text:
The five initiatives approved in this round were: eliminating the need for individual ready reserve recruits to replicate their primary skill training, streamlining the military passport application process, accelerating congressional notification for validated combat needs, proposing changes to thresholds for congressional notifications of newly initiated projects, and re-engineering of depot maintenance reporting.
The BIC was launched in July 2001 to implement bureaucracy-reducing and money-saving opportunities in the business practices of the Department of Defense. This is core to Secretary Rumsfeld's broader "Battle on Bureaucracy" campaign, announced on Sept. 10, 2001. Events of the following day, and since, have not diminished the need to continue this "battle".
Along with other major improvement programs, BIC initiatives contribute to the overall objectives of more cost-effective use of DoD resources, better use of personnel, and more rapid achievement of DoD goals.
The council, established and presided over by Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics, the Honorable Edward C. "Pete" Aldridge, is composed of the Military Departments secretaries, the under secretary of Defense for Comptroller, the under secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness, and the vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The BIC reports directly to the Senior Executive Council, whose members include the secretary and deputy secretary of Defense; the under secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics; and the Military Departments secretaries.
In approving this latest round of BIC initiatives, Aldridge stated: "The Department is seeing real results from the previously approved initiatives and the enhancements to business processes are having a direct impact. The Department has, for example, streamlined the process for disposing of information technology equipment, developed a means for the Services to share common flight clearance information, improved the processes for purchasing software and hardware on an enterprise basis, re-engineered the process for personnel security investigations, and obtained Congressional approval of a number of financial management authority changes."
Responsibility for administration of the BIC will now transfer to the Air Force from the Navy Department. This responsibility is being shared among the Services on a six-month rotational basis to help assure commitment and participation. This arrangement is in keeping with the Secretary's ongoing pledge to improve Departmental coordination and collaboration.


text:
Character: James T. Kirk
Team: United Federation of Planets
Occupation: Commanding Officer in Starfleet
Homeworld: Earth; Riverside Iowa
Date of Birth: March 22, 2233
Species: Human
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Military Priests Face Arrest for Celebrating Mass in Defiance of ShutdownBy
Our government is out of control.
First, it was the World War II veterans who had to break down barriers to see the open air, un-attended memorial erected in their honor. A memorial which is on public land but is supported – including the National Park Service fee – with private funds. This week there was more security surrounding this memorial — just to keep elderly veterans out — than there was at our embassy in Benghazi the night it was attacked.
And for what? To inflict as much pain as possible through this government shutdown. It's called Washington Monument Syndrome, and it's pure political theater.
But now there's a story just coming to light that takes things even further. According the Archdiocese for Military Services, GS and contract priests (who are paid by the federal government as independent contractors in places where there aren't enough active-duty priests to meet the needs of Catholics in military service) are being forbidden from celebrating Mass, even on a volunteer basis.
If they violate this restriction, they face possible arrest. FOR CELEBRATING MASS.
From John Schlageter, General Counsel for the Archdiocese:
There is a chronic shortage of active duty Catholic chaplains. While roughly 25% of the military is Catholic, Catholic priests make up only about 8% of the chaplain corps. That means approximately 275,000 men and women in uniform, and their families, are served by only 234 active-duty priests. The temporary solution to this shortage is to provide GS and contract priests. These men are employed by the government to ensure that a priest is available when an active duty Catholic Chaplain is not present. With the government shutdown, GS and contract priests who minister to Catholics on military bases worldwide are not permitted to work – not even to volunteer. During the shutdown, it is illegal for them to minister on base and they risk being arrested if they attempt to do so.
As an example, if a Catholic family has a Baptism scheduled at the base chapel at Langley AFB this weekend, unless they can locate a priest who is not a GS or contract priest, they should consider it cancelled. Likewise, a Marine who attends Sunday Mass at the Quantico Chapel will have to go elsewhere this weekend. If you are a Catholic stationed in Japan or Korea and are served by a Contract or GS priest, unless you speak Korean or Japanese and can find a church nearby, then you have no choice but to go without Mass this weekend. Until the Federal Government resumes normal operations, or an exemption is granted to contract or GS priests, Catholic services are indefinitely suspended at those worldwide installations served by contract and GS priests.
At a time when the military is considering alternative sources of funding for sporting events at the service academies, no one seems to be looking for funding to ensure the Free Exercise rights of Catholics in uniform. Why not?
This shutdown impacts Catholics in the military worldwide. In the DC-metro area, it specifically impacts bases like Quantico. On the Facebook page for the Archdiocese, Catholic military members commenting on the story are not happy. Comments include:
"This is outrageous!!! Especially threatening them with arrest to voluntarily do their job."
"Unbelievable! I was worried about this because our priest is contracted as well. It is bad enough to be furloughed but to not have a Mass to attend, is a real downer,"
"Just one example, a couple is getting married tomorrow at a large Air Force Base that is staffed by a Contract priest. That priest did all of their marriage prep, and has gotten to know the couple very well over the past few months. But with the shutdown, he cannot perform their wedding. Instead of the priest that the couple has come to know and love, an active duty priest has to be sent in to perform the wedding of two people who are strangers to him and he to them."
" Is anyone up there going to start a protest?! A rosary ?!?!? A nice Catholic riot maybe?! PLEEEAAASSEEE?! SOMEONE?! ANYONE?! Any real Carholics out there?!!!!???!"
This is outrageous. It is a violation of the First Amendment. It is a prohibition of the free exercise of religion to order priests under penalty of arrest that they cannot volunteer their time to offer Mass to the faithful on base. This cannot be allowed to stand.
As of this writing, I have not yet received a response to my inquiry to the Archdiocese for Military Services as to what specific action steps we can take to get this problem addressed. Until we have a path to resolution, please share this story as widely as possible. Make people aware that Catholics serving our country are being forcibly denied access to the sacraments. These are the lengths the administration and the Democrats in Congress are willing to go to in order to continue inflicting as much pain as possible on the American people during the shutdown.
UPDATE – 10/4/2013 @ 12:34PM: I received a response from the Military Archdiocese. Mr. Schlageter writes with a correction and additional information from the original release:
There will be Mass at Quantico because of the terms of service of the contract for the priest at Quantico. Nonetheless, 3 Masses have been cancelled at local Fort Belvoir. I have been told but cannot confirm that Mass has been cancelled at the Navy yard. In one situation a couple that is to be married at an Air Force Base this Saturday and did all of their preparation with a GS priest will now be married by an active duty priest who is being taken in from somewhere else. This means that the priest that the couple got to know over the past few months will not be able to witness their marriage. One priest in Virginia Beach will be celebrating Mass in a local park off base.
We are also learning that some chapel musicians will not be able to play at Sunday Mass during the furlough.
I think that the best thing people can do is to get the message out. I would suggest that they contact their local members of Congress, but in those cases where parishes are located next to a military base that will not have Sunday Mass, that people be kind and welcoming to their military brothers and sisters and their families.
Please do contact your local member of Congress and welcome our service members into your parishes. And continue to spread the message about these restrictions.
I just got word that while the Navy Yard is staffed with an active-duty priest who will not be impacted by the shutdown, the GS priest at the nearby Joint Base Anacostia-Bolling is furloughed. Since Anacostia-Bolling has the larger chapel, the active duty priest from Navy Yard will be celebrating Sunday Mass at Anacostia-Bolling instead of Navy Yard. The Catholic Community at the Navy Yard has been invited to attend Sunday Mass at Anacostia Bolling.
Categories:Church News Religious Liberty
808 thoughts on "Military Priests Face Arrest for Celebrating Mass in Defiance of Shutdown"
[…] The same is true in reference to the military and Roman Catholic Priests during the shutdown. […]
Our Corrupt Government is out
of Control and hopefully soon the
Masters(Father, Savior, Holy-Spirit) will take them down soon.
These decisions were forwarded through the Pentagon, from the White House. The decision was designed to "make it hurt"…but why do we, as Catholics complain? We voted for this fool…50% to 48%. Why? Are 50% of us really so naive that we could not see the writing on the wall? We are falling away, we have nuns and priests supporting gay marriage and still taking communion, Whole congregations show up to protest against Archbishops, Cardinals and Priests who stand with God against same-sex marriage and abortion…yet we wonder why society is burning down around us…do we really deserve to be called "the faithful?"
Certainly many of us do not. If we vote for liberal progressive secularists again, we deserve what we get. Wake up!
Words escape me.
What a shock!
This is not our country anymore.
Prayer is the only solution
This is pure insanity that has taken over Washington. I'm not a religious zealot but the priest and pastors only want to provide something that Obama knows nothing about and that his their care for their fellow humans.
From the stories that I heard from my parents and read in the history books of Germany and the Nazi's –America is heading down the same path.
Killing because its a problem to take care of a tiny baby. Instead of the woman having morals and a mouth to say NO.
Government telling priest when they can or can of say mass!
Everyone who is a Christian best pray real hard and make their voices be heard. America is at war within!


text:
DYSON'S WEBSITE won't sell me a vacuum cleaner. It claims New York, a U.S. state it provides in its own drop-down menu, is "not a valid state." I have previously ordered Dyson products from the Dyson website and shipped them to a different address in New York. I have an account and everything. But the website won't let me ship products to my office. This is just one of about a dozen errors that wasted half an hour of my life today.
20 thoughts on "Dyson to NY: drop dead"
i see stuff like this all the time – but i live in a 3rd world country as far as internet shipping goes (canada)… surprised this happens for NY.
I feel your pain: I live in Washington, DC, and you wouldn't believe how many sites forget to list us at all. Granted, we're not an official state, but still…
That sucks.
Ha ha…. HAHAHAHA…snort!
Some times I slay me.
That is completely infuriating and sadly not uncommon. Simplehuman is one of my favorite brands, their trash cans are second to none — thoughtfully designed, beautiful to display in your home. And yet their website is complete off-the-shelf, unconsidered dreck. Product-based companies need to wake up in 2012 and come to terms with the fact that their website is a product too and a natural extension of the customer experience. These companies should value interaction designers as much as they value industrial designers. Hiring a few would go a long way.
Dear God. And its even a drop down… I mean… seriously?
Jeffrey, did the drop down work for other states? Did they correct the issue?
@Wendy – A good web property takes quality control everyday. I am amazed that people still don't understand the web as its own medium. Do you think as we strive to create interaction for clients that they need to be educated as well? That part of the interactive experience begins with the people who manage the property. Interactive skills still seem to elude us.
Dyson has done an incredible job of creating the perception of *quality* in their products by virtue of the *visual design* of their products. I bought one a few years ago after my old vacuum wasn't cutting it anymore. I remember the lavish exhibit in the Design Museum in London I had seen several years earlier talking about how the wind-tunnel thing worked and how it was light years ahead of vacuums at the time.
While Dysons may have had some advantages when they were introduced many years ago, the only thing they rule at now is looking awesome in your place. Are they a good vacuum? Sure. But you're paying more than a 100% premium to get something that looks better but works worse than the several alternatives. Take the Shark for instance:
4.5 stars on Amazon and less than $200. We replaced our Dyson with a Shark several months ago and it's comical doing the comparisons. We have two cats and we'll run the Dyson over the rugs until it doesn't pick anything up anymore. Then, we'll run the Shark over it for about a minute or two and the entire canister is almost full of new "stuff".
Anyway, just sharing in case any Zeldman readers are looking for a new vacuum. The Shark owns.
.comment_text {
Just pitchin' in!
Donate the money instead of being a self-centered American, perhaps?
Read the last few pages of James Dyson's 'Against the Odds' autobiography (1997) on how he was not convinced by email or the whole web thing. ('computer messages are the pits' etc.)
Two or more things going on here:
A. Their website sucks, sadly not in the proper Dyson way.
B. Website designer is a Patriots fan.
C. Happy Cog has a clog in the door as the lead design firm for the website redo.
Tried a few bagless suck-machines, and was not happy with any of them. The amount of cleaning you have to do to get rid of the crap it sucks up, the filters you have to wash, etc, were a real pain. Went back to a bagged Bissell, and am very happy with it.
Lame on the dropdown. :)
I read the previous post first and then this one. The juxtaposition is quite stark. I'm glad you're back at it, but I could've used some easing in. All this jumping in head first. ;)
Badly designed web forms drive me insane. It might be listed under #firstworldproblems but it is infuriating. Web forms need a little 1-800-how's-my-form number listed underneath so we have someone to call and vent at…
Hi Jeffrey:
did some leg work this is what I found:
Send a confirmation of account email while I was still correcting *errors* in the form.
FF on OSX asked me if I wanted to remember password for *zip code?*
ahhh could this be the issue, I got this error when trying to ship to a phoney addy in NY State: Address not listed
"We can't ship to New York or Illinois addresses where the address isn't verified."
It seems that they have a complicated interaction with respect to the form it attempts to verify addy, zip, and even the location within the addy. e.g. upper suite etc. They also have a huge dropdown of titles e.g Mr. Mrs etc. strange.
If you are going to have in depth addy verification then you have to do the leg work. There is another flip to this. How many rules is government going to add to internet purchases before companies simply can't keep up?
BTW the registration email that was sent prematurely was a generic one liner and did not reflect the information sent. Although my error experience was slightly different it looks like a systemic issue within the logic of the code.
Something that looks as simple as addy verification is complicated and just not design but unit testing is involved.
LOL just sayin'
Oh now WTF I was going to edit my billing shipping/billing details and it told me my basket was empty! Looking for a big hammer…… I wonder how many sales they have lost besides yours. WOW
I tried again. As the world turns, now the original form pops up with my zipcode in it WTF! somebody got paid for doing this work?
Cripes, just go to Walmart and buy one.
Comments are closed.


text:
Apparatus and methods for compensating for the movement of a substrate in a lithographic apparatus during a pulse of radiation include providing a pivotable mirror configured to move a patterned projection beam incident on the substrate in synchronism with the substrate.
1. A lithographic projection apparatus comprising:
a programmable patterning structure configured to pattern a radiation beam generated by a radiation system according to a desired pattern and generate a patterned radiation beam;
a projection system configured to project the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of a substrate;
a positioning structure configured to move the substrate relative to the projection system during exposure by the patterned radiation beam;
a single-faceted oscillatingly pivotable mirror configured to move the patterned radiation beam relative to the projection system during at least one pulse of the radiation beam; and
an actuator configured to oscillatingly pivot the mirror according to an oscillation timing that substantially corresponds to a pulse frequency of the radiation system, whereby the patterned radiation beam is scanned in synchronism with the movement of the substrate during the at least one pulse.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The lithographic projection apparatus according to
16. A device manufacturing method, comprising:
providing a pulsed beam of radiation;
patterning the pulsed beam according to a desired pattern to generate a patterned radiation beam;
projecting the patterned radiation beam onto a target portion of a layer of radiation-sensitive material that at least partially covers a substrate;
moving the substrate relative to a projection system that projects the patterned radiation beam onto the substrate during exposure; and
oscillatingly pivoting a single-faceted pivotable mirror according to an oscillation timing that substantially corresponds to a pulse frequency of the radiation beam, thereby altering a path of the patterned radiation beam relative to the projection system during at least one pulse of the radiation beam, wherein the path is altered in synchronism with the movement of the substrate during the at least one pulse and wherein a cross-section of the patterned radiation beam is projected onto a plane parallel to a surface of the target portion of the substrate.
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. An apparatus comprising a projection system, said projection system having:
a single-faceted oscillatingly pivotable mirror, and
an actuator functionally connected to said pivotable mirror, said actuator being configured to oscillatingly pivot the mirror.
24. The apparatus of
25. The apparatus of
26. The apparatus of
a radiation source, and
a patterning device constructed and arranged to receive a radiation beam provided by said radiation source and to pattern the radiation beam.
27. The apparatus of
The present invention relates to lithographic projection apparatus and methods.
The term "programmable patterning structure" as here employed should be broadly interpreted as referring to any configurable or programmable structure or field that may be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, corresponding to a pattern that is to be created in a target portion of a substrate; the terms "light valve" and "spatial light modulator" (SLM) can also be used in this context. Generally, such a pattern will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit or other device (see below). Examples of such patterning structure include:
A programmable mirror array. One example of such a device is a matrix-addressable surface having a viscoelastic control layer and a reflective surface. The basic principle behind such an apparatus is that (for example) addressed areas of the reflective surface reflect incident light as diffracted light, whereas unaddressed areas reflect incident light as undiffracted light. Using an appropriate filter, the undiffracted light can be filtered out of the reflected beam, leaving only the diffracted light behind; in this manner, the beam becomes patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable surface. An array of grating light valves (GLVs) may also be used in a corresponding manner, where each GLV may include a plurality of reflective ribbons that can be deformed relative to one another (e.g., by application of an electric potential) to form a grating that reflects incident light as diffracted light. A further alternative embodiment of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of very small (possibly microscopic) mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted about an axis by applying a suitable localized electric field, or by employing piezoelectric actuation means. For example, the mirrors may be matrix-addressable, such that addressed mirrors will reflect an incoming radiation beam in a different direction to unaddressed mirrors; in this manner, the reflected beam is patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable mirrors. The required matrix addressing can be performed using suitable electronic means. In both of the situations described hereabove, the patterning structure can comprise one or more programmable mirror arrays. More information on mirror arrays as here referred to can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,296,891 and 5,523,193 and PCT Patent Application Nos. WO 98/38597 and WO 98/33096, which documents are incorporated herein by reference. In the case of a programmable mirror array, the said support structure may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required.
A programmable LCD array. An example of such a construction is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,872, which is incorporated herein by reference. As above, the support structure in this case may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required.
It should be appreciated that where pre-biasing of features, optical proximity correction features, phase variation techniques, and/or multiple exposure techniques are used, the pattern "displayed" on the programmable patterning structure may differ substantially from the pattern eventually transferred to the substrate or layer thereof.
Lithographic projection apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs), flat panel displays, and other devices involving fine structures. In such a case, the programmable patterning structure may generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of, for example, the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g., comprising one or more dies and/or portion(s) thereof) on a substrate (e.g., a glass plate or a wafer of silicon or other semiconductor material) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (e.g., resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole matrix or network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system (e.g., one at a time).
The lithographic projection apparatus may be of a type commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus. In such an apparatus, each target portion may be irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the "scanning" direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. Since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally <1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. A projection beam in a scanning type of apparatus may have the form of a slit with a slit width in the scanning direction. More information with regard to lithographic devices as here described can be gleaned, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, which is incorporated herein by reference.
In a manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a pattern (e.g., in a mask) is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (e.g., resist). Prior to this imaging procedure, the substrate may undergo various other procedures such as priming, resist coating, and/or a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake, and/or measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This set of procedures may be used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device (e.g., an IC). For example, these transfer procedures may result in a patterned layer of resist on the substrate. One or more pattern processes may follow, such as deposition, etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., each of which may be intended to create, modify, or finish an individual layer. If several layers are required, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, may be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book "Microchip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processing," Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4.
The term "projection system" should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optics, reflective optics, catadioptric systems, and micro lens arrays, for example. It is to be understood that the term "projection system" as used in this application simply refers to any system for transferring the patterned beam from the programmable patterning structure to the substrate. For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the "lens." The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping, reducing, enlarging, patterning, and/or otherwise controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a "lens."
Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such "multiple stage" devices the additional tables may be used in parallel, or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Dual stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and PCT Application No. WO 98/40791, which documents are incorporated herein by reference.
The lithographic apparatus may also be of a type wherein the substrate is immersed in a liquid having a relatively high refractive index (e.g., water) so as to fill a space between the final element of the projection system and the substrate. Immersion liquids may also be applied to other spaces in the lithographic apparatus, for example, between the mask and the first element of the projection system. The use of immersion techniques to increase the effective numerical aperture of projection systems is known in the art.
In the present document, the terms "radiation" and "beam" are used to encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (e.g., with a wavelength of 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and EUV (extreme ultra-violet radiation, e.g., having a wavelength in the range 5-20 nm), as well as particle beams (such as ion beams or electron beams).
In presently known lithographic projection apparatus using programmable patterning structure, the substrate table is scanned in the path of the patterned projection beam (e.g., below the programmable patterning structure). A pattern is set on the programmable patterning structure and is then exposed on the substrate during a pulse of the radiation system. In the interval before the next pulse of the radiation system, the substrate table moves the substrate to a position as required to expose the next target portion of the substrate (which may include all or part of the previous target portion), and the pattern on the programmable patterning structure is updated if necessary. This process may be repeated until a complete line (e.g., row of target portions) on the substrate has been scanned, whereupon a new line is started.
During the small but finite time that the pulse of the radiation system lasts, the substrate table may consequently have moved a small but finite distance. Previously, such movement has not been a problem for lithographic projection apparatus using programmable patterning structure, e.g., because the size of the substrate movement during the pulse has been small relative to the size of the feature being exposed on the substrate. Therefore the error produced was not significant. However, as the features being produced on substrates become smaller, such error becomes more significant. U.S. Publication Application No. 2004/0141166 proposes one solution to this problem.
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of the apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention in the manufacture of ICs, it should be explicitly understood that such an apparatus has many other possible applications. For example, it may be employed in the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, liquid-crystal display (LCD) panels, thin-film magnetic heads, thin-film-transistor (TFT) LCD panels, printed circuit boards (PCBs), DNA analysis devices, etc. The skilled artisan will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms "wafer" or "die" in this text should be considered as being replaced by the more general terms "substrate" and "target portion", respectively.
A device manufacturing method according to an embodiment of the invention includes using a radiation system to provide a pulsed beam of radiation, and using a patterning structure to pattern the pulsed beam according to a desired pattern. The patterned beam is projected onto a target portion of a layer of radiation-sensitive material that at least partially covers a substrate, and the substrate is moved relative to the projection system. A path of the projected beam relative to the projection system is altered during at least one pulse of the pulsed beam, such that a cross-section of the projected beam in a plane parallel to a surface of the target portion is substantially stationary relative to the substrate during the at least one pulse. Several apparatus that may be applied to perform such a method, and devices manufactured thereby, are also disclosed.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying schematic drawings in which:
In the Figures, corresponding reference symbols indicate corresponding parts.
Embodiments of the invention include, for example, methods and apparatus that may be used to reduce errors caused by movement of the substrate during a pulse of the radiation system.
A radiation system configured to supply (e.g., having structure capable of supplying) a projection beam of radiation. In this particular example, the radiation system Ex, IL, for supplying a projection beam PB of radiation (e.g., UV or EUV radiation) also comprises a radiation source LA;
A programmable patterning structure PPM (e.g., a programmable mirror array) configured to apply a pattern to the projection beam. In general, the position of the programmable patterning structure will be fixed relative to projection system PL. However, it may instead be connected to a positioning structure configured to accurately position it with respect to projection system PL;
An object table (substrate table) WT configured to hold a substrate. In this example, substrate table WT is provided with a substrate holder for holding a substrate W (e.g., a resist-coated semiconductor wafer) and is connected to a positioning structure PW for accurately positioning the substrate with respect to projection system PL and (e.g., interferometric) measurement structure IF, which is configured to accurately indicate the position of the substrate and/or substrate table with respect to projection system PL; and
A projection system ("lens") PL (e.g., a quartz and/or CaF2 lens system, a catadioptric system comprising lens elements made from such materials, and/or a mirror system) configured to project the patterned beam onto a target portion C (e.g., comprising one or more dies and/or portion(s) thereof) of the substrate W. The projection system may project an image of the programmable patterning structure onto the substrate.
As here depicted, the apparatus is of a reflective type (e.g., has a reflective programmable patterning structure). However, in general, it may also be of a transmissive type (e.g., with a transmissive programmable patterning structure) or have aspects of both types.
The source LA (e.g., a mercury lamp, an excimer laser, an electron gun, a laser-produced plasma source or discharge plasma source, or an undulator provided around the path of an electron beam in a storage ring or synchrotron) produces a beam of radiation. This beam is fed into an illumination system (illuminator) IL, either directly or after having traversed a conditioning structure or field, such as a beam expander Ex, for example. The illuminator IL may comprise an adjusting structure or field AM for setting the outer and/or inner radial extent (commonly referred to as σ-outer and σ-inner, respectively) of the intensity distribution in the beam, which may affect the angular distribution of the radiation energy delivered by the projection beam at, for example, the substrate. In addition, the apparatus will generally comprise various other components, such as an integrator IN and a condenser CO. In this way, the beam PB impinging on the programmable patterning structure PPM has a desired uniformity and intensity distribution in its cross-section.
It should be noted with regard to
The beam PB subsequently intercepts the programmable patterning structure PPM, which may be held on a mask table (not shown). Having been selectively reflected by (alternatively, having traversed) the programmable patterning structure PPM, the beam PB passes through the projection system PL, which focuses the beam PB onto a target portion C of the substrate W. In the embodiment of
With the aid of the positioning structure (and interferometric measuring structure IF), the substrate table WT can be moved accurately, e.g., so as to position different target portions C in the path of the beam PB. Where used, a positioning structure for the programmable patterning structure PPM can be used to accurately position the programmable patterning structure PPM with respect to the path of the beam PB (e.g., after a placement of the programmable patterning structure PPM, between scans, and/or during a scan).
In general, movement of the object table WT may be realized with the aid of a long-stroke module (e.g., for coarse positioning) and a short-stroke module (e.g., for fine positioning), which are not explicitly depicted in
The depicted apparatus can be used in several different modes. In one scan mode, the mask table is movable in a given direction (the so-called "scan direction," e.g., the y direction) with a speed v, so that the projection beam PB is caused to scan over a mask image. Concurrently, the substrate table WT is simultaneously moved in the same or opposite direction at a speed V=Mv, in which M is the magnification of the lens PL (typically, M=� or ⅕). In some embodiments, the demagnification is significantly smaller than 1, for example smaller than 0.3, smaller than 0.1, smaller than 0.05, smaller than 0.01, smaller than 0.005, or smaller than 0.0035. Likewise, it is contemplated that M may be larger than 0.001, or may be within a range between 0.001 and the foregoing upper limits. In this manner, a relatively large target portion C can be exposed, without having to compromise on resolution.
In another mode, the mask table is kept essentially stationary holding a programmable patterning structure, and the substrate table WT is moved or scanned while a pattern imparted to the projection beam is projected onto a target portion C. In this mode, generally a pulsed radiation source is employed and the programmable patterning structure is updated as required after each movement of the substrate table WT or in between successive radiation pulses during a scan. This mode of operation can be readily applied to lithography that utilizes programmable patterning structure, such as a programmable mirror array as referred to above.
Combinations and/or variations on the above-described modes of use or entirely different modes of use may also be employed.
An apparatus as depicted in
Because of the relative motion of the substrate table during imaging, changes in the time domain at the light source LA map to changes in the spatial domain at the substrate table WT. This results in two main effects. First, when there is a change in the pulse interval, there is a change in imaged position on the substrate. For example, a pulse interval that is slightly longer than average results in a greater distance between imaged portions of the wafer. Second, a change in pulse duration results in a blurring effect, as a longer or shorter portion of the wafer traverses the image field during the pulse.
In order to account for the movement of the substrate table WT, a device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention may include a mirror 10 forming a part of the lens PL, as shown in
An actuator, or group of actuators, 12 is positioned to move the mirror 10 during an imaging operation. In a particular embodiment, the actuator 12 is arranged to rotate the mirror 10 about a small angle at a relatively high frequency, and with a small displacement. The pivotable mirror 10 is supported by a support assembly 22. A frequency of oscillation timing of the mirror 10 substantially corresponds to a resonance frequency of the mirror 10 and support assembly 22. Support assembly 22 includes counter-mass 25, constructed and arranged to isolate forces produced by the actuator 12 from a remaining part of the apparatus. Actuator 12 included multiple motors 29, and is constructed and arranged to impart rotational forces on the mirror 10.
The system of
By way of example, a displacement at the mirror 10 of 1 nm at the position of a marginal ray maps to a displacement at the image plane 16 of 1/NA, where NA is the numerical aperture of the lens PL. Likewise, the rotational change of the mirror a′ [in rad/s] translates over the diameter of the beam at the pupil D [in m], into a velocity v at wafer level [in m/s]: v=a′D/(2 NA).
In a typical lithographic apparatus, the source LA may have a pulse repetition rate on the order of 1-10 kHz. As a result, it is useful to ensure that the mirror 10 can be adequately vibrated in phase with that frequency, meaning that the actuator or actuators 12 should be adapted for high frequency operation. Furthermore, if the mirror 10 is designed so that, along with its associated mounting structure, it has a resonant frequency that is equal to the pulse frequency of the source LA, energy required to move the mirror will be minimized. This has the additional effect that the load on the actuators and consequently the deformation load on the mirror 10 is minimized.
In furtherance of the goal of matching the frequency of the vibration of the mirror 10 with the pulse frequency of the source LA, it is possible to include a sensor 30 that is connected in a control loop with the mirror 10 and its actuators 12. For synchronization of the movement of the mirror to the laser pulse frequency, different methods may be used. By way of example, a signal from the sensor 30 on the vibrating mirror can be used to trigger the laser pulse, or a phase locked loop system where the laser frequency is fixed to the average resonant frequency of the mirror while the controller adjusts the mirror frequency and phase to the fixed laser frequency.
In addition to ensuring that the frequency of vibration of the mirror 10 is synchronized with the frequency of the source LA, it may be beneficial to ensure that the amplitude A of the rotational velocity of the mirror 10 corresponds to a scan speed of the substrate table.
Further by way of example, in a typical system, the actual values may be as follows. The scan speed may be on the order of 10 mm/s, NA=1, and D=20 mm. This leads to a′=1 rad/s at the zero-crossing of a sinusoidal rotational movement of the mirror 10. Given that for a sinusoidal movement a=A sin(2π t υ), so the time derivative equals: a′=A 2 π υ cos(2 π t υ). At t=0 this becomes: a′=A 2 π υ so that for a 1 kHz vibration, the amplitude of the movement of the mirror becomes: A=0.16 mrad.
The choice of a sinusoidal rotational motion of the mirror may allow for some useful effects. In particular, by choosing a portion of the motion close to the zero crossing to coincide with the imaging pulse, and a small amplitude, the sinusoidal motion is substantially linear. Furthermore, the gradual deceleration and acceleration at the end points of the motion reduce stresses on the mirror, which, if unchecked, could lead to deformations of the mirror over time.
The mirror may also be coupled to one or more balance masses. The balance masses are configured to take up and isolate forces produced by the actuator in vibrating the mirror. In particular, the masses are configured to be freely movable in a direction opposite to the forces generated by the actuator, conserving momentum of the balance mass-mirror system and thereby reducing forces introduced into other portions of the lithographic apparatus.
Embodiments of the present invention can provide the ability to increase pulse time as a result of decreasing blur associated with movement of the substrate table. One useful result of increased pulse time is the ability to reduce peak intensity, without reducing a total energy per pulse, thereby reducing potential damage to optical components. Another useful result is that the number of temporal modes may increase, thereby reducing speckle in the optical system. Finally, longer pulse times may allow for the ability to truncate individual pulses, thereby allowing for pulse-to-pulse dose control adjustments.
Errors caused by the movement of the substrate relative to the projection system during a pulse of radiation may be reduced by providing one or more apparatus to shift the patterned projection beam in synchronism with the movement of the substrate during a pulse of radiation, which may allow the projection beam to remain more accurately aligned on the substrate. Alternative structures that may be applied to shift the patterned projection beam are also within the scope of the invention.
It may be desirable to move the substrate at a constant velocity relative to the projection system during a series of pulses of the radiation system and the intervals in between the pulses. An apparatus as described herein may then be used to move the patterned projection beam in synchronism with the movement of the substrate for the duration of at least one pulse of the radiation system. Having the substrate moving at a constant velocity may reduce the complexity of the substrate table and the positional drivers associated with it, and moving the patterned projection beam in synchronism with the movement of the substrate may reduce consequent errors.
The patterned projection beam may be moved in synchronism with the movement of the substrate during a plurality of pulses. Such an arrangement may enable the images of the programmable patterning structure to be projected onto the same part of the substrate a plurality of times. This technique may be done, for example, if the intensity of the pulse of the patterned projection beam is not sufficient to produce a complete exposure on the substrate. Moving the patterned projection beam in synchronism with the substrate may reduce the occurrence of overlay errors between subsequent exposures of the pattern on the substrate.
Successive patterns on the programmable patterning structure that are exposed on the substrate by each pulse may be different. For example, corrections may be made in subsequent pulses to offset errors in a first pulse. Alternatively, changes in the pattern may be used to produce gray scale images for some of the features (for example, by only exposing those features for a proportion of the total number of pulses imaged onto a given part of the substrate).
Additionally (or alternatively) the intensity of the patterned projection beam, the illumination of the programmable patterning means, and/or the pupil filtering may be changed for one or more of the pulses of the radiation system that are projected onto the same part of the substrate. This technique may be used, for example, to increase the number of gray scales that may be generated using the technique described in the preceding paragraph or may be used to optimize different exposures for features oriented in different directions.
While specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be appreciated that the invention as claimed may be practiced otherwise than as described. For example, although use of a lithography apparatus to expose a resist on a substrate is herein described, it will be appreciated that the invention is not limited to this use, and an apparatus according to an embodiment of the invention may be used to project a patterned projection beam for use in resistless lithography. Thus, it is explicitly noted that the description of these embodiments is not intended to limit the invention as claimed.
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Autism awareness
I am dismayed and bewildered why the city of Oxnard did not participate in the "Light It Up Blue" campaign April 2 to help raise awareness about autism.
Thousands of buildings and landmarks around the world participated by "Lighting it up Blue" to show their support. I commend our local university, CSU Channel Islands, for honoring World Autism Day by holding a "raising of awareness" event and lighting the campus bell tower blue throughout the week.
Autism is an increasing health concern, some say an epidemic. Many may not realize that one in 88 children in the United States are being diagnosed with autism, That's a staggering number of children.
I hope in the coming years the city of Oxnard will join children and their families struggling with autism by showing its support in raising awareness. It's time for the city to take action.
Please visit http://www.autismspeaks.org to learn more about autism.
Victoria Clarke,
The writer's 10-year-old grandson has be diagnosed with autism. -- Editor
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College Tours: Where to Eat Near Princeton University
With school starting up again, we'll be sharing our favorite campus eats at universities across the country. Up first, Princeton. More
With school starting up again, we'll be sharing our favorite campus eats at universities across the country. Up first, Princeton. More
The Perfetta at Princeton, NJ's Teresa Caffe is an Ivy League pizza on a student budget: a satisfyingly salty mix of prosciutto, grana padano, and farm-fresh arugula. More
Before Elements opened in October 2008—in a former auto body shop—there wasn't much in the way of fine dining in Princeton. Quite a few Serious Eats editors and writers have spent time in Princeton but never seem to mention much beyond the Wawa hoagies. But the daily-rotating menu at Elements is an ambitious one, with nuanced dishes like a savory morcilla brownie topped with taragon ice cream. Take a look at what we recently ate. More
[Photos: Carey Jones] We've written about their banana whip; Ed's raved about their contributions to the New Amsterdam Market. But even though we've got a long-standing relationship with The Bent Spoon—one of our contributors worked there, and I spent... More
"No matter how basic—even if it's just an apple, a cabbage, an onion, or a potato—you can be confident that it will be better here than anywhere else." If you had asked me, I would have told you that health... More
It's hard to bring yourself to order a Phat Lady. But it's equally hard to put it down. More
Princeton, New Jersey, has been blessed with three stellar ice cream shops. Thomas Sweet caters to the all-American sweet tooth, while Halo Pub churns out rich creamery classics as old-school as Princeton itself. But The Bent Spoon is the... More
Not long ago, a farmer explained to me that one of the important roles that animals play in agriculture is converting seasonal foods, like grains and hay, into year-round items, like meat, cheese, and eggs. It was a powerful... More
I'll be the first to admit it: That's a pretty audacious claim. Our fair nation has no shortage of first-class bakers, whether French, French-schooled, or otherwise, who can turn out one fine pastry. Haitian-born Edwige Fils-Aimé may be tops among them. More
Nobody idealizes wholesome food more than the Amish, and it's always a pleasure to head off to Lancaster County and pay them a visit on their home turf. However, as patient as they are, the Amish can't wait around... More
Photograph by *sim* on Flickr You've heard of wood-oven and coal-oven pizza, but now there's lava-rock-oven pizza. In Princeton, New Jersey, next to the Sam's Club there, is a pizzeria using an oven filled with lava rock, in an attempt to achieve superhot, even cooking temps. New Jersey Monthly has the deets on Magma Pizza: Order a slice, and you'll get a strange oval shaped thin crusted pizza. Try it, and you'll realize [owner Gabe Mahayni] may just have found the secret. The pizza is light from the grill, no grease or drip, just great flavor so each bite... More
Inside The Bent Spoon. Before I say anything further about the town of Princeton, New Jersey I have to dispel two rumors that always seem to pollute any discussion of the place. The first one states that you will... More
Editor's note: Occasionally what looks at first glance to be a conventional guidebook transcends the genre in surprising ways. John T. Edge's Southern Belly is just such a read, which is why I'm pleased that he has allowed us to excerpt selected items from it on Serious Eats, where they appear every other week. —Ed Levine By John T. Edge | The Italians wouldn't put up with this. Imagine some governmental agency coming between the good citizens of Rome and their supply of prosciutto di Parma. And you can be sure that the French would raise a ruckus if Parisians were cut off from their artisanal sources for saucisson sec. But for the most part, we Southerners just knuckled under... More


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Posts Tagged «los alamos»
The demon core: A scary story of sloppy science from the Manhattan Project August 20, 2014 at 1:41 pm
I think we can all agree that the physicists, engineers, and chemists who worked on the Manhattan Project — which ultimately ended World War II — were consummate geniuses and paragons of professionalism. Except they weren't. The demon core of plutonium claimed numerous lives at Los Alamos due to sloppy science.
Birth of black hole witnessed, marking watershed moment for astronomy November 26, 2013 at 9:19 am
This week, a momentous event occurred somewhere in the universe, and thanks to advanced technology, scientists were able to capture it in all its glory.
Los Alamos researchers foil nuclear smugglers with 200-terawatt laser June 5, 2013 at 11:09 am
Los Alamos National Laboratories has a simple proof of concept for a new addition to the nuclear security arsenal, one that could help to fill some glaring holes in our border protection capabilities.
World's first petaflop supercomputer is obsolete after just five years, will be shut down April 1, 2013 at 7:31 am
IBM Roadrunner, which was the world's fastest supercomputer as recently as June 2009, and the first supercomputer to hit 1 petaflop, is now obsolete and has been shut down. At a cost of $120 million and with a lifetime of just five years, you might accuse the Department of Energy of wastefulness — but shutting down Roadrunner is actually a thrifty, cost-saving measure.


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He is on the bed with his cock out of his undies as he strokes on it, he gets up on his knees to remove his undies and then he really begins to jerk no his cock as Mr. Hand comes up behind him and puts a blindfold over his eyes. Then his hands are cuffed behind his back so he can't touch his dick any longer.
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Hang tight!
Recipe by Lo
"So refreshing and colorful! Great as a side dish or a salad on its own. A 'slap-chop' works great if you have one. When I bring this to a party, I keep the oils, veggies, seeds, ramen, and sugar in separate bags until it's time to mix and serve. It tastes better to me when I don't mix the sugar with the oil right away."
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1 1/4 pounds
red cabbage, chopped
2 (3 ounce) packages
ramen noodles, broken into small pieces
1 cup
chopped red bell pepper
1 cup
chopped green onion
3/4 cup
slivered almonds
1/2 cup
roasted sunflower seeds
1/2 cup
toasted sesame seeds
1/2 cup
white sugar
1/2 cup
peanut oil
1/2 cup
olive oil
1/4 cup
red wine vinegar
1/2 teaspoon
ground black pepper
I had a recipe similar to this a long time ago, couldn't find it. But used this one to try to remember my lost recipe. It turned out delish. I used 1/2 head green cabbage, 1/4 head red, 1 medium onion, 2 carrots - all shredded in my food processor. For 'sauce' - seasoning packet from noodles (oriental flavor works best, but I only had chicken), 1/4 cup light olive oil, 1/4 cup rice wine vinegar, 1/8 cup soy sauce, 1/8 cup water, 2 Tb white sugar, 1/4 teaspoon sesame oil. Mix it all together. I tossed in some 'zingy currants' I had on hand from Nature Box - could use raisins, was looking for sunflower seeds, but all I could find was sesame seeds, so I toasted them and added that with the crunched up noodles to the rest of the salad. If you add a grilled, boneless skinless chicken breast, diced, you've got a one dish summer meal that's great - and leftovers are so yum.
Still searching for the perfect version. I didn't care for the black pepper. Also would like to cut the oil.
2 Ratings
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Cabbage Ramen Salad
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 384
Calories from Fat: 268
Hard to believe, but many kids will be back in school at the end of the month. Get ready.
You won't believe all the things you can do with cauliflower. It's a great low-carb option.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
This flavorful, crunchy salad will be a hit at your next potluck.
Crunchy, savory and sweet combination of broccoli, ramen noodles, seeds, and nuts
A crunchy coleslaw with ramen and cabbage in a tangy vinegar dressing.


text: 11/21/201101:20 PMNetwork ComputingNewsConnect DirectlyPost a commentComment NowLogin50%50% Tweet FedEx CIO Rob Carter: Dominant DesignOne of the world's well-known CIOs provides an in depth look at how FedEx is building its data centers of the future. Carter discusses the trend toward "dominant design" -- the ability to leverage standards for speed and competitive advantage. Comment | Email This | Print | RSSMore InsightsWebcasts How to Use Continuous Delivery to Accelerate Speed to Value Finding Answers Through Prescriptive Analytics More WebcastsWhite Papers A Good IaaS The Best Defense: How to Improve Security & Increase Capacity with Infrastructure-as-a-Service Building a Competitive Financial Services Workforce More White PapersReports [Strategy] Monitoring Security in Cloud Environments [Infrastructure Insights] The Frictionless Enterprise More Reports


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Consumer Reports magazine, known for its annual ranking of top vehicles, has released its top picks for 2014.
Top Car Overall: Tesla Model S
Top Minivan: Honda Odyssey
Top Sports Sedan - BMW 328i
Top Luxury Car: Audi A6
Top Pickup Truck: Ram 1500
Top Green Car: Toyota Prius
Top Midsize SUV: Hyundai Santa Fe
Top Compact Car: Subaru Impreza
Top Midsize Sedan: Honda Accord (4-cylinder)
Top Small SUV: Subaru Forester
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Created: 04/20/2013 3:25 PM KSTP.com By: Maricella Miranda
The St. Paul Chamber Orchestra and its musicians announced Saturday that they will use a U.S. mail option to decide on ratifying a proposed contract.
The move would enable further clarification of language in the proposal and would allow all musicians in the union to vote, the group reported.
Musicians ratified the American Federation of Musicians Integrated Media Agreement and its addendum on Saturday. Both were negotiated for the orchestra.
The orchestra's musicians union has been locked out for more than 24 weeks. Their contract expired September 2012. Management imposed the lockout in October.
Read more information about the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra.
Click here for previous KSTP news coverage about the contract negotiations.


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Discovery & Innovation
Photo courtesy of David Erickson.
Erickson team's experimental set-up for trapping and releasing nanoparticles.
The promise of nanoscience and nanotechnology lies in our growing ability to observe, characterize, and manipulate matter down to molecular levels. But while our powers to observe and characterize the very small have dramatically expanded—thanks to major advances in instrumentation in recent years—manipulation of matter at the nanoscale continues to pose a challenge. "Handling" tiny nanoscale items is no easy matter, particularly in fluids such as water. There's no physical pair of tweezers capable of holding such objects and moving them around. And yet our ability to fashion new materials for energy and other applications will depend critically on this capability of precisely manipulating micro- and nanoscale objects.
It turns out that light itself provides one effective means of grabbing and holding such tiny objects. In fact, the basic technique of using light in this fashion has been around for nearly three decades. The instruments for holding microscopic particles with light are known as "optical tweezers," and you'll find them in university laboratories across the world. An optical tweezers set-up—basically a desktop or lab bench arrangement—consists of a laser, typically directed by a set of mirrors toward a sample area that is viewable with a powerful optical microscope. The laser beam will actually grab and hold a microscopic sample, provided the sample is dielectric or has a dielectric end or "handle." (Dielectric materials are special insulators that polarize in the presence of an electromagnetic field, with one end of the material becoming positively charged while the other becomes negatively charged. These materials are used in a variety of applications, perhaps most commonly in the capacitors in electric circuits.) The laser beam will grab and hold tiny dielectric particles until the laser beam is shut off, at which point the particle will be released.
Image courtesy of David Erickson.
Artist's conception of an optical "nanofactory" using light to trap, release, and assemble nanoscale objects.
Optical tweezers have some drawbacks, however. These instruments will only work with dielectric particles larger than about 100 nanometers (nm = 1 billionth of a meter) in diameter. Nanoscience researchers actually need to manipulate much smaller objects than these. In addition, the (relatively) large laser beams typically used in these instruments impart heat to the tiny sample. This can be damaging, even fatal, especially for biological samples. The problem is so common that researchers in this field have coined a special term for it: "opticution." Opticution is the "optical execution" of a sample burned up by a laser beam in an optical tweezers set-up. An additional problem is that the radiating heat tends to push the sample particle away—through a process known as thermophoresis—at the same time that the light is working to hold it.
Now a Cornell University-led research team has devised a new instrument that is not only capable of capturing, holding, and releasing much smaller particles than conventional optical tweezers, but that also manages to do so with a minimal temperature increase to the sample (less than 1 degree Fahrenheit). Their experiment provides a proof-of-concept for a new and highly promising technique for grabbing, holding, and manipulating nanoscale objects—including tiny biological samples—in a liquid environment. The team was led by Cornell University Associate Professor David Erickson, a 2010 winner of a DOE Office of Science (SC) Early Career Research Program award, with support for the research coming from SC's Office of Basic Energy Sciences. The results have been published in the journal Nano Letters.
Photo courtesy of David Erickson
David Erickson led the team that developed "nano-tweezers."
The key to the Erickson team's ingenious set-up is a specially designed silicon nitride photonic crystal, which acts to concentrate the laser light and confine the light reaching the sample to a particular wavelength. Photonic crystals are novel devices that channel and filter light much as transistors or other semiconductors channel and filter electrons (see "Beyond the Transistor"). In this case, the photonic crystal is employed as a "resonator." The resonator has two important properties. First, it concentrates light at a very bright spot at its center, which pulls in the nanoparticles that are floating by. Second, the resonator operates at a precise wavelength of 1064 nm. The laser light strikes the resonator, and the resonator transfers to the sample just the light confined to that particular wavelength. The key here is that both water and (many) biological molecules (the two typical components of a biological sample) are essentially transparent to light at this wavelength, so they do not absorb heat from the light. The virtual absence of heat, in turn, eliminates the thermophoretic effect, and partly for this reason also the photonic crystal becomes capable of capturing and holding much smaller particles than is possible with conventional optical tweezers.
Using their set-up, Erickson's team was able to trap and release 22 nm polymer particles, 10 nm quantum dots (very tiny particles), and single proteins. The temperature increase to the sample was limited to 0.3 degrees Kelvin, or less than a degree Fahrenheit. The trap and release experiments are captured in videos that are available free of charge online, as part of the article's supporting info (the article itself is accessed either by subscription or a one-time charge).
The Erickson team's achievement amounts to a considerable breakthrough in capabilities for manipulating objects at the nanoscale and could have broad applications across the field.
"The ability to controllably position nanomaterials is a fundamental enabling nanoscience technology," said Erickson, "and so this discovery could eventually enable direct nanoscopic assembly of new types of materials for a wide range of energy technologies."
The technology is being commercialized by a small startup company, Optofluidics, co-founded by Erickson to develop instruments for nanomanipulation. In the long run, the researchers envision the development of optical "nanofactories," which would enable mass production of new types of materials by using techniques based on the "nano-tweezers" concept. Nanofactories may be some years away, but clearly the ability to trap and release particles at this scale—without damaging or destroying them with heat—marks an important step on the road to fashioning entirely new materials through nanotechnology.
—Patrick Glynn, DOE Office of Science, firstname.lastname@example.com
DOE Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Yih-Fan Chen, Xavier Serey, Rupa Sarkar, Pen Chen, and David Erickson, "Controlled Photonic Manipulation of Proteins and Other Nanomaterials," Nano Letters 12, 1633 (2012).
Erickson Lab, Cornell University
Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, DOE Office of Science
Early Career Research Program, DOE Office of Science


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That ff40 will with that Zenith WILL show 240+ at the back wheel. 285 at the crank.
Ive got a gs 1166 motor with a rajay ff 40 turbo, & zenith carb 38 mm, 1150 cams, 108 I 112 ex)I dont think it has the power it ought to, 13 lbs of boost puts it about even with a stock 001 busa, the cyl head has a mild street port with stock valves, the bike doesnt do anything wrong (no detonation, flat spots,& revs ok, driveabilitys not to bad for a zenith),intake & exhaust have been done, the design works well on my n.a. motors, wondering if stock head would work better with turbo,also have a head , looks like star ported intake & stock on ex, already done the ign,& carb tuning doesnt help much, any thoughts
Bart how about your thoughts
That ff40 will with that Zenith WILL show 240+ at the back wheel. 285 at the crank.
4cyl H2,
When you say it does not have the power it ought too, where do you feel it's lacking Low end Mid range or Top endWeatheror not the stock head would be better would depend on theanswers to the aforementioned. The head with the smaller ports may work better for the street and with low boost but I really don't think the mild ported head that you are currently using is really hurting it. A different turbo would spool up better than that rajay however it would involve a few modifications (T3, T-25, T-28 or T3/T4 hybrid with the right wheels and housings for low boost levels). Maybe a change in cam timing. Maybe add a water injection kit so that you can run a few more pounds of boost on the street or so that you can increase your static compression a little. Or, maybe changing that carb will do the trick.
Just thought I would throw a few things out there...............maybe it will give you some ideas.
(Your combination is very capable of producing the horsepower levels that were mentioned in the previous post however at much higher boost levels.)
MarcEdited by: Marc Powe
mid range & top end, normal 1/4 mile speed is about 140, @ 15 to 17 lbs of boost, 145 mph best ever, I was running forged 72mm pistons befor the 75s, didnt seem to make much difference, (mtc turbos, 0 deck) bike is 500lbs, im 208, would really like to see 150 mph at same boost levels, I have anE compressor wheel & housing, wondering if it would help, boost builds quick enough, just like to see more push on boost, been told an hsr42 would help,& i can see better driveability, but dont see it helping power, bike is an 81 gs1100,plus 6in arm & mr turbo tailsection,no bars, streetbike, any thoughts on cams, i thought the 1150s would be good (even know some guys use them in top gas)
A better carb will increase hp. The rest of your set up sounds good. With the small motor I don't think the E flow is necessary. Plus, you still can get more boost out of what you have. Keep in mind, an 1166cc motor is still considered a small motor. Especially in this day and time. I had a street/strip KZ 1015cc turbo with a 38mmKeihn back in 1990. The bike was basically stock except for the aftermarket pistons. Stock head, stock cams, stock KZ tranny that was back cut. The bike was raked with a stock swing arm that was modified with 3 additonal inches. I had a 3.5 inch rim with a 7 inch old style slick and bars. The bike went 6.0's in the 1/8 at 121 mph on 16 to 17 pounds of boost. I later went to a 1075cc motor and a 4.5 inch rim and a 7 inch slick. The bike went 5.80's. After this I did some major changes. I went to a car tire, GPZ tranny semi auto, 1135cc motor, S&S carb(I also used a 40mm Keihn that worked well), ported head, cams etc. It started out being a Super Comp bike and It was alot faster. I later changed from the Rajay to a Garrett. I was still learning how to tune the little motor and never really got it dialed in. However, It wound up running a string of 5.30's in the 1/8 at 133 mph. I also went a 5.28 e.t. at only 124 mph because the tranny wasacting up and it would not shift. The bike went screaming through in 2nd gear..............again producing a 5.28 e.t. (bike and rider 685 lbs).
So, the little motors will run but you can't be to shy on the boost if you want to haul ass and run with the big boys. I would start with the carb first. After that, turn the wick up............20 psi!!! You may want to look into a two stage wastegate to help regulate the power. I've also experimented with 9 and 10:1 static compression with the little motors and they wake up. I was using race fuel however I do know of some persons that have used water injection with 9.5:1 ++++ static compressonon the street without detonation. I believe Ian King (Top Fuel Racer) had a similiar set-up.
I hope I was able to help!!!Edited by: Marc Powe
Marc thanks for the info, you think, an hsr42 would help enough to justify the cost I figured the zenith had plenty of air & fuel flow to do the job.
Would I see much difference with the E wheel, I thought it would help build boost quicker, but ive been told it will slow down build time
1 other thing i thought to check is the gauge, its a glycerin, filled gauge, but with the engine off it reads 1-2 lbs, is there an easy way for me to check it
I think a carb upgrade is worth the cost. Check around, you may find a good deal on a used set up. I think I saw one on the classified section. As far as the E-flow is concerned you would probably build boost even slower. The smaller A/R ratio housings will build boost quicker. Funnybikes have gone into the 6 second zone with the turbo that you have. Later on down the road you should look into another turbo for real efficiency (like the ones I mentioned earlier). I've helped several racers to convert their systems over to a Garrett or Garrett style turbo like we sell and they will tell you that you hear and feel the difference. You can create different combo's with these turbo's. You can actually tune with them. For now, I'd start with the Carb.
Vibration will kill those gauges. See what brand it is and try one of your local industrial gauge shops for a replacement. I use the McDaniel Controlls gauge. Their is a place near my home that sales them.McDaniel use to sell them directly but now you have to buy them from a distributor. Look up McDaniel Controllson thenet and maybe they willlist a distributor near you. Make sure that you don't have it mounted to rigid.
One more thing, make sure you don't have the carb that you have to rich. That's one of the things that I found out that I was doing with my 1135cc Top Gas bike. I was too rich and it just killed my low end torque. I found this out when I took the motor down. My pistons were way to pretty for 30 psi of boost. With a little cleaning in the parts washer they looked brand new. I found a few guys running 1425cc motors that were using smaller jets than I had. Again, the little motor will get down however they are not as forgiving if the tune up is a little off. Keep your tune up a little rich on the street and then drop it a jet size when you want run someone on the track. By the way are you gravity feeding it or do you have a pump
Marc , I'm curious about your "rich" condition , are you saying you were washing down the pistons rather than carbonizing as I would expect to see in a rich situation
I guess you can call it that. You would think 30 plus pounds of boost with 9.5:1 static compression and 34 to 35 degrees of timing would have given those pistons a little hue. I sold the block and pistons to Paul Stuart (7 second T/G Nos Kaw) of Stuart Racing out of G'ville. He put them in a bracket bike. He frequents these forums and he could not believe what they looked like after I told him what they came out of. I was also using B8ESplugs with a Dyna 4000 ignition. Being rich did not seem to hurt the mid range and top end. I ran 5.30 e.t.'s with only a 1.31 short time. My mph would range from 130 to 133. It has gone 135 mph.A good guy by the name of Tommy Hines who runs a 1425cc Kaw with a 3 speed told me I was a little rich. He was running a smaller main jet than I was in the 1/8. At the time, I had already had many laps on my GPZ tranny from a previous lower compression 1135cc motor and I was hoping it was going to hold up long enough for me to dial the motor in. As I mentioned earlier I ran a 5.28 @ 124mph because it would not shift into third. I put some new forks in it and it was ok. I decided that I was going to lean it out at the next race that I planned on attending. On the first pass the tranny went to binding up and walla...........it broke. So, I decided to go ahead anddo alot of other changes instead of just fixing the tranny and I never did get to see exactly what that motor could have done. It did make 256 hp to the rear wheel and at the time it was still not running very clean during the dyno runs. I didn't make but two pulls on the dyno because those things spook me (smile). I learned some valuable things with that motor and hopefully it will keep me in the saftey zone with my new 1394cc turbo/nos motor with a 3 speed and new top end set up.
I am going to build another small motor for Top Gas and as a back up so that I can race and have some fun if the big motor needs fixin.....smile! The next time I know exactly what to do and I even have a better tune up for it this time.
Ive read up some on turbos& understand about the ex AR ratios,but I didnt realize how much effect a larger compressor wheel could have on spool up time, figured the shaft might spin up slower, but push more air on each turn, im running a pump & reg set on 2.5 lbs


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Helpline: 603-646-2999
Overall System Status:
If you've been instructed to reinstall system software on your Macintosh computer by your IT consultant or the IT Service Desk, here are the steps you'll need.
Before you begin, you will need the system software install media associated with the operating system you will be reinstalling. Typically, these are the CDs or DVDs that came with your computer, or were included in a system software upgrade purchase.
You cannot reinstall an earlier version of Mac OS X over a later version unless you perform an archive install or reformat the computer.
We strongly recommend you perform disk verification and repairs using the Disk Utility application prior to reinstalling Mac OS X. To verify and repair your hard drive, you will need to restart your computer from the Mac OS X System CD (disk 1) or DVD. To do this insert your Mac OS X software CD (disk 1) or DVD and restart your computer while holding down the [C] key.
If the Verify and Repair radio buttons are dimmed in the Disk Utility window, be sure you have selected a volume to check.
If Disk Utility cannot repair the problem(s) found, this may indicate a hardware problem. We strongly recommend you do not attempt to reinstall the operating system, but instead call the IT Service Desk (Help Desk) at 646-2999, send e-mail to email@example.com, or contact your department's IT support office.
To reinstall Mac OS X (all versions) on your computer, insert your Mac OS X software CD (disk 1) or DVD into the CD or DVD drive and restart your computer while holding down the [C] key. Once the computer starts up from the CD or DVD, the installation window appears. Click Continue in the first two windows that appear, then read the important information concerning the installation. Click Continue again in the next two windows, then click Agree if you accept the terms of the license.
Select the hard drive and volume you want to install Mac OS X on. When the volume has been selected, click on the Options button that appears on the bottom left-hand side of the installation window. You have the option of archiving or erasing the old operating system.
If you select Archive and Install, you can preserve your files and the users and network settings, as well as place the old operating system into a folder called Previous System, while installing a new copy of Mac OS X. Be sure to check the box labeled Preserve Users and Network Settings if you wish to preserve the files and settings from your previous system software installation.
If you select Erase and Install, all files, personal settings, folders, and software will be deleted when you erase the hard drive. If you choose to erase and reformat the disk at this stage, format it using the Macintosh extended file system.
Continue the installation, which will likely take a while. Insert additional CDs if they are requested. Once it finishes, you will be prompted to restart your computer. Upon restart, enter all the registration information and follow the prompts. When you are asked to create your account, enter a User Name and Password. Don't forget this password; you will need it if you ever want to perform additional installations and system updates. You may find it advantageous to include a hint should you forget the password.
Select the appropriate time zone, date, and time. The installation of the system software is now complete. When the computer starts up with the new operating system, you may be prompted to install software updates. Run software update, then restart your computer. Check for additional software updates, install, then restart your computer. Continue checking and installing until there are no software updates available. After updating system software, any application software can now be installed.
For Mac OS X 10.3 and higher, Software Update is available under the Apple menu.
You must have an Administrator user name and password to install software updates.
Make sure you have enough disk space. Even small application updates may require a few hundred megabytes of space to complete the optimization phase of the installation. Mac OS X itself requires up to 1.5 GB of free space.
You may want to avoid using your computer while the updates are being installed, although it is not required to install most updates. You may even want to restart your computer immediately before installing an update. If the Classic environment is running, turn it off; it will maximize the amount of available memory for the installation.
Some installations automatically restart the computer; you may not notice if you start the installation, then leave your computer.
Using the Software Update feature, you can get updates immediately or schedule when Mac OS X checks for updates. Because some updates are prerequisites for others, you may need to use Software Update more than once to get all the desired updates.
The basic installation steps are provided below. More detailed information is available; see Mac OS X: Updating Your Software.
To immediately get updates for Mac OS X versions 10.3 and higher:
Software Update can be configured to open and look for updates immediately after you log on to your computer on a regular basis, assuming you are connected to the Internet. You can set this to occur daily, weekly, monthly, or not at all (not recommended).
To schedule updates for Mac OS X versions 10.3 and higher:
Sometimes you may need to download the standalone installer file for a software update. These are available from the Apple Downloads web page. The Software Update preference pane will force you to install software in the correct order, you should carefully read the stated system requirements before using a standalone installer. Be sure to install in the correct order and only on compatible systems when applicable. A standalone installer may be advantageous when you:
We recommend you perform permission and disk repair using the Disk Utility application after installing software updates. Follow the instructions above in Should I Check My Disk Drive for Problems before Reinstalling Mac OS X?
Last Updated: 8/2/10


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Radisson Fort George Hotel
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We are centrally located, just minutes away from downtown, banks, tourism village and shopping areas. The hotel also features two restaurants, two bars, one with an open air deck and the other by the poolside, a café, fitness center, business center, tour desk, full service marina, two swimming pools, a whirlpool, spa and Sleep Number beds. Our tour desk, Rad Expedition, offers a variety of tours both inland and on the seas. Our qualified and experienced staff are readily available to plan your Belize adventure!
The Radisson Fort George is an environmentally conscious hotel which practices recycling of waste, bottles and papers and use of bio-degradable bags and utensils, as well as a mini transformer and Energy Star equipment.


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The scene has been shot and unless Bart has 9 lives, he'll be heading out of Salem in a dramatic fashion, Friday August 3 2007! Spoiler alert: He'll be killed off in a sword fight of all things!
Steve has been playing bumbling 'Bart' for 10 years. He says that he and his wife were both teary eyed to read his last script, and when it came time to wrap up his last episode, "There wasn't a dry eye on the set," Blackwood says and then adds, "We as actors have an attachment to the characters ... When you're killed, part of us dies, too."
Soaps.com wishes Steve Blackwood all the best, and wishes him much luck in the future. For more about Steve, check out his website at Steve Blackwood


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Zac Efron's Shocking Reveal: "Dating Is Kind of Hard"
If you look at Zac Efron, you may have a hard time believing that the 24-year-old heartthrob has difficulty getting a date. But, as Zac candidly confessed to Ellen DeGeneres to Oct. 4, "dating is kind of hard."
OK, before you go and grab your tiniest invisible violin, hear Zac out.
"A forced awkward situation is very strange. Especially for me, for some reason. I like to go and do something adventurous. I like to go out and do some sort of crazy activity."
Yet Zac — who was briefly linked to Lily Collins following his split from longtime girlfriend Vanessa Hudgens in 2010 — also acknowledged that, for celebrities, dating can be especially tough.
"You always have to be careful, I guess, about that kind of thing," he said. "Every day is a new experience and I take it as it comes. Some people I worry about, some I really don't have to."
Hey Zac, if you're looking for a date you can always call us.
Would you go out with a famous guy like Zac? Sound off below!
Source: Us Weekly


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William Pesek
Red warning signs are flashing again in Bangkok. We're not talking about flashing lights of emergency vehicles — although that might yet prove to be the case — but the T-shirts of protesters loyal to Thaksin Shinawatra, the billionaire prime minister ousted in 2006 and still dominating Thailand from exile. Thousands of "Red Shirt" Thaksin loyalists took to the streets Sunday supporting amendments to the constitution that would get their hero closer to coming home.
Opposition parties and the judiciary are determined to keep out a man they view as no less Machiavellian than Richard Nixon. So resolute, in fact, that they have resorted to warping the nation's democratic institutions to head off his return. It proves that almost six years since Thaksin's departure, Thailand's government is no more credible or efficient than it was under his leadership.
What's a troubled, stuck-in-2006 nation to do? Let Thaksin return and get this mess over with once and for all.
Not that Thaksin, the Silvio Berlusconi of Asia, deserves a single baht of his money back. Like the former Italian prime minister, Thaksin used his business connections to ascend to the leadership. Once there, he bent politics to the will of his family enterprises.
The Thai state seized about $1.5 billion of Thaksin's fortune once he was driven from power. Now he wants it back.
Three successes
Thaksin has been extraordinarily successful at three things since fleeing to avoid prison: playing the victim, drumming up support overseas and distracting Thailand's leaders from moving on.
It's time to call his bluff. Let the man return and prove that he's not the crook that opposition forces claim he is. Force him to demonstrate he's about more than just recouping his wealth. Make him stand before the Thai masses and explain exactly what his vision is.
Will it be messy? Yes. Might the "Red Shirts" and the "Yellow Shirts" loyal to Thaksin's opposition renew the huge protests that cost more than 100 lives? Absolutely. It might be worth it because there's no election or judicial decision on the horizon to return the Land of Smiles to its former glory.
And that's a problem.
Investors have been patient — and well rewarded — with a place that has suffered 18 coup attempts in the past eight decades. Its 67 million people figure large in the global supply chains of industries such as autos and technology, helping to sustain fast growth rates — an estimated 5 percent this year. That has made Thailand a must-invest market.
But Thailand's perpetual crisis is testing tolerance. Major floods last year weren't the fault of Thaksin's sister, Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra. Her unsteady handling of the deluge that breached Bangkok's defenses confirmed concerns that she is both inexperienced and a proxy for her brother as he finagles a way back into power.
Signs of incompetence and favoritism can cost a country like Thailand opportunities and jobs. At a time when developing nations try to become less reliant on export-led growth, and with Europe's crisis deepening, Bangkok is preoccupied with a man in exile. The way to end this saga is obvious.
Thaksin based himself in Dubai, but has visited everywhere from China to Japan to Montenegro (where he secured a passport) to the UK (he owned, for a time, soccer team Manchester City). Recently, he embarked on a tour of neighboring Cambodia and Laos, fueling speculation he was circling Thailand to signal that he's closing in.
Straight face
Somehow, Thaksin keeps a straight face as he compares himself to South Africa's Nelson Mandela or India's Mahatma Gandhi. Yet every stop Thaksin makes is an opportunity to play the martyr for the local media. Each visit is a chance to organize major rallies and embarrass officials in Bangkok.
China tends to send its loudest critics overseas to marginalize their impact, Chen Guangcheng being a recent example. Thailand is finding that model doesn't work when the detractor in question can hire Edelman Public Relations and the Washington lobbying firm of Haley Barbour, a former Mississippi governor, to burnish his image.
Why Thaksin has such a hold over millions of Thais, many of them desperately poor, is a fascinating question. Thaksin tossed piles of cash at rural communities, a windfall that convinced locals that they were voting in their economic interest when they voted for Thaksin. Some probably were. His health-care programs proved very popular. Yet this solid powerbase enabled Thaksin to bypass the
nation's governing elites, mainly on the way to familial enrichment.
It's time to stop blaming Thaksin alone. It's not like Thai leaders, generals and judges have seen to the nation's political development since he left.
Thailand could spend another six years obsessing over all things Thaksin. Or it could just bring him home, and sort out this mess.
William Pesek is a Bloomberg View columnist.


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Shalani tharaka
Shalini Tharaka is a famous and bright actress in teledrama and cinema. she is one of the best among the youth's wishes and captured almost all the people who saw her first glance.
yes, she is cute hot and still should say sexy. what more is that the passion she has and the humanistic smile she spread. keeping that pride to herself here i'm bringing you the most comprehensive and demanding photo collection of her.
6 Comments
Thaditional adumata niyamai…
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Rock-N-Roller Confronted With Capitalism
Jack White recently of the band The White Stripes has realized something important, capitalism works. At least it works when properly approached and with the release of several special vinyl albums he is trying to do it right, much to the consternation of some of his cheapskate fans.
As it happens, Mr. White is part of Third Man Records label, a company that produces special pressings on vinyl for the collectors market. But, seeing as how they are both limited and collectors editions, they aren't cheap. This has apparently made some of his fans mad.
With a price tag of upwards to $300 a piece, some fans have claimed Jack White is ripping them off. But Mr. White begs to differ. He says there is no reason why he should sell these collectors items at cheap prices just so that ebay speculators can buy up a large number of them only to go online and flip them for two, three, or more times as much as the original purchase.
We sell a Wanda Jackson split record for 10 bucks, the eBay flipper turns around and sells it for 300… If 300 is what it's worth, then why doesn't Third Man Records sell it for 300? If we sell them for more, the artist gets more, the flipper gets nothing. We're not in the business of making flippers a living. We're in the business of giving fans what they want.
White has told his fans to quit the whining because he is giving them exactly what they want, a collectors item that is actually worth the money and giving more money to the actual artists and producers of the works.
White is exactly right. Unfortunately, too many people simply don't understand how capitalism works (and more especially the capitalism of the collector market). Or perhaps more to the point, they refuse to understand.
In any case, it is good to see someone in the music industry so business savvy as Mr. Jack White. May he prosper.
Also see...
This dad punches the crap out of two girls attacking his daughter. Tell me you wouldn't do the same if a pack of thugs were beating on your child. I...Read More
Warner Todd Huston
Warner Todd Huston is a Chicago-based freelance writer, has been writing opinion editorials and social criticism since early 2001 and is featured on many websites such as Andrew Breitbart's BigGovernment.com, BigJournalsim.com and all Breitbart News' other sites, RightWingNews.com, CanadaFreePress.com, and many, many others. Additionally, he has been a frequent guest on talk-radio programs across the country to discuss his opinion editorials and current events as well as appearing on TV networks such as CNN, Fox News, Fox Business Network, and various Chicago-based news programs. He has also written for several history magazines and appears in the book "Americans on Politics, Policy and Pop Culture" which can be purchased on amazon.com. He is also the owner and operator of PubliusForum.com. Feel free to contact him with any comments or questions : EMAIL Warner Todd Huston and follow him on Twitter, on Google Plus , and Facebook.
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