text:
A process for enriching a liquid with oxygen by introducing the liquid into an oxygen enriching vessel, subdividing the liquid, subjecting the interior of the vessel to an oxygen pressure of at least about 20 psi, conducting the introduced water in a substantially flowing contact with the oxygen, and recovering the water under oxygen pressure when it is to be bottled. The process is carried out in oxygen enriching apparatus having an oxygen enriching vessel, a number of horizontal trays vertically spaced apart from each other and having a central opening, a liquid supply tube ranging into the interior of the enriching vessel through the central openings, means for discharging liquid from the tube onto a tray, an oxygen supply source for providing the oxygen to the vessel, and a liquid outlet for the removal of the oxygenated liquid. The liquids oxygenated by the invention are used in various aerobic and therapeutic processes.
1. A process for enriching a liquid with oxygen which comprises the steps of
(a) introducing a liquid and oxygen into a liquid and oxygen mixer and mixing the liquid with oxygen therein,
(b) introducing the liquid from step (a) into a sealed enriching vessel containing a plurality of one of plates and trays, and flowing it gradually downwardly,
(c) subjecting the interior of the vessel to an oxygen pressure of at least about 20 psi,
(d) conducting the introduced liquid in a substantially flowing contact with the oxygen, whereby the liquid is enriched with oxygen, and
(e) recovering all of the oxygen-enriched liquid.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein said recovering of the oxygen-enriched liquid is recovery under pressure.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the liquid is subdivided at least in part by the oxygen prior to the introduction of the mixed liquid and oxygen into the sealed enriching vessel.
4. An aerobic process which comprises carrying out a chemical or microbiological reaction in an oxygen enriched liquid prepared by the process of claim 1 as the reaction medium.
5. A therapeutic process which comprises carrying out a therapeutic treatment of a body with an agent comprising an oxygen enriched liquid prepared by the process of claim 1 as a vehicle.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein the mixed liquid and oxygen introduced into the sealed enriching vessel is subdivided such that at least a portion of said mixed liquid and oxygen forms a boundary surface.
7. A fermentation process which comprises fermenting a fermentation liquor comprising the oxygen-enriched liquid prepared by the process of claim 1.
8. An apparatus for enriching a liquid with oxygen, which comprises
(i) an oxygen enriching vessel having
(a) an interior,
(b) an interior surface,
(c) a vertical axis,
(d) a top, and
(e) a bottom,
(ii) a plurality of substantially horizontal annular trays within said enriching vessel in a vertically spaced relationship, each of said trays having
(a) a substantially central opening, and
(b) an outer rim spaced from said interior surface,
(iii) a liquid supply tube having an inlet and ranging into the interior of said enriching vessel through said openings,
(iv) discharge means in said liquid supply tube subdividing liquid entering from said supply tube into discrete water particles and from said supply tube onto a tray,
(v) an oxygen supply source in fluid communication with the interior for providing oxygen at a pressure of at least about 20 psi,
(vi) a liquid and oxygen mixer in fluid communication with said inlet of said liquid supply tube and with said oxygen supply source, and
(vii) a liquid outlet for the removal of oxygen-enriched liquid from said vessel.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein each vertically downwardly succeeding tray has a larger circumference that any tray thereabove, said liquid supply tube terminates above the topmost of said trays, and said discharge means comprises a spray-forming member at the termination of said liquid supply tube.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein one or more of said trays has one or more orifices therein to permit the passing of liquid therethrough to a vertically succeeding plate, and said liquid supply tube terminates above the topmost of said trays, and said discharge means comprises a spray-forming member at the termination of said liquid supply tube.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said orifices in vertically adjacent trays are arranged in radially offset positions relative to each other for spreading on a tray the liquid arriving from an orifice of an upper tray.
12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said oxygen supply source is adapted to inject the oxygen at the bottom of said enriching vessel through said liquid supply tube.
13. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising means for introducing additional oxygen into the top of said enriching vessel.
14. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising means for introducing additional oxygen into the bottom of said enriching vessel.
15. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said oxygen supply source terminates in the interior of said vessel in a porous disk for evenly distributing oxygen flowing therethrough.
16. An aerobic process which comprises carrying out a chemical or microbiological reaction in an oxygen enriched liquid prepared with the apparatus of claim 8 as the reaction medium.
17. An therapeutic process which comprises carrying out a therapeutic treatment of a body with an agent comprising an oxygen enriched liquid as a vechicle, wherein said oxygen is in solution in said liquid, and said oxygen enriched liquid is prepared with the apparatus of claim 8.
18. The apparatus of claim 8 wherein said discharge means in said liquid supply tube for discharging liquid therefrom discharges liquid onto a plurality of trays.
19. A process for enriching a liquid with oxygen which comprises the steps of
(a) introducing a liquid and oxygen into means for mixing said liquid with oxygen and mixing said liquid with oxygen therein,
(b) introducing said liquid from step (a) into an oxygen enriching vessel having an interior, an interior surface, a vertical axis, a top, and a bottom, said vessel having disposed therein,
(i) a plurality of substantially horizontal annular trays in a vertically spaced relationship, each of said trays having a substantially central opening, and an outer rim spaced from said interior surface of said oxygen enriching vessel, and
(ii) a liquid supply tube having an inlet and liquid discharge means and ranging into said interior of said oxygen enriching vessel through said central openings,
and flowing said liquid from said liquid discharge means gradually downwardly over at least one of said annular trays,
(c) subjecting said interior of said oxygen enriching vessel to an oxygen pressure of at least 20 psi,
(d) conducting said liquid in a substantially flowing contact with said oxygen, whereby said liquid is enriched with oxygen, and
(e) recovering all of said oxygen-enriched liquid.
The present invention relates to oxygen enriched liquids, method and apparatus for making, and to methods for their use.
It is known to impregnate at super-atmospheric pressure a still (i.e. substantially gas-free) liquid with a gas from an external source. This type of impregnation is usually employed in the prior art to make the liquid effervescent. As described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,927,028, "such artificial impregnation of a liquid with a gas has hitherto been carried out by bubbling the gas through the liquid, or by spraying the liquid into the gas, or by otherwise violently agitating the liquid in the presence of the gas, so as to increase as much as possible the area of surface contact between the liquid and the gas and hasten the entry of the gas into the liquid, the treatment being continued until the pressure of the gas in the liquid is substantially equalled to the applied pressure. The impregnation of the liquid with gas is usually carried out in large vessels and the impregnated liquid is subsequentially transferred to the bottles or other containers in which it is to be marketed, a counter pressure of gas being maintained in these vessels while they are being filled, in order to prevent so far as possible the escape of gas from the liquid."Such a method has not been found to be successful to produce oxygen enriched liquids to achieve either a high level of dissolved oxygen, or to retain the dissolved oxygen in the liquid for an appreciable length of time.
Our U.S. Pat. No.5,006,352 did provide a process for overcoming some of these drawbacks of the prior art as it applies to the incorporation of oxygen in water. That patent describes a process for enriching water with oxygen, wherein the liquid is saturated with oxygen at a temperature between 0� C. and 5� C. under pressure, and then bottling and sealing the bottle containing the enriched water. The presence of oxygen does not affect the taste of the water and its consumption has a favorable effect on well being and physical performance. A drawback of this process is that it requires the use of low temperatures, achieves a still relatively low level of dissolution of oxygen in the water, and results in a relatively fast loss of the oxygen enrichment when the enriched water is exposed to ambient pressure.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,045 discloses another process for preparing an oxygenated cocktail. None of the known oxygenation processes have proved successful for a producing sufficiently high oxygen loading of the liquid.
Suggestions were made in the prior art for increasing oxygen available for various aerobic and therapeutic processes by the use of oxygen enriched water and other liquids. However, the lack of ways to obtain a sufficiently high degree of oxygen enrichment of water did not enable any effective follow-up on such suggestions.
It is an object of the present invention to enable the production of oxygen enriched water at from cooled up to ambient temperatures with higher concentration of dissolved oxygen than has been possible in the prior art, and to provide for the improved utilization of such highly oxygenated water.
Another object of the present invention is to provide improved aerobic and therapeutic processes employing water highly enriched with oxygen in accordance with the present invention.
Yet another object of the present invention is to contribute characteristics to highly oxygen enriched water, which make it attractive as a beverage.
The present invention provides a process for enriching water with oxygen, which comprises introducing water into a sealed enriching vessel, subdividing the water in the vessel, subjecting the interior of the vessel to an oxygen pressure of at least about 20 pounds per square inch (psi), suitably between about 35 and about 50 psi, conducting the subdivided water in a substantially flowing contact with the oxygen, and recovering the water under oxygen pressure. The process of the present invention enables the dissolution as much as 50 mg/l or more oxygen in water.
As used throughout the specification and the claims, "water" refers to any still, or effervescent liquid intended to be enriched with oxygen. Any reference throughout the specification and the claims to "subdividing" water introduced into the oxygen enriching vessel, means the breaking up flowing water into discrete parts and spreading out flowing water over contact areas within the vessel. In the process of the present invention the water is suitably subdivided at least in part or its entirety by the oxygen employed in the process.
The oxygen enrichment of water does not impart any taste to the resulting liquid and the added oxygen also tends to reduce the tartness of any carbonation.
The present invention also involves apparatus for enriching water with oxygen, the apparatus having an oxygen enrichment vessel, a plurality of horizontal trays within the vessel in a vertically spaced apart relationship, each of the trays having a substantially central opening and outer rim spaced from the interior surface of the vessel, a liquid supply tube ranging into the interior of the vessel through the central opening, a liquid discharge device in the supply tube for discharging liquid onto a tray, an oxygen supply source for introduction of oxygen into the interior of the vessel at a pressure of a least about 20 psi, and an outlet for the removal the oxygenated liquid from the vessel.
The present invention also involves liquids enriched with oxygen in accordance with the present invention and processes for using oxygen enriched liquids prepared in accordance with the preparatory process of the present invention and prepared by the use of the apparatus of the invention. These processes of use involve both aerobic processes and other processes such as therapeutic processes advantageously employing oxygen containing liquids. As used throughout the specification and the claims, reference to an "aerobic" process generally includes all chemical and microbiological processes in which a chemical or microbiological process is carried out or is promoted in a liquid medium in the presence of oxygen. As used throughout the specification and the claims "therapeutic" processes involve the oxygenation of the body or its parts by treatment with an agent in a liquid vehicle containing dissolved oxygen.
Suitably aerobic processes in which water oxygenated in accordance with the present invention can be employed include for example processes in which heretofore water has been aerated such as by bubbling air thereinto, and also in situ or ex situ bioremediation of contaminated (e.g. with petroleum products) surface and ground waters; wastewater, sludge, and animal waste treatment, both by fixed film and by suspended growth methods; rehabilitation of atrophying lakes; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurement techniques; fresh water aquaculture (e.g. fish farming); odor suppression barriers for anaerobic processes; and insolubilization of dissolved contaminants (e.g. Fe. Mn ions) for removal by filtration or sedimentation.
In view of the particularly good oxygen retention of liquids oxygenated by the present invention kept in containers, a particularly advantageous new aerobic use of those liquids was discovered. In accordance with a further feature of the present invention such oxygenated liquids can be advantageously employed as the fermentation liquor of all kinds of fermentation processes.
Microorganisms such a bacteria consume massive quantities of oxygen in the process of a assimilating or breaking down waste. The rate at which oxygen can be introduced into the biomass, is a substantial limiting factor on how quickly a breakdown by oxygenation can be achieved. The problem with the known process technologies is that oxygen introduction by aeration is highly inefficient because air contains only 21% percent oxygen and thus 79% percent of the energy used by aerators is wasted in pumping useless nitrogen. Therefore, the use of highly oxygenated water in accordance with the present invention in such aerobic processes is expected to be about 5 times more efficient to obtain a like extent of energy efficiency improvement. Thus the infusion of water with 40-50 mg/l of oxygen allowed a more efficient and more rapid aerobic treatment, compared to 7-9 mg/l for the normal oxygen content of water, and just slightly more when a conventional bubbling aerator is used with 20% oxygen containing air.
Suitable therapeutic processes in which liquids made in accordance with the present invention can be advanteously employed include, for example increasing the oxygen content of blood and tissues; oxygenation of wounds to increase the rate of healing and to reduce infections; oxygenated organ transplant storage media; tumor oxygenation for radiation therapy and chemotherapy; lung bypass by oxygenated liquids in case of pulmonary deficiencies; carbon monoxide poisoning; mouthwashes, dentrifices; topical, including cosmetic, treatment media; contact lens treating solutions; and cell level therapeutic applications.
Eight test subjects of various ages and of differing sex, had their blood oxygen contents and their pulse rates determined. Each subject drank between 1/2 and 3/4 liters of water of the present invention prepared in accordance with the present invention. Evidence of a pulmonary function bypass was observed after a short period incubation by an average blood oxygen increase of about 30%, and the effect of a concomitant cardiac relief was observed by an average of about 10% pulse rate reduction.
In view of the particularly good oxygen retention of liquids oxygenated by the present invention kept in containers, a particularly advantageous new therapeutic product of those liquids was discovered. In accordance with a further feature of the present invention such oxygenated liquids can be employed as solvents for physiological saline isotonic solutions.
If desired, the water treated in accordance with the present invention can also be made effervescent by the addition of a gas such as carbon dioxide. If the carbon dioxide is added after the dissolution of the oxygen in the water, then it will displace a portion of the dissolved oxygen. It has been found, however, that the effervescent liquid can be further enriched with oxygen to a substantial degree after the addition of the carbon dioxide. Even more oxygen can be dissolved in the water, if the water being enriched with the oxygen is chilled at the time of the oxygen enrichment. However, some of the chilling or the entire lack of chilling can be substituted by the employment of higher oxygen pressures such as around 50 psi or higher.
Suitably the oxygen is mixed with the water outside of the enrichment vessel, such as in a venturi injector. This leads to a substantial subdivision of the water and an intimate mixing with the injected oxygen even prior to the more complete dissolution of the oxygen in the water within the enrichment vessel.
According to a special application of the process of the invention when a non-alcoholic beverage is produced, the beverage concentrate is diluted to a maximum solid contents of 50% by weight, and the diluted concentrate is then enriched with oxygen. Subsequentially the oxygenated pre-diluted concentrate is further diluted to the desired final solids concentration and is again enriched with oxygen by the process of the present invention, before bottling the oxygen enriched flavored beverage.
The invention is further described with reference being had to the accompanying drawing, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the apparatus of the present invention, being in part in elevation;
FIG. 2 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of another oxygen enriching apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a schematic arrangement of a production line for enriching a liquid with oxygen; and
FIG. 4 is a similar production line, further illustrating enriching by carbon dioxide;
FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a different type of oxygen enrichment vessel of in accordance the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is an elevational view of a mixing venturi.
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, an enriching vessel 1 has an enclosed interior chamber containing a water and oxygen supply tube 2 arranged vertically along the central axis of the vessel. A spray head 3 at the upper end of the tube sprays the water/oxygen mixture in the form of a fine subdivided spray into the upper part of the vessel 1. Annular trays 4 are concentrically arranged around the supply tube 2 through several levels one above the another. The liquid can suitably run down in various ways through or around the plates to be collected at the bottom of the vessel 1. An overpressure relief valve 5 is provided to relieve the interior of the vessel 1 from any undesired overpressure, and a pressure gauge 6 provides a readout of the pressure prevailing within the vessel 1. Water is supplied through an inlet 7 and an air chamber 8 is provided to remove any entrapped gases from the introduced liquid. An oxygen inlet 9 with pressure reducing valve is joined to the water inlet line, suitably through a venturi mixer such as is shown in FIG. 6, suitably a Mazzei venturi. A check valve 9a is inserted in the water line before the oxygen inlet to avoid any back pressure from escaping through the water inlet 7.
A water pump 10 in the liquid supply line has its outlet connected through a safety valve 11 to the water supply tube 2, and an electronic liquid level control unit 12 for maintaining a constant liquid level within the enriching vessel 1. Suitably the water pump 10 can be located before the oxygen input (not shown) to avoid the possibility of a vapor lock in some installations.
The oxygen enriched water can be removed through a water outlet 13 at the bottom of the vessel 1, either through an enriched water outlet valve 14, or through a valve 14a which suitably leads to a collecting tank for the oxygen enriched water.
A switch 15 is provided on the exterior of the enriching vessel 1 for deactivating the liquid pump 10 and the electronic liquid level control unit 12.
The liquid introduced into the enriching vessel through the supply tube 2 can be water or other liquid to be enriched with oxygen including water mixed with a beverage concentrate.
Suitably small openings 3a are provided in the water supply tube 2 above each tray 4 for discharging liquid onto the trays. If the trays themselves do not have perforations, then they may be provided with rims (not shown) to collect some liquid before overflowing the rim to a lower tray or to the bottom of the enriching vessel. If the trays are not perforated, the liquid exiting through the openings 3a will form a boundary surface on the tray between the oxygen and the liquid 4 for maximum incorporation of oxygen into the liquid. In a suitable embodiment of the apparatus of the present invention the topmost tray 4 can be the smallest one, and as water cascades downwardly from it, it can fall on lower trays which are each larger than a tray above.
The subdivided water exiting through the spray head 3 is also exposed to the oxygen atmosphere within the enriching vessel.
A flow meter can be provided in conjunction with the oxygen inlet 9 to permit monitoring of the oxygen flow. The apparatus is adapted to prepare enrich oxygen-enriched liquids in a continuous operation. This can be monitored by the continuous inflow of the oxygen and the liquid.
Most suitably the oxygen can be continuously generated through a molecular sieve type separator which recovers essentially pure oxygen from air by using a porous ceramic material. A suitable oxygen generator of this type is manufactured by Airsep Corp. The concentration of the oxygen dissolved in the water can be suitably measured by the Clark-type polarographic electrode apparatus such as made by Orion Research Incorporated.
A particularly preferred oxygen enriching apparatus of the present invention will be licensed by the applicant Life International, under their Model No. HO2LI-101.
As explained above, an inverse relationship can be established for the temperature of the water to be saturated with oxygen, and the pressure of the oxygen. Thus, for example, if the liquid is chilled to between about 8� C. and about 12� C. the oxygen pressure in the vessel is suitably between about 35 psi and about 55 psi. Depending on the room temperature, at about 17� C. to about 18� C. water temperature up to about 50 mg/l oxygen can be incorporated into the water, whereas if the ambient temperature is higher than that, the amount of oxygen that is dissolved in the water at the same O2 pressure might be slightly lower. When the liquid is not water alone, but includes, for example, a suitable beverage concentrate, the oxygen absorbing capacity of the water becomes somewhat lower, such as from about 30 to about 35 mg/l.
Water from a central supply is normally available between about 10 and about 20 psi. In the apparatus of FIG. 1 the pressure of the water is suitably boosted by a water pump to about 70 psi to achieve good oxygen admixing through the venturi. At the output of the reduction valve the oxygen pressure is suitably around 45 psi and the pressure within the tank is a composite of about 50 psi generated by the composite of the 70 psi water and the 45 psi oxygen.
The apparatus of FIG. 1 can also be used for the preparation in several stages of a nonalcoholic beverage enriched with oxygen. Suitably a beverage concentrate, such as a syrup is mixed with an oxygen enriched water to contain about 5% to about 15% wt. solids. The oxygen enrichment of the pre-mix syrup concentrate can be achieved in the apparatus of FIG. 1, or a simpler apparatus, such as is shown in FIG. 2 can be employed.
The apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a cylindrical container 20 and a liquid supply tube 21 extending horizontally through the upper part of the container 20, where the water inflow is subdivided into a number of smaller streams.
A plurality of horizontal guiding plates 22 is arranged in the interior of the cylindrical container 20. Each plate 22 has one or more orifices or downward projecting studs 23. These orifices are suitably arranged in concentric circles in the plates or trays. In the drawing an arrangement of the orifices is shown wherein they are offset between adjacent plates, and the alternate plates are shown with identical orifice layouts. A porous disk 24 is disposed below the lowermost guiding plate 22 and the gas inlet tube 25 is located below the disk 24. The disk 24 does not extend throughout the entire interior of the cylindrical container 20, so that the oxygen enriched water flowing from above can collect in the bottom of the container 20 (not shown).
The apparatus shown in FIG. 1 can also be used for the oxygen enrichment of wastewater. Suitably the wastewater to be so treated is screened prior to the introduction into the apparatus to remove larger solid waste particles from it. In an embodiment of the apparatus according to the present invention for such treatment of wastewater does not require a pressurized oxygenated water collector at the bottom of the vessel, because the oxygen enriched wastewater can be led away under ambient pressure.
Water to be enriched in the pre-enriching apparatus of FIG. 2, is introduced into the enriching container 25 through liquid supply tube 21 suitably at not more than twice the atmospheric pressure. The liquid flows downward from the supply tube 21 and through the orifices 23 in the guiding plates 22, in countercurrent with the oxygen introduced through the gas inlet tube 25 passing upwardly in the container 20. The porous disk 24 merely serves for a substantially uniform distribution of the gas input throughout the interior of the container. A sufficiently intensive contact is established between the downward flowing liquid and the rising gas, for the absorption of the latter through the large phase boundary. Oxygen concentrations of typically from about 10 to about 20 mg/l can be obtained in the pre-enricher device of FIG. 2.
In the manufacturing system shown in FIG. 3 the starting water is fed to a water inlet 30 after optional purification and filtration. Suitably the water is also disinfected, such as by an ozonizer. Air is removed from the water in a deaeration apparatus 31 for removing dissolved gases, mainly nitrogen. The deaerated liquid is passed through a supply pump 32 to an optional cooler 33 which suitably chills the water to a temperature of from about 8� to about 12� C.
The water passes from the cooler to the first stage oxygen enriching device 20 shown in greater detail in FIG. 2. The liquid oxygenated in the container 20 is passed to a storage container 34 where the preliminary oxygenated liquid is stored under oxygen pressure. When the system shown in FIG. 3 is used to prepare a flavored beverage, the storage container is loaded with a beverage syrup concentrate having a solids content of about 11% wt. and the oxygen enriched liquid from the enriching container 20 is introduced into the syrup in the container 34. The oxygenated liquid is fed from the storage container 34 to a final oxygen enriching apparatus 35 which is suitably of the type shown in greater detail in FIG. 1. After leaving the oxygen enrichment stage 35, the liquid is either stored under oxygen pressure or forwarded to bottling plant 36.
If the water is not to be mixed with a syrup-based concentrate, then the pre-oxygenating container 20 and the storage container 34 can be omitted and the starting water can be fed, optionally through the cooler 33, directly into the final oxygen enriching apparatus 35.
FIG. 4 shows a production line for an effervescent, oxygen enriched beverage. The liquid input into the apparatus at the left side of FIG. 4 is identical to the parts of the apparatus shown in FIG. 3 prior to the oxygen enriching apparatus 35. Accordingly, the liquid can be fed directly with or without prior chilling and with or without prior flavoring and pre-oxygenation at the arrow-indicated input of the system shown in FIG. 4.
The output of the oxygen enriching apparatus 35 shown in FIG. 4 is introduced in a CO2 saturating device that is known per se. Such known apparatus usually includes a vacuum operated gas removing unit as a first stage which, however, is not necessary in the apparatus of the present invention since the already absorbed oxygen should not be removed by vacuum from the water, and because the absorbed gases from the initially input water were already removed as shown in FIG. 3. A CO2 saturating apparatus 40 is connected to a CO2 tank 41 and the output 42 of the apparatus 40 is introduced into an oxygenating saturator 43. The oxygen saturator 43 can be suitably be of the same design as the oxygen enriching apparatus shown in FIG. 1.
In the case of a beverage the effervescence-contributing carbon dioxide also has a disinfectant effect which permits the omission of any preservatives, and the absorbed CO2 also contributes a preferred appearance and flavor of effervescence.
FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of an oxygen enriching vessel 45 containing a plurality of trays 46 arranged around the concentrate gas/liquid supply tube 47.
FIG. 6 shows a mixing venturi having an oxygen input 49, a water input 49a, an output 50 for the subdivided water and oxygen mixture, and a separate oxygen outlet 51 for separate introduction of the gas into the top of the enriching vessel shown of 52.
It has been found that the oxygen retention is surprisingly good of liquids enriched by the process of the present invention by the use of the apparatus of the present invention. The oxygen decreases gradually at a relatively slow rate. When the oxygenated liquid is stored in a sealed bottle under an overpressure, the retention of the substantially high oxygen content of 50mg/l can be maintained over several years. When opened, the excess dissolved oxygen content is released over a period of about 24 hours and levels off at a concentration which is still considerably above the oxygen content of tap water. This means that when a beverage is consumed from a freshly opened full bottle, it will retain close to its initial oxygen content during its consumption from the open bottle at a convenient rate.
In other uses of the oxygen enriched water in accordance with the present invention the greatest usefulness of the enriched water is obtained in the case of those that involve sealed in aerobic processing containers which are capable of retaining the oxygen in the liquid for the longest appreciable periods. In accordance with the present invention it was discovered that otherwise conventional aerobic fermentation processes in closed vessels can be carried out advantageously with a fermentation liquor or broth comprised of a liquid oxygenated in accordance with the present invention. This invention has equal applicability to a large variety of fermentation processes, including, for example, fermentation of consumables and the manufacture of antibiotics and other substances produced in a liquid fermentation broth. According to another feature of the invention physiological saline solutions that are kept in closed containers, particularly for intravenous use where oxygenation is of primary importance, can be advantageously prepared in accordance with the oxygenation process of the present invention. Any required sterilization need to be made in any otherwise known manner other than by boiling of the oxygenated liquid. Alternatively, otherwise known sterile conditions can be employed in the oxygenation of a sterile saline solution. However, use can also be advantageously made of oxygen enriched liquids in accordance with the present invention in processes where sealed containers are not employed, because it is mostly the initial high oxygen content of the enriched liquid that is relied on for greatest initial activity, whereas the actual retention of the oxygen throughout extended periods is not of as great an importance.
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text: hi, wout using ports you have sendmail and popa3d. Then if you don't trust fetchmail or getmail. Then write one with the native tools. It really is not that impossible. SMTP is very well documented. This IMHO is sort of getting carried away. Since the wildcard is say getmail then tear it apart. It is well done IMO(python) or use PERL and write your own. If you know what your doing then following the model of say getmail. write one in a compiled lang. Well .. lots of choices. HIH Best Regards, dreamwvr_(_at_)_dreamwvr_(_dot_)_com -- /* Security is a work in progress - dreamwvr */ # 48 69 65 72 6F 70 68 61 6E 74 32 # Note: To begin Journey type man afterboot,man help,man hier[.] # 66 6F 72 20 48 69 72 65 0000 0001 // "Who's Afraid of Schrodinger's Cat?" /var/(.)?mail/me \? ;-]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Clinical Study – Women
The Adipotronics™ clinical study on targeted fat loss was managed by a team of scientific experts made up of: Alain Steve Comtois – Investigator, Jean P. Boucher – Project Manager, James A. Hodgdon – Statistician, André Cyr, MD – Scientific Collaborator, and Zied Haj Hamida – Coordinator. The clinical study was also supervised by the Independent Ethical Review Board of the centre médical et centre de santé de la femme Ville-Marie. The clinical study was performed from May 12 to July 22, 2012.
- 35 women
- Age: between 25 and 45 years old
- Targeted areas: thighs
- Good health (PAR-Q)
- Randomnised selection
- Body Mass Index (BMI): between 22 and 35
- 30 sessions in 10 weeks
- Circuit of 6 exercises
Typical Session
- 5 minutes warm-up
- 30 minutes exercises
- 10 minutes cool-down
Type of Exercises
- Low intensity interval training
- Training phase: 50 % to 65 % of maximal heart rate
- Active rest phase: 35 % to 45 % of maximal heart rate
Examples of Exercises
Tests Description
- Testing divided into 6 stations, in addition to the welcome table
Welcome Table
- Greeting of the participants, explanation of the procedures and distribution of the evaluation sheets
- Station 1 – Body composition: weight, height, body mass index (BMI), skinfolds, circumferences and percentage of body fat through BIA
- Station 2 – Body composition through DEXA
- Station 3 – Aerobic capacity: submaximal test to identify the exercise heart rate
- Station 4 – Blood sample: blood lipids and triglycerides
- Station 5 – Thickness of the subcutaneous fat layer: measured through ultrasound
- Station 6 – Pictures (anterior, posterior and lateral views).
Tests Schedule
- 3 test-periods over 3 weekends
- Half of the participants were tested on Saturday and the other half on Sunday
- Participants were scheduled at one of the 6 test times :
- Group 1: 8:00 am
- Group 2: 9:30 am
- Group 3: 12:00 pm
- Group 4: 1:30 pm
- Group 5: 4:00 pm
- Group 6: 5:30 pm
Tests Dates
- Test 1: Saturday, May 12 and Sunday, May 13
- Test 2: Saturday, June 16 and Sunday, June 17
- Test 3: Saturday, July 21 and Sunday, July 22
- Beginning : Monday, May 14
- End : Thursday, July 19
- Training days : Monday, Wednesday and Thursday
- The presence to the tests was mandatory.
- 2 absences to the training sessions automatically resulted in a withdrawal from the clinical study.
- 2 delays equal to an absence.
- 4 delays to the training sessions then automatically resulted in a withdrawal from the clinical study.
- Participants received $1,000. The compensation covered parking and transportation fees for the 33 required presences (30 training sessions and 3 tests).
- At the onset of the project, participants signed an informed consent document approved by the Independent Ethical Review Board of the centre médical et centre de la santé de la femme Ville-Marie.
- Participation implied a moral commitment to complete the whole project.
Clinical Study – Men
A clinical study managed by the same team of scientific experts was conducted with 12 men. The targeted area was the abdomen for this group which trained 3 times a week, for a 10-week period. No compensation was offered to these participants.
Comparative Clinical Study
A clinical study managed by the same team of scientific experts was conducted with 8 women and 8 men. Half of the participants consumed a high-fat meal and the other half used the electrical stimulator for 4 hour, without exercising. The targeted areas were the thighs (women) and the abdomen (men). This study was performed in order to show that there is no risk associated with the circulation of lipids (fat cells) in the blood while using the stimulator at rest.
Clinical Study – Women
A clinical study was performed in 2007 on 24 healthy but overweight women, ranging from 18 to 42 years old. Some of the participants were wearing the stimulator with Adipotronics™ technology during the training program while the other participants were exercising without it.
*The results of the clinical studies will be available soon.


text: What kind of help do you need? (Examples:"Panda Security installation", "I want to contact Panda") Tweet Error 12029 when updating my Panda 2014 productSymptoms Error 12029 is received when updating my Panda 2014 product.Solution Follow the instructions below:Go to Start and select Run, type notepad and press OK.Go to the File menu and select Open and browse to c:\windows\system32\drivers\etc\Select from the bottom drop down files of types and select all types.Select the hosts file.Modify the file content so that the only lines not starting by a # are the following:127.0.0.1 localhost::1 localhostNote: the lines starting by # in the hosts file are comments.It is possible that the file has several lines in blank between the comments and the content.Go to the File menu and select Save.Open the antivirus and click Last updated on the program´s main screen. Select License data on the left panel and click Update now. Follow the steps indicated by the wizard.Go to the Scan tab and click Full scan.Useful links For more information, refer to the following Hosts file article. Help nº- 20130726 80623 EN Help us to improve our service by letting us know your opinion. Your suggestions will help to resolve your questions more quickly and effectively. Have you resolved your query with this article? YES NO Thanks for your answer Need Help? Contact us and get solutions! Forum Register and get help from the Panda Community Open a ticket Quickest way to reach Support. Open a ticket and get help! Telephone High call volume may result in longer wait times. Mon-Sun 04:00-23:00 PDT1-844-956-2648


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For the Forbes 2011 Retirement Guide, click here.
If you're near or even in retirement, it's the one question that keeps coming up like the Loch Ness monster. How much of your retirement nest egg–the assets held in your tax-deferred plans like 401(k) and IRAs, as opposed to Social Security or pensions–can be spent each year without eventually running out of money or losing purchasing power to inflation?
Like opinions about Nessie, there are many answers, and they go all over the board. But no single response has stood the test of time better than that of William P. Bengen, a Southern California financial planner. Way back in 1994, he wrote a lengthy article for the Journal of Financial Planning with the decidedly non-flashy title, "Determining Withdrawal Rates Using Historical Data."
He looked at different rates, different allocations of assets and how each scheme would have fared for a 30-year period–his assumed length of retirement–starting every year since 1926. The idea was to find the highest initial rate to be adjusted annually for inflation that under every historical scenario with the same asset allocation would not have exhausted the retiree's resources for at least three decades.
As modified upward a bit by later research, Bengen found his number with a stock-heavy portfolio: 4.5%.
Although it's always been higher than 4.0%, Bengen's declaration has become widely known known as the "4% rule." It was a shot across the bow of how advisers should help their clients. To many planners it's a dependable rule of thumb even if they know little about its origin or its creator. To others, it's indefendible as–pick your critic–too high, too low or too arbitrary.
To Bengen, a genial MIT grad who ran a 7-Up bottling company before turning to financial planning, it's the teaching of history. He has a response for those who say the current troubled economy makes his enduring pronouncement unreliable. "My research was based on reconstructing actual investment results from periods such as the Great Depression, World War II and the inflation-riddled 1970s," he told Forbes during a recent interview at his office in a home near Palm Springs with a large putting green in the back yard. "Is today's environment tougher than those times? Maybe, but that's not certain."
To read the full profile of Bengen and his much-debated rule in the May 23 issue of Forbes, click here.


text:
Suzy Margorian of Moscone Tile & Marble offers step-by-step instructions on finding and maintaining the right natural stone for kitchen and bathroom countertops, backsplashes and flooring. Using the countertop as the jumping off point, choose quartz, granite and marble and then choose flooring and cabinets. Also, learn when to incorporate porcelain and ceramic tiles.
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The United States Travel Association's (USTA) Discover America Daily Getaways promotion is back by popular demand for a second year. The promotion runs April 11 through May 13, 2011 allowing travelers to save up to 60 percent on airfare, hotels, car rentals, theme park admission and city attraction passes. You can access these deals through a website especially created for this promotion, DailyGetaways.com.
Tomorrow, April 12 SeaWorld, Busch Gardens and Discovery Cove will be featured on the site. SeaWorld and Busch Gardens single-day admission tickets will be available for sale for only $39 each. Discovery Cove's all-inclusive dolphin experience packages will be on sale for only $175 each. What a deal!
All proceeds go directly to the USTA to promote travel within the United States.
For terms & conditions please visit the links below and click on the 'Terms & Conditions' tab


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Machine Guarding (Guarding Machines)
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How Far Would You Go to Circumcise?
by babysugar
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It's a Jewish tradition to have a bris on a baby boy's eighth day of life. And, roughly half of all parents choose to circumcise their sons. On Desperate Housewives recently, Bree and Orson got into a disagreement over circumcising their newborn. So she went to a friend's bris and had her own son nipped without Orson's knowledge. Would you ever go behind your partner's back to circumcise your son?
Read More CircumcisionPollDesperate Housewives
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5 years
Bree does the right thing by having the little boy "done" as early as possible. It is irresponsible not to circumcise ASAP after birth when the opportunity exists (starting with a good circumcision unit and well-trained doctors). Countries in which circumcision is not practiced, of course, cannot really brag of a track record there! But circumcision is not only the sexual preference of most women, it is also considered exciting by many gay lovers, and hygienic and health benefits have been proven again and again (less urinary tract infections, no penile cancer, less danger of cervical cancer, less danger of transmitting other infections, etc...etc...). I know that in Holland, to quote a "non-American" country, circumcision is increasingly practiced, for all those reasons. About 1/3 of males worldwide are circumcised, and it is quite likely that in tren years' time the figure will have risen significantly - gradually the majority of males will be "snipped" as a matter of course - which is a very good thing. With both my wives we never had any debate - we agreed wholeheardetly that our baby boys would be circ'd before leaving the hospital after birth, or shortly thereafter (sometimes doctors decide to delay the operation a bit). It is cruel to leave a foreskin on a male till he's facing a major operation to have a clean-cut cock, when it is so easy, simple and quick in early infancy. Parents who do not circumcise should be blamed, not the reverse!
6 years
I would never circumcise my son, because the benefits of being normal 'down there' are massively greater than otherwise. (Yes, for you Americans, by normal I mean having a foreskin, because about 80% of males world-wide are uncircumcised) But really, you have to be really misinformed, which most Americans tend to be on the matter, not surprisingly, or just mentally ill to do something like that to a child, who has no choice in the matter. It's illegal in Sweden also. Hopefully one day laws will be passed world-wide banning circumcision completely.
Dominique-Rooney 6 years
Ylatan, my facts have been checked. Stop being so dramatic. I am a Greek Orthodox woman. Your little story that you googled is entertaining. Things have changed and there are new medical discoveries every day. Again, because there are so many different opinions and studies about this subject the available data is not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. It's a personal decision. P.S. The Doctors just aired a show that verifies some of these facts.
Dominique-Rooney 6 years
I had to respond to this after my first comment and a reply to my comment. I hate it when people respond to things just from what they read on the internet. Once again it HAS been proven that circumcised boys have a smaller chance for infections and other problems and my facts are also from a reliable source. I did not talk about the disadvantages in my comments. It's a given...As noted...there are always potential risks with every surgery, I apologize for not stating so. Because there are so many different opinions and studies about this subject the available data is not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. This is true. For us there was enough data to see the benefits.
scolaccij 7 years
I can't believe this. If she were my wife, I'd immediately file for divorce and sole custody on the basis of endangerment. That's just plain wrong. As far as Rachellebelly, you have it backwards: it's cruel to do it. Believe me, I was done. I wish every day someone had told my parents how wrong they were. I don't understand the last part of your post. You DON'T have to do it later and if you decide to go that route, it's our choice. I agree it's disgusting, but if an adult chops themself up, that's their loss. Most men are never circumcised and even in the US, where it's ridiculously high at 60%, those who escape the knife very very rarely get it done.
rca1 7 years
i think going against nature is wrong and it should be the persons choice later in life.
CaterpillarGirl 7 years
"it looks cleaner" i dont get that. its a Penis's natural state. So naturally its dirty?
CaterpillarGirl 7 years
I am not circumcising my child, my hubby isn't neither are his 3 brothers. Its just not necessary anymore, and if you teach your child good hygiene there wont be any problem. I don't see the need to mutilate a child for no reason at all except for cosmetic reasons.
ylatan 7 years
For those who think every baby boy should be circumcised, please read this: http://www.mothersagainstcirc.org/fleiss.html
Rachelleybelley 7 years
every baby boy should be circumcised- its cruel to do it later on in life. Besides for looks its also alot cleaner.
ylatan 7 years
Dominique Rooney, you really need to check your facts. yikes! Also, perhaps look up what is LOST when someone is circumcised... I wouldn't do anything behind my partner's back, and neither would he. We just don't function that way. Thankfully, we agree that circumcision is totally wrong. My son is not circ'd. :)
Jessamyn 7 years
When we didn't have a baby boy, we said we would circumcise him. Then we had a daughter, and 3 years later, a boy. We didn't circumcise him. I couldn't do that without any medical reason. Over here in Germany, circumcisions are NOT standard.
Dollylo 7 years
That's something I really want to do if I have a baby boy but I certainly won't do it without my partner's approval!!!
jennifer76 7 years
Dominique - I'm not sure where you're quoting those statistics from. But, it's the AAP's official position that [e]xisting scientific evidence demonstrates potential medical benefits of newborn male circumcision; however, these data are not sufficient to recommend routine neonatal circumcision. They found that there are some potential medical benefits, but that there are also potential medical risks and none of the data they have seen are enough to sway them to recommend it as a routine course. That's pretty straightforward and from a very credible source.
Jennifer777 7 years
I wouldn't do it behind his back! My husband is Jewish (I am not) and while we haven't had a child we have discussed this topic. I agree with circumcising but I am having a hard time with the idea of a rabbi and not a doctor doing it.....
macgirl 7 years
Would never do anything behind his back. Hubby is more for it than I am, he's the one with the penis so I default to his expertise.
Dominique-Rooney 7 years
I have to be honest. It's a proven fact that circumcised boys have less chance of infections among other problems. We both agreed that it would be best for our son in the long run. But I would have never done it behind his back. As a mother it's important to care... A retrospective study of boys aged 4 months to 12 years found uncircumcised boys exhibited significantly greater frequency of penile problems (14% vs 6%; P < 0.001) and medical visits for penile problems (10% vs 5%; P < 0.05) compared with those who were circumcised. In infants born in Washington State from 1987-96, 0.2% had a complication arising from their circumcision, i.e., 1 in every 476 circumcisions [65]. It was concluded that 6 urinary tract infections could be prevented for every circumcision complication, and 2 complications can be expected for every penile cancer prevented [65].
jennifer76 7 years
Eek! No way. What a way to set a precedent. How could you ever expect your husband to honor your wishes after something like this!? And for the record, I wouldn't circumcise a child anyway.
colormesticky 7 years
Hubby is all for it, and since he understands what it's like a lot more than I ever could I'm letting him have the final say. I don't care one way or the other. I've had several friends who've done it later in life and a couple more who want to, so if it's that important then I'd get it done as a baby and get it over with.
MsBabyNurse 7 years
As a nurse I have seen way too many circumcisions go wrong and I know the procedure is both painful and medically unnecessary. So I did not have my sons circumcised - my husband was also in agreement. However, if it had been really important to my husband, I still would have refused to consent but I would have been fine with having my husband discuss circumcision with the boys as teens and allowing the boys to choose it for themselves if they desired. As far as the DH episode, a marriage should always be based on trust and communication. If one spouse blatently goes behind the other's back and does something the other vehemently opposes, that marriage will greatly suffer due to lack of trust. I would never do something behind my partners back. It does not surprise me in the least that Bree did something like this. It would have been out of character for her to listen to reason and do something like honor her husband's wishes! ha ha!
red4bonez 7 years
both of my boyfriend and i agree with circumcising if we have a boy. i personally dont see a big deal. i thought it was more hygenic and easier to clean no? hm.
erinflower 7 years
We didn't do it anyway but never behind the other's back. My husband would have preferred him to be circumcised but the no trumps the yes in this argument.
kiwitwist 7 years
i wouldn't go behind my hubby's back.
ufshutterbabe 7 years
I'm so very against it, but my husband is for it. We wouldn't do anything behind each other's backs, especially when it is so important and permanent. But I just can't see myself changing my mind on this. Thank goodness we aren't having kids anytime soon!


text: They've got a brand new Holiday issue hitting stands October 8th. But that's not all. They've got a huge new web site featuring old issues of the magazine (just in case you aren't hoarding three boxes of them already), plus an online store with all of their featured products. If you register with their site, you can get $25 off of your first order. You can also buy the new issue of Domino on the site for $11.99.


text:
©1997 Susan Butler; (P)1998 Blackstone Audio Inc.
"Certainly the single best book that we now have on Earhart's life....Earhart comes into sharper, more realistic focus through Butler's lens." (Washington Post)
"Filled with wonderful details about Earhart's glamorous lifestyle and the wild, dangerous world of early aviators....the still enthralling figure of the aviator...powerfully come[s] through." (Kirkus Reviews)
"The reader closes East to the Dawn with the lingering realization of how truly contemporary Amelia Earhart remains and with a new understanding of the love and admiration she earned from colleagues and the public at large....her insistence on being her own person while fighting for causes larger than herself continue to command our respect and fuel our dreams." (Los Angeles Times)
"The Definitive Biography"
Much like "Hughes" was the definitive biography of Howard Hughes, "East to the Dawn" is for Amelia Earhart. Both books show all facets of these aviation pioneers. And both dive into the little details of not only the subjects but also of the environment in which they lived.
The narration is lovely, and easy to follow. The only negative is that the genealogy of Ms. Earhart at the beginning is a little dry (though important for a definitive biography). It picks up tremendously once the book focuses on Amelia.
"Searching for the "who" of Amelia Earhart"
In many fictional or biographical accounts of this interesting and forward thinking woman the emphasis is usually placed on her last flight, where she went down and what happened to her.
In this book by Susan Butler we get to see and understand the person behind the public persona: from her scandalous affairs to her Clothing line for Women and from her fierce loyalty to her casual betrayals of those close to her. What Ms. Butler portrays is a complex and even conflicted figure.
The narrator does a substantial job of taking this book from text to audio.
Even if you are not an Ameliaphile, this book is well worth the price.
No. Too much family history and lots of repetition. If I was actually reading the book I would have skipped through a bunch of pages
Even though I knew how the story ends, I was still sad. By listening to the book I became attached to Amelia
I have not but I would
Several but the one that comes to mind first is when Amelia agrees to marry George. It seemed to be against her better judgment and I'm not sure why she did it.
The book doesn't seem well edited but I learned a lot and, for the most part, really enjoyed it.
"I have fallen in love with Amelia"
Anna Fields does a very good job narrarating this book. I decided to read/listen to this because I myself am a pilot and had always admired AE. After seeing the recent movie starring Hillary Swank, I wanted to know more about this amazing woman. East to the Dawn is another classic example of "the book is much better than the movie." The big screen could never provide the detail that Susan Butler provides. From flying to helping her gender live up to their potential, she was passionate, smart, and effective in her pursuits. One of AE's famous quotes was "The most effective way to do it, is to do it." To me, this simply summarizes her way of life and what made her so special.
"Did not want it to end!!!"
Probably down the road sometime.
Don't have one moment.
No, but I will look for her reads. Felt like Amelia talking.
They have and I had to watch it right after the book. It is "Amelia"
All around outstanding.
Audible has changed my life! Dry , itchy eyes were destroying one of my greatest pleasures - reading. Now I am experiencing books again!
"Spoiler-proof History"
We all know what happened. So, no biography of Amelia Earhart can give us a surprise or a happy ending.
That said, this was a most interesting listen. I'm not a history-of-flight addict and mostly wanted to hear an outstanding woman's story of life in a man's industry. I learned a lot about her and, incidentally, about flying. Earhart is presented here as a fully-dimensional person, with great strengths and pretty great faults too, at times.
Perhaps because of my lack of fascination with flying itself, the book was somewhat too long for my taste. I stayed with it and, as I have said, learned a lot. Anyone who has a particular interest in the history of aviation may well treasure every word of this long biography. For the rest of us, it's a good look at an intriguing woman and at an exciting era in American history, but it's a bit too long.
"Knowing more about women and aviation"
This book was very informative, interesting about the life and limitation of Amelia Earhart. It doesn't try to make her more than she was, more or less perfect. It is fascinating in the advances of avionics at the time, and the roles women had to assume. The narration is fantastic, I sure do miss Anna Fields.
"I now know Amelia"
It's an interesting book in that I now know, presumably, Amelia as a person. Her entire life including every family member, friends and foes (actually, I do not think she had any enemies). It is rich with history regarding the beginnings of air flight when it was truly a daring feat. Anyone who is a fan of aeronautics will definitely enjoy this book. For me, it was a little more difficult to get through -- although it was worth the read to learn so much about that time and the types of people who became interested in flying virtual death traps. Even if you have seen the PBS special programs, regarding Amelia, this with take you to much greater heights! However, I have not finished the book yet -- I have a about 4 hours left out of a 19 hour book.
"a timeless life"
Amelia made some very surprising twists and turns in life to find herself a competitive flyer. This biography pays homage to her selflessness, zest for life, and adaptability to good times and bad. You will see yourself in her conflict between her desire for independence, and the struggle with rootlessness. A complete picture of Amelia as a full person, and a must read.
"Educational, well-written and touching"
I bought this audiobook because I wanted something interesting for my commute. I got it in this bio. It's very very detailed (who knew that Amelia went to school in Philly?! I didn't!) and recounts her entire family - sisters, cousins, parents and all the issues that come with them. My first thought was, "Why are you telling me about these people? Why should I care?"
The reason is this: by learning about Amelia's origins and formative years, you learn why she became the woman she was.
We all know the end - her plane was lost near Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean. But the author very nicely fills in the blanks.
Finding out 'the rest' just makes her disappearance all the more heartbreaking.
A must-read for anyone interested in stories of influential women, history or aviation.
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arcadia bluffs
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Deal of the Week: Stay and play at Arcadia Bluffs
By Matthew Rudy Northern Michigan's Arcadia Bluffs has million-dollar views from its position high above the Lake Michigan shoreline. Now, it can be had for a good bit less.Normally, you'd pay $180 to play...
Tuesday, 7/29/2014 at 1:51PM
- keywords:
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- Deal of the Week,
- Matthew Rudy
Courses & Travel
Counting Down Best of Buddies-Trip Destinations. No. 10: Traverse City, Mich.
In our January issue we rank America's 36 Best Buddies-Trip Destinations, a list we created by surveying the roughly 1,100 Golf Digest course-rating panelists who produce our biennial rankings of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses.My...
Sunday, 12/2/2012 at 9:29PM
Golf Courses & Golf Travel
America's 100 Greatest Public Golf Courses/2011-12
First established in 1966, the biennial 2011 ranking of America's 100 Greatest Public Golf Courses is ready for its close-up.
May 2011
Golf Tours & News / Travel
My Town: Rick Smith
Northern exposure Our resident expert loved Michigan's scenic locale so much he bought a resort there
May 31, 2010
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- golf world,
- pga,
- My Town,
- Northern Michigan
Courses & Travel
Northern Michigan revisited
After reading my recent Away Game for Michigan, Kevin Whitmore, the director of golf at True North Golf Club in Harbor Springs, MI, wrote to alert me to a course I may have missed.Matt, Hello,...
Thursday, 10/22/2009 at 11:34AM
- keywords:
- Away Game,
- Forest Dunes,
- Matt Ginella,
- Michigan,
- arcadia bluffs
Golf Tours & News
Golf Architecture: Dirt Pile Designs
Don't be fooled by the natural look of compelling recent course designs: Mother Nature had help
- keywords:
- Golf World,
- design,
- architecture,
- dirt pile designs,
- ron whitten
Golf Tours & News
Golf Course Design & Architecture: Magic Kingdoms
Don't be fooled by the natural look of compelling recent course designs: Mother Nature had help
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- Golf World,
- design,
- architecture,
- dirt pile designs,
- ron whitten
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Article ID: 924460 - View products that this article applies to.
For a Microsoft Office 2003 version of this article, see 889495
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/889495/ ).
On This Page
This article describes the different types and locations of templates in 2007 Microsoft Office programs and in 2010 Office programs. Additionally, this article contains information about registry settings that control where you find custom templates.
2007 Office programs and 2010 Office programs save all new custom templates that you create. A Microsoft Office program looks in one of the following locations for the templates that belong to that program:
User templates file locationNewly created or newly modified templates are saved in a folder in your profile directory. The folders that are under your profile contain your configuration preferences and options. These folders contain everything that is needed for a roaming user profile.
By default, user templates files are stored in the following location:
How to change the location in which templates are savedYou can use Microsoft Office Word to change the location in which your new templates are saved. To do this, follow these steps.
Note If you use Word 2007 or Word 2010 to change the location in which your new templates are saved, you also change the location in which all 2007 Office program templates or all 2010 Office program templates are saved.
Note Your network administrator can change the location in which your new templates are saved by using the policy templates that are included with the 2007 Microsoft Office Resource Kit. For more information, contact your network administrator.
You can also create custom tabs that appear in the Templates dialog box by creating a new folder in the Templates folder in your profile. Tabs that have the same name as a new folder appear in the Templates dialog box. These tabs let you categorize your new templates even more.
The template options are available when you click the Microsoft Office Button, and then click New in Office 2007 or from New under the File menu in Office 2010.
Note There are more templates available in the Microsoft Office Online area. Note Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer 2007 do not use the same user interface as the previously listed 2007 Office programs.
In Publisher 2007 or Publisher 2010
In SharePoint Designer 2007
Workgroup templates file locationThe templates that are saved in this location are basically the same as the templates that are saved in your user templates file location. However, the location is typically a shared folder on a network drive.
Note Your network administrator may set a shared location as a source from which to provide templates that are used throughout your workgroup or company. The workgroup template file location typically is a read-only shared folder.
In addition to looking in your default user templates file location for existing templates, 2007 and 2010 Office programs look in the workgroup templates file location for more templates.
For more information about the workgroup templates file location and about how to share a template with your workgroup or your company, contact your network administrator.
Advertised and installed templates file locationAdvertised templates are the templates that are included with Office programs. These templates appear in the Templates dialog box. Depending on the type of Office installation, you may not have all the templates installed on the computer. However, each Office program displays the templates as they are available in the Templates dialog box.
When you select a template, the Office program determines whether the template is installed. If the template is installed, a new document that is based on the template opens. If the template is advertised but is not installed, the program prompts you to install the template.
You can remove installed templates for Publisher 2007 by starting the 2007 Office installation program. Then, set the template group to Installed on First Use. This effectively removes the templates from the computer. Then, the templates become advertised templates again. Microsoft Office Access 2007 does not allow for templates to be advertised. However, templates can be set to Not Available in Access 2007. The other 2007 Office programs do not list templates as a separate component.
By default, all templates that are installed with Microsoft Office are installed in the following folder:
C:\Program Files\Microsoft Office\Templates\Language ID NumberNote The Language ID Number is a four-digit code that represents the language types that are currently installed. For example, the English (US) version of Office installs a 1033 folder. The Arabic version installs a 1025 folder. The German version installs a 1031 folder. 2007 Office programs support many other languages. Additionally, you can have multiple languages installed at the same time. Therefore, you may have a Templates folder that contains several language ID folders.
Non-file-based templates file locationOffice programs use non-file-based templates to create new workbooks, documents, databases, and slides. As the name suggests, there is no physical template from which these special files are created. Each Office program has the necessary information to create a new file of the correct type.
For example, if the Word global template (Normal.dotm) is used to create a blank document, Word uses its internally stored settings to create a new blank document.
Changes in the Windows registry settings for the user templates file location and for the workgroup templates file locationImportant This section, method, or task contains steps that tell you how to modify the registry. However, serious problems might occur if you modify the registry incorrectly. Therefore, make sure that you follow these steps carefully. For added protection, back up the registry before you modify it. Then, you can restore the registry if a problem occurs. For more information about how to back up and restore the registry, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
322756Office programs use two registry keys to record the user templates file location and the workgroup templates file location. Both settings are recorded in the following registry key:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/322756/ )How to back up and restore the registry in Windows
Office 2007:
Office 2010:
The user templates location is stored in the
UserTemplatesstring value.
The workgroup templates location is stored in the
SharedTemplatesstring value.
These string values do not exist until you make a change to the default locations for your custom templates. By default, all Office programs look for their installed templates. Therefore, no string value is required for Office programs.
If you change the user templates file location to the default location as described in the "User templates file location" section, the
UserTemplatesstring value is deleted from the registry. However, if you change the workgroup templates file location to the default location, the
SharedTemplatesstring value is retained in the registry.
Article ID: 924460 - Last Review: August 18, 2010 - Revision: 4.0
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13 Reviews
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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful
5.0 out of 5 stars All Parents Should Read This!,
W. Lomano (United States) - See all my reviews
This review is from: Raising Children Who Think for Themselves (Hardcover)
I've read, browsed and perused many a parenting advice book over the course of the past 10 years, since the conception of our first child. This book, by far, is my favorite for many reasons.
Dr. Medhus is, herself, a mom. She is also a medical doctor. She knows children as a parent and as a professional. Through both of these honorable professions, she has a view of the good, the bad and the just plain ugly sides of parenting and child-raising. She also has a wonderfully funny sense of humor -- very down to earth and realistic (right down to booger-picking information).
This is a book, and a writer, to which (and whom) I can relate. Dr. Medhus is not preachy in any sense and in a candid, humorous way offers well-thought-out and well-organized suggestions and solutions to try. As with any parenting method, consistency is a plus -- and what you'll get, or should get, if you use the methods described in this book, are children who will start to think for themselves. If you have a child like our youngest son, who doesn't seem to care that his baseball uniform will be a filthy wrinkled mess if he leaves it on the floor instead of putting it in the laundry, it may take a little while longer for him to catch on than if you have a complacent child.
Dr. Medhus reminds parents to have a sense of humor -- and I'm
starting to see the amusing side of the baseball uniform being filthy for the next game, although I know my extremely frustrated and temper-tantrum-throwing first-grader won't find it funny one bit ... he will, however, see the consequences of not listening, and realize the consequences he, himself, stated : "It won't be washed for my next game?" Live and learn.
And "let them learn" is one of Dr. Medhus' underlying themes. For, by learning (even if it is the "hard way"), they'll start to think for themselves. And you'll no longer have to remind your child that, should she forget to do her homework and receive that after school detention, she'll miss going to a movie with her friends.
There's a section toward the middle of the book that addresses
particular familial situations that I absolutely LOVE. Dr. Medhus lists specific issues, in alphabetical order -- from Boredom to Booger Picking (okay, so that's under "Annoying Habits"), from Laziness to Body Piercing and everything beyond and between, she has ideas, suggestions and solutions.
I look forward to her next book!
5.0 out of 5 stars NAPRA Book Review,
By A Customer
The problmes that seem pervasive among youth today, from mindless consumerism and premature sex to school shootings and drug abuse, have raised an uproar on all sides, and the blame for these ills gets bounced around like a ping-pong ball!--TV, video games, lack of religion, rap music, and on and on. But Dr. Medhus, after hundreds of interviews with children from all kids of backgrounds, reaches the conclusion that the problems really all spring from a common source: personalities that react to outside forces rather than their own beliefs and morals. Laying out the difference between "externally directed" people who act according to impulses, peer pressure, and the fear of punishment, and "self-directed" people, who have been taught to think for themselves and follow their own consciences, she goes on to share parenting methods intended to encourage the introspection, empathy, and high self-esteem that gives self-directed children their ability to resist negative influences. The author discusses specific techniques for handling many kinds of situations, with rules and disciplinary measures that help kids understand why bad behavior is wrong, instead of shaming or scaring them into blind submission. Indispensible advice for parents seeking to inspire their kids to self-confidence, adventurousness, independence, competence, and the ability to make positive contributions to the world.--MZ
5.0 out of 5 stars Amazing, Witty, a Dazzling Hilarious Guide to raising kids,
"kristina_anne" (Houston, Texas USA) - See all my reviews
Having connections, I can safely say that this book will be a bestseller--without a doubt. It cleverly weaves a serious matter (life-changing) with a humorous, informal, easy-to-read style that appeals to parents (and parents-to-be) across the spectrum. As the title states, it is a guide on how to raise an internally-directed child. But what IS an internally-directed child? For example: An externally directed child would be the kid who is so self-conscious he is too afraid to pipe up in class and is deathly afraid of participation or (the most-feared) PRESENTATIONS. HOWEVER, an internally-directed child is not concerned with what others think, meaning they do not LIVE to please/annoy others, and therefore have more self-confidence and less self CONSCIOUSness when it comes to limiting their abilities. An externally directed child would let one small thing ruin their day, and an internally directed kid would devise a way to solve it, mend it, and move on. An externally directed child would fight over the front seat, but an internally directed child would not have such a fickle mentality, and would fight for things that are TRULY important in life. Containing dialogue from interviewed children, and a handy index for quick solutions to external problems, this informative, easy to read book is a must-have for parents. I would give it 10 stars if I could, but I guess 5 stars will just have to do.
5.0 out of 5 stars it all makes sense,
This review is from: Raising Children Who Think for Themselves (Hardcover)
Page after page all made it clear that Dr. Medus really did her homework in putting together this great book on raising a confident and intrinsically successful child. Being a new father I find it a little daunting in being responsible (at least partially) for the behavioral molding of a human being. This book was a real eye opener is so many ways, from methods of dealing with conflict, to getting your child to accept his/her bedtime. In many instances I would finish reading a certain hypothetical scenario Dr. Medus had invented and think "wow that's exactly how I felt growing up!" Since my daughter is still only 6 months old I plan to reread this book many more times while she is growing up. I'd even recommend those without children to read it as it really hits home on how much our society is "externally directed" rather than internally.
5.0 out of 5 stars Planned Obsolescence: Every Good Parent's Goal,
ClayHalo (Topanga, CA United States) - See all my reviews
THIS BOOK IS A MUST-HAVE if you want your child to be independent, confident, responsible and able to make sound decisions without your constant hovering. If you read and incorporate its advice into your life, by the time your children reach adulthood, you will have done your job as a parent well. The author gives more practical suggestions for real-life situations than I've ever seen in any book on child-rearing, and is particularly helpful for those of us with children about to enter or in middle school/jr. high school. Dr. Medhus also explains how parents can encourage even younger children to be self-directed, so that many problems associated with adolescence can be avoided. If every parent can raise ONE self-directed child, the world will be a better place for us all.
5.0 out of 5 stars Good for the whole family,
William D. Bergstrom (Devils Lake, ND USA) - See all my reviews
I am the Grandmother of a wonderful (and willful) two year old who had her Mother baffled until she read this wonderful book. Upon reading the book our daughter began applying the techniques. Bother Mother and Daughter are happier (Daddy too). My husband and I have read the book and believe it will improve our Grandparenting skills as well. The techniques Dr. Medhus prescribes are practical. The practices set forth in this book are much like those we used as we raised our son and daughter (who very definitely think for themselves). Dr. Medhus skillfully, and with charm, articulates age-old truths in modern day language. I highly recommend this book for Parents and Grandparents alike.
5.0 out of 5 stars Refreshing,
Oxbow "Skipper of Blazing Buoys" (South Eastern Ontario) - See all my reviews
I really like this book. It is not just more of the same. It sets out some clear actions that are not all so obvious and not simply rehashed from other books. It explains clearly how each of your actions will influence your child's growth; both the bad actions your need to avoid and the pro-active, positive actions you should be taking. Compared to other well known books on parenting, I'd say this one is set apart from many others I've read in that it provides some refreshing (but not surprising) ideas that make sense.
I highly recommend this book. Applies to parents of young children up through the teen years.
5.0 out of 5 stars Raising Children Who Think for Themselves,
Judy Stevens (Houston, Tx USA) - See all my reviews
This is a wonderful guide for parents and educators who are searching for techniques to help children avoid the pitfalls of "following the crowd." The author provides many practical strategies and "real life" examples of how to interact with children to prevent inadvertent development of an external locus of control. The suggestions are powerful and helpful to all adults who want to help children become independent thinkers in a world filled with challenges. Following the author's advice will enhance student development and improve parenting skills simultaneously.
5.0 out of 5 stars A must read for parents of all ages,
Mira Norcros (St. Croix Falls, WI United States) - See all my reviews
Wow, what a great read! Dr. Medhus highlights some seemingly "easy", yet truly profound ways that all parents, no matter what stage they are at, can use to improve their interactions with their children. I am a mother of two, and try daily to have a positive impact on my girls lives. Reading this pointed out to me many venues where by simply shifting my paradigm slightly, I can more effectively be the parent that I strive to be. Thank you Dr. Medhus for sharing your knowledge with parents everywhere. You certainly have touched our lives.
5.0 out of 5 stars Life changing,
Educated Chia Whistle Blower "spirit" (houston, texas United States) - See all my reviews
This should be required reading for all adults and teenagers. It makes you look at why you make the choices you make.
As a parent, you will learn to guide your children towards makeing choices based on listening to their inner voice of reason, instead of listening to external influences.
I now have problem solving dialogue with my children on many sensitive issue affecting their life.
"Raising Children Who Think for Themselves" has made my daily life so pleasant. Thank you, Dr. Medhus.
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Raising Children Who Think for Themselves (Hardcover)
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A tracheostomy is a surgical procedure to create an opening through the neck into the trachea (windpipe). A tube is usually placed through this opening to provide an airway and to remove secretions from the lungs. This tube is called a tracheostomy tube or trach tube.
General anesthesia is used, unless the situation is critical. If that happens, a numbing medicine is placed into the area to help you feel less pain during the procedure.
The neck is cleaned and draped. Surgical cuts are made to show the tough cartilage rings that form the outer wall of the trachea. The surgeon creates an opening into the trachea and inserts a tracheostomy tube.
A tracheostomy may be done if you have:
The risks for any anesthesia are:
The risks for any surgery are:
Other risks include:
If the tracheostomy is temporary, the tube will eventually be removed. Healing will occur quickly, leaving a minimal scar. Sometimes, a surgical procedure may be needed to close the site (stoma).
Occasionally a stricture, or tightening of the trachea may develop, which may affect breathing.
If the tracheostomy tube is permanent, the hole remains open.
Most patients need 1 to 3 days to adapt to breathing through a tracheostomy tube. It will take some time to learn how to communicate with others. At first, it may be impossible for the patient to talk or make sounds.
After training and practice, most patients can learn to talk with a tracheostomy tube. Patients or family members learn how to take care of the tracheostomy during the hospital stay. Home-care service may also be available.
You should be able to go back to your normal lifestyle. When you are outside, you can wear a loose covering (a scarf or other protection) over the tracheostomy stoma (hole). Use safety precautions when you are exposed to water, aerosols, powder, or food particles.
Goldenberg D, Bhatti N. Management of the impaired airway in the adult. In: Cummings CW, Flint PW, Haughey BH, et al, eds. Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2005:chap 106.
Neacy KA. Tracheostomy care. In: Roberts JR, Hedges JR, eds. Clinical Procedures in Emergency Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier;2009:chap 7.
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