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How to: High performance graphics in WPF
Microsoft DPE: "WPF is ever best super performance oriented technology for creating hyper multi point graphs, using parallelism and huge in-memory persistence vector scrounged math distributed calculations… And ever more with branded new Microsoft Windows Vista 7.
Client: Errr, well…. Let's try to apply it for our VB program…
DPE: You can easily do it yourself, but it'd be better to call someone from Microsoft Consulting Services.
Client: Let it be…
MCS: Well. It's too huge for WPF to scale… WPF uses a retained rendering system. It saves every little pixel and make you able scale and repaint very often without the composition system blocking on callbacks to your code. However, 1,000,000 retained pixels is too huge to scale…
Client: I want it scale. They promised… They told, it'll scale. Make it to do what I want it to do!!!
MCS: Errr, well. Let it be!
This is very common dialog between DPE, MCS and clients. Sales men want it to do, what he need it to do. Client want it to do what sales men promised to do and Services men should make it to do what they both want it to do. Today we'll speak about retained, lazy and loose models to produce large scale graphics.
First problem: multithreading
Even before we start to work, you should know, that we cannot create dependency objects in thread other, then current UI thread. We can use locks, mutexes, semaphores, however we still can not create Dependency Objects in other thread. In order to get rid of it, we'll have to use INofityPropertyChanged implementation, instead of Dependency Objects. This means, no Dependency Properties.
So, we'll start with following code (I'll reuse nice code written by Luis Diego Fallas to create Mandelbrot Fractal set)
class FractsCollection : INotifyPropertyChanged
Second problem: rendering thread
Well, the problem is knows. There is only one UI thread. We wont it be only one, so we'll use our own HostVisual by Dwayne Need to enhance the performance.
Third problem: Retained objects
Actually, this is not problem. This is feature. And it can be extremely useful if you want to retain layout. Let's create a simple example: Dragon curve fractal. It has limited number of points, generated by well known final algorithm. So, we'll create our own geometry, derived from Shape class. The fasted geometry is StreamGeometry, so let's use it. First of all let's create the class and save the array of points.
public class DragonShape:Shape
StreamGeometry dragonGeometry;
double _angle;
List<Point> Points;
Then we'll generate the pattern
void GeneratePattern()
Turn(GetNextPoint * System.Math.PI / 180.0);
Then, by overriding DefiningGeometry property, create the fractal
protected override System.Windows.Media.Geometry DefiningGeometry
get {
using (StreamGeometryContext context = dragonGeometry.Open())
context.BeginFigure(Points[0], false, false);
context.PolyLineTo(Points, true, false);
return (Geometry)dragonGeometry.GetAsFrozen();}
Don't forget to tell the shape, that geometry was changed
this.Dispatcher.BeginInvoke(System.Windows.Threading.DispatcherPriority.Background, (SendOrPostCallback)delegate
}, null);
Now, run it and we'll have very nice vector fractal generated that can be easily resized and scaled. Here the result.
This method will work fine for 1,000, even 10,000 points. But after a while you'll experience performance degradation. What to do? The client wants 10,000,000 (!) points (and in Winforms GDI+ it works for him)
Let's try to understand why. Because it is not retain. It's image! So, let's use image to make the play fair.
The fastest BitmapSource is InteropBitmap. It has an ability to update itself from the memory section. That's exactly what we'll use
format = PixelFormats.Bgr32;
max = format.BitsPerPixel;
uint count = (uint)(sWidth * sHeight * format.BitsPerPixel / 8);
section = CreateFileMapping(new IntPtr(-1), IntPtr.Zero, 0x04, 0, count, null);
map = MapViewOfFile(section, 0xF001F, 0, 0, count);
pixels = new byte[count];
Marshal.Copy(pixels, 0, map, (int)count);
source = System.Windows.Interop.Imaging.CreateBitmapSourceFromMemorySection(section, (int)sWidth, (int)sHeight, format, (int)(sWidth * format.BitsPerPixel / 8), 0) as InteropBitmap;
while (true)
To get the source to bind to we'll get frozen image. Call Invalidate first to reread the source.
InteropBitmap source;
public BitmapSource Source
return (BitmapSource)source.GetAsFrozen();
Now, when we ready to display we can just put pixels simultaneously (by using Parallel extension and PLINQ) and tell the WPF that our count and ImageSource property updated upon each pixel.
uint* pBuffer = (uint*)map;
Parallel.For(0, (int)sHeight, delegate(int yi)
foreach (var p in from xi in Enumerable.Range(0, (int)sWidth).AsParallel()
let mappedX = xF(xi)
let mappedY = yF(yi)
let p0 = new TranslatePoint(xF(xi), yF(yi))
let function = constructor(p0)
select new
x = xi,
y = yi,
xD = mappedX,
yD = mappedY,
i = apply(function, p0)
(x, j) => j < max && x.NormSquared() < 4.0)
pBuffer[(int)(p.x + p.y * sWidth)] = (uint)(uint)((uint)0xFF << 24) |
(uint)(p.i << 16) |
(uint)(5*p.i << 8) |
(uint)(15*p.i); ;
void FireUpdate()
if (PropertyChanged != null)
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs("PixelCount"));
PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs("Source"));
We done. Now let's see how fast it can be to generate and display 10,000,000 live pixels (it's about 16,000×16,00x32bit image) in screen. The maximum, I was able to get with my Dell Latitude D820 was 1,200,000 x 1,200,000 pixels indexed 4 bit image (it's about 100,000,000 points) and my memory is over
Not bad, ah? So WPF scales and DPE are right? Not quite right, but let them to do their work and we'll be behind to come all client's dreams (and DPE's promises) true.
Have a nice day and be good people. Now you can use WPF for drawing big number of points.
March 2nd, 2008 · Comments (37)
37 Responses to "How to: High performance graphics in WPF"
Evgen Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
This is very intresting article.
Could you please upload the source?
Roman Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
I have the same problem as Nirupama.
I need to display 4000 objects and each object contain 100 polyline segments.
Could you please upload the source?
Any Help would be highly appreciated.
Sean McDirmid Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
I tried to reproduce your code but it seems fairly impossible: too many things are missing. Is this meant to be a sample or are there lots of proprietary things so you can't provide all the code?
Tamir Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
Nirupama, I think, that the best choice for you is InteropBitmap. It allows you to create and fully manage underlying image source. Seek for it in my blog
Nirupama Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
Thsi is a gentle reminder..for the above query…
Please do give in your inputs…That would be of great help..
Thanks and Regards,
Nirupama Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
Thanks a lot for the response..Writeable Bitmap fits really well in the scenario. Am able to create a smooth running graph at high rate using the writeable bitmap..
Another challenge on that is whether would I be able to Scale the graph using some smart way rather than performing basic bitmap scaling.
Also when I am asigning the bitmap source from writeable bitmap as a source to Image, the changes in the dPI value does not reflect,, are the wPF elements like Image or canvas the culprits… I need to change the DPI settings of the image from the default of 96..
Thanks in Advance
Tamir Khason Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
Nirupama, if there is user interaction (mouse over, etc), you probably should check WritableBitmap. If not, use InteropBitmap, but it tiers
Nirupama Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
I wanted to develop a WPF project that has very intense performance requirements, and I thought it was best to consult you on this before designing the app.
The application would be rendering data obtained from a medical hardware as charts. For this, the requirements are:
1) Requires rendering of almost 250 points every 4 milliseconds in a chart (to be connected by a line or Bezier curve). The rendered points will also have a spectrum of colors (as in a heatmap).
2) The rendered points would move when new data is pumped by the hardware and rendered (as in a ECG)
3) At any given point there could be over a 150,000 moving points on the chart (because the chart window would display data of 3-5 seconds).
4) Also later we would like to retain the history of data points of past 60 seconds or so.
5) There could be upto 12 such chart displays running parallel at the same time in a window on the application.
I seek your thoughts on what could be the best approach for rendering these points and animating them. Some kind of selectively invalidating the UI would be desirable here. Also what are the recommended options for storing this much data for history purpose. The problem demands something at a very low level in the WPF stack.
How much workable would it be to draw a very specific curve using interop bitmap method. Given the requirement what will suit best?
Any Help would be highly appreciated,
Thanks in Advance
Adiel Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
This is very intresting article.
Could you please upload the source?
Peter Bromberg Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
This is really hot struff. Reminds me of Benoit Mandelbrot's coffe-table book on fractals. I hope you'll write some more and include downloadable sample Visual Studio soln.
Tamir Khason Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
Eric, WritableBitmap is good candidate for such work, however, it still much slower, then InteropBitmap, that, actually, refreshes itself directly from memory section.
Eric Hill Says:
January 1st, 2009 at 12:39 am
I'm one of the people regularly complaining about the need to solve the million-point problem in WPF, so I am thrilled to have another approach to try, so thank you. I'm curious, though, if you know what relationship there might be between your approach with InteropBitmap and the new and improved WriteableBitmap class that is coming in beta in late Spring in the next update to WPF?
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Seb Says:
March 16th, 2011 at 5:40 am
Please could you upload the source code? I can't seem to put together all the peaces of the code you posted and I think that would help a LOT of people!
Thank you!
Erick Says:
January 7th, 2012 at 6:24 pm
Fast Line Rendering in WPF Says:
February 14th, 2012 at 6:22 am
[…] for Tamir Khason for pointing me in the right direction for creating an interop bitmap. Thanks to Dwayne Need for […]
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Production of Baraka's 'Dutchman' at multiple venuesWritten by John Dorsey | | firstname.lastname@example.com
When the play Dutchman was first produced, it was considered to be not only controversial, but truly shocking. The sexually charged tale of interracial politics and violence by famed beat poet Amiri Baraka offered a disturbing view of the issues faced by those living through the turmoil of the 1960s.
Now the play will make its way to the Collingwood Arts Center and the Ground Level Coffeehouse, under the direction of local poet Gary L. Bond. The Collingwood performance will take place May 11 and the Ground Level performance will take place May 20.
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"I first directed it in college and then at venues like UT, BGSU and Wayne State's Hilberry Theatre," Bond said. "The end monologue is really something, just very powerful. It's vital when you decide to take on the piece that you become familiar with Baraka's other works, particularly "Blues People," which I told the actors to read. This is a piece that could happen anywhere; what's important is that there are real beats to the play itself."
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Weekdays at Noon on 92.3 KTAR
KTAR Middays
Perry's real border plan
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Total number currently on active duty in support of the partial mobilization for the Army National Guard and Army Reserve is 33,640; Naval Reserve, 8,884; Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve, 37,264; Marine Corps Reserve, 4,129; and the Coast Guard Reserve 1,498. This brings the total Reserve and National Guard on active duty to 85,415 including both units and individual augmentees.
At any given time, services may mobilize some units and individuals while demobilizing others, making it possible for these figures to either increase or decrease.
A cumulative roster of all National Guard and Reserve who are currently on active duty can be found at http://www.defenselink.mil/news/Jun2002/d20020619ngr.pdf .


text: Costa Mesa's Only Four Diamond Hotel Experience a world of luxury style accommodations and amenities at Orange County, Costa Mesa's only AAA recognized 4 Diamond hotel. Less than 3 miles from John Wayne Airport (SNA), the Avenue of the Arts Wyndham Hotel's central Costa Mesa location offers a tranquil oasis just steps from an array of the world's finest shopping and cultural centers for the arts. Orange County's newest AAA recognized 4 Diamond hotel offers a tranquil lakeside setting near luxury shopping and cultural events About the Airport - Our tranquil lakeside setting offers close proximity to famous attractions, John Wayne Airport (SNA), sporting events, amusement parks, beaches, and transportation. Resort-style Accommodations - Our Costa Mesa AAA recognized 4 Diamond hotel accommodations offer an urban escape with fine luxury features and beautiful lakeside and garden views. Our resort-style lodging is well appointed with granite baths, hardwood flooring, an executive work desk with ergonomic chair, laptop safe, wireless internet, flat screen TV's, stocked mini-bar and walk-out balconies. Premier Hotel Amenities - The only luxury hotel in the area, our newly renovated retreat features an idyllic location and the finest services and amenities. Guests of the hotel enjoy poolside private cabanas, dining at Silver Trumpet Restaurant, state-of-the-art gym and sauna, Business Center, and 15,000 square-foot event facilities for meetings & weddings.


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« WSJ: When Two Phones Are Better | Main | Vacation Time »
Reading the Fine Print on the HSBC GM Rewards Card
By JLP | August 3, 2012
NOTE: Notice there are no links to sign up for the credit card. That's because I don't hawk credit cards here at AFM.
Received a GM Rewards Card offer in the mail today. This particular card offers 0% APR on purchases and balance transfers for 15 months (3% balance transfer fee with a $15 minimum) and 5% cash back on purchases. They make it a point to say that there is no cap on that 5%. Sounds pretty good.
There's a catch (there's always a catch, isn't there?).
Although there is no limit on how much you can earn from the 5% cash back, there are lots of restrictions on how you can apply it towards a vehicle purchase.
For instance, the cashback balance can be used with other discounts EXCEPT any of the following:
• GM Employee Purchase Program; QRD
• GM Dealership Empoloyee Purchase Program
• GM Enhanced Dealership Employee Purchase Program
• GM Supplier Discount Program
• the Credit Union Member Discount from GM
In addition, there is a cap on how much you can apply towards a purchase:
For 2012 models (these amounts are subject to change), you can redeem:
• up to $1,000 on the Chevrolet Cruze or Buick Verano; and
• up to $1,500 on the Chevrolet Silverado or Cadillac CTS; and
• up to $2,000 on the GMC Yukon, and
• up to $3,000 on the Chevrolet Corvette or Cadillac Escalade
I suppose it's better than nothing but I'm pretty sure we would do better using the supplier discount.
Topics: Credit Cards | 3 Comments »
3 Responses to "Reading the Fine Print on the HSBC GM Rewards Card"
BG Says:
August 3rd, 2012 at 7:31 am
Are there any restrictions preventing you from using that card to purchase a Ford (and getting the 5% cash back)?
Kate Says:
August 3rd, 2012 at 10:43 am
Many years ago there were no limits as to how much could be applied to a vehicle purchase (and my husband used the rewards twice on GM vehicles). After they put the limits in place we stopped using the card. I have no idea what a GM Supplier Discount is, I'll Google it now.
Evan Says:
August 3rd, 2012 at 1:12 pm
For what its worth most dealerships won't allow you to use a credit card to buy a car because they don't want to get hit with the merchant fees.


text:
2014 Unit of Study
The session(s) below are for 2014. For Summer School 2014 unit of study availability please visit the Summer School website (main Summer session January/February 2014).
The University of Sydney session calendar shows exact dates for sessions.
|Research Case Study II
|UoS Code
|Credit points
|Semester 1 and Semester 2
|Assumed Knowledge
|Additional Information
|This is a research unit which requires special permission from the Unit Coordinator please contact Dr Andrew Collins: firstname.lastname@example.com
|This unit is research based and has no class requirements
|Proposal (15%), final presentation (20%), final report (65%)
|This unit provides the opportunity for coursework students who have successfully completed the Research Case Study I unit to investigate an additional topic in the transport/logistics/infrastructure field or to further their existing research into a particular topic. The unit involves a semester long research project, on a single transport, logistics or infrastructure topic. The topic may either be selected from a list proposed by the academic staff at ITLS, or negotiated with a staff member, based on the students personal or professional interests. The research can take a number of forms. An existing research finding or methodology may be refined or investigated in a different context. Academically strong and ambitious students may seek to obtain more original results. Another alternative is a critical investigation of a case study, or a critical comparison of a range of approaches to a problem, that are either implemented in industry or proposed in academia. Through this unit, students will develop skills in critical thinking, independence of thought and action, and management of a complex, uncertain project. The unit is ideally suited to the strong student who is seeking a competitive edge over others within their profession, or to students who may be interested in future, research based study.


text:
The recent debt ceiling negotiation wrestling match resulted in the United States losing its AAA credit rating and also resulted in the creation of a new committee. The Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction, also known as the Supercommittee or Super Congress, was created by the Budget Control Act of 2011 on August 2.
Deficit Reduction Versus Democracy
Ecuador's Social Spending Increase Lifted Many Out of Poverty
The Fight to Save Social Security Begins Now
Shamus Cooke: Obama's Deficit Reduction Commission attacks Social Security and Medicare. The retirement age would be raised from 67 to 68 (for those born after 1959) and from 68 to 69 (for those born after 2006). But current retirees will be affected too. The social security cost of living adjustment will be unhinged from the inflation index, meaning, payments will decrease via inflation.


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Project management skills: Earn the technical respect of the team
Your project management skills won't take you far if you can't earn the technical respect of developers and testers on your IT team.
Earning technical respect helps a project manager communicate better with the software team. Mickey W. Mantle and...
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Ron Lichty cover this topic in their new book, Managing the Unmanageable – Rules, Tools, and Insights for Managing Software People and Teams. The book notes that programmers are more motivated and more likely to stay on the job when project managers have earned the programmer's technical respect.
The book lists the following ways a project manager can earn technical respect:
- Understanding the art of computer programming
- Having a good track record
- Making some notable technical contribution
- Keeping up with technical trends and technologies
- Being an active member of technical or professional organizations
- Demonstrating strong personal values
There are many opportunities for IT professionals to come by project management skills. One is to take advantage of learning from online publications such as SearchSoftwareQuality and participate in online groups or local user group meetings. Learning programming skills and the tools and techniques that developers and testers use helps project managers speak the same language as team members and more clearly understand the issues and obstacles that the team is facing. This clear understanding is a key to earning technical respect.
Mantle and Lichty offer much more advice about motivating development teams, which ultimately will lead to successful software delivery, such as the importance of earning technical respect. The advice and guidelines offered in the book are useful and relevant for project managers as well as resource managers.
Dig Deeper
Related Q&A from Yvette Francino
Scrum process: Understanding how to use story points
Agile expert Yvette Francino explains how the concept of story points -- a gauge of complexity -- works in the Scrum process of software development.continue reading
Web-based application testing versus desktop application testing
Project managers need to understand the major differences between Web-based application testing and testing traditional desktop applications.continue reading
Do in-house testers beat an outsourced security testing service?
Security testing is very specialized. Is it better to outsource this effort or should in-house testers be responsible for security testing?continue reading
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Look out Will and Jada, your days as Hollywood's coolest parents are numbered! While strolling the red carpet at the VMA's last night Beyonce announced her latest collaboration with husband Jay-Z: a child! The news is not totally unexpected, as Bebe had hinted that she wanted a baby by the age of thirty. Considering she turns the big 3-0 on Sunday, we'd say her timing is right on! In honor of the happy news, we'd like to present the fab 'n' fierce twosome with own lil gift: a gallery of their cutest couple-y moments. This is heirloom material, you guys. Enjoy all of their most adorable pics below!
[Photo: Images]
View Photo Gallery


text: Most members of Butch Jones' new Tennessee coaching staff got healthy raises to come to Knoxville, according to salary data released today. New coordinators John Jancek and Mike Bajakian received raises of 97 percent and 82 percent, respectively, over their 2012 salaries.(I wrote about the 2013 salaries for Jones' first staff at Tennessee earlier today. For 2012 data, I'm using the USA Today database).


text:
The Step Deck Trailer Ramp System is the most popular and versatile ramp system for loading your Heavy Duty Equipment. These aluminum step deck trailer ramps are the lightest and strongest in the industry. Now available in 20,000 lbs or 23,000 lbs per axle capacity.
Check out this Step Deck Trailer Ramp System at
Tags: 20000 lbs, 23-18-192-02-02M, adjustable, aluminum, Deck, Discount, Discount Ramps, DiscountRamps.com, fully adjustable, Heavy Duty, Lightest, lightweight aluminum, Loading System, Ramp System, ramps, Step, Step Deck, Step Deck Trailer Ramp System, Strongest, System, Trailer, video, Videos


text:
Pack Players Select Leadership Council for 2013
Core group will represent each position on field
Thursday Football Notebook
Pack and Volunteers meet Friday at 7:30 p.m. on ESPNU
Pack Reports for Fall Camp Tonight
A preview of the 2012 squad
Spring Football Practice
Photos from the first day of spring practice
In 2013: Starting strong side linebacker.
In 2012: Ineligible to compete in 2012, he practiced with the team.
In 2011: Moved to the strongside linebacker position for 2011 spring drills, he was named the starter at that position in the preseason ... Started the first six games of the season before suffering an abdominal injury and missing the Virginia contest ... Came back and started versus Florida State, then injured his foot and missed the remainder of the year following surgery ... In for 414 snaps and tallied 33 tackles, including five stops behind the line of scrimmage ... Picked off his first career pass in the opener vs. Liberty.
In 2010: Quickly earned a spot as one of the Wolfpack's top special teams players, his 237 special teams snaps ranked second on the team ... Also saw action from scrimmage as a safety in eight contests, including a season-high 29 snaps in the win over Boston College ... Made six tackles in that contest and also scored a touchdown when he fell on a blocked punt.
Prep: Lined up at both safety positions for coach Sheddrick Risper at Westside High School ... Listed as a three-star recruit by Rivals.com and Scout.com ... Intercepted three passes during his senior campaign ... Recorded 85 tackles, four interceptions and four fumble recoveries as a junior ... Named all-region, all-state, All-Bibb County and all-Middle Georgia for his efforts as a junior and senior ... A sport management major.


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Rachel Richardson: Local artists show Toledo prideWritten by Rachel Richardson | | email@example.com
Camaraderie is where it's at! There is strength in numbers! United we stand! Divided, we can't get squat done! The more the merrier! Kumba-freakin'-YA!
Perhaps you've heard that Toledo is the coolest and most revolutionary city in the Midwest? If not, you haven't been hanging out Downtown with the world changers, which means you may not know that in some of the particularly happening spots, you will always find several people wearing Toledo gear (I'm wearing my Shine 419, "Portland doesn't need you" shirt as I write this), drinking out of pint glasses emblazoned with logos of local nonprofits (designed by talented, long-time friends), or fantasizing about buying (better yet, actually buying) the local art on the walls.
We're shouting it from the rooftops! Well, actually, from our Facebook pages … but still, this place has some serious spirit. And do you know why? Because it is very easy to get behind and show support for people and places that are trying to improve the state of things, and who are really good at it, and who are having a really good time doing it. Here are some examples. The Ottawa Tavern on Adams Street has live bands six out of seven nights a week for free. They also hold regular fundraising events for things like teachers trying to supply their classrooms or community members with outrageous medical bills. Wesley's Bar and Grill, also on Adams Street, hosts the best weekly dance party you've ever seen and also hosts regular fundraisers for friendly politicians and nonprofits.
The Glass City Rollers are a team of athletic personalities who are easy to love, even if you don't think you like sports. They also donate half of their 50/50 raffle winnings to local nonprofits at each of their home bouts. Old West End Records represents so much musical talent that I could write an entire column about the different combos it turns out to play each week. They also donated sound equipment and know-how to a memorial celebration of the life of Dr. Robert Brundage during the summer.
Toledo GROWs is creating community gardens and teaching urban populations about sustainability. The Center for Choice is providing women with reproductive choices and quality care. My organization, Independent Advocates, is working to change the community's response to domestic violence. Some of my dearest friends are working on campaigns for Carol Contrada and Marcy Kaptur.
This is important work and we're all running full speed ahead into our duties to leave this place better than we found it. It's a big job, no doubt. But we're leaning on each other and getting an awful lot done.
If you're paying really close attention, you'll notice something else. The staff at the Glass City Cafe is wearing Glass City Flamingos T-shirts (a very new softball team coached by none other than Star columnist and everyone's favorite hippie, Stacy Jurich), and Independent Advocates' staff are wearing Glass City Rollers T-shirts. I bet the next time you see local artist Anthony McCarty, he'll be wearing a Devicious T-shirt (the one with the sunglasses seems to be his favorite).
Cross promotion does not begin to describe what is going on here. We are all so proud of each other and are so moved by each other's work that we can't help ourselves but to gush over and laud what everyone else has going on, which buoys the spirit that much more.
The hope that we are making our contemporaries proud has become a certain fuel that we run on. Productivity seems to be growing exponentially. It's as if we were all born at the exact right time to do this very thing.
And of course we were.
So, what's your cause? You have one. We all do. I know a woman who recently lost a dear friend to breast cancer. In the six months or so since her friend passed away, she has established a memorial fund and built and raced a team in her honor during this year's Race for the Cure. She could not help herself but to answer a problem with something positive and powerful. It's in the water in Toledo!
Together, we really are changing our corner of the world. We cannot help ourselves.
Rachel Richardson is an activist, musician and a product of Toledo. E-mail her at email@example.com.
Tags: ACT, Carol Contrada, Glass City Rollers, Independent Advocates, Marcy Kaptur, Rachel Richardson, Shine 419, Stacy Jurich


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High diving in Kazan: The women's 20m high diving at the World Swimming Championships
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text:
Buglers, drummers, cannons of wars
At the site of the largest surrender of the Civil War, historic interpreters shared facts not only about the War Between the States but the American Revolution, the War of 1812, World War I and World War II.
For Memorial Day, Bennett Place Historic Site presented "United States Military Through the Ages," with camps, displays and sessions on military uniforms, music, weaponry and tactics used during warfare in the 18th through 20th centuries.
Volunteer Matt Vincett was dressed as an American officer during the Revolutionary War. He showed spectators a 3-pound cannon used in 18th-century artillery, and the three kinds of shots. A solid shot was a 3-pound iron ball that could travel about a mile. Grape shot looks like grapes, and canister shot sprayed musket-ball sized pellets. The iron ball was used first, resulting in "a fairly horrific death," Vincett said. As the opposition approached within 600 to 800 yards, grape shot was used, then canister shots for 400 to 600 yards. Then they switched from cannons to muskets.
"You're basically up against bayonets, advancing in exploding musket balls," Vincett explained. Being in artillery was a highly trained, indispensable job.
"You had to calculate range, distance and trajectory to fire a cannon. You needed to know math to be in artillery," he said.
"They did have bombs in the 18th century, shot out of howitzers and mortars," Vincett said, rather than cannons. A 4-pound bomb was hollow iron filled with gunpowder and a hand-packed wooden fuse inside.
"There's a song that talks about bombs bursting in air at Fort McHenry," Vincett said, referring to "The Star-Spangled Banner" depiction of the Baltimore defense against the British during the War of 1812. "Francis Scott Key wrote that poem while watching this happening, bombs bursting in air."
After Vincett, two living historians dressed as Civil War Union musicians talked about how integral music was to soldiers' daily lives and battlefield directives.
Bugler Bill Stallings said Bennett Place was close to his heart because his great-great-grandfather William Henry Stallings was in the Confederate 66th Regiment of the North Carolina Infantry during the Civil War and was surrendered at Bennett Place. On April 26, 1865, Confederate Gen. Joseph E. Johnston surrendered soldiers from Tennessee, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida to U.S. Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman at the Bennett family farm in Durham. The generals later became friends.
Stallings said that during the Civil War, the first call of the day was not reveille, but assembly of the buglers. Stallings and historic drummer Mark Robertson are both in the 26th North Carolina Field Music, a reenactors regiment.
The full reveille lasted about 15 minutes, Robertson said, and soldiers had to be in line by the end of it. He likened it to an alarm clock that keeps going and going. Soldiers kind of resented the musicians, too, because they were paid more for their skills. But they went from hated to loved, Stallings said, because right after reveille was the buglers' breakfast call. Each call meant do something else, from getting up to going to eat to getting in line. He also talked about the origin of taps, which was a version of the last bugle call of the day, extinguish lights, that U.S. Gen. Dan Butterfield asked bugler Oliver Wilcox Norton to rework in 1862. The notes Butterfield gave Norton are close to the 1835 tattoo bugle call.
Bugle calls used on the battlefield were shared by both sides. Confederates used the same manuals as U.S. troops, so when a bugle call was made to change direction, charge or retreat, the opposing side knew what their enemy was doing, Stallings said.
Mickey Kropf, who lives in Durham, visited Bennett Place for the first time on Sunday.
"Living history is always neat. It's fun to see them so passionate about it – it comes through in their talks," Kropf said.
Andrew Stephenson of Raleigh and his childhood friend Aaron Sawyer of Fort Bragg first visited Bennett Place two days prior, found out about the Memorial Day observance and came back on Sunday.
"I like it. It's really interesting," said Sawyer, who is an active Army infantryman himself. "I like history. It's engrossing."
Sawyer said he went right to display tables when they arrived and was curious about comparing weapons used during the American Revolution. He said that in school, he learned about the surrender at Appomattox, not Bennett Place, which was the largest surrender of the war.
"There's a lot of good stuff here. This is a tucked-away place," Sawyer said.
Michael Murray, of Raleigh, watched the living history presentations and said he was impressed.
"I read a lot about the Civil War. I like it here because this is where they came in peace. I don't go to reenactments – I don't like even pretend hostility," Murray said. "I like the spirit here, that the conflict was resolved here."


text:
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text:
A method of enhancing the growth rate of animals comprises passively immunizing them with growth-enhancing amounts of anti-somatostatin antibodies.
1. A method of enhancing the rate of growth of an animal which comprises administering to said animal growth-enhancing amounts of antibodies against somatostatin.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said antibodies are polyclonal antibodies.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said antibodies are monolconal antibodies.
4. The method of claim 2 or 3 wherein the species of animal from which said antibodies are derived and the species of animal which will be administered said antibodies are homologous.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein whole antibodies are administered.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein Fab' fragments of said antibodies are administered.
7. The method of claim 2 or 3 wherein the species of animal from which said antibodies are derived and the species of animal which will be administered said antibodies are heterologous.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein Fab' fragments of said antibodies are administered.
9. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the antibodies are administered by packaging a growth enhancing amount of the antibodies into slow-release delivery devices and implanting the devices in the animals to be immunized.
10. The method of claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein the antibodies are administered by injecting the animals with a solution comprising growth enhancing amounts of said antibodies.
This invention relates to a method of enhancing the growth rate of animals. More specifically, this invention relates to enhancing animal growth rate by passively immunizing them with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against somatostatin.
Somatostatin or somatotropin release-inhibiting factor is an antagonist of growth hormone releasing factor (GHRF) and is believed to interfere with growth by inhibiting growth hormone (GH) secretion.
Scientists have theorized that if somatostatin (S) does inhibit growth hormone secretion, manipulation of its levels may affect growth rate and body composition of animals bred for meat production. Literature reports of efforts to accomplish animal weight gain by auto-immunization, however, have been inconsistent. For example, Spencer and Williams reported auto-immunizing lambs with somatostatin linked to a carrier protein. The auto-immunized lambs gained weight more rapidly than did the control lambs; averaging 135% of the weight of the control lambs after nine weeks of treatment. Plasma somatomedin levels showed a five fold increase over the control levels; however, neither growth hormone levels nor insulin levels increased (Animal Production 32:376 (1981); Veterinary Record, p. 484, (May 22, 1984). In similar tests, Varner et al. reported that baseline and overall serum growth hormone concentrations were higher in anti-somatostatin (anti-S) auto-immunized lambs than in controls (Endocrinology 106:1027 (1980)). Despite this, Varner found that the immunized lambs gained significantly less weight than did control animals.
Thus, literature results on weight gain through active immunization are discrepant. It therefore is an object of this invention to develop a reproducible method for enhancing animal growth rates.
In accordance with the present invention, a method for enhancing the rate of growth in animals involves administering to the animals growth-enhancing amounts of anti-somatostatin monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the growth curve (mean weights) of rats which had been administered different amounts of heterologous antibody fragments specific for somatostatin.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating changes in blood urea nitrogen levels of the same groups of rats during the period they were treated with the antibody fragments.
The present invention relates to a method for enhancing the rate of growth in animals. More specifically, the invention relates to a method of enhancing growth rate by administering to the animals growth enhancing amounts of monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific for somatostatin obtained from the same species or different species of animal. As described in greater detail below, if homologous antibodies (i.e., antibodies derived from the same animal species as that to be treated) are used, either whole antibodies or antibody fragments may be administered. If the antibodies are obtained from a heterologous source (i.e., the antibodies are derived from a different animal species than the species being treated), preferably antibody fragments, rather than whole antibodies, are administered.
The antibodies used in the method of this invention are generally obtained using conventional techniques. Somatostatin is isolated, purified and coupled to a carrier protein. Typically, immunization of animals with an endogenous substance does not lead to antibody production against that substance. By coupling the endogenous protein, somatostatin in this instance, to an exogenous, carrier protein, a protein hybrid is formed which can be used as an antigen to elicit the desired immune response. A variety of carrier proteins can be linked to the somatostatin, including albumin, serum albumin, thyroglobulin, and δ-globulin.
Polyclonal antibodies may be obtained in accordance with conventional procedures. An animal, such as a rabbit, is infected a number of times over a period of, typically, a few weeks with the somatostatin-carrier protein hybrid. Blood samples containing the anti-somatostatin antibodies then are extracted from the animal.
The techniques for making monoclonal antibodies also are well known and are taught by U.S. Pat. No. 4,172,124 (1979), issued to Koprowski and incorporated herein by reference. Typically, the somatostatin and carrier protein are cross-linked with a cross-linker such as glutaraldehyde and injected intraperitoneally into an animal with immune response capability, preferably a mouse or a rat. Most of the antibodies formed are directed against the carrier protein; only a few are directed against the somatostatin. Spleenic lymphocytes are removed from the animals and screened for antibodies having a high specificity and affinity for somatostatin. The desired lymphocytes are suspended in a non-lethal medium.
Animal myeloma cells capable of being fused to lymphocytes from the injected animal then are mixed with the lymphocytes. The myeloma cells preferably are of the same species as the injected animal. The myeloma cells and lymphocytes are combined under cell-fusing conditions to produce the desired hybridomas.
The hybridoma cells are separated from unfused cells by placing the cell mixture in a medium which selectively kills the unfused myeloma cells and fused myeloma homokaryons but allows the hybridomas to survive. Standard commercial media can be used for this step. The unfused lymphocytes have a finite lifespan in vitro and naturally die, whereas the hybridoma cells reproduce indefinitely in a nutrient medium under cell growth conditions.
The monoclonal antibodies may be produced in vitro or in vivo using well-known methods. In vitro culturing of the hybridoma cells in a nutrient medium results in secretion of antibodies into the medium.
The supernatants of mature hybridoma cell cultures are tested for the presence of antibodies which selectively bind to somatostatin using conventional methods such as ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay). Cultures producing the desired antibodies are selected and subsequently cloned and characterized. The desired cell lines then may be cultured using conventional techniques. Samples may be frozen in liquid nitrogen for future use.
The anti-somatostatin animal antiserum can be purified by conventional means, such as ammonium sulfate precipitation and sepharose affinity chromatography. If desired, the purified anti-somatostatin immunoglobulins then can be digested with papain and the digest purified on a second column to yield anti-somatostatin Fab' fragments. If the animal from which the antibodies were obtained is of the same species as that which is to be immunized, either whole monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies or the Fab' fragments thereof may be administered. If, on the other hand, the antibodies are obtained from a heterologous animal species, it has been found that the Fab' fragments are more effective than the whole antibody in enhancing animal growth rate. It is theorized that when the whole heterologous antibody is administered to an animal, the antibody stimulates its own immune response and is inactivated. There is a much lower chance of this occurring when the animal is immunized with Fab' fragments.
The antibodies can be administered to animals in one of several ways. One easy and convenient method is to package a growth enhancing amount of the antibodies or antibody fragments into a slow-release delivery device and implant the device into the animal. The delivery device may be in the form of either a reservoir or a matrix system. Matrix and reservoir systems are well known in the art as implant devices and such systems comprising the antibodies useful in the method of this invention can be constructed in accordance with conventional techniques. The antibodies also can be administered by means of an infusion pump, such as those manufactured by Alza Corporation. Alternatively, the animals can be injected with a solution, such as a saline solution, containing a growth enhancing amount of the antibodies or antibody fragments.
The quantity of antibody preparation necessary to inhibit the action of somatostatin and, therefore, enhance growth rate varies with the animal species. One skilled in the art can readily determine optimum dosage ranges in target animal species by conducting standard dose titration experiments. For example, it has been found that a dose of approximately 10 to 20 μg of antibody per day is sufficient to lower somatostatin levels in 100-300 gram rats and show approximately 10-15% growth enhancement over other rats of similar weight which received saline injections.
The present invention is illustrated by the following example, which is not to be construed as limiting.
Anti-somatostatin IgG antibodies derived from rabbits were obtained from Purification Engineering, Inc. The antibodies were digested by papain, and the digest repurified on an S-Sepharose 4B affinity column. A total of 5.4 mg anti-S Fab' fragments were obtained (135 ml. 40 μg/ml of Fab').
Eighty 3-week old Cox SD rats were randomly assigned to four treatment groups. One group was designated the untreated control, one group the saline control, one the high Fab' group and the fourth was designated the low Fab' group. These last 3 designations are defined below:
Saline control--injected control with 0.5 ml saline (0.9% NaCl)
high Fab'--20 μg/injection in 0.5 ml saline
low Fab'--200 ng/injection in 0.5 ml. saline
After being quarantined for three days, intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 ml were given on days 1, 3 and 5 of each week for the duration of the 8 week study. Every two weeks one group of 5 animals from each of the 4 experimental conditions was weighed and sacrificed. Blood samples were taken and the sera were frozen and stored for future analysis. The bodies of the dead animals were inspected for unusual features.
The rats of each group were housed in a colony cage measuring 26"�20"�7" during the 8 week trial. The mean weights were taken at two-week intervals of all the rats present in each group. As noted above, in order to collect blood samples at each weighing date, five rats were sacrificed from each group every two weeks on the weighing day. Therefore, the number of rats represented by the mean varied from 20 rats at days 0 and 14 to 5 rats at day 56. All rats were fed standard laboratory rat chow and water, both ad lib. Lighting conditions were 16 hours of light and 8 hours of dark. The temperature fluctuated with ambient temperature (approximately 20� C.). Table A below shows the results of the mean weights. FIG. 1 shows the growth curve (mean weights) for the different groups. The percentage weight gain of the high Fab' group compared to the saline control group is listed in Table B below.
TABLE A______________________________________Mean Weight in Grams with Standard DeviationNontreatedSalineDays ControlControl High Fab' Low Fab'______________________________________ 0 87.9 � 8.3 86.8 � 7.9 89.5 � 10.1 85.8 � 8.414 177.5 � 19.7 167.1 � 23.7 181.3 � 19.8 168.0 � 20.928 279.3 � 24.4 257.2 � 31.5 267.0 � 31.7* 243.6 � 29.942 350.3 � 27.9 323.1 � 31.9 362.1 � 23.1* 313.4 � 26.256 394.0 � 22.6 373.0 � 17.5 403.4 � 15.6* 359.8 � 23.2______________________________________ *Differ significantly from saline control by a twosided Dunnetts' test (Gill, J.L., Animal and Medical Sciences Bol. I, pp. 183-185 (1978) Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa), and by analysis of covariance (Steele, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H ., Principles and Procedures of Statistics, McGrawHill Book Co. Inc. N.Y. (1960) ch. 3, pp. 43-44, ch. 4, pp. 57-58 and ch. 5, pp. 67-76).
TABLE B______________________________________Gain Improvement of Fab' Group Comparedto Saline Control % Gain of Fab' Group Compared toDay Saline Control______________________________________ 0 102%14 107.3%28 105.7%42 111.2%56 109.6%______________________________________
The levels of nitrogen excreted by an animal are a good indicator of anabolic activity. The levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were measured to substantiate the weight gain results. FIG. 2 shows the mean blood urea-nitrogen levels for the different groups. As shown in FIG. 2, the BUN levels measured in the experimental and control groups suported the weight data. The group injected with high Fab' fragments showed significantly lower BUN levels than the other groups.
In similar operations, an increased growth rate is achieved in various species of birds and mammals, when they are administered growth promoting amounts of monoclonal and polyclonal Fab' fragments and whole antibodies from homologous species and monoclonal and polyclonal Fab' fragments from heterologous species.
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"We're walking a thin line here," Willett told me of going a less travelled path than bluesy, chord-changing contemporaries like The White Stripes and Black Keys. "People want certain things from us and we want certain things with evolving, and ['Miracle Mile'] felt like a really happy place for everybody." In terms of that growth, Willett feels Dear Miss Lonelyhearts "accomplished a lot of things that I think we kind of wanted to work towards with the last record as far as exploration."
And explore they do. Known for frequenting art galleries and museums in each city they travel to (they're freshly back from visiting a Dieter Roth exhibit in Chelsea before our chat and were amazed by the Philadelphia Museum of Art's Outsider Art show), Nathan and Matt have strong artistic visions on the boil. While the Cold War Kids vocalist reconciles penning and singing songs for a rock band with his English major tendency to over-analyze the written word, Maust —whose imagination is behind all of the band's album art and merch— too seeks an interwoven balance between the group and his mixed media photocopy prints and film side projects.
Constantly injecting his personal life into his songwriting, Nathan is relieved to confirm that his wife of almost five years has never once had a conversation with him about what any lyrics are about—not ever. "That, in a weird way, is so essential," he shares with gratitude. "[Her asking] that question spoils something, and there has to be that line for me."
Allowing their peers, aesthetic inklings, and personal lives to keep them inspired, Willett and Maust don't envision the evolution of Cold War Kids slowing anytime soon: "We want to get busy right away," Willett urges after I ask if new music outside of DMLH is on the horizon. Having their own studio certainly helps, and after a year of rebuilding and re-inventing themselves after fracture, their focus is inward and optimistic.
Notorious for not finishing projects of old, both band members seemed pleased to describe how they've become more organized creatively in recent months. The kind of group that's less interested in songs being perfect and more interested in finding innovative ways to release a high influx of material, the California quartet can look forward to upcoming dates on their domestic and European tours, opening a handful of shows for The Lumineers, and then headlining a bigger show schedule in the fall without worrying about ideas getting lost during grueling hours spent on the road.


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Stimulus-feature Specific Modulation of the Visual Processing by Audiovisual Intermodal Orientation of Attention
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Stimulus-feature Specific Modulation of the Visual Processing by Audiovisual Intermodal Orientation of Attention
Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering,
1(2): 116-124.
Sunao Iwaki and Mitsuo Tonoike
Human Technology Research Institute National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8566 Japan.
Here, we studied how the intermodal selective attention between vision and audition affects the sensory information processing in the human auditory and visual cortical areas. Specifically, we investigated whether audio-visual intermodal orientation of attention modulates neural activity in the human visual and auditory cortices. We used MEG to assess the neural activity in both the primary auditory area and the extrastriate visual areas, where visual stimulus features such as color and shape are processed, while subjects performed spatial and non-spatial discrimination tasks, as presented by either visual or auditory modality, under three attentional conditions, namely a) selective attention to vision (V), b) selective attention to audition (A), and c) divided attention between vision and audition as neutral condition (N). MEG signals were analyzed by using linearly-constrained minimum-variance (LCMV) beamformer and the differences of the estimated activities in the visual cortical areas between the conditions were statistically tested. Neural activity in the contralateral occipitotemporal area (BA18) was significantly increased under the V condition in the spatial discrimination task but not in the non-spatial (color) discrimination task. On the other hand, attention to vision significantly enhanced activity in the posterior inferotemporal area (BA19, 37). The results support the hypothesis that the intermodal selective attention between the visual and auditory modalities modulates the neural activities in the ventral visual system in the stimulusfeature specific manner at different latencies.
Audio-visual attention, data analysis, magnetoencephalography (MEG), spatial filter, spatial visual/auditory discrimination experiment, ventral visual system.
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I decided to make 2 topics. How do I add a Games tab and an Apps tab to the main menu? I know how to add the 4th tab. Also, how do I fully disable the hard drive menu? I mean like when I select games and then press "B" I don't want to return to the hard drive menu. I want to go to the main menu instead. Also, i'm having problems with the info panel and the 6 tabbed menu. Check those threads to see what I mean. Thanks in advance!
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