text:
Our family has always LOVED fireworks. Every year, we would
invite family and friends to the farm for the Showalter 4th of July
celebration. Steve would go out and buy the two biggest fireworks
assortments he could find, and tell everyone else to bring what they
had to fill in around ours. He would divide the fireworks up between
several containers, and then everyone would start shooting!
Hamburgers....Hot dogs....Mom's potato salad....and FIREWORKS!
In the spring of 1987, someone approached us wanting to rent a small
corner of our alfalfa field to set up a "mom & pop" fireworks stand.
We agreed, not knowing that this was about to change our involvement
in fireworks FOREVER! What we discovered was that other people
loved fireworks ALMOST as much as we did, but they needed a place to
buy & shoot them. Reno County had banned fireworks, and our location
was conveniently just across the county line into McPherson County,
where you can shoot fireworks year 'round on private property. Steve
was excited! He had found a new adventure to work on. We built a 20
x 20 lean-to shed with a dirt floor, and started looking for a
vendor to purchase fireworks from. We placed our first order - -
buying $1,000 worth of fireworks. Using calculators & card tables,
poster board signs and cardboard boxes for bins, the stand opened
June 27, 1988. "What we didn't think about ahead of time was that
when the sun went down, our solar-powered calculators didn't work,"
laughed Steve. "I immediately jumped in the truck and headed for
town to buy a generator and a string of lights!" The first year, we
ordered 30 cases of fireworks and sold them all. The next year we
increased our order to 60 cases, then 91 cases in 1990. "Now we
order hundreds!"
By the end of our first season, we realized that we needed a way for
more people to be able to shoot their fireworks off in our alfalfa
field. Throughout the next 11 months, we collected up 55 gallon
barrels. Just before fireworks season #2, we arranged 20 barrels in
a semi-circle to make a firing line. This worked great until we had
more people than barrels.
As each additional year came, we kept adding and improving things to
keep up with the demand. We expanded the building twice; tripling
its original size by the mid-1990's. We added a concrete floor,
entrance & exit gates, cash registers & checkout counters, people to
direct traffic, door greeters, stockers, sackers, and of course ~
more barrels.
Around 1995, we met a guy by the name of Jack Clements who owned a
Class B fireworks company. We had approached him about shooting a
display fireworks show for us the night of July 4th, as a
thank you to our loyal customers (and our neighbors who had to
listen to 10 days of explosives). He helped us acquire the proper
licenses, and we shot our first display show. One show led to
another, and eventually Steve & Matt were shooting shows around the
area on an annual basis. We started telling Jack that when and if he
decided to retire, to come talk to us first. It wasn't long, and we
received that phone call.
Since that phone call, business has literally been one explosion
after another. For example, we have many different display firework
shows shooting across Kansas on 4th of July night,
bringing smiles and laughter to thousands of spectators.
A couple of years later, we purchased another fireworks business
(Advanced Imports), which has enabled Rainbow Fireworks to grow
again, with the ability to wholesale Class B fireworks across the
Even though Rainbow Fireworks, Inc. is owned by Steve and Peggy
Showalter, it is very much a family run business. Each of our five
children is involved in the fireworks business in one way or
another. They have fireworks running through their blood! Ask any of
them what their favorite holiday is, and they will respond 4th
of July, without hesitation.
We want to share that same inspiration with you. We would like to
turn your 4th of July into a family or company favorite.
Call us so we can discuss this with you on how your upcoming event
can be made more memorable with the use of fireworks. FIREWORKS
Let Rainbow Fireworks produce your next
Fireworks display
Fireworks Displays by Rainbow Fireworks © www.fireworks-display.com
Call about our fireworks displays! 620-663-7714
Website Design by
LogicMaze Webdesigns


text:
SUNDERLAND, Mass. (AP) — Actor Robert Downey Jr. may not be a real superhero, but he sure acted like one for a little Massachusetts boy.
Heather Denno took her 1½-year-old son Jaxson to watch filming for the movie "The Judge," starring Downey, in her hometown of Sunderland this week.
Downey, star of the "Iron Man" movies, spotted the little boy and went over to say hello.
Heather Denno told Jaxson that Downey was "Iron Man."
Confused because of the lack of the trademark metallic red and gold suit, Jaxson burst into tears.
The actor put a comforting hand on the boy and calmed him.
Heather Denno tells The Boston Globe that Downey was "sweet and nurturing," and she could tell he's a dad.
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
Film Review: Pitch Perfect (2012)
Cast helps "Perfect" stay on pitch, 4/5 stars
Carl J. Bachus | Collegio Writer
As the proverb goes, there is nothing new under the sun. Universal's "Pitch Perfect" is an obvious example. We've seen the story before: mediocre team flubs a big competition, too-cool-for-school prodigy shakes things up, there's conflict and so on and so forth. "Perfect," however, is one of those rare movies, like 2010's "Easy A," that couldn't have succeeded without a stellar cast and impeccable comedic timing.
"Pitch Perfect" was written by Kay Cannon, a writer and producer for popular shows like "30 Rock" and "New Girl." Although her penchant for witty, self-referential dialogue translates well to the big screen, her strengths clearly lie in the realm of television. From the minimal character development to the funny, but flat archetypal characters, the script feels more like a television pilot than its own feature film. Too bad "Glee" already has three years on it. The song selection leaves much to be desired, but it was featured fairly well. Cringe-worthy Rihanna and Flo-Rida songs were occasionally made up for by foot-tap-inducing renditions of "No Diggity" and Simple Minds' "Don't You (Forget About Me)."
The film, funny as it was, would have fallen flat if not for the outstanding cast, most notably Fat Amy (Rebel Wilson of "Bridesmaids") and Kendrick as the central character. Kendrick's come a long way from appearing in the first "Twilight" film and has gained quite a bit of momentum since earning an Oscar nomination for her performance in 2009's "Up in the Air." She seems more comfortable with these lead roles, but it'd be nice to see her in a meatier part. That being said, she's nothing short of a delight to watch in the film. Wilson, however, never disappoints. Always the crowd pleaser, Wilson is essentially playing herself, delivering her lines with razor-sharp comedic timing. Rounding out the cast is "Workaholics"' Adam DeVine and newcomer Ester Dean, best known for being featured on the popular Nicki Minaj hit, "Super Bass."
"Pitch Perfect" isn't deep enough to win any Academy Awards or vapid enough to win any MTV Awards, but it's a fun time for anyone who enjoys those feel-good throwaway movies that usually fill the months between the summer blockbusters and obvious-Oscar-bait season. With a great cast, a fun setting and a script that's more hit than miss, "Perfect," despite its flaws, never goes off tune.


text:
Strange Bedfellows -- Politics News
News about Seattle and King County government as well as national politics.
Posts filtered on Tag
Sarah Palin announces she will not run for president
Following the lead of fellow Republican Chris Christie, former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin announced Wednesday she will not run for president. ABC News obtained a letter to supporters released Wednesday night in which Palin said she will instead work on behalf of other conservative candidates. "I believe that at this time I can be more […] [Read More]


text: I just coded a page to parse my php news into XML for a RSS feed. I submitted the link to www.syndic8.com and got listed. Are there any other sites I should submit to? Also I was told to send pings whenever I post news. What does this mean. Also Also, I placed a [RSS] icon on my site. Should I link this to the actual news.rss file or just a index page that has all the info for setting up the feed. Thanks...I'm a RSS noob.


text:
- 800.878.7323
List price:
Used Hardcover
Ships in 1 to 3 days
More copies of this ISBN
This title in other editions
Flushby Carl Hiaasen
Synopses & Reviews
Publisher Comments:
You know it's going to be a rough summer when you spend Father's Day visiting your dad in the local lockup.
Noah's dad is sure that the owner of the Coral Queen casino boat is flushing raw sewage into the harbor — which has made taking a dip at the local beach like swimming in a toilet. He can't prove it, though, and so he decides that sinking the boat will make an effective statement. Right. The boat is pumped out and back in business within days and Noah's dad is stuck in the clink.
Now Noah is determined to succeed where his dad failed. He will prove that the Coral Queen is dumping illegally...somehow. His allies may not add up to much — his sister, Abbey, an unreformed childhood biter; Lice Peeking, a greedy sot with poor hygiene; Shelly, a bartender and a woman scorned; and a mysterious pirate — but Noah's got a plan to flush this crook out into the open. A plan that should sink the crooked little casino, once and for all.
"Hiaasen's (Hoot) action-packed mystery set in the Florida Keys offers a colorful cast of dastardly villains and eccentric heroes, along with his signature environmental themes. Noah would be the first to admit that his father, Paine Underwood, 'sometimes goes too far' in his campaign to save the environment, especially when he single-handedly sinks the Coral Queen, a gambling boat that he believes has been dumping human waste just offshore. This feat leads to a jail sentence, and while Mr. Underwood is behind bars, it is up to Noah to prove that his father had good reason to put the floating casino out of action. Noah's mission — to catch owner Dusty Muleman 'red-handed' as he drains his boat's sewage — is not an easy task. Dusty employs a burly watchman and has connections with the Coast Guard and the police. Yet Noah finds some unusual adversaries in Lice Peeking, Dusty's former employee, who is willing to testify against his ex-boss for a price; Shelly, Dusty's blond, buxom ex-girlfriend; and an unnamed 'old pirate,' who conveniently appears whenever Noah needs help out of a tight fix. While much of this adventure (including the identity of the 'old pirate') is predictable, Hiaasen creates enough interesting plot twists to keep the pages turning. Budding environmentalists especially will delight in the ingenious way that Noah beats Dusty at his game. Ages 10-up. (Sept.)" Publishers Weekly (Copyright Reed Business Information, Inc.)
"[A] delightful quirkiness. But the sparkle that catapulted Hoot into the limelight isn't quite as brilliant here....Hiaasen still succeeds at relating an entertaining story while getting across a serious message..." Booklist
"This quick-reading, fun, family adventure harkens back to the Hardy Boys in its simplicity and quirky characters." School Library Journal
You know it's going to be a rough summer when you spend Father's Day visiting your dad in the local lockup. Noah's dad is sure that the owner of the Coral Queen casino boat is flushing raw sewage into the harbor. Now it's up to Noah to succeed where his dad failed.
Noah's dad is sure that the owner of a casino boat is flushing raw sewage into the harbor. Now Noah is determined to succeed where his dad failed and will sink the crooked casino and prove the boat owner is dumping illegally.
A modern-day Robin Hood by a New York Times bestselling and Edgar Award-winning author!
Robbie Forester has learned the hard way that life isn't fair. So have her friends Ashanti, Silas and Tut-Tut. But Robbie and her friends—who call themselves the Outlaws of Sherwood Street—want to change that.
When Sheldon Gun, an evil business man, ends up killing Silas's father so he can build a new apartment complex in Brooklyn, the Outlaws know it's up to them to make Sheldon Gun pay. With street smarts, Silas's inventions, and a little help from a charm bracelet, these friends know they can take on Sheldon Gun and win—at least, they hope so. If not, they may end up just like Silas's dad. This story is filled with action, adventure, social justice and great friends--and is especially relevant during our current economy and the rise of the Occupy Everywhere movement. Perfect for fans of young detectives like Nancy Drew, Enola Holmes, and Gilda Joyce.
Peter Abrahams, who also writes the Chet & Bernie mysteries as Spencer Quinn, is the award-winning and best-selling author of the Echo Falls series as well as teen novels Reality Check and Bullet Point. His adult novel, The Fan, was turned into a feature film starring Robert DeNiro and Wesley Snipes. Stephen King has called Abrahams "my favorite American suspense novelist."
About the Author
Carl Hiaasen was born and raised in Florida. He is the author of several adult novels, including Skinny Dip, Sick Puppy, Lucky You, Stormy Weather, and Basket Case; and, for young readers, Hoot. He also writes a regular column for the Miami Herald.
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text:
Every once in awhile I'll wake up with a song in my head.
Or I'll be thinking of a song that I haven't thought of in years and I have to listen to it to get it out of my head.
So I decided to start a thread that is dedicated to the one I love...no wait, to songs that get stuck in your head.
First up is the Eddie Rabbit - Crystal Gayle version of Just You and I.
(Although I suspect Muzak is responsible for this one.)


text:
Need Help Choosing a Doctor?
Call 1-800-82-SHARP to speak to a physician referral nurse. Monday through Friday, 8 am to 6 pm.
Learning is a deep passion of mine and I've truly enjoyed the challenges and educational opportunities that medicine has brought. I appreciate working with children and their families. It is a wonderful honor for me to be involved in their medical care. Children are our future and it is important to me that I can help to keep them healthy.
Outside of work, I enjoy spending quality time with my son and watching him grow up.
Sharp accepts most health insurance. If your plan is not listed below, please call your insurance provider to verify coverage.
We have received your request. A physician referral nurse will contact you within one business day.OK


text:
The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation invites the public to a meeting to discuss plans for the replacement of a bridge on Route 97 (Route 0197) over a tributary to French Creek in the Borough of Union City, Erie County.
The meeting will be held:
Date:Tuesday, Sept. 10, 2013
Time:7 p.m.
Location:Union City Area High School
Large Group Construction Room
105 Concord Street
Union City, Pa., 16438
The purpose of this meeting is to introduce the project and to receive public input regarding any questions or concerns with the project, as well as to receive any public input regarding historic or archaeological sites in the area that could be affected by the project, as required by Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act (cultural resources).
The meeting location is accessible to anyone with disabilities. Anyone with special needs or requiring assistance should contact Matt Antrilli, project manager, at (814) 678-7169 prior to the meeting so that accommodations can be made.
Copyright 2013 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Deaf eyes, blind ears. which was written by poet
Lawlor. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Lance Lawlor
Oh ill fated lamb,
How we cling to your image,
We all love innocence irresponsibly,
Hold the ignorant upon the celebrity pedestal,
Till too late we find the lamb horned.
The blackness has seeped into homes,
Taught that the light is what blinds,
Feeling sorry for the dead, while life is taken away,
Energy vampirism is rampant, tugging on every chord.
Most will not know the truth while here,
The truth, the blindingly obvious they fear,
Always falling on deaf ears, no one will hear,
I've come face to face with a cliff...its sheer.


text:
County job market to rebound slowly, forecaster predicts
Ventura County will have to wait until 2016 to recoup the jobs lost during the recession and the labor market should show signs of improvement this year, according to Mark Schniepp, director of the California Economic Forecast in Santa Barbara.
"Labor market recovery is more convincing this year, but it doesn't impress," Schniepp said.
Ventura County jobs of the future will relate to high technology, logistics and professional and scientific services.
Job seekers should stay away from the retail, construction, manufacturing and public sectors, according to Schniepp, who spoke Thursday at California Lutheran University-sponsored seminars in Thousand Oaks and Ventura.
He said the area's labor force, which consists of the employed and those seeking employment, has been growing while the unemployment rate has fallen.
"Therefore, we must be creating jobs," Schniepp said. "Either that or a lot of discouraged workers are falling out."
The California Economic Forecast also projects more spending this year in the retail sector.
Nationwide, consumer confidence has improved amid a warm winter believed to have been good for people's psyches.
Schniepp called the weather on the East Coast a "godsend in terms of helping economic activity" that may have pushed the economy forward at a faster pace than it otherwise might have moved. His team is watching to see whether similar economic trends will appear through the spring, with higher gasoline and oil prices threatening to derail momentum.
Bill Watkins, executive director of CLU's Center for Economic Research and Forecasting, also spoke at the events. Both economists predict slow growth for the year.
Watkins' forecast calls for slow retail sales growth because families have less spending money and more debt and the unemployment rate remains high. He also thinks retail spending is moving online, which will continue to hurt local retailers.
"That's tough on retailers," he said. "My retailer friends always say, 'Well, people go shopping at the mall for the experience.' I say I shop online to avoid that experience."
Watkins thinks the local economy would improve if regulations were alleviated and immigration legalized so that bright foreign students coming into the area to study could stay once they've been trained.
CLU experts foresee slight job losses, slow economic growth and high unemployment in Ventura County for the year.
"Some people would interpret this as a dismal forecast," Watkins said. "It's better than last year's."
Subscribe to the Ventura County Star
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Plan DescriptionIf youre a looking for a home that is suitable for a narrow lot and offers relaxed country living, this two-story home plan is the one for you! The column lined, wrap-around porch welcomes all and promotes outdoor living. Inside, windows fill the great room with natural light while a fireplace offers toasty warmth on chilly nights. The kitchen delivers a step-saver design and serves the dining room with ease. Multi-tasking is a snap with the mud room and utility area situated near the kitchen allowing you to handle laundry chores while dinner is prepared. The mud room also serves as a transition between the living areas and the 2-car, side-entry garage. Bedroom 4 is situated at the front of the home. This space is ideal for those challenged by stairs and also works well for a guest bedroom with a full bath nearby. A U-shaped stair ascends to the second level. Here walk-in closets enhance Bedrooms 2 and 3 while a hall bath accommodates the childrens needs. The master bedroom is a pampering retreat showcasing a large sitting area and an amenity-rich bath. Notice the nook, just right for a desk or even a breakfast bar with mini fridge. Charming outside and filled with surprises inside, this narrow lot country house plan is hard to resist!
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text:
A damascene approach may be utilized to form an electrode to a lower conductive line in a phase change memory. The phase change memory may be formed of a plurality of isolated memory cells, each including a phase change memory threshold switch and a phase change memory storage element.
1. A phase change memory comprising:
a memory area;
a phase change storage element and a phase change threshold switch in said memory area;
a periphery beside said memory area, said periphery including no phase change memory elements; and
a damascene via to a conductive line in said periphery.
2. The memory of
3. The memory of
4. The memory of
5. The memory of
6. The memory of
7. The memory of
8. The memory of
9. The memory of
10. The memory of
11. The memory of
12. The memory of
13. The memory of
14. The memory of
15. The memory of
16. The memory of
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/633,886, filed Aug. 4, 2003 now U.S. Pat No. 7,399,655.
This invention relates generally to phase change memories.
Phase change memory devices use phase change materials, i.e., materials that may be electrically switched between a generally amorphous and a generally crystalline state, as an electronic memory. One type of memory element utilizes a phase change material that may be, in one application, electrically switched between generally amorphous and generally crystalline local orders or between the different detectable states of local order across the entire spectrum between completely amorphous and completely crystalline states.
Typical materials suitable for such an application include various chalcogenide elements. The state of the phase change materials is also non-volatile. When the memory is set in either a crystalline, semi-crystalline, amorphous, or semi-amorphous state representing a resistance value, that value is retained until reprogrammed, even if power is removed. This is because the program value represents a phase or physical state of the memory (e.g., crystalline or amorphous).
In some cases, it may desirable to provide various electrical connections between electrodes utilized in phase change memories.
Thus, there is a need for alternate ways to provide electrical connections for phase change memories.
Referring to
In some embodiments of the present invention, the threshold switch 102 and the memory element 104 may be formed one on top of the other in the same integrated circuit. In some embodiments, multiple threshold switches 102 and multiple memory elements 104 may be stacked one on top of the other to form a plurality of planes of memory cells 100. However, in other embodiments, a single threshold switch 102 may be positioned over a single memory element 104 to form a memory cell 100 in an array 106 of memory cells arranged in rows 12 and columns 34.
Referring to
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, the layer 10 may be a part of a semiconductor substrate, the layer 12 may be a buried word line formed in the layer 10 (of the opposite conductivity type of the substrate) and the layer 14 may be an insulator overlying the substrate.
Referring to
Referring next to
Referring to
Referring to
In one embodiment, the phase change material layer 24 may be a non-volatile, phase change material. In this embodiment, the memory element 104 may be referred to as a phase change memory. A phase change material may be a material having electrical properties (e.g., resistance) that may be changed through the application of an energy pulse such as, for example, heat, light, voltage potential, or electrical current. Examples of phase change material may include a chalcogenide material or an ovonic material.
An ovonic material may be a material that undergoes electronic or structural changes and acts as a semiconductor once subjected to application of a voltage potential, electrical current, light, heat, etc. A chalcogenide material may be a material that includes at least one element from column VI of the periodic table or may be a material that includes one or more of the chalcogen elements, e.g., any of the elements of tellurium, sulfur, or selenium. Ovonic and chalcogenide materials made by non-volatile memory materials that may be used to store information.
In one embodiment, the memory material may be chalcogenide element composition from the class of tellurium-germanium-antimony (TexGeySbz) material or a GeSbTe alloy, although the scope of the present invention is not limited to just these.
In one embodiment, if the memory material is a non-volatile, phase change material, the memory material may be programmed into one of at least two memory states by applying an electrical signal to the memory material. An electrical signal may alter the phase of the memory material between a substantially crystalline state and a substantially amorphous state, wherein the electrical resistance of the memory material in the substantially amorphous state is greater than the resistance of the memory material in the substantially crystalline state. Accordingly, in this embodiment, the memory material may be adapted to be altered to one of at least two resistance values within a range of resistance values to provide single bit or multi-bit storage of information.
Programming of the memory material to alter the state or phase of the material may be accomplished by applying voltage potentials to electrodes 22, 26, thereby generating a voltage potential across the memory material. An electrical current may flow through a portion of the memory material in response to the applied voltage potentials, and may result in heating of the memory material.
This heating and subsequent cooling may alter the memory state or phase of the memory material. Altering the phase or state of the memory material may alter an electrical characteristic of the memory material. For example, resistance of the material may be altered by altering the phase of the memory material. The memory material may also be referred to as a programmable resistive material or simply a programmable material.
In one embodiment, a voltage potential difference of about 3 volts may be applied across a portion of the memory material by applying about 3 volts to a lower electrode 22 and about zero volts to an upper electrode 26. A current flowing through the memory material in response to the applied voltage potentials may result in heating of the memory material. This heating and subsequent cooling may alter the memory state or phase of the material.
In a "reset" state, the memory material may be in an amorphous or semi-amorphous state and in a "set" state, the memory material may be in a crystalline or semi-crystalline state. The resistance of the memory material in the amorphous or semi-amorphous state may be greater than the resistance of the material in the crystalline or semi-crystalline state. The association of reset and set with amorphous and crystalline states, respectively, is a convention. Other conventions may be adopted.
Due to electrical current, the memory material may be heated to a relatively higher temperature to amorphisize memory material and "reset" memory material (e.g., program memory material to a logic "0" value). Heating the volume or memory material to a relatively lower crystallization temperature may crystallize memory material and "set" memory material (e.g., program memory material to a logic "1" value). Various resistances of memory material may be achieved to store information by varying the amount of current flow and duration through the volume of memory material.
The information stored in memory material may be read by measuring the resistance of the memory material. As an example, a read current may be provided to the memory material using opposed electrodes 22, 26 and a resulting read voltage across the memory material may be compared against a reference voltage using, for example, a sense amplifier (not shown). The read voltage may be proportional to the resistance exhibited by the memory storage element. Thus, a higher voltage may indicate that memory material is in a relatively higher resistance state, e.g., a "reset" state. A lower voltage may indicate that the memory material is in a relatively lower resistance state, e.g., a "set" state.
The threshold switch 102 may include a lower electrode 30, which in one embodiment may be formed of carbon, an ovonic threshold material 32, and an upper electrode 34. In one example, the material 32 may be TaAsSiGe. The upper electrode may be titanium or titanium nitride in one embodiment. The upper electrode 34 may have a considerable vertical extent to give additional process margin in a damascene process and to avoid a via landing problem as will be explained in more detail hereinafter. A damascene process is used to delineate metal lines in a dielectric.
Moving to
In an alternative embodiment shown in
Turning next to
Referring next to
As shown in
Referring next to
Referring to
In some embodiments, the depth A is the depth through the insulator 44 down to the upper electrode 34. The depth B is the minimum depth of the groove 53 so that contact can be made to the upper electrode 34. In all cases, a greater groove 53 depth may be used, but generally the depth B is greater than the depth A. The depth C is the maximum depth that a groove 53 may be etched, in some embodiments, because then there is the possibility of shorting past the electrode 34.
In some embodiments of the present invention, the threshold switch 102 is coupled to a top column line conductor and the memory element 104 is coupled to on bottom row line conductor 12. Those skilled in the art will understand that the designations "row" and "column" may be arbitrary in that the switch 102 may be coupled to a row and the memory element 104 may be coupled to a column in some embodiments.
Similarly, while an embodiment is illustrated in which the switch 102 is over the memory element 104, the positions may be switched as well so that the memory element 104 is on top of the switch 102. However, there are some advantages in some embodiments to maintaining the switch 102 over element 104 orientation. For example, it may be easier to produce a lower electrode 22 of reduced size when the memory element 104 is put down first.
Turning to
The system 500 may include a controller 510, an input/output (I/O) device 520 (e.g., a keypad display), a memory 530, and a wireless interface 540 coupled to each other via a bus 550. It should be noted that the scope of the present invention is not limited to embodiments having any or all of these components.
The controller 510 may comprises, for example, one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors, microcontrollers, or the like. The memory 530 may be used to store messages transmitted to or by the system. The memory 530 may also be optionally used to store instructions that are executed by the controller 510. During the operation of the system 500 it may be used to store user data. The memory 530 may be provided by one or more different types of memory. For example, a memory 530 may comprise a volatile memory (any type of random access memory), a non-volatile memory such as a flash memory, and/or phase change memory that includes a memory such as, for example, memory element 104 and switch 102.
The I/O device 520 may be utilized to generate a message. The system 500 may use the wireless interface 540 to transmit and receive messages to and from a wireless communication network with a wireless radio frequency (RF) signal. Examples of the wireless interface 540 may include an antenna or a wireless transceiver, such as a dipole antenna, although the scope of the present invention is not limited in this respect.
While the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom. It is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
Timi Gustafson RD
Helping people to live healthy and fulfilling lives. I write about health, nutrition, travel, education and meaningful, enriching experiences.
Posts filtered on Tag
For Better or Worse, Relationships Have Enormous Effects on Health
Loving relationships can produce countless benefits in terms of both mental and physical well-being. Unfortunately, a successful marriage or partnership is not easy to come by – and when it happens, there is no guarantee it will last. Nearly half of all marriages in America end in divorce, often with devastating consequences for everyone involved. […] [Read More]
Can Marital Bliss Make Us Healthier? (Emphasis on Bliss)
Do married people live longer, healthier lives than their single counterparts? Scientists say it depends on the quality of the marriage. [Read More]
When Love Grows Old – "Hope Springs" Takes on the Delicate Subject of Love and Sex at Old Age
"Hope Springs" is the latest movie specifically directed towards baby boomers. This time, the subject is marriage, love and sex as we grow older. [Read More]
Marital Bliss Can Promote a Healthy Lifestyle
Couples who eat and exercise together have a better chance to manage their weight and stay fit. [Read More]
Both Marriage and Divorce Can Cause Weight Gain
After marriage, both men and women tend to gain some weight, but men tend to gain even more after divorce, according to a study that was conducted to better understand the impact of people's marital status on their health. [Read More]


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Jan. 27, 2005
RSU Workshops Explore The Roots of Small Business Success
Rogers State University's Center for Economic and Community Development is hosting a series of small business workshops designed to assist area small businesses and entrepreneurs in developing successful enterprises.
The workshops are free and open to interested business owners, managers and entrepreneurs. Seating is limited and advance registration is required.
The workshops will be presented by RSU faculty, state and area business specialists, and the Center for Economic and Community Development's professional staff. All workshops will be held in Room 205 in Herrington Hall on RSU's Claremore campus, except as noted below. The schedule includes:
RSU established the Center for Economic and Community Development to foster economic development and address the educational needs of business and industry in northeastern Oklahoma. One of the primary functions of the Center is to assist entrepreneurs who wish to start or expand their business. The professional staff at the Center provides assistance with business plans, financial planning, management, marketing, production, and workforce training. Most services are provided free of charge.
For more information or to register for the seminars, call the RSU Center for Economic and Community Development at (918) 343-7533.


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Gear Review
Nick Baumgartner
I have owned these goggles for 3 years now,and they have exceded my expectations! They are very comfy on the face. i can wear them for hours and forget they are on my face! The goggles can fit under a helmet and over a(sandbox helmet). These are amazing goggles and i hope they last me for years to come! ( get a tinted lens for scoping out chicks)
View More Details on Oakley Crowbar Goggle


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Join Rob Garrott in CINEMA 4D: Designing a Promo as he demonstrates how to create a 15-second promotional video that looks and feels like a professional advertisement. Learn how to use a combination of CINEMA 4D, After Effects, Photoshop and Illustrator to go from concept to script to screen, creating sketches, adding animation, and rendering the final promo. This course focuses on real-world techniques, culminating in a finished, usable product. Exercise files accompany the course.
Everything that we've done so far really leads up to this, the final render. It's a really satisfying feeling to hit that button at the end of the day, knowing you've got something cool. But we have a couple more steps to do before we can hit that button. I want to have a fade up from black and a fade out to black at the top and bottom of the spot respectively. So, in order to do that, we're going to create a black solid. Let's zoom out just a bit and I'm going to double- click on the work area to reset it back to the full composition, and then I'm going to go to the Layer menu and add a new solid layer, and let's call this one, Black and make it the same size of the composition and hit OK.
This only needs to be 10 frames long, so let's go to frame 10 of the animation, hit Home and then Page Down 10 times, one, two, three, four, five six, seven, eight, nine, ten. I'm going to hold down the Option and Right bracket to movie the end point of that layer to the current time, and then I'm going to zoom in on that area. Now we want to have this fade up from black, so at time zero I'll set the Opacity for this layer at 100% and add a keyframe and then I'll go to the out point of the layer and then set the Opacity to zero.
So now our promo fades up from black over 10 frames. Now I can duplicate this layer, Command +D on the keyboard, and move it to the end of the timeline. I'll hold down the Option key and hit End on the keyboard. And let's zoom out a bit and see where things are at, and there it is right there. Now I just need to reverse these keyframes. So I'm going to zoom in a little bit, using the plus key on the keyboard and just reverse these frames. There we are.
Now, it starts with nothing and fades out to black at the end. So I've got the fade up and fade down. I've got my transitions. The next thing I need to do is final audio. We already have our final audio imported into the project, so let's go and get it from the Project window. Let's enlarge this a bit, close up the Working comps folder, and in the Audio-Video folder, let's grab sharkzone -finmix, and I'm going to drag this into the composition and all the way to the bottom, and then delete the scratch vocal, and let's enlarge the Layer Name column, so that we can make sure we delete the right one.
Select the scratchVO and delete. Now that I've got the audio in, I've got my fade up and fade down. We're ready to do a final RAM preview before we do our final render. Before I do a RAM preview, I always like to save. So let's go to the File menu, do a Save As and call this one 11_11_working. Now I can hit the RAM Preview button and away we go. Now the RAM preview process can take quite a bit of time depending on your computer speed and also what kinds of effects and things you have in your compositions.
So we're going to fast forward through the RAM preview and get right to the good stuff. (Male speaker: After 400 million years, they're still the scariest thing in the ocean.) (Male speaker: Get a little closer, if you dare. Shark Zone, all week long on the Adventure Channel.) (Male speaker: If it's out there, it's on here.) (Male speaker: After 400 million years, they're still the scariest thing in the ocean.) (Male speaker: Get a little closer, if you dare. Shark Zone, all week long on the Adventure Channel.) (Male speaker: If it's out there, it's on here.) So our RAM preview looks pretty good and we're ready to do the actual final render and get it out to the hard drive so that the world can see it.
So I'm going to go to the Project window and close up all of the folders except for the Render folder and select this finrender composition and go to Composition > Add to Render Queue, and that brings up the render queue with my movie already queued up there. I have to specify where it's going to go. So let's send this out to our Chapter 11 folder. So I'm going to click on the Output option. That brings up a Finder window. Go to the Desktop to my Exercise Files and in Chapter 11, I'm going to call this one sz-finrender, just like it says right there, hit Save, and now the default Render Settings, it shows up as Best Settings and Lossless and that's the highest quality, and using the animation codec which is an uncompressed codec that's really good for working with motion graphics.
It gives you a very clean image quality. The default Output Module does not have the audio included, so we need to turn that on. Otherwise we'd have a movie with no audio and that wouldn't be cool at all. So let's go to the Output Module, click on the word Lossless, and here in the Output Module settings we're going to turn on Audio and make sure that it's set to 48k, 16 Bit Stereo, just like it is here, and then we can hit OK. We're ready to render. You should never hit the Render button until you've saved. The reason is that in case After Effects crashes or something happens to your computer, you'll still have your Render Settings all set and ready to go, when you re-launch your file.
So I'll do a File > Save As. Instead of saving this as 11_11_working, I'm going to save this as 11_11_final. So I know it's the final render file. 11_11_ final, and in the Chapter 11 folder hit Save. After Effects, when it does a rendering, you should always close up all your composition windows. When After Effects tries to render a composition, it will redraw the frames to the comp window as it's rendering, and that slows down the rendering. So we want to close this up, so all After Effects has to think about is rendering the frames to the hard drive.
So I'm going to click on the first composition here. I'm going to go to Command+Opt+W on the Mac, Ctrl+Alt+W on the PC, and that's going to close up all of our open compositions, leaving us with just the render queue. Now, we can hit the Render button. Now the rendering process can take a lot of time, so we're going to fast forward through this and get right to the end and take a look at our finished QuickTime Movie file. Now let's go out to the finder and take a look at our finished product. I'm going to hide After Effects and navigate to our Chapter 11 folder and there is our sharkzone-finrender movie.
Let's double-click on it to open it up in QuickTime Player and play it back. I'm going to go to the View menu and Enter Full Screen. Now, I'll hit the Play button and this will go away after just a moment. (Male speaker: After 400 million years, they're still the scariest thing in the ocean.) (Male speaker: Get a little closer, if you dare. Shark Zone, all week long on the Adventure Channel.) (Male speaker: If it's out there, it's on here.) That's a promo so nice I'd like to play it twice. Let's do that one more time, just to see how cool it looks.
Go back to the beginning and hit Play. (Male speaker: After 400 million years, they're still the scariest thing in the ocean.) (Male speaker: Get a little closer, if you dare. Shark Zone, all week long on the Adventure Channel.) (Male speaker: If it's out there, it's on here.) That is it. We finally got to see all of that hard work come together in an amazing promo. Now that were done, you can really see that this spot has a huge wow factor and it's really fun to watch and attention getting, just what you want in a promo. The primary goal of a promo is to keep people captivated so they won't change the channel, and the secondary goal is to tell them about upcoming shows so they want to watch the network even more.
I think this promo does both really well.
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12 Celebs At Occupy Wall Street
6 of 10
Did you know that Roseanne is apparently a write-in candidate for President in all 50 states? That's what she says. I am not sure if that's actually true, but the comedian is serious about running for the Oval Office as neither a Republican or a Democrat. That's probably why she supports Occupy Wall Street, which believes that the two party system has been corrupted by corporate greed. Here she is getting up close and personal in Liberty Square.


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Local art matters!
Search for:
Artist Profiles
Denise Bunkert
Richard Abraham
Tammy Ortegon
Derek Davis
Neil Sherman
Tom Jones at All My Relations Gallery: Images of identity stolen and reclaimed
Outdoor Painters of Minnesota Member Show at the Frameworks
The "flat-world" myth persists in the MIA's globalization exhibit
Andy Evansen's watercolors at the Frameworks
The art of Nicolai Fechin at TMORA
At the Frameworks—plein air artists Lipelt, Davis and Cunningham
Greg Lipelt—painting the light
At the Tamarack Gallery–plein air painting, a Minnesota tradition
Sue Kolstad's abstract landscapes at Vine Arts Gallery
Member show at Vine Arts Center
Must-see exhibit at the Frameworks Gallery
Environmental art has a story to tell
Antiwar art: An idea whose time has come — again
Words and Pictures: "365D, Three Hundred and Sixty-Five Days of a Woman"
From Thaw to Meltdown: Soviet Paintings of the 1950s-1980s
"A Midwinter Night's Dream" at the AZ Gallery
"Crossing Borders" at Altered Esthetics
World Beats: Global Contemporary Art
"New Urban and Rural Landscapes"at the Grand Hill Gallery
Review – Vine Arts Fall Member Show
Review – Heidi Arneson
For love and money: Six reasons to buy local art
Get ready for the St. Paul Art Crawl
Don't miss LOLA 2012
Some Thoughts on Tonalism, Color and Plein Air Competitions
A Lesson from the MN River Arts Plein Air Fair
Cheryl LeClair-Sommer "Morning light over moon light bay"
Cheryl LeClair-Sommer "Morning light over moon light bay"
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Smoked Kielbasa with Rice Recipe
- 2 pounds smoked kielbasa or Polish sausage, halved lengthwise and cut into 1/4-inch slices
- 1/4 cup finely chopped onion
- 3 bacon strips, finely chopped
- 3/4 cup honey barbecue sauce
- 1/4 cup packed brown sugar
- 1 tablespoon prepared horseradish
- 2 teaspoons water
- 2 teaspoons minced garlic
- 1/2 teaspoon crushed red pepper flakes
- Hot cooked rice
In a Dutch oven, saute the kielbasa, onion and bacon until onion is tender; drain. Add the barbecue sauce, brown sugar, horseradish, water, garlic and pepper flakes. Bring to a boil; cook and stir for 2-3 minutes or until sauce is thickened. Serve with rice.
Freeze option: Place cooled individual portions in freezer containers without rice. Freeze up to 3 months. To use, thaw in refrigerator overnight. Place in a saucepan; heat through, gently stirring and adding a water if necessary. Serve with rice. Yield: 6 servings.
Medium-Bodied White Wine
Enjoy this recipe with a medium-bodied white wine such as Riesling or Gewürtztraminer
Reviews for Smoked Kielbasa with Rice
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"I have made this several times, I cut the brown sugar in half and it is plenty sweet. Tonight I doubled the sauce, still halved the brown sugar and made it with chicken wings.. it was the best chicken we've ever hadI!! I will make it this way from now on."
"Followed the recipe here step by step, didn't omit or add anything, and it was rather tasty ! We will try other variations I the future, but at first try I give it five stats."
"Very good flavor, just the right amount of "kick"."
"My kids love this! We don't really care for the horseradish though. It is still very good without it!"
"Delicious!!! I didn't really think the bacon would add a whole lot to the dish (since kielbasa is so full of flavor), so I left it out. I may add it the next time I make it..."


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The following property transfers are listed as given on deeds at the Hardin County Clerk's Office in Elizabethtown.
Sylvia and Rich Greindling to John Patrick and Laurel Zita Tucker, 4109 Wooldridge Ferry Road, Elizabethtown, $37,500.
Sylvia and Rich Greindling to Matthew Alan Tucker, lot 1 Valley Dale Development, Elizabethtown, $37,500.
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Tags college, college radio, alternative/indie, alternative, indie
Artists Ra Ra Riot, Arctic Monkeys, Lykke Li
April 02, 2012
The playlist from our special WGTB Week 2012 show, featuring favorites like the xx, Ra Ra Riot, and Phantogram.
The Weekly Playlist - End of Summer Mix by TheWeeklyPlaylist
A slight deviation from the typical TWP mix, I've thrown in some great summer tracks - new and old - that ran nonstop on my iPod over the past few mont...
indie rock, indie, college radio, alternative/indie, alternative
The Weekly Playlist on WGTB - July 30th Show Playlist by TheWeeklyPlaylist
You've listened to other playlists of mine before - this one should be as good or better.
college radio, college, alternative, alternative/indie, indie
The Weekly Playlist on WGTB - 9 July Show Playlist by TheWeeklyPlaylist
I know this playlist is almost two weeks late - you'll enjoy it more since you've waited for it.
college radio, indie, alternative, alternative/indie, college
The Weekly Playlist - May 4th Show Playlist by TheWeeklyPlaylist
It's good.


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Apprentice star Stuart 'The Brand' Baggs dies aged 27
Apprentice star Stuart Baggs has died aged 27, police have confirmed.
Margaret Thatcher always managed to look immaculate as Prime Minister, despite attracting rowdy demonstrations. Why did they never manage to hit her with an egg?
26 March 2013
They didn't just leave their outerwear at the coat check. They handed over their shirts, trousers, boxers - everything, in fact, except their shoes and socks.
19 February 2013
Less would have been more in a show that stretches too far but the room full of the pop artist's hits makes the heart go Varoom! says Ben Luke
19 February 2013
Britain's banks could face the threat of being broken up after a report warned the ring-fence to separate risky operations from savers' deposits needed "electrification".
21 December 2012
Whatever myriad delights my daughter unwraps this Christmas, it will be the books she treasures most. Knowing this is comforting; not only are they are an affordable treat but, with very little children, the right stories really do keep on giving. I hope she will still be curled up in March with her supply of December books. Here are some volumes she loves, and a few she might discover on Christmas morning.
13 December 2012
Raymond Briggs, creator of The Snowman, full of Christmas cheer
11 December 2012
Guerilla Zoo are back with their third installment of Modern Panic — a unique collection of 50 surreal, controversial and provocative international artists and live art performances.
23 November 2012
Olympics creative director Stephen Daldry has been named as a patron of next year's Pop Up Festival of Stories, which aims to encourage children to read books and write their own.
21 November 2012
Hidden and little-known parts of London are the subject of a fascinating exhibition at London Transport Museum.
14 November 2012
Our designers are a cut above the rest when it comes to one iconic artform, says Karen Dacre
12 November 2012


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Aug 25, 2008 2
Aug 5, 2008 6
New Book Claims Musharraf Threatened Benazir and U.S. Spied on Her
Ron Suskind, author of The One Percent Doctrine, claims in a new book that Pervez Musharraf gave an ominous warning to the late Benazir Bhutto in a September 2007 phone conversation, telling her: "You should understand something…Your security is based on the state of our relationship." [Benazir spoke to Musharraf on her cell phone, while in the late Congressman Tom Lantos' office.]
Suskind's book, The Way of the World, was released today. Particularly compelling portions have been reported on CNN. Suskind's reporting is controversial, though his sourcing is seen as meticulous. He's a Pullitzer Prize winner.
Update: 1:59AM (08/06) –
- I purchased the book last night, wrote a brief summary, and provided a lengthy set of Pakistani-related excerpts. Unfortunately, all that was lost and I'm not sure how. So what follows is a crude reconstruction of what I originally produced. In the end, you should read Suskind's book yourself. It weaves a beautiful narrative of the microcosmic struggles of real 'characters' to be human (who include Benazir and a young Pakistani working in DC) and with the more macrocosmic challenges of extremism/terrorism and U.S. hegemony.
Some Pakistan-related claims in the book:
- The Bush administration's Pakistan policy is the product of a rivalry between Vice President Cheney's office and the State Department team of Condoleeza Rice, John Negroponte, and Richard Boucher. Rice's team came up with the Bhutto-Musharraf deal idea. Cheney's office refused to own it, describing Bhutto as "complicated and unpredictable."
- Bhutto's aides proposed her return to Pakistan to the State Department in spring of 2006.
- In the summer of 2006, Washington threatened to "constrain" or freeze (perhaps partially?) Benazir Bhutto's assets. Yet a year later, it showed no interest Bhutto's request to do so to Musharraf's cronies, including Ejaz Shah.
- The State Department bought onto the idea of a Bhutto-Musharraf deal in the spring of 2007, with the rise of lawyers' movement.
- The U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) had been spying on Benazir Bhutto for months prior to her return. It listened to her phone conversation with son Bilawal in which "she told him about the secret bank accounts that hold the family's fortunes."
- The NSA "has harvested a number of portentous conversations of Benazir Bhutto's." This would let the Bush administration take a "carrots and sticks" approach to Benazir. I would add this data likely serves as a restraint upon Asif Zardari.
- Prior to Bhutto's return to Pakistan, Asif Zardari believed that she could be best secured by surrounding her with bodies; her American advisers thought otherwise–but Bhutto turned down a $400,000/month proposal from Blackwater.
- Musharraf called Benazir after the first assassination attempt on her. After offering his sympathies, he tells her, "I'm not the enemy, Bibi."
- After the Karachi blasts, U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan Anne Patterson asked Bhutto to "tone down" her criticism of Musharraf.
- Bhutto found out through sources days in advance that Musharraf would be imposing emergency rule/martial law.
- Bhutto was "evolving" during "the last months of her life." This was not only due to Karachi assassination attempt and house arrests, but also because she saw herself as not simply returning to the throne, but also playing a "wider historic role."
Suskind presents a nuanced version of Benazir — her strengths and weaknesses. But, interestingly, he concludes somewhat hagiographically. Benazir, he seems to suggest, evolved into a messianic figure of sorts after she returned to Pakistan. Flawed, humane, and a source of hope she was. Her "evolution," he writes, could have helped her "turn into the next great narrative of this period, capturing the imagination far and wide and turning it away from destructive certainty."
He then cautions the reader with a reminder of Benazir's past. But still, Benazir at her death, for Suskind, internalized the hopes of her nation. Meanwhile, Zardari (at least the Zardari he met on the Hill in September '07) is disinterested, misplaced, and uninspiring.
Bhutto, during her return to Pakistan, alternated between populism and a Musharraf-accomodating pragmatism. She was murdered at a moment in which she was tilted toward the former. Whether she would subsequently re-tilt toward the latter or stay with the Pakistani public had she survived is unclear. But myths can be an effective instrument of change. The potential positive narrative that Suskind writes died with Bhutto remains alive in Pakistan. Irrespective of its accuracy, it can serve as a means to manipulate elite activity, channeling it toward greater nobility.
Jul 23, 2008 3
A Warning from the Grave
Feb 8, 2008 0
Benazir's Handwritten Will
Provided above is a copy of what is said to be Benazir Bhutto's handwritten will. Mark Siegel, Bhutto's long-time confidante and DC lobbyist, tells Newsweek, "I know her style….She wrote this document."
Arif Nizami, editor of The Nation, wrote three weeks ago:
"So far as the mini-controversy about the authenticity of Ms Bhutto's will is concerned, it is genuine, since I have seen and read the one-page document in her handwriting and duly signed by her on October 16 2007, two days prior to her fateful departure for her homeland."
Feb 8, 2008 1
Scotland Yard Says Head Injury Killed Benazir Bhutto
The team from Scotland Yard investigating the assassination of Benazir Bhutto released their final report today. Its two major conclusions: head trauma caused by the bomb blast killed Benazir Bhutto and the suicide bomber and the gunman were the same person.
The report states:
"Ms Bhutto's only apparent injury was a major trauma to the right side of the head. The UK experts all exclude this injury being an entry or exit wound as a result of gunshot."
"…the UK Home Office pathologist…is unable categorically to exclude the possibility of there being a gunshot wound to the upper trunk or neck. However…the available evidence suggests that there was no gunshot injury….Dr Cary excludes the possibility of a bullet to the neck or upper trunk as being a relevant factor in the actual cause of death, when set against the nature and extent of her head injury."
Dr. Nathaniel Cary, the UK Home Office pathologist, is quoted as stating:
"the only tenable cause for the rapidly fatal head injury in this case is that it occurred as the result of impact due to the effects of the bomb-blast."
"in my opinion Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto died as a result of a severe head injury sustained as a consequence of the bomb-blast and due to head impact somewhere in the escape hatch of the vehicle."
"All the available evidence points toward the person who fired shots and the person who detonated the explosives being one and the same person."
The report's conclusions are unlikely to satisfy a considerable number of Pakistanis, and in particular, People's Party leaders and supporters who strongly believe an assassin's blow took Bhutto's life.
Rehman Malik, Benazir Bhutto's security chief, stated on GEO TV that Scotland Yard had a "limited mandate" and did not produce "a conclusive report." He seemed unprepared to deal with the report's technical aspects, admitting that he did not read it in full, though he argued among the remaining questions is that of who financed the plot. Sherry Rehman, a senior PPP spokesperson, also did not read the entire report but maintained the party's position that Bhutto died from an assassin's blow.
If the People's Party continues in its rejection of the report's findings, it will find difficulty gaining international and institutional credence if it cannot rebut them on a technical basis. Its call for a Hariri-like UN investigation has gone ignored and there is little will among the major global powers to concede to one. Should the People's Party come to power after the coming elections, it can perhaps obtain a rival third-party report. Otherwise, Bhutto's assassination will remain a passively contested issue.
The Scotland Yard report can be seen as a victory for the Musharraf government, which has contended that head trauma associated with the blast, not an assassin's blow, killed Bhutto. It will, however, not temper the skepticism of most Pakistanis toward the claims made by Musharraf and Britain, one of his Western benefactors.
Jan 2, 2008 5
Musharraf: Elections Delayed till February 18; Britain to Assist in Investigation
In a national address this evening in Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf sought to legitimize the delay in elections announced earlier in the day. He attributed the polls delay–now slated for February 18–to the infrastructural damage in Sindh as a result of the violence following Bhutto's murder. The election commission's offices in the province, for example, were attacked and voters rolls were allegedly destroyed.
Musharraf announced the formation of a commission that would investigate the causes of and actors behind the post-assassination violence. The elections, he said, would be not only "free and fair," but also "peaceful." Toward this, the army and rangers will remain deployed in Sindh into and after the elections. Musharraf defended his use of the army for internal security, stating that he initially did not wish to add to its heavy burden, but was compelled to do so.
Clearly, Musharraf is most moved by the deterioration of law and order, which he sees ultimately as an attack on his power. The murder of a two-time prime minister near the seat of the army, in his view, is now a peripheral matter. If it was truly primary, he would announce an independent commission, formed in concert with the opposition, to supervise the investigation.
Moreover, if he truly believes that Baitullah Mehsud is responsible for the murder of a former Pakistani prime minister, shouldn't he have announced that the army would make a renewed, aggressive attempt to apprehend Mehsud, try him before a court of law, and–if convicted–execute him? Is not the murder of a former prime minister, in effect, an act of treason?
Jan 1, 2008 5
Bhutto Was to Give U.S. Senator "Secret" Document on Day She Was Slain
CNN reports that Benazir Bhutto was to give U.S. officials a "secret" document on the day she was killed. The document details measures by which Pakistan's intelligence services would allegedly rig the elections. Bhutto intended to give the dossier first to Sen. Arlen Specter then to presidential candidates Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama.
The choice of these American politicians is interesting. It suggests that Bhutto believed they would be more effective than elements in the Bush administration. Specter, who was in Islamabad ready to visit Bhutto later Thursday evening, often diverges with the Bush administration despite being a Republican. Clinton and Obama are leading Democratic contenders who would relish an opportunity to throw a blow at the Bush administration's foreign policy. Pakistan provides such an opportunity given the perceived success of the Iraq surge and its integrality to the Afghanistan problem — the primordial post-9/11 U.S. national security issue.
Dec 30, 2007 1
Bilawal and Asif Zardari to Co-Chair the PPP
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari read the will of his mother, Benazir Bhutto, earlier today in Pakistan. It designated his father, Asif Zardari, as chairman of the party, who then reportedly declined the position, offering it to Bilawal. They will co-chair the party.
Sherry Rehman, a leading PPP figure, has been on the record stating that Bilawal will return to Oxford to continue his studies. Asif Zardari will run the party on a day-to-day basis, while Bilawal will nominally chair the party till he is completely ready to hold the reigns. Yusaf Raza Gilani, PPP senior vice chairman, said that Zardari will be the final decision maker in Bilawal's absence.
As I have written earlier, Bilawal is the best bet to continue the Bhutto name. But as a 19 year old unable to speak Urdu and raised for much of his life out of the country, he's thoroughly unprepared to lead the largest political party in a 160 million person country. At the same age, his mother sat as an observer in her father's negotiations with Indira Gandhi at Simla. Bilawal's had no such grooming.
The major development has been the sidelining of Amin Fahim. Does he remain as the party's vice chair? Will he continue as a Bhutto loyalist, in spite of having a teenager selected over him as party leader? He will be the party's candidate for prime minister. Zardari hasn't registered for the elections. Bilawal is ineligible to contest. Fahim is a PM candidate by default. He could very well play the role of Turkey's Abdullah Gul, holding the PM spot till Asif Zardari or Bilawal are ready (if ever).
And what of Asif Zardari? Will his control over the PPP last long? Does he have the energy and the party support? Will he serve as a placeholder for Bilawal — or will he reign over the party's fragmentation? Remember, Benazir faced significant opposition during her rise to the party's helm — and from non-family members as well. Her consolidation of power was indelicate, to say the least. Let's see if party stalwarts remain loyal to Zardari, or whether they'll slowly push him back to Dubai.
Dec 28, 2007 16
After Bhutto: Who Will Lead the Pakistan People's Party?
The murder of Benazir Bhutto has created a leadership vacuum within the Pakistan People's Party (PPP). The populist, center-left party gained patrimonial colors after the execution of its founder, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, in 1979.
Party leadership passed on to his wife, Nusrat. However, their daughter, Benazir, would soon rise to center stage, eclipsing–quite aggressively–her mother and brothers. Benazir was effectively at the party's helm for the past two and a half decades, becoming at some point its chairperson for life. The party has no internal elections and Bhutto's competitors were shut out.
Filling her shoes will be no easy task. Not only did Bhutto wield an almost absolute command over the People's Party, but her persona–very much tied to her father's–made many willing, if not desiring, to accept her complete stewardship.
To top it off, Bhutto has been lionized since her passing. News anchors on Pakistan's private channels now refer to her as Shaheed Benazir Bhutto; she is now a martyr. Within hours of her passing, the news channels ceased to use the word 'death' and instead term her passing as shahadat, or martyrdom.
No potential successor shares the unique set of characteristics as Bhutto: the 'royal' name; popular appeal in Pakistan; political instinct; and deep contacts and friendships with leaders and influencers in the West. Most likely, Bhutto's void will be filled by multiple individuals. The probable candidates are listed below in order of importance.
Amin Fahim
As the vice chairman of the PPP, Amin Fahim is best positioned to assume leadership of the party. Fahim led the party in the National Assembly and was its presidential candidate in the faux polls held in October.
He is a feudal figure from Bhutto's home province and political base of Sindh. Fahim has considerable name recognition nationally, but does not have the Bhutto name and the star power associated with it. His international connections are not strong, so he lacks Bhutto's capacity to leverage an extensive network of foreign friends and supporters in order to challenge the U.S.-backed Musharraf.
Asif Zardari
Most eyes are naturally focusing on Asif Ali Zardari, Benazir Bhutto's widower and closest adult relative with a political background. But Zardari is not a Bhutto; he did not marry "into" the family. His influence comes from two sources: one, like Bhutto and Fahim, he comes from an influential Sindhi feudal family; two, he was married to the daughter of Pakistan's most popular politician post-Jinnah.
But Zardari is not viewed as the inheritor of the Bhutto mantle. And so it is highly likely that his political status will recede with the murder of his wife.
Zardari is a stained political figure. The PPP has, in recent years, sought to distance itself from him, who garnered the moniker "Mr. 10 Percent" as a result of his prolific corruption.
At best, he will play the role of a figurehead in a post-Bhutto PPP. Not only is Zardari hampered by negative perceptions and the lack of a claim to the Bhutto name, he is also in poor physical health. And it's also unclear as to whether he is emotionally prepared to play politics; Zardari has been extremely distraught in multiple appearances on national television since yesterday. He also has three teenage children to raise.
Aitzaz Ahsan
As a leading figure in the lawyers' movement, Aitzaz Ahsan's popularity–particularly with the middle and upper-middle class–has risen considerably this year. As a result, his relations with Benazir Bhutto cooled considerably; she was not happy, to say the least, with his commitment to Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry and the judiciary's cause.
Ahsan withdrew his nomination papers from the January elections; it's unclear as to whether he had Bhutto's endorsement, though it's likely it was done against her will. His commitment to the judicial cause, while earning Bhutto's anger, also gained points with the Pakistani public. Ahsan is seen as one of the few viable politicians who refused to consent to Musharraf's subversion of the constitution. And so he can serve as a vehicle for restoring the public trust in the People's Party as a popular, democratic front.
Unlike Bhutto, Ahsan is Punjabi, not Sindhi and so it's difficult to see him alone holding up Bhutto's popular base in Sindh. He could, to some extent, help propel the People's Party in Punjab, but that would put the party on a more agitational course with not only the PML-Q, but also the PML-N — and it's unclear as to whether the party wants to tussle with the latter.
Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
As Benazir Bhutto's eldest child, Bilawal's entry into politics would precede that of his younger sisters (aged 16 and 14 respectively), if he choses to enter this dangerous field. But he's only 19 and barely speaks Urdu. Bilawal just began his studies at Oxford, after living in Dubai for eight years–almost half his life. While Benazir spent her adolescence and early adulthood as her father's political apprentice–even accompanying him to the Simla negotiations with Indira Gandhi–Bilawal has had no similar training. Bilawal's political career will begin, if ever, gradually and in a highly managed fashion
Farhatullah Babar
A long-time Bhutto loyalist and spokesperson, Babar will continue in his media relations capacity and providing counsel to the remainder of the party's senior brass. He did not register for the January national and provincial elections and resigned from the Senate in 2006. If he returns to electoral politics, it's more likely he'll re-enter that body.
Shah Mehmood Qureshi
As head of the PPP in Punjab, Qureshi will continue to shape the party's operations in the country's largest province. A feudal and Cambridge graduate, he frequently comes on political talk shows on behalf of the party. Qureshi could increasingly become a power broker at the national level.
Sherry Rehman
A graduate of Smith College, Sherry Rehman came from a similar cultural and ideological background as Benazir Bhutto. While she can help continue the party's media campaign in both Pakistan and the West, odds are she will do little more.
Fatima Bhutto
A 25-year old Columbia graduate and daughter of Benazir's slain brother, Fatima is perhaps the ultimate wild card in the post-Benazir PPP. Relations between she and her aunt were immensely hostile. Fatima accused Benazir of being behind the assassination of her father, Murtaza Bhutto–one of Benazir's younger brothers. Fatima has been an active columnist and civil society advocate in Karachi. She has the name, the brain, and the brawns to play politics. In a potential step toward rapproachment with other Bhuttos and the Zardaris, she and her Lebanese stepmother, Ghinwa Bhutto–who runs her own PPP faction–attended Benazir's funeral. That's, however, a long way from mending ties with her late aunt's inner circle. Though Fatima has been reluctant to assume any status seen as hereditary, she could come to see some utility in national politics. Will she and her stepmother rejoin Benazir's PPP, or will they continue to remain separate, and even push for defections toward their camp? It's all very much in the air.
Other Influentials: Raza Gilani; Jehangir Bader; Raza Rabbani; Babar Awan; Qaim Ali Shah; Enver Baig
Dec 28, 2007 3
The Day After: Friday Round-Up
- Benazir Bhutto laid to rest near her father in Garhi Khuda Baksh
- Javed Iqbal Cheema, Interior Ministry spokesperson: Baitullah Mehsud Responsible for Bhutto's Killing
- Claims intelligence services intercepted Mehsud conversation at 9:15 AM PST today (Thursday, 11:15PM New York) in which he congratulated a person referred to as Maulvi Sahib (a title, not a name) on Bhutto's murder who tells him "They were our men."
- Interestingly, Mehsud asks Maulvi Sahib, "Who were they?" If the transcript is accurate (translated from Pashto into Urdu and then English), it means that Mehsud did not know the identity of the attackers. In fact, he probably was not aware of the plot's specifics as Maulvi Sahib tells him, "I will give you more details when I come."
- But, Maulvi Sahib congratulates Mehsud first, who then returns the pleasantry. So Mehsud, if the transcript is real and accurate, likely issued the attack but delegated planning and management to a subordinate–Maulvi Sahib. And so though it's unclear when Maulvi Sahib says, "They were our men," whether "our" includes Mehsud, it most likely it does. Mehsud issues an order to Maulvi Sahib afterwards: "Do not inform their family presently." So Maulvi Sahib is an manager working under Baitullah Mehsud.
- Blow to head, not bullets or ball bearings, killed Bhutto
- Transcript of conversation, external postmortem of Bhutto, and video of gunman firing at Bhutto released
- People's Party rejects Interior Ministry's findings; Farooq Naik of PPP: "It is a pack of lies."
- Claims intelligence services intercepted Mehsud conversation at 9:15 AM PST today (Thursday, 11:15PM New York) in which he congratulated a person referred to as Maulvi Sahib (a title, not a name) on Bhutto's murder who tells him "They were our men."
- Government to hold All Parties Conference to discuss elections [Link]
- Violence across Pakistan
- Karachi: Plastics factory set on fire, killing 6;
- Rioting in Karachi causes major telecom outage [Link]
- Liaquat Ali Jatoi's home set on fire
- Banks, gas stations, rail cars, and shops set on fire
- Army sends battallions to major cities in Sindh: Hyderabad (2 batallions), Mirpurkhas, Jamshoro, Badin, Thatta, Tandoallah Yar, Nowshero Feroz, Dadu, Shakarpur, Khairpur, Larkana, Shahadad Kot, Ghotki, Kashmore, and Karachi (Orangi, Malir, Sahfora Chowk, Bin Qasim, SITE Area, and Steel Mills Colony).
- Government earlier claimed ball bearings from blast, not bullet, killed Bhutto; Murder scene hosed off with water soon after assassination


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How to create a garden border
You will need:
- Trowel
- Organic matter
- Grit
- Fertiliser
- Mulch
Time to complete job: 4 - 5 hours
Approximate budget: £40
Tip: When planning a new border, consider whether it will be in sun or shade, whether the soil is acid or alkaline, whether the drainage needs improving and how much work you are prepared to spend maintaining the border. These will determine the types of plants you choose. If you pick trees and shrubs, for example, they will cost more but take less maintenance. Herbaceous perennials are higher maintenance but higher return.
Choosing plants for your garden for more advice.
Step 1: Mark out the shape
Decide the position and shape of your border. Don't make your border too narrow - a wide plot will be easier to maintain and look far better. Gentle curves work best as they're easier to mow and edge properly. An elongated shape works well rather than a long strip and allows room for different-sized plants.
Use a long hosepipe to mark out the shape of your border - it's easy to adjust until you achieve a pleasing shape. If cutting out of grass, the edge is bound to be damaged so leave a few inches to trim back later.
If you have already purchased plants, spread them out and imagine them at their ultimate size. Rearrange and adjust your border shape if necessary. Keep in mind when they flower, what they will look like in winter and how big they will get.
Step 2: Prepare & improve the soil
Remove all weeds, particularly perennials. Turf can be chopped up and buried or better still composted for future use. Don't remove any of the topsoil.
Dig in bulky organic matter. This is your best opportunity to improve the soil and is a good investment. If the drainage is poor add grit and dig deeply to loosen up the sub-soil. Take care not to mix darker topsoil with subsoil - put it to one side if necessary to enable deep digging.
If drainage is a problem make a raised bed. Build up a low retaining wall with bricks, stones or used railway sleepers and add good topsoil enriched as above. Add fertiliser if necessary - it may be required for poor sandy soils - and rake level.
Weed seeds will always be brought to the surface and there will be a flush of new weeds. Hoe these off. Ideally, prepare the border in autumn and plant the next spring.
Tip: Buy a soil test kit to find out if your soil is acidic or alkaline. If your soil is very alkaline or acidic this will limit which plants will grow well.
Step 3: Plant the border
You can achieve an instant effect by planting large specimens or quick growing shrubs, but this is costly and can increase future maintenance work to keep them under control. It's cheaper to buy smaller plants if you have the patience to wait for them to grow but ensure you check their ultimate size and plant accordingly.
Plan the planting before you start digging. You can do this either on paper or by placing the plants in their pots on the border. Work out the correct distances to leave between the long-term specimens and then fill the gaps with lower-growing perennials and bulbs.
Dig the holes for the plants. Check the hole is deep enough - most plants should be inserted to the same depth as they were growing in the pot. For larger trees and shrubs make a planting hole twice as wide and deep as the pot. Break up the soil, add organic matter and a little extra fertiliser.
Remove the plants from their pots, insert and firm the soil around the roots. Water thoroughly.
Add a 50mm (2in) mulch layer of bulky organic matter to discourage weeds and retain moisture.
Tip: Take a photograph of your handiwork when finished - it will be interesting to compare with your border after it has had a few years' growth.


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Ghost Marriage in Chinese Religion
Posted 23 June 2006 - 03:43 AM
Ghost marriage is called "Gui Hun 鬼婚" in chinese. Such marriage is also often called "Ming Hun 冥婚" or "Ying Hun 阴婚". It refers to marriage in the non-human realms, such as the underworld, the realm of ghosts, realm of hell etc.
Ghost marriage formed a part of the ancient chinese marriage practice that had its root dating from Pre-Qin era. In the Book of Rites 《周礼》, it was recorded "禁迁葬者,与嫁殇者。" (forbid the moving of the tombs/coffin of those who had passed away and died young, but getting marry). This implies that if a person had not married, but had died at an early age, he/she could still undergo a marriage ritual for him to 'get married in the underworld'.
The ancient chinese emphasized greatly on marriage when a person reached a certain age. In ancient times, a man will usually get married at 20 years old while a girl will get married at 15 years old. If he died without getting married, he would not enjoy the practice of worshipping/honoring by their relatives. In addition, if a person died young but had no partner, it would seem very sad for such a person. This is probably the origin of Ghost marriage.
The rituals of ghost marriage is quite similar to any marriage of the 'lived person'. The only difference is that the married deceased persons would have their coffin buried side by side to each other.
1. I'm just curious to know if ghost marriage still exists in today's chinese religious practice (esp. Daoist). Does anyone has further information regarding it and its ritual? Any contribution and comments are appreciated.
2. It seems that the ancient chinese assumes that when a person die, he 'becomes' a ghost. How do we know for sure that he/she will become a ghost after a person dies?
"夫君子之行:靜以修身,儉以養德;非淡泊無以明志,非寧靜無以致遠。" - 諸葛亮
One should seek serenity to cultivate the body, thriftiness to cultivate the morals. If you are not simple and frugal, your ambition will not sparkle. If you are not calm and cool, you will not reach far. - Zhugeliang
Posted 07 July 2006 - 07:39 PM
2. It seems that the ancient chinese assumes that when a person die, he 'becomes' a ghost. How do we know for sure that he/she will become a ghost after a person dies?
I'm not 100% certain, but don't Chinese religions say that all beings possess a spirit that lives on after death? It's without exception that a person that dies will become a spirit in one form or another according to this belief.
Posted 10 July 2006 - 04:13 PM
Edited by Minty, 10 July 2006 - 04:14 PM.
Posted 15 July 2006 - 03:53 AM
Posted 19 July 2006 - 09:57 AM
The tradition of Ghost marriage 冥婚 indeed exists in Singapore.
i am glad to say this chinese tradition exist in singapore=)
Please see the report written by Singapore Paranormal Investigators.
Posted 19 July 2006 - 02:43 PM
This is indeed a very old but mysterical rituals to perform.
Many people dont believe that in the Modern Singapore today, there are still people who engage Masters to perform such a ritual in the City God (Cheng Huang Ye) Temples in Central Town Area (CBD).
As some of the dearest members here have pointed out that why must a ghost get married?
In chinese, we belived that, if a person who died young and without marriage, this is consider as "not complete" for the death. This death will have a "anger" in their soul that they will want to get something in return in sometime. What are the returns? many folks believed that are wealth, health and also lives. So in-order to prevent the death from getting such "returns" from the living mortals, the family will try to arrange for a "Death Marriage" for the son/daughters or so.
As for women who died without marriage, in chinese, we believed that such ladies will not be granted to reborn for their next life, so in-order not to let their died daughters to suffer in hell, usually traditional families will engaged Death Marriage after 1 or 3 years of the death.
As for children under chinese age of 12 will be excluded, as chinese believed that this is their destiny in this life. So for young little girls or boys, no Death Marriage is needed unless after the "Souls grow-up" and "send Instant Messages" to their parents that they need a partner in the other world.
Posted 24 July 2006 - 04:46 AM
These "Instant Messages" come via dreams don't they?
As for children under chinese age of 12 will be excluded, as chinese believed that this is their destiny in this life. So for young little girls or boys, no Death Marriage is needed unless after the "Souls grow-up" and "send Instant Messages" to their parents that they need a partner in the other world.
Hmm..I'm sure there are people who are so close and heartbroken over their partner/husband/wife that they'd willingly go ahead with this yin/yang marriage.
In my opinion this tradition is really ridiculous. What kind of live, the living person would have marring an already dead husband?
Although it does sound really strange.
And personally, those paper dolls are creepy.
Posted 24 July 2006 - 04:58 AM
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Best Film on Mountain Sports
Sponsored by Western State College of Colorado ($2000)
Journey to the Center
USA, 2007, 55 minutes
Directed by Jens Hoffmann
Produced by Iiro Seppanen, Jeb Corliss
Production company: Ground Impact Inc.
Journey with three world-renowned BASE jumpers as they travel 10,000 miles by airplane, river boat, and 4x4 truck to confront the mist and mystery of an old cave, an ancient culture, and their own demons at the center of their dangerous mission: Tian Keng, the Heavenly Pit. Millions of years old, half-mile deep, Tian Keng has waited for eons to test the endurance, skill, and courage of the men who dare to parachute into her heart.
"This film conveyed what it is really like to participate in an extreme sport, and the real emotions of athletes, without exaggerating," says jury member Christian Trommsdorff. "It shows that they're human. It's not just a film about an ego trip."


text: The Descent Maximum wiki last edited by fisk0 on 12/19/13 05:28PM View full history Descent Maximum was originally planned to be a straight forward port of Descent II (and in Europe the game was still titled Descent II), but due to Sony's policies regarding ports from other platforms, as well as the technical limitations of the PlayStation, the original levels were scrapped and 36 new levels were designed with the console's limitations and favored gameplay style in mind - the levels were much smaller than on PC, and were conforming more to a two dimensional plane in order to be easier to navigate with the PS1's digital controller (the PS1 controllers with analog sticks were still another year from being released).The enemy designs, cutscenes and most textures are reused from Descent II on PC, and the soundtrack consists of the PC's redbook music for Descent II and the Vertigo expansion, though some songs are alternate or extended mixes. Redbook tracklistIntro + Crawl by Brian LuziettiCrush by Brian LuziettiMark2 by Mark MorganCold Reality by Larry Peacock, Brad Cross, and Leslie SpitzerTechno Industry by Johann LanglieGlut by Nivek Ogre/Skinny Puppy and Mark WalkGunner Down by Brian LuziettiPain by Larry Peacock, Brad Cross, and Leslie SpitzerRobot Jungle by Johann LanglieRatzes by Nivek Ogre/Skinny Puppy and Mark WalkHaunted (Instrumental version) by Type-O NegativeAre You Descent? by Ronald ValdezRusty by Nivek Ogre/Skinny Puppy and Mark WalkBase Return by Peter RotterFinal Mission by Peter Rotter


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Anti-proton to proton ratio in Au+Au collisions at STAR
In this thesis the anti-proton to proton ratio in 197Au + 197Au collisions, measured at mid-rapidity, at a center of mass energy of psNN = 200GeV is reported. The value was measured to be ¹p/p = 0.81+-0.002stat +- 0.05sy
In this thesis the anti-proton to proton ratio in 197Au + 197Au collisions, measured at mid-rapidity, at a center of mass energy of psNN = 200GeV is reported. The value was measured to be ¹p/p = 0.81+-0.002stat +- 0.05syst: in the 5% most central collisions. The ratio shows no dependence on rapidity in the range jyj < 0:5. Furthermore, a dependence on transverse momentum within 0:4< p? < 1:0 GeV/c is not observed. At higher p?, a slight drop in the ratio is observed. In the present analysis, the highest momentum considered is p? = 4:5 GeV/c yielding ¹p=p = 0:645§0:005stat: §0:10syst:. However, the systematic error is higher in this momentum range. A slight centrality dependence was observed, where a decrease from ¹p=p = 0:83§0:002stat:§0:05syst: for most peripheral collisions (less than 80% central) to ¹p=p = 0:78§0:002stat:§0:05syst: for the 5% most central collisions was measured. An estimate of the feed-down contributions fromthe decay of heavier strange baryons results in ¹p=p = 0:77 § 0:05syst:. The measured ratio indicates a » 12:5 times higher value compared to the highest SPS energy of psNN = 17:3 and an \almost net-baryon free" region, at mid- rapidity. The asymmetry of protons and anti-protons may be explained by the contribution ofvalence quarks in a nucleus break-up picture. In such a scenario, the absolute value of the ratio and the fact that the ratio does not depend on rapidity (at mid-rapidity) is well reproduced. Fragmentation of quarks and anti- quarks into protons and anti-protons is assumed. An estimate of the ratio, when feed-down correction is taken into consideration, agrees well with the prediction of a statistical model analysis at a temperature of T = 177 § 7 MeV and a baryon chemical potential of ¹B = 29 § 8 MeV. The temperature achieved is only slightly higher when compared to the top SPS energy, while the baryochemical potential is factor »10 lower. As in the case of the SPS results, these parameters are close to the phase boundary of Figure 1.6. The measurement of the ratio at high transverse momentum was of special in- terest in this analysis, since at RHIC energies, the cross section for hadrons at high transverse momentum is increased with respect to SPS energies. The weak dependence of the ratio on the transverse momentum is well described by the non- perturbative quenched and baryon junction scenario (i.e. Soft+Quench model), where baryon creation is enhanced by baryon junctions. In comparison the ratio does not decrease within the considered momentum range as predicted by pQCD.…
|Jens Berger
|Reinhard Stock, Dieter Röhrich
|Document Type:
|Doctoral Thesis
|Date of Publication (online):
|Year of first Publication:
|Publishing Institution:
|Univ.-Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main
|Granting Institution:
|Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Univ.
|Date of final exam:
|Release Date:
|Antiproton; Brookhaven National Laboratory; Gold-197-Reaktion; Gold-197-Target; Proton
|HeBIS PPN:
|Dewey Decimal Classification:
|530 Physik
|Licence (German):
|Veröffentlichungsvertrag für Publikationen