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A method is described for converting substantially untreated organic sludge into useful substances. The sludge may include primary sludge, a mixture of primary and secondary sludges from municipal wastewater treatment facilities, slurries of agricultural manure, and other organic wastes. The sludge is mechanically comminuted to reduce the size of organic solids, the sludge is then further mechanically disintegrated and thereafter it is subjected to enzyme hydrolysis to produce a biologically stable colloidal slurry with improved biochemical potential reactivity. Typically, the hydrolysis step is followed by a further cell/particle disintegration step and a secondary hydrolysis step. If necessary, heavy metals are removed from the suspension in a chelating step which are recovered as a recyclable concentrate. The suspension can be used as a liquid fertilizer or it can be dewatered. If used as a liquid fertilizer the suspension can be inoculated with microalgae to enrich the fertilizer with nitrogen. Alternatively, the demineralized product may be incinerated or used as a feedstock for other industrial processing.
1. A method for converting substantially untreated organic sludge into a useful substance comprising the steps of disintegrating organic solids in the sludge into organic particulate matter; thereafter hydrolyzing the particulate matter in the sludge by adding thereto at least one of hydrolytic enzymes and hydrolytic enzyme-producing micro-organisms and holding the particulate matter; rupturing the hydrolyzed particulate matter to form a colloidal slurry and thereafter using the slurry.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the step of disintegrating comprises the step of comminuting the organic solids in the sludge into reduced size solids, and thereafter disintegrating the reduced size solids into particulate matter prior to the step of hydrolyzing.
3. A method according to claim 1 including the step of further hydrolyzing the colloidal slurry prior to the step of using to thereby form a colloidal suspension.
4. A method according to claim 3 including the step of contacting the suspension with a metal chelating substrate prior to the step of using to remove heavy metals from the suspension.
5. A method according to claim 3 wherein the sludge is obtained from a wastewater treatment facility which also releases an effluent, and including the step of combining the colloidal suspension with the effluent into a liquid fertilizer comprising the end product.
6. A method according to claim 5 including the step of removing heavy metals from the suspension and from the effluent.
7. A method according to claim 3 including the step of inoculating the suspension with microalgae, exposing the inoculated suspension to sunlight, whereby the microalgae in the inoculated suspension metabolizes solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen and atmospheric carbon dioxide and nutrients in the suspension and thereby synthesizes nitrogen and chlorophyl and thus forms a nitrogen enriched, liquid fertilizer product.
8. A method according to claim 3 wherein the step of using comprises the steps of using the suspension as a liquid fertilizer.
9. A method according to claim 3 including the steps of separating the suspension into an effluent and a moist product prior to the step of using.
10. A method according to claim 9 including the step of adding to the moist product an edible acid in an amount sufficient to inhibit microbial and pathogenic activity during storage and transport of the product.
11. A method according to claim 10 including the step of utilizing the acidified product as fertilizer.
12. A method according to claim 10 including the step of utilizing the acidified product as a feed supplement.
13. A method according to claim 9 including the step of adding to the product a sufficient amount of a sorbent material to reduce the moisture content of the product to a level of which bacterial and pathogenic activity is inhibited during storage and transport of the product.
14. A method according to claim 13 including the step of using the product including the sorbent material as a fertilizer.
15. A method according to claim 13 including the step of using the product including the sorbent material as a feed supplement.
16. A method according to claim 1 wherein the sludge comprises untreated sludge residue from a wastewater treatment plant.
17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the sludge further includes biologically treated sludge from a wastewater treatment plant.
18. A method according to claim 1 wherein the sludge includes untreated animal manure.
19. A method according to claim 16 or 18 wherein the sludge further includes untreated agricultural waste.
20. A method for converting substantially untreated organic sludge into a useful substance comprising the steps of disintegrating organic solids in the sludge into particulate matter including viable organic cells to thereby form a disintegrated sludge; thereafter adding to the disintegrated sludge a substance capable of providing hydrolytic enzymes; holding the disintegrated sludge including the enzymes for a sufficient length of time to hydrolyze the particulate matter; thereafter rupturing the particulate matter to form a colloidal slurry; hydrolyzing the slurry to form a colloidal suspension; and thereafter using the suspension.
21. A method according to claim 20 including the step of removing heavy metals from the suspension.
22. A method according to claims 20 or 21, including the steps of providing a solar pond, placing the suspension in the pond, adding microalgae to the suspension in the pond, thereafter subjecting the suspension in the pond, including the microalgae, to sunlight so that the microalgae in the suspension forms a nitrogen enriched, liquid fertilizer product, and thereafter withdrawing the liquid fertilizer product from the pond.
23. A method according to claim 22 including the step of limiting the depth of the suspension in the pond to about 18 inches.
24. A method according to claim 23 including the step of agitating the suspension in the pond during the subjecting step to prevent a settling of the microalgae in the pond and thermal stratification within the pond.
25. A method according to claim 24 wherein the agitating step comprises the step of circulating the suspension between different locations of the pond.
26. A method according to claim 20 wherein the step of adding a substance comprises adding hydrolytic enzymes to the sludge.
27. A method according to claim 20 wherein the step of adding the substance comprises adding hydrolytic enzyme-producing micro-organisms to the sludge.
28. A method for converting substantially untreated organic sludge from a wastewater treatment plant into a useful product comprising the steps of collecting a sludge residue from the plant; disintegrating organic solids in the sludge to form a disintegrated sludge including particulate matter; thereafter hydrolyzing the particulate matter in the disintegrated sludge by adding thereto a substance capable of providing hydrolytic enzymes; holding the disintegrated sludge, including the enzymes, for a sufficient length of time to hydrolyze the particulate matter; thereafter rupturing the particulate matter to form a colloidal slurry; further hydrolyzing the slurry to form a colloidal suspension; removing heavy metals from the suspension; treating the suspension to form therefrom the product; and using the product.
29. A method according to claim 28 including the step of separating the waste water into an effluent and the sludge, and wherein the step of treating comprises combining at least portions of the effluent and of the suspension.
30. A method according to claim 29 including the step of removing heavy metals from the effluent and from the suspension.
31. A method according to claim 30 wherein the step of using comprises using the combined effluent and suspension as a liquid fertilizer.
32. A method according to claim 29 wherein the step of treating further comprises separating the suspension into a moist product and a filtered liquid, and wherein the step of combining further comprises combining the effluent and the filtered liquid.
33. A method according to claim 29 including the step of removing heavy metals from the effluent, and wherein the step of combining comprises combining heavy metals removed from the suspension and heavy metals removed from the effluent.
34. A method according to claim 28 wherein the step of treating comprises enriching the suspension with nitrogen by adding to the suspension microalgae, exposing the suspension including the microalgae to sunlight for a sufficient time to permit the microalgae to synthesize solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen, atmospheric carbon dioxide and nutrients present in the suspension into nitrogen and chlorophyl; and wherein the step of using comprises using the enriched suspension as a liquid fertilizer product.
35. A method according to claim 28 including the step of adding to the sludge, agricultural waste products.
36. A method for converting an substantially untreated organic sludge including raw animal manure into a useful product comprising the steps of disintegrating organic solids in the sludge to form a disintegrated sludge including particulate matter; thereafter hydrolyzing the particulate matter in the disintegrated sludge by adding thereto a substance capable of providing hydrolytic enzymes; holding the disintegrated sludge, including the enzymes, for a sufficient length of time to hydrolyze the particulate matter; thereafter rupturing the particulate matter to form a colloidal slurry; further hydrolyzing the slurry to form a colloidal suspension; treating the suspension to form therefrom the product; and using the product.
37. A method according to claim 36 wherein the step of treating comprises the step of enriching the suspension with nitrogen by adding to the suspension microalgae, exposing the suspension including the microalgae to sunlight for a sufficient time to permit the microalgae to synthesize solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen, atmospheric carbon dioxide and nutrients present in the suspension into nitrogen and chlorophyl; and wherein the step of using comprises using the enriched suspension as a liquid fertilizer product.
38. A method according to claim 36 including the step of adding to the raw sludge raw agricultural waste products.
This is a continuation-in-part application of our co-pending patent application entitled BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE-ENERGY RECYCLING METHOD, bearing Ser. No. 52,644 and filed on June 27, 1979 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,049, which is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 877,195 filed Feb. 13, 1978, and now U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,944.
The following reference publications are of interest in regard to the present invention, a method for processing organic sludges.
"Land Disposal--What's the Realistic View", June, 1974, by authors H. L. Michel, P. H. Gilbert, and H. K. Creed, published in Water and Wastes Engineering, June, 1974; "Utilization of Animal Manures and Sewage Sludges in Food and Fiber Production", Report 41, February, 1975; and "Application of Sewage Sludge to Croplands; Appraisals of Potential Hazards of Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals", Report No. 64, November, 1976, both published by the Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST), Iowa State University; and, in regard to prior art solar ponds, "Energy Production by Microbial Photosynthesis", John R. Benemann, et al. Nature, Vol. 268, No. 5615, pp 19-23, July 7, 1977.
The potential for the recovery of resource values from sludge from conventional sewage treatment facilities is evident from the data published. Expressed in volumes per 100,000 persons, the average dryweight volume of sludge produced is about 11.5 tons per day containing about 65% organic solids of potential value as fuel or as agricultural fertilizer and soil amendment materials.
The PBQ&D, Inc., and CAST studies referred to above also provide data as to the substantial amounts of heavy metals in sewage sludges. For example, the following concentrations are noted:
______________________________________Element Range mg/kg - dry weight basis______________________________________Zinc 500 to 50,000Copper 250 to 17,000Nickel 25 to 8,000Cadmium 5 to 2,000______________________________________
The potentials for resource recovery and recycling of metal values is of special interest. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 784 (1978) describes a special situation in which gold and silver are present in sewage sludge incinerator ash in quantitites providing incentives for special treatment to recover precision metals.
Land disposal of primary and mixed sludge is currently practiced, but is costly as most of the total weight is water and the potentials for heavy metals pollution require sometimes costly mitigating measures. Incineration is difficult because of the water content and it is costly due to supplemental fuel usually required to support combustion. Discharge of sludge into public waterways and the oceans is not an acceptable alternative in the opinion of many environmental experts.
The PBQ&D, Inc. reference study also documents the presence of substantial amounts of heavy metal residuals in treated wastewater effluents. The presence of such toxins limits the use of such effluents for agricultural irrigation. A tertiary treatment is often required prior to discharge to public waterways.
This invention relates to an improved method for converting raw organic wastes, such as wastewater treatment plant sludge or agricultural manures, into an improved demineralized organic feedstock for industrial uses or for agricultural fertilizers which are optionally enriched with microalgae.
Broadly speaking, the present invention provides a method for converting substantially untreated organic sludges, as hereinafter described, into useful products by hydrolyzing the organic substances in the sludge. A major proportion, and normally substantially all, of the organic materials in the sludge are disintegrated into a colloidal suspension from which most of the content of heavy metals can be economically separated. The resultant product is well suited to relatively rapid metabolization by cultured or soil micro -organisms and plant life. The product may be readily dewatered to reduce moisture content more economically than was heretofore feasible.
More specifically, the present invention contemplates to normally hydrolyze, in three stages, the organic solids in substantially untreated organic sludges such as primary sludge from municipal wastewater treatment facilities, slurries of agricultural manure, or similar organic wastes. The organic solids in such sludge are sequentially reduced in particulate size by first step mechanical comminution followed by second step mechanical disintegration and third step enzymatic hydrolysis, thus to produce a suspension in which substantially all particulate matter is in colloidal form.
Primary sludge and mixtures of primary sludge with biologically processed secondary or digestor sludge include a substantial proportion of cellular components in their natural durable, compliant form. A proportion of such cells may pass undamaged through the mechanical disintegrator into the hydrolyzing enzyme reactor where the structural integrity of such cells is subsequently degraded by action of the enzymes. Normally, but not necessarily, the slurries discharged from the hydrolyzing reactor include such enzyme conditioned cells in which event the slurries are cycled through another, second mechanical disintegrator where they are ruptured to discharge the cellular components into solution and thereby form a colloidal slurry. The latter is then fed to a second enzyme hydrolysis reactor where the polysaccharide gel content is hydrolyzed and the abovementioned colloidal suspension is formed.
Most municipal sludges include a contaminating proportion of heavy metals, in which case the present invention provides for efficient separation of heavy metals from the colloidal slurry, by means of a chelation process. The separated heavy metals may be refined to recover such mineral resource values as cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, and, in special situations, precious metals such as gold and silver.
The resultant organic feedstock product of our invention is biologically stable and has improved biochemical reactivity potentials as the solids are readily available in solution or in colloidal suspension.
This product includes low molecular weight fertilizer nutrients in a form well suited for relatively rapid utilization by agricultural micro-organisms and plant life. Optionally, this nutrient product may be inoculated with microscopic, aquatic plants such as microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria and is then cultured in water in solar ponds to convert solar radiation, atmospheric nitrogen and carbon dioxide into additional fertilizer nutrients. The treated effluent discharged from modern waste water treatment facilities may be used as irrigation water after chelation treatment to remove heavy metals according to the method of our invention and can then be combined with the suspension, irrespective of whether or not the latter was subjected to the microalgae treatment.
Alternatively, the colloidal suspension product of our invention may be efficiently dewatered, as the water retention capacity of cells and polysaccharides, characteristic of organic sludges, has been greatly reduced due to disintegration of these components in accordance with our invention. This demineralized, dewatered product is well suited for use as agricultural fertilizer or a feedstock for additional processing, not a part of this invention, into fuels or other products. It is also well suited for incineration and disposal because of its reduced potential for environmental pollution.
In the above summarized method, substantial values and utility may be added to such raw materials as wastewater sludges, effluents and livestock manures. Recycled to land or to other useful purposes, the products of our invention effectively conserve energy resources conventionally required for production of equivalents. Such recycling reduces the environmental pollution and energy consumption now resulting from processing such organic materials to disposal as wastes.
Our U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,944 describes an alternative method for processing municipal primary sludge into biologically treated secondary sludge and an effluent suitable for rupture of the sludge cellular structure and chelation removal of heavy metals, thus to produce irrigation water with dilute organic fertilizer in solution and colloidal suspension.
Our referenced U.S. patent describes a method for processing treated cellular biomass materials into concentrate feedstock, fertilizer and feed products including hydrolytic enzyme conditioning to facilitate disintegration of cell and tissue structure and subsequent chelation removal of heavy metals.
Neither of the above disclosures discloses or suggests the method of the present invention by which substantially untreated, organic sludges can be processed into a demineralized, hydrolyzed colloidal suspension or feedstock. According to the prior art, such a suspension requires an initial biological treatment of the sludge such as an aerobic treatment lasting for about six hours. In such treatment, bacteria produce a large mass of cells, a biomass sludge, which can then be treated as disclosed in our above-referenced patent. In contrast thereto, the present invention eliminates the need for the initial biological treatment of the sludge. This results in significant time and cost savings both in terms of the initial investment in the plant and its subsequent operating costs.
Our U.S. Pat. No. 4,041,182 describes a method for enzyme hydrolysis of raw organic wastes to a separated cellulosic byproduct and a nutrient solution used in synthesis of a single cell protein feed biomass product. This is suitable for use as input raw material, in the method of our above-referenced patent, for production of feed supplement concentrates.
Therefore, a major objective of the present invention is to provide improved methodology for recycling sewage sludge and mixed sludges to recover the potential raw material values therein, in the form of useful commercial products.
A major objective of this invention is to provide improved methodology for the enhancement of fertilizer values and effectiveness of manures and other agricultural wastes.
A further major objective of this invention is to recover energy equivalent to the energy that would otherwise be required for production and delivery of the corresponding volumes of fertilizer, feedstock concentrates, and heavy metals comprising the major products produced by the method and process of our invention.
Other major objectives of this invention are to reduce the environmental damage inherent in current practices of disposal of sewage sludges as landfill, by sea dumping, incineration, and other methods of disposal and to conserve the energy and other resources now expended in the processes of such disposal.
An objective of this invention is to destroy the cell structure and viability of micro-organisms often present in primary or mixed organic sludges including bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, rotifers, eggs, worms, seeds, and other biological and plant life forms.
An objective of this invention is to provide improved means for disintegrating the cell and tissue structure of organic sludge solids, thus to facilitate efficient sterilization with relatively reduced requirements for chemical and other sterilization agents.
An objective of this invention is to provide improved means for disintegrating the cell and tissue structure of organic sludge solids, thus to facilitate efficient dewatering.
An objective of this invention is to provide means for the disintegration and hydrolysis of the cell and tissue structure of organic sludge solids, thus to facilitate separation of heavy metals.
An objective of this invention is to provide improved fertilizer products in which the structure of tissue and cellular components has been disintegrated, thus making available to soil micro-organisms and plant life the readily utilizable low molecular weight nutrient components.
An objective of this invention is to provide improved means for the preparation of a hydrolyzed nutrient solution for agricultural production of algae or other hydroponic plants.
An objective of this invention is to provide a dewatered, demineralized, low molecular weight organic intermediate feedstock well suited to further processing into fuel products.
For purposes of this patent application and unless otherwise indicated, the following terms used herein are meant to have the meaning indicated below.
The term "municipal wastewater" refers primarily to the raw sewage waste water acceptable as influent to conventional sewage treatment facilities.
The term "primary sludge" refers to sludge recovered by sedimentary settling in conventional sewage treatment facilities. Typically, such primary sludge has a solids content of 2 to 7% and includes a substantial proportion of the heavy metals present in the municipal wastewater influent.
The term "secondary sludge" refers to the predominantly organic cellular biomass sludge residue from all known biological methods for treatment of wastewaters and aqueous slurries of biodegradable organic materials, wherein microbial reactions are used to purify the wastewater stream by reduction of biodegradable and putrifactive components to a relatively stable, separated treated sludge residue or biomass of predominantly cellular structure. Well-known examples of such processing include activated sludge and extended aerobic treatments and anaerobic digestor treatment. The solids content of such secondary sludges ranges from 1 to 2% for activated sludge and 6 to 12% for digester sludge, including a substantial proportion of the heavy metals present in the municipal wastewater influent.
The term "treated effluent" refers to the fluid discharged from conventional sewage treatment facilities typically including a substantial proportion of the heavy metals present in the municipal waste water influent in the form of soluble salts and colloidal particulate matter.
The term "agricultural sludge" refers primarily to slurries including livestock manures and residues from fruit, vegetable, and animal packing operations and from field crop and tree farm operations.
The term "substantially untreated organic sludge" refers generally to primary sludge or agricultural sludge, to combinations thereof, as well as to mixtures thereof with secondary sludge, and is sometimes hereinafter referred to as "sludge".
The term "heavy metals" refers to such metals as cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, manganese, and zinc often present in waste waters, and also to gold, silver, and other metals present in special situations.
The term "microalgae" includes all forms of microscopic aquatic plants including mixtures of Green and Bluegreen Algae, preferably uni-cellular non-filamentous noncolonial types, to which photosynthetic bacteria may also be added.
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram which illustrates the method of our invention primarily in regard to the processing of municipal sewage wastewaters.
FIG. 2 is a flow diagram which illustrates the method of our invention primarily in regard to the processing of manure from a cattle feedlot.
Referring to FIG. 1, there is indicated at 1 all known wastewater treatment methods for reducing municipal watewaters 2 into fractions including a treated effluent 3 and a sludge residue 4, usually comprising primary sludge or mixtures of primary and secondary sludges. The treated effluent discharged at 3 may be further processed in tertiary treatment facilities and is usually disinfected and discharged to waste 5 in a conventional manner.
The sludge residue 4 or agricultural sludge 6, or combination thereof, is fed to a comminutor 11 as the input raw material, hereinafter usually referred to as substantially untreated organic sludge, or sludge for further processing in accordance with our invention, schematically shown all inclusively within dotted line area 10.
The sludge is processed in comminutor 11 to reduce the size of the organic solids in the sludge, typically with mechanical shredding or grinding machines as is well-known in the art. Maximum practical size reduction of the solids is advantageous to our process and usually they are comminuted into solids having a reduced size of not substantially in excess of 1/16 inch to 1/8 inch in diameter. Sludge including the reduced solids is discharged from the comminutor at 12 as "comminuted sludge".
The comminuted sludge 12 flows into a disintegrator 14 capable of destroying the particulate structure of organic solids in the sludge by such thorough dispersing action that all parts are made to correspond in structure. Suitable machines are well-known in the art, as discussed in more detail below, and are employed in the chemical industries for the dispersal of solids in fluid solutions and for the preparation of emulsions. Maximum practical size reduction is advantageous to our process and usually the "disintegrated sludge" discharged from the disintegrator at 15 will include particulate matter not exceeding 5 to 10 microns in diameter. However, at least some cellular components present in the comminuted sludge will, due to their strong but flexible membrane structure, pass undamaged through disintegrator 14.
The disintegrated sludge flows into an enzyme hydrolysis reactor 16 into which an inoculum of hydrolytic enzymes is added at 17. In the resultant hydrolytic reaction, contact between the enzymes and the dispersed particulate matter results in the hydrolysis of the latter to low molecular weight particles. Any undispersed cellular components will be degraded by the enzymes, during the initial contact period, to hydrolyze the polysaccharide slime coating constituting the outer cellular layer, thus, to release to solution heavy metal ions occluded thereon, and to attack and weaken the cellulosic wall structure of the cells.
In reactor 16 the incoming disintegrated sludge is converted into a "conditioned sludge" comprising enzyme conditioned cellular components which are susceptible to mechanical disintegration or to disintegration by hydrolysis. Typically, the former is necessary and it is accomplished by rupturing the enzyme conditioned particulate matter in a further disintegrator 19 which may be of the same construction as disintegrator 14. A colloidal slurry including hydrolyzed organic particles is forwarded from the second disintegrator to a second enzyme hydrolysis reactor 18 where the polysaccharide gel content of the particles in the colloidal slurry is hydrolyzed, thereby releasing the cellular constituents to solution and forming a "colloidal suspension" which is discharged from the second reactor.
Although the secondary rupture and hydrolysis of the conditioned sludge released from first hydrolysis reactor 16 is considered necessary in most cases, in instances in which the first disintegrator 14 is sufficiently powerful to rupture all cells, such secondary treatment can be omitted. A principal obstacle to complete cell disintegration in disintegrator 14 is the large forces that must be applied to effect a complete cell rupture in view of their resiliency. Consequently, such an approach would require large amounts of energy and in view of the scarcity and ever increasing cost thereof, this alternative is presently considered economically unfeasible and, therefore, is set forth herein primarily for theoretical completeness rather than practical applicability.
As a further alternative to the above discussed arrangement which employs a secondary disintegrator 19 and a secondary hydrolytic reactor 18, the conditioned sludge released from the first hydrolytic reactor 16 can be recycled through the first disintegrator 14 and the reactor as indicated by dotted line 13. This arrangement has the advantage that only one disintegrator and one hydrolytic reactor is required. However, for most large installations, such as municipal sewage treatment plants, such an arrangement would adversely affect the product flow and would, therefore, not be employed.
Referring still to FIG. 1, the colloidal suspension discharged from reactor 18 is subjected to a heavy metals removal process at 21, preferably employing a chelation reaction that is well-known in the art, to remove from the slurry most of its content of heavy metals. As part of the process of the present invention, such chelation treatment is effective and relatively inexpensive due to the availability of the metals to the chelation reaction as a result of the preceding cell and tissue components disintegration and the hydrolysis of solids to solution and colloidal suspension. A separated, heavy metals concentrate is discharged as a slurry at 22. Additional heavy metal values may be recovered from the effluent from most wastewater treatment facilities. As illustrated in FIG. 1, to accomplish this the treated effluent 3 can be alternatively directed via a conduit 30 to a heavy metals removal unit 31, preferably also employing a chelation process, for the recovery of heavy metals from the effluent. A heavy metals concentrate is discharged at 32, combined with the heavy metals concentrate 22, and discharged at 36 as a valuable side product produced according to the method of our invention.
A demineralized, microparticulate or organic feedstock slurry is discharged from chelating unit 21 at 23 and may be combined via a conduit 34 and a valve 35 with demineralized treated effluent 3 discharged from chelating unit 31 at 33. The combined flows are available at 37 for use as irrigation water with fertilizer and soil amendment materials in colloidal suspension and solution. An auxilliary disinfector 38, usually included in modern wastewater treatment facilities, can be used to meet sterilization requirements for reclaimed wastewaters for irrigation usage. Since practically all solids are in microparticulate form readily available to the sterilization process, less disinfection treatment is required, resulting in treatment cost savings and a relatively low residual of disinfection chemicals in the irrigation fertilizer effluent product discharged at 39.
The resultant nutrient-containing irrigation effluent product of our invention is suitable for pipeline transport as the particulate matter content is dispersed in solution and colloidal suspension having relatively little tendency to precipitation. The product is biologically inactivated; however, the biochemical reactivity potential is high because the solids are dispersed in readily available form.
Additional nitrogen and other valuable agricultural components may be added to the irrigation-fertilizer effluent product of our invention by diverting the organic feedstock slurry 23 via conduit 34 and the appropriately set valve 35 to a shallow solar microalgae reactor pond 40 with open top, exposed to sunlight and into which an inoculum of microalgae is added at 41.
The microalgae proliferates rapidly during a few days time, metabolizing solar energy, atmospheric nitrogen, atmospheric carbon dioxide, and the readily available nutrients in the organic feedstock slurry 23, free of heavy metal toxins which would otherwise inhibit growth. This results in the synthesis of substantial amounts of nitrogen, chlorophyl, and other biomass agricultural nutrients, all of which are valuable agricultural fertilizer components.
A microalgae enriched slurry is discharged from the pond at 42 where it can be combined at 43 with the demineralized effluent 33 and, after disinfection at 38, is discharged as irrigation-fertilizer effluent 39 which is enriched by the added microalgae factors.
Alternatively, the organic feedstock slurry product 23 is uniquely adapted for efficient dewatering at 24 because all solids are in soluble or microparticulate form in which they are more readily separated from water as compared to solids combined with water in the original cellular, fibrous or polysaccharide forms. As is well-known in the art, the latter is most difficult, if not impossible to dewater.
Well-known dewatering devices and technology may be used to separate solids from the water content. These may include the use of organic and inorganic chemicals to induce flocculation, agglomeration, and precipitation of the solids. The dewatering process is completed with centrifuge, vacuum screen, or reverse osmosis filtration machines. The unique conditioning of the raw sludge to facilitate this dewatering step is an important feature of the method of our invention. The filtered effluent removed at 25 from the dewatering unit 24 can be added via a conduit 26 to the effluent 3 discharged from wastewater treatment facility 1.
The dewatering step also yields an organic feedstock concentrate product 27 which can be used in this form as an intermediate material for additional processing into other products, or which can be used locally as a fertilizer soil amendment material. It may also be disposed of by incineration or as landfill.
When stored for later use, the organic feedstock concentrate product 27 is combined with suitable edible acids to inhibit microbiological activity until ready for use. Alternatively, the organic feedstock product 27 can be combined with a suitable sorbent material to inhibit microbiological activity by denial of moisture. These preservative techniques are described in greater detail in our above-referenced co-pending patent application.
The irrigation fertilizer effluent discharged at 39 is a unique product, combining values as irrigation water, fertilizer, and soil amendment materials. When distributed to agricultural lands, the organic materials content is in soluble or microparticulate form suitable for relatively rapid uptake by soil micro-organisms and plants, as contrasted to the more extended time period usually required for bio-degrading the relatively raw and physically large organic solids present in conventional wastewaters and sewage sludges.
About 75% of the total nitrogen content of raw wastewater influent 2 is converted by the process and method of our invention into the equivalent of commercial grade liquid fertilizer. The cellular protoplasm content, from ruptured cells, is particularly valuable as a potent and readily available nutrient for soil micro-organisms and plant life. Substantial amounts of additional fertilizer grade nitrogen can be added by incorporating the solar microalgae pond 40 in treatment of the raw sludge pursuant to our invention. The algae contributes important quantities of biomass fertilizer and, under favorable soil moisture and climatic conditions will continue to grow and synthesize nitrogen, carbon, enzymes, and biological nutrients, which are useful for the stimulation of field crop seed germination and plant growth.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is illustrated, for example, a system adapted from the one shown in FIG. 1, for processing cattle manure. A modern cattle confinement feedlot 50 is shown which has a concrete floor with multiple, inclined, solid plane surfaces 51, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,859,962, issued to Kissinger, and slotted sub-floor drainage channels 52 as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,898,778 issued to Erickson et al. A pump 53 recirculates an initial quantity of water from a source 54 via a valve 55 and a conduit 56 to multiple slotted subfloor channels 52 to thereby accumulate a manure slurry. The manure slurry has a solids content of about 5 to 25% for beef cattle confined to the floor at a density of about one head per 20 sq. ft. of floor space.
This organic manure slurry is occasionally diverted by the appropriately set valve 55 to a conduit 57 as the input raw material for processing in accordance with our invention, as all inclusively indicated within dotted rectangle 60.
The manure slurry 57, hereinafter again usually referred to as "sludge" is fed through comminutor 61 to reduce the size of organic solids in the sludge as discussed above. A comminuted sludge is discharged at 62 and is sent to a disintegrator 64 to form a disintegrated sludge which has the above discussed characteristics and which is discharged at 65 and then flows into an enzyme hydrolysis reactor 66.
An inoculum of hydrolytic enzymes is added at 67 to initiate the hydrolysis of the particulate matter of the disintegrated sludge. The cellular components in the disintegrated sludge are degraded during their initial period of exposure to the enzymes which facilitates the subsequent rupture of the cellular structure, if necessary, in a secondary disintegrator 69 downstream of reactor 66. In the second disintegrator the particles present in the conditioned sludge received from the reactor 66 are ruptured and disintegrated to form a colloidal slurry which is fed to a second hydrolytic reactor 70 where the polysaccharide gel structure is hydrolyzed as previously described in greater detail.
Since cattle manure usually has a negligible content of heavy metals, the heavy metals removal step previously described can be omitted. Thus, the microparticulate slurry discharged from reactor 70 can be used directly as a liquid fertilizer. Preferably, however, it is first fed to a microalgae pond 80.
An inoculation of microalgae is added to the slurry in the pond at 81. To facilitate rapid photosynthesis and growth of the microalgae, we have found it advantageous to use ponds in which the solids content is maintained at about 2% and the fluid depth is maintained at about 18 inches by adding make-up water 82 from a source 91 as necessary. To minimize algae settling and thermal stratification within the pond it is advantageous to recirculate the algae enriched slurry from a pond outlet 83 via a pump 84, a valve 85 and a conduit 86.
A microalgae enriched liquid fertilizer product obtained in accordance with our invention is withdrawn from pond 80 by appropriately setting valve 85 and flowing it via a one-way check valve 87 into an irrigation water distribution line 90. Irrigation water is supplied, for example, by a well or other source 91 which is separated from the pond outlet line 88 by another check valve 92. Irrigation of field or forage crops can be accomplished by irrigation systems such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,820,714 or 3,703,990 to Erickson et al., or by any other suitable systems such as the reel-hose irrigation sprinkler 93, well-known in the art.
Feedlot 50, and the source of the manure slurry that is processed in accordance with the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2 may, of course, be a modern confinement dairy or a similar installation, all well-known in the art.
In addition, other agricultural wastes, such as dry manure residues from conventional open type feedlots, manure from other farm animal feeding operations, animal packing house wastes or carcasses, fruit and vegetable packing house wastes, field crop residues, etc., together with water as necessary, may be added at 58, or they may comprise the sole source of sludge fed to comminutor 61.
The comminutor 11 or 61 employed in the process of our invention for conditioning the sludge is well-known in the art, and is commercially available; for instance, Hydraulic Sludge Disintegrator, available from BIF Sanitrol, a unit of General Signal Corp., Largo, Fla.; or, Fryma-Wastewater Mill MA, available from Neumunz, Inc., Leona, N.J.; or the Delumper Brand Size Reduction Equipment available from Franklin Miller, Inc., West Orange, N.J.
The disintegrator (14, 19, 64 or 69) employed in the process of our invention is also well-known and commercially available. Suitable disintegrators include the Dispax-Reactor 3-Stage, inline disperser machines available from the Tekmar Company, Cincinnati, Ohio which have high speed rotor-stator generators to create rotational turbulence, shear and pressure release forces to disintegrate organic particulate matter. Alternative disintegration technologies may be used such as the use of piston-orifice pressure release homogenizer machines or the use of ultrasonic wave energy to dispense solids in slurries, as is well-known in the art.
The enzyme hydrolysis reaction in the reactors employed in the process of our invention can be accomplished in an aqueous slurry, preferably having a 5% to 25% solids content (dryweight basis), buffered to a pH value in the range of 6.5 to 7.2, preferably 7.0, and at a temperature range of between 16�-40� C. and preferably at a temperature in the vicinity of 37� C. The slurry can be recirculated as necessary to keep solids in suspension and accessible to enzymatic reaction. Average stay time to effect the required enzyme hydrolysis reaction is in the range of four to ten hours and treatment facilities can be designed for either batch or flowthrough processing.
The hydrolytic enzymes employed can be supplied as an aqueous solution of dehydrated non-specific enzymes prepared as a crude mixture separated from bacterial fermentation broths and subsequently dehydrated. Potency is equal to 50,000 International Units of activity per gram as supplied by Bioferm International, Inc., Medford, N.J. The dried enzymes may be rehydrated in a ratio of 1 lb. to 5 gals. of water, at 37� C. and added into the reactors in the ratio of 1 lb. of dehydrated enzymes per 1000 lbs. (dry-weight) of biodegradable organic material inflow in the sludge to be hydrolyzed. For a typical slurry concentration of 10% solids, about 4 lbs. of dehydrated enzymes are required per 10,000 gals.
Hydrolytic enzymes useful for the purposes of this invention includes:
Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases
Thiolester Hydrolases
Phosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases
Triphosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
Sulphuric Ester Hydrolases
Diphosphoric Monoester Hydrolases
O-Glycosyl Hydrolases
N-Glycosyl Hydrolases
S-Glycosyl Hydrolases
Thioether Hydrolases
Ether Hydrolases
α-Aminoacylpeptide Hydrolases
Peptidylamino Acid Hydrolases
Dipeptide Hydrolases
Dipeptidylpeptide Hydrolases
Peptidyldipeptide Hydrolases
Serine Proteinases
SH Proteinases
Acid Proteinases
Metallo Proteinases
Linear Amide Hydrolases
Cyclic Amide Hydrolases
Linear Amidine Hydrolases
Cyclic Amidine Hydrolases
Nitrile Hydrolases
Acid Anhydride Hydrolases
Sulphonyl Anhydride Hydrolases
Carbon-Carbon Hydrolases
Organic Halide Hydrolases
For protection and conservation of the sensitive and valuable protoplasm content of the cells we do not employ nuclease enzymes and limit the Enzyme Hydrolysis reaction to about 12 hours maximum.
For large volume installations, a concentrate of dehydrated, viable, hydrolytic enzyme-producing micro-organisms may be employed. Potency is about 5 billion viable micro-organisms per gram as supplied by Bioferm International, Inc., Medford, N.J. Each pound of this inoculant may be cultured in 50 gallons of water, at about 37� C., to which is added 5% to 7% by volume of beet or cane molasses, or an equivalent source of sugar and minerals, and sufficient urea or an equivalent source of nitrogen to establish approximately a 10:1 carbon to nitrogen ratio. The pH value is adjusted to the 6.8/7.2 range, optimum is 7.0, and air is diffused into the recirculating slurry at the rate of about 130 cfm per 1000 gals. In about 18-24 hours, the finished liquid culture will have a concentration of about 1 billion micro-organisms per milliliter.
About 90% of each batch may be used as the inoculant added into the enzyme hydrolysis reactor at the rate of about 50 gals. per 1000 gals. of sludge slurry (10% solids). Such cultures should be used within 12 hours of preparation and preferably should be biologically inactivated by preconditioning to disintegrate cellular structure using a mechanical disperser or homogenizer machine as described with reference to the disintegrator in the process of our invention. Alternatively, the hydrolytic enzyme inoculant may be introduced and dispersed into process by addition to the slurry inflow to the disintegrator step of our invention.
Ten percent of each batch may be used as the inoculant for subsequent culture batches up to a total of about six such extension cultures, after which a new series of cultures should be started with a fresh supply of dehydrated micro-organisms as the initial inoculant. Thus, in large installations, enzyme inoculant may be produced economically on site from relatively small amounts of commercially produced concentrates of dehydrated enzyme producing micro-organisms.
Enzyme-producing micro-organisms useful for the purposes of this invention include:
______________________________________Alternario sp. Bacillus sp. Acremonium sp.Arthrobotrys sp. Achromobacter sp. Memnoniella sp.Botrystis sp. Arthrobacter sp. Monascus sp.Cephalosporium sp. Corynebacterium sp. Mucor sp.Chaetomium sp. Cellulomonas sp. Mortierella sp.Chloridium sp. Micrococcus sp. Myrothecium sp.Chrysosporium sp. Streptomyces sp. Paecilomyces sp.Cladosporium sp. Desulphovibrio sp. Penicillium sp.Conidiobolus sp. Micromonospora sp. Polyporus sp.Endothia sp. Pseudomonas sp. Preussia sp.Entomophthora sp. Nocardia sp. Pythium sp.Eupenicillium sp. Mycobacterium sp. Rhizopus sp.Fomes sp. Thermoactinomyces sp. Sporoboromyces sp.Fusarium sp. Thermomonospora sp. Stachybotrys sp.Gliocladium sp. Thermopolyspora sp. Trichoderma sp.Gliomastix sp. Xanthomonas sp. Verticillum sp.Humicola sp. Aspergillus sp.______________________________________
The Heavy Metals Removal process of our invention is efficiently accomplished as a result of the reduction of solids to microparticulate hydrolyzed condition in the prior comminution, disintegration, and enzyme hydrolysis steps of our invention. A suitable metals removal method is described by Wing et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,286. This method employs the chelating capacity of insoluble cross-linked starch xanthates to remove heavy metals in an aqueous solution by contact absorption. Suitable insoluble cross-linked starch xanthate material is available in granular or prill form from Bioferm International, Medford, N.J. The pH value of the slurry inflow to the Heavy Metals Removal reactor may be in the range of 3.0 to 11.0, preferably 7.0 to 8.0 for maximum heavy metals removal efficiency.
Extraction of the heavy metal bearing chelating material may be accomplished by precipitation, centrifugation or filtration. The retained accumulated metallic ions can be released, and the chelate material regenerated, by occassional backwashing with a dilute acid solution. The metals may be separated from the acid solution by exchange resin bed technology and discharged as a water base slurry containing the heavy metal ions in solution and suspension. This slurry may be further processed and refined for the recovery of individual metal values. Such techniques are well-known in the art and are described in more detail in our referenced U.S. patent.
A 5 gal. sample of mixed primary and secondary sludge was obtained from a sewage wastewater treatment facility and was processed according to the method of our invention through a laboratory grinder-comminutor, followed by disintegrator processing for about 10 mins. using a Tekmar Super Dispax SD 65 Disperser. Hydrolytic enzyme conditioning of cellular components was accomplished in 90 mins. after addition of an enzyme solution prepared as described above, to a slurry having about 10% solids content and adjusted to pH 7.0 and a temperature of 37� C. The conditioned sludge was recycled through the disintegrator-disperser and thereafter the enzymatic hydrolysis was continued and completed in eight hours to effect the above-described secondary disintegration and hydrolytic treatment of the conditioned sludge and thereby convert it into a microparticulate slurry. The microparticulate slurry was processed for removal of heavy metals in an improved chelation process adopted from the process described by Wing et al in U.S. Pat. No. 3,978,286. Seven hundred fifty mg of ISX-733 insoluble starch xanthate was used per unit volume of sludge having a non-organic ash content of 1000 mg per unit volume. Simple precipitation was used to remove the heavy metal bearing chelate. The results of spectrographic testing for some heavy metals in the microparticulate slurry as compared to the resultant demineralized feedstock slurry were found to be:
______________________________________ Pre-Treatment Post-Treatment ReductionElement mg/kg - ppm mg/kg - ppm %______________________________________Silver 411 32.8 92.0Gold 39 7.4 81.0Iron 11,740 62.0 99.5Copper 2,200 220.0 90.0Manganese 1,310 150.0 88.5Zinc 3,820 191.0 95.0Chromium 3,260 270.0 91.7Lead 210 26.0 87.6Nickel 6,250 440.0 93.0Cadmium 830 70.0 91.6______________________________________
An alternative process for removing heavy metal ions in aqueous solutions is described by Joshiaki Kajyama in U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,225, wherein adsorption by coral fossil limestone in granular form is employed. As in the case with the Wing et al process, and in all other ion removal processes known to us, such processing is not effective for the removal of the heavy metal ions contained within the biological cells and the cellulosic tissue structure of much of the biomass of organic sludges. In the improved process and method of our invention, such metal ions are effectively separated by chelation treatment because the prior disintegration and enzyme hydrolysis to a low molecular weight slurry serves to make the metal ion content readily accessible to removal processing in our method. Other alternative processing methods for heavy ion removal may be employed without departing from the scope of the process and method of our invention.
For installations in which the input substantially untreated organic sludge is from agricultural sources containing insignificant amounts of heavy metals, the heavy metals removal step may, of course, be omitted.
The dewatering step may be accomplished in accordance with any of the techniques well-known in the art. For example, the incoming slurry may be preconditioned with flocculant chemicals dispersed into solution, followed by mechanical processing to remove water from the precipitate. Reverse osmosis filtration technology may be used for dewatering, and suitable equipment therefore is available from Amicon Corporation, Cambridge, Mass. Alternatively, centrifuge, vacuum screen or other filtration machines may be used. Following is a listing of some suitable flocculating chemicals:
______________________________________Organic Inorganic______________________________________Fulvo-Humic Acids Aluminum ChlorideChitosan Ferric ChlorideAcrylic Copolymers Phosphomolybdic AcidAromatic Resin CopolymersAliphatic Resin CopolymersPolymeric Aliphatic AminesPolymeric Aliphatic AcidsPolymeric Aromatic AminesPolymeric Aromatic Acids______________________________________
The solar microalgae ponds employed in the process of our invention should provide for a slurry depth of 30 to 50 centimeters, and they should be of a size sufficient to accommodate the desired organic feedstock slurry diluted to about 2% solids. The pH should be corrected, if necessary, to the range of 6.8 to 7.5, preferably 7.2. A means for mixing and recirculating, e.g. the above described pump recirculation, should be provided to minimize algae settling and thermal stratification.
The microalgae inoculant is available from Bioferm International, Medford, N.J., as a dehydrated concentrate having a potency of one billion to five billion dehydrated microscopic aquatic plants per gram as microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria.
The dried microalgae may be rehydrated in a ratio of 1 lb. to 5 gals. of water at 37 C., and added to the solar-microalgae pond in the ratio of 1 lb. of microalgae per 100,000 lbs. dryweight of agricultural nutrients in solution.
Families of microalgae and photosynthetic bacteria useful for the purposes of this invention include:
______________________________________Algae Photosynthetic Bacteria______________________________________Chlorophyceae ChlorobioceaeEuglenophyceae ThiorhodaceaeXanthophyceae AthiorhodaceaeChrysophyceaeBacillariophyceaePhaeophyceaeDinophyceaeCyanophyceaeRhodophyceaeCryptophyceaeChloromonadales______________________________________
Upon discharge to agricultural field use, about 5% of the microalgae culture product may be retained in the solar pond to serve as the inoculant for the next inflow of organic feedstock nutrient slurry and water for the necessary dilution.
Although the foregoing improved method for our Sludge-Energy Recycling Method has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it is to be understood that certain changes, modifications and omissions may be practised within the spirit of the invention as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
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Consumer News
Seattle consumer news and information
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Does filling up in the morning save gas?
Consumer Reports debunks the myth that pumping gas in the morning makes much of a difference to your pocketbook. The idea behind the early-bird-gets-more-gas theory is that gasoline would be denser in the cool of early morning, so you'll get more energy per gallon than you would later in the heat of the afternoon when gasoline expands. [Read More]
$4 gas here to stay
We've seen $4 a gallon gasoline in Seattle and on the West Coast for a while now, but gas prices hit a new milestone this week. For the first time, the U.S. average retail price for regular gasoline exceeded $4. [Read More]
Gas myths busted
If you fill up gas in the morning, when the air is cooler rather than in the heat of the day, do you get more gas for your money? Does opening a window while driving along the highway cut into your gas mileage? Does a dirty air filter effect fuel economy? [Read More]

subset: commoncrawl


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Ben Hubbert
Ben Hubbert, co-owner of Champion AC, is a former member of Special Operations in the Air Force, who's now committed to helping San Antonio reduce our community's demands on the energy grid. Visit championac.com or twitter.com/championac or call (210) 699-0022 for more information.
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Going Green at Salado Intermediate School
Part of the San Antonio Energy Champions Building Competition is highlighting what each competitor is doing to save energy and help lead green lifestyles. One of the first things that stood out to us was our trip to Salado Intermediate School, where the 4th graders have a garden near the back of the school. The […] [Read More]


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As a school wide project for the new year, Highland Elementary collected canned and other food items to promote community awareness for those who are in need. All food collected was donated to the Center for Hope Food Bank in Ambridge. All children who participated received a small token thank you item donated by UPMC's Dignity and Respect for Youth program. We had an outstanding response! The total items of food collected in each category are as follows:
Tuna fish – 101
Canned soups – 144
Cereal – 48
Instant potatoes – 35
Spaghetti sauce – 29
Canned Fruit – 86
Other food items - 196
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Do you:
- Want to create online course materials?
- Need alternative modes of content delivery and student work submission to ensure instructional continuity during leaves of absence?
- Move in-class components to an online forum to free up class time for more face-to-face interaction?
- Develop back-up methods to work with students during times of extended excused absence?
As part of our support for instructors teaching fully online and/or merging their in-class instruction into an online environment, we have developed a series of online instructional learning modules. These modules have been specifically designed for instructors who are developing a fully online or hybrid course materials that will be facilitated through the university Blackboard system.
If you are interested in one or more of the listed training modules please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com for more information. We will enroll you on our Blackboard training site for the modules you wish to review.
As instructors and students expand the boundaries of where and how learning takes place, the online forum for teaching has become more diverse and robust as a medium for education. The modules we offer here address the following overarching objectives for participants:
- Define learning goals and objectives that are clearly communicated to their students through content delivery, student engagement with the materials, assignments and assessments.
- Increase knowledge and skills in using Blackboard courseware.
- Be introduced to modes of new media presentation which facilitate online learning.
- Design learning modules which engage students and encourage the development of independent and lifelong learning skills.
- Create assessments using technology tools to measure learning progress.
The following is a listing of the specific modules and the topics they each cover:
Online Course Structure: Creating a Roadmap for Learning
In this module the focus is on structure; specifically on helping students understand the logistic and thematic structures of your course. This module works toward the integration of course goals and learning objectives into a syllabus and adapting that syllabus for an online course. Additionally, this module facilitates a discussion about the many ways we communicate a narrative of learning to students, and the opportunities to do this in an online course. The module also works towards mapping the navigational structure for a course, since it is essential to have an easy-to-navigate course site that allows students to acclimate quickly to online learning.
Creating a Sequential Learning Experience: Unit Planning
This module focuses on taking drafts of a site navigation, course structure, and learning objectives to begin addressing specific learning units within a course site. Participants will begin to address the micro components of a course. Reflection will be an important component of this module, as participants will reflect on maximizing content delivery, clarifying course organization, and creating an accessible format for the students. Additionally, this module will address some basic ideas about what roles instructors play in an on-line classroom: Are we responsible for providing technical support for our students? If so, where do we need to draw the line on answering their tech-related questions and trying to resolve their problems? When do we refer them to other resources? If not, what kind of outside resources can provide this support for our students?
Student Engagement and Participation
For this module the focus will be on how to create student engagement within an online environment. Participants will create and experiment with the Discussion Board component. Even if you are not planning to use discussion-based student activities, this module can help you consider the ways in which this kind of online engagement can be rewarding and challenging.
Assessment and Feedback
What are the unique benefits and challenges the online environment offers an instructor for evaluating student learning? And what are the unique benefits and challenges for using online tools for course evaluation? This module presents on some of the Blackboard tools for assessment, and explores the strategies for measuring student learning, and measuring our own instructor success through midterm evaluations. Rubric development will be addressed to clarify and articulate grading standards through an online collaborative process.
Dynamic Content Presentation and the Advanced Internet
In this module information is provided about other online applications to consider in reaching out to more learning styles. One focus is on the use of multimedia (audio, video, RSS feeds) within Blackboard. Web 2.0 applications such as blogging, wikis, podcasting, shared document applications, and other learning objects are also addressed. This module gives a basic introduction to intellectual property, copyright, and fair use considerations when teaching an online course.


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I feel that a line was crossed in the June 19 comic strip of Soup to Nutz, by Rick Stomoski.
For him to suggest that wishing and prayers are the same thing, and get the same results, does not belong in a comic strip, read by thousands of young children. His comic strip was neither funny nor had any comedy value, and was only used to express his personal non-Christian beliefs.
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This is a Christian nation where the power of prayer and the comfort and results it brings is part of the majority of our nation's citizens' beliefs.
Ralph E. Bertermann
Mount Prospect


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Below is the poem entitled My Empty Spaces- Inspirational Lyrics, Link, and Personal Testimony which was written by poet
Manassian. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Eileen Manassian
Why am I such a dusty window
For your light to shine through?
Why am I just a tiny star
In a sky already blue?
Why do I offer everything
With my heart closed like a fist?
I want to love You better than this
Why do I live like I'm in chains
When You have set me free?
And why do I have to break Your heart
Before I fall to my knees?
I know it's time to pray for change
Give all I have to give
I want to love You better than this
So renew me
Remake me
Undo me
Unbreak me
Come into the empty spaces
Of my broken places
And consume me
Complete me
Pursue me
Redeem me
Let Your Holy Spirit living through me
Renew me
I need You as my refuge
My first and last resort
Be the river always running
Through my deepest thoughts
Keep me in Your arms
'Cause even when I drift
I want to love You better than this
So renew me
Remake me
Undo me
Unbreak me
Come into the empty spaces
Of my broken places
And consume me
Complete me
Pursue me
Redeem me
Let Your Holy Spirit living through me
Renew me
My life bending to Your will
Seeking You until I'm more and more like You
Heritage Singers: Youtube link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D2h0s5Z0VAw
Since I can't blog, I just wanted to share this song that has been going on in my mind today...an endless loop. God is so good. I'm just so in awe of how patient He is with me. I wander, forget that early love for Him that consumed my life, disappoint, and yet....He doesn't give up on me. I was asked to speak to my church group tonight. Though that used to be the highlight of my life...lately...I went through my old messages...wanting to just...spout out something...but this morning...He opened up my mind. He opened up my mind and just POURED it all in. The whole talk...verses and everything! The title...The Forgotten Verses! I'm going to share about Poetry Soup...how there is a link for good community members who post and encourage other poets....and how as a body of believers, we need to be there for each other...meeting one another's physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual needs...with verses that support. My foundational verse is the one after that MUCH quoted verse of Apostle Paul: I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me. WELL KNOWN, but the forgotten verse comes right after: Nevertheless, you have done well that you shared in my distress. (Philippians 4: 14) THAT is community. Sharing in the pain...bringing healing. My heart is full. Please, hear the song and be blessed. Pray for me tonight? Thanks!


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Believer in 'one medicine'
For Dr. Will Eward, the search for a cure for cancer is a cross-species endeavor.
Three days each week, the 39-year-old works as assistant professor in orthopedic oncology, or bone cancer treatment and diagnosis, at the Duke Cancer Institute.
For the remaining two days of the workweek, he works at the Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, a specialty animal hospital with locations in Cary, Raleigh, and in Durham.
"I would say I'm a hard-core believer in 'one medicine,'" Eward said, explaining that he believes in working on medical problems, like trying to find the cure for cancer, by studying both humans and other species. And he's currently involved in research toward that end.
Eward said he's involved in what he called a "watershed project" testing an imaging device developed with engineers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It's in trials to see if it can safely and effectively detect cancer cells left behind after a tumor has been removed. The system uses fluorescent probes that are activated in a certain type of tumor.
After testing the device in mice, Eward said he led a trial testing it in nine dogs with tumors that were all patients at the Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas. The study, whose results were published in the orthopedic journal Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research last year, found one dog with cancer cells remaining after a tumor had been removed. Now Eward said they're starting Phase II trials to see if the system is effective in humans.
That's just one project of several. Eward said he's also involved in an effort to collect tissue samples from dogs that have a type of cancer in the body's soft tissues, such as in the fat or muscles. It's rare in humans, but Eward said is more common in dogs. The samples are sent it to a lab in Canada to help with a project to try to differentiate which cells of a tumor are responsible for keeping it alive, and which ones are responsible for growing new tumors.
In addition, he said he's also working on assembling a bank of cancer tissues. Any time he operates on a dog with a sarcoma, he said, he freezes a sample so that they can potentially be used in the future for testing cancer treatments.
Eward said the "big picture" is to help with the pursuit of a cure for cancer.
"I think it's the same fight," he said, in animals and in humans.
What set him on his dual path was an interest in cancer as a veterinarian, Eward said, and then he decided to "go back for more." He said he'd always thought it would be "cool" to pursue both degrees.
He met his wife, Cindy Eward, who is an animal surgeon at the Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, when he was a student at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, where she was then a surgical resident.
He said she taught him how to scrub his hands properly and about "staying calm and being nice" in a tough spot during surgery. Now they do surgeries together at the hospital, which Will Eward said is like having four hands.
"We love to operate together," he said.


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If you asked what my favorite game of the 2011 was, I would tell you it was Dark Souls, which made the number eight slot in our prestigious top ten. If, however, you asked me which game instilled me with the most pure, unbridled joy, I would say it was Rayman Origins without a moment's hesitation.
Providing both a fresh experience and an invigorating jolt of nostalgia for the days when platformers were king, Rayman Origins is a must-play.
I enjoyed the original Dead Space. Though I rarely found it to be a truly frightening experience, it was hard to deny the loving attention paid to the game's environments and the gut-clenching fun of blasting off monster limbs. Dead Space 2 polished every facet of the original, delivering a more addictive upgrade system and – at least in the early portions of the campaign – scarier environments.
I loved exploring the Sprawl, a space station that felt like a real, "lived in" place. The narrative, while still not quite there, was improved as well, offering genuinely tense moments and some incredible set pieces. All the pieces are in place for a sequel, and I can only hope that EA follows through on one of this generation's unique survival horror offerings.
It's well-written, it has a tremendous art style, it's funny, it appeals to players of all stripes and it's a Kinect game. To accomplish so much is no small feat, and one that Twisted Pixel has pulled off with aplomb in The Gunstringer.
When it was first announced over a year ago, Dungeon Defenders' blend of tower defense and Diablo-esque loot mechanics had me intrigued. Even so, I was not prepared for the level of polish and care evident in the final product. With a friend or two in tow, Dungeon Defenders quickly becomes one of the best co-op experiences of 2011, if not the best. If you have some friends and $15 (or less if you pick it up during an all-too-frequent Steam sale), you are guaranteed to have a good time.
I won't go so far as to call Rise of Nightmares a good game, but it's easily the most ambitious product to be released for the Kinect so far. Offering players complete control over their movements and actions, it does something no other Kinect title has and, what's more, it's actually fun to play ... most of the time. There are some clunky bits, notably movement and a ridiculous story, but there's no denying the simple pleasures of lopping off zombie heads with pruning shears or blasting them with spheres of cleansing light.
I really hope developers and publishers take note of what Sega was able to accomplish with Kinect and build upon the foundations laid by Rise of Nightmares. Note to any such developers or publishers who might be reading this: Maybe start with a story that makes a lick of sense. Do, however, feel free to insert Kinect-controlled chainsaws at every possible juncture.
Joystiq has revealed its 10 favorite games of 2011! Stay tuned to see those games that didn't quite make the cut in Joystiq's Best of the Rest series.
- Key specs
- Reviews • 3
- Prices
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- Type Other
- Connection Wired
- Console compatibility Microsoft
- Released 2013-11-22
Sony PlayStation 3 (late 2012)
Microsoft Xbox One


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Sonderkommando were groups of workers (prisoners) who helped dispose of those killed in the camp. They were never directly involved in the killing of other prisoners. The uprising referred to in the mod happened after the camp's resistance group successfully blew up one of the crematoriums. From Wikipedia:
"When the camp resistance warned the Sonderkommando that they were due to be murdered on the morning of October 7, 1944, they attacked the SS and Kapos with axes, knives, and home-made grenades. Three SS men were killed, including one who was pushed alive into a crematorium oven; and some prisoners escaped from the camp for a period. They were recaptured later the same day. Of those who did not die in the uprising itself, 200 were forced to strip, lie face down, and then were shot in the back of the head. A total of 451 Sonderkommandos were killed on this day."
Naturally the mod will take liberties with history, instead turning the player (playing as Auschwitz prisoner Zalmen Gradowski) into a Nazi killing machine. The game's ModDB page calls the first title part of a trilogy of mods about prisoner uprisings in other caps including Warsaw, Poland and Treblinka.
More information about the mod can be found here. Thanks Kotaku and Rodrigo Ybáñez García.


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Bredesen Names State House Candidate to Board
Gov. Phil Bredesen has named Michael Dockery to the board of directors of the Tennessee Community Services Agency. Bredesen may be raising Dockery's profile because he is also a candidate for the state House of Representatives in District 17, which contains parts of Jefferson and Knox County.
An administration source said Dockery is active in Democratic Party politics in Jefferson County, leading to the appointment, not because he is a candidate for the Legislature.


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Gail Collins of the New York Times has written a column upon Joe Lieberman's announcement of his retirement from the Senate that, as with so many of her pieces, is written in a spirit of jocularity when its author actually has no observable sense of humor. This one is full of invective without wit. It's as if Collins, whose tenure as the editor of the Times editorial page made for excellent bird-cage lining, were the bastard child of Don Rickles and David Broder.
Of Lieberman, she says he was, at the outset of his career, "extremely boring." Of his speech yesterday, she writes: "Lieberman has reached a point in his public career when every single thing he does, including talking about his grandparents, is irritating." She quotes "a friend in Connecticut" who said, "He's the kind of guy who, when you see him in line at the supermarket, you go and get in a different line so you won't have to make conversation." She then tasks him, through a quote from a Connecticut pol, for "taking it personally" when people called him a baby-killer and a monster and evil for supporting the war in Iraq.
Listen. Hate Joe Lieberman all you want for his ideas — and she freely acknowledges she does hate him for "watering down" the health-care bill and "consolidating the intelligence services" — but it is simply preposterous to describe him as boring or the kind of person you flee from. Until the Iraq war rended the nation and heated up politics in Washington to a dangerous roil, Lieberman was certainly among the best-liked senators among people on both sides of the aisle. His staffers loved him, and so did the staffs of committees on which he served. And he is the opposite of boring: once (or maybe even twice) he won a contest that judged the funniest elected politician in Washington. Granted, that's not much of a contest, but in the contest for unfunniest columnist in America, Gail Collins would win hands-down.
I know him a little; his daughter Rebecca is a very close friend of mine. At Rebecca's wedding, Lieberman got up to make the paternal toast. "I am so happy today," he said, "that I wish I could give you all an earmark." If she lived a hundred lifetimes, Gail Collins would be unable to crack a joke one-thousandth as clever. Believe me, if you had to pick one or the other to go out and have a drink with, even if you were Noam Chomsky, you'd have a better time with Joe.


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Eye Health Center
Glaucoma and Your Eyes
In this article
Glaucoma is a condition that causes damage to your eye's optic nerve and gets worse over time. It's often associated with a buildup of pressure inside the eye. Glaucoma tends to be inherited and may not show up until later in life.
The increased pressure, called intraocular pressure, can damage the optic nerve, which transmits images to the brain. If damage to the optic nerve from high eye pressure continues, glaucoma will cause permanent loss of vision. Without treatment, glaucoma can cause total permanent blindness within a few years.
Recommended Related to Eye Health
A prosthetic eye can help improve the appearance of people who have lost an eye to injury or disease. It's commonly called a "glass eye" or "fake eye." The prosthetic eye includes: oval, whitish outer shell finished to duplicate the white color of the other eye round, central portion painted to look like the iris and pupil of the other eye Implanting a prosthetic eye (ocular prosthesis) is almost always recommended after an eye is surgically removed due to damage or disease. Some of...
Read the Prosthetic Eye article > >
Because most people with glaucoma have no early symptoms or pain from this increased pressure, it is important to see your eye doctor regularly so that glaucoma can be diagnosed and treated before long-term visual loss occurs.
If you are over age 40 and have a family history of glaucoma, you should have a complete eye exam with an eye doctor every one to two years. If you have health problems such as diabetes or a family history of glaucoma or are at risk for other eye diseases, you may need to visit your eye doctor more frequently.
Why Does Pressure Rise in the Eye to Cause Glaucoma?
Glaucoma usually occurs when pressure in your eye increases. This can happen when eye fluid isn't circulating normally in the front part of the eye.
Normally, this fluid, called aqueous humor, flows out of the eye through a mesh-like channel. If this channel becomes blocked, fluid builds up, causing glaucoma. The direct cause of this blockage is unknown, but doctors do know that it can be inherited, meaning it is passed from parents to children.
Less common causes of glaucoma include a blunt or chemical injury to the eye, severe eye infection, blockage of blood vessels in the eye, inflammatory conditions of the eye, and occasionally eye surgery to correct another condition. Glaucoma usually occurs in both eyes, but it may involve each eye to a different extent.


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California casts a shadow that makes it hard for anyone pressing grapes in other U.S. states to get noticed. So, though wine is made everywhere across the country, odds are you've only had Cali juice.
While there may be more exotic vine-growing locales, one of the coolest is Washington state — especially its Columbia Valley. I'm talking Clint Eastwood cool, folks. The landscape east of the Cascade mountain range reminds me of the backdrop for one of his spaghetti westerns.
How do they grow grapes in a desert? It's all about water management and some innovative cultivation techniques that have secured Washington the number two spot in wine production behind The Golden State.
Single varietal Washington reds typically have a robust, meatiness to their flavours and really show off the rustic personality of their terrior. That attractive forwardness is tempered in mega combinations of grapes, like 14 Hands Vineyards' 2010 Hot To Trot Red Blend ($15.25 to $19.99) — a merlot-led fruit-bomb that will charm grilled meats and open your palate to alternative American wines.
Prices reflect the range across the country. Some products may not be available in all provinces.


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Working for a world where there are fewer strokes and all those touched by stroke get the help they need.
Disability charity for people with cerebral palsy.
Information for families with disabled children.
British Dyslexia Association.
Dyslexia Action is a national charity and the UK's leading provider of services and support for people with dyslexia and literacy difficulties.
Breeding and training guide dogs, training visually impaired people to use guide dogs, and providing other services and facilities for the visually impaired. A guide dog only costs 50p and there are no age restrictions to having a guide dog.
Helping children with speech and language difficulties.
The Down's Syndrome Association.
Scotland's national disability information service.
UCanDoIT teaches blind, deaf and disabled people how to use computers, with a particular focus on Internet and email skills.
The National Autistic Society.
Vision 2020 UK is an umbrella organisation encouraging collaboration between groups supporting the visually impaired.
The National Attention Deficit Disorder Information & Support Service.
British Institute for Brain Injured Children.
Cancer Buddies Network is an online support group designed to put you in touch with your cancer buddy so you can share the ups and downs, laughter and tears with someone who knows how it feels. Whether you have experienced cancer yourself, or you are family, friend or carer, come and search for your buddy simply and safely on our dedicated website today!
HFT (The Home Farm Trust Ltd) is a national charity and leader in the field of long-term support and care for people with learning disabilities – everything we do is dedicated to supporting people and their families.
Charity for children and young people with ME.
Providing the UK with a huge counselling support network, enabling those in distress to find a counsellor close to them and appropriate for their needs. It is a free confidential service.
Provides its members with audio versions of current newspapers and magazines.
A festival that celebrates the talents of dyslexic writers and their work.
A website aimed at helping you to help them, whether it is your elderly parent, older friend or relative.
Start2 is a groundbreaking, free-to-use online NHS service. Comprising of an evidence-based toolkit of unique resources, it melds mindfulness, creative and occupational therapies, to provide empowering self-help and health management strategies. Targeting both mental and physical wellbeing, Start2 offers preventative as well as remedial healthcare in a non-stigmatising and flexible package.
Turn2us is a free service that helps people in financial need to access welfare benefits, charitable grants and other financial help – online, by phone and face to face through their partner organisations.
Enrych supports adults with physical disabilities to combat social isolation and engage more fully within their local communities. They provide a number of services across their network of regional branches, including volunteer partnerships, fitness clubs and personal assistants.
Support and advice for people affected by Cerebral Palsy.
These links are being provided for convenience and for informational purposes only; they do not constitute an endorsement or an approval by Listening Books of any of the products, services or opinions of the corporation, organisation or individual. Listening Books bears no responsibility for the accuracy, legality or content of the external site or for that of existing and subsequent links. Contact the external site for answers to questions regarding its content. Listening Books withholds the right to remove or suspend links at any time.
Listening Books members can download thousands of fantastic titles to an iPod or other portable player!
Members can choose from a huge selection of MP3 CDs which we send through the post.
Members can listen to thousands of audiobooks instantly on a huge range of devices and computers, including Macs.


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September 20, 2013
Cirque Éloize: Cirkopolis at EKU Center
Montreal's Cirque Éloize arrives with its all-new creation, CIRKOPOLIS, a non-stop spectacle that blends the worlds of circus, dance and theatre. The production pushes the boundaries of visual and audio innovation, transporting the audience to an industrial yet fanciful universe inspired by the rich visual world of comic books and populated by a cast of twelve multi-disciplinary artists. Jugglers, contortionists …
Christ the King Oktoberfest
This free annual festival taking place in the parking lot of Christ the King Cathedral features food, live music, a beer garden, bingo and other game tents, children's activities and more. This year's live music schedule is a 1980s throwback, featuring the Romantics, The Georgia Satellites ("Keep Your Hands to Yourself"), Thumper & the Plaid Rabbits and more. 7:00p Thumper …
Gloria Nixon-John signs "The Killing Jar" at the Morris Book Shop
Based on true events, this novel recounts the story of one of the youngest Americans to be charged with a capital crime and sentenced to death. After an emotionally abused 15 year-old boy kills his 7 year-old neighbor in rural Eastern Kentucky, he is tried as an adult and sentenced to die in the electric chair. But questions about the …
Undivided Attention: 'Three Distinct Voices In Contemporary Fiber' Reception
This event will be a Gallery Hop Reception for the Exhibit. This exhibition features the compelling works of natural materials with forms created using the traditional basketry technique of twining. Morehead State University Assistant Professor Jennifer Reis investigates personal and cultural issues with her hand-worked embellished textile assemblages. Inspired by children's stuffed animals, Morehead State University Professor Elizabeth Mesa-Gaido's soft sculptures …
Opening Party for "Beatification" at The Black Lodge
"Beatification" is a collection of paintings, sculpture, and an ordained drag queen blessing of your most hated body parts and/or your most beloved femininity-enhancing accoutrements. The Hen Party is a revolving group of uppity women who meet for coffee on Sundays in Lexington, KY.
Gloria Nixon-John book signing: The Killing Jar at Morris Book Shop
Gloria Nixon- John will sign her new book, the Killing Jar. Based on true events, this novel recounts the story of one of the youngest Americans to be charged with a capital crime and sentenced to death. www.morrisbookshop.com
Boomslang presents Chelsea Wolfe/ Scout Niblett/ Ancient Warfare
A showcase of dark, stark and beautiful songwriting, ranging from ambient to noisy to electro-tinged goth. To simply call Chelsea Wolfe "unique" would be an understatement. Even among her peers in the so-called "drone-metal-art-folk" scene she's an icon, a stand-alone singer/songwriter whose fully-formed aesthetic and haunting timelessness appear almost without effort. Scout Niblett is an English singer/songwriter/multi-instrumentalist known for her …
KY Women Writers Conf.:Wild Women of Poetry
Wild Women of Poetry Slam, with feature poet and celebrity judge Sonya Renee Taylor, emcee Bianca Spriggs, special Guest Saul Williams, courtesy of Boomslang: A Celebration of Sound and Art. www.kentuckywomenwriters.org
DOJO at Frankfort Center for the Arts
The big-band sound of DOJO includes founders Vince DiMartino on trumpet and Miles Osland on sax.
Lexington Philharmonic: 'Revolution!'
The 2013-2014 season begins with an evening of contemporary and classical works in Revolution! Joined by vibrant violin soloist, Caroline Goulding, LexPhil presents an opening night featuring Shostakovich's Festive Overture, Tchaikovsky's Violin Concerto and 1812 Overture, and Adam Schoenberg's American Symphony. Click here for tickets.
Holy Ghost Tent Revival at Willie's Locally Known
'Since forming in 2007, Holy Ghost Tent Revival — a 6 piece rock band from Greensboro, NC — has played roughly 150 dates per year, released 4 albums, and gained a solid reputation for their eclectic sound and passionate performances. They can be found bringing their blend of Dixieland, Folk and horn-driven Rock and Roll all over the USA, headlining …
Balagula Theatre: 'E.G.O.: The Passions of Eugene Gladstone O'Neill' at Downtown Arts Center
Winner of the Second Bi-Annual Kentucky Women Writers Prize for Women Playwrights. A play about two of O'Neill's fatal loves and the detrimental effect that they had on his life and work, "E.G.O." spans over almost four decades of O'Neill's life from the moment he met Agnes, who became his second wife, through a passionate affair with Carlotta, the turbulent …
The Honeycutters at Willie's Locally Known
The Honeycutters are, at the heart, the musical collaboration of singer/songwriter Amanda Anne Platt and Lead Guitarist/ Producer Peter James. While their sound has drawn comparisons to such artists as Gram Parsons and Emmylou Harris or Gillian Welch and David Rawlings, Platt and James produce a refreshingly unique blend of Americana music that is comfortingly familiar while being entirely original. …
Boomslang presents: Carl Calm/ ADULT./ Clinic/ Com Truise
2013 marks the 5th year for WRFL 88.1's Boomslang: A Celebration of Sound & Art, a 3-day multi-genre festival taking place at various venues throughout Lexington. Carl Calm is the stage moniker of Eric Lanham. Based out of Lexington, he produces lulling, ethereal electronic soundscapes. ADULT. is an American band from Detroit, Michigan that integrates vocals with drum machines, analog …
Absalom, Absalom/ New Madrid at Al's Bar
Local 5-piece dream-pop/ art-rock outfit.
Lauren Mink at Henry Clay's Pub
Winchester, KY native covering pop and country hits. www.henryclayspublichouse.com
35th KY Women Writers Conference at the Carnegie Center
35th Annual Kentucky Women Writers Conference: workshops, readings, and panels in poetry, fiction, nonfiction, and playwriting with Bonnie Jo Cambell, Kia Corthron, Claire Dederer, Jennifer Haigh, Ada Limon, George Ella Lyon, Molly Peacock, Kiki Petrosino, Paisley Rekdal, Sonya Renee Taylor, and more. www.kentuckywomenwriters.org
Five Below Band at Paulie's Toasted Barrel
The Five Below Band are a cover band with music ranging from southern rock, classic rock and the blues. www.pauliestoastedbarrel.com
Holy Ghost Tent Revival at Willie's Locally Known
Since forming in 2007, Holy Ghost Tent Revival — a 6 piece rock band from Greensboro, NC — , released 4 albums, and gained a solid reputation for their eclectic sound and brings their blend of Dixieland, Folk and horn-driven Rock and Roll all over the USA, headlining festivals and respected venues year-round. www.wllieslex.com
The Del Lord's Reunion Tour at Parlay Social
The Del-Lords are an American rock and roll band that formed in New York City in 1982, founded by The Dictators' guitarist Scott Kempner. The band combined elements of 1960s garage rock with country, blues, and folk influences to become one of the initial progenitors of urban-roots-rock. www.parlaysocial.com
Greener Band at Cheapside Bar and Grill
A local jam band trio covering Jack Johnson, Sublime, Eric Clapton and more… www.cheapsidebarandgrill.com
Boomslang Fest: Wild Women of Poetry after-party at Natasha's Bistro
Presented by WRFL's Boomslang Festival and he KY Women Writers Conference, this official after-party for the Wild Women of Poetry Slam will feature local DJ's, an open mic, and a spoken word performance by esteemed poet and alternative hip-hop artist Saul Williams. Emceed by Bianca Spriggs. www.beetnik.com www.boomslangfest.com
Drunk with Guns at Tin Roof
3-piece rock band from Knoxville, TN. www.tinrooflexington.com


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To reserve a room in Julka Hall (other than the atrium), please email firstname.lastname@example.com with the date, time, preferred location, your name and extension or whomever is in charge of event.
To view the Julka Hall room assignments (Resource25 link)
All Julka Hall rooms have AV equipment including a built in projector and a wall mounting unit. A laptop will need to be brought to the conference rooms (JH 191, 292, and 391) if projection is needed, but the classrooms have everything built in.
For more information, contact the Center for Educational Technologies.
Hotel Accommodations
CEHS Atrium/University Location Reservations
The CEHS Atrium needs to be reserved through Conference Services as well as other CSU spaces. Complete the University Facility Reservation Form
Facility Change/Cancellation Form for the University
To make changes to the reservation form or cancel the event, complete the Facility Change/Cancellation Form.
CSU Room Photos and Capacities
CSU Departmental Expenses from Conference Services
CSU Rental Rates
Cleveland-Area Meeting Spaces (non-hotel options)
Conference Services Website
Conference Services Calendar of Events


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Tag: spot.us
This episode of 4MR is brought to you by GoDaddy, helping you set up your own website in a snap with domain name registration, web hosting and 24/7 support. Visit GoDaddy to learn more. Here's the latest 4MR audio report from MediaShift. In this week's edition, I look at the trouble Google is having in […] more »
In 1978, in the middle of a deep economic recession, an 18 year-old girl named Dolly Freed wrote a book about living in a non-monetary economy called "Possum Living: How to live well without a job and with almost no money." The book described how Dolly and her father were able to live happily in […] more »
Bands do it. Filmmakers do it. President-elect Barack Obama made an artform out of it. "It" is crowdfunding, getting micro-donations through the Internet to help fund a venture. The question is whether crowdfunding can work on a larger scale to help fund traditional journalism, which is being hit by the twin storms of readership and […] more »