text:
Catalog Code: FSE
Print ISBN: 978-0-88385-740-3
Electronic ISBN: 978-1-61444-104-5
140 pp., Paperbound, 2005
List Price: $49.95
MAA Member: $39.95
Series: MAA Textbooks
This book is a very readable introduction to Fourier series suitable for scientists and engineers. It is sprinkled with hints about more recent developments and has a lot of nice historical comments that will intrigue the best students and math majors. The author almost talks to the readers and skillfully highlights what is important. A fair amount of the material is in the extensive set of exercises. If this very nice text had been available when I was teaching, I would have used it for a junior-senior level course for science and math majors. —Kenneth A. Ross, University of Oregon, Eugene
This is a concise introduction to Fourier series covering history, major themes, theorems, examples and applications. It can be used to learn the subject, and also to supplement, enhance and embellish undergraduate courses on mathematical analysis.
The book begins with a brief summary of the rich history of Fourier series over three centuries. The subject is presented in a way that enables the reader to appreciate how a mathematical theory develops in stages from a practical problem (such as conduction of heat) to an abstract theory dealing with concepts such as sets, functions, infinity and convergence. The abstract theory then provides unforeseen applications in diverse areas.
The author starts out with a description of the problem that led Fourier to introduce his famous series. The mathematical problems this leads to are then discussed rigorously. Examples, exercises and directions for further reading and research are provided, along with a chapter that provides materials at a more advanced level suitable for graduate students. The author demonstrates applications of the theory to a broad range of problems.
The exercises of varying levels of difficulty that are scattered throughout the book will help readers test their understanding of the material.
0. A History of Fourier Series
1. Heat Conduction and Fourier Series
2. Convergence of Fourier Series
3. Odds and Ends
4. Convergence in L2 and L1
5. Some Applications
A. A Note on Normalisation
B. A Brief Bibliography
Bhatia's textbook, Fourier Series, makes two important claims in its preface — that it will convey a sense of the importance and applicability of Fourier analysis to the reader and that it is accessible, for the most part, to a third year undergraduate student of mathematics. Bhatia attempts to fulfill these assurances by including a section on the sine and cosine functions containing ample examples and graphs, numerous historical references, and a concluding chapter on the applications of Fourier analysis while drawing on the reader's knowledge of real analysis and differential equations. Bhatia does make references to complex analysis, and chapter four of his text looks more like the second course in real analysis than the first (Bhatia does alert the reader to the more advanced material found in chapter four in his preface), but for the most part the text does seem appropriate for the stated audience.


text:
Official "I just got a Geforce GTX 5xx thread"
View Single Post
Ducking & Dodging
Join Date: Mar 2008
Posts: 3,948
Re: Official "I just got a Geforce GTX 470/480" thread
Originally Posted by
SLI might be moot for you but not for me and for many other's. Just because you don't want to acknowledge it doesn't mean it's irrevelant. I have on occasion experienced some micro stutter over the years in certain games but hardly what alot of people claim it to be. This might be a hardware configuration issue since over the years it seems no general consensus has be come too from what I remember.
Why trust canadians? Are they known to be unreliable or untrust worthy? Do they have a reason to lie? Are they on nvidia's payroll or what? The better question is why wouldn't I trust them. LOL you think I picked them because they gave me the results I wanted? Seriously dude? I could care less in all honesty I just don't care for exaggerated bul**** is all which is why I even responded to your post. They and I believe hexus are the only sites that have run 470 sli reviews. That's why I picked canadians. I'll have to look around some more. As far as Kyle's review over at H. Heh I am a long time regular poster over there and I love their forums and what not but that doesn't mean his word is gospel. Especially when it comes to nvidia the last year or so.
Your also comparing cards with very very mature 6 month old drivers to new architecture and brand new drivers. So there are some annamolies in some of the tests which just don't jive. You can clearly see in some tests in certain games how the scaling is and how some frames drop off for no apparent reason. Whatever but the bottom line is 470 and 470 sli are real contenders and not the afterthought you TRIED to make it sound like. get your facts straight before you speak next time.
We'll just agree to disagree. I don't find the GTX 470 interesting at all.
Moving on...
The GTX 480 might be in my future. I'd like to see someones' thoughts who went from a 5870 to a GTX 480 and see if they feel it was worth it. Also, some real world GTA IV 5870 vs 480... so how does it play now??
i7-2600k @ 4.6Ghz, Zotac GTX 680 (1310/7000), 16GB DDR3 1600, 2 x 1TB Samsung F3 RAID 0, Windows 7 x64, CPU and GPU custom watercooled
Originally Posted by
General Lee
Oh, if the whole world had only one neck for me to squeeze in my hands...
View Public Profile
Find More Posts by mailman2

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Posts Tagged «molybdenite»
The first fully-2D, wonder-material graphene-molybdenite transistor could be the future of fast electronics June 4, 2014 at 8:39 am
Researchers at Berkeley Lab, using a trio of single-atom-thick wonder materials — graphene, boron nitride, and molybdenite — have created the first all-2D field-effect transistor. This FET could also be the first in a new class of electronic devices that are held together with the van der Waals force — the same force that geckos use to walk up a piece of glass. According to Berkeley Lab, these 2D, wonder-material FETs could be the key to a 'faster electronics future.'
Monolayer mastery: Graphene and molybdenite combined to create flexible flash memory March 21, 2013 at 2:02 pm
Researchers at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland have created flexible, energy-efficient, high-performance flash memory from graphene and molybdenite.
The future of CPU scaling: Exploring options on the cutting edge February 28, 2012 at 1:36 pm
In our first piece, we considered the death of CPU scaling — here, we examine alternative materials, the future of product integration, and what lies beyond Moore's law
Molybdenite threatens graphene as silicon replacement January 30, 2012 at 7:20 am
Molybdenite has similar switching characteristics to silicon components, but single sheets of the substance are just 0.65nm thick, meaning it can be used to make very small, very power-efficient transistors.


text:
After a concerted effort by the School Department to advertise and offer food at more locations, Food Service Director Ron Adams said attendance has probably doubled from last year. He estimated that the program has served about 250 meals a day to students on weekdays this summer, up from 125 last year.
The program is serving food at 16 locations around the city this summer, an increase from 12 last year.
"It's really been about finding where the kids already are," Adams said at a Deering Oaks Park event promoting the program on July 24. "This is one of those places."
The official participation numbers will not be available until the department reports to the state in September, he said.


text:
This 1969 Chevrolet Corvette L71 Coupe is painted Cortez Silver and with Tuxedo Black Leather Interior and 38,000 original miles. Fully documented and authenticated, matching number 427/435hp has been rebuilt to factory specifications with the highest quality and standards. The engine has been Dyno-Tuned. The M21 close-ratio 4-speed Transmission Transmits the power through the F41 suspension to the heavy duty 4.11 Rear differential. With factory Smog Pump, extra options include Factory Side Mount exhaust, Power disc brakes Steering, Power Windows, Red line Tires, Headrest and Shoulder belts. This 1969 L71 427/435hp engine, Has gone through a frame off restoration. No expense has been spared. This Corvette also has the protect-o-plate ,Tank Sticker and window Sticker!
Price: $99,655


text:
The park contains over 900 indigenous plant species. Twenty of these, including the Grampians Gum and Grampians Parrot-pea, are found nowhere else in the world. We were there at the right time as flowering was in full swing. I spent several hours wandering around in the bush to get these shots mostly on Asses Ears Road. Many of these flowers are on plants that are close to the ground and many of them have prickly leaves so I had to get down on the ground without crushing any orchids or other beauties to get these shots.
View Larger Map
SIGRID en BERNT
2 hours ago


text:
Carpet is a major investment and regular carpet cleanings are necessary to keep it looking nice and new. Just as the clothes we wear need regular washing to keep them fresh so do our carpets!! Accumulated soil and dirt are major causes of reducing the life of your carpet, which enable destructive, and health hazardous mites and bacteria. Cleaning costs are minimal when you consider the replacement cost of new carpet, so regular carpet cleaning regularly makes economic sense too.
We are proud to use GREEN carpet cleaning products that are soap free, odor free, hypo-allergenic, non-toxic, all natural, eco friendly with no VOCs and no off-gassing. Our revolutionary ONE OF A KIND Cleaning methods use the Power of OXYGEN to Deep Clean. NO MORE HEAD ACHES!!!! Chemicals with traditional carpet cleaning can cause migraines and cluster headaches. Not to mention people who suffer from allergies or Asthma should NEVER be exposed to these chemicals. GO GREEN!!! If you have children or pets there is really no other way to go. It's our attention to detail that makes all the difference. We Provide the most extensive All-Natural Carpet Cleaning in the industry today. Our goal is to provide the customer with great customer service combined with the best cleaning experience you've ever had.
Oriental and Fine Rugs need special care to maintain their value and beauty. At Choice Green Clean we understand that these rugs are an expensive investment and are given the proper care they deserve with our onsite oriental rug cleaning. Your area rug or oriental rug will have vibrant colors, smell fresher, and be soft to the touch when you let Choice Green Clean clean it.


text:
The Big Contest!
08/20/08 – The contest is now officially closed. Winners, and all entries, are posted below!
In preparation for our 52nd episode, we're having our first-ever contest! We're inviting you to participate in your own experimental comics project like the ones we've chronicled in The Big Experiment 01 and 02. Entries will be posted on the website when the contest ends, and we'll select the winner at random.
The Deadline: When Art & Story 52 goes live on the website.
The Prize: A collection of comics works by Mark and Jerzy, spanning their entire career in comics. Also, some excellent reads culled from a recent trip to the quarter bins at Wizard World Chicago, and some other surprises!
How to Participate:
1- Download and print out the PSD template of the comics "panels" or "pages" found here. For those who do not have Photoshop, you can get a PDF template here.
2- Print or write the list of headlines and items found here, and select three of each at random. Items are taken from the ones used in our Big Experiment comics. You can find pictures of them on our Flicker page here and here.
3- Create a six-panel story that incorporates the headlines and articles, and email the finished work as a 450px wide JPG file to firstname.lastname@example.com
Rules for Making Your Stories:
1- You must use at least one element from each headline and item.
2- Items may be interpreted. You don't have to show the exact item in the story, but you can use aspects of it.
3- You can use whatever tools you wish to draw the story, digital or analog. I'd personally prefer it if you tried to do it analog, but you don't have to.
Above all, have fun with this! This exercise is more about jogging your creativity rather than creating a laborious process for you. Try to not spend more than a couple of hours on your comic. When you download the panel template you'll see that you don't have a lot of space to work with, which is part of the exercise–see how your work changes when you are forced to say more with less in each panel.
I'm leaving comments open on this page so you can post any questions/concerns. I'll update the rules as necessary if we need to make things more clear. You can also find an audio version of the contest description at the top of Episode 47 of the regular show.
Grand Prize Winner – Kevin Cross!
Runner Up – Dan Phelan!
Eric Raehn
Our deepest thanks to everyone who participated! It was a blast reading all of the entries. We'll have to do it again next year.
You can check out a video of the drawing and the prizes won below.


text:
Contact Us
Legal Forum Search :
Legal Directories
Legal Forum
Legal Forum
Law & Ethics
Legal Discussion Forum
Marriage & Divorce
Insurance & Registration
Law & Ethics
Law & Legal Jobs
Law Enforcement & Police
Cars & Transportation Safety
Child Adoption
Embassies & Consulates
What do you all know or think of HR 669 Nonnative Wildlife Invasion Prevention Act?
I'm not a politician, nor have I ever been very involved in politics. However, that does not change the current situation and it will not sway me from making a stand here.
There is a ...
I just got a speeding ticket in Maryland. Am I better off pleading guilty, or not guilty?
I don't care about the fine, I just care about the points.I don't have any point on my record as of now....
Does a person convicted of a sexoffense in 1985 who served there max sentence of 15 have to register?r=1239457?
What is a local and uncontested calendar in regard to bills in the House?
Is there a definition?...
How to begin a legal investigation on a realty corporation?
I have been asked by an attorney I intern for to launch an investigation about members of a corporation that are no longer in business. The realty corporation is currently the plaintiff in a lawsuit, ...
How old must a Florida Citizen be to purchase a shotgun?
I have been 18 for the past few months and i suggested to save a couple hundred franklins in order to buy a rifle or shotgun if i could get one. What process do i go threw, to legally own a weapon ...
What do I do for an unpaid Minor in Possession in Texas?
I'm 20 years old, live in Oklahoma and I was issued an MIP in Texas. My citation is a little over a month past-due and I'm sure there is a warrant out for my arrest in Texas and they'...
What action can i take against this?
I was at a friends airsoft party and my brand new $150 gun was not feeding the bb's into the gun right so i ask someone to borrow a gun and left my gun in my tent and told no one to touch it. T...
Co-worker is a bit "bitchy"...please advise?
Ok, here it goes
To make the story short, I have a co-worker who has been acted bitchy with me. She's in charge of cleaning the whole office, therefore she cleans everything except my desk, in ...
Can my dad, give a pistol, that he bought from Academy to me, his 20 year old son. And we live in Texas?
I was wondering if anyone would know whether or not my dad would be allowed to legally buy a handgun from Academy Sports and Outdoors and then give it to me? I know that in Texas you don't have ...
A white man is going to trial for civil rights abuses against a black man...?
Would it be smart, or stupid to hire a black lawyer?...
My father died & left money to a friend. The friend died before dispersal. Does the estate still owe this?
Farm implements and cattle had to be sold to pay the amount promised in the will. Before I was able to collect enough to pay the friend, she died. Do I still owe her estate? My Dad wanted her to ...
Meth babies vs. abortion?
Wondering if anyone else sees the inconsistencies in laws protecting unborn children.
You can purposely kill an unborn child with chemicals (abortion) and it's a protected right. If you &...
What should governments do to stop the world population explosion?
"Sir David Attenborough said that a "frightening explosion in human numbers" was behind every threat to wildlife across the world."
China has their one child policy, ...
Are there any laws in Kentucky prohibiting a person to carry sword replicas in your vehicle?
My boyfriend wants to start selling Sword replicas at flea markets and we were wondering if there were any laws against carrying swords in your car or the against the sale of sword replicas in the ...
Can i copyright a training manual that i produced for my job?
I work for a government agency and the current training manual is no good, i want to create a modern training manual for my job and want to know if i can receive any sort of compensation for it by ...
My employer released details of my employment to a third party. Have they breached data protection?
Is it legal in India to hit a women?
Me and my friend were wondering?...
Is the right to basically choose your own way of doing things kind of stated in the constitution?
I was thinking about the whole abortion thing, and I was wondering, if there were laws that outlawed abortion in the U.S., is that infringing on some Constitutional Amendment. Because some people ...
What's wrong with this picture?
What is this boy's mother trying to accomplish by having his sperm harvested from his dead body? If there ever is a surrogate to carry his baby, there will never be a biological father for the ...
Jacob W
Is it Illegal to have fully automatic weapons in the U.S.?
I know the Assault Weapons ban was not renewed so I'm Curious as to if that means that we are now aloud to own fully automatic assault weapons. Also, I was wondering if you need to be 21 to buy these as you have to be to own a pistol or if they are sold as rifles and you need be only 18.
Additional Details
Sorry, I wasen't shure I know here in KY you must be 21 to own a pistol. Where would you go to get a permit for assault weapons? To the court house maybe? I know you have to pay a 200$ tax on semi-automatic, but im not shure if thats on fully automatic too.
Show all answers
Post your answer
Automatic weapons are illegal to have if your a civilian. And you don't have to be 21 to have a pistol in every state.
Was this answer helpful to you?
You may only own a machine gun that was manufactured and registered with the BATF before May 19, 1986. Weapons manufactured after that date are restricted for Military and Law Enforcement use only. Economics 101, the law of supply and demand should start coming to mind by now. This is why these weapons are somewhat "pricey", when compared to current production weapons. "Simply", the reserves not being available, controlled commodities always make for an excellent investment. The price is only going one place, Up!
An individual purchasing a " National Firearms Act Weapon ", NFA weapon or class 3 weapon is required to pay a one time, $200 Federal Excise Tax fee. This fee has been the same, since 1934. It has never changed or has the simple requirement for owning a NFA weapon. These rules and regulation were set forth in 1934, because of the readily availability of machine guns to people like, Bonnie & Clyde, Dillinger, etc.. They permitted the Department of Justice to prosecute criminals under Federal Law. This had a little more "bite" than local laws. To obtain an NFA weapon, you must first select one. The reason is, forms are required to transfer the weapon from seller to buyer, requiring specific information. There are several types of forms to accommodate these transfers. A form "3", accommodates dealer to dealer transfers (Class 3, in or out of state). A form "4", accommodates dealer to individual transfers, within the state. Unlicensed individuals may not transfer class 3 weapons directly into their state. An active Class 3 license is required to execute the transfer. If you hold an active standard FFL, you may transfer the weapon in directly, however the law enforcement signature, photographs, and fingerprint cards are still required, as well as the $200 FET.
Was this answer helpful to you?
You need a machine gun to hunt? it's been illegal for virtually everyone in the United States to own a machine-gun since 1934. The only exceptions are individuals who are issued machine-gun licenses, which are extremely difficult to obtain.
In order to obtain this license, you must pay a "special (occupational) tax," as well as follow a very specific process when transferring firearms. Because of the legalities and expenses surrounding the class 3 license, many FFL dealers choose not to get one. This is for dealers only. Now for a machine gun for and individual.
No, you don't need a federal firearms license. If you are permitted by law to own a handgun and your state allows the transfer of machine guns, you can buy one (unless you are in a state that requires a C&R License for machine gun ownership.
You don' t need a permit, either. You do need to complete an "Application For Tax Paid Transfer and Registration of Firearm", also known as a Form 4, and this must be signed by the Chief Law Enforcement Officer in your locale. You also need to submit, in duplicate, a complete set of fingerprints and palm prints and passport-size photos.
When your application to Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms is submitted there is a $200 transfer tax per item to be paid for machine guns, short bbl shotguns, short bbl rifles and silencers and a $5.00 transfer tax for AOW.
How do I make a semi auto gun into a machine gun?
You don't, unless you want to spend the next 20 years in Leavenworth. No new machine guns can be made, as per the 1986 ban. We have to keep trading the ones already out there.
Was this answer helpful to you?
Marvin the Martian
Assault weapon is a meaningless term. All firearms are assault weapons, that's what they are built to do.
Automatic weapons can be owned by private citizens, but there is a federal license, so most people don't own them.
Realistically automatic weapons are not all that useful in most situations. Ammunition is heavy and you can go through a lot of it very quickly. You can empty a rifle clip in about the time it takes to snap your fingers. What ever you were pointing the rifle at will now have a lot of holes in it. However if you need to get off a second shot you are now out of luck until you reload.
Was this answer helpful to you?
No, but you do need a permit.
Was this answer helpful to you?
First the "assault weapons ban" had nothing to do with automatic weapons in any way,it banned ownership ,sale,and importation of numerous semi automatic rifles and shotguns and was only an attempt a beginning to ban all privately own,guns used for sport,defense and hunting,there is no such thing as an "assault weapon"firearm any weapon you could assault someone with would be,all the way to a rock or club.the AWB was a meaningless piece of legislation designed to ban legal gun ownership,nothing more..as for full auto weapons, it varies from state to state,some allow class 3 weapons (full auto) some dont,the NFA tax of $200 is on NFA list weapons,full auto firearms,smooth barreled cartridge rifles,short barreled shotguns,short barreled rifles..ETC there isnt any extra tax on a semi-auto rifle ,you can buy them at any guns shop ,and KY allows full auto ownership and shooting (check out the bi-annual gatherings down that way such as Knob creek online) Most states and the feds limit private citizens(non-law enforcement and holders of a machine gun dealers license ) to own firearms made prior to 1986 ban,and some limitted to the pre-1968 amnesty weapons.thats all to make machine guns very restricted and unavailable supposedly..the truth is there are 500 illegal MGs for every legal one (likely more than that) and if they banned an confiscated all the legal ones,it would have zero effect on crime,as legally registered machine guns are never used in criminal activities.If you want a AK,UZi,MAC 9 ,or Tec99 in full auto you can buy one pretty cheap in memphis or nashville any night of the week illegally.
Was this answer helpful to you?
Related Questions
Questions List
Last Post
Church Bells Violation of Noise Ordinance?
19 minutes(s) ago
Age on custody in the State of Oregon?
21 minutes(s) ago
Lawsuit settlement advances?
48 minutes(s) ago
Is this legal??.....?
3 hour(s) ago
In these modern (tech) days, if there are no pictures to document a person @ an event, does that invalidate?
5 hour(s) ago
Im a night shift worker in a learning diffulcuties home, the boss is making us work nights on our own.?
8 hour(s) ago
My unemployment was denied so I had an appeal, and that was affirmed. What does this mean?
10 hour(s) ago
Should pot be legalized?
1 day(s) ago
In North Carolina, are spring-assisted knives allowed?
5 day(s) ago
What is Trademarking, copy righted, and rights reserved?
1 week(s) ago
All RSS Feeds
Trusted legal information for you. 0.024
Copyright (c) 2007-2010
Find Legal Advice
Friday, July 31, 2015 - All rights reserved -
Terms of use
Privacy Policy


text:
Hotels in 60135 - Genoa IL
Only hotels in 60135 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Genoa, IL for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 60135 hotels and motels so you can review the Genoa hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in DeKalb county and area code 815 are also listed.
60135 Hotels, Motels & Accommodations
Next: Show All Available 60135 Hotels with Pricing >


text:
Around the Tomb
Names for prayer
Submit your names to pray for.Mosdos Kever Rachel's phone lines bring the merit of Rachel Imeinu to Jews around the world. Mosdos Kever Rachel maintains a 24-hour phone line, enabling Jews everywhere to have Tehilim recited on their behalf, free of charge, by Torah scholars of Kollel Kever Rachel.
The Yartzeit
A a great source of blessing.Mother Rachel's yartzeit is on the Eleventh of Cheshvon (October). Jews have always visited Kever Rachel on Rachel's yartzeit, because prayers recited on that day are especially effective. Mosdos Kever Rachel keeps the tradition alive, by hosting the influx of visitors. The turnout is tremendous.
Women's Prayer
The power source of Mama...We should never be alone when we struggle. We may not be able to always physically help another in need, but we definitely can help spiritually—through prayer. When we have someone in our prayers, we give support and strength in a very powerful way. We have all of our prayers clear and revealed way.
The Activities
Keeping the tomb alive...Kabbalah says that the middle of the night, when silence reigns and the world sleeps, is an hour of Divine favor and mercy. Mosdos Kever Rachel sponsors a Midnight Kollel (Chatzot) for Torah scholars and the pious to come to Rachel's Kever, where they learn and pray until dawn.
Sweet sounds of Torah.The tomb of Rachel has become a home for a group of young Talmidei Chachomim, who come daily and learn Gemara and Halacha, and fill the tomb with their sweet sounds of Torah. Mosdos Kever Rachel sponsors a Midnight Kollel (Chatzot) for Torah scholars and the pious to come to Rachel's Kever.
special prayer
Special prayer. Special salvation.Rachel, the childless woman who became the mother of the Jewish People, has become a special symbol of hope for childless women, and all those in need of special blessing. Hundreds of requests are sent every month to "Mosdos Kever Rachel" from Jews world wide, requesting prayers to be said.


text:
festival of lights hamburg fair grounds
Attraction Coupons -
Free Concert schedule calendar and event and festival. Light the Lakes September 4th, 2011 Chautauqua Lake. Hamburg Fair Grounds: 34th.
The Fairgrounds :: Festival of Lights
Berlin's fifth annual " Festival of Lights" kicked off on. possible strike by air traffic controllers could ground. "Fabulous Iceland" at the Frankfurt Book Fair Thousands.
Free Concerts Buffalo and WNY 2011.
... Niagara falls live feed for the 2011 Winter Festival of Lights. and 3 million tree and ground lights which. Hamburger Dom 2011 Webcam Feed, Live Hamburg Festival Stream.
Hamburg - Wikipedia, the free.
... around the "Kiez" in St. Pauli (the Red Light. only 40 camp sites, an old-fashioned camp ground. Alster Fair, Hamburg The largest summer festival in Hamburg is the Alster-Vergnügen.
Mortons Corners Bed & Breakfast
Festival Grounds at the Pier Festival of Lights - Niagara Falls. and summer street fair. Friendship Festival - Fort. and Barns of Doom. Hamburg. Holiday Hollow - Halloween Festival.
... Irish Festival TBA The Hamburg Fairgrounds: Buffalo. Light the Lakes September 4th, 2011 Chautauqua. Hamburg Fair Grounds: 34th.
Hamburg Fairgrounds, Hamburg, NY :.
It's probably one of the most famous red- light. Mar, Aug, and Nov), there is an enormous fair in. There are some OpenAir Festivals located around Hamburg.
Free Concerts Buffalo and WNY 2011.
Youll find plenty to do with a light parade. to announce the 2nd Annual GEARS Fall Festival to be held at the Elizabethtown Fair Grounds. Hamburg, Pennsylvania, USA: of the largest fall.
Final Fear Haunted House Hamburg - Final.
... night to kick off Berlin's sixth annual " Festival of Lights.". possible strike by air traffic controllers could ground. "Fabulous Iceland" at the Frankfurt Book Fair Thousands.
Festivals Sitemap
Festival of Lights. Company Information The Fairgrounds Hamburg, NY 14075 (716) 649-3900 The Fairgrounds
Hamburg Fairgrounds. Erie County Fair. Other activities that you can be part of at this venue include the Shrine Circus, Christmas in the Country and the Lights Festival. The grounds.
Festivals.com. Celebrating Life
Radio tower at the fair grounds, illuminated for the Festival of Lights 2009, Berlin, Germany, Europe. Hertz_Turm, rising over parkland called Planten un Blomen, Hamburg.
Classic Buffalo Outdoor Activities,.
... and 6pm-midnight on weekends at Erie County Fair Grounds in Hamburg. A family friendly Lights-On. Hamburg Concerts; Hamburg Festivals; Hamburg Kids & Family Events; Hamburg Singles Events
' Festival of Lights' begins in Berlin.
... as the gay pride Christopher Street Day festival or the Alster fair, held at. The Filmfest Hamburg — a film festival originating from the. St. Pauli, Europe's largest red light.
Images like: Dom Fairground Hamburg.
... fan page of The Erie County Fair in Hamburg, NY Erie County Fair 2011. Check out this show on the grounds today and. the information for the upcoming Festival of Lights under.


text:
- 2
- people in the U.S. have this name View Sheila Kough on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Anglicized spelling of Síle, the Irish Gaelic form of Cecily. This name has become so common and widespread that it is hardly felt to be Irish any longer. In Australia since the 19th century it has been a slang generic term for any woman.
|209th in the U.S.
Irish: variant spelling of Keough.
|39,025th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Sheilah, Sheilla, Sheilia, Sheil, Shelly, Sheile, Sheily, Shelley, Sheiley, Shelia
Kaudy, Kougher, Kougias, Koide, Kougl, Koudou, Khuda, Kouda, Koudi, Koughn


text:
LOREX 16 Channel Security Cameras and DVR System - LH3361001C8B
|Digital Video Recorder:HDMI output in full 1080p ? simple connection to HDTVs1Triple Touch Technology using a touch screen monitor2, Light touch front panel controls, smartphones / tablets24x7 100% duty cycle HDDPentaplex operation - View, Record, Playback, Backup & Remotely control the system simultaneouslyRecording options : Motion, schedule or continuousSmall form factor (11.6 x 6.5 x 1.3")3 x USB 2.0 ports (mouse, touch monitor, backup, firmware upgrade)VESA Mount (easily mounts to the back of an LCD monitor)?"Flex" IR extender for remote control (line-of-sight not required)Swipe-to-Switch dynamic allocation of camera location in live viewingIntuitive search at your finger tips with multi-channel preview second by secondScroll-to-Search through recorded event list with image previewCovert camera feature allows the DVR administrator to monitor cameras while hiding them for regular usersMulti-language interface (21 languages supported)PTZ cameras supported (RS485)Connectivity:Instant Mobile Viewing on compatible Smartphones?Dedicated iPad™ app with multi-channel live viewing, playback, backup & setupExclusive LOREX Easy Connect Internet Set-up Wizard 3Lorex Edge Client Software: PC (Microsoft Windows™ 7/Vista/XP compatible) using client software (included) & web browser. Mac remote client software (included)Free LOREX DDNS (Dynamic Domain Name Service) for advanced remote connectivity at all timesInstant e-mail alerts with snap shot attachments and web linkCompliance:CEC energy efficient power adapterEnergy efficient HDDROHSIndustry standard video inputs (BNC) and outputs (HDMI, VGA)VESA Mount:?Easily mounts to the back of an LED or LCD monitor (requires clear access to the VESA mounting holes)Cameras:Super+ resolution sensor provides clear video day and nightIR Cut Filter provides accurate color reproduction in any lighting conditionsBrightNight and close-up recognition in the dark4Extreme temperature performanceAnti-glare ensures clear images under strong lighting conditionsAll purpose cameras with flex mounting for indoor or outdoor installation (IP66)5Disclaimers:1. HDMI output 1080p (1920x1080) for high definition multi-channel live viewing only. High definition recording not supported, recording resolution is limited to a maximum of 704x480 per channel. Image quality and resolution is dependent on the type of camera connected to the DVR.2. Touch operation with Windows™ 7 Touch compatible touch screen monitor via USB connection.3. Requires a high speed internet connection and a router (not included).4. IR illumination range under ideal conditions. Objects at or beyond this range may be partially or completely obscured, depending on the camera application.5. Not intended for submersion in water. Installation in a sheltered location recommended.? Instant Mobile Viewing on iPad™, iPhone™ , BlackBerry (supported model numbers: 9000, 9700, 9800) and Android (version 2.1). Selectable one channel live viewing. Mobile phone data plan is required (not included). Router port forwarding required. For the latest smart phone compatibility list check wwww.lorextechnology.com as new smart phone models become available in the market.? Easily mounts to the back of an LCD monitor with VESA standard mounting holes and an independent stand. Requires clear access to the 75 x 75, 100 x100 & 200 x 200 mm VESA mounting holes.All trademarks belong to their respective owners. No claim is made to the exclusive right to use the trademarks listed, other than the trademarks owned by Lorex Technology Inc. We reserve the right to change models, configurations or specifications without notice or liability. Product may not be exactly as shown. Images are simulated.


text:
Church Group Discounts
On Devotional Series:
Receive a 20% discount when purchasing 50 copies or more.
Devotionals included in this offer: My Money, My Most Wanted, My Healing & Outside the Camp.
You receive a 20% discount when you puchase 25 or more of all other titles.
These discounts will not show on your email confirmation, but will be applied when we process the order.
Prayer Point Press :: 2100 N Carrolton Dr :: Muncie, IN 47304 :: 765.759.0215


text:
A process for recovering heavy hydrocarbonaceous oil in situ is disclosed. After a communication path is established between injection and production wells, a hot viscous fluid at least 20% of which is produced hydrocarbonaceous oil from the production well is circulated between the wells providing high sweep efficiency and good recovery of oil in place. In a preferred embodiment, the fluid comprises recirculated bitumen from the production well, steam, and small amounts of inert gas and emulsified water. The final stage is a recovery by conventional means.
1. A method for improving the recovery of viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil from a subterranean formation penetrated by at least one injection well and at least one production well, said wells being in fluid communication with said formation, comprising:
(a) establishing a heated communication path between said injection and production wells, in a communication development step,
(b) injecting heated fluid having a viscosity of at least one centipoise at 200� C. into said injection well, in a recirculation step, until a suitable portion of said subterranean formation is heated, said heated fluid being heated to a temperature from substantially 100� C. to 300� C. before being injected, and
(c) recovering produced hydrocarbonaceous oil from said formation, in a recovery step, at least substantially 20% by mass of said heated fluid being viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil produced from said production well.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid has an absolute viscosity at 200� C. from substantially 1 centipoise to substantially 100 cP.
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said heated viscous fluid is heated to a temperature from substantially 180� C. to substantially 250� C. before being injected.
4. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil has a viscosity at least substantially 500 cP, measured at 20� C.
5. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said heated viscous fluid consists essentially of viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil produced from said production well.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said produced oil is heated by absorbing heat from a heat transfer fluid.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6 wherein said heat transfer fluid is steam.
8. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises steam, the mass ratio of said steam to said viscous oil portion of said viscous fluid being no more than 2:5 by weight.
9. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises no more than substantially 50% water by volume emulsified in said fluid.
10. A method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said viscous fluid comprises no more than 10% free water by volume.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises reduced bitumen.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises no more than substantially 2% polymeric viscosity-raising material by volume.
13. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises no more than substantially 50% inert gas by volume, expressed at standard conditions.
14. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid comprises no more than 50% residuum from distillation of crude oil.
15. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said viscous fluid is injected for a period from substantially one half to substantially four years.
16. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amount of heat transferred to the reservoir during injection of said viscous fluid is at least substantially 50% of the heat necessary to heat all of the bitumen in place to the temperature of the viscous fluid entering said injection well.
17. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injection and production wells are vertical.
18. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injection and production wells are horizontal.
19. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injection well is vertical and said production well is horizontal.
20. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injection well is horizontal and said production well is vertical.
21. A method as claimed in claim 1 wherein said injection well and said production well are completed as two portions of a substantially horizontal well.
This invention relates to an improvement in the recovery of viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil from a subterranean formation. More specifically, it relates to the use of viscous fluids to provide heat to the bitumen in a formation prior to the recovery of the bitumen through a production well.
In many subterranean formations containing crude oil, the oil is highly viscous and difficult or impossible to produce by conventional methods. Such oil, known as heavy oil or bitumen, is found, for example, in the Lloydminster and Athabasca deposits in Canada, and in the Orinoco deposit in Venezuela. Some deposits are sufficiently near the surface that they can be recovered by surface mining, but other deposits are uneconomic to surface mine because of the large amount of overburden. In-situ methods known in the art of recovering deep viscous crude oil are generally directed to reducing the viscosity of the bitumen to improve its willingness to flow to a production well, or in combination with viscosity reduction, to driving the bitumen towards a production well by providing an appropriate pressure gradient and flow path. The heat can be provided by a heated fluid; hot water, steam of quality from zero to 100%, superheated steam and hot solvents are known in the art. The typical result using steam is that the steam, being less dense than bitumen, overrides the bitumen in the formation and produces a narrow communication path between wells with only a very slow heat transfer to the formation, and consequently achieves only limited recovery. Liquid water does not displace bitumen effectively and also develops only a narrow communication path and poor recovery. One attempt to overcome this problem was disclosed by Spillette in U.S. Pat. No. 3,447,510, in which steam and cold water were injected alternately to maintain a uniformly nearly vertical heat front. A method disclosed by Gomaa in U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,027 was to adjust the steam quality in order to provide a vertical heat profile and thus optimize the energy efficiency. Also known in connection with enhanced recovery of conventional oil is the use of polymers to increase the viscosity of the aqueous driving fluid. Other methods in the prior art include reducing the viscosity of the bitumen by introducing non-condensible gases under pressure, and injecting hot solvent to partially mix with the bitumen and reduce its viscosity.
The invention overcomes these and other problems by providing a method for improving the recovery of viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil from a subterranean formation penetration by at least one injection well and at least one production well, said wells being in fluid communication with said formation, comprising:
(a) establishing a heated communication path between said injection and production wells, in a communication development step,
(b) injecting heated viscous fluid into said injection well, in a recirculation step, until a suitable portion of said subterranean formation is heated, and
(c) recovering hydrocarbonaceous oil from said formation, in a recovery step, at least substantially 20% by mass of said heated viscous fluid being viscous hydrocarbonaceous oil produced from said production well.
In drawings which illustrate a preferred embodiment of the invention,
FIG. 1 shows a petroleum-bearing formation after establishment of a heated communication path,
FIG. 2 shows the formation during the fluids recirculation step, and together with apparatus to recirculate the preferred viscous fluid,
FIG. 3 illustrates the formation during the recovery step, and
FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 illustrate in perspective alternative well configurations by which injection and production can be effected.
In this specification all references to percentages are by volume and all gas volumes are at standard conditions, i.e. 15� C. and 101.325 kPa, unless otherwise indicated.
In practising the invention to recover bitumen from a reservoir containing oil sand, the first step is to establish a communication path between the injection and production wells. FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment showing a petroleum-bearing formation in vertical cross-section after the communication development step. Overburden 2 and petroleum-bearing formation 1 are penetrated by injection well 7 and production well 8 extending from above ground surface 4. The wells are plugged near the top of underlying layer 3. Initial path 11 can be a fracture, a thin water sand, horizontal well or other permeable path. A fracture can be prepared by conventional methods, for example, by using fracturing fluids. Advantageously, a fracture can be produced by steam injection. In this invention, a long and tortuous path 11 between injection and production wells is advantageous because it provides an improved heat transfer into the reservoir fluids compared to a short, straight path. The temperature of the formation adjacent the path 11 is raised to a level sufficiently high that fluid injected in a subsequent step does not cool excessively and plug the communication path and prevent injection of further fluid. Heat transfer fluid 9, comprising water or light hydrocarbons, for example methane, or hydrogen sulphide, or steam is injected to accomplish the temperature rise. Steam is preferred because of its high heat capacity, while both water and steam exhibit a desirable low viscosity at reservoir temperature. Fluids of high viscosity at reservoir temperature are avoided at this stage because they tend to plug the communication path. Soon after steam injection has begun, if steam is used, production of cold water 10 at the production well 8 begins. In this specification, "production" means "discharge at the surface of fluid flowing from a well". As steam injection continues, the heat front moves through the formation towards the production well. During this period, cold water is produced.
When the heat front reaches the production well 8, the temperature of the produced water 10 rises rapidly and significant amounts of bitumen are produced, indicating the presence of sufficient heat in the communication path. The steam-containing zone at breakthrough extends between upper boundary 12 and lower boundary 13. Optionally, the preheating step can be continued after initial breakthrough of heated bitumen to the production well, whereby a volume portion up to about 30% and preferably 10 to 15% of the bitumen in place is produced prior to commencing a recirculation step.
When communication is established, a recirculation step is begun. In the general case, a heated viscous fluid comprising bitumen produced from a production well or wells associated with the injection well, and having a viscosity from 1 to 100 centipoises at 200� C. is introduced into the injection well. It is essential that the injected viscous fluid either be capable of being processed with the produced bitumen in further process steps, for example viscosity reduction or hydrocracking, or be readily separable from the bitumen. Reheated bitumen from the production well advantageously comprises a major portion of the injected fluid, and preferably the entire amount of the injected fluid, excluding additives discussed hereinafter.
FIG. 2 shows the injection of preferred viscous fluid 22, which comprises in major portion reheated filtered bitumen from production well 8. The injection pressure at the bottom of the injection well 7 must be kept below the fracture pressure. This limitation operates primarily in the early stages of the recirculation phase, during the time that the cross-sectional area through which heated bitumen flows is low and flow-related pressure drop is high; the cross-sectional area increases as bitumen is ablated, i.e. heated in the sand in the formation and entrained into the flowing fluid, allowing an increased flow rate for a given bottom-hole injection pressure; during the later stages the capacity of injection pump 21 can become the limiting factor in fluid flow. Thermal expansion in the reservoir usually causes more fluid 26 to be produced than is injected, causing net production 27 of fluid during the recirculation phase, up to a value of about 8% of the oil in the swept volume, if the injected fluid is essentially bitumen. Optionally, a small amount of inert gas, for example carbon dioxide or nitrogen, can be injected with the bitumen, up to about 1.0 m3 /m3 of bitumen, or 50% of the injected fluid by volume (at standard conditions) which will further displace bitumen in the formation, increasing the net production by about 5 to 10% of the oil in the swept volume depending on the specific bitumen being recovered. The increase in displacement of bitumen by means of the gas inclusion can be greater than the critical gas saturation in parts of the reservoir, especially near the top because of gravity drainage.
Optionally, the net production can be enhanced by including up to 2 parts of steam per 5 parts bitumen by mass and/or emulsifying up to 50% water into the injected bitumen, either alone or in combination with injection of an inert gas. Up to 50% atmospheric or vacuum residuum and/or up to 2% non-degrading polymeric materials, for example polyacrylate, can be added to the injected fluid if desired to raise its viscosity towards the upper limit of 100 cP at 200� C. The maximum allowable viscosity of the recirculating fluid entering the production well 8, which is at a lower temperature than the injection well 7, is about 500 cP. Optionally, some of the bitumen to be injected can be reduced, that is treated to remove some of the lighter components, if it is originally whole bitumen. These measures, which can also be carried out in combination, have the effect of increasing the viscosity of the injected material and hence increasing its sweep efficiency. The additives can be incorporated prior to filtration in filter 29 as, for example, additive material 32, or after filtration or prior to heating in the heat exchanger, as appropriate to the material being added. The minimum proportion of recirculated bitumen in the injected fluid is about 20% by mass. The emulsion produced using steam or water in the recirculating bitumen has a viscosity and a heat capacity greater than those of bitumen alone and is maintained oil-external, that is, having oil as the continuous phase; if the emulsion becomes water-external its viscosity and thus its effectiveness in the present process decrease markedly. The emulsion usually remains oil-external when up to 50%, the maximum water content depending upon, for example, the specific bitumen being recirculated and the presence of surface active agents. Water in excess of that which is emulsified probably exists as free water. In practice, the amount of steam, water and other additives can be increased to the point where the viscosity of the driving fluid mixture begins to fall off; this point is detected when the injection well pressure falls off at the desired fluid flow rate. Dry bitumen passing through a formation may absorb much of the connate water which is present in undisturbed bitumen formations, thereby making separation of bitumen from the sand matrix more difficult. This problem can be prevented in the present process by optionally incorporating up to 10% free water in the injected fluid. When steam is injected in the communication development step or added in the recirculation step, its salinity and pH are controlled to avoid permeability damage especially in the vicinity of the injection well, where the flow per unit area is the largest of any area in the formation.
Prior to re-injection, the produced fluids 30 can be filtered in filter 29. Filtering is a normal procedure with injection wells of all kinds, in order to prevent clogging of the formation by solids in the injection fluid. The produced fluids to be recirculated in practising the invention contain fine clays and coarser solids which tend both to abrade and to clog the injection system as well as to clog the formation if not filtered out.
The produced fluids 30 to be re-injected are reheated to a temperature between 100� C. and 300� C., preferably between 180� and 250� C. The lower limit is related to the requirement of putting into the formation as much heat as possible, in as short a time as possible. There are offsetting factors: the lower temperature causes a desirable higher viscosity in the injected fluid, up to a maximum of about 100 cP at the injection temperature, but at the same time reduces its heat supplying capability. The upper temperature limit is governed primarily by the potential of the bitumen in the fluids to degrade over the long term to coke and light hydrocarbons. Degradation is undesirable because the resulting coke can abrade the injection system and clog the formation and because degraded bitumen is less viscous than virgin bitumen. Low-temperature, long-term degradation is an important consideration because the recirculation phase continues in most operations for a long period, from about one half year to four years. Reheating is preferably accomplished in heat exchanger 31 by heat transfer with a heat transfer fluid 28, preferably steam. Direct heat transfer from combustion gases is possible but entails the risk of inducing premature degradation because of hot spots in the heat exchanger. Certain additives can advantageously be blended with the injected bitumen to improve its long-term stability. For example, pH control agents affect the emulsification properties of the bitumen and also its interaction with clays present in the reservoir. It is also advantageous to remove coke to prevent its becoming concentrated in the recirculating fluid.
While the recirculation step is proceeding, the progress of the heat front represented by isotherms 23, 24, and 25, is tracked by comparing the injection and production temperatures, doing material and heat balances, and by using tracers in the injected fluid. Such techniques are well-known in the art, with respect to injection of other hot fluids.
The recirculation step is continued until an appropriate amount of heating has taken place in the formation fluids. It is not necessary to heat thoroughly all of the bitumen in the reservoir during the recirculation step, because further heat is supplied during the recovery step by means of the steam pumped into the reservoir in order to displace the bitumen, which heat is capable of mobilizing most of the bitumen not heated during the recirculation step. Accordingly, it is preferable to supply during the recirculation step at least about 50% of the amount of heat needed to heat all of the bitumen in place to the temperature of the injected fluid.
FIG. 3 shows a reservoir during the recovery stage of the process. Conventional recovery techniques are employed; for example, cold water at low pressure can be injected which flashes to steam in the reservoir and achieves adequate recovery; it is preferable to inject steam, however, because of higher ultimate recovery and higher pressure capability. In a typical recovery, steam 41 is injected into injection well 7 and flows into the formation 1 in flow pattern 44, producing steam front 43. Bitumen/water mixture 45 flows into production well 8 and is recovered at the surface as produced fluids stream 42. Alternatively, forward combustion can be used to drive the heated bitumen to the production well.
The invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, which illustrate a preferred embodiment.
A numerical simulation was done using a computerized finite-difference analysis model. Using parallel horizontal wells 100 m long and 50 m apart, 1.9 meters above the bottom of the pay zone, a two-dimensional model was capable of evaluating gravitational and propagation effects. A homogeneous McMurray oil sands type of reservoir was assumed, having 80% oil saturation, a connate water saturation of 20%, a critical gas saturation of 5% and porosity of 35%. The bitumen-bearing pay zone in the formation was 30 m thick, horizontal permeability 3.3 darcies and vertical permeability 1.6 darcies. Maximum injector bottom hole pressure was 7000 kPa, while producer bottom hole pressure was a minimum of 3500 kPa. Maximum recirculation rate, limited by pump capacity, was assumed to be 1000 m3 /day per injection well. A fracture was assumed to be induced that rose vertically above the wells and crossed the pay zone at its topmost level. During the communication development step, steam at 7000 kPa and 80% quality was injected at 301 m3 /day (cold water equivalent) for 100 days. In the recirculation step, bitumen was injected for 630 days in Example 1 and 302 days in Example 2, as shown in Table 1, a mixture of bitumen at 460 m3 /day and water at 0.9 m3 /day being used at a temperature of 250� C. The recovery step followed, with a duration adjusted for approximately equal bitumen recovery in the two Examples.
TABLE 1______________________________________RECOVERY OF BITUMEN IN-SITU Exam- Exam- ple 1 ple 2______________________________________Recirculation:Duration, days 630 302Average bitumen production rate, m3 /day 466 468Average net bitumen production rate, m3 /day 4.8 6.2Recovery:Duration, days 94 302Average steam injection rate, m3 /day 204 167Average bitumen production rate, m3 /day 287 97Overall:Well life, days, including communication 824 704development stepNet energy injected, Terajoules 142 171Average net bitumen production rate, m3 /day 37 45Recovery, % Original Oil in Place 72 75______________________________________
A further numerical simulation was done assuming the same reservoir as in Examples 1 and 2, but placing horizontal wells 13.2 m above the bottom of the pay zone and assuming that a horizontal fracture was made directly between the two wells. This straight horizontal fracture at mid-depth of the formation and the fracture climbing vertically to and across the top of the reservoir represent the probable extremes of fracture behaviour. Actual reservoirs generally fracture in an intermediate pattern. In the communication development step, steam at 7000 kPa and 80% quality was injected at 293 m3 /day (cold water equivalent) for 100 days. A mixture of 424 m3 bitumen, 0.8 m3 water and 170 m3 nitrogen, at 230� C., was injected daily for 900 days. Results were as indicated in Table 2.
TABLE 2______________________________________RECOVERY OF BITUMEN FOLLOWINGHORIZONTAL FRACTURE Example 3______________________________________Recirculation:Duration, days 900Average bitumen production rate, m3 /day 433Average net bitumen producton rate, m3 /day 7.8Recovery:Duration, days 200Average steam injection rate, m3 /day 303Average bitumen production rate, m3 /day 213Overall:Well life, days, including communication 1200development stepNet energy injected, Terajoules 269Average net bitumen production rate, m3 /day 42Recovery, % Original Oil in Place 60______________________________________
Example 1 indicates the energy efficiency of an extended recirculation stage using the viscous bitumen, compared to Example 2 wherein the recirculation step was shorter but the recovery step much longer. In Example 1, 4% less of the original oil in place was recovered, but 17% less energy was consumed in the process. For the purpose of calculating net injected energy in all Examples, 100% of heat produced during communication development and recovery steps, was assumed to be recovered. Example 3 demonstrates that the method of the invention is applicable to short, horizontal fractures as well as to the tortuous fractures of Examples 1 and 2.
By providing continuous injection of heated viscous fluid, the method of the invention minimizes override and channelling of the injection fluid, because the specific gravity and viscosity of heated bitumen are much closer to those of the bitumen in the formation than are the specific gravity and viscosity of steam. Ablation, i.e. wearing away or frictional removal, of bitumen is improved because the viscosity of the recirculating fluid is about 70 times the viscosity of water at the temperatures used in the process.
The process of the invention can be carried out with a single or a plurality of injection wells combined with one or a plurality of production wells. A preferred combination is a seven-spot multiple well pattern, in which each injection well is surrounded by six equally-spaced production wells, the ratio of injection to production wells being related to the ratio of injectivity to productivity in the reservoir. Other factors relevant to well spacing in the process of the invention include the fracturing pressure; the ability to produce a fracture communicating well-to-well; the maximum allowable pressure at the injection well bottom during the circulation and recovery steps, which is related to and lower than the fracturing pressure; the bottom hole pressure at the production wells which can be lowered by pumping produced fluids to the surface; and the time necessary to develop a communication path from well to well. Methods for the determination of these factors are known to persons skilled in the art. The injection and production wells can be vertical, angled or horizontal or any combination thereof, and the injection well need not be at the same angle as the production well. FIG. 4 shows horizontal injection well 7a and vertical production well 8, and FIG. 5 illustrates vertical injection well 7 together with horizontal production well 8a. When a horizontal well is employed a portion 30 of the well can be completed as an injection well and a second portion 31 completed as a production well as shown in FIG. 6, by methods known in the art. For example, concentric tubing strings within the casing can be used for injection and for production portions of the well.
The process of the invention is operable with thin water sands present in a formation. During the communication development stage, the presence of thin water sands can be advantageous, because they are susceptible to relatively easy development of a communication path from an injection well to a production well without the need to fracture the formation. Thick water sands present the problem, however, that the water can continue to be displaced almost indefinitely by injected fluids, making injection of bitumen uneconomic.
The process of the invention is advantageous for the recovery of crude oils whose viscosity is 500 centipoises or greater at initial reservoir conditions. It is well adapted to recover, for example, Lloydminster crude, various grades of which have viscosities from about 500 to about 10 000 cP, and Athabasca crude, usually called bitumen, whose viscosity is in the area of 1�106 cP. An advantage of the method is the fact that the bitumen heat front during the circulation stage sweeps around shale lenses more efficiently than a gravity-driven steam front. This is particularly useful in a reservoir which does not have a vertically continuous pay zone.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
(Interview on Capital Report, CNBC)
Q: Mr. Secretary, thank you so much for being with us here on Capital Report. The first question is are we days away from war?
Rumsfeld: Well, that's a call that of course is one for the president and the United Nations, and really it's not so much for them as much as it is Saddam Hussein. I mean, the whole test was not whether inspectors could discover anything, but whether or not he would cooperate, and he clearly has not been cooperating to the extent that he would need to to have fulfilled the U.N. Resolution 1441. Whether he will in the days, the period ahead I just don't know.
Q: But you now have Russia, France, Germany all saying - but in particular Russia and France, who have veto, saying they would oppose any resolution that gives us the go-ahead to conduct war against Saddam Hussein. Do you think it was a mistake to go to the U.N. and get embroiled in this?
Rumsfeld: Well, no, I don't. I think the president made the right call. It - he went to the Congress first and received a very strong vote, and he went to the United Nations and received a unanimous vote in the Security Council.
You gain something and you give up something. You give up freedom of action for a period; and on the other hand, you've gained a period where the important, tough issues are being discussed and debated, and that's important. I mean, democratic systems have people who need to get familiar with facts and with circumstances, and with our new security environment. We need a debate like that. It's a good thing to have that kind of a debate.
Q: Go ahead.
Q: Do you expect that, if it looks like we're going to lose a U.N. vote, that we would ask for a U.N. vote in the Security Council?
Rumsfeld: Well, first of all, people say a lot of things that they ultimately don't do, and whether someone would veto it, I just don't know. I don't even know what the language will ultimately be or what the proposal will be.
We do know that all of those countries voted for Resolution 1441 of the United Nations Security Council, and we do know that it said that they're in material breach, and we said if they didn't - it said if they didn't supply a declaration that was honest, they would be in further material breach, and if they didn't cooperate, they'd be in still further material breach, and that there would be serious consequences, and that this was not their next-to-last chance, but it was their final opportunity -- was I think the language. Pretty clear language, and they all knew what they were voting for. These are people who can read.
Q: President Aznar of Spain, who is one of our allies in all of this, was quoted in the Wall Street Journal saying, quote, "The more Powell speaks and the less Rumsfeld speaks, that wouldn't be a bad thing altogether." What do you say to President Aznar?
Rumsfeld: (Laughing.) Oh, heck, he's a - he's a fine man and he's been a good supporter, and everyone is entitled to their own opinions. The president of the United States has certainly never said anything like that to me. (Chuckles.)
Q: Mr. Secretary, there are reports that the British have asked the United States to hold off on any use of force between 72 hours and a week after any action in the United Nations. Is that something that you could live with?
Rumsfeld: It's not for me; it's for the president, and I'm sure that the president is anxious to find ways to accommodate the needs of the various countries, particularly countries like represented by the prime minister, Tony Blair. He has been so supportive and so helpful, and I'm sure that Secretary Powell, who is dealing with all of these issues up in New York, is worrying all those things through. It's not something that the Department of Defense is engaged in.
Q: Do you think that it's a real possibility that Saddam Hussein could strike Israel preemptively if we do not strike Iraq first? Does that worry you?
Rumsfeld: Saddam Hussein has used chemical weapons on his own people, he has used them on his neighbors, the Iranians. He has fired missiles - ballistic missiles into four of his neighboring countries, and then your question is do I think that he could strike preemptively at Israel.
Q: Uh-huh.
Rumsfeld: For - if the United States and the coalition -
Q: If we wait, if we hold off a little bit or -
Rumsfeld: Oh, I just don't know the answer to that question. I think Saddam Hussein has demonstrated that he is perfectly capable of doing a great many things preemptively. He's done them in the past.
Q: Are you prepared for it?
Rumsfeld: I think the Israelis are very historically sensitive to their national security, and they have ballistic missile defense capabilities. Iraq is not contiguous to Israel. They do have missiles that can reach Israel, and I suspect that Israel is very attentive to that.
Q: Given what we know about Saddam Hussein's willingness to use his own people as human shields, to place military facilities next to hospitals, to schools, do you need to be preparing the American people for the possibility of large Iraqi casualties, civilian casualties in a war?
Rumsfeld: I think that not just the American people, but people across the globe need -
Q: All over the world, sure.
Rumsfeld: -- to know the truth, and the truth is that war is unpredictable; that it, that people die and that its dangerous.
I also think that it's proper for the world to know that the Iraqis have a pattern of doing exactly what you've said. They co-locate military and civilian activities purposely to bring about the death of those people so that they can use it for propaganda purposes.
The United States, on the other hand, is so careful and has such precision weapons that it is - it is possible for us to conduct a - the use of force in a way that is unusual historically and is unusual relative to other countries. We really do have very - enormous care in targeting, and we do a - the United States military does a superb job in avoiding the death of innocent people.
Q: You mentioned the propaganda war. That seems to be, at the moment, a war we're not doing that well in, if you look at public opinion polls, et cetera. I mean, that - that - we've gotten a lot of viewer e-mail on this casualty question, which is why I'm pressing it. Is there a real danger that if you have a bad strike that you're really going to turn a lot of people against us?
Rumsfeld: Well, you're quite right that we're not doing that well, and of course, the reason is it's not an even playing field. We're a democracy and they're a dictatorship, so they control their ground, and they manage the press, and they lie repeatedly. And we don't manage the press, we don't lie -
Q: You try. (Chuckles.)
Q: You'd like to sometimes.
Rumsfeld: No, we don't at all. We've got a free press, and it's one of our great strengths. But to the extent that he lies and then it's carried worldwide, repeated over and over and over again - and we know that happened in Afghanistan. We saw instances where people were taken out of hospitals, moved over to a non-hospital building that had been hit, and pretended that they were killed and hurt in a hospital, which is just flat, absolutely false.
Now that carries all over the world, and on the other hand, we don't do that in the United States. We tell the truth, as we should, and so the imbalance in what the world sees is a direct result of that.
Q: But are you saying we've lost the PR battle against Saddam Hussein? How could that be?
Rumsfeld: I wouldn't say we've lost it. I think that the comment was correct. We seem to not do as well as he does. He's an accomplished liar, and every time he lies, it's carried in televisions all across the globe, and no one says that this is a man who has repeatedly lied, and when you listen to him, you should be on notice - he's a liar. He doesn't tell the truth. He's got a history of denying and deceiving and tricking people, and so listener, we're going to show it to you, but be on notice, it's probably not true. No one says that.
Q: But we've lost the PR battle with our allies, as well, it seems to me.
Rumsfeld: But does it really?
Q: Well, is our - are we -
Q: With the leaders of Russia, France, Germany.
Rumsfeld: Well, my goodness, now let's - if you want to start counting, go back and take the eight nations that signed the letter supporting President Bush and then go take the ten European nations that in addition supported President Bush. The number of people that will be involved in a coalition in the event that force has to be used will be in big double digits. It very likely will be close to or the same as, or somewhat more than the coalition that existed during the Gulf War. In the global war on terror, President Bush has put together a coalition of 90 nations. It's the largest coalition in the history of mankind.
Now is here unanimity? No. Did anyone ever expect unanimity? No. Life isn't like that. Everyone does not just line up.
Q: You must have expected a little bit better than this.
Rumsfeld: I don't know that I did. I think you go back to the Gulf War. The vote passed in the Congress by a couple of votes. This one was overwhelming.
The last U.N. resolution was unanimous. Think of it. And simply because one or two or three countries stand up and say we don't agree with this, does that mean that the world is against it? No. It means that there is an absence of unanimity, and I understand that. These are tough issues, they're important issues. They ought to be debated and discussed.
Q: Do you expect the world to be with you for the rebuilding of Iraq, post-war?
Rumsfeld: I expect a large number of countries to be involved in the event force is used, let alone afterwards - of course.
Q: Let me just switch back to Saddam Hussein -
Rumsfeld: But when you said the world, the answer is no. There is never going to be unanimity. I would guess Cuba, no matter what we did, wouldn't agree. I would guess North Korea, no matter what we did, wouldn't agree.
Q: We're going to talk about North Korea, but one more question on Saddam. What about the hunt for Saddam Hussein? Is it dead or alive, like Osama bin Laden?
Rumsfeld: The goal is to disarm that country and see that they have weapons of mass destruction destroyed. It is to see that there is a regime in place that does not threaten its neighbors. It's to see that it remains a single country.
Saddam Hussein, if he's not there, is a blessing for the Iraqi people -- that's for sure. Now if he's replaced by another person of his type, that wouldn't be helpful at all, either, so the real task is to see that the weapons of mass destruction are destroyed and that we have - there's a regime there that doesn't threaten their neighbors.
Q: What is there going to be in this war, as opposed to the one 12 years ago, that would prevent Saddam Hussein from using chemical or biological weapons, which we know he has developed?
Rumsfeld: Probably nothing. That is to say that in the last conflict he correctly assessed that he could remain in power. In this instance, if force has to be used because he won't cooperate and disarm, he would probably correctly assess that he will not be there, and therefore he might even have a greater incentive to use weapons of mass destruction, one would think. On the other hand, he can't use them, which is a wonderful thing.
Q: Why not?
Rumsfeld: Because he's hiding somewhere in an underground bunker. He has to get people to do that, and what we need to do is to persuade the people around him that would have to implement those kinds of terrible orders that it's not in their interest to do so, and if they do they would become war criminals and that they would be hunted down and found and held accountable for doing something that is that beyond the pale.
Q: Colleen Rowley, the whistleblower at the FBI, is quoted in the papers this morning saying that if we go to war against Saddam Hussein, she is expecting - and many people at the FBI are expecting terrorist attacks here in the United States as a result.
Rumsfeld: I'm not familiar with what she may have said. There is no question but that anyone who looks at the threat matrix every day knows that there are threats all over the world, and fortunately, because the global war on terror is succeeding and President Bush has put together that worldwide coalition, we have had a great deal of success in putting pressure on terrorist networks and disrupting a great many potential terrorist acts.
Q: Does the capture of Sheikh Mohammad, for example, lead you closer to Osama bin Laden?
Rumsfeld: It might - it could, but finding - you know, a manhunt is a difficult thing. A single person can move around and hide. The people on the Ten Most Wanted List for the FBI have been on that list for decades. So it's hard.
Q: So won't there be a manhunt for Saddam as well?
Rumsfeld: I would think so, sure, but I don't think that the world necessarily has to hold baited breath to find either one. The task is to disrupt their capability to do great damage to innocent people.
Q: I want to switch for a moment to North Korea. If the North Koreans start reprocessing plutonium, will the United States - are we prepared to take out their nuclear reactor?
Rumsfeld: The president has made a decision that North Korea represents a serious threat and problem. For that reason he has decided to proceed on a diplomatic track, and has worked with the IAEA to bring that issue before the United Nations and the IAEA, the International Atomic Energy Committee. That's a good thing, and that process is underway, and one would hope that North Korea would somehow or other see reason.
Q: But what do you say to people who say you are downplaying the crisis in North Korea because you are too focused on going to war in Iraq?
Rumsfeld: Well, if you think about it, we're kind of at the beginning of the diplomatic process with Korea, and we're kind of at the end, after 12 years, of the diplomatic process - we've tried diplomacy with Iraq, we've tried economic sanctions with Iraq, we've tried limited military actions in the Northern and Southern no-fly zones, and this is now the 17th resolution, and if another one is introduced this week or next, why, it'll be the 18th, not the second. So they're different in circumstances. I think Iraq - correction, I think North Korea's threat to the world is less to the Korean Peninsula at the present moment and more through proliferation of nuclear materials sufficient to make a number of nuclear weapons. They are a major proliferator.
So I think the president's decision and Secretary Powell's work to bring it into the United Nations is a sensible thing to do.
Q: You are obviously on the verge of making some decisions that are going to be critical to the future of this country and the future of this world. Do you lose sleep at night over that?
Rumsfeld: Let's be very clear. These decisions are not mine. These decisions are the president of the United States', and he'll make that decision, and the others in the world will make their decisions. We have absolutely wonderful men and women in the Armed Forces of the United States. I visit them in this country, I visit with them in the Central Command's region, and their morale is high, they're well trained, they're well equipped, and if they are asked to do something by their country, they'll do it and they'll do it very, very well.
Q: What would you like to say to the American people on the eve of what may be a war?
Rumsfeld: Well, I think that I would say this: that we're in a new century, we're in a new security environment. The connection between weapons of mass destruction and terrorist states and terrorist networks has created a security circumstance that is probably one of the most dangerous the world has seen. These weapons are not weapons that can kill simply hundreds or even a few thousand; they are weapons that can kill tens of thousands and potentially hundreds of thousands of people.
That means that we have to think anew about these issues, and therefore the debate and discussions and, quite honestly, the differences that are being expressed in the Congress, in the press, is not a bad thing; it's a good thing. It's forcing us all to think about those issues and understand them better and understand the risks and the dangers. Now, it's very clear that there are risks to acting. What we have to understand is there are also risks to not acting, and the risk to not acting can in fact put at risk large numbers of innocent men, women and children in this country and in the countries of our friends and allies around the world.
Q: And to those people who say that if we have to go in there unilaterally and do this, that the risks will become much greater because we isolate ourselves as kind of the enemy for radicalized elements in that part of the world, how do you respond?
Rumsfeld: Well, I'd respond in two ways. First, we don't have to do anything to be the target in the world. We already were attacked on September 11th. We already know that as the country that has a distinctive position in the world, that we are the target -- Western countries, Western culture. So you don't need to do anything more. And second, I would say that this mantra that's being repeated over and over and over on television and in the press and in foreign countries about U.S. acting unilaterally and going it alone is so false and so inaccurate that it is breathtaking. How it can keep being repeated by intelligent people? We have a 90-nation coalition in the global war on terrorism. It's the biggest coalition in the history of mankind. We will have a large number of countries if force has to be used. The U.N. resolution passed unanimously. There are countries lining up to be helpful with military assistance in the event force has to be used, with respect to basing and over-rights, with respect to intelligence cooperation and with respect to assistance in a post-Saddam Hussein Iraq.
Now, how anyone can say that that's going it alone, how anyone can say it is unilateral, is absolutely beyond me. It isn't, and it's repeated every single day over and over. Why? Because one or two or three or four countries have stood up and opposed it, and that is considered the world by people, for some unknown reason to me. It's utter nonsense. That's not the world. Those are important countries, many of them are good friends of ours, and they have a different opinion, and that's fair enough, and God bless them; they ought to say what they think and they ought to do what they think, but they are not the world. There are lots of countries in the world, and a lot of countries have been enormously supportive and helpful.
Q: What do you say to the anti-war protesters who have been here in Washington, hundreds of thousands?
Rumsfeld: Sure.
Q: Yeah.
Rumsfeld: Well, isn't it a wonderful thing that we have a democracy and that they can say what they think? You don't see anti-war protesters - you don't see anti-Saddam Hussein protesters in Iraq. You don't see them in dictatorships; you don't see them in repressive regime countries. We've always had people who had differences of opinion. If you go back to pre-World War II - I'm from Chicago. The America First Group was there, and they used to fill stadiums. They filled Madison Square Garden over and over again with people, saying we must not get engaged in a war in Europe, and Hitler can be dealt with, and not to worry. Now, were they good people? You bet. Were they sincere people? Yes. I've known some of them very, very well, personally. Charles Lindbergh was one. He would speak to these organizations, and he was a fine man - the man who flew across the Atlantic the first time in the Spirit of St. Louis. But is it possible to be sincere and be wrong? Yes, it is. And we've always had, in a free country, people who have different views, and we expect that.
Q: Mr. Secretary, thank you very much for being with us. We appreciate it.
Rumsfeld: Thank you.


text:
And so, as we celebrate Earth Day on Tuesday, we want to give you seven more reasons to recycle that can of soda you just guzzled for lunch.
Seven more reasons to bike to the store for that gallon of milk instead of drive.
Seven more reasons to turn off your computer (gasp!) and save a little energy.
Breath in all of this sweet animal air before you power down. And remember, this gorilla and her fuzzy-wuzzy newborn (pictured above) love our earth just as much as you – and they're not alone.
Toby Zerna / Newspix / REX USA
Marina Cano / Solent News / REX USA
Paul Goldstein / Exodus / REX USA
David Tipling / NPL / REX USA
Andy Rouse / REX USA
Josh Jaggard / REX USA


text:
Sorry, there are no current plans to re-stock this product. Instead, please consider some of our similar products listed below.
The Sidestep X2 Lo rugby boots from Gilbert rugby are classic Lo cut 8 stud Gilbert rugby boots, designed for maximum comfort and stability.
This rugby boot features an XSO structured outsole, which offers the player accurate stud positioning for excellent traction and support.
Fantastic Gilbert rugby boots, available at superb value for money price. A preformed footbed and padded tongue completes the design of these Gilbert boots and allow for full comfort and protection to the surrounding foot area.


text:
65 Shouts - 95,196 Scrobbles
Performed a single song titled "Macarron Chacarron". Macarron Chacarron (usually shortened to Chacarron) is a hit Spanish-language song by El Chombo feat. Andy's Val Gourmet, both artists from Panama. The song has gained popularity on the internet because of its nonsense lyrics and odd music video, with an excerpt featured on many YTMND sites.
Read more about El Chombo on Last.fm.
User-contributed text is available under the Creative Commons By-SA License and may also be available under the GNU FDL.
Powered by WordPress.com VIP