are highly dependent on peer reviews. U.S. consumers are using social networking sites, both online and in-store, to help make shopping decisions. In fact, 73% of consumers said Facebook influenced a recent store visit, followed by Google reviews (38%) and Groupon (35%).
This infographic, courtesy of Empathica, highlights a recent survey of more than 6,500 U.S. shoppers.
Source: Empathica


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Our Biochemical Society by L. Ron Hubbard
"We live in
a chemical oriented society.
One would be hard put to find someone in the present-day civilization who is not
affected by this fact. The vast majority of the public is subjected every day
to the intake of food preservatives and other chemical poisons including
atmospheric poisons, pesticides and the like. Added to this are the pain pills,
tranquilizers and other medical drugs used and prescribed by doctors. Additionally,
the widespread use of marijuana, LSD, cocaine and other street drugs which
contribute heavily to the scene.
"An enormous volume of material has been written on the subject of toxic
substances, their reported effects and the prospects for their handling. Examples
abound in publications and news reports.
"The current environment is permeated with life-hostile elements. Drugs,
radioactive waves, pollutants and chemical agents of all types are not only
everywhere, but are becoming even more prevalent as time goes on. In fact, they
are so commonplace they are almost impossible to avoid.
"For example, some of the things put in canned vegetables or soup could be
considered toxic. They are preservatives and the action of a preservative is to
impede decay. Yet digestion and cellular action are based on decay. In other words,
those things might be great for the manufacturer, as they preserve the product, but
they could be very bad for the consumer. It is not that I am on a food faddism kick
or a kick against preservatives. The point is that Man is surrounded by toxins.
"This example alone of preservatives in foods illustrates the degree to which
one can encounter toxic substances in daily living.
"But combine that with the enemies of various countries using widespread drug addiction
as a defeatist mechanism and nations vying with each other in the manufacture and
testing of nuclear weapons (and so increasing the amount of radioactive material free
in the environment). Then add the ready availability of painkillers and sedatives, the
increased use of industrial and agricultural chemicals, and toxic substances developed
for chemical warfare. In short (and putting it bluntly), this society, at this time,
is riddled with toxic substances.
"It is to this situation that the Purification Program is addressed."
Find out about the only effective program that eliminates
the devastating effects of drugs and toxins. Hundreds of thousands have done this
program and live happier, more perceptive and aware lives as a result.
The Purification Program
The following groups deliver programs based on the book Clear Body Clear Mind in accordance with the aims of each organization.
Churches of
View locations across the United States.
To find out more about the book that describes the Purification Program, call (800) 344-5433.
Home FAQ Results Endorsements Program Overview Contact About L. Ron Hubbard Dianetics Relationships
Privacy Policy, Medical Disclaimer, Copyright Information
© 2002-2013 Bridge Publications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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MINNEAPOLIS – Two weeks ago, Pedro Strop threw a ball away in Oakland and was charged with the loss. Since then he's pitched 4 2/3 hitless innings with just one walk. Those five scoreless appearances have helped bring his ERA down to 4.85.
That's still high for Strop who had a disastrous April, which included two blown saves, a loss and seven earned runs.
Manager Buck Showalter has been trying to find spots for Strop, who spent much of last season as the eighth inning man before slumping in the season's last six weeks.
"He's thrown pretty good the last two, three outings," Showalter said.
The manager acknowledged that he'd been trying to find appropriate spots for Strop to pitch.
"I know we've been using Pete in a little different situation, but I wouldn't be hesitant to use him in whatever role right now," Showalter said.


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CostWrapping for donation
Where?Millcreek Mall outside of JCPenney
Erie, Pennsylvania
ContactName: Susannah
Phone: 814-434-7464
Email: email@example.com
We will be wrapping your Christmas gifts (or birthday gifts) for a monetary donation on Friday 12/7 from 10am to 10pm. Volunteers are needed, wrapping paper, gift bags and ribbons also needed. Email email@example.com, call 814-434-7464 or facebook.com/orphanangels to sign up or donate! Thank you!!


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Uncorked Ventures Blog
For Sale in Texas Only
"For Sale in Texas Only"
Just to be clear, this doesn't mean anything in terms of where the grapes were grown, or where the wine was made. It simply means that a winery was forced, due to some economic goaltending, to produce separate labels for a single state.
As a country we can and should do better at both regulating alcohol sales as well as stopping stuff like this, which does absolutely nothing for consumers other than increasing prices.
The End of Crushpad
Crushpad was an incredible concept. People who wanted to make wine, could with some professional help at a central facility. For about $10k per barrel (no small expense to be sure) you could have fruit grown and then take as much of a lead in the winemaking process as you wanted. Now, it looks like Crushpad is going under.
It really was a great way to let those people who wanted to make wine, but didn't have millions of dollars to buy a vineyard get involved in the wine industry in a meaninful way.
Unfortunately, there were misteps along the way. Personally, I think moving the facility from San Francisco to Napa in the first place was a mistake. Weekend winemakers need something central, even if transporting the grapes when picked in August-October was a challenge.
It seems that there are now about 900 barrels of wine sitting at the Sonoma facility (relocated from Napa and probably an even worse idea than the initial move) and only little hope for them to be rescued by those people who have prepaid to have wine made.
It's incredibly unfortunate to say the least. Personally, I'm disappointed to see the concept go under, although I'd venture a guess that new verions will spring up shortly.
Napa Valley is an Interesting Place
We like telling people that Napa Valley is an interesting place. Of course, people think we're only talking about the wine, or maybe the wine and the food.
What has always fascinated me about Napa was the way the wine industry is completely and utterly integrated into the local community. I guess it is probably to be expected and you certainly see something similar happening in some of the other world wine capitals (Bordeaux is a great example) but I don't think anywhere else in the United States offers the range of opportunities for either aspiring winemakers, or those of us who love great wine to learn and experience the entire winemaking process.
This weekend marks another year of the Napa Valley Wine Libraries, tasting series. Founded in 1963, the Napa Valley Wine Library has a simple goal, to help people learn about winemaking and the history of wine through local libraries. Specifically, the St. Helena public library has an extensive collection of wine specific materials that really aren't found anywhere else in the country. As you might expect, the organization found a willing partner with UC Davis and their viticulture program.
In any case, if you're planning a trip to Napa-joining the Wine Library is a great way to experience a side of exclusive Napa Valley which isn't available to everyone.
Horse and Plow Harvester Red 2010
In this month's Wine Exploration Wine Club shipment we're happy to feature the 2010 Harvester Red by Horse and Plow winery of Santa Rosa.
Opened by the husband and wife team of Chris Condos and Suzanne Hagins, both of whom have been making wine in Sonoma for more than a decade each, Horse and Plow focuses on organically grown grapes and using the most natural winemaking techniques possible.
The Harvester Red wine is an interesting blend for a few reasons, but we thought it was a nice introduction for our club members to a Carignane and Syrah blend (although there is also smaller amounts of Zinfandel, Petite Sirah, Charbono and Grenache).
Carignane is the interesting grape here for many people, since most wine drinkers aren't familiar with the grape. The grape isn't often made into varietal specific wines, but instead is used in blends often to add the dark maroon color which is so evident in this wine. Personally, I think this wine does a nice job at being drinkable and enjoyable even without food, which is often a challenge at this price point, with these grapes which can be overextracted and carry too much alcohol at times.
Sideways 2 Now Unlikely
An unfortunate article in Decanter to be sure, but it now appears that Sideways 2 is unlikely to be made.
Reasons are explained in the Decanter article, but it does appear that director Alexander Payne doesn't want a follow up effort out of fears of "selling out." As might expect, others involved with the original Sideways project (the author Rex Pickett among them) would be ok feeling like sell outs to have another significant pay day, especially when the follow up book has been well received.
Since the follow up book, named Vertical, both brings the story back to Santa Barbara as well as taking the main characters to Paso Robles, I'm disapointed that the film isn't likely to get made at this point. Santa Barbara continues to deserve the good press for what they produce and Paso Robles is the least appreciated wine producing area in the world, relative to the quality of wine being made.
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May 2013GRADUATION
On May 11, SPSU celebrated its 106th commencement strategy. We graduated some 500 students, including about 100 from CSE. The graduation speaker was Dr Helmuth Ludwig, CEO of the North American Industry Sector of Siemens.
As has become traditional, we hosted a reception for our graduating students the night before the actual ceremony, and the reception was attended by some 60 graduates and their families and friends. The reception was sponsored by Aventis Systems, Arkleton and BravePoint. Needless to say, I am very grateful to the support from these organizations.
Congratulations are of course also due to our graduating students.
On April 30, Richard Rutledge, a student in the MS in Software Engineering, presented his thesis entitled "Formal Specification Driven Development", while the day after, Brian Anderson, a student in the MS in Computer Science, presented his work on "Evaluation and Comparison of Dynamic Configuration Strategies for Moving Target Defense". Mr Rutledge's thesis adviser was Dr Frank Tsui while Mr Anderson's work was supervised by Dr Edward Jung and Dr Chih-Chen Hung. I wanted to congratulate both the students and their advisers on the excellent work they produced.
One of our newest faculty members in the Computer Game Design and Development program, Chao Peng, recently received his PhD in Computer Science from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
Congratulations are of course due to Dr Peng.
As many of you know, CSE has been establishing a number of programs in the area of Health Information Technology, and Dr Chi Zhang of our Department of Information Technology has been in the forefront of these efforts. In the context of these efforts, Dr Zhang recently sat for and passed the CPHIMS certification. The CPHIMS certification is administered by HIMMS, a non-profit organization devoted to the use of information technology and management systems for the betterment of healthcare, and is rapidly becoming a standard in the HIT industry. Details about the certification are at http://www.himss.org/health-it-certification/cphims?navItemNumber=13647
Congratulations to Dr Zhang.
SPSU in general and CSE in particular prides itself in providing its students with an education that helps them meet the needs of potential employers. In this context, I am pleased to announce a number of new concentrations and courses.
First, although there are a few formal steps to complete, we are hoping to start a Bachelor of Applied Science in Health Information Technology. The program will allow students who have earned an Associate of Applied Science degree in Health Information Technology from an accredited technical college to enroll at SPSU and obtain a bachelor's qualification with two years of additional study and no loss of credit. Students who graduate from this program should help in attempts to establish the Atlanta Metro Area as the hub of Health Information Technology.
Second, we will start a new track in our undergraduate program in Information Technology on mobile and web development. The courses making up this track are of course open to all interested undergraduates and could in principle also be taken by graduates from our programs who wish to expand their knowledge of this area. The development of this track was in direct response to the attempt by the Atlanta Chamber of Commerce, among others, to bring more mobile app development work to the metro region.
Finally, recognizing the growing importance of business intelligence for a number of industry segments, we will also start a number of courses in business intelligence in the fall.
Every now and then the local media cover events at CSE. However, this month, we were covered internationally - twice.
The first item concerned the articulation agreement we recently signed with the Ghana Technology University College in Accra.
The second news items appeared in the Peruvian press and concerns a visit from Dr Orlando Karam from our Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering. Dr Karam was visiting the Universidad Nacional San Agustin in Arequipa in Peru, and teaching a course in Android programming. The hope is that this initial visit will lead to faculty and student exchanges between our two universities.
On May 4, we hosted a small delegation from Auburn University to discuss our programs in Health Information Technology and to consider possible avenues for cooperation. The meeting was made possible by Mr Troy Rosser, Senior Vice-President from CPSI, the company behind the hospital information system that we use both in our Accelerated Training Program in Health Information Technology, and in some of our HIT related degree courses. In addition to Mr Rosser, we welcomed Dr Paula Bobrowski, Dr Rene McEldowney and Dr Vivian Langley from Auburn University. SPSU was represented by Mr Hamid Arjmand, Ms Christina Bryant, Dr Mahmoud Ghavi, Dr Russ Hunt, Dr Abi Salimi, and myself. This was an initial exploratory meeting but we identified a number of possible projects and initiatives that we might be able to cooperate on in the future. I will keep you posted on any future developments.


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Talit blog and information about tallit, prayer shawl,Tallit
TraditionsJewishGifts.com is your Judaica source for Tallis Sets and Jewish Prayer Shawls. You can buy all types of Tallis, including Infant Bris Wool Tallis Learn about various Jewish signs and symbols, including the mezuzah, tefillin, tzitzit and tallit, yarmulke, menorah, Star of David, and chai. BELT LOOP BRAID STYLE TZITZIT SET THICK CORD TALLIT SEPHARDI OR ASHKENAZ TIES GC in Clothing, Shoes & Accessories, Cultural & Ethnic Clothing, Other | eBay
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1/4/2011 · When setting out to buy a tallit, the first step is to decide which fabric and color you prefer. Walking the line between too conservative and too risque I also include 2 other excellent sources below. "TALLIT (Heb. טַלִּית, pl. tallitot; Yid. tales, pl. talesim), prayer shawl. Originally the word meant "gown Custom embroidery, fine Judaica, custom floor mats Judaica Cars/Autothreads: Logo Apparel: Music: Fund Raising: Chuppahs: Linen & Towels/
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Judaica Needlepoint Group 'Tallit': A nice place to put away your prayer shawl when you're done with the service. This beautiful tallit is available in a large variety of colors with silver or gold Lorex strings. When you purchase this tallit the default is black-white, but you 5/20/2005 · Funky Fish Placemats I just made these colorful placemats and have experimented with making patterns for them. I learned a lot about creating PDF files.
Black Velvet Tallit Bag Set with Silver Diamonds and Geometric Pattern
Prayer Shawl are often called Tallit, talit, tallits, tallit, Prayer Shawl, Jewish prayer Shawls, Hebrew Prayer Shawl, Tallit Katan, Tallis, Talis The prayer shawl is a visible representation of prayer–the creator of the shawl is praying the entire time she is making the shawl, and the recipient wears the shawl We make dance garments for all your dance needs, from prep garments to your biggest performances. Check out all the fabrics and colors on our website. We also do
Tallit and Tefillin Bags with Silver Floral Pattern: Everything Else


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Oh Boy.
Godspeed Terrance,
The Domination arrives...
Congratulations Coach Peyton.
And thank you.
Not the best news, but the extra roster spots for the receivers are sure looking like good planning...
Thanks Indy...beware Washington.
If Diapers Vitter and Spitzer #9 had an ounce of integrity they would be the ones taking themselves out. Disgraceful.
Everyone's a dreamer on draft day.
Excellent news! With a healthy roster and that backcourt--yehaw!
This is very sad for his family and I am glad that he appears to have received their forgiveness.
However, breaking the law does have consequences (this came about from an aggressive prosecutor who is seeking PRISON TIME for the defendant keep in mind) so with all due 'respect to his family' this is not a 'private matter' and he should come clean on his actions and if he admits to breaking the law, it should be a judge then parole officer he apologizes too.
It really is stunning the degree to which moral relativism has engulfed the formerly beady-eyed, foamy mouthed, snake-handling, Bible toting, my-way-or-straight-to-hell, Crusading nuts in this country.
Apparently, we are all held to no more than the standards of Bill Clinton now.


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The U.S. Department of Agriculture establishes the eligibility for the SNAP program. Eligibility for benefits is based on resources, income and other requirements such as residence, citizenship or eligible non-citizen status, and cooperation with the Department of Economic Security employment and training program. In addition, household members must provide or apply for a Social Security Number
Individuals or families may apply for SNAP at local offices throughout the state. For a listing of offices by city and zip codes, please visit www.azdes.gov/faa or call the Interactive Voice Response (IVR) System at (602) 542-9935 for area codes 602, 480 or 623 or call 1-800-352-8401 for all other area codes
Applications picked up at a DES/FAA Office, downloaded from the DES/FAA website www.azdes.gov/faa
Pre-screening for benefits go to Arizona Self Help, a confidential pre-screening tool, www.arizonaselfhelp.org


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Go-Ray and Duke are the sort of duo that exemplify the multifaceted nature of musicians and how yoga can have a positive impact on one's life without being the focal point. Both artists have successful musical careers and have embraced yoga as one more creative influence in their respective lives. Go-Ray is otherwise known as Rachel Golub, the versatile EMI and Chesky Records artist. She is a violinist, vocalist, string arranger, and session artist. In addition to her B.A. in Classics from Yale, Golub spent years in India studying Indian classical music, as well as classic violin. Additionally, Golub has been involved on the music side of films, both on and off screen. Duke Mushroom, also known as Dave Schommer, is a producer, composer, and percussionist. Schommer has played on over 50 albums, including those by Gloria Estefan, Cher, Janet Jackson, and Carole King, to name a few. As a touring musician, he has devoted himself to playing with world music artists such as the Idan Raichel Project, Kailash Kher, and Kaissa.
The two met collaborating on a film in Duke's studio and had an instant musical connection, bonding over the quest for spirituality in everyday life through devotional dub. Duke's skillful production complements Go-Ray's sitar playing and vocals perfectly for an album that explores the beauty in life through music and will inspire both the body and the soul. The album opens with "Raghupati," a raga-influenced number with deep, bassy rhythms supporting quixotic vocals laced with bells. Go-Ray's voice starts off as pleading and winding as the sitar, before escalating into a blissful trance, is matched by wholly danceable beats.
"Bolo Bolo" layers the devotional dub with one more element of modern music, hip-hop vocals from MC Yogi. Given his name, MC Yogi is sensitive to the unobtrusive nature of yogic music. His vocals are muted and enhance the dubby rhythm tapped out by the tabla as he sings his own raggas. The balance between delicate female vocals and gravely male ones creates a perfect balance that yoga is known to help achieve. The album features a slew of collaborations, notably from artists such as Steve Gorn and Idan Raichel, Duke's touring friend. On "Ayalet Chen" Raichel brings the flavor of the Middle East to India with staccato drumbeats from a darbuka and dubby rhythms, vocals that undulate as easily in Hebrew as they do in Hindi, and lyrics that are undoubtedly life-affirming, despite the language barrier.
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|Frencheska Farr Info
Marie Frencheska Mae Tobias Farr (born September 9, 1992) is a Filipina singer, model and actress. She was born in Las Piñas City, Philippines. She graduated from St. Paul College of Parañaque. Farr is currently taking up Culinary Arts at De La Salle - College of Saint Benilde. Her father is of British descent. She was named the Next Female Big Star along with Geoff Taylor as the Next Male Big Star on the television show "Are You the Next Big Star?". Read more about Frencheska Farr on Last.fm.Similar


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Article ID: 188867 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q188867
If this article does not describe the error message that you are receiving, view the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article to view more articles that describe error messages:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/315854/EN-US/ )Windows 98 and Windows Me Error Message Resource Center
On This Page
This article lists troubleshooting steps you can use if your computer stops responding (hangs), or you receive an error message, such as a fatal exception error message or an invalid VxD error message.
This article also provides information about how to use the System Information Utility (Msconfig.exe) to troubleshoot startup problems. After you restarting your computer several times, Msconfig.exe can help you to isolate a specific file or registry entry that is causing the problem. Once you determine the specific entry that is causing the problem, you should edit the appropriate file or registry key to remove the entry and then return the System Configuration Utility to Normal Startup mode.
For information about clean booting Windows 98 by using the System Configuration Utility, please see the "Narrowing the Focus" section in the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article:
192926IMPORTANT: This article describes troubleshooting steps that may help you solve problems starting Windows 98. This information is also available in our Windows 98 Startup and Shutdown Troubleshooting Wizard. We recommend using this wizard, but we have also created this text-based article for your convenience. NOTE: To more effectively search the Microsoft Knowledge Base, use keywords that relate to your issue. If you are searching for troubleshooting information that is not mentioned in this article, search the Microsoft Knowledge Base again by using keywords that are listed in the following Microsoft Knowledge Base article:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/192926/EN-US/ )How to Perform Clean-Boot Troubleshooting for Windows 98
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/242450/EN-US/ )How to Query the Microsoft Knowledge Base Using Keywords
Start Windows 98 in Safe ModeIf Windows 98 does not start normally, try to start it in Safe mode. Starting Windows 98 in Safe mode bypasses the current real-mode configuration and loads a minimal protected-mode configuration, disabling Windows 98 device drivers and using the standard VGA display adapter. To start Windows 98 in Safe mode, restart your computer, press and hold down the CTRL key until the Windows 98 Startup menu appears, and then choose Safe Mode. If you can start in Safe mode, see the steps in the "Windows 98 Starts in Safe Mode" section of this article.
If Windows 98 does not start in Safe mode, see the "Windows 98 Does Not Start in Safe Mode" section of this article.
Windows 98 Does Not Start in Safe ModeAny of the following conditions can cause Windows 98 not to start in Safe mode:
183887For additional information about receiving an error message that your registry is damaged after you run the Scanreg.exe, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/183887/EN-US/ )Description of the Windows Registry Checker Tool (Scanreg.exe)
186909If you are still unable to start Windows 98 in Safe mode after you use Windows Registry Checker, install Windows 98 into a new, empty folder. This step helps to establish whether the problem is related to a remnant of the previous operating system (such as a configuration setting) or a hardware problem.
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/186909/EN-US/ )Registry Checker Continues to Detect Registry Damage
Windows 98 Starts in Safe ModeIf Windows 98 starts in Safe mode, step through the startup process to see if any devices do not load properly:
Troubleshooting StartUp Folder ProblemsThe problem may be a result of a program that is run during startup. To determine which program is causing the problem:
There may also be a problem with a TSR being loaded in the Winstart.bat file (if the Winstart.bat file exists). If the Process Winstart.bat File check box is available on the General tab in System Configuration Utility, click the check box to clear it, click OK, and then restart your computer.
The Winstart.bat file is usually located in the Windows folder, and is used to load TSRs that are required only by Windows-based programs.
Troubleshooting TSR ProblemsThe problem may be a driver or TSR being loaded from the Config.sys or Autoexec.bat file. To determine if this is the case:
If the problem is not resolved, run the Windows Registry Checker as there may be a problem with the system registry. To start Windows Registry Checker, click Start, point to Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, click System Information, and then click Registry Checker on the Tools menu.
Troubleshooting Protected-Mode Driver ProblemsThe problem may be a Windows 98 protected-mode driver. To determine if this is the case, follow these steps:
181966If the problem is not resolved, disable PCI bus IRQ steering in Windows. For additional information about how to do so, click the article number below to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/181966/EN-US/ )System Configuration Utility Advanced Troubleshooting
182628If the problem is not resolved, follow these steps to disable devices in Device Manager:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/182628/EN-US/ )How to Disable PCI Bus IRQ Steering in Windows
186588If the problem is not resolved, check for a damaged static virtual device driver (VxD) by following these steps:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/186588/EN-US/ )Description of the Automatic Skip Driver Agent (Asd.exe) Tool
Additional NotesFor information about known hardware issues, view the Hardware.txt file in the Windows folder.
For additional troubleshooting assistance, view the Bootlog.txt file in the root folder. The Bootlog.txt file lists the loading status of all real- mode and protected-mode drivers. If Windows 98 does not start properly, the Bootlog.txt file lists the last driver that loaded successfully, and lists a "LoadFail" entry for each driver that failed to load before the problem occurred.
NOTE: Some "LoadFail" entries in the Bootlog.txt file are normal entries. For a listing of normal "LoadFail" entries in the Bootlog.txt file, please see the following article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/127970/EN-US/ )Load Failures Listed in the Bootlog.txt File
Article ID: 188867 - Last Review: May 7, 2007 - Revision: 3.6
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The Pine Hills
Journalism by The College of Saint Rose
Monthly Archive for April, 2011
Saint Vincent's – uniting the old and the new
The age-old ritual of crowning a statue of the Blessed Virgin Mary will feature children from the First Holy Communion class at St. Vincent de Paul's church Sunday, right after the 8:30 a.m. Mass. Mary's Day on May 1 marks the celebration of the mother of God. In the Catholic Church, Mary has always served […] [Read More]
CROP Hunger Walk celebrates 30 Years
Hundreds of people will once again come together this weekend for the 30th annual CROP Walk for Hunger to raise money for hunger eradication programs locally and around the world. The walk begins and ends in the Pine Hills neighborhood on Sunday with walkers leaving First Lutheran Church on 181 Western Ave. at 1:30 p.m. […] [Read More]
Farewell Pine Hills post office, hello void
Fifty years after it first started serving the neighborhood, the Pine Station post office on Yates Street shuts down this weekend with no fanfare, no so long, and now, no more Larry. The end of an era here was precipitated, in part, by the escalation of an online environment that has threatened the U.S. Postal […] [Read More]
Bickley leads Albany Falcons to victory
Led by team captain Malcolm Bickley's two home runs, the Albany Falcons defeated the Bishop Maginn Griffins in a Big Ten Conference Game win Wednesday at Bleecker Stadium. The final score was 12-2. The varsity baseball game started off with sunny skies and a one run lead for Bishop Maginn. Things quickly changed, however, into […] [Read More]
Newlyweds plant new roots in old home
Not only is the large white colonial on Mercer Street a Pine Hills mainstay, it was also at the center of a recent bidding war between home buyers. Until recently, only two families had lived there – the Booths, from 1920 to 1925, and the Mullenneuxs, from 1925 to 2010. Now, a newlywed couple calls […] [Read More]
Library reps plead budget to neighborhood group
The Albany Public Library's Executive Director Carol Nersinger and Board of Trustees President Dennis Gaffney made a budget presentation Thursday night to the members of the Pine Hills Neighborhood Association. The total proposed library budget is $9.56 million. Of that, $8.79 million would be derived from taxes, and would raise the library tax 25 percent […] [Read More]
Do dishes violate city code?
Homeowners and tenants who have satellite dishes attached to the front of their house could face fines for violating a city code. Those gray dishes offering an alternative to cable for people who want hundreds of digital channels are a ubiquitous fixture on the fronts of buildings from the Pine Hills to homes and businesses […] [Read More]
Neighbors clean up image
Residents of the Pine Hills braved the blustery wind on Saturday morning for one goal – to beautify the neighborhood. It was part one of the annual neighborhood Spring clean up, which focused as much on removing debris from the streets as it did on improving the public's perception of the area. "We want to […] [Read More]
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Dutch Painting Colour Library Series
written by Christopher Brown
Phaidon Press | ISBN 9780714828657
Paperback – 128 pages
Member's price: $15.26
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
The series has always been highly regarded for its insight and authority, providing an invaluable introduction to key artists and movements in art history. Each volume contains an introductory essay, forty-eight full-page colour plates, accompanied by extensive notes, and numerous comparative illustrations in colour or black and white.
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1. N1 everyone! If you enjoy Indica's, then you will love this strain! Always a beauty and never let's you down. Let's take a quick peak. Click to see more images.
2. NUGGETRY OG x NUGGETRY OG = N1! It's a must and a need, for sure. If it's on the menu at California Patient's Association, then you need to grab some. This is the only dispensary you can find this flower at.
3. Thumbs up! Actually two thumbs up! When I need something to take the edge off and settle me down from a long stressful day, I am reaching for this one.
4. Dreams away is kind of what this medicine is. Heavy, super powerful and oh sooo good. Perfect for patient's who have a hard time sleeping or suffer from anxiety.
5. N1 buds are a nice green color with small amounts of trichome coverage…. and I am being sarcastic when I small amounts. The layer is thick, sticky and uber delicious! Wow.
6. Get your pieces ready and cleaned. You will want to taste every bit of this flowers flavor! You will remember it for sure.
7. California Patient's Association, period. Stop by, say hi and grab some top shelf meds. Always worth the drive, no matter where you're driving from. Enjoy! One love.


text: Change is one of our greatest fears. As human beings we resist it, opting instead for the safety and security of old routine. However as we all know, change is inevitable. Paradoxically, it is also one of mankind's greatest abilities and strengths. After all, we've only survived this long as a species thanks to our ability to adapt.


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Thomas Hope
1)The purpose of my interview will be to find out what all I need to study, or what tips I can get heading into the web design field. And to make sure that it is something I want to do for a career,
CG 130 Spring 2012
Arlene McCashew
Home Base:
Portland Community College
Attribution Creative Commons
- Leader: Matt Jensen
- Occupation: Web designer
- Company: Freelance
- Industry: Technology and Manufacturing
- Interests: Art/Design
I was glad to hear that this is a good field to get into as long as you can take feedback that may be a little harsh sometimes. I think I will stick with this choice for a career, and see what I need to do in order to get a degree. Matt never went for a degree he did take some classes to sharpen up his skills, but he has been playing with computers for a long time. I myself am okay with computers, so I think getting a degree would be in my best interest.
Matt enjoys what he does for a living he makes his own schedule, and has many thank you letters from his clients. His hobbies are computers, and video games. He told me technology is not going to stop growing within our lifetime, so anything related to technology is a great field to get into.


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Kenny Chesney Summer in 3DMonday, March 15th, 2010
Release date: April 2010
Genre: Documentary, Musical
Director: Joe Thomas
Studio: Sony Pictures Releasing
Cast: Kenny Chesney
Official Site: kennychesneymovie.com
Available film art: Kenny Chesney Summer in 3D movie posters
CULVER CITY, Calif., November 9, 2009—Kenny Chesney, the biggest ticket-seller of this century in any musical genre, has wrapped his latest concert tour, the Sun City Carnival. This coming spring, Sony Pictures Releasing's special programming division, The Hot Ticket, will take audiences for another ride. For a limited engagement beginning in April 2010 in movie theatres nationwide, Kenny Chesney: Summer in 3D, will give fans the chance to live the fun, the friends, the songs and the moments that make Kenny Chesney the must-see concert experience to kickoff the summer season.
With Chesney taking off the summer of 2010 from his hard core touring schedule, millions of fans can still experience the magic and thrills of his high energy performance, this time up close and as never seen before in Kenny Chesney: Summer in 3D.
Commenting on the announcement, Rory Bruer, president of Worldwide Distribution for Sony Pictures Releasing, said, "Kenny Chesney is one of the most popular performers in the world, so we thought he was a great choice for a Hot Ticket presentation. If you're a diehard Kenny Chesney fan who just couldn't get close enough this past summer, or even if you did and want to live those songs and fun again, even closer, Kenney Chesney: Summer in 3D is the perfect way to experience the intensity even closer than the front row."
Chesney added, "It was an amazing — and at times scary — experience to have cameras that close, in the air, in a blimp… cause they're everywhere. But when you see what this film captures… well, even for me, who's in the eye of the storm, I was taken aback! It has all the energy, all the thrills and even better focus on some of the most rocking nights I can imagine. If you see this, you've seen me in a way I've never been seen…"
Chesney is the most popular live music act of the 21st century, having sold over one million tickets in each of the past 8 summers and selling out stadiums in Boston, Seattle, Detroit, Philadelphia, Chicago, and San Francisco. The 4-time and reigning Country Music Association and 4-consecutive Academy of Country Music Entertainer of the Year has sold over 35 million records and notched 19 #1 hits, including "When the Sun Goes Down," "Beer in Mexico," "Living in Fast Forward," "Summertime," "Young," "Everybody Wants to Go to Heaven," "Who You'd Be Today," "Never Wanted Nothing More," and "Anything but Mine," among many others. GREATEST HITS II, which debuted at #1 has already yielded the recent #1 hit "Out Last Night" and "I'm Alive," a duet with Dave Matthews, which is currently residing in Country's Top Ten.
The 3D footage for the movie was shot over six nights in five locations—Pittsburgh, Philadelphia, Seattle, Foxboro, and Indianapolis—using a total of 22 3D camera rigs. The rigs included state-of-the-art systems from 3ality Digital, which were outfitted with Sony 1500-series professional digital cameras. 3ality Digital's advanced, fully-automated 3D camera systems are known for their sub-pixel image alignment and ability to adjust shots dynamically, making them well-suited for live events such as concerts and sports. The high image quality also reduces time spent in post-production, making immersive, 3D filmmaking no more difficult than 2D production.
Joe Thomas, director of the film, added, "Kenny is an incredible talent, whose live shows define what the concert experience should be about. This 3D movie, its production, and the access that Kenny gave to our cameras, will give his fans an unprecedented opportunity to see, up close, the true strength of this man's attraction to the millions that have seen him live."
For further information and to purchase tickets for Kenny Chesney: Summer in 3D, please visit www.TheHotTicket.net.


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