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More information on Patients & Families
More information on Education
More information on Research
More information on Community
We continue our zealous work delivering the "ICARE experience" to patients, families and each other.
In fact, over the past several months, we've taken significant steps, meeting with distinct job families (e.g., providers, ambulatory patient representatives, nurses, pharmacy techs) and carefully voting on sets of concrete, job-specific behaviors that, done consistently, will deliver an exceptional experience not only to our patients and families but to employees, as well.
With research showing that hospitalized patients are at least twice, possibly three times, as likely to fall as people in the general population, teams at Strong Memorial Hospital have been eagerly investigating fresh ways to keep patients safe.
Simon and Garfunkel's "The Sound of Silence" was extremely popular in the mid-1960s--in fact, the song was arguably one of the most iconic of its generation. Today, for hospitals across the country, the "sounds of silence" are just as momentous--they're one of the figurative gold standards caregivers chase in the quest to achieve higher levels of patient satisfaction.
It was only 7:30 a.m., but the room was already pulsing with Black Eyed Peas' ballad "I Gotta Feeling" as staff sipped coffee and scribbled down answers to trivia questions, eagerly awaiting the start of Strong Memorial's first ever cross-disciplinary retreat with hospital leadership.


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Monday, March 22, 2010
Questions People Ask Me
First, the number one most frequently asked question is…
Is any of this art for sale?
It's been amazing, and deeply humbling, how many times someone has asked me this question. I truly never ever expected that. The answer is complicated but I will try to make it brief and simple.
Right now, none of the Moby-Dick pieces are for sale. I want to keep the entire series of illustrations intact until I have completed all 552 because I would like to see them exhibited someplace, whether that be a small local gallery or a museum. If I sell even one individual piece, I can never make that happen.
Beyond that, I just really don't know what I will do. I might sell them individually. I might try and sell the entire series as a single unit. I might see about setting up some kind of silent auction, online or in person, for all of the pieces sold individually. I might even keep them. I've become really fond of them. I really don't know right now, and I am not trying to be a diva at all.
I do have a number of older pieces of art, of which I am also tremendously fond and proud of, available at this link here. Each of the pieces has a price listed, so please take a look and email me if you are interested in any of them.
Now the rest of the questions...
06) Will this art be collected into a book when you're done?
While I would love for that to happen, and would be thrilled beyond belief if it did, it is probably unlikely that there will ever be a book collecting these illustrations. There are several reasons and I'll go through them. First, since I'm using found paper as the foundation for nearly all of these pieces, this found paper almost always has previously copyrighted material on it. In some cases, the paintings or images are old enough that they are in public domain. In other cases, the images or diagrams are obscure enough that there is very little risk of the original publisher even finding out about this project. However, in other cases, the text or the imagery is recent enough and well-known enough that there might be copyright issues. Honestly, I really did think about this when I started the project, and I came to the conclusion that I was sufficiently transforming the original pages enough so that there would be no copyright infringement. I'm comfortable with that, but finding a publisher that agrees and will risk funding a book might be a different story.
The second reason, and one which, to me, makes much more sense, is that a book could be staggeringly expensive. There will be 552 full color pieces of art when I'm done. That means that any book would have to be, at minimum, around 300 pages but more realistically around 550 pages. The production costs, even for a paperback, of 552 full color pages of art would make any book very expensive indeed and I'm not sure if any publisher is willing to risk that on an unknown artist like myself.
In spite of that, I am definitely very open to the possibility of a book and would love to make it happen. I'll think more about how to pursue that when I get closer to completing the project. If anyone has any advice or guidance, I would be deeply appreciative if you would share it with me.
05) Why don't you post more typical blog entries?
I think this question must be asking about why I don't write more on this blog. Part of that answer is, as I wrote earlier, that I am by nature a rather private person. I think an awful lot of what is written online, in blogs and on Facebook pages and via Twitter and so on is incredibly self-centered and narcissistic. I have no desire to participate in this circus of digital narcissism and lay myself bare for the temporary enjoyment of web-surfers and cool-hunters that might follow some link, land here for a minute or two, wallow in some personal details of my life, and then disappear again searching for the next big meme. I want the focus of this blog to be the art itself, and so I refrain from writing anything that isn't absolutely necessary or in service to the art. While I will occasionally post a bit about my working methods and processes, you will never find any other personal details here. Honestly, I'm really not sure that my life is that interesting anyway, and certainly not to total strangers.
04) Why Moby-Dick?
This is a difficult question to answer because the answer can easily go on and on. In short, it is my favorite book, I think it is one of the best books ever written in any language, and I think it carries within its pages nearly everything a reader needs to know about life, death, love, hate, God, the world, good, evil, morality, spirituality, sexuality, ethics, truth, falsehood and finding meaning. I've read it many times, and it is one of the only books that has continued to yield richer and richer treasures with each new reading. I hope that these illustrations, humble and rough as they are, contribute at least a bit of something to the greater body of research and discussion about this amazing novel.
03) Who are you?
That's a weird question. I'm really quite a private person, especially with the particulars of my life, but I will share a bit. I am going to be 41 years old this June, I am white, I live in central Ohio, I have lived in Ohio my entire life, and I wear glasses. I am not an artist, nor do I have any formal artistic training. For me, making images is something I have been deeply interested in for my entire life, but for various reasons I never pursued it educationally or professionally. I have experimented with making photographs (35mm SLR camera, pinhole, Holga, Polaroid and digital), drawings, collages, comics and comic books. All with mixed results. Sometimes I've really loved what I made; sometimes I've been a bit embarrassed. In the end, it's all been part of the trip though. Let's see, what else can I tell you? I'm pretty short at around 5'5" and I like to mow the lawn. A lot. I am deeply and passionately in love with my wife of 9 years and she is the smartest and most beautiful person I know. We don't have any children, don't want any, and have never regretted that decision. I guess that's enough for now.
02) Where do you get all this found paper?
While I was in grad school, I worked in a used book store. Customers would bring in boxes of old books to sell to us, and we would evaluate them and resell most of them. Often, we ended up with lots of old books and maps and other paper ephemera that was just not going to sell due to condition, obscurity, or some other factor. Sometimes we priced these items at a dollar or even fifty cents and shelved them in our bargain section, but more often than not we simply discarded them. Dumpster time.
I began stockpiling anything that looked interesting. I was mainly interested in maps, diagrams, schematics, tables, science stuff and repair guides. I didn't know what I would do with it all, but I knew that some day I would use it. Now I am.
In terms of art supplies, I use whatever I want. Especially whatever I can scavenge or buy for cheap, like acrylic / craft paints, ballpoint pens, collaged stuff from magazines, crayons, ink, magic markers, nail polish, spray-paint, stickers, watercolors and whatever looks interesting. I don't use any digital effects on the art at all other than to scan the images and occasionally correct slight color or contrast imbalances so the digital image more closely resembles the actual art.
Some people have offered to send me some found paper. While I deeply appreciate the kindness, I have far more than I could ever use so it's really not a very good idea for me to take on any more.
01) Did you get this idea from the artist Zak Smith?
Zak Smith is an incredible artist who created one illustration for every page of Thomas Pynchon's Gravity's Rainbow. You can see them all online here, and there is a beautiful book collecting them all that you can order here. I don't know Zak and I have never met him but I have seen his art and, while I don't know whether or not he was the first artist to ever attempt something like this, he was the first whose work I encountered. I first saw his Gravity's Rainbow project a few year's ago so while it was not the direct inspiration for my own series of Moby-Dick pieces, it was definitely the genesis of the idea. In late summer of 2009, I was feeling very restless and unhappy and I wanted some kind of creative project to focus my energy on. Since I'm not a professional artist and don't earn any kind of substantial income from art, it had to be just the right project. Something that would reward me personally yet keep me tightly focused and disciplined. A good friend of mine, Tobin Becker, casually mentioned in an email that he remembered me going on endlessly about Moby-Dick in college and that remark sparked my memories of Zak Smith's series and this project was born.
5 comments:
Re: Moby Dick, which is my favorite book, too. I agree that in it one can find all those things you list - but also a gentle, forgiving humor that makes all that information accessible and not dreary. Without it, in my opinion, the book would be completely different - more like a long, scary rant. And the humor is so unexpected, which makes it even more brilliant.ReplyDelete
Elizabeth, you are absolutely correct and it was an unfortunate oversight on my part that I did not mention the humor in the novel. At times gentle and forgiving, yes, and at others quite outrageous, especially in the early chapters. I loved your point about how, without the humor, the book would be more like a "long, scary rant." So true, that.ReplyDelete
I have another question, and if it has been asked/answered somewhere else please direct me with a link, thanks! I keep wondering what sort of preparation you did before you began? Mental or otherwise! Obviously you had read the book before, but did you read it through once more directly before starting the project? Did you think for a while about what lines you would use from each page, or did you approach each page on each new day and think, hmmm, what line should I take today? Hmmm, I could do this, or this ... oooh I know, I'll do this. Prior to starting, did you organise your workspace in a way that would, ahem, promote 'smooth-sailing' throughout your project? I'm intrigued!ReplyDelete
Sam, while I have addressed this several times in a rather diffuse way, I don't think that I ever directly answered anything like this online, in a blog post or otherwise. I think most of that has actually come from the appearances I have made for book signings and so on. It's a really great question, and I will actually answer it on video and get it posted by this Sunday. Thank you for asking.ReplyDelete
Thanks, Matt!ReplyDelete

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Properties of turbid or scattering samples are determined using Raman spectroscopy with probe light delivered to and subsequently collected from the sample using a transmission geometry. The technique may be applied to pharmaceutical products such as tablets, diagnostic tests such as lateral flow diagnostic strips, and elsewhere.
1. A method of determining one or more properties of a pharmaceutical dosage formulation, the method comprising:
exposing a first surface of said formulation to incident radiation;
receiving, from a second surface of said formulation spaced from said first surface, elements of said incident radiation forward scattered through said formulation from said first surface to said second surface;
detecting Raman scattered spectral elements in said received radiation; and
determining one or more of said properties from said detected Raman scattered elements,
wherein said pharmaceutical dosage formulation is diffusely scattering of said incident radiation between said first and second surfaces.
2. The method of
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7. A method of testing a plurality of pharmaceutical dosage formulations comprising applying the steps of
8. The method of
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11. The method of
12. A method of analysing the bulk of a pharmaceutical dosage formulation comprising
directing incident radiation at said dosage formulation and
detecting Raman radiation scattered in the dosage formulation using a transmission geometry,
wherein said pharmaceutical dosage formulation is diffusely scattering of said incident radiation.
13. Apparatus for analysing a pharmaceutical dosage formulation, comprising:
a carrier for retaining a dosage formulation;
illumination optics arranged to direct incident radiation to a first surface of a said formulation;
reception optics arranged to receive, from a second surface of said formulation spaced from said first surface, elements of said incident radiation forward scattered from said first surface through said formulation to said second surface, and to detect Raman scattered spectral elements in said received radiation,
wherein said dosage formulation is diffusely scattering of said incident radiation between said first and second surfaces.
14. The apparatus of
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23. A facility for testing a plurality of pharmaceutical dosage formulations comprising the apparatus of
24. The apparatus of
25. The method of
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27. The apparatus of
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29. The method of
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31. The apparatus of
32. A method of production of a plurality of pharmaceutical dosage formulations, the method comprising:
carrying out the steps of
for each formulation, analysing the detected Raman radiation to determine one or more characteristics of each formulation.
33. The method of
The present invention relates to methods and apparatus for determining properties of turbid or scattering samples using Raman spectroscopy, and in particular, but not exclusively, to determining one or more bulk properties of manufactured dosage formulations such as tablets, capsules, gel capsules and skin patches, which are used for clinical delivery of pharmaceutical products.
The invention may also be applied to diagnostic tests, such as lateral flow diagnostic tests, in which the presence of an analyte is expressed by detectable Raman spectral characteristics of an assay carried by a membrane.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,556 discusses the need for manufacturers of pharmaceutical products to monitor properties of tablets and other dosage formulations as they are produced. Traditionally, this has been achieved by taking samples from a batch of products to a laboratory for post-production testing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,919,556 discusses using Raman spectral analysis of pharmaceutical tablets on the production line itself. A laser beam is directed to a Raman probe in front of which a tablet is positioned. A small proportion of the illumination photons are inelastically Raman scattered in the surface region of the illuminated tablet. Backscattered Raman photons are collected by the probe and are directed to a spectrograph for analysis.
Another Raman probe which could be used to analyse pharmaceutical tablets is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,897,951.
The techniques used in this prior art yield an analysis of only a very limited portion of a tablet, because the backscattered Raman radiation originates from a small region around the point of incidence of the laser beam. Even if a wide area probe, such as that described in WO2005/060622 is used, and almost all of the Raman radiation originates from a thin surface layer of the tablet. Therefore, characteristics of material in the interior or at other surfaces of the tablet are undetected.
In WO97/22872 a continually changing surface region of a tablet is exposed to an incident laser beam through a conical aperture through which scattered Raman photons are also detected. The surface region is continually changed by rotating the tablet behind the apex of the conical aperture and varying the distance from the centre of rotation to the conical apex. However, the Raman signal is still heavily biased towards the illuminated surface of the tablet.
The use of Raman spectroscopy to evaluate solid-state forms present in tablets is discussed in Taylor, L and F Langkilde, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol 89, No. 10, October 2000. Properties of interest include salt formation, solvate formation, polymorphism, and degree of crystallinity.
It would be desirable to provide methods and apparatus for analysis of pharmaceutical dosage formulations, such as tablets, in which the Raman radiation detected and analysed to carry out the analysis represents more than just a surface region.
It would also be desirable to be able to apply such methods and apparatus to manufacture and testing of pharmaceutical dosage formulations.
It would also be desirable to provide similar methods and apparatus for analysis of other types of turbid media, especially, but not exclusively, during manufacture or post manufacture testing.
It would also be desirable to provide an improved method of detecting an analyte in a diagnostic test device, such as a lateral flow test strip, and to provide a corresponding test device and apparatus for carrying out the detection.
The invention seeks to address these objects and the problems of the related prior art.
The invention provides a method of probing a sample, in particular the bulk or interior, or an interior portion of a sample, and especially of a diffusely scattering or turbid sample, by directing incident radiation at a first surface, surface region, area or portion of the sample, collecting forward scattered radiation from a second surface, surface region, area or portion of the sample, and detecting Raman radiation, arising from Raman scattering of said incident radiation within said sample, in the collected radiation. This may be applied to the mass production of a plurality of similar discrete objects, by carrying out these steps on each object and, for each object, analysing the detected Raman radiation to determine one or more characteristics of each object. The method may also be used to analyze various different living tissues, preferably non invasively, such as bone, cartilage, bone marrow, brain, nerves, lipids, blood through skin and teeth, by making such tissue the sample in embodiments of the invention. Advantageously, the forward scattered Raman radiation contains information from the full scattering depth between the first and second surface regions. In contrast, use of a backscattering geometry only provides information from a shallow depth beneath the illuminated surface. The method may particularly be applied to diffusely scattering solid samples.
Particular aspects of the invention provide a method of determining one or more properties of a pharmaceutical dosage formulation, such as a tablet, capsule or gel capsule, comprising: exposing a first surface region of said formulation to incident radiation; and receiving and detecting Raman scattered radiation from a second surface region of said formulation, said second surface region being spaced from said first surface region. One or more of said properties may then be determined using said detected Raman scattered radiation.
Using this method, the analyzed Raman signal is less representative of the surface of the dosage formulation and more representative of the whole contents of the formulation, and therefore more representative of the material to which a subject given the formulation will be exposed, for example after digestion. In particular, a region of impurity away from the illuminated surface may be detected. Properties which may be detected in this way include the presence of different polymorphs, hydrated forms, solvates, and salt forms, in particular of active pharmaceutical substances. Other properties include the presence of remnant chemical reagents and other impurities.
Analysis may be based on proximity of a measured Raman signal to an ideal or predefined template, on analytical decomposition of detected Raman spectra using known spectra of likely impurities, or by analysing features such as spectral shifts and widths of spectral lines and peaks.
In the case of a capsule in which the pharmaceutical is contained within an exterior casing, the method may be used to reduce the relative contribution made by the casing to the detected Raman radiation. However, the pharmaceutical dosage formulation may be any suitable-vehicle with appropriate scattering properties, such as a tablet, a coated tablet, a capsule, a gelcap or a drug carrying component of a skin patch or similar. The method may also be used to analyze a dosage formulation contained within an envelope or package, such as a tablet or capsule in a blister pack.
Methods of the invention may be used to test a plurality of pharmaceutical dosage formulations, for example on a mass production line or in a test facility, by applying the method to each of the dosage formulations.
When the Raman radiation is collected from said second surface region, it has been scattered through the dosage formulation from the first surface region, so that the first and second surface regions mutually define a transmission, or forward scattering geometry. Typically, the second surface region may be on an opposite side of the dosage formulation to said first surface region, but more generally may be spaced from the first surface region in a manner such that forward scattered Raman radiation is transmitted to said second surface region to be received and detected, such that the Raman radiation detected originates from more than just a surface zone of the dosage formulation.
In addition to detecting and analysing forward scattered Raman radiation, the method may also include collecting backscattered radiation, detecting Raman radiation in said backscattered radiation, and using the results of the detection in determining one or more properties of the formulation.
Typically, the dosage formulation will be held or supported in a carrier. This carrier may have one or more inner surfaces facing said dosage formulation, and at least part of these surfaces may be mirrored so that radiation is reflected back into the formulation to increase the amount of detected Raman radiation and improve the sensitivity of the method. In particular, a suitably mirrored enclosure will have the effect of improving the degree to which the detected Raman radiation reflects properties of the whole formulation.
The carrier may comprise a first aperture through which the first surface of said dosage formulation is exposed to said incident radiation, and a second aperture through which Raman radiation is received from the second surface of said dosage formulation.
Typically, the incident radiation is generated using one or more lasers.
Spectral information, such as line strengths, widths, or full-spectra, obtained from the detected Raman light, may be used in a variety of ways for further analysis, such as by comparison with template or "ideal" spectral information, by decomposition into two or more known or expected spectral data groups or spectra, or by measuring line shifts in frequency or width.
The invention also provides apparatus for putting methods of the invention into effect, for example apparatus for analysing a pharmaceutical dosage formulation, comprising a carrier for retaining a dosage formulation, illumination optics arranged to direct incident radiation to a first surface region of a said formulation, and reception optics arranged to receive and detect transmitted Raman radiation from a second surface region of said formulation, the second region surface being spaced from said first surface region.
The illumination optics may be as simple as a laser source abutted against or directed at the first surface region, or more sophisticated arrangements could be used. Typically, the reception optics will comprise collection optics, and a spectrometer, filters or other spectral selection apparatus arranged to detect or isolate one or more elements, wavelengths or other aspects of said Raman radiation. For example, a Fourier Transform spectroscopy arrangement could be used, or one or more suitable spectral filters with one or more suitable photo detectors.
Typically, the apparatus will also comprise an analyser implemented as a computer, dedicated electronics, or some mix of the two, and arranged to derive one or more properties of the dosage formulation from said detected Raman radiation. Typically, the apparatus will also comprise a laser source for generating the incident, or probe radiation.
Apparatus of the invention may be used for testing pharmaceutical dosage formulations, living tissue, and for other applications. One such other application is for security purposes, such as probing a tag or chemical marker embedded in an object such as an identity card or passport.
The invention also provides a method for detecting an analyte using a diagnostic test device or assembly, such as a lateral flow test strip, wherein such a device comprises a membrane for receiving a liquid sample containing an analyte, and reagants selected to express one or more Raman spectral features in presence of the analyte, adapted such that probe light can be directed at a first surface of the membrane, and such that light scattered within the membrane can be collected from a second, opposite surface of the membrane, for detection of said Raman spectral features.
The invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings of which:
Referring now to
Suitable wavelengths for the incident laser light are around the near infrared part of the spectrum, for example at 827 nm with a laser power of about 88 mW as used in the example discussed below in the "Experimental Example" section, where further details of suitable optical arrangements for the illumination, receiving and detection optics can be found. However, any other suitable wavelengths may be used.
Some of the photons of the incident laser light undergo Raman scattering in the tablet. The production of Raman photons having particular wavelengths depends on the chemical structure of the tablet, so that chemical properties of the tablet such as polymorph types, degrees of hydration and the presence of impurities and undesired salt and solvate forms can be deduced by analysing the scattered Raman photons. The computer analyser 22 uses the spectral results from the detector 20 in this way to deduce one or more properties of the tablet. These properties could be used, for example, to reject a tablet because of excessive levels of a particular polymorph or impurity.
A number of different properties which can be determined using the invention are discussed in the related prior art, such as Taylor, L and F Langkilde, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 89, No. 10, October 2000, pp 1342-1353, and in references cited therein.
Most of the Raman photons backscatter towards the illumination optics. Almost all of the backscattered Raman photons have been produced close to the illuminated upper surface of the tablet, so only allow properties of that surface region to be deduced. Raman photons also scatter forwards and emerge from the lower surface of the tablet. Although the number of forward scattered Raman photons is small compared with the number of backscattered photons, these forward scattered photons originate from a relatively even range of depths throughout the tablet, so allow bulk properties of the tablet as a whole to be deduced. The spectrographic detector could take a variety of known forms such as a conventional spectrograph, a Fourier Transform spectrograph, or one or more filters in conjunction with one or more photo detectors.
In the embodiments illustrated in
Because the general method of the invention has reduced sensitivity to surface composition, it may be used to determine characteristics of a turbid medium such as a tablet or other dosage formulation when within an envelope such as packaging, for example a tablet already packaged for distribution and sale in a blister pack. This is illustrated in
Embodiments of the invention may be used to analyse not just tablets non-invasively, but also other forms of dosage formulations such as capsules, by suitable configuration of the carrier, illumination and receiving optics. The method enables the suppression of interfering surface Raman and fluorescence signals, observed with conventional Raman backscattering approaches, originating from the capsule shell, and revealing of the Raman spectra of active pharmaceutical ingredients contained within the capsule. The same principals also apply to other turbid, scattering media, so that the invention may also be readily applied in other fields such as probing of living tissue in depth, non-invasively. For example, in-depth probing of bone, cartilage, bone marrow, brain, nerves, lipids, blood through skin and teeth may be probed. Such analysis of living tissue may, for example, be used to detect physiological conditions such as disease. Other examples include the characterization of jewellery, such as jades and pearls, or corn and other kernels and seeds for their oil or oleic acid concentrations in quality control and high throughput screening.
Numerical Model
A Monte Carlo model was used to simulate the transport of illumination and Raman photons scattering within a turbid medium such as the pharmaceutical tablet 10 of
The propagation distance, t, over which the photon direction is randomised, can be crudely approximated as the transport length of the scattering medium (lt) (Brenan C. and Hunter I., Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 27, p561, 1996) which is defined in a similar manner as the average distance photons must travel within the sample before deviating significantly from their original direction of propagation. The transport length is typically an order of magnitude longer than the mean free scattering length (ls) of photons in the medium; the precise relation ls =(l-g)lt, where g is the anisotropy for the individual scattering event. In the present model it was also assumed that the wavelength of light propagating through the medium was substantially shorter than the scattering length ls.
The modelled sample 60 is illustrated in
The model assumed that all the illumination photons were first placed at a depth equal to the transport length lt and symmetrically distributed around the origin of the co-ordinate system x,y. The beam radius of the incident light r was 3 mm and the beam was given a uniform 'top-hat' intensity profile with all the photons having equal probability of being injected into the sample at any point within its cross-section. In the model, the Raman light was collected firstly at the top sample surface 62 from the illumination area of the incident light, and separately on the opposite side of the sample 64 symmetrically around the projection axis of the top collection/laser illumination area.
The laser beam photons were propagated through the medium by translating each individual photon in a random direction by a step t. At each step there was a given probability that the photon would be converted to a Raman photon. The absorption of photons was assumed to be insignificant in this simulation. This parameter is expressed as optical density for the conversion of laser beam photons to Raman light. That is, for example, an optical density (OD) of 1 or 2 per 1 mm corresponds to the 10-fold or 100-fold decrease of the number of illumination photons through conversion to Raman photons, respectively, passing through an overall propagation distance of 1 mm. The optical density accounting for the conversion of illumination photons into Raman photons was set to 0.01 per mm-. Although this value is higher than that of real conversion, it only affects the absolute number of Raman photons, and not the spatial dependencies of concern in the studied regime. When an illumination photon is converted into a Raman photon the layer where this occurred is identified and recorded. Raman photons are propagated in the same fashion as illumination photons. A dominant mechanism for photon escape exists at the sample-to-air interfaces 62,64, as all the laser photons emerging from the sample at these interfaces do not return back into the sample and are effectively lost from the migration process. A Raman photon emerging at the top or bottom interface within the collection aperture of radius 3 mm centred on the axis of the laser beam are separately counted as detected Raman photons. Any photon emerging from the sample is eliminated from further calculations.
The numerical code for putting the model into effect was written in Mathematica 5.0 (Wolfram Research). 100,000 simulated photons were propagated, each over an overall distance of 40 mm which is in line with typical migration times observed in Raman spectroscopy in the absence of absorption. The step size used was t=0.2-mm (i.e. 200 steps was used). This corresponds to a sample formed from a powder having particle sizes of 10 and 20 μm diameter for the anisotropy of 0.9 and 0.95, respectively. It was checked that upon these times the vast majority of photons were lost at sample-to-surface interfaces. This process was repeated 50-times. Hence the overall number of propagated photons was 106 with the total number of steps considered being approximately 109. All the detected Raman photons in these repeated runs were summed up.
The number of Raman photons originating in the intermediate layer 66 and collected as backscattered photons at the upper surface 62, and transmitted photons at the lower surface 64, are shown in
For backscattering geometry, the model also reveals that an increase in sample thickness from 1 mm to 4 mm results in a 58% increase of the Raman signal detected in the backscattering geometry. In simplistic terms, this could be wrongly interpreted as extra Raman photons (amounting to 37% of the overall Raman signal observed for 4 mm tablet) being produced in the extra 3 mm thickness added to the top 1 mm sample layer. However, the model of a 4 mm-thick sample indicates that 88% of Raman signal originates in the top 1 mm layer and only 12% originates within the remaining 3 mm of sample thickness. The extra 3 mm of material not only contributes with extra production of Raman photons but also reduces the loss of Raman photons originated within the 1 mm-layer at the lower surface 64. Thus the increase in backscattered Raman photons through the addition of a further 3 mm of sample is also accomplished by returning Raman photons originating near the upper surface back towards the upper surface from where they may emerge and be collected. In the same way, some illumination photons are scattered back towards the upper surface 62 allowing them to originate still more Raman photons within the top 1 mm layer.
In an experimental arrangement, a two-layer sample was composed of a paracetamol tablet (500 mg, thickness 3.9 mm, circular diameter 12.8 mm, Tesco, PL Holder: The Wallis Laboratory Ltd. FOP234 MH/DRUGS/357) placed against a 2 mm thick fused silica cuvette with 300 μm windows filled with trans-stilbene ground powder. The cell width and length were 10 mm and 40 mm. Some measurements were taken with an illumination laser beam directed at the tablet, and some at the cuvette, in each case taking measurements of both backscattered and forward scattered (transmitted) Raman photons.
The illumination laser beam was generated using an attenuated 115 mW temperature stabilised diode laser operated at 827 nm (Micro Laser Systems, Inc, L4 830S-115-TE). The laser power at the sample was 88 mW and the laser spot diameter was about 4 mm. The beam was spectrally purified by removing any residual amplified spontaneous emission components from its spectrum using two 830 nm band pass filters (Semrock). These were slightly tilted to optimise their throughput for the 827 nm laser wavelength. The beam was incident on the sample at about 45 degrees. The beam was polarised horizontally at the surface. The incident spot on the sample surface was therefore elliptical with the shorter radius being 2 mm and the longer 2.8 mm.
Raman light was collected using a 50 mm diameter lens with a focal length of 60 mm. The scattered light was collimated and passed through a 50 mm diameter holographic notch filter (830 nm, Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc) to suppress the elastically scattered component of light. The filter was also slightly tilted to optimise suppression for the 827 nm elastic scatter. A second lens, identical to the first, was then used to image, with a magnification of 1:1, the sample surface onto the front face of an optical fibre probe. The laser illumination spot was imaged in such a way so that it coincided with the centre of the probe axis. Two more filters (25 mm diameter holographic notch filter, 830 nm, Kaiser Optical Systems, Inc, and an edge filter, 830 nm, Semrock) were used just before the probe to suppress any residual elastically scattered light that passed through the first holographic filter.
The fibre probe was comprised of 7 fibres placed tightly packed at the centre of the probe. The fibres were made of silica with a core diameter of 200 μm, cladding diameter of 230 μm and numerical aperture of 0.37. Sleeves were stripped on both ends for tighter packing of the fibres. The bundle was custom made by C Technologies Inc. The Raman light was propagated through the fibre systems with a length of about 1 m to a linear fibre end oriented vertically and placed in the input image plane of a Kaiser optical Technologies Holospec f#=1.4 NIR spectrograph with its-slit removed. In this orientation the fibres themselves acted as the input slit of the spectrograph. Raman spectra were collected using a deep depletion liquid nitrogen cooled CCD camera (Princeton Instruments, SPEC10 400BR LN Back-Illuminated Deep Depletion CCD, 1340�400 pixels) by binning the signal from all the 7 fibres vertically. The Raman spectra were not corrected for the variation of detection system sensitivity across the detected spectral range.
Results obtained using this experimental arrangement are shown in
It is clear from
The backscatter and transmission measurements using the paracetamol tablet without the cuvette show that the diminishment of the overall Raman intensity when going from the conventional backscattering to the transmission geometry was only by a factor of 12, thereby still allowing short exposure times to be used with reasonable sensitivity. Notably, a good Raman signal was observed in the transmission geometry even through a stack of two paracetamol tablets (7.8 mm thick) and it was still detectable through a stack of three paracetamol tablets (11.7 mm thick), with the signal diminishing by a factor of 16 and 400 respectively, compared with only one tablet monitored in the transmission geometry. The large illumination areas applicable in transmission geometry with pharmaceutical tablets and other dosage formulations also make it possible to use substantially higher laser powers without damaging the sample. This can be used to achieve further reductions in exposure times if required, in particular if combined with large area receiving optics.
The same experimental arrangement was used to obtain a conventional backscatter Raman spectrum, and a transmission Raman spectrum, for a variety of different pharmaceutical capsules, having a variety of different coloured shell sections. Generally, the coloured capsule shells induced a large degree of fluorescence which had a deleterious effect on the signal to noise ratio of the measured Raman spectra. Spectra measured using a Sudafed� Dual Relief capsule coloured green, using a ten second exposure time, as shown in
Diagnostics Applications
The invention may also be applied to diagnostic test technologies. Many clinical and other diagnostic tests are today carried out by an assay carried on a membrane. A sample which may contain a particular analyte is applied to the membrane, or to a pad coupled to the membrane, carrying one or more diagnostic reagants. Frequently, the results of a diagnostic test are detected optically, for example by means of a colour change, the visibility of a coloured band against a white membrane, or similar. Particular types of such diagnostic test arrangements include lateral flow, flow through, solid phase and agglutination formats.
For some tests, high sensitivity to small amounts of a target analyte species in the sample is critical, and various technologies have addressed this issue by using optical tags having distinct Raman spectral signatures which are expressed dependent upon the presence of the target analyte species. To increase the sensitivity further, colliodal gold is sometimes used to enable detection of the target species by means of the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy technique.
A typical lateral flow test arrangement is shown in
The present invention may be used in the optical detection stage of a lateral flow test such as that illustrated in
A number of different Raman spectroscopy techniques may be used to enhance detection of the expressed Raman spectral features, including resonance Raman, Surface Enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman spectroscopy.
It will be apparent to the skilled person that a variety of modifications and variations may be made to the described embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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1892 -1926: Newark becomes home to a series of independent institutions of higher education: New Jersey College of Pharmacy, New Jersey Law School, Newark Institute of Arts and Sciences, and Mercer Beasley School of Law
1927: New Jersey College of Pharmacy is incorporated into Rutgers University.
1929-1934: The Seth Boyden School of Business and Dana College are created from the Pre-Legal Department of the New Jersey Law School; Rutgers University -- a private institution in New Brunswick -- opens University College in Newark, offering evening classes. Newark Institute of Arts and Sciences and Mercer Beasley merge, forming the University of Newark.
1936: The University of Newark merges with Dana College, Seth Boyden School of Business and the New Jersey Law School, under the name of the University of Newark.
1945-46: Rutgers University is designated a New Jersey public university; the following year, the University of Newark, along with the Rutgers College of Pharmacy, becomes the Newark Colleges of Rutgers University.
1956: The Rutgers College of Nursing is established, 14 years after nursing was added to the curriculum.
The 1960s: The modern campus takes shape with the construction of academic buildings, a library and a student center, and Seth Boyden School of Business is renamed the Graduate School of Business Administration. A peaceful takeover of Conklin Hall leads to changes that impact the Newark campus and the entire University, transforming R-N from a mainly white institution, in a mainly non-white city, to a campus rated the most diverse national university campus in the United States by U.S. News & World Report in 1997.
- Rutgers-Newark welcomes the School of Criminal Justice, and the Graduate School-Newark is established as a free-standing academic unit. However, the Rutgers College of Pharmacy moves to the New Brunswick campus.
- The campus expands its facilities, constructing several academic buildings, the Golden Dome Athletic Center and Alumni Field, and its first residence hall, Talbott Apartments, and a parking deck.
- The Graduate School of Business Administration is renamed the Graduate School of Management, and the faculties of the Newark College of Arts and Sciences, the graduate School and the University College are merged to form the Faculty of Arts & Sciences-Newark.
- In 1996 retired Professor George Walker becomes the first African-American composer to win the Pulitzer Prize for music, for his work Lilacs. Walker had taught music, and been department chair, at Rutgers-Newark from 1969-1992.
- The construction spurt continues, adding the campus's first undergraduate residence hall, Woodward Hall, and Stonsby Commons, a dining facility; the Aidekman Research Center, housing the Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, and the Management Education Center, opens as do multi-million-dollar additions to Dana Library and Robeson Center. Construction of a $49-million Center for Law and Justice, then the largest building project in Rutgers history, is authorized.
- Researcher Paula Tallal's groundbreaking work on the neurobiology of speech, language and reading is used to develop computerized programs that help thousands of people overcome speech and learning disorders. By the early 21st century, the software is in use by more than 5,000 schools in the U.S.
- An undergraduate School of Management is created; the Music, Theater Arts and Art and Design departments are merged into the Department of Visual and Performing Arts, now called the Department of Arts, Culture and Media. The Center for Global Change and Governance is founded, as is the Institute on Ethnicity, Culture and the Modern Experience.
- 1997 marks the first year that Rutgers-Newark is recognized by U.S. News & World Report as the most diverse national university campus in the country, a recognition it still retains.
- Rutgers offers what is believed to be the world's first Masters of Arts in Jazz History and Research, and the Honors Program is expanded into a four-year Honors College.
The 21st Century
- The Center for Law and Justice opens its doors, and the Joseph P. Cornwall Center for Metropolitan Studies, the Center for the Study of Public Security and the Police Institute are established.
- The New Street Plaza opens, providing an oasis of green separating CLJ and Engelhard from MEC and Ackerson Hall.
- The Faculty of Management and Graduate School of Management become the Rutgers Business School-Newark and New Brunswick, reflecting an administrative restructuring and an integration of resources.
- The Prudential Business Ethics Center opens in 2002.
- Campus total enrollment exceeds 10,000.
- Major and minor in Portuguese and Lusophone Studies is established.
- Norman Samuels steps down as provost after 20 years to return to teaching (after a short stint as acting RU president). His successor is Steven J. Diner, who had been dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences-Newark.
- The main campus plaza is renamed the Norman Samuels Plaza.
- The Life Sciences Center opens, as does a new residence hall, University Square.
- The Documentation Center of Cambodia establishes an international archive center at R-N to collect and disseminate information on the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge era, with a particular emphasis on assisting the Cambodian North American community.
- The Graduate Program in American Studies is established.
- The newest school at Rutgers University, the School of Public Affairs and Administration, is established in 2006; two years later it offers the state's first undergraduate major in public service.
- Homecoming returns to Rutgers-Newark for the first time in decades, offering students and alumni a weekend of opportunities to connect, reminisce and have fun.
- In 2006, Rutgers-Newark is awarded the Community Engagement Classification by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, one of only 115 U.S. colleges and universities so designated.
- The Center for the Study of Genocide, Conflict Resolution, and Human Rights is established.
- Renowned author Jayne Anne Phillips develops the campus's Master of Fine Arts Program in Creative Writing; a few months before classes begin in 2007, the program is proclaimed one of Five Up-and Coming Programs in Creative Writing in the U.S.
- In June 2008 Rutgers-Newark celebrates 100 years of higher education in Newark with a gala celebration, a keynote address by Newark Mayor Cory Booker, publication of an R-N history, A Century of Reaching Higher, and kick off of a scholarship fund.
- The Rutgers Business School consolidates its Newark facilities into a new facility at 1 Washington Park in 2009.
- History Professor Annette Gordon-Reed receives the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for The Hemingses of Monticello: An American Family, which also was awarded the National Book Award and the George Washington Book Prize.
- Rutgers-Newark is named one of the 25 "best neighbor schools" in the "Saviors of Our Cities: A Survey of Best College and University Civic Partnerships." The survey recognizes colleges and universities that work to spur economic expansion, cultural renewal and other improvements in their host cities.
- Rutgers-Newark serves as a national case study in diversity and leadership, for the American Council on Education spring fellowship program, 2009.
- Rutgers University in Newark is chosen to lead a $5 million, five-year, multiple-school program to substantially increase the number of underrepresented minority students pursuing majors in the fields of science, technology, engineering and math, also known as STEM fields. The Garden State Louis Stokes Alliance for Minority Participation (GS-LSAMP) is funded by the National Science Foundation.
- The Center for Urban and Public Service at 111 Washington St. becomes the new home of the School of Public Affairs and Administration.
- In fall 2010 Washington Monthly ranks Rutgers, Newark, at # 18 in the nation among National Universities for its contributions to public good, in its 2010 College Rankings issue.
- In honor of the 30th anniversary of the Marion Thompson Wright Lectures Series, Clement Price establishes the Clement A. Price Endowment for the Humanities to ensure the continuation of the lectures series. Price, Board of Governors Distinguished Service Professor of History and founding director of R-N's Institute on Ethnicity, Culture, and the Modern Experience, gives the university a $100,000 gift to establish the endowment.
- Science research on campus continues to gain global as well as national recognition in the 21st Century. Neuroscientist Gyorgy Buzsaki's years of pioneering research at Rutgers-Newark were rewarded in 2011 when he was named co-recipient of the European Brain Prize, awarded by the Grete Lundbeck European Brain Research Foundation, the most prestigious recognition for neuroscience research.
- Dr. Mauricio Delgado is one of only 85 researchers nationwide selected by President Barack Obama to receive the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers.
- Rutgers School of Law–Newark is rated third in the nation for its emphasis on the value of public service and the use of the law to advance the cause of social justice, in the Winter 2011 issue of prelaw Magazine's "Best Law Schools for Public Interest."
- Rutgers-Newark opens its first-ever on-campus child care center.
- The International Institute for Peace is established.
- Rutgers-Newark opens the Rutgers University Brain Imaging Center (RUBIC), under the direction of Dr. Steven Hanson, with a $1.82 million grant from the National Science Foundation. RUBIC offers the latest functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner technology, available to researchers on all four Rutgers campuses, as well as other institutions, for a wide range of studies.
- A five-student team fielded by the Economics Department comes in second in the nation at the national finals of the College Fed Challenge, bested only by the team from Harvard University. The feat marks the third time an R-N team places in the top three national teams.
- Chancellor Steven Diner steps down in December after nearly 10 years in office; Interim Chancellor Philip Yeagle takes the reins.
- In 2012, total enrollment exceeds 12,000 and Rutgers in Newark awards a record 70 PhDs.
- Dan Morgenstern retires in early 2012 after directing the Institute of Jazz Studies, the world's largest jazz archives, for 36 years.
- The 2012 Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers is awarded to Dr. Nihal Altan-Bonnet, biology department.
- The New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame names Rutgers Board of Governors Professor of Neuroscience Dr. Paula Tallal an "Inventor of the Year" in 2012 for her development of FastForward, a series of software programs that strengthen the neural networks for language development in individuals and has helped to bring positive change to more than three million people with language and literacy challenges.
- With the fall 2012 election of Elizabeth Warren as the first female U.S. senator from Massachusetts, Rutgers School of Law-Newark gains a second distinguished graduate in the Senate. Robert Menendez, a member of the Senate from New Jersey since 2006, is a 1979 alumnus of the Rutgers School of Law-Newark. Warren earned her JD in 1976. She has been named by Time magazine as one of the 100 most influential people in the world.
- In July 2013, Nancy Cantor is named Chancellor of the Rutgers-Newark campus, effective Jan. 1, 2014. Todd Clear, dean of the Rutgers School of Criminal Justice, is named interim chancellor through Dec. 31, 2013. Over the course of a distinguished 35-year career, Cantor had been chancellor and president of Syracuse University (2004 -2013); chancellor of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; provost and executive vice president for academic affairs at the University of Michigan; and dean of Michigan's Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies and vice provost for academic affairs.
- In FY2013 Rutgers-Newark brings in a record $33 million in external funding.
The City of Newark gains a second Rutgers campus: the Rutgers Health Sciences campus at Newark, part of Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences (RBS), which came into existence in July 2013 when the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) merged with Rutgers University. The College of Nursing becomes part of RBHS but remains housed at R-N. The merger increases Rutgers' total presence in New Jersey's largest city to more than 15,000 students, both graduate and undergraduate; more than1,200 fulltime faculty; and 49 buildings on 103 acres.
R-N continues to be a center of high-quality liberal arts and non-medical professional education, as well as top-level research institution. But R-N, which has long worked collaboratively with UMDNJ, now faces a future filled with new academic and research possibilities, as well as expanded opportunities for studying and improving human health and health care.


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Here you have this great character who can be the perfect killing machine, & what do they do constantly try to humanize her to make her vulnerable over & over & over again, it's a absolute complete waste of an amazing bad-ass
I'd like to see her on more execution squads doing what she does best. I just find it completely annoying how wolverine can go off on his own & kill a bunch of bikers or what ever with no body batting an eyelid.
While X-23 can't, she just doesn't belong on a team like the X-men team at all I think the only way to boost her character out of the whining emotional hole some writers have dug her is to have her do assassinations for nick fury or go totally lone gunman on the streets
Well just my opinion any how


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The open source projects that ship with Synology NAS.640 weekly downloads
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Here you'll find several Open Source Software ported/compiled for AmigaOS (and compatible systems). This project was created with the aim to give support to the ppl who don't have the time/compiler to do it for itself since most stuff compiles OOTB14 weekly downloads
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Go for the Top-Notch Business Degree
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This degree is ideal for adult learners and traditional undergraduates who wish to transfer college credits, switch to business from another discipline or supplement a technical degree or background with a bachelor's degree in business.
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Step 1: Background
Step 2: Getting Started
The first step is to put in both laces. lace in the inner laces first (white), then the outer layer (brown).
Please notice: The inner lace's crossover point is on the inside of the inner flap, the outer laces crossover point is on the outside of the outer flap. This makes it so the inner laces ends come out towards you, and the outer's ends go in towards the shoe. We will repeat each laces order of lacing every grommet, so it's important to get it right now. It's clearer on the picture.
Awesoeme man! thanks for the tutorial! i have also looked online for a long time and i cant find anything on how to tie those...ecxept for your instructable :D
Your converse look cool too. if you want, you can join the Converse Lovers group and post this Ible for Converse Lovers all around to Enjoy.
LINK: www.instructables.com/group/converselovers/
its: http://www.instructables.com/id/How-To-do-shoelaces/
as for the instructable it's detailed enough to follow, and there are easily enough pictures.
my only criticism would be the lighting in the photos in steps 2-7 the flash causes the white lace to lose all contrast and misses necessary detail , a well lit close up makes all the difference.
a few years back i googled this site which has loads of interesting lacing tips and in particular this page
detailing a method for lacing a double row of eyelets, it might be worth browsing if you are looking for a different way to lace your shoes


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Have you had enough of all the neglect and abuse of ME/CFS patients? Gabby Klein says now is the time for a National PR Campaign for ME/CFS to impress a change. Join the Patient Revolution to restore power to ME patients ...
Discuss the article on the Forums.
Article: The "A Time For Action" Campaign Is WORKING!
Discussion in 'Phoenix Rising Articles' started by Phoenix Rising Team, Oct 12, 2010.
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Polls show President Obama's approval rating is 60%.
"No one is on your side. Everone is sick of your democrat CRAP!" Gee, that must be why Kasichs approval numbers are onl 27%.
Once again the Repubs are using the less fortunate as pawns in their little games. Keep the tax breaks for the wealthest people or we will stop all unemployment benefits. Don't run ad telling the truth or we won't give you ANY funding. What a bunch of thugs.
No wonder Kasich's approval ratings are so low. He just can't seem to keep his personal feelings from affecting his public decisions. He likes big business - tax breaks for you. He dislikes firefighters, police, teachers, unions and public employees - SB5 for you. In the mean time where are the jobs, jobs, jobs he promised?
Polls show President Obama's approval ratings at 60%. This is what happens when you have a free market. The oil companies set the price for oil and gas. They know they have the consumers over a barrel (pun intended) and until people realize that the days of cheap oil/gas are gone forever and ever and will never ever come back and move on to alternative and renewable fuel sources you will continue to pay the price. Oil is traded on the global market and the oil companies are not about to take one penny less than the highest bidder is willing to pay. Do you really believe that they will sell oil to the US at a lower price? Why? Because they like us and what us to be happy?
According to the MLS home sales are steady, down from the past few years, but steady. Buyers are out in numbers because they know they can find some really good deals. A great time to buy, a poor time to be a seller, especially if you purchased your home at the top of the curve. Open houses are very active.
Latest polls show President Obama's approval rating at 60%. Just saying.
Posters seem tobe missing the point that these boys had already been warned. What kind of parent teaches his/her kid that rules are for everyone else but you darling child are special, privilaged, entitled and can do whatever you want. The parents won't find it so funny when busing is cut out of the schools budget and they are driving their own stinky kid to and from school.
So, what you're saying is we need more cameras. I agree.
The facts seem to counter your argument.
Kasich's approval rating is a dismal 24% according to the last polls. By his actions, it would appear he is planning to raid the state of any and all assests, sell them to friends and supporters, and then leave for a cushy private sector job with a huge golden parachute.
The PD supported Kasich over Strickland.
Diesel, all of DA9's posts are pretty much the same, including the poor grammer and spelling. Content is pretty thin as well.
Bonney, the drop in demand is a temporary short term drop since oil/gas prices spiked. The US uses a reportedly 24% of the crude oil products produced world wide. The only country coming anywhere near the US for demand is China. China is predicted to pass us by within the next 10 years. But, you are correct when you say speculation has driven the price up. That's what you get in a free market - supply vs demand. We can drill a million oil wells and it won't drop the price of oil as long as the oil companies have a buyer willing to pay top dollar.
They did, the problem is no one paid any attention. Actually they said over $5.00/gallon.
Because gas is sold for the highest price a person is willing to pay. And we have just shown that we are willing to pay over $4.00/gallon for it. Oil is sold on an international market and China is fast overtaking the US in oil demands. If the oil companies can't get the price they want from the US they will just sell it to someone willing to pay. It won't matter if drilling is done on US soil or somewhere else the gas of oil isn't going down EVER. It is not a renewable energy source, there is a limited supply and the demand in the US just keeps going up.
Precept, you can't make a blind person see. Everytime there is an article about oil the foolish start chanting drill baby drill. Drilling is only a short term solution to a long (permanent) problem.
Last polls show a dismal 27% approval rating.
Cleveland, care to support that statement with some actual facts?
Actually I have held both hourly and later executive positions. Each company was different and you were compensated according to your worth. Perhaps your worth wasn't what you thought it was.


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Less than one year after prosecutors say he killed his grandparents, a 17-year-old Hawkins County boy has ended his own life.
According to the Knox County Sheriff's Office, Brandon Fannin hanged himself sometime between late Saturday night and early Sunday morning inside the Knox County Detention Facility.
Investigators say witness statements show Fannin never spoke of suicide. Deputies say he also left a note.
This time last year, Fannin was living with his grandparents at their home in Hawkins County. Investigators arrested him in April, after they say his shot his grandfather and stabbed his grandmother.
Fannin tried to break out of custody last month. Surveillance video caught him running for, then attacking a guard at the Richard L. Bean Juvenile Service Center in Knoxville.
Fannin was transferred out of the juvenile facility shortly after.


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Handled with Care
Control Center Laundry with AdaptAble™ Controls
- The LG Electric SteamDryer™ uses real steam and EasyIron™ technology to reduce wrinkles and odors in just one cycle. Plus, ReduceStatic™ virtually eliminates static cling, so your clothes will come out of the dryer fresh, pressed, and ready to wear. (Capacity: 7.3 cu. ft.)
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Design, features and specifications subject to change without notice.


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Front Row (L-R): Amanda Mitchell (USF), James Caravallyo (USF), Lauren Lum (Regis), Liz Vestal (SLU), Karla Cabangon (Ateneo de Naga); Second Row: Meg O'Neill (BC), Alex Gaynor (BC), Abigail Amico (SLU), Olivia Holzum (SLU), Julia Michalski (USF), Steve Guray (Ateneo de Naga); Third Row: Sarah Stachnik (USF), Katherine Pantangco (USF), Beatriz Betito (Ateneo de Naga), Cecille De Castro (Ateneo de Naga), Teresa Cichello (Fordham), Roberto Martinez (BC)
Front Row (L-R): Gabriel Richard (USF), Nebu Kolenchery (SLU), Matt
Shea (USF), Christopher Lamelas (USF), Casey Conneely (USF); Second Row (L-R): Sally Morton (USF), Carla Gibbs (SLU), Charles
Parker-Alofs (USF), Daniel Setiady (SCU), Willie McDonald (USF); Third Row (L-R): Nina Ragonese (USF), Katharine Borah (BC), Michael
Lank (BC), Moriah Bauman (BC), Alexandra Barrett (BC)
Top row (L-R): Justin Iselin (USF); Back row (L-R): Juliane Peithman (UC Santa Cruz), Amber Cavarlez (USF), Lauren Frank (USF); Front row (L-R): Yolanda Jones (LMU Los Angeles), Charlene Nayan (Seattle University), Colleen Ross
(Marquette University).
In August I boarded a plane to the Philippines, leaving behind my family, best friends, and boyfriend to live with strangers in an unknown community with different mindsets and traditions. I sat next to the oval window staring out at the San Francisco city skyline as tears swelled and stung. I regretted ever booking my ticket. Why am I leaving? Who, what, and where am I leaving? Five months of my life will be dedicated to this new community, to these new people. And what would I be missing out on in San Francisco? Nothing.
I missed out on nothing in San Francisco, because I gained so much in Manila. Looking back on my life in San Francisco before the Philippines I thought I would lose time. Time keeping up with friends, time with alarm clocks to keep up with my schedule, time I intentionally set to keep me unaware and distracted. With a rigid schedule there is no room to really look into the hours, minutes, and seconds that go into making up the valued definition of time. In the Philippines I met a second mother: Ate Ehmie. She, along with the Casa staff and friends I made there, allowed me to look at time differently. Time became a verb, it was a valued action of how I used my hours, minutes and seconds to interact, to love, to serve and to simply be. By intentionally looking at time as a space for getting to know others, loving others and fully exploring the depths of what I could be, feel or do, life became lighter.
In December I boarded a plane to San Francisco. I brought with me the memories of playing with the children I met, cooking with Ate Ehmie, talking with the Casa staff and CC's, and working through deep times with my new Casa friends. I looked out of the oval window and saw the Manila skyline, my eyes still swelled and stung, but it was from relief instead of regret. I could only cry from relief in knowing that there was still time, still valuable, intentional, light time to be spent.
It is hard for me to put into words everything that my semester in the Philippines with Casa Bayanihan was for me. A semester at Casa Bayanihan is comprised of many different parts: academics, community living, spirituality, but the part of the program that holds everything together is Praxis. During the semester, my praxis partner and I would sometimes joke that the long skirts and modest shirts that we wore to praxis made us look like missionaries—people sent to teach others about God. In the reality, however, nothing could have been further from the truth. I was not the missionary, but the disciple, and the men, women, and children that I met and spent time with during praxis taught me day after day.
At my praxis site every day I was welcomed in to someone's home and treated with generosity and love. Whether it was a tasty homemade snack or someone putting their work aside to be with me, the message that I really heard was "You are welcome here". Even with what I'm sure were our many accidental cultural faux pas and my broken Tagalog, all of the Filipinos that we met at praxis still invited us warmly into their communities. The love that my praxis site showed us during the semester moved me, and inspires me today to search for ways to share that unconditional love with others.
One of the things that most remember from spending time in my praxis community was the inclination to share anything and everything with others. Thinking back to one time that I brought a bag of chocolate cookies to praxis, it seemed like no one could enjoy their cookie unless they knew that other people had some to enjoy too. All I could do was watch, stunned, as the cookies I had baked were broken into halves, into fourths, into sixths and passed around until everyone had gotten a taste. Cookies are not the only things that I witnessed being shared this semester. Stories, babies, baby powder, jump ropes, rice, joy, and sadness- all of these things were all shared between neighbors, friends, and family. Witnessing these acts of selflessness and seeing the friendships and the satisfaction that came from this type of generous sharing made me reconsider my own life and the things that I sometimes hold too close to share. What if I also trusted that there would be enough rice for myself and my family and was willing to share some with others instead of hoarding it for myself, or trusted that there would be time to get my work done later so instead of worrying and being anxious I could just enjoy the present moment.
Since Casa Bayanihan and especially because of praxis, I have realized a much better understanding of what is truly important in life. When I asked one very wise woman at my praxis site what her priorities were in life, she said "Family first, then friends, then money." Sometimes in the United States it can be easy to forget what those things are that we should care about the most. I get distracted by my classes or by the internet or television and can make the mistake of ignoring someone or something that I should have paid attention to. Spending time in praxis helped me to see that things like how much money you make, or how many material possessions you have are not as important as questions like how much do you care for your family and who are your true friends? Now there is not a day that goes by that I don't appreciate the true joys of life; the people I know and the relationships I am building.
My Casa experience completely transformed my life. I find it hard to describe in words, in one sitting, what my casa experience really meant to me. I was broken open to be made whole again. There was some serious soul searching that went on. I think everyone who had the opportunity and privilege to experience casa has not been placed there for just any random reason. Throughout my experience in the Philippines, the reasons for me traveling there unraveled in many beautiful, and life changing ways.
It was a journey of self, a journey of accepting light and love, of learning how to choose what gave me life. I made extremely deep and genuine connections with not only the students and staff of Casa Bayanihan, but also with the families and children at my praxis site. I became connected with myself and the divine in ways I could have never imagined.
There was so much that I learned. I learned how to live more simply. I learned that when all of these material things aren't surrounding us, we can have a deeper connection with each other.
Growing up as a Filipina American, I had never been in touch with my culture. I longed to feel that connection most of my life. When I went on Casa Bayanihan, I was able to discover myself by getting in touch with my roots in a more intimate and meaningful way.
I feel like there were many important seeds that were planted during my time in casa. Since casa, I have been consciously trying to nurture these seeds and answer yes to the life within me that wants to live.
A Casa education is the most amazing and transforming vision and practice of education I have ever experienced, and I think Casa is really doing the type of spiritual work that is necessary to bring about social justice. Whoever has the privilege to experience something like Casa is truly blessed. I touched something there- some sort of inner peace- that I have never known before. I try to remind myself every day that this same sense of peace is possible in my life after Casa.
Back row (L-R): Gregory Ouellette (Georgetown University), Chandler Sinclair (USF), Ray Krickel, (USF),
Jorege Galvis (Fordham), Conor Smith (Boston College), Lauryn Gregorio (USF).
Front row (L-R): Kyla Santana (USF), Christina Solitaria (USF), Samantha Allen (Boston College), Jillian
Baker (Boston College), Erin McCarty (Boston College), Teresa Carino (USF), Sarah Estrada (USF).
I'm Boston bred, through and through. In fact, I'm what they call a "Double Eagle", in that I attended both Boston College High School and Boston College, as well as the son of two long lines of Bostonian families. I also happen to be the first member of the Smith clan to have had the opportunity to live outside of the United States for an extended period of time. This prospect was exciting for everyone, as almost certainly meant a family trip to Europe in the coming year. I still remember the looks of confusion when I told them of my plan to study in the Philippines. "The Philippines?" so many would ask, "Where even are the Philippines?"
To be honest, I hardly knew the answer to that question prior to my decision to study abroad there. For that reason, I remember struggling to explain my rationale behind choosing to study abroad with the Casa. I would try to explain how I wanted expand my Boston-centric world and to learn about a different culture. Yet, as many people pointed out, this could be done virtually anywhere—why choose a place that was literally on the other side of the world?
The answer to that question was much more complex, and constituted the true reasons why I ultimately chose to study with Casa Bayanihan. I knew I didn't want to simply study abroad to experience a new culture. What I truly wanted was the opportunity to learn about a culture that I knew virtually nothing about, both in an academic setting as well as by the marginalized people of that country. "If your desire to study abroad takes root in a willingness to be opened and challenged by relationships with those who suffer," states the Casa's website, "then the Casa's model of education has a place for you." The choice was clear, and with those words in mind, I packed up my life in Boston into a suitcase and shipped off to the other side of the world.
Of course, studying abroad in the Philippines wasn't worth it because of how it sold itself; it was worth it because of its ability to follow through on its promises. I did indeed grow in my openness, but as the Casa had promised, this came about through being challenged by relationships. I was asked to embrace a new culture, vastly different than the one I had grown up in. I had to orient myself in a city that dwarfed Boston in its complexity, something that I had thought all but impossible. I struggled to relate to people at praxis and elsewhere, who at times seemed to be (and sometimes literally were) speaking an entirely different language than the one I was used to.
Yet, it was within the challenge of building relationships with a people I found to be more hospitable and loving than any I had met before; within that complex city and country whose beauty was present as much in the traffic on Katipunan as it was in the caves of Sagada; within a culture that had once seemed so foreign and had now become central to the person I am today; that I found worth in my decision to study abroad with Casa Bayanihan.
Conor SmithBoston College (Class of 2013)Majors: English, PhilosophyMinor: International Studies
When I reflect back on the semester I spent at Casa Bayanihan, my mind and heart immediately recall the beautiful children of Kapit Bisig, my praxis site. I feel so grateful to have fallen in love with these children during the four months I was there and I feel blessed to be called Ate Lauryn by them ("big sister"). Their shining, joy-filled faces still make me smile, and the love they shared with me expanded my heart and allowed me to see myself and my life in a new way. Seeing the world through these children's eyes, with all of its suffering and goodness, immersed me in a new reality, broke my heart, and made me a more open and generous person. I can still remember what it felt like to walk through Kapit Bisig hand-in-hand with one of these precious little human beings, and I look forward to the time when I can go back to the Philippines and visit these children, who were among my greatest teachers and friends during my time in the Philippines.
The semester I spent in the Philippines was also a time of immense growth and transformation for me, particularly in the development of my spirituality. As I grew in community with my fellow Casa students and immersed myself in the reality of Kapit Bisig, my praxis site, the intentional integration of spirituality and reflection in the Casa Bayanihan program allowed me to feel grounded and supported. Community spirituality nights, meaningful conversations over dinner, retreats, and spiritual accompaniment allowed me to feel connected to myself, others, and God in a deeper way. I began to see and feel love and grace in the people around me, in nature, and in myself, in a way that was new and exciting for me. The joy, peace, and connection that characterized my spirituality during my semester in the Philippines has continued to enrich my life and guide me as I continue to deepen my spirituality and keep myCasa experience alive in my heart.
Lauryn Gregorio (Casa Bayanihan Spring 2012)Major: Theology and Religious StudiesMinor: Philippines StudiesUniversity of San email@example.com
Back row (L-R): Annie Rothrock (Santa Clara University), Diana Fitts (Santa Clara University), Suzie Lambert (Santa Clara University).
Front row (L-R): Zach Crosser (Boston College), Tara Peithman (University of San Francisco), Colleen Curry (USF), Luke Kantola (Santa Clara University), Marlee Thompson (University of San Francisco), Daniel Griffith (Seattle University).


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Our custom-roasted coffee (from Rojo's Roastery right here in Lambertville) is is available every morning.
On weekend mornings we host a three-course gourmet breakfast. We start you off with orange juice and Rich's home-made scones. Next enjoy a fruit course - fresh fruit cup in season, perhaps Breakfast Apples or Pear and Cranberry Bake in the fall and winter months. Blueberry Cornmeal Pancakes, Raspberry and Walnut topped Pan Perdue or individually prepared omelettes are a few of the possibilities you might experience as the main entree. Our breakfasts are served on Spode Fleur de Lys Gold Fine Bone China.
Frommer's recently published
Great Escapes From NYC Without Wheels
gives a glowing review to
The Martin Coryell House. The guidebook, which covers the greater New York area and southern
New England, also lists the Martin Coryell House under
"Best B&B Breakfasts,", a designation we share with just one other inn.
(for quote, see the last page of the book excerpt at http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/95/07645982/0764598295.pdf )
On Monday through Friday mornings, enjoy a continental plus breakfast - available as early as you want until 10 AM. Our continental breakfast consists of coffee/tea, orange juice, hot and cold cereals, fresh fruit, cheese, bagels and muffins.


text:
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SBA loan defaults and how it can impact personal credit
by RyanBridgeMgt, Window Shopper
- Created: November 4, 2013, 1:35 pm
- Updated: August 8, 2014, 7:24 am
During most consultations, the question always comes up on how this defaulted loan will impact their personal credit score. Unfortunately there is no simple answer to this question and it varies case by case. Depending on how you handle and deal with the defaulted SBA loan, it can make a big difference on how personal credit will be impacted. If a defaulted borrower decided to file for a bankruptcy, it can have major implications on personal credit for up to 8 years. When the business fails, the bank will come looking for you and the business debt flows over to personal debt via the signed personal guarantee. We are seeing that more frequently the bank is turning the file over to a local attorney who will file for a judgment in court to pursue the defaulted borrowers for the balance of the loan. The judgment simply states that the borrower owes the money, which can be fought or acknowledged through a court hearing. These judgments can have long term or temporary ramifications on personal credit depending on which steps are taken next. If you choose to ignore the bank and the SBA, they can freeze your personal checking accounts, or even worse turn the loan over to the Department of Treasury. IF you default on an SBA loan, the bank has the right to pursue you for the balance, by virtue of your personal guarantee. However, if you take advantage of the fact that the bank (and the SBA) are willing and open to negotiate a settlement on balance due, you can settle this debt BEFORE it is recorded on your credit report. The SBA offers and encourages banks to allow borrowers to make an Offer In Compromise (OIC). If you can present an OIC that the bank feels is a fair representation of what the bank would get at the end of a long, costly legal pursuit, you can negotiate a settlement relatively quickly. It is not easy, and requires a deep understanding of the SBA, bank regulations, and the OIC process, but it can be extremely effective and is a much better alternative than either bankruptcy or legal judgments. I am always available via email or telephone to answer any questions about SBA default situations. Bridge Management Consulting - email@example.com
Comments have been locked for this thread.
DLA | Performer | 8/7/2014 - 9:41 pm
Just to clarify, most banks don't report to credit agencies when it comes to
personal guarantees on commercial debt, so it would only have a credit impact
if a judgement was granted and entered against the borrower/guarantor. What
this means is that if a person can settle prior to any legal action taking
place, there is usually no credit impact.
personal guarantees on commercial debt, so it would only have a credit impact
if a judgement was granted and entered against the borrower/guarantor. What
this means is that if a person can settle prior to any legal action taking
place, there is usually no credit impact.
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Bar & Professional Association MembershipsAmerican Bar AssociationDRIFederal Bar AssociationHennepin County Bar AssociationMinnesota Defense Lawyers AssociationMinnesota State Bar Association
Kurt J. Erickson is a Shareholder of the Minneapolis, Minnesota office of Jackson Lewis P.C.He has represented both public and private employers in state courts, federal courts, and in administrative proceedings before state administrative tribunals. His experience also includes litigating class action cases brought by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), as well as negotiating resolutions of discrimination charges, including class action discrimination charges, prosecuted by the EEOC.He joined Jackson Lewis after practicing law as an assistant attorney general in the Minnesota Attorney General's Office, as an in-house corporate counsel providing employment advice and litigation management, and as the head of the employment section for a medium-sized law firm in Minneapolis.As a former Assistant Attorney General, Mr. Erickson handled various employment and labor disputes, including representing the Minnesota Departments of Corrections, Transportation, Commerce, Employee Relations, Revenue, and state colleges and universities in a variety of employment matters. Mr. Erickson represented the Corrections Department in a department-wide/statewide class action race discrimination in employment lawsuit, and also represented the Corrections Department in complex sex discrimination and disability discrimination lawsuits.As an in-house corporate counsel for a corporation, Mr. Erickson managed employment litigation on a nationwide basis, and also provided employment advice for business operations occurring on nationwide basis.Mr. Erickson is a member of the American Bar Association (Litigation, and Tort and Insurance Sections), Defense Research Institute (Labor and Employment Section), Federal Bar Association (Labor and Employment Section), Hennepin County Bar Association (Labor and Employment, Tax Law, and Criminal Law Sections), Minnesota Defense Lawyers Association (Labor and Employment Section), and Minnesota Bar Association (Public Law, Labor and Employment, Civil Litigation, and Construction Law Sections). He is admitted to practice in Minnesota, as well as before the 8th Circuit Court of Appeals and the District Courts for the District of Minnesota and the District of North Dakota.Through Southern Minnesota Regional Legal Services, Mr. Erickson has provided volunteer pro bono legal advice to people unable to afford an attorney. He has done so for the last 20 years. This last year he was recognized by the Minnesota Bar Association as "North Star" lawyer, meaning he donated 50 hours of work time to pro bono representation of indigent clients. Mr. Erickson earned his B.A., summa cum laude, from the University of Minnesota and his J.D., cum laude, from the University of Minnesota Law School. Mr. Erickson was Appellate Advocacy Finalist in Law School, and subsequently a legal writing instructor at the Law School.Mr. Erickson is certified by the Minnesota State Bar Association as a Labor and Employment Law Specialist. Published WorksArticles"Minnesota Employers May See Fewer Retaliation Claims Following U.S. Supreme Court Decision If State Courts Follow Suit" Published on the Jackson Lewis Website (July 2, 2013)New Minnesota Law Lessens Criteria for Employee Whistleblower ClaimsPublished on the Jackson Lewis Website (June 20, 2013)"Minnesota Court of Appeals Clarifies What Constitutes Sexual Harassment Under Minnesota Law"Published on the Jackson Lewis Website (September 25, 2012)"Supreme Court Rules ADEA Plaintiffs Are Not Entitled to 'Mixed Motive' Instruction"Published on Jackson Lewis Website (June 25, 2009)"Are You Being Served?"Published on Jackson Lewis Website (November 24, 2008)"No Need to Walk on Eggshells When Reprimanding an Employee Who Has Claimed Discrimination"Published on Jackson Lewis Website (July 27, 2007) Public Sector Employment Law Issues Ramsey County Bar Association (October 2000) [Co-Author] 25 Differences Between Public and Private Sector Employment Law (May 2000) [Co-Author] Summary Guidance to Differences Between Public Sector and Private Sector Employment Minnesota State Bar Association (May 2000) [Co-Author] Employment Law Update for Public Sector Employment Education Minnesota Institute of Legal Education (January 2000) [Author] Employment Law Update for Minnesota Attorney General's Office (January 1999) [Co-Author]Honors, Awards and Pro Bono Activity•YMCA Youth Baseball Coach •Edina Girls Softball Coach •Edina Girls Softball Board of Director, Member •20 years Volunteer Attorney with Southern Minnesota Regional Legal Services providing pro bono legal services to the people who cannot otherwise afford an attorney