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Agricultural Sprayers & Chemicals
Drexel Imitator Plus Glyphosate Weed Killer 2.5 Gallon Jug w/ 15% Surfactant$34.99
Drexel Imitator Plus is a non-selective, post-emergent herbicide that provides systematic control of a broad range of annual and perennial weeds, woody brush, and trees. Formulated with the same active ingredient as RoundUp (41% Glyphosate), and a surfactant to provide destruction of plants with just one bottle.
Usage Information:
- Read entire label. Follow all label guidelines and restrictions.
- Can be used on RoundUp Ready Corn, Soybeans, and Cotton.
- Formulated with a fully loaded surfactant.
- Rainfast if applied at least two hours before rain.
- Safe for domestic animals when used as instructed. Gastrointestinal irritation may result of consumed in large quantities or if freshly sprayed vegetation is consumed.
- Effective on hundreds of herbaceous plants. For a complete list, see label.
- 41+ disperses throughout the plant from the point of contact to the root system.
- Visible signs of effective application are gradual wilting and yellowing of the plant, and complete browning of emerged growth. Deterioration of underground plant components will result. Occurs within 2 to 4 days for most annual weeds and 7 or more days for most perennial weeds.
- 41+ mixes readily with water as a foliar spray to control or destroy most herbaceous plants.
- Application Equipment: Most standard handheld, field-type, or industrial sprayers in accordance with label instructions.
- Apply once vegetation has emerged (unless otherwise specified) and is as described on label.
- Very cool or cloudy weather after application can slow destructive activity and delay visible effects of control.
- Avoid contact with desirable plants and trees, foliage, green stems, exposed non-woody roots or fruit of crops, as destruction may result.
- Wear protective clothing and gear when handling.
- Do not apply directly to water, areas where surface water is present or intertidal areas lower than high water mark.
- Use caution to not contaminate water when cleaning equipment or disposing of wash waters.
Ingredient Information:
- Glyphosate in the form of its isopropylamine salt (41.0%)
- Inactive ingredients (59.0%)
Compatible handheld and backpack sprayers, and protective gear available through Rural King.
- Rural King Hand Sprayer, 1 gallon
- Roundup Sprayer, 2 gallon
- Solo Backpack Sprayer, 4 Gallon
We are unable to ship this to the following states: NV, UT and WVLearn More
Pond Champs Blue Pond Dye Colorant 1 Gallon$29.99
Ever heard anyone comment on how beautiful a murky brown pond is? Neither have we.
Crystal Blue, clear water is easy to achieve with Pond Champs Crystal Blue Pond Dye. Proprietary formula is easy to apply and effects last year long with proper application and maintenance.
Clears up muddy ponds by reducing algae, and aids in settling dissolved solids.
To top it off, Crystal Blue is SAFE! This product is 100% safe for humans, swimming, pets, birds, fish, livestock, potable water and irrigation when used at label rates.
Application Information:
- 1 gallon treats ponds 1 surface acre 4 to 6 feet deep (1,500,000 gallons)
- Use additional Crystal Blue if deeper color is desired.
- Pour from container along shore, by spot treatment throughout water, or at water inlet.
- Disperses uniformly throughout water over a 24 hour period, depending on water current and winds.
- Additional treatment may be required based on factors such as rainfall, evaporation, or outflow.
- Follow all label directions, warnings and guidelines.
Product Information:
- Blue #9 (25.9%)
- Surfactant (1%)
- Inactive Ingredients (73.1%)
NOT for use in swimming pools or in streams, rivers, and other bodies of water not in control of the user.Learn More
AgriStar 41+ 2.5 Gallon Gly Star Plus AGRISTAR2.5$34.99
The active ingredient in this product is Glyphosate, which is a group 9 herbicide and contains 41+ glyphosate. This product is a post emergent, systemic herbicide with no soil residual activity. It is generally non-selective and gives broad spectrum control of many annual weeds, perennial weeds, woody brush and trees. It is formulated as a water soluble liquid. It may be applied through most standard industrial or field-type sprayers after dilution and through mixing with water or other carriers. This product moves through the plant from the point of foliage contact to and into the root system. Visible effects on most annual weeds occur within 2 to 4 days, but on most perennial weeds, may occur 7 days or more. Extremely cool or cloudy weather following treatment may slow activity of this product and delay development of visual symptoms. Visible effects are gradual wilting and yellowing of the plant which advances to complete browning of above-ground and growth and deterioration of underground plant parts. Annual weeds are easiest to control when they are small. Best control of most perennial weeds is obtained when treatment is obtained when treatment is made at lake growth stages approaching maturity. Glyphosate is used to control the weeds in crops, such as: alfalfa, corn, soybeans, etc. as well as in trees and shrubs. This product contains 480 grams per litre or 4 pounds per U.S. gallon of the active ingredient, glyphosate, in the form of its isopropylamine salt. Equivalent to 356 grams per litre or 3 pounds per U.S gallon of the acid, glyphosate.
Types of Applications:
- Chemical fallow, pre-plant fallow beds, pre-plant, pre-emergence, at planting, hooded sprayers in row-middles, shielded sprayers in row-middles , wiper applications in row-middles and post-harvest treatments.
Use Directions:
- Apply the product during fallow intervals preceding planting, prior to planting or transplanting, at planting , or pre-emergent to annual and perennial crops .
- Post-directed hood sprayers and wiper equipment capable of preventing all crop contact with herbicide solutions may be used in mulched or unmulched row middles after crop establishment
- Crop Injury is possible with this application and shall be the sole responsibility of the applicator.
- Avoid contact of herbicide with foilage, green shoots or stems, bark, exposed roots, or fruit of crops because severe injury or destruction may occur.
- Apply before seed germination in coarse sand soils to further minimize the risk of injury.
- Treatments with selective equipment including wipers and hooded sprayers must be made at least 14 days prior to harvest.
- In crops where spot treatments are allowed , do not treat more than 10% of the total field to be harvested.
- The crop receiving the spray in treated area will be killed.
- Take care to avoid drift or spray outside the target area.
- When making pre-emergence and at planting applications, applications must be made before crop emergence to avoid severe crop injury. Broadcast applications made at emergence will result in death or injury to the emerged seedlings.
- Post-harvest or fallow applications must be made at least 30 days prior to planting any non-labeled crop.
- For broadcast post-emergent treatments, do not harvest or feed treated vegetation for 8 weeks following application.
**For further instructions, application and health facts, please read the product label.Learn More
Crossbow Herbicide Weed & Brush Killer 1 Gallon$59.99
If you've been looking for a great herbicide that will knock down everything from poison ivy to softwoods to bushes, briars and berries, you've found it! The Crossbow Herbicide from Dow AgroSciences is a powerful herbicide for woody, brush, and broadleaf plants that leaves grasses unaffected! It's even great for Kudzu and Bamboo. Tried other herbicides that didn't kill? Or sprays that killed everything - including your grass? This is the perfect product for your fencerow, fields, anywhere you need some serious knockdown but want to preserve your grass.
Great knockdown power for:
- Woody plants and Brush : Kudzu, Bamboo, Blackberries, Poison Oak, Softwoods, etc.
- Annual and Perennial Broadleaves : Buckwheat, Ragweed, Thistle, Poison Ivy, Dandelion, Oxalis, White Clover, Ground Ivy, etc.
Application information:
- Equipment: hand sprayers, tractor ag-sprayers, virtually any type of chemical sprayer.
- Postmergent spray; use when leaves are present. Not effective if used immediately after mowing. Best results when foliage growth is active.
- Application rate depends on type of weed and application timing.
- Not for crop use.
- Not for use in grazing areas for lactating dairy animals.
NOTE: Due to state regulations, we cannot ship this item to Massachusetts.Learn More
Willowood Clethodim 2EC1 Gallon Selective Post-emergent Herbicide$59.98
When inspecting your fields are you noticing annual and perennial grasses in the soybeans? There is no time or manpower to hoe those rows. This is one more aggravation that you just do not need!! Don't blow your top. There is a solution. This is a job for Clethodim 1 Gallon Selective Post-emergent Herbicide. More specifically, it is a 26.4% solution that contains 2 pounds active ingredient Clethodim per US gallon.
This is a dedicated herbicide that does not control sedges or broadleaf weeds. Seedling and rhizome Johnsongrass and Shattercane will fall with this product, not to mention the volunteer corn that tends to pervade the bean field from last year's crop.
As we mentioned above this product is for soybeans but also labeled for cotton, alfalfa, leafy, tuberous and fruiting vegetables, sugar beets, peanuts, sunflowers, potatoes, ornamentals, non-bearing fruit and nut trees, and other crops and non-crop areas.
Sonar RTU 1qt. L00373$89.97
Sonar, the leader in aquatic herbicides, now offers an easy and effective formula that requires no mixing, no special equipment, or even a boat. Now, thanks to Sonar Ready-To-Use (RTU), anyone can take control of aquatic weed management. Simply apply this improved formula from the shoreline and, within weeks, the targeted plants will begin to turn white and wilt away. Recommended for man-made or natural ponds that have limited or no outflow.
No other treatment is more effective against duckweed. Often spread from one body of water to the next by waterfowl and other wildlife, duckweed is one of the most common and most persistent aquatic weeds. And while it may look like algae, it is actually a plant. And because it reproduces so rapidly, your pond can become completely covered in duckweed in just a matter of weeks. Before your pond and its fish population and its recreational uses begin to suffer, treat with Sonar RTU. Its active ingredient, fluridone, targets and controls weeds right down to their roots. And any of the product that is not absorbed by plants is quickly broken down simply by sunlight. Sonar guarantees results. See manufacturer's label for details.
For best and long-lasting results, apply to your pond at the first sign of weed growth. Application rates may vary, but for a ¼ acre pond with an average depth of 4 feet, one quart of Sonar RTU should be used for the initial treatment. In 21 days, a follow-up application of ½ quart should be applied. Then one more application of ½ quart should be used 42 days after the initial treatment. Sonar RTU-treated water should not be used for irrigating crops, ornamental plants, or established turf for at least 30 days after the final treatment. Similarly, do not use these treated waters for watering seedling grasses, new crops, or other plantings for 60 days following the last application.
Key Features:
- 1 quart container
- 3.8% fluridone
- Easy, ready-to-use formula
- No special equipment needed
- Effective against a verity of aquatic weeds, including duckweed, milfoil, hydrilla, coontail, and lilies
Cannot sell to the following states: California, Connecticut, Maine, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, and WashingtonLearn More
Agri Star Amine 400 2, 4-D (2.5 Gallon)$42.99
AgriStar Amine 400 2 is a top quality broadleaf weed herbicide effective on many common broadleaf weeds including: Cocklebur, Thistle, Bindweed & more. For a full list of controlled weeds, see label.
Application information:
- For use on fence rows, drainage ditchbanks, right-of-ways, roadsides, rangelands, pastures, lawns, and around buildings, and more non-crop areas.
- Application and mixing rates vary from 2 tsp. to 1 gal per acre, consult label for accurate dosing instructions.
- Not to be applied through any irrigation system.
- Do not use in tank mixtures with other 2,4-D products.
- Do not apply when temperatures exceed 90°F and humidity is high.
- Not be applied to aquatic use sites.
- Not to be used as aerial applications.
Safety information:
- Follow all label guidelines, instructions and warnings.
- Wear protective clothing and gear when handling.
- Use caution not to allow product to contact people directly or through drift spray.
Dimethylamine salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (46.47%)
This item is restricted from being used in the following states:
- Arkansas - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- Louisiana - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- Massachusetts - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- New Jersey - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- California - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- New Mexico - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- Texas - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- Vermont - Note: This product is Restricted within your state. Please contact your state or local authorities for further information regarding the distribution, sale, and use of this product in your area.
- Washington - Note: This product is Restricted in Eastern Washington State. Please contact Washington state authorities for information on Licensing, Sale, and Use of this product in these areas.
Control Solutions Mana Pramitol 25E Herbicide 1 Gallon
Regular Price: $36.99
Special Price: $34.99
Pramitol is a bare-ground, non-selective herbicide for total vegetation control in non-crop areas.
Widely used by commercial and industrial applicators to control of vegetation in the following areas:
- Around buildings, storage areas, fuel tanks, recreational areas, lumberyards, pipelines, etc.
- Paved areas such as airports, highway medians, railroads, right of ways, etc.
In optimum conditions, Pramitol 25E will inhibit growth of vegetation for up to a year or more.
Effective on hard to control weeds such as Johnson grass and bindweed.
Application information:
- Follow all label guidelines, instructions, and warnings.
- 1 Gallon treats up to 10,000 sq. ft.
- Use protective clothing and gear when handling.
- Apply before weed emergence, or up to 3 months after.
- Application rates vary from 4 to 10 gallons per acre depending on soil type, the weeds present and stage of growth, and climatic conditions. Higher application rates are intended for use on heavier soils, where weed growth is heavy, or areas with high rainfall.
- Higher rates are also applicable when longer residual control is desired, such as regions with a long growing season.
- Pramitol 25E is most effective when moved to root system. Effectiveness is dependent on rainfall to move it to the roots. Arid soil conditions and lack of sufficient rainfall can result in reduced effectiveness.
- Toxic to fish and terrestrial invertebrates.
- Do not apply directly to water, areas where surface water is present, or intertidal areas lower than the high water mark.
- Do not contaminate irrigation water or water used for domestic purposes.
- Do not contaminate water when disposing of equipment rinsate and wash waters.
- Do not pour, spill, use or store near heat or open flame.
- Apply only as specified on this label.
Product Ingredients:
- Prometon: 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-methoxy-s-triazine (25.0%)
- Inert ingredients (75%)
This product is restricted from being used in the CA,HI, and AK
This product must ship UPS Ground or Freight and cannot be expedited.
Learn More
Drexel Me-Too-Lanchlor II, 2.5 Gallon$84.99Me-Too-Lachlor™ II is a selective herbicide recommended as a preplant surface-applied, preplant incorporated, or preemergence treatment in water or fluid fertilizer for control of most annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds in Field Corn, Sweet Corn, and Popcorn. Contains a safener for corn, may be mixed with water or liquid fertilizer. Application rate is 1.5-2 pints per acre.
A Generic replacement for Dual II Magnum Herbicide. Learn More
Weedtrine D Aquatic Herbicide$66.99
Weedtrine-D is a fast and effective contact killer, specially formulated broad spectrum aquatic herbicide for homeowner use. Effectively controls a broad range of submerged and floating aquatic weeds as well as filamentous algae. Works well in backyard ponds, still lakes, ditches, and lagoons, around buildings, driveways, patios, and fences.
Potent concentration of active ingredient damages plant's cellular members and inhibits plant's ability to photosynthesize. Herbicide is quickly absorbed by the plant and begins working on contact.
Effectively controls: Duckweed, Coontail, Cattails, Bladderwort, Pennywort, Salvinia, Water Hyacinth, Water Lettuce, Elodea, Naiad, Milfoil,and more.
- Active ingredient: 8.53% active diquat dibromide.
- Mix with Cutrine-Plus algaecide to increase effectiveness on algae.
- Combine with Cide-Kick II or similar surfactant to maximize effectiveness.
- Only for use in non-crop and non-planted areas.
- NOT for use for animal consumption, irrigation, or domestic purposes for 5 days following treatment.
- Not effective in muddy waters as active ingredient is deactivated.
- Follow all label guidelines and warnings.
- Application information: Dilute with water according to label prior to treatment.
- Submersed weeds: 5-10 gallons per surface acre. Direct pour, underwater injection, or surface spray.
- Floating Weeds: 2.5-5 gallons per surface acre. Use surface spray applicator of solution.
- Emergent Weeds: 5 gallons
- Algae Control: 0.5 to 1.5 ppm.


text:
Mount Aloysius Grabs Two From Softball
- Release Date:
- May 2, 2011
- Contact:
- The Office of Sports Information
- (716) 649-7900 ext. 333
Williamsville, NY – The Hilbert softball team dropped their last series of the season to Mount Aloysius College (MAC) on May 1 by scores of 12-2 and 10-1. The AMCC conference losses drop the Hawks' record to 1-26 (0-18 AMCC). MAC improves to 21-7 (12-2) as they prepare for the AMCC play-offs in a week.
In the first game, Hilbert held a 1-0 lead after the 1st inning, but then allowed MAC to go on a 6-run 2nd inning tear. Down 6-2 going into the 3rd inning, MAC crossed home again for 6 more runs building a 12-2 lead which closed out the scoring for the 5 inning game. Jill Martucci (Hamburg, NY/Hamburg) went 1 for 2 and earned the RBI while Kelly Milne took the loss on the mound.
Mount Aloysius opened the second game with a 5-run first inning performance which they repeated in the 4th. Hilbert's lone run was scored after Halsey Baker (Scio, NY/Scio) got on base with a single. She stole second before Devan Jonathan's (Basom, NY/Akron) double sent Baker home in the bottom of the second inning.
Hilbert College, located in suburban Hamburg, N.Y., south of Buffalo, is a private four-year college founded in 1957 in the Catholic Franciscan tradition. With nearly 1,100 students, Hilbert is a dynamic Western New York college that offers career-focused majors, including one of the top criminal justice programs in the region, and more than 50 minors and concentrations. The college's engaging, student-centered campus community offers numerous leadership, internship, and service learning opportunities from which students launch successful careers while making positive changes in their communities. The Hilbert Blueprint promotes a well-rounded student experience over four years – starting with the Foundations Seminar in the freshman year, followed by Sophomore Service, Junior Symposium, and culminating with the Senior Capstone. Hilbert has expanded its academic offerings with the college's first graduate programs and new Accelerated Degree Programs geared to adult learners.
Upcoming Events
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 14, 2015
- Summer Session A2 Ends
- Aug 21, 2015
- First Year Student Orientation
- Aug 28, 2015

subset: commoncrawl


text:
1 pt lead
"You dont know the Bruno Caboclo......"Bruno Caboclo
Rub and warm them hamstrings Gay...
what are you ppl talking about? what happened to Matt?
fields has great bball iq
pg 14/15 steph curry .443 from 3 7.7 apg 2 stl .638 ts%
sg 84/85 magic johnson .561 shooting 8 rpg 16.2 apg 1.9 stl
sf 94/95 Detlef Shremp .514 from 3 .641 ts% 6.2 rpg 3.8 apg 1.1 stl
pf 73/74 bob mcAdoo 30.6 ppg .547 on shooting 15.1 rpg 1.2 stl 3.3 blk 43 min
c 99/00 alonzo mourning 21.7 pts on .551 shooting 9.5 rbg 3.7 blk
6th 91/92 jeff hornacek 20.1 ppg .439 from 3 5 rpg 5.1 apg 2 stl
bn 99/00 michael finley 22.6 ppg .401 from 3 5.3 apg 6.3 rpg 1.3 stl
love Acy
I can see why raps drafted him
full disclosure: I was not happy draft night
"You dont know the Bruno Caboclo......"Bruno Caboclo
I'm just gonna say it, Bargs coming up big on D and boards on a handful of possessions....that eclipses his total good possessions for the rest of the season.
I can't believe how awful John wall has been in this game. Letting his emotions get to him, just crazy drives to the rim going nowhere
So nobody going to say anything about the good defensive play there by Bargnani that started the fast break. This is the point where I hide behind the table waiting for the Tomatoes to be thrown.
There are currently 1 users browsing this thread. (0 members and 1 guests)


text:
You are the person to visit this page (since I added this counter).
The March 1995 issue of NetGuide magazine featured an editorial review of my original page. I was alerted to this by a fellow Mensan and lunatic, John Olsen aka Johnny Automatic.
Ziff-Davis Press released Atlas to the World Wide Web on CD-ROM and in a CD-ROM/book package. They requested credit information for my graphic of a California Roll, as an illustration in the book.
ALC Press Inc. in Japan requested permission to use my page in their new English class for Japanese based on Internet and WWW resources. They are the leading company in Japan teaching English to Japanese.
Point Communications noted that my page made the top 5% for the month, and requested permission to link to it.
A chef Instructor at the Culinary Arts Academy of the University of Indiana in Pennsylvania requested permission to use my page in his class on cooking.
A senior at the College of William & Mary contacted me for material for a research paper for her class in Japanese Society.
Someone wondered how I got listed on the Japan Infoweb page. Beats the heck out of me!
Kairos Multimedia, "...a UK organisation operating within the not-for-profit sector and aims to help Churches/charities/educational bodies take advantage of Information Technology," requested permission to list my page in their CD-ROM for WWW newbies.
A television network in Japan, NHK Satellite Broadcasting, requested permission to use my page in their program, "TV-Internet" over a period of several months.
My page is listed in "In the Kitchen" pages, "Recipes from around the world" "Japan", in Italy.
It airs on "TV-Internet" every Sunday for 20 minutes from 12:10 AM to 12:30 AM through March 1997, Japanese time.
It will be included in a book published by Diamond, Inc. that includes internet white pages of celebrities.
It was listed in issue #18 of "Internet" a magazine published in the UK.
The page is linked from "Splash Kids".
"The Internet Kids Yellow Pages" includes the page.
The page was reviewed in the "Watching the Web" feature in the July 25, 1996 issue of The Wall Street Journal.
The page is included in the book and CD-ROM called "Internet Smart Start Guide" published by "Gijutsu Hyoron Co., Ltd.," of Japan.
I got a review in the "after 5" feature in the October 1996 The Institute of the "IEEE".
I have been selected as a safe site for children at the "Bonus Network".
Who knows what is next!
Andy Warhol would not be able to explain all this with his quote about all of us getting our 15 minutes of fame. He would have to come up with something else. I think Garrett Morris of the old Saturday Night Live cast would be better able to explain it through his Puerto Rican baseball player character, who might have said, "World Wide Web been berry berry good to me."
NOTE: I choose not to link my page to every individual or business who has linked to this page because I feel it adds unnecessary clutter to the page. If this offends you and causes you NOT to link to this page, my apologies, but that is my policy.
Report on your favorite rolls.
Comments, suggestions, and additional ideas are welcome. Also, I may be available to repeat this presentation at your gathering or function.
Go back to my home page.
Go back to my weird map. (If that is how you got here from my home page.)
Go to my home page for the first time.
Mark S. Hutchenreuther (Hutch)
2515 Lara Lane
Oceano, CA 93445-9187
(805) 489-0979 home voicemail/fax -- the computer figures it all out
Compuserve: 71117,2107 or Internet: email@example.com


text: We want you to be totally happy with your new Gill product. You can return any unwanted item with a valid proof of purchase within 28 days of delivery of the item for a full refund or replacement providing it is unused, in the original condition you received the item from us with all packaging and tags supplied by us intact. Returns are free of charge in the UK by using the return postage label provided with the delivery note. This does not effect your statutory rights.


text:
A composition includes a stable gel of neutralized chitosan and poly(N-vinyl lactam), the poly(N-vinyl lactam) having a K value of at least about 60 and mole equivalents of acid groups above about 1.4 from ring-opened pyrrolidones. The composition may also include a substrate and various additives incorporated with the gel. A method for making the gel includes mixing the chitosan and poly(N-vinyl lactam) in aqueous solution and curing. Products include wound packings, wound dressings, burn dressings, drug delivery dressings, cosmetic face masks and cosmetic wrap dressings.
1. A dermatologically-compatible composition comprising a hydrophilic gel which comprises a blend of a neutralized chitosan and a hydrophilic poly(N-vinyl lactam) having a K value of at least 60 and above 1.4 mole equivalents of available acid groups.
2. The composition of claim 1 wherein the poly(N-vinyl lactam) comprises polyvinylpyrrolidone homopolymer, copolymer or terpolymer.
3. The composition of claim 1 wherein the gel comprises a poly(N-vinyl lactam)/chitosan weight ratio of from about 12/1 to about 2/1.
4. The composition of claim 1 wherein the gel is prepared in an aqueous solution at a total polymer concentration of from about 5 weight percent to about 20 weight percent poly(N-vinyl lactam) and chitosan.
5. The composition of claim 4 wherein the solution comprises water or a mixture of water and alcohol.
6. The composition of claim 1 wherein the poly(N-vinyl lactam) has mole equivalents of available acid groups of at least 2.0.
7. The composition of claim 1 which further comprises at least one substrate.
8. The composition of claim 7 wherein the substrate is selected from a group consisting of polymer film, collagen film, woven fabric, and non-woven fabric.
9. The composition of claim 7 wherein the substrate is a polyurethane film.
10. The composition of claim 7 wherein the substrate is a polyester film.
11. The composition of claim 7 wherein the substrate is stretchable.
12. The composition of claim 7 wherein the substrate is a release liner.
13. The composition of claim 1 wherein the gel comprises at least one additional ingredient.
14. The composition of claim 13 wherein the additional ingredient is a surfactant.
15. The composition of claim 13 wherein the additional ingredient is releasable from the gel.
16. The composition of claim 15 wherein the additional ingredient is a fragrance.
17. The composition of claim 15 wherein the additional ingredient is a biologically-active material.
18. The composition of claim 17 wherein the additional ingredient is selected from a group consisting of nitroglycerine, scopolamine, pilocarpine, ergotamine tartrate, phenylpropanolamine, theophylline, tetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, triclosan, sodium cefazolin, silver sulfadiazine, salicylates, nicotinates, capsaicin and benzocaine.
19. A method for preparing a stable, mildly tacky, hydrophilic gel comprising mixing an aqueous dissolved poly(N-vinyl lactam) homopolymer or copolymer having a K value of at least 60 and above 1.4 mole equivalents of available acid groups and an aqueous solution of neutralized chitosan in a poly(N-vinyl lactam)/chitosan ratio of from about 12/1 to about 2/1, with a total polymer content above 5 weight percent to produce a blend, and allowing the blend to cure for a time of about 10 seconds to about 2 hours until a gel is formed.
20. The method of claim 19 which further comprises treating a poly(N-vinyl lactam) to increase mole equivalents of acid groups to above 1.4 by heating the poly(N-vinyl lactam) in aqueous solution at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 200° C., at a pressure of from about 15 psi to about 150 psi, for about one-half hour to about 10 days.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the aqueous solution has a pH of from about 4 to about 8.
22. The method of claim 19 which further comprises adding a biologically-active material to the blend.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the biologically-active material is an antimicrobial agent.
24. The method of claim 19 wherein the blend is formed into a dressing by coating or casting the blend onto a substrate.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the blend is covered with a second substrate which is a release liner.
26. The method of claim 19 wherein the blend is formed into a dressing by casting two separate slabs of gel onto two separate substrates, applying a solution of a biologically-active material to a surface of one of the slabs, and compressing the slabs together so that the biologically active material is located between the slabs.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the biologically-active material is selected from the group consisting of salicylates, nicotinates and capsaicin.
28. The composition of claim 1 in the form of a product selected from a group consisting of wound packings, wound dressings, burn dressings, drug delivery dressings, dry films, cosmetic mask dressings and cosmetic wrap dressings.
29. The composition of claim 28 in the form of a wound packing or cavity dressing without a substrate.
30. The composition of claim 1 in the form of a dry film.
31. A stable, hydrophilic gel which comprises a blend of neutralized chitosan and a hydrophilic poly(N-vinyl lactam) having a K value of at least 60 and above 1.4 mole equivalents of available acid groups, the chitosan and poly(N-vinyl lactam) combined in a chitosan/poly(N-vinyl lactam) weight ratio from about 12/1 to about 2/1 in an aqueous solution at a total polymer concentration of at least five weight percent.
32. The composition of claim 1 wherein the neutralized chitosan includes a member of the group consisting of pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, glutamic acid, acetate and carboxymethyl.
This invention relates to the field of poly(N-vinyl lactam)-chitosan gels and more particularly to gels which are absorbent and may be skin adhering, which are flexible and contour-conforming, and which can be used for a variety of applications.
Chitosan is a deacetylated chitin, and is a linear polysaccharide of deacetylated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Chitosan has been used to absorb heavy metals from water and industrial waste streams, and as a dyeing assistant in photographic emulsions. Chitosan derivatives have also been used in cosmetics and conditioning agents, in hair setting lotions and shampoos as, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,134,412 and 4,202,881, when neutralized with acids.
Poly(N-vinyl lactam) s such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have been used, for example, in pharmaceuticals, in certain types of films and in some cosmetic products.
It has been known that polyvinylpyrrolidone forms complexes with polyurethanes to yield hydrophilic blends or alloys. U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,267 describes hydrophilic polymer blends of polyurethane and hydrophilic poly(N-vinyl lactam) prepared in solvent solution to provide slippery coatings when wet and which are water insoluble to some extent once cured by drying.
European Patent Application 107,376 describes tacky PVP gels which require the use of ionizing radiation for cross-linking. U.S. Pat. No. 4,646,730 describes a PVP/Silver Sulfadiazine hydrogel dressing in which electron beam radiation is required to cross-link the PVP and form a gel. In addition, magnesium trisilicate, hydrogen peroxide and/or polyacrylic acid are added for color stabilization. It is apparent that there would be an advantage in making skin-adhering gels in the absence of expensive equipment and/or processing.
Ring opening of pyrrolidone groups on PVP was described by H. P. Frank, "The Lactam-Amino Acid Equilibria for Ethylpyrrolidone and Polyvinylpyrrolidone", Journal of Polymer Science 12, 565-576 (1954) , and A. Conix and G. Smets, "Ring Opening in Lactam Polymers", J. Poly. Chem. 13, 221-229 (1955). The concept of ring-opened pyrrolidone groups is made use of in this invention to unexpectedly attain absorbent gels.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide dermatologically-compatible gels having a hydrophilic absorbent property.
It is a further object to produce gels without a need for expensive equipment and/or processing.
It is another object to provide gels of poly(N-vinyl lactam) and chitosan derivatives which can be used in a variety of products such as cavity dressings, drug delivery patches, face masks and wound dressings.
Accordingly, there is provided a stable, hydrophilic gel which comprises a blend of acid-neutralized chitosan and a poly(N-vinyl lactam), with or without a plasticizer, the poly(N-vinyl lactam) having a K value of at least about 60 and mole equivalents of acid groups of at least about 1.4. The gel may be formed into a wound packing or cavity dressing where, unlike hydrocolloid dressings, it is able to absorb exudate without losing its gel structure. It can also be utilized as a drug carrier for transdermal devices and for use in dry skin masks to deliver moisturizers to the skin.
The poly(N-vinyl lactam) is preferably a polyvinylpyrrolidone having mole equivalents of acid groups of at least about 1.4 formed by ring opening of pyrrolidone groups.
The gel is prepared by mixing aqueous poly(N-vinyl lactam) solution and acid-neutralized chitosan in aqueous solution at a poly(N-vinyl lactam)/chitosan weight ratio of from about 12/1 to about 2/1, preferably from about 10/1 to about 5/1, to form a blend at about 5 wt. % to 20 wt. % total polymer concentration, preferably from about 7.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % polymer concentration, and allowing the blend to cure until a gel is formed.
The gel preferably includes at least one additional ingredient which may be releasable from the gel. Preferably the releasable ingredient is a moisturizer, drug or other bio-effecting or body-treating material.
Preferred products for which the dressing may be used are cavity-filling wound dressings, other wound and burn dressings, drug delivery systems, and cosmetic masks and wraps.
For a better understanding of the present invention, together with other and further objects, reference is made to the following description, and its scope will be pointed out in the appended claims.
It has been found that poly(N-vinyl lactam) such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), with a degree of ring-opened pyrrolidone groups, forms hydrophilic gels with chitosans. The gels are flexible and transparent or translucent and may be used alone or with various additives. The gels can be used for wound packing, wound and burn dressings, drug delivery systems, cosmetic face and nail wraps, and other applications where the high absorption capacity of the gel and the high heat capacity and transport capacity of water as part of the hydrophilic gel can be utilized. These gels may have either a tacky quality or a non-tacky quality.
Chitosan, a natural product, is derived from chitin. Chitin is an unbranched linear polysaccharide of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine units linked by β-1,4 bonds. It is a polymer of glucose in which the hydroxyl group on C-2 is replaced by the N-acetylamino group -NHCOCH3. In chitosan, the acetyl group is absent. Therefore, chitosan is a deacetylated chitin. Chitosan contains approximately 7% nitrogen and is structurally similar to cellulose. Chitin occurs in nature in the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crabs, lobsters and shrimp. Chitin can be obtained from these sources as an amorphous powder after dissolution of the calcium carbonate with mineral acids and removal of the proteins. It is also found in some fungi, algae and yeasts.
Chitosan becomes soluble in water when protonated with acids. The polymer thus formed is positively charged and thus more likely to interact with negatively charged surfaces like skin and hair.
Chitosan derivatives are commercially available as, for example, chitosan neutralized with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid available as Kytamer PCA from Amerchol Corporation; carboxymethyl sodium salt of chitosan available as Chitisol from Muto Corporation; chitosan neutralized with glutamic acid available as Seacure+210 from Protan Corporation; N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan available from Nova Chem Ltd., Canada; and un-neutralized chitosan available from Tokyo Kasei Inc. Suitable chitosan derivatives for this invention are the dermatologically-compatible salts of chitosan such as those with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid, glutamic acid, acetate, etc., and also N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan.
Suitable poly(N-vinyl lactams) have a K value of at least about 60, preferably at least about 70, and most preferably from about 80 to about 110. The K value represents a function of molecular weight. The K value is derived from viscosity measurements and is calculated according to Eikentscher's formula described by Kline, G. M., "Polyvinylpyrrolidone", Modern Plastics p 157 (Nov. 1945) and is also described in General Aniline & Film Corporation Technical Bulletin 7583-033. At the same K value or molecular weight, the level of ring-opened poly(N-vinyl lactam) is an important consideration in determining whether a gel forms.
In the invention, poly N-vinyl lactams containing above certain levels of ring-opened pyrrolidone groups, when mixed with certain solutions of neutralized chitosans, form gels which may be mildly tacky. The term tacky is intended to mean having the property of being sticky to the touch or adhesive to a degree that the gel is capable of sticking to the skin while being easily removable when removal is desired.
The term poly(N-vinyl lactam) as used herein shall be understood to include homopolymers, copolymers and terpolymers of N-vinyl lactams such as N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylbutyrolactam, N-vinylcaprolactam, and the like, as well as the foregoing prepared with minor amounts, for example, up to about 20 weight percent, of one or a mixture of other vinyl monomers copolymerizable with the N-vinyl lactams. Copolymers or terpolymers of poly(N-vinyl-lactam) may comprise N-vinyl-lactam monomers such as vinylpyrrolidone copolymerized with monomers containing a vinyl functional group such as acrylates, hydroxyalkylacrylates, methacrylates, acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and acrylamides. Of the poly(N-vinyl lactam) homopolymers, the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) homopolymers are preferred. Of the poly(N-vinyl lactam) copolymers, vinyl pyrrolidone, acrylamide copolymers are preferred. A suitable poly(N-vinyl lactam) terpolymer is vinylpyrrolidone, vinylcaprolactam, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate. A variety of polyvinylpyrrolidones are commercially available. It is important, however, for the poly(N-vinyl lactam) to contain a degree of ring-opened lactam groups.
A lactam may be considered to be a cyclic amide produced from an amino acid through the elimination of a molecule of water from the --COOH and --NH2 groups. A lactam, therefore, contains a --NH--CO-- group in a ring. An N-vinyl lactam has a vinyl group at the ring nitrogen and the monomer can be polymerized through the vinyl group. In a ring-opened poly(N-vinyl lactam), the vinyl backbone may be considered to remain essentially intact, but some lactam rings are opened to make available --COOH groups. The availability of these --COOH groups may be measured through base titration to determine the mole equivalents of base per mole of acid groups in a specific poly(N-vinyl lactam). Because the polymer backbone remains essentially intact, different poly(N-vinyl lactams) having the same molecular weight or K value may have different levels of ring openings. The poly(N-vinyl lactams) useful in forming the gels in the invention have a mole equivalent/mole of acid groups greater than about 1.4, preferably greater than about 2.0. In the absence of opened lactam rings, the gel does not form. The poly(N-vinyl lactams) are preferably of relatively high molecular weight as indicated by a K value above about 60.
Ring opening in poly(N-vinyl lactams) may be effected by heating a solution of the poly(N-vinyl lactam) at a temperature of from about 50° C. to about 120° C., with from about 60° C. to about 100° C. preferred, at pressure from about 15 psi to about 150 psi for from about one half hour to about 10 days, with from about one hour to about 24 hours preferred. The solvent for the solution is preferably aqueous and may include a small amount of a weak base such as dilute ammonium hydroxide or dilute sodium hydroxide to result in a solution which is slightly basic, e.g. having a pH of about 7-9, with about 7-8 or 7-8.5 preferred. If time saving is an important consideration as in commercial operations, ring opening may be carried out, for example, for shorter periods of time in a reactor under conditions of high temperature and pressure, e.g. 200° C. at 50 psi.
To form the gel, the poly(N-vinyl lactam) is mixed or blended with neutralized chitosan. At certain ratios of PVP/chitosan derivatives, a mixture of these two components forms a highly water-swellable gel within a short time of mixing.
The gel may be prepared by dissolving the poly(N-vinyl lactam) such as polyvinylpyrrolidone in aqueous solution, then adding an aqueous solution of neutralized chitosan with sufficient agitation to attain a homogenous mixture. The solvent used for the gel preparation is preferably substantially aqueous. For example, the gels may be prepared in water or in hydroalcohols such as water/isopropyl alcohol and water/ethanol. The gels form at a ratio of PVP/chitosan of from about 12/1 to about 2/1, preferably from about 10/1 to about 5/1. At higher PVP to chitosan ratios gels are formed but may lead to a sticky residue and may contain uncomplexed PVP which will leach out in water. The total polymer concentration as well as the ratios of the two polymer components at which the gel is made shows an effect on the consistency of the gel, which becomes softer at lower concentrations. Decreasing the total polymer concentration also leads to softer gels at a given PVP-chitosan ratio. The gels may be made with a total polymer content ranging from about 5 to about 20 wt. %, preferably from about 7.5 wt. % to about 15 wt. % solids. At lower solids levels or when the PVP has a K below about 80, gels may form but they are not as consistent. The blend may be allowed to cure for a time of from a few seconds to about 20 minutes. The time and temperature for curing are not critical. For purposes of convenience, ambient temperature may be used but the time can be shortened at elevated temperatures. The term gel is intended to mean viscous or semi-solid and jelly-like.
The preferred gels are stable and therefore maintain their physical integrity after absorbing large quantities of liquid. The gels can be sterilized by radiation sterilization. The gels are hydrophilic and capable of absorbing many times their weight in water or at least twice their weight in water. For practical application as described herein, a gel absorbs, for example, from about 4 to 10 times its dry weight in water or saline solution (0.9% NaCl), depending on the ratio of PVP/chitosan. For example, at a ratio of PVP/chitosan of about 2/1, the gel absorbs about 4 times its dry weight (i.e. solids weight) in saline solution; at a ratio of 10/1, it can absorb about 10 times its dry weight in saline solution.
While the exact nature of the mechanism by which the gel forms is not known, and while it is not intended to be bound by theory, it is believed to be caused by pervasive and tight hydrogen bonds between chains. The presence of the ring-opened pyrrolidones, in some undetermined way, plays an imperative role in achieving this goal.
Wetting, dispersing agents or surfactants as are known in the art, such as block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide, may be added to the blends in an amount of from about 1 to about 5 weight percent, preferably from about 1 to about 3 weight percent, to reduce adherence to the skin.
Glycerine in an amount of from about 5 to about 50 weight percent, preferably from about 10 to about 30 weight percent may be added to the gel preparation to increase tack and pliability after drying. The glycerine is preferably mixed into the PVP solution prior to adding neutralized chitosan solution. Propylene glycol or low molecular weight polyethylene glycol may also be used.
Many different types of additional materials may be incorporated into the gels including organic salts, inorganic salts at low levels, alcohols, amines, polymer lattices, fillers, surfactants, pigments, dyes, fragrances and so forth as long as they do not interfere with gel formation. Many of these materials can be released from the gel.
The gels of this invention are especially useful as carriers for a wide variety of releasable biologically-active substances having curative or therapeutic value for human or non-human animals. Included among the biologically-active materials which are suitable for incorporation into the gels of the invention are hypnotics, sedatives, tranquilizers, anti-convulsants, muscle relaxants, analgesics, antipyretic agents, anti-inflammatory agents, local anesthetics, antispasmodics, antiulcer agents, antivirals, antibacterials, antifungals, sympathomimetic agents, cardiovascular agents, antitumor agents, and so forth. A biologically-active substance is added in pharmaceutically-active amounts.
Particularly preferred as biologically-active additives are nitroglycerine, scopolamine, pilocarpine, ergotamine tartrate, phenylpropanolamine, and theophylline; also antimicrobials tetracycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline, triclosan, sodium cefazolin, silver sulfadiazine, and also salicylates such as methylsalicylate and salicylic acid, nicotinates such as methyl nicotinate, capsicum and benzocaine. When the gel is to be used, for example, for cosmetic treatment, hydrating agents such as sodium pyrrolidine carboxylic acid may be added. For a hydrating purpose, however, the large amount of water alone which can be absorbed by the hydrophilic gel serves a hydrating function to the skin.
Water-soluble and water-insoluble additives such as those described above may be initially mixed with the aqueous solvent before the gel preparation is begun, may be mixed with the aqueous solution of poly(N-vinyl lactam) or mixed with the aqueous solution of neutralized chitosan during the gel preparation. Water-soluble ingredients are preferably mixed in with the PVP prior to admixing with chitosan. Many water-insoluble ingredients can be mixed with chitosan prior to adding to PVP. One can also emulsify water insolubles by adding surfactants to either the PVP or chitosan. Alternatively, additives may be similarly mixed into the gel preparation after the poly(N-vinyl lactam) is blended with the chitosan. Additives may also be applied to the surface of a gel dressing, for example, by spraying, dipping, brushing or rolling.
The gel may be used to make adsorbent wound packing agents or dressings, skin masks or wraps, drug delivery patches and dry film products.
When the gel is used as a wound packing or cavity-filling wound dressing, it advantageously provides the desired properties of such dressings, such as (1) biocompatability; (2) ability to conform to a wound cavity; (3) non-adherence to the wound; (4) absorbs exudate; (5) removable in one piece from the wound; (6) holds its physical integrity when swollen with exudate; (7) is not too sticky for handling.
When used as a skin-hydrating mask, the gel has excellent hydrating capacity, advantageously contains no alcohol, and is easily and cleanly removed.
When made into a dry film and used as a skin mask, it provides a flexible, clear, hydrophilic film which adheres to the skin when wetted with water. The film can retain active moisturizers and other ingredients close to the skin, helping in their delivery. The film can also be easily peeled off after a period of time without leaving residues.
To obtain the products of the invention, the gel may be packaged by itself in a mold, in a dry film form, or as a two-part system which requires mixing prior to use; or may be provided on a substrate and covered with a release liner to prevent the gel from sticking to itself. The release liner is removed prior to application to skin. The substrate may fulfill one or several functions including providing reinforcement, providing a gas and liquid barrier, providing a support with air permeability, providing protection for the gel and the area of treatment, etc. Substrate selection to provide the desired properties is known to those skilled in the art.
The gel may be coated or spread onto a backing or substrate by any means known in the art. The gel can be combined with and adhered to a virtually unlimited variety of substrates or backings including resins, metal foils, woven and non-woven webs of natural and synthetic fibers, etc. A backing which provides gas and liquid barrier properties may be a polymer film such as polyurethane. Desirable composites with the gel may also be made using films of polyester, polyvinyl alcohol, or polyvinylidene chloride. When the gel has a barrier substrate, the resulting structure has particular utility as a wound and burn dressing. Moisture is kept in and excess exudate is absorbed to promote healing but bacteria are prevented from entering the wound or burn area, and microbial stasis may be maintained through the incorporation of an anti-microbial agent into the gel to prevent infection. For ease of use, the tacky gel on a backing is covered with a release liner which may be a silicone-coated film or polyethylene.
The gel may be coated onto the backing so that the gel occupies all or part of the backing surface. If the gel occupies part of the backing surface, non-gel coated areas of the backing may be provided with an additional adhesive. A dressing of this type is positioned on the skin so that the additional skin adhesive comes into contact with intact skin while the absorbent gel contacts a wound. The additional adhesive provides a dressing with staying power when the absorbent gel has become substantially saturated with wound exudate thus losing some of its adhesiveness through a dilution effect.
In still another embodiment, the gel may be used in cosmetic preparations such as face masks and nail wraps. The gel serves a hydrating function with or without a backing and a cosmetic effect may be enhanced with the incorporation of other ingredients. A kit for a cosmetic gel may comprise a ready-made gel or two components: a poly(N-vinyl lactam) component and a chitosan component. Other cosmetic agents such as hydrating agents, fragrances, etc. can also be supplied to the ready-made gel or to either component. For use, the components may be mixed and applied. The gel advantageously can be easily peeled off after use. It shall be understood that the term cosmetic means a preparation intended to enhance or improve physical appearance.
In a further embodiment, fragrances may be incorporated into the gel. When the gel is kept moist in a suitable vented container, the fragrance is slowly released as an air freshener.
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the invention.
A PVP with a K value of 92 was titrated with base. The results showed that the PVP had 1.4 mole equivalents/mole of acid groups. Attempts to form a gel with chitosan using this PVP were unsuccessful.
The PVP of Example 1 was heated in water at 60° C. for eight days, then at 95° C. for eight hours. This material, when titrated with base, showed 2.15 mole equivalents/mole of acid groups and formed a highly swellable gel at a weight ratio of 10 PVP/1 chitosan at 10% total polymer concentration.
A PVP (Luviskol-brand, BASF Corporation) having a K value of 93 was titrated with base and showed less than 1 mole equivalent/mole of acid groups. Attempts to form a gel using this PVP with chitosan were unsuccessful.
A commercial PVP (Kollidon 90, BASF Corporation), having a K value of 93 was titrated with base and showed 5 mole equivalents/mole of acid groups. When mixed with chitosan, this PVP forms a hydrophilic gel.
To 8.6 grams of a 25% water solution of PVP described in Example 4 was added 1.4 grams propylene glycol and 3.0 grams of a 20% aqueous solution of a block copolymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide (Pluronic F88, BASF Corporation). To that solution was added 5 grams of a 3% aqueous solution of chitosan neutralized with pyrrolidone carboxylic acid (Kytamer PCA, Amerchol Corporation). The mixture was stirred for one minute then applied to wet human skin. It quickly became non-flowable and could be rolled or peeled from the skin.
The gel, when put into excess water or saline solution at room temperature, absorbed additional liquid but did not dissolve or disintegrate.
5.0 grams of a 20% solution of PVP in water containing at least 2 mole equivalents/mole of acid containing groups were mixed with 5.0 grams of a 2% solution of N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC, Nova Chem Ltd.). The mixture was poured into a hemispherical mold. It set in 10 seconds at room temperature to a mildly tacky, non-flowable gel. The gel was pliable and relatively non-adherent to a wound.
The gel, when put into excess water or saline solution at room temperature, absorbed water but did not dissolve or disintegrate.
A solution of 5.0 g of 20% PVP containing more than 2 mole equivalents/mole of acid groups, 5 grams of deionized water, 5.0 g of 2% neutralized chitosan, 0.25 grams of polyethylene glycol (carbowax 400, Union Carbide Corporation) as a plasticizer and 0.25 grams of a block copolymer of ethylene glycol and propylene glycol (Pluronic F88, BASF Corporation) for easier release from a substrate were mixed and coated in a thickness of 1 mm on a polyester film substrate.
The coating was dried in an oven to form a 0.05 mm thick dried film that can be die cut to specific shapes, e.g., for moisturizing face masks or eye patches. Before the film is applied to skin, the skin is sprayed or wetted with water.
The dried film of Example 7 was soaked in water and 0.9% sodium chloride solution at room temperature. In both liquid media, the film absorbed large amounts of liquids, expanding in the process.
While there have been described what are presently believed to be the preferred embodiments of the invention, those skilled in the art will realize that changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention, and it is intended to claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the true scope of the invention.
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It may not be a happy New Year for the great yellow bumblebee, which is the first species featured in the Natural History Museum's new Species of the day, launched today.
This insect is under threat in the UK due to habitat changes, and is one of the 365 species to be highlighted throughout the year as the Museum celebrates the UN's 2010 International Year of Biodiversity.
Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth including their habitats. Species of the day will showcase just a tiny proportion of this biodiversity using the Museum's unique collections, research and scientists.
From algae and bacteria, to whales and marsupials, each species is chosen and written about by a Museum scientist. A different species' fact file will be published to the website and highlighted on the homepage each day.
The Museum is in a unique position, with more than 300 scientists working on scientific research and looking after specimen collections that cover virtually all groups of animals, plants, minerals and fossils on Earth.
Species of the Day will give a glimpse into how important the Museum diverse collections are and how studying this biodiversity helps scientists build knowledge in many important areas.
Whether it is getting a greater understanding of the natural world, its biodiversity, habitat loss, climate change and identifying endangered species. Or, developing advances in science, from disease control, to insect forensic criminal investigations.
As well as the topics above, the fact files will include information about habitats, biology, behaviour, conservation, taxonomy (the naming and classifying of species) and more, as well as images and videos. A variety of themes, from collecting specimens and invasive species to economic impacts and biological control, will be explored.
More than 100 scientists chose a species they thought was important or interesting. Bumblebee expert Paul Williams explains his choice that appears today. 'The great yellow bumblebee is one of our most striking species and one that has shown a very dramatic decline in Britain, highlighting the plight of bumblebees as important pollinators.'
Easy to spot in Britain, the great yellow bumblebee, Bombus distinguendus, is large with predominantly bright yellow body hair and a black band between the bases of its wings. It has a long tongue and feeds from, and pollinates, deep flowers like red clover.
Scottish machair grassland is one of the few habitats in Britain where the great yellow bumblebee is still found.
It was once widely scattered around the UK but now is found only in parts of northern Scotland. Its decline is mainly due to loss of flower-rich grassland habitat.
The great yellow bumblebee is included in the UK Biodiversity Action Plan, which tries to protect and conserve threatened species. It is a good species to monitor, known as a flagship species, because it is large and charismatic and can be used to raise public awareness of the need for conservation.
Bees pollinate many plants and are extremely important pollinators of commercial crops such as cucumbers and coffee. They account for 85% of the value of all insect pollinated crop plants in Europe, making the threat of extinction of some bumblebees worldwide all the more worrying.
Bumblebees need a range of different flowers for nectar and pollen so you can help them by planting a variety of native wildflowers like knapweed and clovers and flowering herbs such as sage and chives in your garden. Avoid highly cultivated or double flower varieties as they produce little pollen or nectar.
You can encourage bumblebees to nest in your garden by leaving an untidy, undisturbed corner, and remember if you are growing vegetables, many require bumblebees to pollinate them.
Williams concludes, 'Species of the day is a great opportunity for people to find out about what we can do to help valuable species that are facing challenges from man-made environmental change'.


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Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Chances are, there was quite a reunion at the Pearly Gates Monday morning. The Iron Lady most likely was met by The Gipper and the once frail but tough-minded man in white, Pope John Paul II.
Margaret Thatcher, Prime Minister of Great Britain, President Ronald Reagan of the United States and Pope John Paul II, Karol Jozef Wojtyla of Poland, formed the basis for the tearing down of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics the U.S.S.R.
That triumvirate of world leaders led the way for the fall of communism in many places.
Thatcher's leadership and inspiration meant a lot in the fight against tyranny.
Margaret Thatcher was a grocers daughter who reversed Great Britains path toward socialism and labor union domination, and helping to defeat international communism. So said South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley on Monday.
The Palmetto States first female governor said Thatcher broke numerous barriers of class and gender, just by being who she was. Her determination and achievements will make her a towering historical figure for generations to come.
U.S. Sen. Lindsey Graham also had high praise for Thatcher.
"Her foreign policy was clear eyed and firm. She, along with Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II stood up to communism, the great evil of their time, with an uncompromising conviction. They understood the ideology was evil and restricted the better nature of mankind.
in my view the best way to pay homage to Margaret Thatcher is to follow on the path she laid out trust in the people and stand up to evil when you find it.
Thatcher and Reagan led their respective countries in the military and political arenas. Pope John Paul II in his unwavering opposition to evil led a spiritual and moral battle against communism.
Together, these three world leaders helped deliver a new birth of freedom to the world.
No doubt, the Iron Lady got some pretty powerful hugs as she joined the others at the Pearly Gates.
Thank you, Margaret Thatcher.
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Who We Are - The Truth About DNA
Publication Date:February 12, 2008
Source:NBC Nightly News
Author:Anchor: Brian Williams
Professor Henry T. "Hank" Greely was interviewed for Nightly News with Brian Williams about genetic testing for illness and its ramifications. The segment "Testing Your Genes" aired Tuesday, Feb. 12 as part of a special NBC Nightly News series:
Testing your genes: Tests that examine your risk of developing a disease are widely marketed, but doctors often don't know what to tell patients after they receive their results — and many doctors disapprove of the tests altogether. NBC News interviews a patient who took one such test, but got no advice after the test yielded a positive result.


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Simple climbing tape and velcro watchstrap that will fit most standard men's watches.
Colours vary - they all seem to be black at present.
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Small orders (£30 and under):£2.00
Orders over £30:free
Urgent UK orders select Priority:£3.50
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Needle Sports 56 Main Street, Keswick, Cumbria, CA12 5JS, UK
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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The one advice that emerged unanimously at the end of the session was - just write.
That's where you begin, but the process is more complex than that. For example, how important is discipline for a writer?
"Writing becomes a chore, if you think of discipline," said Ighodaro, the author of Sin Tropez. However, the UK author admitted that she liked having a clear structure before beginning to write.
But the panelists agreed that daily 'word targets' - writing a minimum number of words every day, generally touted as a must for writers - did not work for everyone.
"There are stretches when I write and those when I don't," said Irani (The Cripple and His Talismans). "There is no writer's block, only writer's impatience. I have trained myself to be patient… The words will come when they have to."
As Parajuly, the author of the short-story collection The Gurkha's Daughter, said, "After you've been writing, you realise what works for you".
Every writer has to make her or his own map.
But once you have a manuscript, where do you go from there?
The panelists admitted that it helped to have a literary agent, though it's not too common yet in India - with the exception of Sengupta, who said he just walked into the publisher's office. And rejection happens, said Ighodaro.


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Museum gets $2 million gift to renovate former galleryWritten by Betsy Woodruff | | firstname.lastname@example.com
The Toledo Art Museum will begin to renovate its former glass gallery to house its growing collection of modern and contemporary art, thanks to a donation of $2 million from Frederic "Fritz" and Mary Wolfe, longtime friends of the museum.
"This is a tremendous thrill for us," Mary said. "We dearly love this museum."
Fritz added, "We can't think of anything we'd rather do."
The Wolfes have been attending the museum for 40 years.
Fritz lived in the Old West End for five years when he was young, and one of his sisters often took art classes on Saturday mornings at the museum.
When Mary taught art history classes at Bowling Green University, she would take her students to the museum to view the exhibits.
She also had a acrylic painting of her own, "The Red Woman," displayed as part of the Area Artists exhibit.
"They have been so committed to this community," said Betsy Brady, the chair of the museum's Board of Directors. She called their gift transformational, saying that it has enabled the beginning of the construction of the new gallery, which will be called the Frederic and Mary Wolfe Gallery in their honor.
It will house the museum's growing collection of contemporary and modern art. Moving some of these pieces into the new gallery will open up extra space for the exhibits of Asian and African art.
Brady said that the current galleries for the museum's collections of modern and contemporary pieces are too limited and out-of-date to keep up with its growing collection. The new gallery will help remedy these inadequacies.
The gallery itself will be 6000 square feet and will have a partial mezzanine, Brady said.
Rob Bigelow, the museum's interim director, said he hopes the Wolfe's gift will inspire similar contributions so they can finish the renovation.
He also said that the renovation of the gallery will allow the museum to reintroduce its collections of modern and contemporary works to the art community.
The renovation will affect most of the East Wing galleries, which will be closed and reopened over the next two to three years as the renovation happens.
Tags: Toledo Musuem of Art


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Funeral for Jack Curran
The funeral of high school coaching legend Jack Curran at the Church of the Resurrection in Rye draws hundreds. (March 20, 2013)
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Arientha Primanita
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on Tuesday scolded the police for being too quick to use their firearms against civilians, particularly during protests and demonstrations.
"Put away the bullet and don't use the bullet easily," Yudhoyono said in a meeting with National Police top brass on Tuesday. "This applies from the National Police chief-level up to the frontline troops. Regardless if the [civilians] are rioters, they are still our people."
The president reminded the officials that Indonesia's democratic government guaranteed people the freedom of assembly and protest.
He added that protesters that crossed the line into law-breaking should still be dealt with humanely, and that violent measures should remain a last resort for police.
The speech came on the heels of a National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM) report released on Monday that gave police the dishonor of being the arm of government most often reported to the commission in 2011. Ifdhal Kasim, the head of the commission, said that complaints about the police totaled 1,262 cases.
Ifdhal said that it was evidence that neither the force's General Oversight Inspectorate (Irwasum) nor its Bureau of Professionalism and Security Affairs (Propam) were preventing officers from abusing their authority.
Yudhoyono said that police were responsible for capturing violent civilians and allowing the courts of law to prosecute them, not employing "street justice."


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Caribou Fire Department's, "Learn not to Burn"
The Caribou Fire Department held their Spring Finale for Learn not Burn for kids Pre-K through 2nd grade.
"It's a chance to do some hands on from what they learn at school. They get to practice stop drop and roll. We have a smoke trailer here that they get to practice crawling low and feeling a door that's warm, and exiting through a window," says Scott Jackson, firefighter and paramedic of the Caribou Fire Department.
This is the sound of a smoke detector. Jackson says smoke detectors are the most important part about fire safety and kids should know what it sounds like. They were able to be part of a mock fire drill where smoke filled a room and they had to escape through a window with the help of firefighters.
"Being in the EMS part of it, we see a lot of houses where the batteries are gone out of them. So when we teach it to the kids, we know it gets home because we see parents in town, and they ask us are you the ones who told the kids about the smoke detectors and the batteries, and it makes me happy because I know the kids are taking it home and the parents are also getting it. So we're educating the public through the kids basically," says Jackson.
The kids learned a lot about fire safety and what to do in case of a fire.
"You go down and crawl and you feel the door, if it's hot you have to break the window, if it's not hot it's clear to go out the door," says Kindergartner, Nolan Coon.
" I learned that if your clothes catch on fire, you stop drop and roll, and you don't run," says Kindergartner Delilah Chasse
The forestry department was also there to teach kids about fire safety outdoors and the kids even got a visit from Smokey the Bear himself. The day ended with some fun with the fire hose.
Category: News


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Job Vacancies
|The County Press has a vacancy for a full-time Editorial Assistant. The duties will include administering letters to the editor, processing incoming emails and pictures, organising competitions, compiling our What's On and All Our Yesterdays features, arranging work experience placements as well as general administrative duties. Another element of the job is acting as PA to the editor, to whom you will be responsible.
Good computer skills are essential and you will also have organisational skills and preferably some office-based experience.
The hours are 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday.
There is the possibility of a job share.
If you are interested in this position please send CV and covering letter to Yvonne Lynton, director's secretary, Brannon House, 123 Pyle Street, Newport, Isle of Wight PO30 1ST by Friday, January 4.
Website: www.iwcp.co.uk


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Washington state voters will decide whether they'd like to see liquor sales privatized and state liquor stores shuttered when they vote on Initiative 1183. The measure has also become an issue in the governor's race, splitting the two frontrunners.
Republican Attorney General Rob McKenna came out for the measure on Friday, saying "the state does not need to be in the business of hard liquor sales."
Opponents have sought to highlight social problems in other states caused by privatized sales, but McKenna told the Seattle Post-Intelligencer that he couldn't find the problems being underscored by the opposition.
Democratic Rep. Jay Inslee is against passage of I-1183, saying he can't back an expansion of liquor availability and citing the threat of drunk drivers.
Passage of I-1183 -- known more commonly as "the Costco Initiative," due to the amount of money the company has spent pushing to pass the measure, hoping to sell liquor if/when the measure is approved -- led 50.3 percent to 42.8 percent in a recent Washington Poll.
As Reid Wilson pointed out (subscriber) last month, the initiative has prompted a unique political role reversal, with Costco, whose head is a big Democratic donor, hiring a GOP consulting firm and the liquor lobby casting Costco as an evil corporation.
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Another possible market for gasification technology is small scale (less than 50 MW) gasifier systems for electrical production. Gasification provides a clean-burning power production option to remote areas that have sufficient carbonaceous material to fire a small gasifier.
The economics of small-scale power generation via gasification are improved when fuel transport and electrical distribution distances are minimized. The closer the gasifier system is located to the fuel source, the better the economics, due to reduced fuel transport costs. Pollutants can be removed from the synthesis gas (syngas) prior to use in an internal combustion engine, fuel cell or microturbine, thus, improving emissions. In addition, locating the power plant close to consumers reduces distribution loses, provides a higher reliability of service, and allows for the possible marketing of waste heat.
Currently the economics of small-scale gasification prohibit wide spread market penetration of this technology in the United States. However, several have been implemented in India. The vast distances between sources of agriculture waste, wood, animal wastes, and wasteland, coupled with the distances that separate them from current centralized power plants make small-scale biomass gasification appealing throughout India. Use of small-scale biomass gasifiers remains limited with a capacity at roughly 43 MW, however, there is tremendous potential for growth in this market within India, and in similar less developed areas.[1]
In the future, strains on electrical transmission and distribution infrastructure may force utility companies, and large electrical users, to consider distributed power generation. As fuel cells become more mainstream, gasification of low value fuels could be looked to as a means for producing the hydrogen necessary to run them, for clean and efficient electricity production.


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Culinary DelightsValaisian specialties. Gemmi Fondue, cheese rarebits. A la carte menu, Rösti specialties (Hash browns).
SpecialitiesThe Berghotel Wildstrubel offers a magnificent view onto the Valaisian and Bernese Alps from every room. The ideal starting point for a winter hike from Gemmipass to Sunnbuel (Kandersteg), as well as for ski tours in the wild and romantic Gemmi area. Two marked snowshoe trails, two toboggan runs, snowtubing run and 16 kilometers of groomed Nordic and Skating Tracks will round off a fun day in the snow.
Height: 2350 m a.s.l.
Local place name: Gemmipass
Cross-country Ski Trail
Winter Hiking Trail
Mountain Train/Ski Lift
Winter Hiking:
from Sunnbüehl Mountain Station 3h30


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Find a Great Dane available near you!
Great Dane Adoption
What do you need to know before you adopt a Great Dane? We asked the experts!
Great Dane Rescue of Minnesota says:
We would like people to know that Great Danes do not need a big house. They can do very well in a small home, even an apartment, as long as you can take them for a walk every day (about 30 minutes is usually enough). Other than that, they need a soft bed or couch to lie on.
Harlequin Haven Great Dane Rescue says:
If adopting a puppy or young Great Dane, realize that they are a giant breed and will typically grow to well over 100 pounds. Too many Great Danes are dumped because the owner says they got too big. Great Danes are called "Gentle Giants", but that does not mean that a puppy or even a young Dane is going to lay around all the time. A man once told us that the difference between a Dane puppy and a miniature poodle pup was the size of the hole eaten in the couch. Never get a puppy for small children; the puppy does not understand that the child is not a littermate and, especially considering how quickly a Great Dane grows, the Dane will quickly be too rough for the child. NO small child should ever be left unattended with a dog no matter what the age and history of the dog.
Great Dane Rescue of the Carolinas says:
There are lots of things that we tell our adopters, but number 1 at the top of the list is that this breed is prone to a deadly condition called bloat or, more formally, gastric dilatation and volvulus syndrome (GDV).
GDV is a disease in dogs in which the animal's stomach dilates and then rotates, or twists, around its short axis. A number of emergency conditions may result as a consequence of this gastric rotation, including progressive distension of the stomach, increased pressure within the abdomen, damage to the cardiovascular system, and decreased perfusion. Perfusion is the process of delivering nutrients via blood in the arteries to the body's tissues. Insufficient perfusion may lead to cellular damage and even organ death.
Symptoms of GDV include anxious behavior, depression, abdominal pain and distention, collapse, excessive drooling, and vomiting to the point of unproductive dry heaving. Further physical examination may also reveal an extremely rapid heart beat (known as tachycardia), labored breathing (known as dyspnea), a weak pulse, and pale mucus membrane (the moist tissues lining the body's orifices, such as the nose and mouth).
The exact causes of GDV are unknown. A variety of factors, including genetics, anatomy, and environment, are most likely to blame. For example, dogs that have a first relative with a history of GDV have been shown to be at higher risk. Additionally, large and giant-breed dogs may be at higher risk, especially deep-chested breeds such as great Danes, German shepherds, and standard poodles. Although GDV has been reported in puppies, risk does increase with age.
Some factors that are believed to contribute to the development of GDV include ingestion of excessive amounts of food or water, delayed emptying of the gastrointestinal system, and too much activity after eating. In some cases, dogs affected by GDV have a history of gastrointestinal tract problems. It should be noted, however, that these characteristics do not necessarily occur with all cases.
A primary method of diagnosing GDV is imaging techniques, such as x-rays of the abdomen. Other tests may include a urine analysis and testing concentrations of lactate substance in the plasma.
If GDV is not to blame, other possible causes of the patient's symptoms may include bacterial infection, gastroenteritis (which is the inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract involving both the stomach and small intestine), or "food bloat" due to overeating.
GDV is an emergency condition requiring patients to be hospitalized and aggressively treated. If secondary cardiovascular problems are apparent, they will need to be immediately treated. After the heart is stabilized, gastric decompression can be performed, preferably with orogastric intubation, a process by which a tube is inserted through the patient's mouth into the stomach. After these processes are complete and the patient is stabilized, surgical measures may be taken to return internal organs (such as the stomach and spleen) to their normal positions. Additional treatment may be needed to address any organ damage. A permanent gastropexy, in which the patient's stomach is surgically secured to prevent future improper rotation, may be done to prevent recurrence of GDV.
General care after initial treatment includes administration of painkillers, along with any other necessary medications. Activity should be restricted for approximately two weeks, especially after surgery.
While the exact causes of GDV are unknown, there are a number of risk factors that can be addressed, namely avoiding strenuous exercise after eating and drinking. Slowing the rate of food consumption may also help, as well as feeding frequent small portions, rather than infrequent larger portions.


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|Kevin Decker
DURHAM, N.H. – The University of New Hampshire football team held its annual banquet Sunday at the Memorial Union Building, honoring its senior class by bestowing individual accolades. The event puts a stamp on the 2011 season, a year in which the Wildcats posted an 8-4 record and reached the NCAA D-I Football Championship tournament for a national-leading eighth straight season.
Quarterback Kevin Decker (Armonk, N.Y.), the CAA Offensive Player of the Year, was named the team's Most Valuable Player after registering a record-setting campaign in his only season as the starting signal caller. The co-captain ranked first in the CAA in total offense/game (308.4 yards/ninth in the FCS), passing yards/game (272.7/13th in the FCS), points responsible for/game (16.7/sixth in FCS) and pass efficiency (152.5/ninth in the FCS). The All-New England First-Team quarterback completed 262 of 380 passes for 3,272 yards and 22 touchdowns. Decker's single-season totals rated among the best in University history in passing yards (third), completions (fourth) and attempts (sixth); his 4,151 career passing yards are No. 9 all-time. Further, the College Sports Journal FCS All-America Honorable Mention QB rushed 135 times for 429 yards (second on the team) and a team-leading nine TDs.
|Brian McNally
Co-captain and four-year starter Brian McNally (Cornwall, N.Y.) garnered the Bill Bowes Coaches Award. The defensive end started all 12 games and compiled 26 tackles, 15 solo, including a team-leading 7.5 sacks and squad-high 9.5 tackles for loss. One season after setting UNH's single-season sack record (13.5), McNally was tabbed to the CAA All-Conference First Team, the FCS All-New England Team, an ECAC First Team All-Star, College Sports Journal FCS All-America Honorable Mention and the CAA Academic All-Conference Team. He participated in the prospect-filled Casino Del Sol All-Star Game in Tucson, Ariz., on Jan. 16.
The Bob Demers 12th Player Award went to cornerback Kyle Flemings (Forty Fort, Pa.), a two-year starter who appeared in 10 games during his senior season. The 5-foot-10, 180-pound DB posted 48 tackles, including 24 solo stops, and nabbed two interceptions, highlighted by an overtime pick at Lehigh that sealed a 48-41 triumph. Flemings, a Preseason FCS Senior Scout Bowl Second-Team All-American, closed out his career with eight INTs.
|James Jenkins
Defensive end James Jenkins (Paterson, N.J.) took home the Jack French Unsung Hero Award after leading all Wildcats' defensive linemen with 45 tackles, including 26 of the solo variety, amassing 3.5 sacks, seven tackles for loss, one pass breakup and a fumble recovery. Jenkins, a two-year starter, is bound for the Beyond Sports Network Collegiate Showcase in Akron, Ohio, from March 9-11. The sociology major also received a 2011 CAA Commissioner's Academic Award.
Mark Petercuskie (Holliston, Mass.) was the recipient of the Buck Buchanan Distinguished Service Award. Petercuskie, a three-time member of the CAA Academic All-Conference Team (2009-11), played in all 12 games and served as the team's starting long snapper while providing depth at linebacker and on special teams. He finished the season with 15 tackles, including five-tackle performances at Toledo and versus Villanova.
Mickey Mangieri (Pound Ridge, N.Y.) was feted with the Bo Dickson Spirit Award. The wide receiver/kick returner battled back from a broken leg that sidelined him for the 2010 season to become a dependable target during his senior season. Mangieri ranked third on the team with a career-high 31 receptions for 341 yards and a touchdown while adding three kickoff returns for 50 yards. The 5-foot-10, 178-pounder recorded a career-best 102 receiving yards on six catches, including a 31-yard TD reception and season-long 42-yard grab, in a victory against Holy Cross. He also snared a personal-best eight catches for 100 yards at William & Mary.
The team's Eugene K. Auerbach Student-Athlete Award was presented to Chris Chandler (Wakefield, Mass.), who graduated in May 2011 with Bachelor of Arts degrees in Earth Science and Economics. The four-time member of the CAA Academic All-Conference Team (2007, 09-11) is currently studying for his Master's Degree in business administration. On the field, Chandler registered a career-high 18 receptions for 170 yards in 11 games (10 starts).
The team also awarded its official game balls for each victory of the 2011 season:
•@ Lehigh, Sept. 10: Flemings iced the Wildcats' 48-41 overtime victory by intercepting Chris Lum's pass at the UNH 2-yard line to end the game.
•@ Richmond, Sept. 24: Rod Walker (Portsmouth, N.H.) established a career high with 10 tackles, including his first-ever sack, to spearhead UNH's 45-43 victory.
•Holy Cross, Oct. 1: Mangieri was honored for his career-high 102 receiving yards, season-best 42-yard reception and 31-yard TD catch in a 39-32 defeat of the Crusaders.
•Villanova, Oct. 8: A.J. DeLago (Menands, N.Y.) booted a career-high 37-yard field goal and totaled 104 yards on two kickoffs in a 47-17 win at Cowell Stadium.
•Massachusetts, Oct. 22: Making his first career start, cornerback Anthony Gorrell (New Brunswick, N.J.) tallied a career-high five tackles in a 27-21 Colonial Clash victory at Gillette Stadium.
•Rhode Island, Oct. 29: Left guard George Pecoraro (Cresskill, N.J.) stepped up in his first start of the season, helping run-block for a UNH offense that rushed for a then-season-high 214 yards and four TDs from four different players en route to a 31-24 home win against the Rams.
•@ James Madison, Nov. 5: Tight end Sean Cullen (Naples, Fla.) was on the receiving end of a 19-yard TD pass from Decker in the final minute of the first half to help propel the 'Cats past the Dukes, 28-10.
•Maine, Nov. 19: Jason Roach (Dorchester, Mass.) made his first career tackle on the opening kickoff to jumpstart UNH to a 30-27 Senior Day defeat of the Black Bears.
For more information on the UNH football team, visit www.unhwildcats.com.


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Subject & Predicate Worksheets
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Use these printable worksheets for teaching students about the subjects and predicates of sentences.
Most of the worksheets on this page align with the Common Core Standards. To see CCSS connections, simply click the apple core icon ().
Subjects & PredicatesSubject Predicate (Easy) Free
Fill in the correct subject or predicate from the word box; Easier for grades 2-3.Cut & Glue Subject/Predicate Activity Member
Students color, cut and glue in this grammar activity; Hands-on way of learning about subjects and predicatesSubjects and Predicates Worksheet A Member
Draw one line under the subject & two lines under the predicate; Add the missing subjects and predicatesSubject and Predicate Worksheet B Member
Similar to subject/predicate worksheet A, but the sentences are differentSubject and Predicates Worksheet C Member
Draw a line under the complete subject; Draw two lines under the complete predicateSubject and Predicate Worksheet D Member
Similar to worksheets a-c, with different sentencesSubject and Predicate Worksheet E Member
Tell whether each group of words is a subject or predicate. Then use each group of words in a sentence.
Simple Subjects & PredicatesSimple Subjects and Predicates Member
Identify the simple subject or simple predicate for each sentence. Also includes review of complete subject and predicate.Simple Subjects Member
Underline the complete subject and circle the simple subject in each sentence.Simple Subjects - Unscramble Member
Unscramble the words to make a complete sentence. Write the sentence on the line and circle the simple subject.Simple Predicates Member
Tell whether the underlined words are the complete subject, complete predicate, simple subject, or simple predicateComplete & Simple Subjects & Predicates Member
Determine whether the underlined words are a complete subject, a complete predicate, a simple subject, or simple predicate.
See Also:Grammar Worksheets
Worksheets that help with adjective, punctuation, verbs, conjunction and more.


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Okay, now this is getting strange. First, as mentioned previously, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) created a big flap a few weeks ago when it said it will fine bloggers $11,000 if they endorse a product without admitting they got the product for free. Now, at least one FTC official is backpedaling or clarifying, depending on how charitable you want to be.
The good news: Book reviewers are safe. The bad news: Those Amazon links on your website may not be.
According to an article in Publisher's Weekly, FTC lawyer Mary Engle said at a blogger conference that writers with a "personal blog, writing a genuine or organic review," did not need to disclose how they got a book or assign it a value.
"We have nothing to do with the IRS. I have no idea if you are supposed to declaring that as compensation. We were just looking for a word that wasn't "paid," because there are ways of being compensated for posts or tweets that don't involve actual pay." By extension, her comment implies that if you review other products, including restaurant food or packaged food and wine, you may be safe.
She was less sure, however, about whether earnings from links to amazon.com or indiebound.com need better labeling. "'I think that's harder, and we don't have a hard and fast position on that yet,' said Engle, who wondered out loud if it was as clear-cut as a doctor who gets profits from the sale of medicine made by a company he has a financial stake in. 'Is an Amazon affiliate program similar to that? Or does a reasonable consumer clearly understand that the blogger gets a cut from every sale? The examples that are at the black-and-white ends are easy but in the middle there's a lot of stuff we're not sure about yet.'"
So stay tuned, as the FTC figures it out as they go along.
Thanks to Carole Bidnick for sending me the link.
3 Responses to "FTC Backpedals on Disclosure for Reviews"
Interesting. I wonder what prompted this? Are they under fire from somewhere that I haven't seen?
I link to Amazon like I link to Wikipedia, beacuse I am pretty sure the links will exist long-term. I'm not using any affiliate program link and don't have an interest to promote their sales. I would have loved to link to a small biz but, very sadly, one day they're there and one day they're gone and the links gone with them. Amazon links stay and it's a good tool for me when I want to show a photo or description of an object I'm talking about it (again, without trying to sell it or make money out of it)
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St. Albans Raid 150th - September 18 – 21, 2014
150 years ago the small town of St. Albans, Vermont became site of the northern-most land action of the Civil War. Escaped Confederate prisoners disguised as being on holiday converged on the town with the intent of robbing banks to fund the South's failing war effort. It's a remarkable story – complete with international intrigue – and will be the center-point of this 4 day event. The event will feature an elaborate re-enactment of
the raid; Civil War era military and civilian re-enactors recreating life in that time period; walking tours of the prime sites involved in the raid; St. Albans' connection to the Underground Railroad; a quilt show and antique guns exhibit; Civil War era music and bluegrass music; and a grand review of re-enactors, officials dressed in Civil War attire and others during a parade around Taylor Park. Monthly lectures leading up to the weekend event are also planned.
St. Albans Historical Society Museum, Taylor Park, and other venues throughout St. Albans (802) 527-7933 http://www.stalbansraid.com/newsupdates


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The North Face Inlux Insulated Jacket - Men'sView Larger Image
- Detail Images
Make sure you're comfortable on your next camping trip by remembering to pack your Men's Inlux Insulated Jacket from The North Face. The Inlux features 75D HyVent 2-layer nylon and fully taped seams to ensure you stay dry, even in the nastiest mountain weather. A fleece-lined body, combined with 80-gram Heatseeker synthetic insulation, is sure to keep you warm. In case that ends up keeping you too warm, underarm zip vents can be opened to increase ventilation. A removable hood lets you slim down the profile.
- 75D HyVent 2L nylon shell
- Fully taped seams
- Fleece-lined body
- 80g HeatSeeker synthetic insulation
- Underarm zip vents
- Removable hood
- Two zippered hand pockets
- Interior zippered chest pocket
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The North Face Inlux Insulated Jacket - Men's
? Share a...
Now review from the App. Download
Nice, but fits small
- Familiarity: I returned this product before using it
- Fit: Runs small
Height: 6' 00"Weight: 240 lbsSize Purchased: XL
I really liked this coat, but when I put it on the sleeves were several inches too short. Too bad, it seemed like a very nice coat.


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Details of a Sept. 20 bus crash in Washington County that injured dozens of David Crockett High School students, some seriously, will be made known in a news conference tomorrow morning.
Tennessee Highway Patrol officials and District Attorney Tony Clark will also address questions from the media at the 11 a.m. news conference at the George P. Jaynes Justice Center, 108 West Jackson Blvd., Jonesborough.
The bus crashed around 3 p.m. Sept. 20 on Mount Wesley Road in Telford while taking students home. Twenty-seven students and the bus driver were taken to Johnson City Medical Center. Many students were flown by helicopter to the hospital.
All patients were released within a week.
The Johnson City Press will have a photographer and reporter at the news conference.