text:
Improvements have been made for collection and focusing of ions generated from atmospheric pressure sources such as electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, inductively coupled plasma, discharge, photoionization and atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption ionization. A high transmission electro-optical surface is placed between the source regions and the focusing regions to optimize the field geometries and strengths in each respective region. Compression ratios of greater than 5000 are capable of transferring virtually all ions from large volume dispersive ion regions into ion beam cross-sections of less than 1 mm. Embodiments of this invention are methods and devices for improving sensitivity of mass spectrometry when coupled to atmospheric pressure ionization sources.
1. Apparatus for the collection and focusing of gas-phase ions or particles at or near atmospheric pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a. dispersive source of ions;
b. a conductive high transmission surface populated with a plurality of holes through which said ions pass unobstructed on the way to a collector target, aperture, or tube; said high transmission surface having a topside and an underside, said high transmission surface being supplied with an attracting electric potential by connection to a voltage supply, and generating an electrostatic field between said source of ions and said topside of said high transmission surface; said high transmission surface also being shaped to affect high focusing fields on the focusing side, underside, of said high transmission surface, whereby said electrostatic field at said underside of said high transmission surface is greater than said electrostatic field at said topside of said high transmission surface;
c. a target surface for receiving ions or transmitting focused ions through opening of target aperture, or tube in said target surface; said target surface held at a second ion-attracting and higher strength electric potential by connection to said voltage supply, and generating an electrostatic field between said underside of said high transmission surface and said opening of said target aperture or tube which has electrostatic field lines that are concentrated on a relatively reduced cross-sectional area of said target surface, said opening of said target aperture, or opening of said tube;
d. an inner field-shaping electrode for focusing ions exiting the underside of said high transmission surface whereby approximately all said ions are focused toward said reduced cross-sectional area on said target surface.
2. Apparatus as in
3. The apparatus of
4.The apparatus of
5. The apparatus as in
6. Apparatus as in
7. Apparatus as in
8. Apparatus of
9. Apparatus of
10. Apparatus in
11. An apparatus in
12. Apparatus for the collection and focusing of an aerosol of gas-phase charged droplets or particles at or near atmospheric pressure, the apparatus comprising:
a. a source of charged droplets or particles;
b. a conductive high transmission surface with a plurality of holes through which said aerosol of charged droplets pass, unobstructed on the way to a target surface, said high transmission surface having a topside and an underside, said high transmission surface being supplied with an attracting electrostatic potential by connection to a voltage supply, and generating an electrostatic field between said source of charged droplets, and said topside of said high transmission surface, whereby said electrostatic field at said underside of said high transmission surface is greater than said electrostatic field at said topside of said high transmission surface;
c. a target surface for receiving said charged particles, said target surface being supplied with a second ion-attracting and higher strength electrostatic potential by connection to said voltage supply, and generating an electrostatic field between said underside of said high transmission surface and said target surface whereby electrostatic field lines are concentrated to a reduced cross-sectional on said target surface;
d. an inner field-shaping electrode for focusing said charged particles exiting said underside of said high transmission surface whereby approximately all said charged droplets are focused onto said target surface.
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. A Method for the transfer of charged particles or ions from a highly dispersive area or source at or near atmospheric pressure and focusing approximately all said charged particles or ions into an inlet aperture for gas-phase ion analysis, the method comprising:
a. providing electrostatic attraction to said charged particles or ions with electrostatic fields provided by a perforated high transmission surface said perforated high transmission surface having an ion drawing potential, such that electrostatic field lines between said source of gas-phase charged particles or ions and said perforated high transmission surface are concentrated on the topside of said perforated high transmission surface;
b. transmitting said charged particles or ions through said perforated high transmission surface by allowing the unobstructed passage into a focusing region by providing a plurality of holes in said perforated high transmission surface with low depth aspect ratio, a high openness aspect ratio, and a an electrostatic potential ratio greater than one, between the underside and said topside of said perforated high transmission surface and;
c. providing electrostatic attraction to said charged particles or ions in said focusing region with a second electrostatic field generated by a target surface, said target surface having an ion-drawing potential such that electrostatic field lines between said underside of said perforated high transmission surface and an inlet aperture in said target surface are concentrated onto said target surface urging approximately all said charged particles or ions in said focusing region to be directed towards said target surface whereby approximately all said charged particles or ions flow into said inlet aperture as a reduced cross-sectional area.
18. Method as in
19. Method as in
20. Method as in
21. Method as in
22. Method as in
23. Method as in
24. Method as in
25. Method as in
26. Method as in
This application claims the benefit of Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/210,877 filed Jun. 9, 2000.
The invention described herein was made in the course of work under a grant from the Department of Health and Human Services, Grant Number: 1 R43 RR143396-1.
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to methods and devices for improved collection and focusing of ions generated at atmospheric pressure for introduction into the mass spectrometer and other particle detectors.
2. Description of Prior Art
The generation of ions at atmospheric pressure is accomplished by a variety of means; including, electrospray (ES), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), discharge ionization, 63Ni sources, inductively coupled plasma ionization, and photoionization. A general characteristic of all atmospheric sources is the dispersive nature of the ions once produced. Needle sources such as electrospray and APCI disperse ions radially from the axis in high electric fields emanating from needle tips. Aerosol techniques disperse ions in the radial flow of gases emanating from tubes and nebulizers. Even desorption techniques such as atmospheric pressure MALDI will disperse ions in a solid angle from a surface. The radial cross-section of many dispersive sources can be as large as 5 or 10 centimeters in diameter. As a consequence of a wide variety of dispersive processes, efficient sampling of ions from atmospheric pressure sources to small cross-sectional targets or through small cross-sectional apertures and tubes (usually less than 1 mm) into a mass spectrometer becomes quite problematic. This is particularly amplified if the source on ions is removed from the regions directly adjacent to the aperture.
The simplest approach to sampling dispersive atmospheric sources is to position the source on axis with a sampling aperture or tube. The sampling efficiency of simple plate apertures is generally less than 1 ion in 104. Devices developed by Fite (U.S. Pat. No. 4,209,696) used pinhole apertures in plates with electrospray. Devices developed by Laiko and Burlingame (WO 99/63576) used aperture plates with atmospheric pressure MALDI. An atmospheric pressure source by Kazuaki et al (JP04215329) is also representative of this inefficient approach. This general approach in severely restricted by the need for precise aperture alignment and source positioning and very poor sampling efficiency.
A wide variety of source configurations utilize conical skimmer apertures in order to improve collection efficiency over planar devices. This approach to focusing ions from atmospheric sources is limited by the acceptance angle of the field generated by the cone. Generally, source position relative to the cone is also critical to performance, although somewhat better than planar apertures. Conical apertures are the primary inlet geometry for commercial ICP/MS with closely coupled and axially aligned torches. Examples of conical-shaped apertures are prevalent in ES and APCI (U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,994), and ICP (U.S. Pat. No. 4,999,492) inlets. As with planar apertures, source positioning relative to the aperture is critical to performance and collection efficiency is quite low.
One focusing alternative utilizes a plate lens with a large hole in front of an aperture plate or tube for transferring sample into the vacuum system. The aperture plate is generally held at a high potential difference relative to the plate lens. The configuration creates a potential well that penetrates into the source region and has a significant improvement in collection efficiency relative to the plate or cone apertures. This configuration has a clear disadvantage in that the potential well resulting from the field penetration is not independent of ion source position, or potential. High voltage needles can diminish this well. Off-axis sources can affect the shape and collection efficiency of the well. Optimal positions are highly dependent upon both flow (gas and liquid) and voltages. They are reasonable well suited for small volume sources such as nanospray. Larger flow sources become less efficient and problematic. Because this geometry is generally preferential over plates and cones, it is seen in most types of atmospheric source designs. We will call this approach the "Plate-well" design which is reported with apertures by Labowsky et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,531,056), Covey et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,209) and Franzen (U.S. Pat. No. 5,747,799). There are also many Plate-well designs with tubes reported by Fenn et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,542,293), Goodley et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,326), and Whitehouse et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,060,705).
Several embodiments of atmospheric pressure sources have incorporated grids in order to control the sampling. Jarrell and Tomany (U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,446) utililized a grid that reflected lower mass ions into a collection cone and passed large particles through the grid. This modulated system was intended to allow grounded needles and float the grid at high alternating potentials. This device had limitations with duty cycle of ion collection in a modulating field (non-continuous sample introduction) and spacial and positioning restrictions relative to the sampling aperture. Andrien et al (U.S. Pat. No. 6,207,954 B1) used grids as counter electrodes for multiple corona discharge sources configured in geometries and at potentials to generated ions of opposite charge and monitor their interactions and reactions. This specialized reaction source was not configured with high field ratios across the grids and was not intended for high transmission and collection, rather for generation of very specific reactant ions. An alternative atmospheric pressure device by Yoshiaki (JP10088798) utilized hemispherical grids in the second stage of pressure reduction. Although the approach is similar to the present device in concept, it is severely limited by gas discharge that may occur at low pressures if higher voltages are applied to the electrodes and most of the ions are lost at the cone-aperture from atmospheric pressure into the first pumping stage.
Grids are also commonly utilized for sampling ions from atmospheric ion sources utilized in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS). Generally, for IMS analysis ions are pulsed through grids down a drift tube to a detector as shown in Kunz (U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,428B1). Great effort is made to create planar plug of ions in order to maximize resolution of components in the mobility spectrum. These devices generally are not continuous, nor do they require focusing at extremely high compression ratios.
A preferred embodiment of the invention is the configuration of a High Transmission Element (HTE) comprising a conducting meshed-surface in the shape of a partial hemisphere. The HTE is configured downstream from any of a variety of atmospheric pressure sources and upstream from an Inner Field-shaping Electrode and a conducting collector surface (aperture plate or tube). Ions generated in a relatively large volumetric area of an atmospheric pressure source are attracted toward the HTE by an attracting potential relative to the source region.
The field ratio, the field strength on the source side of the high transmission element relative to the collector side is maintained at a lower value (generally 2-10×less) than the field strength equidistant to the collector side of the HTE. In this operating condition, the field from the collector side of the HTE penetrates into the source side of the HTE and accelerates appreciably all of the ions through the openings in the HTE surface. Typically the field ratio value is calculated at a distance of several opening diameters away from the surface. A good value of a field ratio is greater than 10.
The HTE is typically manufactured so to allow ions to pass easily through the HTE surface. This entails having a HTE with a low depth aspect ratio, referring to the ratio of the dimension of the openings to the thickness of the HTE surface; where the thickness of the element is as thin as mechanically possible. In addition, the openness of the HTE is also important. Typically the openness, the ratio of the dimension of the opening to the entire surface area should be as large as possible to allow the field from the collector side to penetrate through the HTE into the source side several opening diameters away from the surface of HTE.
The HTE and the inner field-shaping electrode are held at approximately the same potential relative to the collector surface which is held at extremely high potential difference to attract virtually all ions that cross the HTE, through a relatively large aperture in the inner field-shaping electrode, onto the collector surface (or through an aperture into the vacuum). The combination of HTE shape, Inner Field-shaping Electrode aperture size, and potential difference (between the HTE and the collector) affect substantial compression of the dispersed ions into a small cross-sectional beam at the collector. When this beam is precisely aligned with a vacuum sampling aperture into a mass spectrometer, very high sensitivities are achieved.
The physical separation of ionization source region from the deep potential-well focusing region by the HTE solves many of the efficiency problems associated with conventional approaches to ion collection at atmospheric pressure. With the present invention, dispersed ions are not required to be focused to a small diameter in the ion source region, rather, they are required to drift toward a relatively large surface of the HTE. In this way all ions from a given source can be collected across an appropriately sized and shaped HTE surface, then focused in the high field of the focusing well.
One advantage of the present device is the independence of collection efficiency from source position. Multiple sources are able to be uniformly collected with this invention. Multiple focal points can also be configured if there is need to collect part of the sample and analyze another part.
A primary object of the invention is to collect all the ions, all the time.
One object of the present invention is to increase the collection efficiency of an ions and/or charged particles at a collector, or through an aperture or tube into a vacuum system, by creating a very small cross-sectional area beam of ions and/or charged particles from highly dispersed atmospheric pressure ion sources. Another object of the present invention is to increase the transmission efficiency of ions from atmospheric pressure ion sources to a target collector, or through an aperture or tube. The present invention has a significant advantage over prior art in that the use of a High Transmission Element to separate ion generation from ion focusing allows precise shaping of fields in both regions. Ions can be generated in large ion source regions without losses to walls. Droplets have longer time to evaporate and/or desorb ions without loss from the sampling stream. Source temperatures can be lower because rapid evaporation is not required. This can prevent thermal decomposition of some labile compounds. Counter electrodes for electrospray needles do not have to be the plate lens as practices with most convention sources or even the HTE. The aerosol can be generated remotely and ions can be allowed to drift toward the HTE.
Another object of the present invention is to have collection efficiency be independent of ion source position relative to the collection well. With the present invention there is no need for precise mechanical needle alignment or positioning relative to collectors, apertures, or tubes invention. Ions generated any at position in the ion source region are transmitted to the collector, aperture, or tube with similar efficiency. No existing technology has positional independence of the source. The precise and constant geometry, and alignment of the focusing well with sampling apertures will not change with needle placement. The fields inside (focusing side) the well will not change, even if they change outside (source side).
Another object of the present invention is the independence of ion source type. This device is capable of transmission and collection of ions from any atmospheric (or near atmospheric) source; including, electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, atmospheric pressure MALDI (laser desorption), inductively coupled plasma, discharge sources, nickel 63 sources, spray ionization sources, induction ionization sources and photoionization sources. The device is also capable of sampling ions of only one polarity at a time, but with extremely high efficiency.
Another object of the present invention is to efficiently collect and/or divert a flow of ions from more than one source. This can be performed in a simultaneous fashion for introduction of mass calibrants from a separate source and analytes from a different source; conversely, it can be performed sequentially as is typical with multiplexing of multiple chromatographic streams introduced into one mass spectrometer.
Another object of the present invention is to efficiently transmit ions to more than one target position. This would have the utility of allowing part of the sample to be collected on a surface while another part of the sample is being introduced through an aperture into a mass spectrometer to be analyzed.
Another object of the present invention is to improve the efficiency of multiplexed inlets from both multiple macroscopic sources and micro-chip arrays, particularly those developed with multiple needle arrays for electrospray. Position independence of this invention make it compatible with a wide variety of needle array technologies and multi-well plates for surface desorption techniques.
Another object of the present invention is to remove larger droplets and particles from aerosol sources with a counter-flow of gas to prevent contamination of apertures, tubes, and vacuum components.
In the drawings, closely related figures have the same number but different alphabetic suffixes.
FIGS. 1 are cross-sectional illustrations of hemispherical-shaped high transmission element configurations with three alternative target collector elements; namely, (A) the target collector elements configured with an aperture into a vacuum system, (B) the target collector element configured with a tube inlet to a vacuum system, and (C) the target collector element configured with an aperture directed toward a non-vacuum ion sample collector plate.
FIGS. 2 are cross-sectional illustrations of hemispherical-shaped high transmission element configurations with multiple sources of ions, (A) showing two continuous sources of ions, (B) showing time-varying or pulsed sources of ions from MALDI, and (C) showing time-varying sources of ions from electrospray.
FIGS. 3 are cross-sectional illustrations of hemispherical-shaped high transmission element configurations as a rotating valve assembly for discretely sampling multiple ion sources; (A) showing valve position 1, and (B) valve position 2.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional illustration of a two-target array of hemispherical shaped high transmission elements sampling one source of ions.
FIGS. 5 are cross-sectional illustrations of hemispherical shaped high transmission elements with a counter flow of gas; (A) showing counter-flow of gas at the target region, and (B) showing counter-flow of gas at across the entire area of the high transmission element.
FIGS. 6 show perspective views of six hemispherical shaped high transmission elements; showing (A) circular apertures, (B) woven mesh, (C) criss-cross mesh (D) hexagonal apertures, (E) transverse slots, and (F) radial slots.
FIGS. 7 show cross-sectional illustrations various geometries of high transmission element that create effective focusing; (A) planar, (B) conical, and (C) hemispherical.
Preferred Embodiment— FIGS. 1A and 6A (Basic Focusing Device)
One embodiment of the present invention is an ion or particle focusing device utilizing a high transmission element 40 as illustrated in FIG. 1A. The device includes an atmospheric pressure or near atmospheric pressure ion source region 30 from which ions are supplied to an ion collection region 32. This device is intended for use in collection and focusing of ions from a wide variety of ion sources; including, but not limited to electrospray, atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, photo-ionization, electron ionization, laser desorption (including matrix assisted), inductively coupled plasma, and discharge ionization. Both gas-phase ions and charged particles emanating from region 30 are collected and focused with this device. Ions and charged particles from region 32 move through a high transmission element 40 into an ion focusing-steering region 50. Strong electric fields in region 50 relative to region 32 cause ions in region 32 to traverse element 40 and be focused to a target collector element 80. Movement of ions from region 30 to region 90 is indicated by a set of ion trajectory lines 34. The focused ions at element 80 are transferred to an ion collection region 90 through a target collection aperture 84. Aperture 84 has a diameter appropriate to restrict the flow of gas from region 50 to region 90. In the case of vacuum detection, such as mass spectrometry in region 90, typical aperture diameters are 100 to 500 um. Element 80 is made of a conducting material or a conductively coated insulating material such as glass. The collection region 90 in this embodiment is intended to be the vacuum system of a mass spectrometer (interface stages, optics, analyzer, and detector) or other low-pressure ion and particle detectors. In this embodiment the element 40 has a hemisphere-shaped surface of uniform cross-section (FIG. 6A). It is made of a conductive material, such as stamped sheet metal. Circular-shaped apertures or holes 41 are evenly spaced across element 40. Element 40 is fabricated from a conducting and chemically inert material such as stainless steel. It is also possible to use molded materials that are conducting as well as non-conducting molded materials with subsequent deposition of conducting material on the surface of element 40. An inner field-shaping electrode 44 is a conducting circular plate position between element 40 and 80. Element 40 is electrically separated from electrode 44 by insulating ring 46. Element 80 is electrically separated from electrode 44 by insulating ring 42. An outer field-shaping electrode 36 comprises a conducting cylinder coaxial to and outside of element 40. Electrode 36 is electrically separated from element 40 by insulating ring 46. All elements and electrodes are generally made of chemically inert and conductive materials that may be stamped or machined to conform to the appropriate geometries, such as stainless steel, brass, copper, and aluminum.
Additional Embodiments—FIGS. 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, 2C—(Alternative Target Collectors, Multiple Sources)
Additional embodiments are shown in FIGS. 1B, 1C, and 2A through 2C, in each case the high transmission element 40 is shown with a hemispherical surface.
In FIG. 1B the ion and particle focusing device shows a similar arrangement as in FIG. 1A, however the plate-shaped collector electrode 80 is replaced by tube-shaped target collector element 80 which is located on the outside of an electrically insulated tube 70. Flow of ions and particles through tube 70 and tubular target collector aperture 84 a are similarly transferred to collector region 90. Region 90 is generally the vacuum region of a mass spectrometer or other vacuum detectors. Movement of ions from region 30 to region 90 is indicated by a set of ion trajectory lines 34.
In FIG. 1C the ion and particle focusing device also shows a similar arrangement as in FIG. 1A, however, this configuration represents the collection of focused ions onto a target surface of a sample plate or probe. In this embodiment, region 90 is replaced with a collector plate 94. The focused ions at element 80 are transferred to plate 90 through a target collection aperture 84. Aperture 84 has a diameter appropriate to restrict the flow of gas from region 50 to plate 94, particularly in the case of reduced pressure ion collection. Plate 94 has the purpose of collecting ions, such as, but not limited to a 96-well plate, the collector surface 82 of which is electrically conductive. Note that the entire plate 94 could be made of conductive material negating the need for surface 82. Movement of ions from region 30 to plate 94 is indicated by a set of ion trajectory lines 34.
In FIG. 2A, a single element 40 is downstream of two discrete separate ion collection regions 32 a and 32 b which are downstream of ion source regions 30 a and 30 b, respectively. Movements of ions from regions 30 a and 30 b to region 90 are indicated by a set of ion trajectory lines 34. This device allows the efficient sampling of two discrete ion source regions from two unique locations. Sampling of multiple ion sources is not limited to two regions; but three, four, five, or more may be sample through a single focal point (element 80).
In FIG. 2B, a single element 40 is downstream of an atmospheric pressure matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) sample plate 24, shown at two discrete ion sampling times. At (Time 1) a first sample 22 a is illuminated by laser 20 producing desorbed ions in ion source region 30 a. At (Time 2) a second sample 22 b is illuminated by laser 20 producing desorbed ions in ion source region 30 b. Ions from both regions 30 a and 30 b are collected across a single element 40 and passed through aperture 84 to collection or mass analysis in region 90.
In FIG. 2C, a single element 40 is downstream of an electrospray needle array 25 at two different time points. At (Time 1) an electrospray source 21 a forms a liquid cone-jet 23 a and produces an aerosol of highly charged liquid droplets and ions in ion source region 30 a. At (Time 2) a second electrospray source 21 b forms a liquid cone-jet 23 b producing an aerosol of highly charged liquid droplets and of ions in ion source region 30 b. Ions from both regions 30 a and 30 b are collected across a single element 40 and passed through aperture 84 to collection or mass analysis in region 90.
Alternative Embodiments—FIGS. 3, 4, 5A, 5B, 6B, 6C, 6D, 7A, 7B, 7C (Ion Switching Valve, Multiple Targets, Counter-Flow Gas)
There are a variety of alternative embodiments of the present invention in terms of accommodating multiple ionization sources and multiple collectors (type and number). In addition, the device is capable of accommodating various geometries of element 40 (FIGS. 7), and accommodating a wide variety of possible aperture types for element 40 (FIGS. 6).
FIGS. 3 show a high efficiency atmospheric pressure focusing device operating in an ion valve-switching configuration. Here two discrete and continuous ion sources 30 a and 30 b are shown. Ions from each source are continually being sampled across element 40 into focusing regions 50 a and 50 b respectively. The hemisphere-shaped element 40 is partitioned in half by isolation plate 74 separating regions 50 a and 50 b and allowing ions from each source to be collected and focused uniquely. A rotating switch 72 is rotated about the axis of tube 70 to present an axial valve aperture 76 to region 50 a and an off-axis valve aperture 78 to region 50 b in valve (Position 1) show in FIG. 3A. Switch 72 is rotated 180° about the axis of tube 70 to present aperture 76 to region 50 b and aperture 78 to region 50 a in valve (Position 2) show in FIG. 3B. In valve (Position 1), ions from region 32 a are focused toward element 80 through aperture 76 and sampled into region 90 for collection or mass detection. In this position, the ions from region 32 b are focused toward a second off-axis collector element 82 b through aperture 78 and collected or discarded into a second off-axis collector region 92 b. In valve (Position 2), ions from region 32 b are focused toward element 80 through aperture 76 and sampled into region 90 for collection or mass detection. In this position, the ions from region 32 a are now focused toward a first off-axis collector element 82 a through aperture 78 and collected or discarded into a first off-axis collector region 92 a. In this embodiment, the field shaping electrodes 44 a and 44 b comprise the surface of the rotating switch 72. Electrode 36 is isolated from element 40 by insulator 46. Element 80 is isolated from switch 72 by insulator 42. Elements 82 a and 82 b are insulated from switch 72 by insulators 48 a and 48 b, respectively. It is the intent of FIG. 3 to illustrate a two-position ion valve switching configuration; however, four, six, eight, and larger position valves using additional off-axis valve apertures and partitioning plates will accommodate additional ionization sources for multiplexing applications. Rotation and aperture positioning would be 90°, 60°, and 45°, respectively.
In FIG. 4, a single source 30 supplies ions to two discrete focusing regions. Part of the ions from region 30 traverse element 40 a and are focused in region 50 a toward element 80 a to collection region 90 a. Conversely, another portion of the ions from region 32 traverse element 40 b and are focused in region 50 b toward element 80 b to collection region 90 b. The object of this embodiment is the transfer of ions to more than one target. More than one target could entail multiple detectors, one in region 90 a and one in region 90 b. Alternatively, there may be applications where ions (e.g. proteins, reagents) from one source may be required to be collected in two or more focal points such as the wells of multiple sample trays (e.g. 96-well plates). This device can supply efficient and real-time sample splitting for micro-collection.
In FIG. 5A the ion and particle focusing device shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 in the same manor as FIG. 1A with the addition of a flow of gas counter to the direction of motion of ions and charged particles (trajectory lines 34). The gas is introduced from an external gas supply through tube 52 into the space between electrode 44 and element 80. The counter-flow of gas travels through an inner field-shaping electrode aperture 86, across region 50, traversing element 40 into region 32. The relative diameter of aperture 86 is significantly larger than aperture 84. The counter-flow gas is generally composed of, but not limited to nitrogen.
In FIG. 5B the ion and particle focusing device shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 in the same manor as FIG. 1A with the addition of a flow of gas counter to the direction of motion of ions and charged particles. The gas is introduced from an external gas supply through tube 52 into the space between electrode 44 and element 81. The counter-flow of gas travels through an array of apertures 86 a, across region 50, traversing element 40 into region 32. This counter-flow configuration has as an object the removal of a much broader area of interfering gases and particles. The relative diameters of apertures 86 a are significantly larger than aperture 84 a. The counter-flow gas is also generally composed of, but not limited to nitrogen.
FIG. 6B shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 made of single strands of metal wire woven to produce a pattern of square openings, commonly referred to as a plain square weave;
FIG. 6C shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 made of two sets of single strands of metal wire with equal diameters, one set overlaying the other, producing a pattern of square openings;
FIG. 6D shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 made of a surface with apertures 41 fabricated in a manner to produce a pattern of hexagon-shaped openings;
FIG. 6E shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 made of a surface with transverse slotted apertures 41 across the surface.
FIG. 6F shows a hemisphere-shaped element 40 made of a surface with radial slotted apertures 41 across the surface.
Alternatively, the element 40 may be manufactured by using the techniques of microelectronics fabrication: photolithography for creating patterns, etching for removing material, and deposition for coating the surfaces with specific materials;
FIG. 7A shows element 40 as a cross-section of a planar-shaped surface of radial slotted apertures 41 as in FIG. 6F. Element 40 is attached to the electrode 44 isolated from the planar-shaped collector element 80 by insulator 42;
FIG. 7B shows element 40 as a cross-section of a cone-shaped surface of radial slotted apertures 41 as in FIG. 6F. Element 40 is attached to the electrode 44 isolated from the planar-shaped collector element 80 by insulator 42; and
FIG. 7C shows element 40 as a cross-section of a hemisphere-shaped surface of radial slotted apertures 41 as in FIG. 6F. Element 40 is attached to the electrode 44 isolated from the planar-shaped collector element 80 by insulator 42.
Operation of the Basic Device (As shown in FIGS. 1, 5, 6, and 7)
Ions supplied or generated from an atmospheric pressure source are attracted to the high transmission element 40 by an electrical potential difference between the ion source region 30 and the potential on element 40. The ions will tend to follow the field lines through region 32. We distinguish regions 30 and 32 in that the ion source region 30 may comprise a plasma with ill-defined or uncontrollable fields. Region 32 contains gas such as air or nitrogen below the threshold for discharge ionization and fields defined by the shape and potential on element 40. The ions moving toward element 40 are diverted away from the conducting surfaces of element 40 through apertures 41 by the presence of the electrical field penetrating through element 40 into the part of region 32 that is close to the outer surface of element 40. This field penetration is due to the requisite field strength on the focusing side of element 40 being larger than the field strength in region 32. The field in region 50 must be higher than that in region 32. Under conditions of a high field ratio (field in region 50/field in region 32) a significant percentage up to 100% of ions from region 32 are transferred into region 50. This effectively makes element 40 transparent to ions moving from region 32 to region 50.
The shape of element 40 and the potential difference between elements 40 and 80 will cause the ions that traversed element 40 to be focused at or near a small cross-sectional area at the center of element 80. In the operation of this device as an atmospheric inlet to the mass spectrometer, the target collection element 80 will have an aperture 84 through which focused ions will travel on their path into the vacuum system. Both focusing fields and viscous forces will cause ions in the region of aperture 84 to travel into the vacuum system of the mass spectrometer. It is intended that this focusing device be coupled to the vacuum inlet of any conventional mass spectrometer or the atmospheric pressure inlet to any ion mobility spectrometer. Alternatively, this device may be operated as a collection and focusing device to move gas-phase ions and charged particulate materials from diffuse atmospheric sources onto small focal areas of collector surfaces. We envision applications for laying down materials in printing, semiconductor, and micro-chemistry applications. In addition, this device can operate to collect sample onto surfaces for subsequent surface analysis (e.g. depositing sample onto MALDI targets, SIMS targets, or X-ray targets). In addition, collection onto surfaces of reaction wells may allow for gas-phase ion production to be a useful tool for placing charge chemical species into a discrete and small reaction well. This technique could be useful for automated collection and specification of complex reagents and reactant for applications in combinatorial chemistry.
An important alternative-operating mode of this device is illustrated in FIGS. 5. The flow of gas in a direction that is counter to the movement of ions will serve to reduce or eliminate contamination from particulate materials and neutral gases. The operation with counter-flow of gas is accomplished by adding sufficient flow to purge or remove unwanted materials. This to some extent will have some dependency on the volatility of neutral gases and the size of interfering particulate material originating from the source region 30. Lower mobility charged particles may also be swept away in the counter-flow of gas.
Operation of the of Multiple Source Devices (As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3)
The operation of the present invention will accommodate collection of ions from more than one source. The multi-source device operated under the same principles as a single-source device with the addition of more than one source of ions. Multiple sources of ions can be sampled from multiple sources derived from different locations (FIG. 2A), derived at different times (FIGS. 2B & 2C), and controlled through ion valve switching (FIGS. 3A & 3B). Ions move from their respective source toward element 40 due to the electrical potential difference between the source and element 40 creating attractive forces. High fields from region 50 penetrates the apertures of element 40 to direct the motion of the ions from regions of 32 a and 32 b into the respective regions of 50 a and 50 b. Selection of a specific source of ions to be focused can be accomplished in the time dependent manner by controlling the generation process of ions (e.g. pulse of laser, application of voltage to needle).
There may be operating modes where simultaneous collection of ions from two sources is desirable. An example would be the addition of a mass calibration standard in one source while introducing analytical sample in the other ion source. This simultaneous source application would of course have it primary application in high-resolution mass spectrometry.
There are also noteworthy alternative operating modes of multiple sources in terms of spatial orientation of the ionization source. One configuration may fix the location of the sample and collect ions from differing spatial origins such as illustrated in FIG. 2. Alternatively, the samples could be moved so that the location of ion generation is fixed and the sample is moved (e.g. move the sample plate instead of the laser beam).
An important alternative-operating mode of the multi-source embodiment of this device is found in the ion switch configuration illustrated in FIGS. 3. The switch is operated by rotating switch 72 about the axis tube 70. As switch 72 rotates, the alignment of off-axis valve aperture 78 with either element 82 a or 82 b will determine which direction the ions will travel in the two-source configuration. The valve is operated by switching switch 72 back and forth 180° from (Position 1) to (Position 2) thereby selecting either ion source for collection into the mass spectrometer or other collection device. The device does not require off-axis collection in either of regions 92 a or 92 b to be to discard or waste. There may be applications of this device where off-axis collection of diverted materials is important for isolation, purification, or other processing and analysis. The rate of rotation of switch 72 will determine the frequency of discrete sampling. High-speed sampling at many rpm will allow ion sampling at frequencies compatible with conventional chromatographic peak widths for applications in LC/MS or GC/MS. This operation of the present device within LC/MS or GC/MS would of course require that the ion source region be coupled to a chromatographic system. We envision that this is done in the wide variety of conventional configurations, which are not explicitly part of this invention.
Operation of a larger number of sources and valve ports are not illustrated in these figures but would operate in the same fashion as the two-source valve with rotating off-axis apertures spaced around a central sampling aperture.
Operation of the of Multiple Collector or Target Devices (As shown in FIG. 4)
This invention may also operate in a mode whereby the ions from a single ion source region 30 are collected and focused across multiple high transmission elements with multiple discrete collection regions. This mode is useful for delivering ions from a single source to multiple focal points. FIG. 4 shows the multi-target embodiment with only two targets, 90 a and 90 b. The intent of this disclosure is to describe the application of a single source ion focusing device with two or more high transmission elements and companion targets up to a large array of high transmission elements and target foci which may have application in a wide variety of applications including loading reagents onto reaction wells, printing,micro-fabrication, and semi-conductor manufacture.
Citations de brevets
Référencé par
Événements juridiques
Image d'origine
Faire pivoter


text:
What's In This Guide
- Political ScienceEncyclopedia of Governance, CQ Political Reference Suite, and more.
- Public PolicyEncyclopedia of Drug Policy and more.
- Criminal JusticeEncyclopedia of Crime and Punishment, Encyclopedia of Human Rights, and more.
- Peace StudiesOxford International Encyclopedia of Peace and Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice.
Ask a Librarian
Chat Now!
Or contact us by:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Secretary of Defense William J. Perry will host an Honor Cordon to welcomeMinister of National Defense Maj. Gen. Moises Antonio Orozco, of the Republicof Venezuela, to the Pentagon at 10 a.m. (EDT), Tuesday, August 22, 1995.
The Cordon will be held on the steps of the Pentagon River Entrance.
Therewill be a photo opportunity immediately following the Cordon.
Media must be at the River Entrance no later than 9:40 a.m. (EDT).
Mediainterested in audiovisual coverage of these events may contact Mr. TerryMitchell at (703) 695-0169.
Internet Availability: This document is available on DefenseLINK, a World WideWeb Server on the Internet, at: http://www.dtic.mil/defenselink/


text:
There are a number of creative influences in your chart at the moment and today you need to decide what exactly you are going to focus on. Remember: one thing done really well is better than many things done poorly.
or email email@example.com
June 28, 2013 | 4:00am
We've sent an email with instructions to create a new password. Your existing password has not been changed.


text:
"The Beautiful Game" series explores how soccer makes a difference off the pitch.
Two weeks ago, TSG ran the first part of our Supporter Series about the Tony Danza Army, a group of guys who support the Pali Blues of the W-USL.
In writing the piece, it was suggested that TSG request a quote from Pali Blues' General Manager, Jason Lemire. Not really knowing too much about Pali Blues at the time, I suggested that Mr. Lemire should comment on TDA and the opportunity to attract new fans with the recent folding of the WPS Los Angeles Sol.
At that time Mr. Lemire chose not to answer the second part and I assumed he was being respectful of the still unfolding situation for the Sol. What I didn't realize at the time was that the Pali Blues had a deep connection with the LA Sol. The co-founder of the Blues was one of the original owners of the Sol and the Blues coach was, until the Sol disbanded, the general manager of the WPS team.
In other words, the two teams were basically sisters in the LA market. But, according to an Open Letter to Pali Blues' fans penned by Mr. Lemire, the connection ran much deeper. Both teams shared a common belief that their mission transcended performance on the field to the inspiration of young girls and women. So with the folding of the Sol, Los Angeles may have lost more than just a women's professional soccer team.
It would be easy to dismiss a (semi)professional soccer team's desire to inspire young women, but the impact can be tremendous. Mrs. Shinguardian, my wife, played soccer through college and credits the sport with being a big part of the women she has become.
All team sports provide some level of commitment, teamwork and goal setting, but, according to Mrs. Shinguardian, soccer stands above the rest for women. As she pointed out, soccer is one of the only team sports that has identical rules for men and women.
In women's soccer, the ball is the same size (unlike basketball), the field is the same (unlike softball), the gear is the same (unlike lacrosse) and the rules are the same (unlike hockey).
The underlying equality in soccer may not seem like a big deal to men— it didn't at first to me — but rest assured it is one for women and girls. To the extent then that teams like the Blues and the former Sol can be a positive influence on young women speaks to the power of the beautiful game to have an impact on lives, not just trophy cases and bank accounts.
Mr. Lemire finally did eventually comment on the folding of the Sol in that Open Letter to Pali Blues' fans and supporters of women's soccer in LA specifically. The letter provides insight into what Pali Blues is all about and an invitation to all within the LA market to be inspired by what is going on at the Stadium by the Sea.
With permission from Mr. Lemire, here is his Open Letter:
An open letter to the supporters of women's soccer in Southern California from Jason Lemire – General Manager of the Pali Blues.
The Pali Blues Soccer Club, back-to-back national champions of women's soccer in the USL W-League and an organization dedicated to the growth of the women's game, was greatly saddened by the news that the Los Angeles Sol of Women's Professional Soccer had been forced to discontinue operations.
The news also reaffirms our resolve to do whatever it takes to keep our own team, the Pali Blues, playing, winning, and inspiring young players right here in Los Angeles, for years to come.
It is no secret that the Pali Blues – an amateur organization dedicated to nurturing top collegiate and international talent – shared a special bond with the Sol.
Blues co-founder Ali Mansouri was one of the Sol's original owners, along with Blues coach Charlie Naimo the Sol's General Manager. LA Sol players, including FIFA Player of the Year Marta, were on hand for the Pali Blues thrilling 2009 playoff victory over the Colorado Force at the Pacific Palisades Stadium-by-the-Sea. They even signed halftime autographs.
However the bond between the organizations ran much deeper. Both the Blues and the Sol were founded with the goal of inspiring a generation of girls and young women who are growing up playing soccer in record numbers. Nearly forty years removed from the passage of Title IX, this new generation enjoys unprecedented acceptance and celebration of the female athlete. Yet, if the shuttering of the Sol proves anything, perhaps it is that there is still much work to be done.
Anywhere in the United States, particularly in Los Angeles where the volume of mass media is set perpetually high, girls and young women are still fighting an uphill battle against a pop culture that prefers them…well… as something other than a strong-willed, disciplined and confident individual. For every female executive or female athlete on television there are ten beer commercials or diet pill ads. In sitcoms and movies women are all too often still the shrews or one-note love interest of the male hero. In pop music, the fawning, submissive girl of "I Will Follow Him" and "My Boyfriend's Back" has been replaced by "girl as sex-object" in a list of songs entirely too long to name, just as one is almost certainly playing on the radio right now. So what can these girls, and their parents, use to help stem this tide? What is the antidote to the tabloids, the gossip girls, the reality show catfights and pop-star-as-stripper ethos? The answer is the same as it has always been: role models.
With the discontinuation of the LA Sol the families of Los Angeles have not only lost an incredible collection of remarkable athletes, they have lost an incredible collection of remarkable women. Do parents take their daughters to see world-class women's soccer players so they will learn to copy their step over moves, tactics, diving saves and goal scoring heroics? Of course. But the greatest lesson has always been to appreciate the player as whole, the result of years of hard work, dedication, discipline, teamwork and self worth. Jackie Joyner-Kersee has a great quote: "If a young female sees my dreams and goals come true, they will realize their dreams and goals might come true too."
Most young soccer players will not go on to full-ride college scholarships. Even less will go on to careers as pro athletes. Yet we all hope the young women in our lives will grow up believing in their capacity to pursue their own goals and dreams, whatever they may be. And for those gifted and dedicated few who do achieve the heights of women's soccer, we must continue to offer them a world class place to play, right here in Los Angeles. Right here in our community.
We encourage all LA Sol fans to continue to press for the return of the WPS to Los Angeles. But in the interim, we hope it is at least a small consolation that your city is still home to one of the most successful women's soccer organizations in the world. This spring and summer, the Pali Blues will once again be home to some of the best up-and-coming national and international talent in the world. Our team has featured Olympians, NCAA All-Americans and National Team standouts. There is a reason why our motto is "Where Tomorrow's Stars Play Today."
If are find are asking yourself, "will the Pali Blues still be around in 2011?" the answer is only with your support.
The good news is we have created a wealth of fantastic ways to support our team. The purchase of just a few season tickets (cheaper than a season parking pass at the Home Depot Center) is one opportunity.
Signing your AYSO/Club team up for a halftime game or ball kid spot is another.
So is attending Pali Blues Summer Camp or Striker and Goalkeeper Camp.
If you are a business leader, we have comprehensive, community-inspired sponsorships available at a variety of levels.
Finally, the Pali Blues Blue Hat Club, the combination ticket/merchandise package and tax-deductible donation, was created with the expressed intent of helping to keep the Blues in our community beyond 2010. (We were proud to welcome our first member family this week!)
We are planning a wide variety of fantastic game day events including our Beat 627 initiative to break the world record for most people in one stadium juggling soccer balls while sending thousands of balls to needy children both here in Los Angeles and around the world. We will also host our 2nd Annual Teddy Bear Toss, this year collecting bears for FirstStar to distribute to some of the most disadvantaged kids in the country. As always you can keep up with all game announcements and team news at www.bluessoccerclub.com.
Though we will never be able to replace the Sol, together we can help keep the passion for women's soccer and women's athletics burning bright. Together we can continue to offer the girls and young women of Los Angeles the heroes and role models they deserve.
Jason Lemire – General Manager of The Pali Blues Soccer Club.
Jason can be reached at 310.867.0977 or at email@example.com.


text:
May 15, 2014
Mixing Pattern & Texture...
12 comments:
I love your new room! Can you tell me where you got your rug? I was just on Birch Lane's website looking at rugs similar, and then came to your post! It must mean that I should buy one! Lol love all your patterns! ~Kathy@The Daily NestReplyDeleteReplies
Thank you! We got the rug at Home Goods for an unbelievable price. Yes, I say you totally should buy one, especially if your looking for more bold patterns in your home!Delete
So fun! Love all of the patterns and colors!ReplyDelete
Love that stool and tray! Mixing patterns is my favorite! :)ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks Gabbi, it's may favorite part of decorating!Delete
Mixing patterns is my favorite too and I agree it is an addiction. Love all your patterns. The rug is beautifulReplyDelete
Thanks Julia, and we love the rug too. And it's holding up well too considering we have two large dogs!ReplyDelete
I recently bought a bunch of the faux sheepskin rugs at Ikea for a project I'm doing for my daughter's room. They were so inexpensive it was great! And the real ones were so expensive I couldn't believe it! Love the look you've created. KathleenReplyDeleteReplies
I know Kathleen that's what we found! I was so surprised!Delete
Your new pattern mixing looks so great Jane. I love the combination of the leopard, coral and the blues that are already in your family room. I need some serious pattern mixing but I am the slowest to make decisions about my own house!!!ReplyDelete
Thanks Lisa, I'm slow too. But have to say once you start, each pattern get's easier to pick. They'll just jump out at you!ReplyDelete


text:
Implementation of IoT standards like MQTT, CoAP, LWM2M and OneM2M
Getting Started
Step-by-step guide to getting started on IoT development
Services & Frameworks
Building blocks to accelerate IoT development
All projects
Check out all our IoT open source projects
Eclipse IoT provides open source implementations of the standards, services and frameworks that enable an Open Internet of Things.
Eclipse IoT is an ecosystem of companies and individuals that are working together to establish an Internet of Things based on open technologies.
Featured Resources
Latest News
Announcing the Open IoT Challenge
2014 is almost over, and one of the first big events for Eclipse IoT next year will be EclipseCon 2015, March 9-12 in Burlingame, California. If you haven't seen the EclipseCon program already, I highly…
Feb 9, 2015
Announcing the Open IoT Challenge Winners
Oh boy, this has been a difficult call, but we are happy to finally be able to announce the three winners of our Open IoT Challenge! The challenge has been keeping our participants busy for two months, and…
Apr 8, 2015


text:
Thanks for the links!
Brian R. VanCise
FMA website focus on local groups
An article on the new FMA Circle of Negros Island web site for Negros Island martial arts organizations.
Preventing panic firing
A brief mention of arnis in a longer article about police training. "This year, he says they are going to carry out a more rigorous training program that will provide graduates with the eight specialized skills every police officer should have: firearms proficiency, use of the pro baton, arnis, unarmed combat or aikido, arresting and handcuffing, crowd dispersal, chanting, and drill mastering."
Imee Marcos takes over Joyce's role
A 2003 story on the re-enactment of the death of Ferdinand Magellan at the hands of Lapu-Lapu. "The rest of the cast is composed of more than 400 actors from different Mactan barangays and the stick fighters of the Mactan Island Eskrima Alliance. "
Boxers on gold romp as Games wind down
A story on several sports from the SEAG (Southeast Asian Games) last month. "In Manila, the Filipino arnis exponents did not disappoint hometown fans by sweeping the mens and womens arnis anyo (form) two-sticks contests. Arnis made its first appearance in the meet as a medal sport."
Inside the Ring and Out On the Streets
A somewhat rambling (cached) article on the FMA; one of the few to mention dumog though.
Grapplers dominate Reality Combat fights; boxers routed
Similarly, it's rare to see Buno mentioned in an article (cached).
You can find many links, especially current sports stories, by searching here:
Also many stories at the Sun Star (Cebu):
Many more at the Manila Times:
A list of other Philippines newspapers available online:
I find that arnis turns up about thrice as many hits as escrima/eskrima or kali. Don't overlook less common terms like sikaran or silat as well!
Last edited by arnisador; 04-06-2006 at 10:24 AM. Reason: Fix broken link. -Arnisador
American helps local martial artists
Lapunti Arnis de Abanico of Prudencio Orlando Caburnay trains American Neil Hirschowitz of Mr. Owet's De Cuerdas Arnis in advance of the Lapunti Championship Tournament (30 Dec. 2005).
10 Martial Arts clubs join 1st Mayor's Cup
A story from 15 Dec. 2004 concerning matches in Filipino Tang soo do, pencak silat ohlaraga, wushu sanshou, and grappling, and demonstrations in aikido, arnis, tapado, FTSD, silat and wushu taolu. I didn't even know there was a Philippine Tapado Arnis Association!
Oro arnis team bags overall crown in Zambo tourney
Results from the 1st National Inter-School Arnis Tournament, held at the Zamboanga City Coliseum.
Pableo to lead RP team to world event
"The RP Team which will be hosted by Doce Pares Grandmaster Danny Guba and Rapid Arnis chief instructor Pat OMalley, is expected to leave for England on the first week of April."
Vacation Secret: Filipino Martial Arts Group To Combine Arnis Training and Water Sports in the Philippines
"As Commissioner of the International Modern Arnis Federation of the Philippines (IMAFP), an organization teaching the Filipino Martial Arts of arnis, kali and eskrima, Jay de Leon wanted to bring as many students as he could with him to a huge annual training camp in the Philippines called the 3rd FMA Festival."
Soldier-athletes tapped to guard Magdalo men
Major Augusto de la Peña, newly installed Philippine Air Force spokesperson, said nine soldier-athletes would be among the 62 soldiers tasked with guarding three Magdalo officers in their court hearings on rotation basis.
The nine include a karatedo expert, a basketball player, four soccer players, two arnis experts and a tennis player. The athletes form part of the Philippine Air Force Task Force: Pangangalaga which provides security to the three Air Force Magdalo rebel officers who face coup detat charges for taking part in the 2003 Oakwood mutiny.
Air Force honors its athletes
AW2C Anna Joy Fernandez, arnis (women, full contact); A2C Marniel Dimla, pencak silat (70-75 kg); AW2C Cristabel Martes, marathon (women, full contact); A2C Marniel Dimla, pencak silat (70-75 kg)
RP hosts ASFAA Congress
"The Congress hopes to build stronger ties between the Philippines and its regional neighbors like Japan, Korea, Taiwan, among others," said Philippine Sport For All Association (PSFAA) President and 2006 ASFAA Congress organizing committee Chairman Josefina Bauzon during yesterdays press conference at the Bayview Park Hotel, the official residence of the delegates.
Bauzon said that the Congress will not only showcase sporting activities but will also advocate sports tourism as aside from getting the the delegates sample arnis, pecak silat, aerobics and balllroom dancing, they will also see the rich traditions of the country.
Arnis clinic scheduled
Negrense coaches and trainers in arnis will conduct a clinic from Sept. 7-9 at the Mambukal Resort in Murcia, Negros Occidental.Hostilities?!?Arnis will be a part of the hostilities in the Provincial Meet
13 Cebuanos to get 'Garbo sa Sugbo' awards
Filipino Martial Arts Festival heldThe Cebu Provincial Board has approved 13 names of Cebuano achievers who will receive the Garbo sa Sugbo award later this week.
The governor also recommended Archbishops Francisco Padilla and his brother Archbishop Osbaldo for diplomatic service for the Holy See; Aida Labra-Mack for music; Fe Sala Villarica for ballet; and Ray Robin Chan for Arnis.
FOR the World Brotherhood of International Modern Arnis, Tagaytay City, Cavite is the venue for promotion and activities. The event was a total success.
Some 115 participants from 15 countries like USA, Canada, Germany, Russia, Switzerland, Slovenia, Austria, Bosnia, Australia, United Kingdom, Hongkong, Saudi Arabia, Israel and the Philippines, joined the 3rd World Modern Arnis Festival held here for the first time.
The event was organized by Amadeo, Cavite Councilor Rene R. Tongson as chairman and a grand master of modern arnis, Samuel D. Dulay director-secretariat, Ginalyn J. Relos administrative officer, Master Cristino B. Vasquez training and technical director and Atty. Salvador P. Demaisip, overall director. The GrandMaster and Founder of Modern Arnis is Prof. Remy A. Presas, Sr.
The exciting international modern arnis festival was held in the cool City of Tagaytay, Cavite from July 11 to 21, 2006 covering highlights on training during the early schedules and several activities such as the Bakbakan with Rey Galang, Dekiti with Jerson Tortal, Modern Arnis with Dieter Knuttel, LSAI with Bert Lamaniego and Jon Escudero, Modular knife and combat bolo with Bram Frank, dekiti tersia with Rommel Tortal, modern arnis tapitapi with Bryan Zawilinski and Samuel Dulay, Tabimina Balintawak with Bobby Silver Tabimina, Kuntaw with Constantino Napase, modern arnis 80â(tm)s with Dan Anderson, modified tapado with Mike Vasquez, tres puntas with Rene Tongson, Serrada Escrina with Graciela Casillas, ipit pilipit with Cris Vasquez among the superb sports segments and trainors respectively.
One of the series of events was covered live by GMA TV's Unang Hirit. Culminating the festival was the demonstration and techniques presentation of different countries and distribution of certificates during a Gala Night Pasay City's prestigious Heritage Hotel.
Iloilos representative to the international event was one of its Head Instructor IMAFP "Iloilo Chapter Rosauro De Leon, IMAFP member Cora J. Belonio, Nelson Delideli, Rovilla Motin, Jonathan Sobretodo, Edgardo Dineros of Hikari Arnis Club, President IMAFP Iloilo Chapter Master Lodovico P. Losanes, Jr., and Coordinator IMAFP Palawan Master Loel P. Losanes.
It is expected that the Philippine Government will support The Modern Arnis Sports and see more of its developments through programs, events and international linkages.
The International Modern Arnis Festival was sponsored by[...]
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
This product is no longer available.
Click here to view similar products
Click here to continue and view the original page
Kurt Kinetic Road Machine Cycle Trainer is the perfect workout partner for sprints to intervals to all-day cruising. Quiet. Smooth. And like every Kinetic Trainer, 100% leak-proof with a sealed fluid chamber with…
Kurt Kinetic Road Machine Cycle Trainer is the perfect workout partner for sprints to intervals to all-day cruising. Quiet. Smooth. And like every Kinetic Trainer, 100% leak-proof with a sealed fluid chamber with magnetically coupled driveshaft. The power calibration gives you true outdoor simulation.
The automatic resistance adjusts as you change speeds and with 80 cooling fins to dissipate heat it has the lowest operating temperature of any fluid trainer.
- Brake:
15-second coast-down from 20mph
- Frame:
Steel frame with folding legs and rubber feet
- Resistance levels:
Measurable and repeatable workload, Wattage calibrated resistance unit, Thermodynamically neutral silicone resistance fluid, Consistent resistance at multiple temperatures, Smooth, quiet resistance 5-3,000+ watts, automatic resistance adjusts as you change speeds.
- Notes:
Compatible with Pro Flywheel
Buying Guides
A buying guide that offers general advice on turbo trainers
Customer Reviews
|Product no longer available for purchase
We offer a range of delivery services for our UK and International customers. UK Customers can select our FREE standard delivery option on most non bike orders over £20. Or if you're in a hurry you can upgrade to our Next Day, Saturday or Sunday delivery services. You can also use our free Click & Collect service, where you can collect your purchases from a choice of over 50 Evans Cycles stores. International customers can benefit from FREE delivery on most orders and save UK VAT if we are shipping outside of the EU.
Bike build & delivery
UK bike delivery charge includes assembly by our fully trained mechanics, pre-delivery inspection and safety check, packing in our custom bike box, multi-tool and delivery from only £9.99 per bike.Click here to see how we deliver your bike
Standard, Next Day, Saturday & Sunday UK delivery
We offer a FREE standard delivery service on orders over £20, as well as Next Day, Saturday & Sunday delivery options to UK addresses. Click here for more details
Click & Collect
Using our Click & Collect service your order will be delivered to a choice of over 50 Evans Cycles stores nationwide for collection. This service is FREE of charge for all orders. To check store stock and collection times, use the "Check store stock" button above. Click here for more details
International delivery (Incl BFPO, ROI, Channel Island & Isle of Man)
We offer a FREE delivery service on most International orders. Orders delivered outside the EU are exempt from VAT. To calculate the charges for your order simply add products to your basket and proceed through the checkout process, where you will need to enter your delivery details. Our website will present you with the relevant delivery options and the charges for your basket of goods. Click here for more details.
Easy Returns
Our priority is to ensure that you are highly satisfied with your purchase. In the unlikely event that you are not, please feel free to return your goods within 90 days of the purchase date for a full exchange or refund. Returns can be made in your local store or sent back to our distribution centre.


text:
Consider these products for helping canines and felines become better family members:
Get a peek at your pets adventures with a camera developed especially for use on cats and dogs.
Made by Dogtek and retailing for $99, the Eyenimal Pet Video Camera offers continuous recording of digital images for up to 2½ hours. Images can be transmitted to a computer using the cable provided.
Todays collars do much more than hold dog tags or fight fleas. The Canicom remote training collar by Dogtek allows dog owners to combine vocal commands with electronic beeps and impulses. Corrective commands can be given even if the dog is a distance away. Retails for $189. Special bark control collars also are available.
Keep cats and dogs out of restricted areas and off the furniture with Sound Barrier, a wireless indoor sonic fence that uses a collar to trigger a blast of noise rather than an electric shock to scare pets away. Retails for $79.99.
Notice about comments:
The Post and Courier is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. Some of the comments may be reprinted elsewhere in the site or in the newspaper. We ask that you refrain from profanity, hate speech, personal comments and remarks that are off point.
We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click the X that appears in the upper right corner when you hover over a comment. This will send the comment to Facebook for review. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.


text:
Motor Insurance Demystified
If you are reading this, you probably are looking forward to a quick and easy guide to understanding motor insurance. So, here it is!
Apart from being mandatory under the Motor Vehicle Act (1988), a motor insurance policy is essential to ensure peace of mind and financial security. Listed below are a few benefits of getting your car insured:
• Who needs motor insurance?
Any individual who owns a motor vehicle.
• How do I get insured? I am purchasing a car.
Your car dealer would offer a comprehensive insurance plan. To know what you are buying, stay with us as we demystify car insurance.
• Where can I renew my car insurance policy?
You can renew it anywhere you want. All you need to do is log online and fill up the online renewal form.
• Financial assistance in case of damage or theft
• Monetary compensation to a third party who has been inconvenienced due to your vehicle
• Coverage of accidental medical expenses
• Compensation to nominee on succumbing to a fatal mishap
• Compensation to unnamed passengers on meeting with an accident
• Compensation on permanent total disability due to accident
• Cashless servicing of your car at select garages
• Minimal out-of-pocket expenses for maintenance of car
• Towing assistance and other emergency services on car breakdown
A motor insurance policy comprises of three components. You can opt for a limited cover or a comprehensive one depending on your requirement.
• Why Opt For It: Third Party Liability Insurance is compulsory under law.
• What Does it Cover: It safeguards you from legal liability and protects a third person against losses due to permanent injury/ death and damage to property.
• Extent of Cover: Rs. 7.5 lakhs is the maximum sum insured for damage to property. In case of death or injury to a third person, an unlimited amount of liability is covered under this policy.
• Good to Remember: The plan does NOT reimburse expenses borne by you towards repair or maintenance of your car.
• Why Opt For It: To avoid monetary losses in case your car or its accessories are damaged/ stolen.
• What Does it Cover: This policy covers loss or damage to your car due to various natural (fire, cyclone, earthquake, rockslide, etc.) and man-made calamities (burglary, theft, acts of terrorism, riots, etc.)
• Extent of Cover: The extent of cover you are eligible for depends on your car's IDV (Insured Declared Value). This is best defined as:
Ex-showroom Price of Your Car + Cost of accessories-Depreciation (as per a pre-determined depreciation rate table provided by the IRDA)
• Good to Remember: Though not compulsory under the law, Own Damage Insurance is strongly recommended for all car enthusiasts.
• Why Opt For It: The cover is compulsory for the owner-driver of a vehicle. It offers financial security to you and your family in the unfortunate event of meeting with an accident.
• What Does it Cover: It provides compensation on death or permanent total disability. Hospitalization expenses due to accidents are also covered.
• Extent of Cover: While it is mandatory for the owner driver to opt for a PA cover, it is optional to choose one for unnamed passengers. (PA Range: Rs. 10,000 to Rs, 2,00,000)
• Good to Remember: This must-have policy secures your family's future in your absence or in the unfortunate event of your disablement.
What is not covered under Motor Insurance Policy?
• Mechanical breakdown
• Consequential loss• Depreciation•Wear and Tear•Any contractual liability• Intoxicated driving• Deliberate accidental loss• Damages due to nuclear weapons material or war
Read More Motor Insurance Articles
Drive Home Safe with Motor Insurance
ICICI Lombard General Insurance Ltd. is one of the largest private sector general
insurance company in India offering insurance coverage for motor, health, travel,
home, student travel and more. Policies can be purchased and renewed online as well.
Immediate issuance of policy copy online.
ICICI Group
Bank | ICICI Prudential Life Insurance | ICICI Prudential Mutual Fund |
ICICI Direct
| ICICI Home
Insurance is the subject matter of the solicitation. The advertisement contains
only an indication of cover offered. For more details on risk factors, terms, conditions
and exclusions, please read the sales brochure carefully before concluding a sale.
ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company Limited, ICICI Lombard House, 414, Veer Savarkar Marg, Near Siddhi
Vinayak Temple, Prabhadevi, Mumbai - 400025.
Reg. No.115. Fax no - 022 61961323. CIN: U67200MH2000PLC129408.


text:
Last edited by Paulie6986; 12-22-2012 at 01:37 AM.
Can Anyone Tell Me Why 'Mets Girl' Isn't Starting???
Mets Dieharder Since '63
Broncos Dieharder Since '73
Los Angeles Kings Dieharder Since 1987
Los Angeles Kings 2012 and 2014 Stanley Cup Champions
Denver Rockets/Nuggets Dieharder Since '73
ua you're gone, but never forgotten, R.I.P.
|Sponsored Links
Plays a decent CF, has some speed, in a good year he has a pretty productive bat, lifetime .280 hitter. Alternatively we have Cowgill/Niewenheis/Baxter. Would I prefer that the Wilpons openned up the wallet and signed Bourne and Ross, you bet. Am I banking on that happenning? Only when I see pigs flying over my house. Nyjer could help and if he gets to crazy he just get going. Its not like he's gonna get much money, what 1 year 1 mil max.
"I'd still rather be dead than be in Philadelphia!"--W.C. Fields


text:
mulberry outlet
The local side beat the Laredo Heat by a score of 21 last night Gary del Palacio Field of Dreams in front of a packed houseEven the gifts were not the usual samples they included fullsized La Mer lip balm worth RM188 and a Bohemia crystal dish from Golden Lagacy with a price tag of RM250.I know some items are found on ebay and the like, but I looking for a retailer that may have taken over the line any leads.
An investigator for the companies told deputies the difference between a knockoff product which is legal to sell and a counterfeit product which is illegal to sell.We offered to do a video.5 percent of the cost, according to the Maryland Department of Agriculture.
hermes bags
The starting idea was a paper object designed by us its shape, buy luxury fashion handbags and save money, we sale cheap
Louis vuitton handbags with 100 genuine leather and top quality but about 160 price, the best Breaking news about Louis VuittonThe team also used sophisticated engineering design and visualization software used by the company to build efficient cars.Travel Insurance Can Make A World Of Difference To Your Holiday We can get free legal malpractice insurance california quotes from insurance company websites, insurance broker websites, or from any other insurance websites that have free insurance quotes tool.
Coach then conducted excessive research and held focus groups to ask customers about styling, comfort, and functionality preferences.An enterprising troublemaker will mount explosives ontoLouis Vuitton Belt a tiny plane and steer it toward Zhongnanghai, the crimsonhalled leadershipLouis Vuitton Purses compound in Beijing.
spyder womens jacket
Her husband, Scott Peterson, was convicted of murder in the first degree for Laci, and in the second degree for their prenatal sonIt has become increasingly clear recently that many people are not cpable of voting in their own best interests.
Salma Hayek's midnightblue velvet Alexander McQueen gown had a gold embellished collar, and she carried a gold skull box clutch.They deserve it.At the east end towers the dramatic Soleri bridge with its pair of 64footlong silver steelclad pylons.'I want to bring back the poise and glamour,' said Naomi Campbell, who is supervising the model castings.
Any one can suffer from hiatal hernias but otherwise healthier people today can suffer from this.
But Stephens stuck to the task and took the allimportant first set when she chased down a couple of balls when Mladenovic had 4015 at 45 and forced the break as her opponent ballooned forehands out of court.
mulberry bag
It's her story, told from her perspectiveBut because of all the fuss, Eva started to wiggle in all directions, and therefore we have come to the conclusion her credibility has been undermined.Tomb continued, "Bin Laden has not been formally charged in connection to 9/11.To know the minimum auto insurance requirements of the state, one should check the states' DMV or the motor vehicles departments' website.The DJ played strange, though subtle and not unpleasant, ambient music Philip Glassish, interspersed with sound effects like heartbeats, car doors slamming, ringing phones, Pick Up Sticks falling onto concrete slab floors, and intergalactic space chirps.An unintended effect of weak protection of property rights and underregulation of the new online search and advertising markets, is that Google as the market leader has been able to enjoy "first infringer" advantages, and may have acquired property rights or assets without paying their true market price, exploiting an unregulated environment which later entrants and competitors will not enjoy.
cheap toms
May it be closed or an open toe wedding shoes, whatever her preference might be, what will matter in the end is how comfortable she is and how lovely she thinks of herself with that pair of shoes
The whole thing may seem silly, considering the movie came out months ago and has since dropped from the pop culture radar.Look for new designer handbags and Swarovski crystal denim collections from Seven for All Mankind and the new line UKnighted Clothing.It's not fair to her or to the people she is working for.
The increased employment opportunities due to commercial and industrial activities have resulted in an increase in per capita income, and boosted the cosmopolitan nature of the city, which has further helped the retail sector to grow in the city.


text:
West Volusia Beacon
110 W. New York Ave.
DeLand, FL 32720
110 W. New York Ave.
DeLand, FL 32720
Report Comment Abuse
You have chosen to report the following comment for abusing our terms of service:
Johnathan Trumpman | posted Jun 26, 2013 - 10:25:46pm
Mr. Wright is ALL Wrong.
We have run down buildings, crime and other more important things to fix first.
I say FIRE the bum. As a tax payer, this makes me boil.
Are you sure this is what you would like to do?
Photos - Real Estate - Newcomer's Guide - Beacon Magazines - Advertise - Local Web Sites - About Us - Beacon Archives


text:
Seaweed Bath Co., Wildly Natural Seaweed Sensitive Skin Soap, Unscented, 2 oz (57 g)
Items 1-5 of 5 total
Seaweed Bath Co. Sensitive Skin Soap unscented
4 people found the following review helpful
Posted by 4840469595760751119 on Feb 21, 2014
This is my favorite every day soap and I have tried many in my 55 plus years. It is all natural, super gentle, soothing and has none of that chemical smell many soaps have. It is great if you have any type of sensitive skin.
Was this review helpful to you?
Report Abuse
Note: iHerb does not imply any medical claims from this review. Disclaimer.
Don't overlook this soap!
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by 4884948814087833088 on Mar 12, 2015
I ordered a lot of soap from iHerb, including the very popular African Black and Shea butter soaps. I just got around to trying this one and was pleasantly surprised by how incredibly moisturizing and cleansing it is. Unlike some other soaps which are sketchily "natural" you can really tell that this soap is pure. Even if you don't have allergies or other sensitivities to chemicals or fragrances, you could enjoy its simple unpolluted clean. I found it was well worth the price, especially when compared to some of iHerb's more rated "star" soaps.
Posted by 5390443077876248213 on Oct 27, 2013
En veldig bra såpe
Posted by 5496433813648880367 on May 14, 2015
it good
A good basic soap bar!
Posted by 5473521142308292380 on Jun 20, 2015
This is a good basic soap bar, with a better than average ingredient list. Priced right too, here at IHerbs.
The only thing I've noted is that it has a bit of a "slime factor" when it sits for a while in a soap dish and is used up faster than some types of soaps i've tried. I'm guessing not milled soap but that's OK.
Other than that, I would probably buy and use again.
Note to company, the packaging is great! Love the design. :-)


text:
Marce Savage nominated for state Board of Education
Union County Board of Education Vice Chair Marce Savage was nominated to the State Board of Education by Gov. Pat McCrory last week.
The appointments are awaiting approval from the general assembly. Savage will be the first Hispanic to serve on the state board of education. She was also the first Hispanic member of the Union County Board of Education.
"I was surprised and I was really flattered because (McCrory's) local and there's plenty of other people that he would have asked...I'm the youngest one coming onto this board," Savage said. "The majority of them, they have Ph. Ds and there's some kind of credential on the end of their name."
She added that her credential is PTO, PTSO and Mom.
"I feel a tad ill-equipped on that side," Savage said.
However, Savage is pleased to be able to represent Union County on a statewide level.
"Look at what county I'm representing," she said. "If anything, that's the key thing...I'm ecstatic about the fact that they realized that Union County has a product that the state needs as a whole. That's the part that I'm truly ecstatic about."
She noted that McCrory came to Union County last week to sign digital learning legislation and quoted Superintendent Mary Ellis in his State of the State Address.
Savage will serve an eight-year term. The board meets in Raleigh on the first Wednesday and Thursday of the month. She will maintain her seat on the Union County board.
The state school board supervises and manages the state public school system and funding.
Savage is hoping to spread the academies that the Union County school system has started in their schools.
"I think Union County schools has the answer...I'm pretty confident that we have the answer," Savage said. "We're partnering with the business community for internships for students and then they'll be able to one day walk across the graduation stage with a diploma and a specialized certification in hand and have a job waiting for them in a specialized trade."
Savage is also proud to be following the example of community service set by her parents. Her father served on the Mecklenburg County Board of Commissioners and her mother was a teacher in the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Sschool system.
"I'm the third generation to (hold public officer)," Savage said. "It's nice to be able to carry one small, little family trait."
However, Savage said her nomination is a reflection on the school system.
"It's not just me up there they wanted, they wanted Union County schools on the platform," Savage said. "That speaks volumes to the caliber of education that we're producing...it's being recognized and that should be at the forefront."


text:
Thank you. If a matching email exists we will send you an email in a few minutes with instructions on how to reset your password.
Don't forget to check your spam folder if you cannot find the email. For further assistance please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com .Okay
Thomas Lee Ltd.
These sheets bear the PerfectCale trademark, denoting the finest-quality bed linens available at any price. These incomparable sheets and pillowcases are tightly woven with 500 threads per square inch of soft-yet-strong Pima cotton single-ply yarn so fraying or coarsening is never a worry. Guaranteed to never pill, these sheets will retain their luxurious hand and texture, providing years of extraordinary comfort and quality.
Thomas Lee has also taken the extra step of completely encasing the elastic on each fitted sheet with PerfectCale fabric so that it is completely, elegantly covered; ultra-deep 18-inch pockets ensure a perfect fit on any mattress.


text:
Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
I had a feeling something like this might happen.. James, Barner, and the freshman phenom.. Can't play everybody..Never thought I would see the day that a 5 star recruit couldn't get into a game for Oregon.. I look at it as a positive.. Nice to have these kind of problems..
I've been a fan a long time, I remember the coin flip that won us the right to draft Bill Walton. Then later, we gave Moses Malone away for a song. Then we lost the flip to Houston for Akeem and somehow couldn't see the potential of Michael Jordan and passed on him. Watched as Arvydas Sabonis finally joined the team about 4 seasons too late.. Then we passed on Chris Paul and Deron Williams so we could draft a HS player from Seattle..
I realize different men made some of these decisions over a period of years, and hindsight is 20/20, and it took the Soviet Union falling apart before Sabonis could come over. Still, it sure seems like the franchise has been snakebit.. I am just thankful that things went our way in 1977, and we have the one title..It's starting to feel like it will be the only one...
sabonis, agree with most everything you said, but c'mon...Twardzik?
You aren't serious are you? I too have been a fan since '73 and see it as Walton, drexler, Porter, Lucas and Roy. Twardzik would be roughly equal to Rudy on this years team. Fan favorite, good player.
Well, if you knew Walton was going to have a year and half of great play only, yes. You would probably pick Drexler. However. If you knew nothing of the future, EVERYONE (except you) would pick Walton. Walton was one the greatest college players ever. Shoot, I would pick Oden over Drexler in that scenario. Clyde wasn't picked till 12 or 13. Oden and Walton were clear #1's.
Whether or not you choose Walton or Drexler depends on if you value longevity over championship. Walton had the best season in blazer history. Drexler had the best career. Roy will probably pass them both, but hasn't yet. I value Championships and an MVP trophy, Although Clyde came pretty close to both in 1992.
Walton, Drexler, Porter, Lucas and Roy.


text:
It's almost fair time! We are busy putting the finishing touches on the Altamont fairgrounds, preparing to welcome you to the 122nd Altamont Fair, which runs from Aug. 11 to 16.
Chris Allen, Westerlo
Nick Viscio, Knox councilman
Nancy Frueh, East Berne
Yvette Terplak, president, Altamont Free Library Board
Follow @theAEnews
Copyright © 2013 The Altamont Enterprise.
Albany County, New York


text:
Originally published on Fri August 2, 2013 2:19 pm
In Boston Friday, former mob boss James "Whitey" Bulger said he would not take the stand in his criminal trial and that his defense would rest. But before that happened, he railed at the judge and his defense team.
View the discussion thread.


text:
Alex Berezow and Stephen Meyer talk about God and Evolution on the Michael Medved Show
"I believe that demonstrating the existence of intelligent agency with the tools of science is impossible." - Alex Berezow
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
"I believe that demonstrating the existence of intelligent agency with the tools of science is impossible." - Alex Berezow
In a recent book review published in Christian Century, BioLogos content manager Jim Stump endeavors to reclaim the word "design."
The history of interpretation of Adam from Genesis to the 1st Century reveals a bold and astonishing diversity in which the authors made of Adam what they needed of Adam.
When we make distinctions between natural and supernatural activity in Scripture, not only do we push our modern categories into the Bible, but we also limit God's action.
In both form and content, then, Genesis 1 reveals that its basic purposes are religious and theological, not scientific or historical.
Collection of the best articles of the past several weeks on science (and faith) from around the web.
Some of the Christian objections to evolutionary creation come from a misunderstanding of what the Bible means when it says "God created".
When we sit down to read sacred Scripture, we need to develop a rapport with the Bible's various authors and their worldviews. Otherwise, we will unintentionally demand they communicate in the same manner we do.
Some people who brook no "god of the gaps" arguments anywhere else look to these three moments as more reasonable places to insert God into natural processes: God spoke matter/energy into existence, God made life out of lifeless matter, and God breathed a soul into human beings.
Critics of Christianity look to evolution to show how the emergence of human life on earth demanded enormous ruin and ravage, billions of years of apparent waste and futility, species extermination and organism road kill. Not only was the massive dying off rampant, it's mandatory too.
There's a word beneath the water, and the Bow River belongs to God. Have you been listening?
This ongoing series written by historian Ted Davis begins with a brief synopsis of his personal background, and then goes on to reveal his passion for debunking "the now-common view that the history of science and Christianity is one of ongoing, inevitable conflict."
In this talk, originally delivered at the BioLogos President's Circle meeting in October 2012, Dr. John Walton discusses the origin stories of Genesis 1-3, and why their focus on function and archetypes mean there is no Biblical narrative of material origins.
Many Christians believe that they face a painful choice-- either life was designed by God or it is an evolutionary product of natural selection. Charles Darwin himself believed in this dichotomy, and people ever since have felt the need to "choose sides". However, looking back at history, we find that one of Darwin's chief scientific colleagues, Asa Gray, did not share this perspective. In this three-part essay, part 1 charts the relationship of Asa Gray and Charles Darwin. Part 2 describes Darwin's struggle with the problem of natural evil and design in nature, and part 3 explores how Asa Gray was able to embrace evolution without rejecting the idea of design.
I ask the question, "Why is the universe so special?" Now scientists don't like things to be special; we like things to be general, and our natural anticipation would have been that the universe is just a common specimen of what a universe might be like.
Barkley suggests that material creation is not the end of our understanding (as Naturalists think), but a beginning that unveils the majestic and power of a Creator who loves us.
Pastor Joseph Barkley of Ecclesia Church extols the greatness of the God who has brought forth incredible works and engaged humankind in relationship. In the first part of the sermon "Over and Above Naturalism," Barkley admires the factual knowledge unlocked by science, and yet reminds the Church that those material descriptions fail to answer the question of ultimate significance.
Design arguments have been around forever and expressed in various ways. Most of them fall into what we call natural theology, which is the process of inferring something about the existence and nature of God by the inspection of nature.


text:
Jeremy and Melissa Lee
About Us
Family Tradition Wildlife Studio is a full service business servicing all of middle Tennessee. We provide high quality professional work to our customers. At family tradition we strive to keep our prices down so that our customers can afford to have their work done. There is no job to big or too small for us to handle. And with over 15 years of experience we guarantee the best quality results in the industry.
Services offered
Skull Cleaning
Hydrographic Dipping aka. Camo Dipping
Cerakote Coatings
History of Family Tradition
In 1978 My father ken Lee found a raccoon dead on the side of the road on his way home from work. He wanted to have the raccoon mounted but could not afford the cost of the mount. So he decided to try and mount the raccoon himself. A few months later Ken completed the mount in a small storage building behind his house. At that point he knew he wanted to become a taxidermist. He pursued his dream and opened Frontier Taxidermy in 1980. This business quickly grew into one of the state's largest and most recognized taxidermy businesses.
At the age of 10 I started to work with my father learning the art of taxidermy. Just like my father this became a passion for me. I became an award winning taxidermist at the age of 21. I imagined i would be a full time taxidermist the rest of my life. However this dream soon took a turn for the worse. In 2005 Ken Lee passed away suddenly of a Heart attack and I had to close the doors to my father's Business. However I knew that someday I would return to doing taxidermy work full time. After my father's death I entered the corporate America work environment and soon forgot about my dream of being a full time taxidermist.
Then in early 2010 my oldest daughter Skylar out of nowhere said "Daddy I want to learn to do what Granddaddy Ken used to do". It took a couple of minutes for me to realize what she was talking about. But once I realized she was talking about taxidermy work it got me to thinking about it again. After talking with Melissa and thinking it over for a couple of days we decided to open the taxidermy business back up. We spent several weeks trying to come up with a name and then it hit us that Skylar would be the 3rdgeneration in our family to learn the art of taxidermy. So the Name Family Tradition Wildlife Studio was born. Since that time we have been turning out beautiful mounts and hope to once again grow into the state's largest and most recognized taxidermy business.


text: The DGK Hustlers T-Shirt is straight hustle. Dirty Ghetto Kids graphic large at front with DGK detailing throughout. Thick. A 100% cotton t-shirt. Seamless graphic tag at neck. Available in colorways as seen below. Men's sizes: SM (34-36), MD (38-40), LG (42-44), XL (46-48) unless otherwise noted. Skate Warehouse shows all colors of the tees that we have in stock. In rare cases the logo or the color pictured may be slightly different than what is shipped. Model wears a medium.


text:
It is with great pleasure that I announce that Millikin's Employee Recognition Committee has selected Paul Lidy as the Employee of the Month for September, 2010! Paul has been the Assistant Director, Student Programs and Richards Treat University Center since June 16, 2008.
The Committee received sincere and compelling recommendations from Paul's colleagues, including the following comments:
"Paul Lidy is a great employee of the university, and has really given his all to put meaning behind his new position as the Assistant Director of Student Programs and Richards Treat University Center. Paul gives countless hours to helping the operation of RTUC run smoothly for the campus community, and also guests of the university.
Paul is a great team player! He has really been amazing at the welcoming and orientation of new staff within his department. He was wonderful helping ready the new apartments and offices of his new colleagues! Paul is really dedicated to students! He hosts events, meetings, and cookouts at his home. He helps and plans student leader trainings. He makes scheduling an event less intimidating for student groups!"
"Paul Lidy is one of the most hard-working people on campus. As a Millikin alum, Paul understands Millikin inside and out and will do anything to make Millikin the best place it can possibly be. Paul's work with Homecoming and RTUC these past few years have really shown the true professional that he is. When Paul is around, things run smoothly, and it really doesn't get much better than that. Paul is definitely deserving of this great honor."
"Paul Lidy is the Millikin University 'Go-to' guy. He not only seems to know everything about the university, but knows how to get the job done. Taking on the job as campus scheduler, Paul talks to a great deal of the Millikin and Decatur community on a daily basis, always keeping a positive attitude. Being new to the university, Paul has made me feel at home right off the bat. Every time I call or e-mail him, he always replies with a "Thank you," and "I appreciate it." He lends a hand without even being asked, and is someone Millikin can definitely rely on."
"I wanted to send in my vote for Paul. It has been a long time coming for him and I really feel he deserves it. Not only is he a very hard worker, but he truly loves Millikin and has such a wonderful relationship with our students."
Please congratulate Paul on this well-deserved honor!
The Employee Recognition Committee would like to thank the area businesses that contributed recognition gifts. This month's donors include Texas Roadhouse, Carlos O'Kelly's, Krekel's Custard, Mi Pueblito, Peerless Cleaners, Lock Stock & Barrel, Firewater Cafe, Dairy Queen, Disc Replay, Millikin University Bookstore, Bronze Man Books, and the following Millikin University departments: Alumni & Development, Marketing, Kirkland Fine Arts Center, and the Department of Theatre and Dance.
Return to the Top of the Page, the 2010-2011 EOM Page, or on to the October EOM.