text:
A container is disclosed, generally having an open top defined by an annular rim, a base, and a sidewall extending between the top and the base. The sidewall has two arcuately formed longitudinal recesses, an annular rib, an annular shoulder located between the longitudinal recesses and the base, and a lower portion extending between the annular shoulder and the base. The annular shoulder is characterized by two arched portions aligned with the longitudinal recesses, and the lower portion has two beveled portions aligned with the longitudinal recesses. This container is more ergonomic, and has greater sidewall strength and rigidity, than existing containers.
1. A container comprising:
an open top defined by an annular rim;
a substantially circular base defined by an outermost edge of a lowermost surface of the container; and
a sidewall extending between the top and the base, the sidewall comprising a number of recesses, an annular shoulder located between the recesses and the base, the annular shoulder comprising a number of arched portions equal to the number of recesses, and a lower portion extending between the annular shoulder and the base, wherein at least a portion of the lower portion is tapered outwardly from the annular shoulder to the base, the lower portion further comprising a recessed portion extending from at least one of the arched portions of the annular shoulder to the base, said recessed portion forming a recessed edge portion on said outermost edge defining the base.
2. The container of
3. The container of
4. The container of
5. The container of
6. The container of
7. The container of
8. The container of
9. The container of
10. The container of
11. The container of
12. A thermoformed drinking cup comprising:
a substantially planar base; and
a sidewall extending upwardly from the base to a rim of the container, the sidewall comprising a lower portion extending upwardly from an outermost edge of the base to an annular shoulder, the annular shoulder located below a mid-height of the sidewall, and an upper portion extending upwardly from the annular shoulder to the rim of the container, the upper portion having a recess extending upwardly from the annular shoulder,
wherein the annular shoulder comprises an arched portion and wherein the lower portion comprises a recessed portion extending from the arched portion of the annular shoulder to the base, the recessed portion forming a recessed edge portion on the base, the recessed edge portion positioned inwardly from an outermost extent of said substantially planar base.
13. The cup of
14. The cup of
15. The cup of
16. The cup of
17. The cup of
18. The cup of
19. The cup of
20. The cup of
21. A thermoformed drinking cup comprising:
a base residing in a substantially horizontal plane and defining a lowermost surface of the cup; and
a sidewall extending upwardly from the base to a rim of the container, the sidewall comprising:
an annular shoulder residing below a mid-height of the sidewall, the annular shoulder comprising an arched portion;
a recess extending upwardly from the annular shoulder to at least the mid-height of the sidewall;
a lower portion extending from the base to the annular shoulder, wherein at least a portion of the lower portion is tapered outwardly from the annular shoulder to the base, the lower portion having a substantially continuous annular peripheral curvature; and
a recessed portion extending upwardly from the base to the arched portion of the annular shoulder, the recessed portion disrupting the continuity of the peripheral curvature of the lower portion.
22. A thermoformed drinking cup comprising:
a base residing in a substantially horizontal plane and defining a lowermost surface of the cup; and
a sidewall extending upwardly from the base to a rim of the container, the sidewall comprising:
an annular shoulder residing below a mid-height of the sidewall, the annular shoulder comprising an arched portion;
a recess extending upwardly from the annular shoulder to at least the mid-height of the sidewall;
a lower portion extending from the base to the annular shoulder, wherein at least a portion of the lower portion is tapered outwardly from the annular shoulder to the base; and
a recessed portion extending upwardly from the base to the arched portion of the annular shoulder, wherein the recessed portion has substantially vertical boundaries extending upward from the base to the annular shoulder and defining a width of the recessed portion that is substantially equal to a maximum width of the arched portion, the recessed portion defining a recessed cavity on the sidewall, and the recessed portion having an upper end that resides above a lower end of the recess.
23. The cup of
24. The cup of
25. The cup of
26. The cup of
27. The cup of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/676,807, filed on Oct. 1, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,546,932.
The present invention relates generally to the field of thermoformed nestable containers, specifically, the construction of a container such as a cup or cup-like article that is capable of being nested with a similar article. More specifically, the present invention, in its preferred embodiment, relates to improved grippability and structural integrity in thermoformed nestable containers.
For several decades, there has been an increase in the use of disposable containers by consumers at the workplace, in public areas such as parks, beaches, campgrounds, and the like, as well as in the home. Generally, disposable, nestable containers made of foam materials—e.g., Styrofoam�—and insulated paper were once the only alternatives to glass or reusable plasticware containers. However, in recent years, thermoformed plastic molded containers have been a replacement to the less environmentally concerned foam articles in the industry. In particular, the use of nestable thermoformed containers has been on the rise. These thermoformed articles are also remarkably useful in containing cold fluids.
Thermoplastic materials are particularly advantageous for manufacturers as the materials do not require expensive foaming agents and need no surface lamination—each of which is a feature resulting in fewer stages of the manufacturing process. Moreover, for consumers, containers constructed from these materials are generally more durable than paper containers, are usually of a single-piece construction, and are inexpensive and recyclable.
Thermoforming begins with a thin sheet or web of material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester, or polystyrene having a thickness within a range of from approximately 8 mils to 100 mils, depending on the size of the container to be manufactured. Cups and similar articles are typically made from plastic sheet having a pre-thermoforming thickness from approximately 30 to 60 mils, but the finished articles may be thinner after thermoforming. The sheet or web is heated to a temperature suitable for thermoforming—in a range from approximately 110� C. to about 200� C. for the above-mentioned materials—and is thereafter fed into a conventional forming machine in which the process proceeds under applied positive and/or negative air pressure conditions. A mold cavity is used to impart a particular formational construction into the thin-walled container as the plastic material is drawn into the mold using vacuum pressure on one side of the article and/or a positive pressure on the opposite surface of the material. The formational construction of the container may be decorative, but generally has a particular utility—e.g., texturing for grasping and formations for nestability in addition to other utilities. The processing period for a normal thermoforming operation is typically between 1 and 20 seconds.
One disadvantage to many existing cup and container designs is that the round design is not conducive to gripping, a problem encountered with all cup designs, but especially in larger-volume cups. The user must often exert more than a desirable amount of gripping pressure, in order to stabilize a cup that is too large to wrap fingers around. Additionally, cold drinks often cause condensation on the outside of a cup, creating a problem with slipping, especially with smooth plastic cups. Although this slipping is a problem itself, it can be exacerbated in a cup lacking a stable gripping surface. Annular ribs may increase the friction between the cup and the user's hand to help alleviate slipping, but do not do anything to remedy the gripping problems associated with the round design. Therefore, a need exists to provide a more ergonomic and stable gripping surface for a thermoformed plastic cup, especially a larger-volume cup, while at the same time reducing slipping caused by condensation on the outside of the cup.
Another problem with thermoformed plastic nestable containers is structural integrity. Sidewalls of thin-walled thermoformed containers often bend and deflect inward easily when grasped by a user. A deflection of this sort may constrict the volume of the container causing unpleasant fluid overflows. Additionally, deflection of the sidewall can make the container more difficult to grip, as well as potentially leading to cracking. One solution to the identified problem is to provide thicker material constructions, but this increases production costs. Additionally, thicker constructions tend to increase the stack height among nested containers. These respective phenomena limit the number of containers that may be nested in a confined area and can prevent the nested containers from being easily separated. Another, more effective means known and used in the art is creating annular ribs and/or shoulders in the sidewall, which can add significant rigidity to the surrounding areas of the sidewall. Creating rigidity-enhancing features in the sidewall avoids the problems associated with using a thicker sidewall. However, the strength enhancement that may be achieved by using ribs and shoulders is limited, especially in the middle regions of the sidewall, where gripping normally occurs. Therefore, a need exists to further increase the strength of the sidewall of a thermoformed container, while avoiding the use of thicker material.
The present invention solves these two problems primarily by creating arcuately formed longitudinal recesses in the sidewall. These recesses both provide an ergonomic and effective gripping surface and increase structural integrity. However, the recesses can create problems with proper nesting of the containers, which tend to telescope because of their lack of complete rotational symmetry. Thus, a need further exists for a means to ensure proper nesting of containers having recesses in their sidewalls.
Additionally, containers having recesses in their sidewalls may rub together during manufacturing. Cups are often stacked inside each other while being transported along a line by machinery during certain manufacturing processes. The cups may rotate during this movement, causing them to rub against the cups stacked above and below them. This rubbing can create wear on the cup, scratching the surface. While not all manufacturing processes present this problem, it can be a source of concern when manufacturing containers having recesses in their sidewalls. Thus, a need exists to solve the problem of rubbing caused by movement and rotation of the cups during manufacturing.
The present invention provides an economical solution to the recognized problems. The present invention is intended to provide a suitable formational construction for thin-walled thermoformed containers.
A thermoformed container having improved structural integrity in the sidewall is disclosed, the container generally including an open top defined by an annular rim, a base, and a sidewall extending between the top and the base. The sidewall has several features increasing structural integrity, as well as facilitating gripping and nesting. These features include two arcuately formed longitudinal recesses, an annular shoulder located between the recesses and the base, and a lower portion extending between the annular shoulder and the base. Generally, the recesses terminate at the annular shoulder. The annular shoulder is characterized by two arched portions aligned with the recesses, and the lower portion is characterized by two beveled portions aligned with the recesses. The sidewall may also have at least one annular rib, characterized by two curved portions substantially aligned with the recesses.
According to a first aspect of the invention, the sidewall has a measurably improved strength to weight ratio over a substantially similar sidewall having no recesses. According to another aspect of the invention, the annular shoulder contains a means for stabilizing the container when held by a user. According to a further aspect of the invention, the container includes a means for ensuring proper nesting of the container upon another identical container. One such means for ensuring proper nesting is the use of raised ledges on the inner surface of the sidewall, which sit within the arched portions on the outer surface of the sidewall as the containers are stacked together.
Alternate embodiments are disclosed and claimed, in addition to the preferred embodiment. In one alternate embodiment, the annular shoulder has no arched portions, and the base, the lower portion, and the annular shoulder are substantially elliptically shaped. In another alternate embodiment, the sidewall has a greater number of recesses, generally in the range of from 1 to 20 recesses, and preferably in the range of from 2 to 12. The number of arched portions in the annular shoulder, curved portions of the annular rib(s), or beveled portions of the lower portion is generally equal to the number of recesses in the sidewall.
In the accompanying drawings forming part of the specification, and in which like numerals are employed to designate like parts throughout the same,
While the invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, this disclosure describes, in detail, preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the invention to the embodiments illustrated.
Referring generally to the appended
As illustrated in
The top 12 of the cup 10 is a generally circular opening 13 defined by an annular rim 14, as shown in
As illustrated in
The sidewall 18 connects the top 12 with the base 16, extending between the top 12 and the base 16 and making up the bulk of the container. The sidewall 18 is generally cylindrical, as shown in
Alternatively, the sidewall 18 may contain an upper shoulder 46, creating an upper portion 48 extending between the upper shoulder 46 and the container top 12. The upper portion 48 is preferably tapered oppositely to the rest of the sidewall 18, as illustrated in
In the preferred embodiment, shown in
Although the above characteristics are preferable, the recesses 20 can take any of a variety of different forms. For example, while the recesses 20 are preferably longitudinal and arcuately formed, these characteristics are not necessary. Also, the degree or smoothness of the concavity of the recesses 20 may vary, and the swales 21 need not be present. Alternately, the recesses 20 may not be concave, being deeply recessed near the edges of the recesses 20 and having a slight convex curvature. The surface of the recesses 20 may have ridges or projections (such as a logo) to enhance gripping, rather than being smooth. In addition, the recesses 20 may be located anywhere on the sidewall 18 and need not terminate at the annular shoulder 22. The recesses 20 may exist completely above the annular shoulder 22, or may pass through the annular shoulder 22 and extend to the base 16. Finally, the cup 10 may have any number of recesses 20. In one embodiment discussed below, the cup 10 has as many as twenty or more recesses 20. These recesses 20 serve the dual purpose of providing an ergonomic gripping surface for the user and, as discussed below, significantly increasing the strength and rigidity of the sidewall 18.
The annular shoulder 22 exists between the recesses 20 and the base 16, as shown in
In the cup 10 illustrated in
The sidewall 18 of the cup 10 illustrated in
The lower portion 26 preferably has two beveled portions 27 adjacent to, and aligned with, the arched portions 23 of the annular shoulder 22 and the recesses 20. Any number of beveled portions 27 may be present, or the beveled portions 27 may be entirely absent, but preferably, the lower portion 26 has a beveled portion 27 corresponding to each recess 20. Preferably, the beveled portions 27 extend from the base to the annular shoulder 22, but the beveled portions 27 may alternately only extend a portion of the distance between the base 16 and the annular shoulder 22. In the preferred container, the beveled portions 27 are concavely curved, as shown in
The cup 10 preferably has a stacking shoulder, generally to provide a stacking means to a plurality of nested cups 10. The use of a variety of different types of stacking shoulders is well known in the art of thermoformed cup manufacturing. A stacking shoulder can provide a stacking means to a plurality of nested cups 10 in a variety of manners, by providing a point of contact at which a lower cup 10 exerts force to support an upper cup 10 nesting inside the lower cup 10. This is generally accomplished because the rapid change in diameter of the cup created by the stacking shoulder causes a point of contact between the outer surface 42 of the upper cup 10 and the inner surface 40 of the lower cup 10. The point of contact can be created, for example, between the stacking shoulder of one cup the top 12, base 16, or stacking shoulder of another cup, providing direct vertical support. Alternately, the point of contact may provide support by frictional force between the sidewalls 18 of two cups 10, rather than direct support.
In the preferred embodiment, the annular shoulder 22 functions as a stacking shoulder. This feature is illustrated, for example, in
Multiple annular ribs 24,28 are included in the sidewall 18 to add strength, as illustrated in
As illustrated in
Cooperatively dimensioning the raised ledge 44 and the arched portion 23 is a means of ensuring that two cups 10 nest properly together. Such a means of ensuring proper nesting is of key importance in the thermoformed cup industry. Standard cylindrical thermoformed cups nest together easily because they are all rotationally symmetrical with each other, i.e. no matter how the cup is rotated about a central longitudinal axis, it will appear identically. Additionally, cups having nonsymmetrical sidewall features, such as vertical ribs, recesses, or embossments, will nest together easily, provided that the depth of the nonsymmetrical features is smaller than the width of the air gap that exists between two nested cups. However, adding deeper recesses 20 destroys this rotational symmetry, and the recesses 20 will not naturally align with each other as the cups 10 are randomly stacked, creating difficulty with nesting. Therefore, a means of ensuring proper nesting is necessary so that all the cups 10 in a given stack nest tightly and symmetrically together. Cooperatively dimensioning the raised ledge 44 and the arched portion 23 accomplishes this by "locking" the top cup 10 in place when it is stacked on a lower cup 10, preventing the top cup 10 from rotating and becoming misaligned. To accomplish this function, only one raised ledge 44 and one arched portion 23 are necessary. Increasing the number of raised ledges 44 and arched portions 23 may create a greater number of nesting positions, provided they are equidistantly spaced around the circumference of the sidewall 18, further improving nesting between the cups 10.
Another means for ensuring proper nesting is forming the base 116, the lower portion 126, and the annular shoulder 22 elliptically, rather than circularly, as shown in
A third means for ensuring proper nesting is the use of a greater number of recesses 220, consistently spaced on the outer surface 242 of the sidewall 218, projecting deeper into the cup 210 than the recesses 220 of the preferred embodiment, as shown in
The present invention has the additional benefit of limiting movement and wear on the cups 10 during manufacturing. As stated above, movement and rotation of the cups 10 during manufacturing may cause the cups 10 to rub together. The means for ensuring proper nesting also limits the rotation of the cups 10 within each other during manufacturing, just as they do when the cups 10 are stacked together in commercial or private use. Once the cups 10 are "locked" into a proper nesting position, they do not rotate within each other or rub together. Thus, the means for ensuring proper nesting provides an additional benefit in the manufacturing of thermoformed cups 10 having longitudinal recesses 20.
Many features of the sidewall 18 increase the strength and rigidity of the sidewall 18, allowing the sidewall 18 to be made thinner, thereby potentially reducing weight and cost. Using a thickened, rolled rim 14, annular ribs 24,28, and annular shoulders 22 to increase strength and rigidity is known in the art. The present invention achieves greater strength and rigidity through the use of recesses 20 in the sidewall 18, as well as these known means. Longitudinal recesses 20 help to increase rigidity by disrupting the energy transferred to the sidewall 18 by the outside force, in this case, the user's hand. By disrupting the transferred energy and preventing it from flowing through the sidewall 18, the recesses 20 limit the area of the sidewall 18 that "gives" in response to the force, thereby increasing strength and rigidity. It was discovered that longitudinal recesses 20, such as those used in the present invention, provide more strength enhancement if they are concave and arcuately formed. Thus, the longitudinal recesses 20 of the preferred cup 10 are concave and arcuately formed.
Improved strength and structural integrity resists deflection of a container inward, which may constrict the volume of the container causing unpleasant fluid overflows. In demonstrating the improved strength and structural integrity of the present invention and its embodiments, a sidewall 18 deflection analysis was performed and compared to that of a standard round thermoformed cup. These containers differ negligibly in thermoplastic thickness and are generally evaluated to be from 10 mils to 40 mils. The results from this analysis were obtained via a standardized procedure in the field of thermoformed containers. This procedure is described below with its corresponding results illustrated in Tables I and II.
The materials preferred for this standardized procedure include (1) several standard round thermoformed cups, (2) several cups identified herein as the preferred embodiment of the present invention, having longitudinal recesses 20, (3) a Chatillon� DFGS digital force gauge, (4) a Chatillon� TCD-200 tension and compression tester, (5) a container rigidity fixture and (6) Chatillong AutoTest™ software.
This standardized procedure involves apparatus set-up and analysis. Specifically, (1) attaching the container rigidity fixture to the compression tester in a level manner, (2) aligning the container mounting fixture to permit test deflection at two-thirds the height of a container, which is the most commonly grasped area during use, (3) zeroing the appropriate gauges, (4) setting the deflection limit at one quarter inch, and (5) setting the travel speeds of the deflection apparatus. Moreover, analyzing sidewall 18 deflection includes (1) placing a first sample into the container mounting fixture, (2) slowly lowering the probe of the force gauge onto the samples, and (3) reading and recording the maximum force value on the gauge as the sidewall 18 of the sample deflects one quarter inch, the limit for deflection. This procedure is duplicated as necessary for analysis and study. It should be noted that the testing illustrated herein was performed on a thermoformed cup having a nominal capacity of 18 oz. While containers of different sizes might test differently, similar results are expected for containers of other common sizes.
Table I includes the data obtained by testing the deflection at Point A, shown in
This data reflects a noticeable improvement in structural integrity on the main body of the sidewall 18 of the cup 10 of the present invention. The present invention creates a 4.8% increase in the force-to-weight ratio, as compared to a standard cup:
Therefore, containers utilizing the disclosed construction, including alternative embodiments, will offer a general increase in strength and structural integrity at any point on the sidewall 18. Depending on the specific features of the cup 10 (especially the number, size, location, and depth of the recesses 20) and the location of the test point, this increase in strength may vary from a slightly smaller increase (3-4%) to much larger increase.
The most marked increase in structural integrity occurs within the recesses 20 themselves. Table II includes the data obtained by testing the deflection at Point B, shown in
This data clearly reflects a significant improvement in structural integrity for the present invention. The present invention and its embodiments demonstrate a significant improvement in structural integrity as evidenced by a 43.6% increase in the force-to-weight ratio:
Therefore, containers utilizing the disclosed construction, including alternative embodiments, will offer a dramatic increase in strength and structural integrity in the recesses 20, as compared to a container without recesses 20. Again, depending on the features of the sidewall 18, especially the features of the recesses 20, this strength increase may be smaller or larger.
The recesses 20 have the further benefit of providing an ergonomic gripping surface for a user to grip the cup 10, an advantage over more rounded designs. The contoured surface created by the recesses 20 comfortably accommodates a variety of hand positions. Additionally, the recesses 20 promote gripping by the fingertips, creating a minimal area of contact between the fingertips and the cup 10. This may be beneficial in limiting heat transfer between the cup 10 and the user's hand when an uncomfortably cold beverage is held in the cup 10. Further, as described above, the recesses 20 are smooth and arcuately formed, creating a comfortable feel when gripped. However, the recesses 20 may also incorporate ridges or other friction-enhancing structures to reduce slippage when the cup 10 is gripped. Finally, it is beneficial that the recesses 20 provide the most comfortable points for gripping the container, because they are the strongest portions of the sidewall 18, as discussed above.
The arched portions 23 of the annular shoulder 22 and the beveled portions 27 of the lower portion 26 provide the additional benefit of stabilizing the cup 10 when it is in the hand of the user. Such a means for stabilizing the cup 10 when it is held by a user is desirable to increase the commercial appeal of the cup 10. The arched portion 23 can be used to increase stability by the user placing a fingertip underneath the arched portion 23 when holding the cup 10. When the fingertip (preferably the pinky or ring finger) is underneath the arched portion 23, the annular shoulder 22 sits on top of the fingertip, allowing the fingertip to exert both vertical force and rotational leverage on the annular shoulder 22. The beveled portion 27 provides a contact surface for the fingertip, further increasing the stability of the cup 10. These features allow the user to secure a better grip on the cup 10, as well as maintain greater control over the cup 10, especially when the user slips or is accidentally bumped, such as at a crowded party.
The present invention may be embodied in any one of a vast number of container configurations, limited only by the scope of the Claims. An alternate embodiment of the present invention is contemplated and claimed, in which the annular shoulder 122,222 need not have any arched portions. Generally the container of the alternate embodiment is a thermoformed drinking cup 110,210 including an open top 112,212 defined by an annular rim 114,214, a base 116,216, and a sidewall 118,218 extending between the top 112,212 and the base 116,216. The sidewall 118,218 generally has a number of recesses 120,220, an annular shoulder 122,222 located between the recess 120,220 and the base 116,216, and a lower portion 126,226 extending between the annular shoulder 122,222 and the base 116,216, the recesses 120,220 terminating at the annular shoulder 122,222. As described and illustrated, the sidewall 118,218 of the alternate embodiment contains a number of recesses 120,220 in the range of from 1 to 20. The sidewall 118,218 preferably contains one or more annular ribs 124,128,224,228, and any of these annular ribs 124,128,224,228 may include a number of curved portions 125 equal to the number of recesses 120,220. Each of the number of curved portions 125 is aligned with one of the number of recesses 120, as illustrated in
Two specific forms of this alternate embodiment have been found to be advantageous. The first alternate embodiment is nearly identical to the preferred embodiment, except without arched portions, as illustrated in
The container of the first alternate embodiment, shown in
The container of the second alternate embodiment, shown in
The large number of longitudinal recesses 220 in the second alternate embodiment is beneficial for three reasons. The first reason is the great degree of strength and integrity imparted on the sidewall 218 by the presence of the large number of recesses 220. The closely spaced recesses 220 disrupt any energy transferred to the sidewall 218 so quickly that the sidewall 218 "gives" very little to pressure at any location. The second reason is the ergonomic versatility created by the recesses 220, giving the user a large number of possible positions for holding the cup 210. The third reason, as explained above, is that using a large number of recesses 220 in a thin-walled container is an effective means for ensuring proper nesting of the containers upon each other. Although not preferred, the second alternate embodiment confers most of the benefits as the preferred embodiment of the invention, as well as some additional benefits.
The present invention was developed primarily for use in thermoformed drinking cups. However, the principles of the present invention are beneficial when applied to a multitude of other types of containers. Drinking cups made of any type of polymer, such as clear, opaque, or colored plastics or foam materials may be used in accordance with the present invention, as may cups made of non-polymeric materials. Many types of containers other than cups may also benefit from use of the disclosed features.
Although specific embodiments have been illustrated and described, numerous modifications are possible without departing from the essence of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of this patent is solely limited by the scope of the accompanying claims.
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Thursday, June 20, 2013
When W. Cothran "Cot" Campbell's horse Palace Malice won The Belmont Stakes June 8, it got the attention of one Summerville family, the Cothran's. Sam and Cecile Cothran are family.
"We are thrilled and excited for Anne and Cot Campbell. They are distant cousins to my husband and the loveliest people…we can't imagine anyone we would be more pleased with having this great success." Mrs. Cothran said this week.
She said that horses and racing have been a love of Cot's since he was exposed to it by his grandfather.
This is not the first big win for Campbell, according to Cothran, with his horse Summer Squall winning The Preakness in 1990.
"There has been some talk recently about Cot retiring…this would be a wonderful send off for him," Mrs. Cothran said.
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Each of the links below will take you to a page that lists the courses that are part of that Core Area. Each course has a link to the catalog information about the course, including prerequisites, corequisites and a short description.
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Nov 11, 2013
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This blog post is part of our ongoing guest Blog Series: ?Opportunity Knocks.? For a full schedule, please see: http://law.scu.edu/lcs-blog/upcoming-blog-series-opportunity-knocks/ Public Interest/Public Sector Day is the largest Public Interest career event in the Bay Area. Over 700 students and…
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Each year Saint Louis University Hospital uses nearly 15,000 pints of blood and more than 5,000 units of platelets. The hospital needs the blood and platelets for a wide variety of procedures. These include:
- Organ transplant operations involving the heart, lung, liver and kidney - Trauma surgery - Open-heart surgery - Knee and hip replacements - Chemotherapy cancer treatments requiring blood transfusions
The hospital collects much of the blood/blood components that are used during these procedures. It is the goal of the hospital to collect more of the blood/blood components, relying less on outside sources.
Why should I consider donating blood?Giving blood at our center may help improve or save the life of a Saint Louis University Hospital patient.
Can I donate specifically for a family member of friend who is being treated at Saint Louis University Hospital?Of course! If you know someone who has been injured, is scheduled for surgery, or undergoing high-dose chemotherapy, just call Blood Donation Services at 314-577-8000.
Can my own blood be collected for my use prior to treatment or an operation?We collect blood prior to elective surgery from individuals to be used in their own behalf, when the health of the patient allows. Blood can be collected up to three days prior to surgery.
Is the process of giving blood painful?Many people who give blood find the experience neither painful nor uncomfortable.
How do some people donate "platelets only"?Platelets are taken from donors through a process known as apheresis. Blood is drawn from the donor's arm, collected in the separator, where the platelets are removed, and the remaining blood is returned to the donor.
What are platelets?Platelets are a special component of blood. They are used to stop or to prevent bleeding. They are especially needed by those patients undergoing cancer treatment. The platelet product is only viable for five days after collection, and then it expires.
Can I catch disease from donating?Collecting equipment that comes in contact with your blood is sterile and new to your collecting process. This allows for protection to both you and the recipient of your donated blood.
Location and HoursBlood Donor Services is located on the ground floor in the West Pavilion, Saint Louis University Hospital, 3635 Vista at Grand, St. Louis, MO 63110.
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Date May 9, 2013
Posted by Tim Akers
At the Sea Otter Classic last month we introduced our redesigned hitch-mounted bike rack, the HoldUp. Summer and Kara walked through the features of the HoldUp for our friends over at MTBR. These features include a 4-bike capacity when used with the HoldUp Plus 2, a new StrongArm ratcheting system allowing for compatibility with 20-29 inch wheels, integrated cable lock, and of course an integrated bottle opener. Check out Summer and Kara's video below.
Of course, the best way to showcase a new product is with a road trip. Moab, Utah, is the long-standing mecca of mountain biking and begs to be a road trip destination. It has all of the ingredients from the red rock, endless miles of BLM land, mountain biking trails, and of course friends. Lots of friends.
Porcupine Rim, Jackson Trail, pre-riding the Mag 7 Enduro, birthdays, and camp fires were added to the trip. Adding the HoldUp Plus 2 allowed us to take the entire crew including our best friend with us, even if he was caught laying around on the job.
Get out there and ride, take a rack, and take more friends.


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We stock a large range of Trend Routers from the entry level T4EK, T5EK through to the T10EK and T11EK 1/2" Routers for Heavier trade usage. We stock all Trend Routers in 115v and 240v. Trend are probably the most well known and well used brand of Routers and Router Cutters. Quality and satisfaction is guaranteed when choosing a Trend Router.
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Did you hear the news? Germany, the world's second largest gold-holding nation, is recalling some of its gold. The Germans are bringing the physical metal – once on hold outside its borders – back in country.
This is a huge development in the world gold market. But more importantly may portend a life-changing trend that gold buyers like you and I can take to the bank.
Today let's connect a few more dots, and talk gold…
Germany, Russia, Ronald Reagan, Clausewitz, this story has it all. Let's start by covering a distant memory, the Cold War.
Indeed, the Cold War is not just over, it's REALLY over. Get over it. The world is REALLY changing, and I mean in ways that you can scarcely begin to comprehend.
Yes, I know. The Soviet Union fell apart in 1991. Germany reunified – expensive as that was – and the Red Army went home to Mother Russia in the mid-1990s. (I was in Berlin, in 1991, right after I did my thing in Operation Desert Storm. Wow, I could tell you some stories about the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany, headquartered at Potsdam. Another time, perhaps.)
But now? In 2013? What's happening? There's big news, which the mainstream media evidently fails to comprehend, while they fixate on the wrong sorts of shiny stuff – "gun control," for instance, and what Hollywood celebrities think about it.
Here's the real news. Long-term, this will change your life. You paying attention?
Germany is recalling some of its central bank-owned gold from the Federal Reserve Bank in New York, as well as all "German" gold on deposit in France. It's back to der Heimat.
Let's back up. Why was German gold not in Germany? It's a monetary relic of the Cold War. Back in the 1950s-1980s, the "Federal Republic of Germany" (the Bundes Republik Deutschland, or BRD – "West" Germany) was basically a potential nuclear battlefield. So part of the monetary preparation for fighting World War III in Europe was to keep West Germany's gold away from the Russian tanks and nuclear fallout.
There was also something of a "conqueror's legacy" about it. Post-World War II, the immediate challenge to U.S.-British-French policymakers was to keep Germany tame, considering the horrible memories of the late unpleasantness of 1939-1945. As Nobel laureate Francois Mauriac once quipped, "I love Germany so dearly that I hope there will always be two of them."
One way for the U.S., Britain and France to keep a leash on Germany was to keep "German" gold under control outside of that country's borders. The West German "mark" — the national currency that predated today's euro — was thus, to a significant extent, at the mercy of people in Washington, London and Paris.
Indeed, the German gold in New York, London and Paris was a form of conquerors' deference to maintaining "gold backing" for the mark. It's a much longer story than this, but the point is that the policy lasted three generations.
Now, however, that issue of outside control over the German currency has come to a new turn of events. The Germans are burying the last of their grandparents who lived through World War II. And they are revisiting the rationale for storing their gold under the jurisdiction of conquering powers of World War II. There are all manner of policy implications — immediate and long term.
What will Germany do with its gold after it is back inside the traditional national boundaries? Well, we're going to find out, aren't we?
Germany is removing all of its gold from France. The publicly-stated reasoning is that there's no further reason for the French to store German gold, in that both nations are part of the "euro" monetary union. Of course, just a glance at the past 200 years of history tells you that there's likely much more to the underlying rationale.
Germany will still keep some gold in New York and London, but only after conducting a complete inventory of every bar – by weight and assay, for each serial number. (Remember what Ronald Reagan said? "Trust, but verify.")
The monetary rationale, here, is that – despite what some banker-types want you to believe — gold plays a role in balancing terms of trade between Germany and the U.S. and Britain. In other words, the dollar-euro and pound-euro exchange system works better with gold in the gearbox.
It's accurate to say that as history shows, gold goes to where it's respected. As I see things, just the idea that Germany is assaying its gold, and wants some of it back, speaks volumes. The gold will boost the credibility of the German government and its central bank, and generally strengthen the German economy for all manner of reasons.
Here's a future scenario on which to chew. Perhaps Germany might look at its gold, smile and then back out of the euro as we know it. The effect will be to ditch the southern countries — certainly Greece, Spain and Portugal — from a "European" currency.
Then Germany will do what we all know it wants to do anyhow — that is, form a "new" euro including the economies of northern European countries. Think in terms of an expanded version of the old Hanseatic League, perhaps, with Germany as the center of gravity. Very Clausewitz, no? And there's the possibility of offering membership to Italy (or perhaps just "northern" Italy).
Oh, and don't dismiss the possibility of a German-Russian monetary alliance. They already have a strong, and growing energy alliance. Why not start coordinating things in terms of currency as well. We'll see, right?
Best wishes…
Byron W. King
Original article posted on Daily Resource Hunter
Byron King is the editor of Outstanding Investments, Byron King's Military-Tech Alert, and Real Wealth Trader. He is a Harvard-trained geologist who has traveled to every U.S. state and territory and six of the seven continents. He has conducted site visits to mineral deposits in 26 countries and deep-water oil fields in five oceans. This provides him with a unique perspective on the myriad of investment opportunities in energy and mineral exploration. He has been interviewed by dozens of major print and broadcast media outlets including The Financial Times, The Guardian, The Washington Post, MSN Money, MarketWatch, Fox Business News, and PBS Newshour.
One overlooked possibility is that the German Bundesbank wants to prepare for a possible future collapse of the Euro. If that ever happens, launching a new Mark will definitely be easier with gold as a backup. There is indeed a strong disagreement between Weidmann (chairmen of the bundesbank) and the German government on the viability of the Euro and the ECB managing it. The gold move has to be viewed within the context of German bankers departing from the ECB in protest against ECB policies (Weber and Stark).
Mr Byron King i am from greece a country which lives under the german policy and i agree with that prediction ,its very possible scenario
The question is whether Germany can actually get the FRBNY to cough up the gold. So far they're having precious little luck with that.
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I assume the German gold is gone. Stolen. Used by our government to prop up its own failing economy. Lesson learned. Possession is nine tenths of the law. A hard lesson learned to all those governments who thought they could trust the Good Ole U.S.A. The downside to the U.S. government is when their economy comes crashing down, (It Will), there will be no one to step in and save them. With Greed comes consequences.
Jeff Desjardins reports on the latest trends and contenders shaping the future of mobile payments...
Bill Bonner explains why gold stands in the way of the government and welfare statists, and the process of deficit spending...
Mark Nestmann reports on what Congress and Obama plan to do with your retirement assets...
Greg Canavan discusses China's currency peg to the dollar, and whether or not a break of the dollar-yuan peg is coming...
Charles Hugh Smith explains the perfection of consumerist narcissism, in which the only goal is maximizing private gain by whatever means are available...


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