text:
- 1 Unveiling of the Unseen
- 1.0.1 "In the nations before you were people who were spoken to [i.e. inspired] though they were not prophets. If there is anyone in my Community, it is `Umar ibn Khattab."
- 1.0.2 "There used to be in the nations before you those who were spoken to. If there are any in my Community, `Umar ibn Khattab is one of them."
- 1.0.3 "Whoever goes to a 'psychic' ('arraf) or fortune-teller and believes what he says has disbelieved in what has been revealed to Muhammad [Allah bless him and give him peace]."
- 1.0.4 © As-Sunna Foundation of America
- 2 References
Unveiling of the Unseen
Kashf or unveiling consists, according to al-Sharif al-Jurjani's definition in his Kitab al-ta`rifat, in "apprehending beyond the veil of ordinary phenomena, whether by vision or experience, the meanings and realities that pertain to the unseen." It is a kind of intuitive knowledge or discovery that typifies Allah's Friends, whose rank Allah extols with the affirmation:
Lo! Verily the friends of Allah are those on whom fear comes not, nor do they grieve (10:62).
Many sayings of the Prophet mention the various types and ranks of the saints, as Suyuti has shown in his collection of these sayings in his fatwa already mentioned entitled: al-Khabar al-dall `ala wujud al-qutb wa al-awtad wa al-nujaba' wa al-abdal or "The reports that indicate the existence of the Pole, the Pillars, the Leaders, and the Substitutes" in his Hawi li al-fatawi. These and other types of perfected individuals form the khawass or elite of the pious, whom Allah also calls the siddiqin (saints, literally "Most Truthful Ones") and ranks directly after the Prophets and before the Martyrs in the verse:
Whoso obey Allah and the Messenger, they are with those unto whom Allas has shown favor, of the Prophets and the saints and the martyrs and the righteous. The best of company are they! (4:69)
Their position in relation to Allah on the Day of Judgment is even described as an object of desire for the Prophets in the following sound hadith of the Prophet related by `Umar and others. This is the narration of Abu Malik al-Ash`ari from the Musnad of Imam Ahmad:
When the Prophet finished his prayer he turned to face the people and said: "O people! Listen to this, understand it, and know it. Allah has servants who are neither Prophets nor martyrs and whom the Prophets and martyrs yearn to be like, due to their seat and proximity in relation to Allah."
One of the beduin Arabs who came from among the most isolated of people twisted his hand at the Prophet and said: "O Messenger of Allah! People from humankind who are neither Prophets nor martyrs and yet the Prophets and the martyrs yearn to be like them due to their seat and proximity in relation to Allah?! Describe them for us!"
The Prophet's face showed delight at the Beduin's question and he said:
"They are of the strangers from this and that place. They frequent this or that tribe without belonging to them. They do not have family connections among themselves. They love one another for Allah's sake. They are of pure intent towards one another. On the Day of Resurrection Allah will place for them pedestals of light upon which He will make them sit, and He will turn their faces and clothes into light. On the Day of Resurrection the people will be terrified but not those. They are Allah's Friends upon whom fear comes not, nor do they grieve."30
Another famous description of the characteristics of awliya was given by Sayyidina `Ali, as related by Ibn al-Jawzi in the chapter devoted to him in Sifat al-safwa:
They are the fewest in number, but the greatest in rank before Allah. Through them Allah preserves His proofs until they bequeath it to those like them (before passing on) and plant it firmly in their hearts. By them knowledge has taken by assault the reality of things, so that they found easy what those given to comfort found hard, and found intimacy in what the ignorant found desolate. They accompanied the world with bodies whose spirits were attached to the highest regard (al-mahall al-a`la). Ah, ah! how one yearns to see them!
The knowledge of the awliya' may attain higher levels than that of any other knowledge of humankind and jinn including in certain cases even the knowledge of Prophets. The preternatural knowledge or powers which Allah bestows on some of His friends (awliya') who are not Prophets have a firm basis in the Qur'an: for example, the wali who was with Prophet Sulayman and brought him the throne of Balqis faster than the blink of an eye. He was characterized as "one who had knowledge of the Book" as Allah stated:
One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture said: I will bring it thee (O Sulayman) before thy gaze returneth unto thee… (27:40)
and this is Prophet Sulayman's scribe Asif ibn Barkhya according to the Tafsir Ibn `Abbas and the majority of the scholars, i.e. a non-Prophet human being:
"One with whom was knowledge of the Scripture": i.e. an angel… or Jibril… or al-Khidr or Asif ibn Barkhya Sulayman's scribe, which is the most correct, and the jumhur (majority) agrees upon it…31
Similarly, al-Khidr — although considered by many to be a Prophet — possessed knowledge which Prophet Musa did not have and he is characterized as "one of Our slaves, unto whom We had given mercy from Us, and had taught knowledge from Our presence" (18:66).
However, the greatest of Allah's Friends are those of the Community of the Seal of Prophets, and it is in this sense that Abu Yazid al-Bistami's declaration must be understood whereby "We have crossed an ocean on the shores of which stood the Prophets." That is: the awliya' of the Community of the Prophet Muhammad, blessings and peace upon him, have inherited from him a knowledge and a position which the Prophets of Banu Isra'il yearned to attain. This is established by the hadith of Abu Malik al-Ash`ari we have just cited, and yet this does not contradict the fact that the Prophets are by far Allah's elect in creation, as Imam Tahawi's article of faith makes clear:
We do not prefer any of the saintly men of the Community over any of the Prophets but rather we say that any one of the Prophets is better than all the awliya' put together.32
The word for both vision and true dream is ru'ya, which Allah mentions in the Qur'an thus: "Allah has fulfilled the vision (ru'ya) for his Messenger in very truth" (48:27). The Prophet said:
The vision or dream (al-ru'ya) is one-forty-sixth part of prophecy.33
When the Time draws near, almost no vision or dream of the believer will be false. The believer's dream is one-fortysixth part of prophecy, and prophecy never lies.
Whoever sees me in vision or dream sees me (truly), for Satan cannot take on my form, and the believer's dream is one-forty-sixth part of prophecy.
Among the greatest of lies is to ascribe to one's eyes the sight in a vision or dream of what one did not see.
Nothing remains of prophecy except the glad tidings (mubashshirat). They asked him: What are they? He said: The good vision or dream. (al-ru'ya al-saliha).34
That kashf is an opening granted by Allah that is completely independent of one's own exertion or capacity for learning is clear from the saying of Abu Hurayra: "I have retained from the Prophet two large vessels of knowledge":35 he used the term "vessels" to preclude the connotation of learning on his part, since liquid is not taught to the vessel, but poured in it. This indicates a state of passive receptivity, independent of exertion or skill. Another hadith, also in Bukhari, confirms that the Prophet was literally pouring knowledge into Abu Hurayra rather than teaching it:
Narrated Abu Huraira: I said, "O Allah's Apostle! I hear many narrations from you but I forget them." The Prophet said, "Spread your covering sheet." I spread my sheet and he moved both his hands as if scooping something and emptied them in the sheet and said, "Wrap it around you." I wrapped it round my body, and I have never since forgotten a single Hadith.36
Just as the true dream is a characteristic of the believer, so is kashf a characteristic of belief according to the following hadith:
From al-Harith ibn Malik al-Ansari (some chains have: al-Haritha ibn al-Na`man al-Ansari): He passed by the Prophet who asked him: "How are you this morning O Haritha [sic]?" He replied: "This morning I am a real believer." The Prophet said: "Take care of what you say: what is the reality of your belief?" He said: "I have turned myself away from this world by keeping awake at night and by keeping myself thirsty by day; and I can almost see the Throne of my Lord in full sight; and I can see the people of the Garden of Paradise visiting each other; and I can almost see the people of the Fire wailing to each other in it." The Prophet said: "O Haritha, you do know: therefore cleave to it." Some versions add: "This is a believer, Allah has illumined his heart" (mu'minun nawwara Allahu qalbah).37
The Prophet highlighted `Umar's gift in this respect in particular:
In the nations before you were people who were spoken to (muhaddathun) though they were not prophets. If there is anyone in my Community, it is `Umar ibn Khattab.
It is related by Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Dawud, Tirmidhi, and Ahmad. It is elucidated by the two hadiths in Tirmidhi (which he graded hasan) whereby "Allah has engraved truth on the tongue of `Umar and his heart" and "If there were a prophet after me verily it would be `Umar." Tirmidhi adds to the muhaddath narration that according to Ibn `Uyayna "spoken to" means "made to understand" (mufahhamun), while in his narration Muslim adds: "Ibn Wahb explained "spoken to" as meaning "inspired" (mulhamun)," and this is the majority's opinion according to Ibn Hajar in Fath al-Bari (7:62:#3689) who adds "spoken to" means "by the angels." Nawawi and Ibn Hajar said respectively in Sharh Sahih Muslim and Fath al-Bari:
The scholars have differed concerning "spoken to." Ibn Wahb said it meant: "inspired" (mulhamun). It was said also: "Those on the right, and when they give an opinion it is as if they were spoken to, and then they give their opinion. It was said also: the angels speak to them… Bukhari said: "Truth comes from their tongue." There is in this a confirmation of the miracles of saints (wa fihi ithbatu karamat al-awliya).38
The one among [Muslims] who is "spoken to," if his existence is ascertained, what befalls him is not used as basis for a legal judgment, rather he is obliged to evaluate it with the Qur'an, and if it conforms to it or to the Sunna, he acts upon it, otherwise he leaves it.39
One of the "Salafis" claimed that since the hadith states "If there is anyone in my Ummah, it is `Umar," it must follow that at most the number of such inspired people is one. However, it is wrong to think that other Communities had many but this Community only one, as Ibn Hajar also stated in his commentary on that hadith. What is meant by the hadith is the perfection of the quality of ilham (inspiration) in `Umar, not its total lack in other Muslims, and Allah knows best.
The exalted status of the knowledge and power of the awliya' is referred to in the verses "Those who strive hard in Us, We shall most surely guide them in our Ways" (29:69) and ittaqullah wa yu`allimukumullah ("Be aware of Allah, and Allah Himself will teach you" 2:282), and the hadith man `amila bi ma `alima warrathahullahu `ilma ma lam ya`lam ("Whoso acts upon what he knows, Allah will make him inherit a knowledge that he did not have").40 Our master Bayazid al-Bistami cited this hadith in response to some "Salafi" types in his time who were asking him: "From where and from whom did you get this knowledge which you claim to have?"41 The Shaykh al-Hakim42 al-Tirmidhi in the second chapter of his Adab al-muridin describes such striving as a kind of door which leads to nearness to Allah, and Shaykh Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani refers to the knowledge and power that result from it in Discourse 16 of Futuh al-ghayb:
And fear Allah and He will teach you, then He will invest you with the power of controlling the universe with a clear permission which will have no obscurity in it… and He has done this with many of His Prophets and awliya and people especially favored from among the children of Adam.
To receive such knowledge is called a karama [gift] for the saint and a mu`jiza [act that disables opposition] for the Prophet. The process of receiving it is similarly differentiated: as wahy [revelation] for the latter and ilham [inspiration],ru'ya [vision], kashf [disclosure], firasa [piercing sight], mubashshira [glad tidings from Allah], mukashafa [disclosure], mushahada [mutual vision], or mukhataba [divine conversation] for the former. Shaykh `Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani said in Discourse 9 of his Futuh al-ghayb:
To awliya' and abdal (Substitute-saints) are disclosed such workings of Allah in the course of kashf and mushahada as overwhelm the reasoning power of man and shatter into pieces all habits and customs.
al-Siraj al-Tusi in his famous book al-Luma` (The lights), a compilation of the sayings of the Sufis, mentions the following two definitions of the conditions of kashf:
Abu Muhammad al-Jurayri said: "Whoever does not work to fulfill what lies between him and Allah the Exalted by way of godfear and vigilance, will never reach unveiling and contemplation." al-Nuri said: "The uncoverings of the eyes are through eyesight, and the uncoverings of the hearts are through connection (ittisal)."43
One of the highest examples of such favor is undoubtedly the meeting and true vision of the Prophet, which is a reality established in the hadith of seeing the Prophet in dream, and documented through the relations of the trustworthy from the Companions to the Successors and their Successors down to our day. Some of these relations have been recorded in Suyuti's fatwa Tanwir al-halak fi imkan ru'yat al-nabi wal malak (The illumination of intense darkness through the possibility of seeing the prophet and the angels) in his Hawi li al-fatawi. We have already mentioned in the section discussing the evidence that the Prophet hears and sees us al-Haytami's answer in his Fatawa hadithiyya whereby it is possible for Allah's Friends to meet the Prophet while awake in our time.44 They can also meet al-Khidr, as Sakhawi relates about Imam Nawawi:
It is well-known that he (Imam Nawawi) used to meet with al-Khidr and converse with him among many other mukashafat.45
The exalted status of the saints' firasa is mentioned in the hadith whereby the Prophet said: ittaqu firasat al-mu'min fa innahu yara bi nurillah "Beware the vision of the believer, for he sees with the light of Allah," then he recited the verse: "Therein lie portents for those who read the signs" (al-mutawassimin) (15:75).46 Tirmidhi narrated this authentic hadith in the Book of the Commentary of Qur'an in his Sunan and said that some of the commentators have explained "Those who read the signs" as meaning: those who possess vision (al-mutafarrisin)." al-Sakhawi in al-Maqasid al-hasana (#23) mentions another authentic hadith whereby the Prophet said: "Allah has servants who know (the truth about people) through reading the signs" (tawassum).47
It is established in the sound hadith that at the end of time every Muslim will be endowed with this ability to "ready the signs," so that he will be able to recognize the dajjal or antichrist as a disbeliever by reading the letters K-F-R over his forehead.48
It is related that the firasat of a pious shaykh was at the origin of Ibn Hajar al-`Asqalani's decision to take up the study of jurisprudence rather than devote himself exclusively to hadith:
Ibn Hajar said: "He (Muhibb al-Din al-Wahidi al-Maliki) said to me: "Invest some of that energy of yours into fiqh, for I see by way of firasat that the scholars of this country (Egypt) are going to be depleted, and there will be need of you, so don't indulge yourself." And his word to me helped me greatly, and I still pray for him for that reason, may Allah have mercy on him."49
The following account of firasa is related about Imam al-Junayd al-Baghdadi:
Abu `Amr ibn `Alwan relates: I went out one day to the market of al-Ruhba for something I needed. I saw a funeral procession and I followed it in order to pray with the others. I stood among the people until they buried the dead man. My eyes unwittingly fell on a woman who was unveiled. I lingered looking at her, then I held back and began to beg forgiveness of Allah the Exalted.
On my way home an old woman told me: "My lord, why do I see your face all darkened?" I took a mirror and behold, my face had turned dark. I examined my conscience and searched: In what did calamity befall me? I remembered the look I cast. Then I sat alone somewhere andI began to ask Allah's forgiveness assiduously, and I asked to do with little for forty days. (During that time,) the thought came to my heart: "Visit your shaykh al-Junayd." I travelled to Baghdad. When I reached the room where he lived, I knocked at his door and heard him say: "Enter, O Aba `Amr, you sin in al-Ruhba and we ask forgiveness for you here in Baghdad."50
The possessor of such gifts and powers of vision is of course in no way exempted from the obligations of religion. Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili warned:
If your kashf opposes the Book and the Sunna, leave kashf and tell yourself: Allah has guaranteed infallibility to the Book and the Sunna, but He has not guaranteed it for kashf.51
Ibn `Arabi similarly said:
Someone in this Community who claims to be able to guide others to Allah, but is remiss in but one rule of the Sacred Law — even if he manifests miracles that stagger the mind: … we do not even turn to look at him, for such a person is not a shaykh, nor is he speaking the truth, for no-one is entrusted with the secrets of Allah Most High save one in whom the ordinances of the Sacred Law are preserved.52
Shaykh `Abd al-Qadir Gilani says the same thing in the Futuh. And their leader in this is the Sultan of the Knowers of Allah Bayazid al-Bistami who said:
If you see him fly in the air and walk on water do not be deluded by him, but see how he stands on the orders and the prohibitions.53
It is evident from the definition of the term kashf that it refers to a hidden knowledge of a tremendous nature, and that is what Ibn `Arabi meant by saying "the secrets of Allah Most High," as is alluded by continuation of the hadith of Abu Hurayra mentioned above:
I have stored up from the Prophet two large vessels of knowledge. One I have disseminated among the people; if I were to disseminate the other, they would cut my throat.
Imam Bukhari said: "The Knowers (al-`ulama') are the inheritors of the Prophets, that is: they have inherited (their) knowledge."54 The first part of his statement is actually an authentic hadith of the Prophet.55 Thus it is beyond anyone's reach to put limitations on the gifts Allah bestows on His Friends, except that we give such gifts different names – mu`jiza or karama — depending whether the recipient is a Prophet or a saint. Nor is it impossible that some saints of the Prophet's Community, like the Prophet himself, do know the Unseen except for what Allah hides from them and reserves to others of His creatures — such as angels — or exclusively to Himself, according to His will.
The inheritorship of the Prophet's knowledge by the great scholars is illustrated by al-Khatib's relation from al-hafiz Abu Nu`aym already mentioned, whereby Abu Nu`aym considered it incumbent upon all Muslims to invoke Allah for Abu Hanifa in their prayer due to his preservation of the Prophet's Sunan and fiqh for them.56 Another example is the following account about Imam Malik related by Ibn al-Jawzi in the chapter entitled "Layer 6 of the People of Madina" of his book Sifat al-Safwa:
Abu Mus`ab said: I went in to see Malik ibn Anas. He said to me: Look under my place of prayer or prayer-mat and see what is there. I looked and I found a certain writing. He said: Read it. (I saw that) it contained (the account of) a dream which one of his brothers had seen and which concerned him. He said (reciting what was written): "I saw the Prophet in my sleep. He was in his mosque and the people were gathered around him, and he said: I have hidden for you under my pulpit (minbar) something good — or: knowledge –and I have ordered Malik to distribute it to the people." Then Malik wept, so I got up and left.57
Observe the attitude of the awliya towards the meeting with the Prophet in dream and their strong belief both in the absolute credibility of such dreams and their particular contents. This one explicitly states that the Prophet has kept something good hidden for his Umma, and that he continues to give it through one of the greatly learned `ulama after his time.
Similarly Imam Ahmad cited in Kitab al-zuhd, also Ibn Abi al-Dunya, Abu Nu`aym, Bayhaqi, and Ibn `Asakir from Julays from Wahb ibn Munabbih who said: I saw the Prophet in my sleep, so I said: "Ya Rasulallah, where are the Substitutes (budala') of your Community?" So he gestured with his hand towards Syria. I said: "Ya Rasulallah, aren't there any in Iraq?" He said: "Yes, Muhammad ibn Wasi`, Hassan ibn Abi Sinan, and Malik ibn Dinar, who walks among the people similarly to Abu Dharr in his time."
The "Salafis" have claimed in their ignorance that the principles of kashf and of the inheritorship of the Prophet in any sense other than memorization or bookish learning contradict Allah's saying: "Today I have perfected your religion, completed my favor upon you, and accepted for you Islam as religion" (5:3) and the Prophet's status as having conveyed the Message to the people perfectly. They also direct the same false claims to ijtihad (qualified independent reasoning), ijma` (consensus of the scholars), and qiyas (analogy) themselves, as al-Zahawi showed in his refutation of the Wahhabi heresy:
They (Wahhabis) denounce [the `ulama] by saying that the Imams believe that the religion of Islam is deficient and that they complete it by "reasoning" like ijma' and qiyas. For this, they cite the Qur'anic verse: "Today I have completed your religion." (3:5) They say we find whatever is necessary for life clearly stated in the Qur'an. So what need do we have for qiyas. The texts take in the whole of life's eventualities without need of derivation (istinbat) and analogy(qiyas)…58
The sect of the Mu`tazila did not believe in the miracles of the saints, and some today even claim: "The awliya are not known except to Allah, and there is no such thing as kashf in the shari`a" and "We only trust a person whom Allah or His Messenger ordered us to trust, but as for those claimed awliya', there is no specific evidence about them from Allah or His Messenger" as a way to withhold their respect from the pious or pay it out stingily and reluctantly.
These are all matters in which the "Salafis" and those who deny kashf reveal their Mu`tazili leanings. One of them even said: "The sufi-doctrine of "miracles of saints" claims that the awliya' have control over it. Of course they say by Allah's will. (Also, the sect of the Shi`ah believe in that!)"
Observe how he contradicted himself in his haste to cast blame upon a figment of his imagination: on the one hand he makes his concocted "sufi-doctrine" claim control over the elements, yet on the other he makes those who hold that doctrine ("they") say: "By Allah's will," which eradicates any claim of autonomous control! Observe also how they ascribe belief in karamat, which is obligatory in Islam, to the Shi`a.
In all of the above the "Salafis are roundly refuted by no less than Ibn Taymiyya, the most learned among the authorities they claim to follow and a self-proclaimed disciple of al-Gilani whom he calls "my shaykh" and "my master":
It is established that the awliya' possess spiritual communications (mukhatabat) and unveilings (mukashafat).59
Another of the principles of Ahl al-Sunna is the faith in the karamat of the awliya, and in whatever Allah causes to happen at their hands of the suspension of the laws of nature in all kinds of knowledge and spiritual unveilings (fi anwa` al-`ulum wa al-mukashafat), and all kinds of powers and influences (wa anwa` al-qudra wa al-ta'thirat) such as reported concerning the ancient Communities, (for example) in al-kahf and others, and as reported from the early beginnings of this Community regarding the Companions and the Followers and from every generation of Muslims after that, and these miracles will not cease to take place in this community until the Day of Resurrection (wa hiya mawjudatun fiha ila yawm al-qiyama)."60
The miracles of saints (karamat al-awliya') are absolutely true and correct, by the acceptance of all Muslim scholars and Ahl al-Sunna wa al-Jama`a [i.e. as opposed to the Mu`tazila]. The Qur'an has pointed to them in different places as well as the authentic hof the Prophet and the reports transmitted from the Companions and the Successors through a large number of sources. Only the innovators such as the Mu`tazila and the Jahmiyya and their followers deny them.61
What is considered as a miracle related to knowledge is that sometimes the servant might hear something that others do not hear and see something that others do not see, whether in a wakeful or sleeping state of vision. And he can know something that others cannot know, through revelation or inspiration, or the dawning of necessary knowledge upon him, or truthful piercing sight (firasa sadiqa), and such is called kashf, mushahadat, mukashafat, and mukhatabat.62
The hafiz al-Harawi al-Ansari who is the model of "Salafis" in their fight against Ash`aris, spoke the following words about kashf in his books Manazil al-Sa'irin (Stations of the Wayfarers) and `Ilal al-maqamat (The Flaws in the Stages):
Regarding the word "finding" in the verses:
"He will find Allah forgiving, merciful" (4:110)
"They would have found Allah forgiving, merciful" (4:64)
"… and he finds Allah" (24:39)…
It has three meanings: first, it is the finding of knowledge emanating from the divine Presence; it cuts off knowledge based on observations with the soundness of disclosure (mukashafat) from Allah to you.63
The renunciation (zuhd) of the privileged is to keep their aspiration (himmat) away from the world, because Allah has kept them from depending on circumstances thanks to the light of unveiling (nur al-kashf).64
We would like to hear from the "Salafi" opponents of Ahl al-Sunna which one, of Ibn Taymiyya or al-Harawi, they consider the greatest innovator for stating the above views. Are they placing Ibn Taymiyya among those who hold the beliefs of "the sect of the shi`a"? Or do they still claim that belief in the miracles of saints is a "sufi-doctrine"? Or do you still say that the "claims that the awliya' have control over it. Of course they say by Allah's will" is what the Shi`a believe but not the Sunni? Or is Ibn Taymiyya and al-Harawi using kashf to attain the above conclusions? And if they accept what Ibn Taymiyya and al-Harawi say, why don't they accept the same from others if not because of partisanship and/or blind-following?
As for their claim that the awliya' are not known, it shows ignorance of the Religion, whose sources are replete with their descriptions. We have already quoted from the Qur'an, the hadith, and the sayings of the Companions concerning their characteristics. Allah said: "O those who have believed! Be God-wary and stay with the truthful!" (9:119) and "Who comes against one of my walis, I declare war upon him!" (Bukhari). The Prophet said: "There are some among Allah's servants who, when they swear by Allah, He vindicates them" (Bukhari and Muslim). Is all this referring to unidentifiable beings known to Allah alone? Ibn al-Jawzi in his Sifat al-safwa went so far as to call the saints "the very purpose of existent beings," and if this is true how can they not be known or trusted?
The Friends of Allah and the Righteous are the very purpose of all that exists (al-awliya wa al-salihun hum al-maqsud min al-kawn), they are those who learnt and practiced with the reality of knowledge… Those who practice what they know, do with little in the world, seek the next world, remain ready to leave from one to the other with wakeful eyes and good provision, as opposed to those renowned purely for their knowledge but not for shunning the world and practicing devotion.65
The "Salafis" also object to the title of Ghawth or Arch-helper given to Shaykh `Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani and label it with innovation and shirk, claiming that it belongs only to Allah. When confronted with evidence to the contrary from the sound hadith, they remain speechless:
1. Bukhari narrates in his Sahih that our mother Hajar, when she was running in search of water between Safa and Marwa, heard a voice and said: "O you whose voice you have made me hear! If there is a ghawth (help/helper) with you (then help me)!" and an angel appeared at the spot of the spring of Zamzam.
2. Abu Ya`la, Ibn al-Sani, and Tabarani in al-Mu`jam al-kabir narrated that the Prophet said: "If one of you loses something or seeks help or a helper (ghawth), and he is in a land where there is no-one to befriend, let him say: "O servants of Allah, help me! (ya `ibad Allah, aghithuni), for verily Allah has servants whom he does not see." Haythami said in Majma` al-zawa'id (10:132): "The men in its chain of transmission have been declared reliable despite weakness in one of them."
3. Ahmad relates in his Musnad (4:217) that at the time of the greatest fitna of the Dajjal, when the Muslims will be at their weakest point and just before `Isa ibn Maryam descends at the time of salat al-fajr, people will hear a caller calling out three times: "O people, al-ghawth (the helper) has come to you!"
The "Salafis," ignoring the authorities that fail to support them and relying instead on what they can use wherever they find it, turn with glee to Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahhab's aberrant statement in his Three Principles of Onenessalready cited: "One who claims to know something from knowledge of the Unseen is a taghut or false deity." They apply this falsehood to saints but some of them fall short, in their selective logic, of applying it to Prophets, and by so doing desert Ibn `Abd al-Wahhab: for his statement evidently does not preclude anyone — prophet, angel, jinn, or any human being — from falling within its scope.
Yet even with respect to saints the false bases of their thinking had long since been exposed by one of the scholars of the Community, Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Hajar al-Haytami. Would that they had only acquainted themselves with his fatwa on the matter and reflected upon it, instead of giving precedence to a lesser scholar on the basis of their whim. This fatwa is translated in full in The Reliance of the Traveller, from where we quote it.
w60.0 KNOWLEDGE OF THE UNSEEN
w60.1 (Ibn Hajar Haytami:)
(Question) "Is someone who says, 'A believer knows the unseen (al-ghayb),' thereby considered an unbeliever, because of Allah Most High having said:
"No one in the heavens or earth knows the unseen except Allah" (Koran 27:65),
"[He is] the Knower of the Unseen, and discloses not His unseen to anyone…" ('Koran 72:26),
"or is such a person asked to further explain himself, in view of the possibility of knowing some details of the unseen?"
(Answer:) "He is not unconditionally considered an unbeliever, because of the possibility of otherwise construing his words, for it is obligatory to ask whomever says something interpretable as either being or not being unbelief for further clarification, as has been stated [n: in Nawawi's al-Rawda and elsewhere]….
"If asked to explain and such a person answers: 'By saying, "A believer knows the unseen," I meant that Allah could impart certain details of the unseen to some of the friends of Allah (awliya')'–this is accepted from him, since it is something logically possible and its occurrence has been documented, it being among the countless miracles [karamat] that have taken place over the ages. The possibility of such knowledge is amply attested to by what the Koran informs us about Khidr (Allah bless him and give him peace), and the account related of Abu Bakr Siddiq (Allah Most High be well pleased with him) that he told of his wife being pregnant with a boy, and thus it proved; or of `Umar (Allah Most High be well pleased with him), who miraculously perceived [n: the Muslim commander] Sariya and his army who were in Persia, and while on the pulpit in Medina giving the Friday sermon, he said, 'O Sariya, the mountain!' warning them of the enemy ambush intending to exterminate the Muslims. [Abu Bakr ibn al-`Arabi said of this incident: "It constitutes a tremendous rank and an evident gift from Allah, and it is present in all of the righteous incessantly until the Day of Resurrection."]66 Or the rigorously authenticated that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said of `Umar (Allah Most High be well pleased with him),
" 'He is of those who are spoken to [i.e. preternaturally inspired].'
"….What we have mentioned about the above Koranic verse [N: on the unseen] has been explicitly stated by Nawawi in his Fatawa, where he says: 'It means that no one except Allah knows this independently and with full cognizance of all things knowable. As for [n: knowledge imparted through ] inimitable prophetic miracles (mu'jizat) and divine favors (karamat) it is through Allah's giving them to know it that it is known; as is also the case with what is known through ordinary means' " (al-Fatawa al-hadithiyya, 311-13).
w60.2 (Muhammad Hamid:) Allah Most Glorious is the All-knower of things unseen and their inmost secrets, with primal, intrinsic, supernatural knowledge whose basis no one else has a share in. If any besides Him has awareness or knowledge, it is through their being made aware or given knowledge by Him Magnificent and Exalted. They are unable — being servants without capacity — to transcend their sphere or go beyond their limit to draw aside the veils from things unseen, and if not for His pouring something of the knowledge of these things upon their hearts, they would know nothing of it, little or much. Yet this knowledge is disparate in degree, and some of it higher than other of it and more certainly established.
The divine inspiration of it to prophet messengers is beyond doubt and above question, like the rising sun in its certitude and clarity, of which the Koran says,
"[He is] the Knower of the Unseen, and discloses not His unseen to anyone, save a messenger He approves: for him He places protectors before and behind" (Koran 72:26-27),
protectors meaning guards from among the angels, so that nothing of it is leaked to devils when it is being delivered to the Messenger (Allah bless him and give him peace), to safeguard its inimitability and it remain a unique prophetic sign(mu'jiza).
The miraculous perceptions (kashf) of the friends of Allah (awliya') are a truth we do not deny, for Bukhari relates in his Sahih from Abu Hurayra (Allah Most High be well pleased with him) that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said:
"In the nations before you were people who were spoken to [i.e. inspired] though they were not prophets. If there is anyone in my Community, it is `Umar ibn Khattab."
and Muslim relates in his Sahih from `A'isha (Allah Most High be well pleased with her) that the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) said:
"There used to be in the nations before you those who were spoken to. If there are any in my Community, `Umar ibn Khattab is one of them."
But this intuition (ilham) does not equal the divine inspiration (wahy) of the prophets in strength (n: of certainty), because of the possibility that what is apprehended by the friend of Allah (wali) is merely the thoughts of his own mind. As it is sometimes admixed, and other things are mistaken for it, the possibility of error exists in it, and it cannot be a basis for establishing legal rulings or a criterion for works.
As for what astrologers and fortune-tellers say, there is no way it can be accepted, for sooth-saying was annulled when the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) was sent and the heavens were safeguarded by stars, after which heavens were safeguarded by stars, after which devils no longer had access to the heavens as they had had before, to eavesdrop on what angels were saying about the events on earth that Allah Most Glorious informed the angels of before they happened (n: Koran 15:17-18 and 72:8-10). The Holy Koran is explicit that "they [the devils] are prevented from hearing" (Koran 26:212), and in a hadith,
"Whoever goes to a 'psychic' ('arraf) or fortune-teller and believes what he says has disbelieved in what has been revealed to Muhammad [Allah bless him and give him peace]."
The things that such people inform of that actually come to pass belong to the category of coincidence, which is not given the slightest value in Islam. All of which is on the topic of the unseen generally. As for the Final Hour, Allah Most High has veiled the knowledge of the time it will occur from all creatures entirely, and no one, archangel or prophetic messenger, knows when it will be, the Koranic verses and hadiths being intersubstantiative and in full agreement on this. Were I to list them it would be a lengthy matter, and what I have mentioned is adequate and sufficient for whomever the divine assistance reaches (Rudud 'ala abatil wa rasa'il al-Shaykh Muhammad al-Hamid, 2.61-63).
As for those that have a disease in their hearts, they are not able to accept the above because it has never happened to them. Their ego does not allow them other than to judge everything according to their own standard, always justifying themselves and never once suspecting that they may in fact be at the lowest level. Wa al-`iyadhu billah. As Ghazali advised those who hear about karamat: "Think good thoughts and do not harbor doubts in your heart".67 And Haythami warned in a context identical to the story of Ghazali's brother: "Bad thoughts about them (sufis or those who have karamat) is the death of the heart."68And Allah knows best.
© As-Sunna Foundation of America
30 Haythami in Majma` al-zawa'id says: "Ahmad relates it, and Tabrani relates something similar, and the men in its chain of transmission has been declared trustworthy." Also related through several chains by Abu Dawud, Ahmad, Baghawi in Sharh al-Sunna, al-Hakim in the Mustadrak, Ibn `Asakir, Ibn Abi al-Dunya in Kitab al-ikhwan, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Ibn Abi Hatim, Ibn Mardawayh, and others.
31 Nasafi, Madarik al-tanzil 27:40.
32 al-Tahawi, `Aqida tahawiyya 98.
33 Bukhari and Muslim.
34 All four in Bukhari, Book of the interpretation of dreams.
35 Bukhari narrates it in the book of knowledge of his Sahih.
36 English Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 56, Number 841.
37 Narrated by Tabarani in his Mu`jam al-Kabir, al-Bazzar, Suyuti in his Jami` al-saghir, al-Haythami in Majma` al-zawa'id in the "Chapter on the Reality of Belief and its Perfection" (bab haqiqat al-iman wa kamalih), al-`Askari, Ibn al-Mubarak in Kitab al-zuhd, `Abd al-Razzaq through two chains, Ibn Mindah, Bayhaqi in Shu`ab al-iman, Ibn Asram in Kitab al-istiqama, Ibn Sa`id, and Ibn Abi Shayba in his Musannaf. Abu Hanifa mentions it in his al-Fiqh al-akbar. Ibn Hajar in his Isaba lists its many chains and says that this is a hadith mu`dal (i.e. its chain is missing two or more sub-narrators) and mawsul (or: muttasil; i.e. it is linked back to a Companion through the authority of a Tabi`i.
38 Nawawi, Sharh Sahih Muslim Kitab 44 Bab 2 #2398.
39 Ibn Hajar, Fath al-Bari (1989 ed.) 7:62-63 #3689.
40 Narrated from Anas by Abu Nu`aym, Hilyat al-awliya' 10:15. Cited in the Commentaries of Suyuti, al-Durr al-manthur (1:372) and Qurtubi (13:364), also by al-Hafiz al-Zabidi in his Ithaf al-sada al-muttaqin 1:403. Shawkani included it in his collection of inauthentic hadiths (al-Fawa'id p. 289), however, al-Qari considers it authentic in his similar collection al-Asrar al-marfu`a p. 325.
41 Sha`rani, al-Tabaqat al-kubra (1343/1925) 1:66.
42 Pronounced hakEEm. This is not the author of al-Mustadrak `ala al-sahihayn whose name is pronounced hAAkim.
43 al-Siraj, al-Luma` p. 422.
44 al-Haytami, Fatawa hadithiyya p. 297.
45 al-Sakhawi, Tarjimat shaykh al-islam qutb al-awliya Abi Zakariyya al-Nawawi, p. 33.
46 Tirmidhi (gharib) from Abu Sa`id al-Khudri, and Tabarani from Abu Imama with a fair (hasan) chain according to al-Haythami in the chapter on firasa of Majma` al-zawa'id.
47 Related from Anas with a fair chain by al-Bazzar, Tabarani, Abu Nu`aym in al-Tibb al-nabawi, and from Ibn Sa`id by Bukhari in his Tarikh, al-`Askari in al-Amthal, Ibn Jarir al-Tabari in his Tafsir for 15:75, Ibn Abi Hatim, and Ibn Mardawayh.
48 Muslim, Book of Fitan (English vol. 4 p. 1515 #7009).
49 Related by al-Biqa`i, Unwan al-zaman p. 92.
50 Narrated by Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat al-safwa (Beirut: Dar al-kutub al-`ilmiyya, 1409/1989) 1(2):271, in the chapter on al-Junayd (#296).
51 al-Taftazani, Madkhal ila al-tasawwuf p. 240.
52 Quoted in Nabahani, Jami` karamat al-awliya 1:3.
53 Quoted in al-Qushayri, Risala (Cairo, 1319 ed.) p. 14, and in Ibn Taymiyya's Fatawa 11:466.
54 Sahih Bukhari, Book of Knowledge (`ilm), Tarjimat al-bab 11 (translation 1:59).
55 Ahmad (5:196), Tirmidhi, Darimi, Abu Dawud, Ibn Hibban, Ibn Majah, Bayhaqi in the Shu`ab and others.
56 al-Khatib al-Baghdadi, Tarikh Baghdad 13:344.
57 Ibn al-Jawzi, Sifat al-Safwa (Beirut, 1989) 1:2:120.
58 al-Zahawi, The Doctrine of Ahl al-Sunna, trans. Sh. Hisham Kabbani (Mountain View: ASFA, 1996) p. 51.
59 Ibn Taymiyya, al-Furqan bayna awliya' al-shaytan wa awliya' al-rahman, 2nd ed. (Beirut: al-maktab al-islami, 1390/1970) p. 52.
60 Ibn Taymiyya, al-`Aqida al-wasitiyya (Cairo: al-matba`a al-salafiyya, 1346) p. 33-34.
61 Ibn Taymiyya, Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Misriyya (al?Madani Publishing House, 1400/1980) p. 603.
62 Ibn Taymiyya, Majmu'a al-fatawa al-kubra (1398 ed.) 11:313.
63 al-Harawi al-Ansari, Manazil al-Sa'irin, Station 96.
64 al-Harawi al-Ansari, `Ilal al-maqamat, Section 11 entitled: Tariq al-khassa (The way of the privileged).
65 Ibn al-Jawzi, introduction to his Sifat al-safwa (Beirut ed. 1989/1409) p. 13, 17.
66 Ibn al-`Arabi, Tuhfat al-ahwadhi 13:150.
67 al-Ghazali, al-Munqidh min al-dalal, Damascus 1956, p. 40.
© 2012 As-Sunnah Foundation of America


text:
Fundamentals of Human Nutrition/Protein quality
5.2 Protein Quality[edit]
Foods of plant and animal origin contain different nutrients like proteins, but differ in the type and proportion of nutrients in them. Protein quality refers to the presence of all essential amino acids in the appropriate quantity in the proteins of food. A food protein that contains all the eight essential amino acids (nine for children) in the right proportion is termed a complete protein. On the other hand, a food protein that lack one or more of the essential amino acid is called an incomplete protein.
Hence, this section examines the concept of protein quality and a survey of plant food combination diets of some selected group of people in Abuja (Nigeria).
Essential amino acids
Proteins are generally essential in that they cannot be made from fat or carbohydrate, as a result of their component nitrogen that is not present in either fat or carbohydrate molecules. About 20 naturally-occurring amino acids make up the various proteins required by the human body1. Among these, some are essential while the rest are not. There are eight amino acids (nine amino acids, in the case of children) that the human body cannot synthesize. These have to be supplied through diet, and so, are called essential amino acids. They are methionine, valine, leucine, iso-leucine, threonine, lysine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. For children, the additional amino acid is histidine2. Newborn babies may also need a particular amino acid called taurine)3. Most foods of animal origin contain all the essential amino acids in the right amount, in contrast to foods of plant origin that usually lack one or more adequate quantity of the essential amino acids.
Limiting amino acids
Plant foods are cheaper sources of nutrients for man, especially in the developing world. However, foods from plant are low in some specific essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine and tryptophan. Such amino acids that are present in low proportion limit the functioning of the proteins, and are so called limiting amino acids of those particular proteins. Generally proteins in cereal like corn are limited in lysine, while pulses like beans are limited in methionine. Hence, the practice of various food combinations is necessary to ensure that those who depend largely on plant-based foods get complete protein diets. This practice of combining different food proteins is termed complementation; the resulting proteins are complementary proteins.
Bio-availability of Protein
Just as not all rays that strike a solution are all absorbed by the solution in Physics, similarly, not all nutrient intakes are utilized by the body. Some dietary intakes pass through the body unchanged and go out with as waste matter; others are digested but may not get as far as the circulatory system (bloodstream) while others get digested and taken up into the blood for utilization in the various tissues that require them. Bioavailability of protein is a measure of how easily the body (under normal conditions) can absorb the protein in food for its various functions in cells and tissues. Bioavailability is not just only a measure of essential amino acids, but it is also determined by the structure of the protein4. This refers to the ease of being broken down into its component amino acids and dipeptides. This amenability differs among different proteins, depending on the complexicity of their structure (folding). Thus, proteins that are easily unfolded and broken down are more available to the body than complex proteins that are not readily completely digested. A third factor that influences protein bioavailability is the presence of other molecules (such as carbohydrates and lipids) that usually accompany proteins in nature. Protein bioavailability is usually calculated by using different measures, each giving an incomplete contribution from different angle. According to a website4, these measures include Biological value, Protein Efficiency Ratio, Net Protein Utilization, Kjeldahl method and Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score (this is the mostly used measure).
Survey on protein quality
A survey was conducted to determine the cultural food habits, with respect to complementary proteins consumption of some groups of people in Abuja, Nigeria. A group of randomly selected men and women from a few communities were administered a questionnaire to gather information on their tribes, cultural food combinations and frequency of consumption of their listed plant-based complementary protein diets. The sample was composed of people from tribal/ethnic groups like Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, Ebira, Edo, Tiv, Boki and Eggon. The result of the survey indicated that frequently consumed food combinations of these people include corn and pea, millet gruel and beans pudding, tuwo (cereal meal) and soup, rice and beans, wheat bread and cocoa beverage, beans and corn, wheat and corn, plantain and beans, etc.
Hence, it was concluded that normal cultural food habits of the respondents involve regular consumption of complementary proteins foods.
1. Murano, P.S (2003). Understanding Food Science and Technology. Australia: Thomson learning Inc.
2. Ihekoronye A.I. and P.O. Ngoddy (1985). Integrated Food Science and Technology for the Tropics. London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
3. King F.S and A. Burgess (2000). Nutrition for Developing Countries. Great Britain: Oxford University Press.
4. Baseline Nutritionals (2008). Retrieved from www.nutribobyprotein.com on 11th March, 2013.

subset: commoncrawl


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Category: Blogging
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- 6
- people in the U.S. have this name View Mike Sieverding on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Usual short form of Michael. It is also used as an independent given name, particularly in the United States.
|113th in the U.S.
North German: patronymic from a form of the personal name Siegfried (see Siegfried).
|58,151st in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Michael, Myke, Micha, Mikeal, Mykael, Micky, Michel
Sievers, Sievert, Seevers, Sieve, Siever, Sieverkropp, Sieving, Sievertsen, Sieveking, Sieverts


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T.C.A. 49-6-5003 - Hepatitis B Immunization
T.C.A. 49-6-5004 - Promotion of Eye and Dental Care Awareness T.C.A. 49-6-5005 - Meningococcal Disease/Vaccination
T.C.A. 49-6-6101 - Coordination of Services for Children with Behavioral/Emotional Disorders
T.C.A. 68-1-1201 - TN Public School Nurse Program
T.C.A. 68-34-107 - Contraceptives for Minors T.C.A. 68-140-510 - Training for Epinephrine Injections
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For Linux, the following utilities are available, among others:
- gftp
- scp
- sshfs
- Most file managers, like Konqueror and Nautilus, also support accessing SFTP servers.
For Windows, WinSCP can be used as an SFTP client.
To run an SFTP server that doesn't allow shell access, see Restricting an SCP/SFTP user to a directory.


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- Home
- New To BattleTech?
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- Latest Releases
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- Core Rulebooks
- Game Aids
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- Technical Readouts
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- Setting Sourcebooks
- Plot Sourcebooks
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News and Announcements
There's been some rest and re-fit going on with BattleTech, but it's time for the action to start ramping up once more. There's so much heavy metal excitement, we've merged them into a single mega-announcement. Strap in and hang on for the atmospheric interface, 'cause it's gonna be one fantastic ride into a hot zone […]
Technical Readouts: 3145 & 3150 Print Preorder/PDFs Available!
You can now order these books separately (print and PDF), or grab a combo to maximize your discount!
The great experiment that was the Republic of the Sphere has failed. Withdrawn behind the Fortress walls, the once-great power has become a silent, opaque remnant of its former glory. Without its influence, […]
Honor Code: Stories of the Draconis Combine
So, this happened.
Handbook: House Kurita has been a long time coming. No one disputes that, and the fact that it is here now is a big deal. It's so big, in fact, that BattleCorps has brought together a series of stories to celebrate it.


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Excellent Lifestyle - Sustainable Growth
To provide community leadership and excellent local Government services in a sustainable and efficient manner, to enhance our area's social, economic and environmental qualities.
We will respect other people's values and acknowledge the views of others, through active listening, showing understanding and compassion.
We will act honestly in the conduct of Council's operations by encouraging open and transparent communication and being accountable to our community.
We will encourage achievement by supporting colleagues, developing skills and knowledge, encouraging new ideas and innovation, striving for goals and performance targets, and use of good governance.
We will aspire to establish trust by being open and transparent in decision making, being reliable, honouring our commitments and accepting responsibility for decisions made.


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UT med students to aid NicaraguansWritten by David Steffen | | email@example.com
Nicaragua's elite can seek medical care in immaculate hospitals or fly to Miami and combine a doctor's appointment with a posh shopping excursion.
However, a group of University of Toledo medical students will travel to Nicaragua on Aug. 15 to treat those who lack even the most basic medical care. The region's disparities affected students.
"We drove past a really nice mall, and it was like, 'I don't think many of our patients went shopping there,'" said Victoria Bradford, who volunteered last year. "I'm sure if you have the money, you can get anything you get here."
Twenty-four medical students, physicians' assistants and nursing students will travel to León, Nicaragua. Four physicians and one dentist will accompany the students. All will work with local physicians to administer basic care to locals.
Will Schmitt, a fourth-year medical student, started the Nicaragua medical missions trip three years ago. During a one-year break, he traveled to Central America and worked with various medical aid organizations.
"Of the countries I visited, I love Nicaragua the most," Schmitt said. "To me, Nicaragua has a lot of culture. The people in Nicaragua are very welcoming."
Locals are appreciative of the care, Bradford said, and many show up for treatment.
"They're really grateful," she said. "We would set up the chairs, and there was already a line of people."
Schmitt and Bradford said students will help administer basic health care, including vitamins and anti-parasitic medications. Schmitt said malaria and dengue fever are other maladies that afflict locals. He said it's a good learning experience, medically.
"You do come across it in the U.S., but it's much more rare," he said.
Wal-Mart has committed pharmaceutical supplies, and students have obtained money through fundraisers.
For the students, seeing mass medical care in Nicaragua has made them appreciative.
"We toured a hospital there, and it was kind of sobering," Bradford said.
She said doctors were fine but they lacked resources. Even prescription notepads can be a rarity.
"There's even a low supply of scrap paper to write prescriptions," Schmitt said.
Visiting a Third World country has made Schmitt contemplate his own situation, he said.
"It's helped me appreciate the resources we have at our disposal," he said. "It makes you appreciative, for sure."
Bradford said she also respected the doctors for their perseverance, despite their shortages.
"It made me appreciate the doctors that are down there because they have to practice with a lot less," she said.
Many medical students cite in their applications that they want to help people, Bradford said, but the missions trip allows her to follow through with her dedication.
"They say all the nice things, but this is a way to put your money where your mouth is," she said.
Those interested in making a tax-deductible donation may do so by sending a check to:
5533 Cresthaven Lane, Apt. 2A
Toledo, OH 45614
Write check to: UT Foundation
Nicaragua Medical Mission


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Summer Programmes
Over the last thirty-five years Pembroke has successfully pioneered College-based vacation programmes taught in the Cambridge style, and aimed at students in search of a first-rate experience of living and learning in Cambridge. Participants from the UK and all over the world are welcomed into the intellectual and cultural life of Cambridge and become part of strong college communities which provide delightful refuges from the noisy bustle of an ancient town in high summer.
In addition to the long-established Pembroke-King's Programme Pembroke launched the International Security and Intelligence and Creative Writing in Cambridge programmes in 2013.


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Fernando Alonso rates it is a miracle that he is still even mathematically in the hunt for the 2013 Formula 1 World Drivers' title, but at the same time Red Bull team boss Chritian Horner does not believe his team will be celebrating their fourth World Championship victory after the Japanese GP.
Red Bull's dominant Sebastian Vettel will win the title this weekend in Japan, if Alonso – 77 points behind in his Ferrari with five races to go – finishes lower than eighth at Suzuka.
Horner thinks championship celebrations in Japan are unlikely.
"When was the last time Fernando Alonso finished ninth?" the Red Bull team boss is quoted by Spain's EFE news agency.
Whether Vettel closes Alonso's mathematical possibility in Japan, or India two weeks later, is regarded by most F1 insiders as a moot point.
Mercedes' Niki Lauda said: "Don't worry, Seb will get the fourth title soon enough."
The rhetoric from Ferrari, whilst not conceding the title definitively, is also increasingly pessimistic.
"If someone started watching Formula 1 today or yesterday and you said the guy with the blue helmet in the red car is fighting for the championship, they would says it's not true," Alonso is quoted by Brazil's Agencia Estado.
"A miracle," he added. Alonso's comment could be interpreted as the latest slight against Ferrari's development progress this year.
"We [performed miracles] for 14 races and we will try to keep this miracle alive for the remaining five," the Spaniard added.
But even Alonso's boss Stefano Domenicali is admitting the fight against Sebastian Vettel is "almost impossible" to win now.
"So congratulations to [Vettel] and to what [Red Bull] are doing, because at the end of the day if they have [the title] they deserve it," he is quoted by the Independent.
Indeed, after all the recent booing, the time is now right to focus on the German driver's looming achievement – a four-time World Champion by the age of 26, unprecedented in the sport.
Horner thinks he's one of the all-time greats, and Lewis Hamilton has obviously become aware this week that his recent comments about Vettel indicated a lack of respect.
When asked to weigh up Vettel's greatness, the Mirror quoted him as saying: "I couldn't care less."
Hamilton subsequently wrote on Twitter: "Regardless of what you and I may think about his car, at the end of the day he's doing the perfect job."
His Mercedes boss Lauda, however, doesn't even like the implication that Red Bull's superior spending explains Vettel's dominance.
"It's not a question of money but a question of brains," he is quoted by Speed Week.
"Red Bull has a better programme to constantly develop the car – they do a better job than the other teams," added Lauda. (GMM)
Subbed by AJN.


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You are a fan of lessons hyuuga ? Come to discover the best forums lessons hyuuga on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of lessons hyuuga . You can also build a forum lessons hyuuga and create your online discussion.
Kitchen Witch on line School of Natural Witchery and forum.
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We teach PSP and learn from each other. A Learning & Teaching PSP Experience
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Discussion board for the students of Learn French at Home.
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There are no mistakes in life, just lessons.
Step into the magical world of Harry Potter. Join our hero on his quest to save the world. Solve riddles, use magic, attend lessons and become a part of the Harry Potter universe.
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A site designed for all English Language Teachers in Algeria
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The Official Forums for the Multiverse MMO and Virtual World Development Platform.
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- Filed Under
As 2013 comes to a close, New Jersey still sadly finds itself without a sustainable source of long-term funding for open space, farmland and historic preservation.
For the third time this year, the state Senate has demonstrated extraordinary leadership and proposed legislation that would provide a fiscally responsible approach to long-term funding. It is now time for both chambers to move forward with bipartisan support by the end of the legislative session so voters can finally have a say.
A newly introduced bill (SCR165), sponsored by Sen. Bob Smith, addresses concerns that have been ...


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Photos and Review by Oyster.com Investigators
A cozy, clean hotel that's upscale, despite the home-away-from-home feeling. Guests keep to themselves.
A small, 24-room Art Deco building constructed in 1937 alongside a row of residential buildings and just south of the South Beach action, St. Augustine is set apart by its entrance. No apartment is this clean. Given the hotel's small size and guests who generally keep to themselves, St. Augustine can feel like a home away from home -- but this means guests might have to wait a few minutes for the front desk clerk to arrive. But it's still fairly upscale, with pristine white walls showcasing colorful and engaging paintings by Luis Camejo. Want to take a painting home? They're for sale!
Though St. Augustine is surrounded by popular So-Fi restaurants, most of the neighborhood is residential. (So-Fi is the local term for "South of Fifth," meaning its just south of South Beach proper).
The St. Augustine is a DIY kind of place, but the staff is friendly and helpful when asked.
The hotel is on the southern tip of South Beach near So-Fi hot spots and the beach, but the area's quiet enough to get some sleep.
The small, two-story hotel is in a row of similarly sized residences along Washington Avenue on the southern tip of South Beach, otherwise known as So-Fi (South of Fifth Street, get it?). It's two blocks from the beach, which is only about a two-minute walk.
So-Fi is an up-and-coming area with legendary restaurants like Joe Stone Crab. It's a five-minute walk to see these chic restaurants, or clubs like Love/Hate (started by cast members of "Miami Ink"), or great dive bars like Ted's Hideaway, but the street itself is quiet enough for guests to get a good night's sleep.
The beautiful beach has a young, gay-friendly crowd.
This far down, the broad beach with its white sand looks like it's out of a dream-vacation catalog. Really, it's that nice! Expect a young, gay-friendly crowd partying it up till late at night in the spring and summer.
Large studio-style rooms have open bathrooms that include impressive steam showers. The air conditioners are very loud and some items seem cheap.
With only 24 studio-style rooms on two floors, St. Augustine is a small hotel with a bed-and-breakfast vibe. However, the hotel features a sleek minimalist design like most of South Beach, rather than fussy kitsch. All rooms have one king, one queen, or two double beds, all the rooms follow the same basic plan -- they are large, they are white, and they have an open bathroom. This means that there is no door separating the bedroom from the bathroom. Instead, the large sink and generous mirror are in an alcove by the foot of the bed.
Free Wi-Fi and discounted fitness center
No kid-friendly amenities are available except the free cribs.
It doesn't have any kid-friendly amenities, but cribs are free. Roll-away beds come a nightly fee. And remember, it's a maximum occupancy of four people to a room.
This clean, modern, extremely low-key, 24-room hotel is on a quiet residential street just south of the South Beach action. However, some of Miami's best local hot spots are just a five-minute walk way. Rooms have excellent steam showers, but there's no gym, restaurant, or pool on site, and the beach is a five-minute walk outside the hotel.
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To link to this article, copy this persistent link:
(May 22, 2014) With 103 votes in favor and 2 abstentions, the Mexican Senate passed the draft new General Law on Matters of Electoral Crimes (Ley General en Materia de Delitos Electorales). The draft law provides penalties of up to 22 years in prison for certain crimes, and if passed it would be applied for the first time in the elections of 2015. The bill was approved at a session that lasted nearly 11 hours; once approved, it was sent to the Chamber of Deputies to continue in the legislative process. (Senado Aprueba Nueva Ley de Delitos Electorales, EL FINANCIERO (Apr. 30, 2014).)
The draft law imposes a minimum of six months' imprisonment on those who vote knowing that they do not meet the legal requirements to vote and on those who vote more than once in the same election. Penalties of from six months to three years of imprisonment would be imposed on persons who request votes in exchange for money, the promise of money, or other reward. (Id.)
Under the bill, up to seven years of imprisonment would be imposed on anyone who alters the padrón electoral (the database containing the list of all the citizens who are registered to obtain a voter card), or the listado nominal (the electoral roll) or who is involved in the illegal issuance of voter identity cards. (Id.)
The most severe penalty included in the legislation is applicable to persons who make campaign contributions with resources of illicit origin or in amounts greater than those permitted for pre-candidates, candidates, political parties, coalitions, or political groupings. For these actions, the offender will be punished with a penalty of 5 to 15 years in prison, which could be increased by 50% if the contribution was made at the time of an electoral pre-campaign or campaign. (Muricio Torres, El Senado Apruebala Nueva Ley sobre Delitos Electorales, CNN MEXICO (Apr. 30, 2014).)
In all cases, the government attorney (Ministerio Público) will initiatie sua sponte the investigation of the offenses under this statute. (Senado Aprueba Nueva Ley de Delitos Electorales, supra.)
|Norma Gutierrez More by this author
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Last updated: 05/22/2014


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Justin McCurry, The Guardian:
Barack Obama is expected to offer guarded support for Japan in its bitter territorial dispute with China over a group of islands in the East China Sea, as Washington seeks to reassure its Asia-Pacific allies of its commitment to regional security in the face of an increasingly assertive China.
In a sign of how anxious Japan has become over potential threats to its thousands of outlying islands, it began its first military expansion in more than 40 years at the weekend, starting construction of a new base on the southern island of Yonaguni, which is located near the Senkakus.
In a move likely to cause alarm in Beijing, Obama is expected to reach an agreement with the Philippines on better access to the country's airbases and ports for the US air force and navy, more than 20 years after the US closed its huge naval base in Subic Bay.
Obama's visit to South Korea will centre on security ties….
In Malaysia, where Obama will be the first sitting US president to visit since Lyndon Johnson in 1966, Obama will attempt to strengthen ties with the leadership despite concerns over its treatment of opposition politicians.
Now, I think that Japan and China should agree to let these islands be a world property, whose resources will be used to make whole those impacted by global warming. Both should have a right of free commercial passage through the area, and make an agreement that there would be no military vessels except in response to outside intervention (by, say, pirates). That would be a slight irritant to China, which doesn't want to have any restrictions on its military movements, but it would demonstrate good faith. But that is not what is happening. Japan is forward positioning its military and the US is lining up with Japan. This will go a long way toward helping re-form the ties between China and Russia. Other than that, I see little that a formal, public tilt toward Japan will accomplish.


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Running slow?
I've noticed recently that my G4 17'' 1.67 PB, bought back in March last year has been running mortally slow. For example, it took 21 bounces to open up Google Earth, 8 bounces for pages and the general opening of applications. Where as before, all used to open within 5 bounces.
I've tried repair permissions and an Onyx clean out, but no avail. I still have 87 GB left and running 1 GB of RAM.
Any suggestions as it is becoming rather annoying?
Many thanks
try running disk repair.. put in the osx start up disk, hold down c and then go to utilities disk repair (or something along those lines) there might be an error on the physical disk
i use Micromat techtool 4 Pro (www.micromat.com) it does defragmentation and system optimization, ive noticed that when my system slows down, that helps
It's a bit faster, not as much as I hoped. Unfortunately, I am not in the position to pay $98 for Mircomat, but is there a free trial I could download? Or can you recommend any free?
BTW, if you have google earth downloaded, how many bounces does it take yours before it opens?
just downloaded google earth, it loaded in 9 bounces. i have 2 GB of ram and a 1.67 GHZ g4.
also, you should go to activity monitor under utilities and see how much ram and cpu is in use, there may be a program hogging it. also, how many widgets do you keep open?
14 bounces here, faster machine & different architecture though...
I'd try doing an archive & install if you're feeling brave. You'll probably loose some settings, but all your data & apps should still be there.
That way you'll have a "fresh" system again.
If you have a backup drive, clone your system's drive first, then do an archive and install and see if it runs better.
Then restarted the machine. Result? Earth Loaded in 24 bounces.
Actually, I have changed a lot of my icons around my computer and replaced it with a couple of fantasy ones, could that slow down the CPU?
did you check activity monitor? see how much ram you have free, when i first got os 10.4 i would have like 20 widgets running and wouldnt close them when i was done, that really eats performance. doing an archive and install is pretty safe, it backs up your files for you, and only re-installs the system software.
I have a 15 inch PowerBook G4 1.67 GHz and it loaded in 9-11 bounces. I have 1.5 Gigs of RAM.
I got my laptop in August 05 and I can honestly say I have not noticed any slow down.
when i used to own a winblows computer back in the day, id do a reformat every year or so to clean things out. if all of these things are failing, id almost recommend that for you. do you have a superdrive? if you do, you can easily back up your important files onto a dvd before you format..
Just checked Activity monitor. Here's a picture below:
If I decide to re-format, do I still keep my modified icons, pictures and all important files? Yes, I have superdrive and might back-up the most important files.
1 Attachment(s)
what did it say for system memory?
heres what mine looks like
Active: 129.99 MB
Inactive 183.86 MB
Used: 407.45 MB
Free: 616.62
VM size: 4.08 GB
Yours looks more consistently used and still, performs much faster.
yea so if you have 616mb free it shoudlnt be slow, the reformat should fix things up for you
Just to say, what else do I lose from reformat?
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8 Reasons Why You Need to Meditate
|May 22, 2012
|Posted by Dean Castro under Health, Tips
Life is hard. That's why so many people shy away and hide inside their comfort zones their whole lives.
They are afraid of pain, suffering and failures that come along with life. But meditation can ease that pain.
Meditation is the art of self-realization. It leads you into a state of consciousness that brings clarity and serenity.
Our lives today are clouded. Too much clutter distracts us from focusing on the more important aspects of life (like love, family and friends).
To meditate is to know one's self and see things more clearly in life. So if you ever find yourself stressed, confused or in pain— meditation is the perfect solution for you!
Here are the top eight reasons why you need to meditate.
- It makes you concentrate on the current issues of your life and gives you a sense of having more time to deal with it.
- It makes you more focused.
- It balances your energy and your chakras (energy centers).
- It strengthens concentration and self-awareness.
- It makes you calmer and more relaxed.
- It eliminates mental clutter and shows you the more important aspects in life.
- It helps you to be more open to yourself and to the world.
- The greater your self-awareness is, the more you find your "natural self."
How to meditate.
There are many variations in meditation but let's focus on the easiest way, and that is "Zen meditation."
To do Zen meditation, you need to sit straight up, close your eyes and concentrate on a specific part of your body (usually your belly).
Your belly is your biggest energy center. The easiest way to transient into a peaceful state of consciousness is to concentrate on your belly and visualize your "chakra" or energy center, spin into a beautiful vortex.
It will be inevitable that thoughts come up. Nothing wrong with that, thoughts aren't bad; they are natural. Except when there are so many. Then it clouds you from seeing what is really important and what is not. When you notice you've drifted away, just gently return to your main point of concentration.
It is important to stay relaxed. You don't have to work hard to exclude everything; it's okay to focus on your body and/or breathing at the same time.
You can meditate sitting in a chair, but it is more effective to sit in a lotus position (legs crossed in a cushion, with legs folded and heels facing upwards— like the photo above). But it is not uncommon for people to meditate on their cubicle chairs every day.
You can clasp your hands together or put them palms up on your knees or lap. If you prefer them together, position them on top of each other, palms up, with the left hand on the bottom with its palm touching the back of the fingers of the right hand.
People meditate for 15-30 minutes, once or twice a day. It is recommended to meditate at least 15 minutes a day. Having a timer by your side is okay, but it tempts you to open your eyes check the time. A low volume alarm clock is better, just relax and wait for the soft alarm to go off when your 15-30 minutes is up.
Meditation will radically change your life and give it the much needed peace you've been wanting for so long. Go ahead, try it.
About Dean Castro
A depressed call center agent by day, happy writer by night. Who knew?More Posts
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text: Iran IranSyriaTurkeyUnited States Kristin Deasy on Dec 15, 2012 @ 10:58 AMDec 15, 2012 @ 10:58 AM PublishedIran army chief: US-Turkey patriot missile move threatens 'world war' File Photo: A Patriot Missile is launched against a target at the end of the joint United States-Israel Patriot Missile Interceptor Exercise in Israel's southern Negev Desert. The US confirmed on Thursday that it would deploy two Patriot missile batteries on the Turkish border with Syria.An Iranian Army chief today said US military support to Turkey over the conflict in Syria threatens "world war," according to this report from Iran's semi-official IRNA news agency. The statement from the Iranian Armed Forces chief of staff, Major General Hassan Firouzabadi, comes a day after US officials said they will provide Turkey with 400 US troops and Patriot anti-ballistic missile batteries to stave off spillover from the Syrian conflict. "We are friends with Turkey, and we want peace for Turkey, not a war from Syria's side," Firouzabadi said, warning that "each of these missiles are a dark point on the map of the world, and they are for starting a world war," according to ISNA. The comments, also reported by Reuters, comes just days after Syria allegedly launched Scud missiles from Damascus at rebels in the north in a bid to stamp out a 20-month rebellion. Syria has denied using Scud rockets.US officials nevertheless claimed one of the missiles came close to the Syrian border with Turkey, according to CNN.The US offer includes two Patriot missile batteries able to strike planes and missiles coming from Syria. Panetta was frank about the possible reaction from Syrian President Bashar al-Assad's regime: "We can't spend a lot of time worrying about whether that pisses off Syria," he told CNN.More from GlobalPost: Syrian opposition on foreign military help: We can handle itGermany and the Netherlands are also sending two Patriot batteries each to the Turkish border to help the NATO ally. NATO approved the decision last week but the forces might not cover all the at-risk territory, reported The New York Times.The batteries are expected to start work in January.


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Arizona legislator: Revoke age limit for state militia
PHOENIX -- A state lawmaker wants the age limit of 45 for serving in the state militia removed, opening the force designed to be mustered in emergencies but never used in modern memory to older Arizonans.
But preachers of the gospel, judges, idiots, lunatics and members of the Legislature would still be barred under the early 20th century law that Republican Rep. Carl Seel wants to update.
Seel said all he's doing is bringing the age provision in the Arizona Constitution into modern times. But the parts barring lawmakers, elected officials, preachers, the totally blind, idiots and lunatics and "persons convicted of infamous crimes," will remain in the enabling legislation Seel wants to revise.
The bill is headed to the full House after a routine committee approval Monday.


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27 May 2015
Energy coursing upwards once the thoughts get out of the way. I kind of wake up with the sensation I which was aware of through layers of thought, and now it's a direct connection. Then the energy is freer and as it moves it meets the actuality of the organism, resulting in awareness of bliss, tingles, tensions, constrictions, and great pleasurable feelings from the pelvic floor spreading upwards.
28 May 2015
New cushion much more supportive. Firm yet not hard. This is the one I bought, highly recommended.


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YMMV: Time Cube
- Acceptable Targets: Normally, the poor science by itself would be written off as the ramblings of a confused older man. But he includes just enough bigotry and vitriol to justify some people's prank e-mails and fake mirror sites.
- Crosses the Line Twice: EVERYTHING. But especially anything concerning the Acceptable Targets (see above).
- Power Born of Madness: Most of the site is clearly straight-up insanity, but the idea of multiple dimensions of time has been floated in serious science before, particularly in some of the edges of string theory. Could his insanity have allowed him a glimpse at a higher order the rest of us can only dream of? Probably not.
- So Bad, It's Good: Crank theories like Time Cube often get this treatment from people trained in the sciences.
- You don't even have to be a trained scientist to find this hysterical, since someone with even a shred of rationality will recognize this as utter insanity within seconds. And, as stated above, that "just enough" touch of vitroil, bigotry and egomania makes you far less likely to make you feel guilty for laughing at it, but not so much that it's completely distasteful.


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BALTIMORE – For the second time in three weeks, University of New Hampshire freshman gymnast Meghan Pflieger (Barneveld, N.Y.) has been honored as the East Atlantic Gymnastics League (EAGL) Rookie of the Week. Pflieger was feted Tuesday after leading the Wildcats to a season-high 195.450 in Saturday's home win against Maryland.
Pflieger, who was previously named the EAGL co-Rookie of the Week on Jan. 21, competed as an all-around for the first time in her career and compiled a first-place 39.100. The native of Barneveld, N.Y., started with a 9.825 on vault (T-4th), set a personal best on beam (9.850) to earn a share of first place, totaled a 9.625 in her collegiate debut on uneven bars (T-9th) and capped her night with a career-high 9.800 on floor (T-3rd).
UNH (3-3, 1-2 EAGL) has won the EAGL Rookie of the Week award three straight weeks, with Kelsey Aucoin (Double Oak, Texas) garnering the honor Jan. 28 between Pflieger's two awards.
The Wildcats, who scored season highs on all four events last weekend, return to action against Yale University (1-6) at the John J. Lee Amphitheater on Saturday, Feb. 8 (1 p.m.).
New Hampshire returns to Lundholm Gym for the annual Stick it For The Cure meet against Centenary and Brown on Saturday, Feb. 15 (4 p.m.). For more information, visit www.unhwildcats.com or call (603) 862-4000, extension 5.
UNH will play host to the 2014 EAGL Championship at the Whittemore Center on Saturday, March 22, at 2 p.m. The Wildcats challenge George Washington, Maryland, North Carolina, N.C. State, Pittsburgh, Rutgers and Towson. Tickets are on sale now at www.ticketmaster.com.


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Nice charming apartmentFrance, Languedoc-Roussillon, Sète
Request to Book
About this listing
Charming apartment in the old part of town, close to the city center and yet in a calm street.
The apartment has a nice balcony for morning coffee or a drink before going out to one of many restaurants along the canal.
The flat has 2 bedrooms and a nice livingroom/kitchen area.
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
Space where guests can cook their own meals
Towels, bed sheets, soap, and toilet paper
Central heating or a heater in the listing
In the building, free or for a fee
In the building, free or for a fee
Continuous access in the listing
Breakfast is provided.
The listing can accommodate a gathering of 25 or more attendees
Easy access to the building and listing for guests in wheelchairs
Private or Shared
Free, in the building or nearby
Posted emergency information and resources
The Space
Welcome to my lovely calm 65m2 apartment in Sete! It is located right down town and just 10-15mn by car to the beach.
This home has a large kitchen and a living room, one bedroom and one living room with a separate sleeping corner. It can accomodate 5 persons. The kitchen is well equipped. You can step out on the small balcony with a table and chairs for 2 persons.
There is no internet access available in the house.
Sete is one of the most important fish market in France and offers some amazing opportunities to see, buy and taste local fish and seashells specialties such as mussels an oysters.
Local markets are available on Wednesdays and Fridays with fresh products, fish and regional specialties. Within a five minutes walk, you have access to all the shops and boutiques from the center.
Nice activities include, the sea front with its renovated 25km of cycling and roller skating paths, the cafes and restaurants, the Etangs de Thau with its oysters farms, the vineyards and wonderful muscat wine.
Guest Access
The entire flat meaning 2 bedrooms, living room, kitchen and bathroom
Getting Around
There are busses just down the road.
The train station is 10 minutes walk from the flat.
There is also a free parking 5-8 minuts walk from the flat.
Along the beach there is a very nice roller skate lane and a bicycle lane.
No wild parties. If something breaks you will replace it. Otherwise "my casa zu casa"
26 Reviews
Mia organized everything very proffesional. there was no problem with flat keys collection. flat was clean and prepared for our arrival. bathroom was 5 star, local maps and leaflets for many events ready to read for us. we spant very nice time in the town.
Thank You very much :))
I had a really comfortable stay in Mia's flat. There were 3 of us in total and it was perfect. Beds very comfy, lovely kitchen and bathroom, and cosy little balcony to have breakfast on.
Mia was away, but we met her friend who was lovely and very helpful.
Sète is a beautiful and relaxing town. We came literally just to chill out on the beach for a few days before going to Barcelona. We got exactly what we wanted. The 7 mile stretch of beach is incredible. We almost had the whole thing to ourselves. Great little restaurants around, serving some great seafood. Will definitely come back one day if I want a relaxing break!
Appartement propre et calme, et très bien situé (malgré les toilettes sur le balcon !).
Très bon accueil.
Nous avons passé un très agréable séjour à Sète dans l'appartement de Mia. Nous ne l'avons pas rencontré personnellement, mais l'organisation a été parfaite. Nous nous sommes sentis très bien dans cet appartement chaleureux et bien situé.
Merci Mia!
We thoroughly enjoyed our time in Sete (we came last year too, and loved it!). The flat is near to the centre and was perfect for our needs - a family of four. We thoroughly recommend it.
Sète is glorious in early September, and Mia's apartment is the perfect base from which to enjoy it. The apartment is located in a quiet street just off the main drag - it's only a short walk to the city centre and waterfront. The apartment is bigger than you would expect, with plenty of room to relax and two balconies to capture the sun at any time of day. The apartment was neat and clean, and all arrangements worked smoothly. Thanks Mia!
Mia's flat is very nice and we had a great stay. We found it truly "charming": well decorated, with a local touch but with good taste. It was very clean when we got in and pretty much everything you need for your stay is already there. The kitchen is bright without getting too hot and the rooms stay cool. Since it's on a small street with hardly any traffic, you can even sleep with the windows open. Also the new shower is very convenient.
Very central, you're 3 mins away from the town-center, market etc. And the best "tielles" in town are round the corner!
Thanks Mia
This host has 86 reviews for other properties.View Other Reviews
About the Host, Mia
Hello I am Mia. I enjoy Airbnb both as a host and has a guest and speak several languages. I have lived in Paris and I am sure that you also enjoy your stay in the South of France or in Denmark!