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Umphrey's McGee to jam in SylvaniaWritten by Vicki L. Kroll | | firstname.lastname@example.com
"Local Band Does OK." "Songs for Older Women." "One Fat Sucka."
Disc titles can make a statement.
And it was apparent from the 1998 Umphrey's McGee debut, "Greatest Hits Vol. III," the band has a sense of humor.
"We try to take our job seriously to an extent, and then we're out there trying to make music and have a good time so we might as well make it fun for ourselves, too," said keyboardist and vocalist Joel Cummins.
The prog rockers' 2009 release is called "Mantis."
Are the guys fans of the short-lived 1994 TV show that starred Carl Lumbly? Maybe they're into gardening and have a tiller? Wait, they love the stand-up roller coaster at Cedar Point …
No, they're going more literal this time, according to their website, www.umphreys.com, which mentions the insect "with an exceptional range of vision" and that mantis is the Greek word for prophet.
"Our goal was to put out our strongest record to date," Cummins said during a call from his Chicago home.
And he and guitarists and vocalists Brendan Bayliss and Jake Cinninger, percussionist Andy Farag, drummer and vocalist Kris Myers, and bassist Ryan Stasik took their time making the disc.
The opening track, "Made to Measure," is the result of a two-and-a-half-year jam session.
"That was the only track on 'Mantis' that we recorded together as a band, all live together in the same room," Cummins said. "I'm sure there are lots of different versions of it that exist along its creative path."
Part of that path crossed the stage.
"I think some of the stuff is even from live shows that we had played when we came up with something and it kind of worked out so we based things off of that," Cummins said.
"We have the good pleasure to be able to create a new show every day," he added. "I love that everybody that's there is enjoying something that's happening once and every other time will be a little bit different, so it's a really authentic experience."
Umphrey's McGee will play with fellow jam band moe. at 7 p.m. July 7 at Centennial Terrace in Sylvania.
Tags: Umphrey's McGee


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Jawatan Kosong Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia (MOE) January 2013
Jawatan Kosong MOE January 2013
The Ministry of Education (MOE) (Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia) is a Government ministry responsible for Malaysian educational matters. The current minister is Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, who is also Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia.
Jawatan Kosong Kementerian Pelajaran Malaysia :
- Pekerja Sambilan Harian
- Minimum SPM / STPM / Diploma / Bachelor's Degree or equivalent qualification recognized by the government and must have a credit in Bahasa Melayu and pass the subject English.
- Can write and communicate in English well.
- Have skills in Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel are good.
- Able to work outside the office.
How to apply
Please send resume to the Secretary of the Development and Competency Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Block 4803, Suite 0-2, Building prime CBD, Off Multimedia, 6300, Cyberjaya, Selangor (Attn: Mr. Maswadi Bin Mohamat)
Further information and how to apply, please follow :
Jawatan Kosong MOE closing date 31 January 2013
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- Jawatan Kosong Global Event Associate Available IMMEDIATELY Ogos 2015
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- Jawatan Kosong Office Administrator Ogos 2015
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We're very glad you're considering UT Southwestern's Orthopaedic Physical Therapy Residency Program. Here you'll find unequalled academic and clinical training in a challenging, collegial atmosphere, and we invite you to apply.
To be considered, please submit an application through the RF-PTCAS website. We have a rolling admission protocol with a resident beginning their 15-month program in March, June, or September of each year. Interviews for residency spots are typically conducted at least 2-3 months prior to acceptance. For more information, contact Miguel Mojica, CPO, at 214-648-1589 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Selection Criteria
We accept up to three residents each year and base our selection on information provided by applicants and gathered in personal interviews. New graduates are encouraged to apply. Our residency committee evaluates all applications on the following criteria:
- Pre-professional academic and post-professional clinical education preparation
- Clinical experience in orthopaedic physical therapy
- Previous mentoring, education, and research experience
- Community service
- Letters of recommendation
- Interest in academic-based physical therapy
ADA Compliance
We will take all reasonable measures to guarantee equal access to learning opportunities for clinicians with disabilities. Educational programming will be sensitive to any sensory or physical impairment that requires special arrangements on behalf of the participant. Please indicate on your registration form if we should contact you about any physical or mental impairment that would require special accommodation to ensure a satisfactory learning experience.
Equal Opportunity
We welcome applications regardless of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, age, veteran status, or disability. Our commitment to equal opportunity includes non-discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. Read our Non-Discrimination Policy.
We know you're looking for an educational experience of the highest quality. To meet your expectations and satisfy accreditation requirements, we set the bar high for our applicants.
To be considered, you must hold:
- A current and valid physical therapist license from the State of Texas.
- Basic life support/cardiopulmonary resuscitation certification.


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Summary: This book provides a broad introduction to an overview of developmental disabilities for future practitioners, educators, healthcare personnel, parents, and other lay people. Written in a manner accessible to all, this book presents a coherent picture of developmental disabilities by focusing on etiology (causes and risk factors), clinical phenomena, social factors, service delivery models, historical factors, and prevention. It stresses the revolution in services for persons with disabilities over the past few decades and emphasizes the importance of using a lifespan developmental model in service and research. For psychologists, educators, and special educators. ...show moreSummary: This book provides a broad introduction to an overview of developmental disabilities for future practitioners, educators, healthcare personnel, parents, and other lay people. Written in a manner accessible to all, this book presents a coherent picture of developmental disabilities by focusing on etiology (causes and risk factors), clinical phenomena, social factors, service delivery models, historical factors, and prevention. It stresses the revolution in services for persons with disabilities over the past few decades and emphasizes the importance of using a lifespan developmental model in service and research. For psychologists, educators, and special educators. ...show less
Each chapter ends with a summary, list of key terms, study questions, and recommended readings. 1. Defining Developmental Disabilities. Overview of the Text. Three Vignettes. Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps. Etiology: Causal Factors and Pathology. Defining Developmental Disabilities. Conditions Included in Developmental Disabilities. Developmental Delay, Developmental "Psychopathology, and Dual Diagnoses. Developmental Disabilities in a Life-Span Context. Social Attitudes about Persons with Disabilities. Prevalence and Incidence of Developmental Disabilities. The Person and the Professions. Chapter Summary. 2. Normal Prenatal Development. Human Development Is a Continuous Process. Determinants of the Neonate's Health. Prenatal Development. The Birth Process. The Mother, the Neonate, Postnatal Monitoring, and Care. Genotype and Phenotype. Chapter Summary. 3. Normal Postnatal Development. Physical and Sensory Development. Brain Development. Cognitive, Perceptual, and Language Development. Emotional Development. Social Development. Normal Developmental Tasks: Social Norms, Expectancies, and Roles. Growth beyond the "Developmental" Years. Chapter Summary. 4. Endogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities: Genetic Defects. Birth Defects. Polygenic and Multifactorial Transmission. Genetic and Chromosomal Mutations. Chapter Summary. 5. Endogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities: "Chromosomal Anomalies." Chromosomal Anomalies in the Autosomes. X-Linked Genetic Defects and Chromosomal Anomalies. Neural Tube Defects (NTDs). Chapter Summary. 6. Exogenous Etiologic Factors in Disabilities: Prenatal Origins. Prenatal Environmental Factors in Birth Defects. Teratogens. 7. Exogenous Etiological Factors in Disabilities Prenatal Origins (Continued). Environmental Hazards of a Passive Nature. Maternal Conditions. Other Prenatal Factors. A "MultiHit" Model of Neurological Handicap. Chapter Summary. 8. Exogenous Etiological Factors in Developmental Disabilities: Perinatal and Postnatal Environmental Origins. Etiologies and Disabilities. Chapter Summary. 9. Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disabilities). The Nature of Intelligence. Intelligence and MR. Heterogeneity among Persons with Mental Retardation. Multidimensional Diagnosis and Service "Planning for Mental Retardation. Step 1. Diagnosis of Mental Retardation. Step 2. Identifying Strengths, Weaknesses, and Service Needs. Step 3. Determining Needed Supports and Support Intensities. Some Important Generalizations. Social Factors in Mental Retardation. Chapter Summary. 10. Social Determinants in Mental Retardation: "The Active Socialization Hypothesis. Socialization. Positions and Roles: Social Structure and Personal Function. Dimensions of Social Positions. Dimensions of Social Roles. Social Role Development and Personal Identity. Can Social Role Theory Inform Us about Mental Retardation?. MR Social Role Enactments. Tacit Knowledge, Practical Intelligence, "and the Zone of Proximal Development. Implications for Research and Service. Chapter Summary. 11. Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Three Cases. Pervasive Developmental Disabilities and Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Autistic Disorder. Other Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Diagnosis of Autism. Population Estimates of Autism. The Final Common Pathway Model. Autism and Theory of Mind. Education, Training, and Treatment. Prognosis and the Older Person with Autism. Some Comments on History. Chapter Summary. 12. Seizure Disorders. Seizures and Epilepsy. Etiologies of Seizures and the Epilepsies. Incidence and Prevalence of Epilepsy. Major Effects of Epilepsy on the Person. Epilepsy in Adolescence. Treatment and Prevention of Epilepsy. Prognosis in Epilepsy. Chapter Summary. 13. Cerebral Palsy. Diagnosing Cerebral Palsy. Types of Movement Disorders. Etiologies of Cerebral Palsy. Associated Disorders. Management of Cerebral Palsy. Assistive Technology. Cerebral Palsy and Aging. Chapter Summary. 14. Learning Disabilities. Prevalence of Learning Disabilities. Learning Disabilities Criteria. Specific Learning Disabilities. Phonological Awareness and Central Processing Deficits. Primary and Secondary Characteristics. Assistive Technology for Learning Disabilities. The Personal Toll of LD. Learning Disabilities in Adulthood. Chapter Summary. 15. Services for Persons with Developmental Disabilities. The Twentieth-Century Revolution. Dimensions of Service. Chapter Summary. 16. Deviance, Responsible Social Agents, and Prevention "In Developmental Difficulties. A Traditional Social Position: The Responsible Social Agent. The Responsible Social Agent and Deviance. Levels of Prevention. Obstacles to Prevention. Partial Solutions in Our Less Than Ideal World. Prevention of Developmental Disabilities in a Time-Line Perspective. A Final Note. References. Bibliography. Name Index. Subject Index.
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Rick Hill
Rick Hill is the Valero Alamo Bowl's VP of Marketing and Communications. Prior to the bowl, Rick spent 6 years working for the Spurs, one season with Missions Baseball and two fruitless months trying to sell season tickets for the S.A. Riders.
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Coaching Them Up
"All the goals we have set out for ourselves at the beginning of the season can be achieved today if we play as a team. All those long practices will be worth it if we give it everything we got, make every play count and block out all the distractions. If we win this game […] [Read More]


text: Kate Bjork Professor, History and Global Studies Biography. Kate Bjork has been teaching History and Global Studies at Hamline since 2002. Before that she fulfilled a biblical term of service (7 years) as an adjunct instructor at other area colleges and universities, including the University of Minnesota, Macalester, Augsburg and Metro State University. She has also worked as a waitress, insulation installer, freelance writer, legislative researcher, teacher of English-as-a-Second-Language, and as director of public relations for a seminary. She teaches courses in Latin American history as well as courses about empires, environmental history, and the history of disease. She is particularly interested in the history of Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico. Her current research examines continuities in the expansion of the United States as an empire from continental North America to the overseas territories that came under U.S. influence following the Spanish-Cuban-American War. Professor Bjork earned her AB from the University of California at Berkeley in English Literature and her MA and PhD in Latin American History from the University of Chicago. Teaching Style How do we know what we think we know about the past? Why are popular conceptions of history sometimes difficult to reconcile with the "facts"? (What is a historical fact anyway?) These are some of the questions that guide inquiry in Kate Bjork's classes. Recognizing, critiquing and making historical arguments is also an important part of classroom learning. To help students develop their critical thinking skills in historical argumentation Professor Bjork often builds courses and themes around student-led debates. "The past can--can and should--surprise us. At its best history is about challenging the commonsense assumptions of retrospective reasoning so prevalent in the stories we tell ourselves about what happened, why, and what it means." - Kate Bjork


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Tuesday, September 12, 1995 - 12:00 p.m.
Mr. Bacon: Good afternoon. Welcome to our briefing. Sorry for rousting you out early today.
I welcome the members of the Air Force Public Affairs Leadership Course. All your future Doug Kennett's out there, working hard. If you work as hard as he has, you'll do very well.
The Secretary tonight will address the Japan Society in New York. We, unfortunately, do not have an advanced text, and probably will not before the speech, but the speech is open to coverage and we'll have a text tomorrow.
Q: Will there be Q's and A's tonight, or...
A: No. There's not scheduled to be Q's and A's.
Q: Can you tell us the general subject of the speech?
A: He's talking to the Japan Society, and he'll talk generally about a range of foreign policy and strategic issues involving Japan, China, and South Korea.
Q: Mainly on the Pacific Rim.
A: That's right.
Q: Could we go to Bosnia?
A: Sure.
Q: The United States wants to put the F-117s into Italy. When do you expect to get agreement from the Italians who appear somewhat miffed that they're not getting a higher profile in the peace process?
A: Well, without accepting that characterization of the Italian position, I'd just like to say that Italy is a very active and important, loyal member of NATO. Italian planes have been participating in NATO airstrikes over Bosnia.
The Italian government has been a very full partner in all NATO operations involving Bosnia. It's strongly supporting the current air campaign. There are almost 300, I think the number is now 270 allied planes stationed in Italy. Any decision to enhance the NATO air forces there will follow full consultations with the Italian government. We are currently discussing the possibility of deploying F-117s with them. Those consultations are continuing.
Q: When do you expect they might be deployed?
A: I don't want to get into that. The point is, that NATO forces in Italy are working very closely together, and the U.S. and Italy are certainly working extremely well together.
Q: Up to now there hasn't been a need for F-117s. Why now? Why would they be useful at this point?
A: Well, from the very beginning, the commanders -- Admiral Smith and General Janvier -- have looked at a whole range of assets they could employ as part of the NATO campaign in Bosnia. F-117s have been on that list as a possibility. It would simply expand the flexibility that commanders have to carry out their missions.
Q: Might they be based somewhere else if not in Italy? Is that under consideration?
A: I think that's premature to get into details like that. It's been reported that we've been discussing this with Italy. It's in fact true. As I say, Italy has been extremely supportive and extremely helpful in all respects. We're working very closely with them. We have consulted with them over every increment in our force, and this is no different this time.
Q: Do you expect that Italy will become a part of the, will join the Contact Group as a sixth member?
A: I think that's a diplomatic issue that's best left to diplomats to respond to.
Q: Do Russian objections to what's going on in this operation in Bosnia have any effect on the consideration of deploying a weapon like the F-117?
A: I think the answer to that is no. NATO is proceeding on a very carefully designed plan to put pressure on Bosnia to meet the conditions that the UN has laid down -- on the Bosnian Serbs to meet the conditions the UN has laid down. We have been careful to avoid civilian casualties. We've been careful to be as precise as possible. The planes only take on targets they can see in situations where they know what they're doing. I would expect us to continue along those lines. I thought that Willy Claes, the Secretary General of NATO, addressed that very forthrightly yesterday.
Q: Interfax reported that Secretary Perry had telephone conversations with Pavel Grachev. Can you tell us at all what the subject of those conversations were, or anything about them?
A: The short answer is no. I cannot tell you anything about the telephone conversation. They did talk at the Secretary's initiative yesterday. He was at Pope Air Force Base on his way to Fort Bragg, and he placed a call to General Grachev. They talked and they will most likely talk again this week by phone.
Q: Is there any prospect of any sort of face-to-face meeting as the Secretary travels over to Europe?
A: I don't want to go beyond what I've said, but I would not encourage you to plan on a face-to-face meeting. Beyond that, I wouldn't want to comment.
Q: When was the Secretary notified that NATO planned to use cruise missiles against the Bosnian Serb targets?
A: The use of cruise missiles has been in the plan for some time.
Q: When was he specifically notified that they were going to be using them on Sunday against those targets? Before the fact, after the fact?
A: I can't answer that question and probably won't, but I will look into it.
Q: I think perhaps the follow up on that, do the Secretary and the President have to sign off on any final approval, or give final approval for use of the cruise missiles or...
A: I think it's important to realize what went on here. There was a general plan drafted by the North Atlantic Council. This overall guidance has been translated into specific operational detail by Admiral Smith and General Janvier. It has been reviewed by national authorities at several times in the course of this process -- both at the NAC level and at other times. So as Mike McCurry said yesterday, the President had signed off on the use of Tomahawk cruise missiles in that he had reviewed the plans.
But the specific operational details have been left up to the commanders in the field. That is, what mix of weapons to use, what targets to go after, and the phasing of the attacks against the targets.
Q: To jump ahead, on possible use with stealth attack jets, has the approval for those already been given? Or when they're sent over, then the national authority -- the Secretary and the President -- have to give final approval for use of the stealth fighters?
A: I think you can assume that if something's deployed there's a willingness to use it.
Q: Can you bring us up to date on rotations such as the handoff between the AMERICA and the ROOSEVELT and other changes that are underway in the Adriatic area?
A: The ROOSEVELT rotation will take place very soon. I believe it will begin its trip back today [tomorrow]. I don't know about other rotations in the area. Obviously a certain number of ships travel in that battle group and will be coming back, I assume, and then others, the AMERICA battle group will take its place.
Q: Or at Aviano such as the EF-111s...
A: I'm not aware. We'll check into that. If we have details, we can give them to you. I'm just not up to date on what's happening there.
Q: Is the AMERICA group now in the Adriatic?
A: Yes.
Q: So both of them are in the Adriatic and...
A: A brief overlap, yeah. It's not being held there. It's coming back.
Q: This aircraft, this aviation on ROOSEVELT, are they finished with their operations then?
A: I assume so. They'll be coming back with the carrier and a new group has gone in.
Q: NATO has said that the use of Tomahawk cruise missiles...
A: Competing CNN personalities here. I'm torn, I don't know which way to turn. [Laughter]
Q: That should look good in the transcript.
A: I thought you'd want to be cooperating CNN personalities in the transcript. [Laughter] I notice you never sit together. It's sort of like a bad marriage. [Laughter]
Q: NATO has said that the use of Tomahawk cruise missiles doesn't represent a military escalation of the bombing. Would you be willing to concede that based on the reaction to the use of the Tomahawk missile that it's at least a political or a public relations escalation of what NATO has been doing?
A: No, I would not be willing to concede that.
Q: Back to the Russians for a moment. Yeltsin has given out a very strongly worded statement this morning, playing up the killing of innocent civilians, I believe it said, and children, using the word genocide. Talking about what NATO is inflicting upon this generation of Bosnian Serbs, any response to the use of the word "genocide?" Do you think the letter is balanced, a little too strongly worded perhaps?
A: I think that's not a fair statement of what's going on here. We have worked very hard to avoid targeting civilian populations and even concentrations of military troops. This is not always a delicacy or a tactic that's been shown by other countries.
This is an extremely complex and mean-spirited war in the Balkans that's been going on for several years now, and of course is based on a very tortured history. The NATO role here is not to try to tip the balance in a war. It's trying to win a peace agreement. We've always realized from the beginning that a peace agreement was the way out of this conflict.
We are now closer to a peace agreement than we've been since the beginning of the fighting. We're not there. There's a lot of hard work to be done. Secretary Holbrooke is going back today, I believe, to start his discussions again. There will be another meeting of the Contact Group in Geneva later this week, and Nick Burns will outline that whole schedule later today.
But the fact is, we have worked very hard to try to keep the military pressure exerted by NATO limited in a way that is best designed to protect people, not to hurt population groups. There has been too much fighting that has been directed against different ethnic and population groups in this area of the world. We are trying very hard not to be a participant in that, but to limit it. That's been our goal from the very beginning. It's been the goal of the UN from the very beginning and the role of NATO from the very beginning, and I don't think it's fair to confuse that with a very sort of third rail word that does not at all describe what we're doing.
Q: Can you characterize the status of the rescue operations for the French pilots?
A: I cannot describe that except to say that it is a top priority by the allied forces and it continues.
Q: Does the Administration believe that the goals of the bombing campaign, the goals set out in General Janvier's letter can be achieved without resorting to level three targets, the kind of target that would require another political decision?
A: To a certain extent, in a de facto way, the goals have already been achieved in that the Bosnian Serbs have largely stopped shelling the safe areas. Remember before the marketplace massacre in February of 1994, the Bosnian Serbs were sending a thousand shells a day into Sarajevo. Recently there have been very sporadic and rather ineffectual attacks in Sarajevo. The attacks have largely stopped from the Bosnian Serb artillery ringing Sarajevo. So one goal is to stop the shelling, and that largely has happened. A second goal is to win free passage of UN personnel, food, supplies, and medical equipment into Sarajevo, and there have been convoys going in over the last week. I've seen reports that the food supply in Sarajevo is now adequate, so we have achieved a greater degree of transportational freedom into Sarajevo than we had before.
The other goal that General Janvier laid out in his directive to the Bosnian Serbs was to remove the heavy weapons from the 12.5 mile exclusion zone, and we have not been successful in that so far. But the airstrikes are continuing. There are a number of targets left to be attacked in the current categories of targets which have been focusing on air defenses, lines of communication, logistics, ammo dumps, and to a certain extent, the heavy weapons or artillery themselves that are ringing Sarajevo, although those attacks have been carried out primarily by the artillery of the Rapid Reaction Force that's in the area.
So there are a number of targets that have not yet been attacked and there are targets that can be attacked again.
Q: You referred earlier to one of the goals not being to change the military balance. Do you believe airstrikes that have taken place so far have begun to change the military balance in Bosnia? And do you believe that if airstrikes continue a number of days further, that there will be a significant change to military balance?
A: I think it might be better to go back to what triggered the current NATO policy in the first place, and that was the fall of two safe areas, Srebrenica and Zepa, to the Bosnian Serb forces. That triggered the London meeting, I think it was July 11th [21st]. It was from that meeting that NATO emerged, and then ultimately the UN emerged with new resolve to protect other safe areas from falling, principally Gorazde and Sarajevo. We issued an ultimatum, NATO issued an ultimatum saying that if these areas were attacked or threatened, if these safe areas were attacked or threatened, we would reserve the right to respond vigorously with NATO air power, and that's in fact what's happened.
I think what the air campaign has succeeded in doing, aside from the sort of de facto benefits I talked about earlier, it has succeeded in making it extremely difficult, if not impossible, for the Bosnian Serbs to mass to launch another attack against an area as they had against Srebrenica, for instance. It's not only because we've attacked their logistics and we've attacked their ammo, but it's primarily because NATO has now shown that it has the resolve to attack preemptively. I suspect that this will have a major impact on their willingness, as well as their ability, to launch new attacks. So I think I would describe the impact of the air campaign more in those terms than in terms of changing the military balance.
Q: Can you confirm whether Bosnian government forces have in fact seized a key corridor that's held by the Bosnian Serbs up near Tuzla that effectively cuts off the Serbs from the eastern and western portions...
A: I'm sorry, I cannot confirm that.
Q: Would you tell us what the status is of the work on the potential peace implementation effort by NATO, the implementation by the U.S. forces and so forth?
A: There have been a series of meetings on that, and I believe the North Atlantic Council is going to consider that issue again tomorrow in Brussels. The allies are continuing to work on that. It's not done yet, but we will continue to press ahead.
I would expect that there might be... Well, I would hope there would be the details of a plan or certainly the most important elements of a plan would be nailed down by the end of this month.
Q: Is it your understanding that it would involve fewer U.S. people than...
A: At this stage I think it's a little hard to tell because the peace implementation plan will be defined to a certain extent by the peace agreement itself, if we get a peace agreement. That will involve a lot of questions involving the map, the shape of the map, what's in, what's out, etc. I think it's hard now in isolation from an agreement to know exactly what will be required of a peace implementation force.
Q: Last night in an ABC News report, on the side of an F-16, you could clearly see the name of Lieutenant General Mike Ryan, the Air Commander over there. That raises the question of whether General Ryan is flying combat missions over Bosnia, or does he have his own F-16?
A: I saw that report and I looked very closely, and all I could read was LTG Mike. For all I know there are many LTG Mikes over there. I didn't see the last name, did you?
Q: Well, that's what it appeared to say. My wife saw it. [Laughter] She's a better reader than I am.
A: I have trifocals and I would be the last person to trust my eyesight from across my office.
Q: Can you take the question of whether it's General Ryan or another Lieutenant General flying combat missions, or have their own F-16?
A: We will take that question. We have a whole room of Air Force people. I'm sure we can get an answer to this question. [Laughter]
Q: One last question...
A: Of course it's a NATO operation, so I wouldn't expect the U.S. Air Force Public Affairs group necessarily to know the answer to this immediately.
Q: One last question. We enjoyed having this briefing at 12:00 o'clock. It seemed to work so well. Couldn't we have earlier briefings in the future?
A: I have to tell you, it was miserable for me. You may find that surprising, given the amount of information that comes out, but there's a lot to go through. I can't promise you that 12:00 o'clock will be our briefing time from now on.
Q: It gives us another hour and a half to figure out what you said.
A: Of course that's always good.
I have to correct one thing. The ROOSEVELT will finish its operations today and depart tomorrow from its station in the Adriatic.
Press: Thank you.


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VHS honors Henrico resident
At a special luncheon on July 18, the Virginia Historical Society (VHS) presented awards to individuals – including one from Henrico – who have made significant contributions to research, education and the mission of the society.
The Patricia Rodman and Martin Kirwan King Volunteer Award, which recognizes the outstanding volunteer of the year, was awarded to Henrico resident Lee Ball, who has been volunteering in the advancement office at VHS for more than a year. A total of nine VHS awards were presented.
"I've enjoyed helping the VHS staff with some of the 'behind the scenes' work needed to tell the story of Virginia and preserve its history for future generations," Ball said. "I've met many fine people, both staff and members, who've become almost like an extended family. Volunteering at the VHS has been a very positive experience."
VHS President and CEO Paul Levengood said that Ball's support had been significant.
"From lending a hand on bus trips, to designing spreadsheets and streamlining data entry, Lee has done a little bit of everything," Levengood said. "He comes in almost every Tuesday and Thursday, eats lunch at his desk, and is often one of the last people in the office to leave. He is a true asset to the VHS and the volunteer program."
10th annual Filipino Festival coming in August
The 10th Annual Filipino Festival will be held Aug. 7-8 at Our Lady of Lourdes Church, 8200 Woodman Rd., beginning with opening ceremonies at 5 p.m. Friday and continuing with live entertainment, food and exhibits until 10 p.m. On Saturday the festival will take place from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. with a full schedule of performances featuring traditional Filipino dance, music and song.
Filipino cuisine, including BBQ, pansit, lumpia, adobo, halo-halo, lechon, empanada and leche flan, will be available for purchase. The festival will also feature a children's area, church tours, exhibits, and health screenings. > Read more.
CMoR reopens at new Short Pump site
The Children's Museum of Richmond last week opened its new Short Pump location at Short Pump Town Center, to the delight of children who attended a sneak preview of the location July 10. The new facility, located under the forthcoming LL Bean store (formerly the food court) is 8,500 square feet in size – much larger than CMoR's former Short Pump location at West Broad Village, which opened in 2010. The new space includes The CarMax Foundation Service Station, the Silver Diner, a grocery store, a performance stage and an art studio, as well as a giant Light Bright Wall. > Read more.
Weekend Top 10
The Virginia Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and Henrico Police are both presenting community events tomorrow, Aug. 1. The Feria Community Resource Fair at Richmond International Raceway brings together community service providers, embassies/consulates from Latin American countries, government agencies, nonprofit organizations and corporations that impact the Latino community. The Division of Police's Community Day will feature demonstrations and displays from police, fire, animal protection and sheriff's office, as well as family activities, food, entertainment and more. Other events this weekend include wine, chess and theatre! For all our top picks this weekend, click here! > Read more.
3 community meetings planned about September UCI championship cycling races
Three Henrico students participating in 8-day James River Expedition
CASA volunteers sworn in
Police arrest man in upskirting case
Business in brief
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Jul. 16, 2015Click here to read the print edition.
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Minion mania
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Obituary – Bernice Lauterbach
Obituary – Marion P. Breschel
Obituary – Marian S. Blankenship
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10th annual Filipino Festival coming in August
CMoR reopens at new Short Pump site
Prince George man wins Walmart Bass Fishing League event in Henrico
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The greatest love of all
My daughters' other dads
All hail to mothers and the hardest job of all
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Athlete of the Week – July 3: Kayla Sell
Athlete of the Week – June 19: Sydney Whitaker
Steward School's Enright drafted by NY Mets
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ClassifiedsREADERS & MUSIC LOVERS. 100 Greatest Novels (audio books) ONLY $99.00 (plus s h.) Includes MP3 Player & Accessories. BONUS: 50 Classical Music Works & Money Back Guarantee. Call Today!… Full text
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CalendarThe Sandston Rotary Club meets every Monday at 12:30 p.m. at Roma's Restaurant, 325 E. Williamsburg Rd. For details, visit http://www.sandstonrotary.org Full text


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Personally, I think WoW already covers the bases of a social network (though in the past I've said I would like to have the option to see more about players than the characters, and these sites can certainly fill that need), so all of these end up being either extraneous -- do I really need another Twitter just for my characters? -- or just plain unnecessary: maybe I don't want my friends to know exactly what I did in game last night.
So no, I personally haven't been sold on any of these sites yet (though I do like reading through the player blogs here on WoW.com, and I'm not just saying that because I work here). I'm active ingame, and I'm active on various social networks, and keeping the two separate is fine by me. But if you are looking for even more ways to find new friends in World of Warcraft, maybe you can meet some new pals with WoWPals, too.


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Julie Biando Edwards. Spousal Politics and the Bipartisan Positioning of Hillary Rodham Clinton — Page 8:
Works Cited
Anderson, Karen Vasby. "From Spouses to Candidates: Hillary Rodham Clinton, Elizabeth Dole, and the Gendered Office of U.S. President. Rhetoric & Public Affairs 5.1 (2002): 105-132.
"Bill Clinton Steps into Spotlight in Wife's Campaign." CNN.com. 21 June 2007
Bumiller, Elisabeth. "The Election: It Took a Woman; How Gender Helped Elect Hillary Clinton." New York Times 12 Nov. 2000 late ed., final, sec. 4: 5.
Clinton, Bill, and Hillary Rodham Clinton. Interview. 60 Minutes. CBS. 26 Jan. 1992.
_____. My Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004.
Cottle, Michelle. "The XX Factor: How to Run Against a Woman." The New Republic 21 May 2007: 9-10.
Coulter, Ann. Interview. Hardball with Chris Matthews. MSNBC. 26 June 2007.
Healy, Patrick. "For Clintons, Delicate Dance of Married and Public Lives." New York Times Online 23 May 2006.
Hill, Anita F. "In Politics, Still a Man's World." New York Times 11 Feb 2000, late ed., final: A1.
Hillary Nutcracker: The Official Site. 10 Sept. 2007. Eagleview USA, Inc. 20 Sept. 2007
Kingston, Anna. The Meaning of Wife. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2004.
Klein, Joe. "Hillary's Quandary on the Campaign." Time 21 May 2007: 31.
Nicholas, Peter. "Bill Clinton Plunges into Wife's Campaign." L.A. Times 3 June 2007: A3.
Powell, Stewart M. "Eliminating the 'Hillary Clinton' Divide; Senator, Presidential Hopeful Drops Maiden Name from Campaign." Albany Times Union 30 April 2007: A1.
Quindlen, Anna. "The Brand New and Same Old." Newsweek 28 May 2007: 74.
Rodham Clinton, Hillary. Living History. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003.
Scherer, Michael. "Hillary is from Mars, Obama is from Venus." Salon.com. 12 July 2007
_____. "Dear Readers." Salon.com. 12 July 2007
Shackleford, Rusty. "Hillary Clinton is a Man." YouTube. 31 Jan 2007
Venezia, Todd. "Nut Buster Wacky Hillary Gizmo is a Real Easy Shell." New York Post 7 Sept. 2007: 003.
Walsh, Joan. "The Salon Interview: Elizabeth Edwards." Salon.com. 17 July 2007
"Who's Woman Enough to be President?: Candidates Court Female Votes in Hopes of Becoming President." ABC News Online. 18 July 2007
Wolffe, Richard. "Well, What Do You Know?" Newsweek 6 Aug. 2007: 30-31.


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AMARILLO -- Here are the Top Four Stories of 2013 on the High Plains.
We turn to November of this year for trouble for the City of Amarillo. After debuting the new official logo at the 100th anniversary of the city charter, the image was found to look a lot like the logo of a company called "Emaar" that is based in the United Arab Emirates. The company threatened to sue the city if they did not take down the graphic. For several days, city officials defended the choice, saying that it was made in-house, but it was dropped and will be replaced with a logo created by the winner of an Amarillo Globe-News contest.
In the sports world, WT Head Football Coach Don Carthel was fired from after it was revealed that carthel had bought tickets to a Texas Rangers game for two student athletes while in the Metroplex. Carthel admitted to this but said it was no NCAA violation. Though fans and students rallied for Carthel to get back his position, Athletics Director Michael McBroom chose Mike Nesbitt to take over the program.
There were a few notable weather events for the High Plains, starting in February with a major blizzard. 19 inches of snow fell on Amarillo with wind gusts around 75 miles-per-hour. The blanket of snow closed down roadways and the airport, stranded many motorists for a few days, and kept the National Guard from getting in to help get people out. Chief Meteorologist John Harris got to talk about the event on CNN.
Amarillo had a close encounter with a tornado right before midnight on May 28th. The day was active with severe weather with twisters touching down in rural parts of the area, but one storm that came from Deaf Smith county reached Amarillo and prompted a tornado warning that stated spotters and meteorologists had reported a possible tornado near 45th and Soncy. Given the fact that the storm had already produced two tornadoes, it was plausible that Amarillo was going to get hit. Not only did residents take shelter, but we here at KAMR NBC4 had to head to the safest place we have, the bathroom, because at one point the rotating supercell was directly overhead. The National Weather Service could never confirm the tornado, but then the storm dropped large hail across much of the city. We've been dealing with repairs from that for months.
Of course the continuing drought, the accident that killed five members of the musical Texas and the vote on the
Amarillo Recreational Complex also topped the news in 2013.
Copyright 2013 Nexstar Broadcasting, Inc. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.


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Child Abuse: It Happened to Me
Monday, March 18th, 2013
This post was written by a member of the Parents team who, for reasons she shares below, wants to remain anonymous.
Many people think of child abuse as a problem unique to underprivileged kids. For instance, if I told you a story about a little girl who was given two black eyes, had her finger broken, and had her ponytail cut off with a pair of kitchen scissors, you might assume that she was being raised by mentally unstable parents. You might also picture her living in a small, run-down apartment in a poor neighborhood. But what if I told you that this little girl was actually the daughter of a police detective and a kindergarten teacher who were well respected in their middle-class neighborhood? What if I told you that this little girl was me?
As a child, I didn't know that I was being abused. My parents were usually very nice to me, and only hit me when I was bad and I "deserved" it. When my 7th grade dean saw me kiss my boyfriend in the hallway, I begged her not to call my parents explaining that they would hit me. She told me that she knew my parents very well, and that I shouldn't make up such stories. She also wasn't alarmed when I was absent for the next two days. She knew that my parents were good people.
The truth is, my parents really are good people. Their problem was that they had been abused themselves. According to Childhelp.org, 30 percent of children who were victims of abuse and neglect will later abuse their own children, and about 80 percent of abused children will meet the criteria for at least one psychological disorder in their adult lives. As a mother now raising her own little girl, those statistics terrify me.
"Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children. The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths," reports Childhelp.org. And those are just the cases that are reported. Most children are confused about abuse since 80 percent of victims experience physical abuse from their parents – the people who love them the most.
My abuse ended years ago. Since then I've started a family of my own, and therapy helped heal my relationship with my parents, but I still feel obligated to write this anonymously. A child's love for their parents is deeper than any wound that a parent can inflict. Our natural instinct to protect our families is the airtight seal on our painful secret. It's the reason most children will endure abuse without protest. If I cannot speak freely about past abuse as an adult, imagine how difficult it must be for a child to speak up for himself.
The good news is that we can do something about it. I'm determined to help give a voice to the children who can't speak up for themselves. I've been working with Prevent Child Abuse New York to help raise awareness about this hidden epidemic. On Sunday March 24th, I'll be participating with my daughter and event organizer Deborah E. Peters in the Walk For Children in Brooklyn. If you are in the area you can register to walk with us at preventchildabuseny.org.
If you know a child who is being abused – even if you are the one doing the abusing – you can get confidential free help by calling the parent helpline at 1-800-CHILDREN from 9am – 10pm every single day.
Abuse harms more than just the children. It harms our families, our communities, and our nation as a whole.
Image: Concept image of child abuse, via ShutterstockAdd a Comment
Tags: child abuse, Childhelp, health and safety, Prevent Child Abuse New York | Categories: GoodyBlog


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Waiting for a really, really rugged Android smartphone that looks like it's from a bond film? The device that you see above might be what you are looking for. The G-Shock smartphone, which is the latest in a range of rugged smartphones from Casio, was apparently one we missed at CES 2012 and it's full of testosterone.Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: G'zOne Commando


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MMA News
VIDEO | Penn Reacts To Silva Loss
UFC and MMA Legend, Mr. BJ Penn, reacts to Anderson Silva's UFC 162 loss to Chris Weidman.
0 Responses to "VIDEO | Penn Reacts To Silva Loss"
It's Squirtle!!
Gotta love BJ! Maybe he DID get bored!
BJ's right, Silva just looked bpred.. Watch when he was coming into the 2nd round.. He was waaving his hands and telling weidman to stand and fight.. Weidman had him down and couldnt do anything, then his stand up was doing anything til Weidman caught him with that punch.. I mean Silva can only bend back so far and got caught.. Maybe the rematch (if they have one), Silva will just come out with some fire and end it quick.. Also get paid double , maybe even triple of what he made this fight!
they act like he has lost fights in the ufc… andy came into the ufc and has defeated a shit ton of fighters. now he loses one fight and everyone says a super fight is pointless? are you fu**ing kidding me? you wouldnt pay to watch jones and silva go at it? you wouldnt pay to watch spider knock out GSP?? he might have lost doing what he always does (showboating) in his fights but i would still pay to see him in a super fight! one more thing weidman will NEVER EVER defend his belt 11 times or move up to LHW and destroy other fighters in that division!
agreed. despite their losses, there are only a few fighters i will pay to watch because of their skills and the fact that they always bring it, go for the finish and make fights exciting for the fans to watch: bj penn and anderson silva are among those few fighters.
i thought that Silva might just be bored of being so good.
can i have some of the ruca shirts right behind you my man?:)
+1 BJ is the man! well said
Just like bj took rory and Diaz lightly, just like cigano took Cain to lightly and rampage took glover to lightly… Weidman is such a b level slow fighter he dosent even belong in the UFC! Watch belfort fight him and get ko also but only cuz he won't take him serious! Weidman is a joke! No talentno skill slow no cardio! I still say silva Munoz alessio Maia and others he destroyed are still the better fighters he just keeps getting lucky that no one takes him serious!
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Kathleen Faye Newman Brewer
Kathleen Faye Newman Brewer, 75, passed away Saturday, April 26, 2014 at her residence in Gray, Tenn. She was a native of Jefferson County, but grew up in Sevier County. She was the daughter of the late Frank and Ola Ellen Carr Newman.
In addition to her parents, she was preceded in death by her husband, Charles C. Brewer; sister, Hazel Hill; and brothers, Roy, Earl, and Wiley Newman.
Kathleen attended Central Church of Christ. She was a very caring and giving person always making family the most important part of her life. Kathleen was a loving wife, mother, grandmother, and great-grandmother. She loved to travel and loved all kinds of animals.
Those left to cherish Kathleen's memory are her daughters, Vickie Miller and husband Wayne, Kimberly Loveless; son, Scott Brewer and wife Denise; grandchildren, Crystal Lawson and husband Tommy, Dwana Brewer, Keia Keeling and husband Charles, and Rachel Miller; great-grandchildren, Roslyn Lawson, Zachary Lawson, Cheyanne Lawson, DeAnn Self, Dawn Self, Deawna Brewer, and William Keeling; brother, Johnnie Newman and wife Ruby; sister-in-laws, Ezalee Newman, Ann Brewer, Nell Moody and husband Charles, and Catherine Farris; several nieces and nephews; and her special friend: her dog Rosie.
The family requests the honor of your presence for a Celebration of Life service for Kathleen on Wednesday, April 30, 2014 at 7 p.m. in the Sunrise Chapel of Tetrick Funeral and Cremation Services, Johnson City with Mr. Tim Hall, minister, officiating. The family will greet friends to share memories from 5 p.m. until the service hour at the funeral home. A graveside and committal service will be held on Thursday in Washington County Memory Gardens at 11 a.m. Active pallbearers will be Zachary Lawson, Tom Lawson, Charles Keeling, Jimmy Greene, Mike Hurt and Dennis Miller. Wayne Miller will serve as an honorary pallbearer. Everyone is asked to meet at the funeral home by 10:30 a.m. to go in procession to the cemetery.
The family would like to offer a special thank you to Dr. Ronald Hunter and his staff, and also to Kathleen's hospice nurse, Nina for the loving care they provided.
Online condolences may be shared through www.tetrickfuneralhome.com. Tetrick Funeral and Cremation Services, 3001 Peoples Street, Johnson City, TN 37604 (423) 610-7171 is proudly serving the Brewer family.


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BlackBerry is going full steam ahead with its release of new handsets across the whole product range with today being the arrival of the new BlackBerry Curve
BlackBerry has unveiled three new BlackBerry Curve handsets the 9350, 9360 and 9370 all boasting the brand-new OS BlackBerry OS 7.
- BlackBerry Curve official pictures
- Watch the BlackBerry Curve 9360 video at the end of the article >>
In a press briefing held this morning the company has unveiled what they're hoping will be the bread and butter handsets of their product line, offering affordable but also functional BlackBerry phones. Featuring the same optical trackpad and iconic keyboard as before the most notable changes have been to the hardware with the camera upgraded to a 5MP snapper and NFC built-in.
You'll also find a microSD/SDHC card slot which can be expanded up to 32GB and then there's of course WiFi and GPS built-in to boot. With BlackBerry OS 7 you'll get BlackBerry Protect which means you can remotely locate your Curve if it gets lost or stolen, you'll also get all the usual features such as Documents To Go and full HTML5 browsing.
There's no word as yet on pricing, however BlackBerry is hoping to get the Curve into shops by the beginning of September, stay tuned to T3.com however for all the updates from the BlackBerry press-briefing this morning.
What do you think, is the new BlackBerry Curve the handset for you? Let us know what you think on Facebook and Twitter.
BlackBerry Curve 9360 video


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Loose Ends is a gritty, slow cooked, 'southern crime romance' that follows a winding trail down Tobacco Road, through the war torn streets of Baghdad, and into the bright lights and bloody gutters of South Florida. New series from the creative mind of Jason Latour


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Looking for help in finding decals for 1/48 USN PBY5A Catalina still available
RC hobbies in Fort Lauderdale, FL has bunch of them for sale.
I usully check the box they have and 1/48 were available, you may want to check their
site RChobbies.com or call them. I dont have their #, but you can look that up online at yellow pages or 411. Good luck.
Still need help finding decals for a PBY5A USNAVY. I thought I found a set at Flightdecs who carry many brands but they do not have the YELLOWHAMMER #48-11 decal any longer !! ( 1/48 scale)
Does anyone know any body else that carries YELLOWHAMMER decals ???
I checked and Monogram kit # 5609 is a PBY5
I'm checking now to see if Yellowhammer Decals still produces #Y48-11 for the 5A. I got the address from Bob at Iliad Designs.Nice guy !!!
radartec, check your mail. You specified USN catalina so I'm a little unsure now if you mean USN or Air force.
I believe you can find some under the Aeromaster and Eaglestrike links here:


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Welcome to Shouse & Langlois
Shouse & Langlois has been serving residents of the east side of Indianapolis for over 20 years. We are a full-service law firm offering criminal law, family law/estate planning, chapter 7 and 13 bankruptcy.
At Shouse & Langlois, we are dedicated to helping our clients with their legal needs. Our team offers competitive representation at affordable costs.
Please continue to browse our website for more information about our practice areas and our attorneys. If you would like to set up a consultation, please contact us today.
Shouse & Langlois
9510 E. Washington St.
Indianapolis, IN 46229
Phone: 317-899-3500
Contact Information
The information you obtain at this site is not, nor is it intended to be, legal advice. You should consult an attorney for advice regarding your individual situation. We invite you to contact us and welcome your calls, letters, and electronic mail. Contacting us does not create an attorney-client relationship. Please do not send any confidential information to us until such time as an attorney-client relationship has been established.


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Goodtaste Houston!
Good wine, good food, great fun with Tanji Patton
Posts filtered on Tag
A First for An Uptown Wine Dinner?
Most wine pairing dinners feature one winery, and then the chef prepares a number of courses to pair with that winemaker's different varietals. There's a wine dinner coming up at Masraff's in Uptown that caught my attention because it will feature four different winemakers wines—all of them prestigious labels. They include Quintessa, Flowers, Primus and […] [Read More]


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A thin film photosensor array for an electronic camera, said array adapted to provide an electrical signal corresponding to an image projected thereon. The photosensor array is preferably fabricated as a large area matrix of thin film, small area photosensitive elements capable of providing high resolution output in response to input from conventional camera optical systems. The photosensor array can be specifically tailored to provide color output or particular spectral sensitivity.
1. An electronic camera including:
a thin film photosensor array adapted to read a pattern of information incident thereon and generate a detectable electrical signal corresponding thereto;
means adapted to optically project a pattern of information corresponding to an object onto said photosensor array;
means for triggering the reading of the pattern of information projected onto said photosensor array and
said array including a plurality of small area photoresponsive elements, each of said elements adapted to photogenerate an electrical signal in response to the illumination thereof and including at least one layer of a semiconductor alloy material chosen from the group consisting of: amorphous silicon alloy materials, amorphous germanium alloy materials, and amorphous silicon carbon alloy materials or amorphous silicon germanium alloy materials.
2. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said plurality of photoresponsive elements are chosen from the group consisting essentially of: photodiodes, phototransistors, photoresistors, photovoltaic devices, or combination thereof.
3. An electronic camera as in claim 2, wherein each of said photoresponsive elements is a photodiode which includes two oppositely doped layers of semiconductor material.
4. A camera as in claim 3, wherein each photodiode further includes a layer of substantially intrinsic semiconductor material interposed between said oppositely doped layers so as to form a p-i-n type photodiode.
5. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said thin film photosensor array further includes addressing means for accessing each of the plurality of photoresponsive elements.
6. A camera as in claim 5, wherein said addressing means includes a plurality of electrically conductive lines arranged so as to form an x-y matrix.
7. A camera as in claim 6, wherein said addressing means further includes a current blocking element associated with each photoresponsive element, said blocking element and said address lines cooperating to provide electrical communication with preselected ones of said photoresponsive elements.
8. A camera as in claim 7, wherein said blocking elements are chosen from the group consisting of diodes, transistors, resistors, threshold switches, relays, or combinations thereof.
9. A camera as in claim 7, wherein each of said blocking elements is a p-i-n type diode.
10. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said thin film photosensor array is fabricated as a rectangular matrix having sides dimensioned to be at least 35 mm.
11. A camera as in claim 10, wherein the image resolution of said photosensor array is at least 20 lines/mm.
12. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said photosensor array is fabricated as a rectangular matrix having sides dimensioned to be at least 5.7 cm on an edge and including at least 1.4 million discrete photoresponsive elements.
13. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said array includes at least two groups of photoresponsive elements, each group sensitive to a different portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, said groups cooperating to provide an electrical signal corresponding to the color values of the image projected thereonto.
14. A camera as in claim 13, wherein each of said groups of photoresponsive elements includes an optical filter for providing said sensitivity to different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
15. A camera as in claim 13, wherein each group of photoresponsive elements is fabricated with a photogenerative region formed from a semiconductor material having a band gap optimized to provide said sensitivity to different wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum.
16. . A camera as in claim 1, wherein said thin film photosensor array is a two dimensional matrix.
17. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said thin film photosensor array is linear.
18. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said optical projecting means includes at least one lens.
19. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said read triggering means comprises mechanical means adapted to initiate the reading of said pattern of information.
20. A camera as in claim 19, wherein said mechanical means includes a shutter.
21. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said read triggering means comprises electrical means adapted to initiate reading or storage of said pattern of information.
22. A camera as in claim 21, wherein said electrical means includes address circuitry for accessing said photosensor array.
23. A camera as in claim 22, wherein at least a portion of said address circuitry is integrated on a single substrate with said photosensor array.
24. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said optical means further includes means for controlling the intensity of said image projected onto the photosensor array.
25. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said photosensor array is detachably mounted in the camera at the focal plane of said optical means.
26. A camera as in claim 1, wherein said photosensor array forms a portion of the back of said camera.
27. A camera as in claim 1, further including a video display terminal adapted to receive the electrical signal corresponding to the projected pattern and provide a visual display thereof.
28. A camera as in claim 1, further including printer means adapted to receive the electrical signal corresponding to the pattern projected onto the photosensor array and provide a hard copy, visual representation thereof.
29. A camera as in claim 1, further including storage means for storing the electrical signal generated by the photosensor array.
30. A camera as in claim 1, further including means for electronically processing the electrical signal generated by the photosensor array.
31. A camera as in claim 1, further including a chemical photographic medium therein, wherein said electrical signal generated by the array controls the exposure of the chemical photographic medium.
This invention relates generally to photography and photographic apparatus and, more particularly, to electronic cameras which include therein a large area thin film photosensor array and which are adapted to provide high resolution images.
Photographic technology has enjoyed an ever increasing growth since its inception more that 150 years ago. What began as a curiosity which required long exposure times to produce low quality image reproductions has advanced to become a large and diverse technology having widespread utility for both commercial and recreational purposes.
Photography has, until recently, been a process based upon chemical reactions, typically of photosensitive salts of precious metals such as silver and platinum. While such processes have been optimized to provide high sensitivity, good resolution and reliable performance, they suffer from several shortcomings. Chemical based photographic systems consume relatively large amounts of both precious metals and specially synthesized organic chemicals; consequently chemical processes tend to be fairly expensive. Furthermore, chemical processes require fairly strict control of time and temperature conditions in order to produce uniformly reliable results. Additionally, chemical based photographic systems require the storage and deployment of relatively large amounts of photographic film within a camera, and necessitate, in most instances, complex processing equipment.
Because of the foregoing limitations of chemical photographic systems, the industry has explored the possibility of adapting presently emerging electronic imaging technologies to photographic systems. Image scanners are enjoying growing utility in a variety of products and for a diversity of applications such as television cameras, input of alpha numeric data to computers and the like and machine vision systems. Optical scanning systems typically include one or more photosensor arrays, each array including a plurality of photoresponsive elements. For purposes of describing the present invention the term "photoresponsive element" shall be broadly applied to include any element capable of producing a detectable electronic signal in response to the absorption of illumination incident thereupon. By way of example, such detectable signals may be provided by a detectable change in voltage, current, resistivity, capacitance or the like.
Electronic photosensor arrays are capable of providing a signal corresponding to a pattern of information projected thereupon an consequently may be utilized in place of conventional photographic film to provide an electronic imaging system free of the shortcomings inherent in chemical based photographic systems.
Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) are one type of photosensor array which have heretofore been employed in electronic photographic applications. CCDs are solid state devices, typically formed from single crystal silicon and which include therein an array of photoresponsive elements. CCDs have a high degree of photosensitivity and are capable of providing high resolution images. However, CCDs are relatively small in size; the typical CCD array is a two dimensional matrix approximately one centimeter square, and the largest CCDs currently produced are one dimensional arrays no greater than approximately 3 to 4 inches in length. These size constraints impose restrictions on the utility of CCDs for electronic photographic applications. While CCDs generally provide fairly high resolution, the fact that in a camera having practical utility, an optical system must be utilized to project a reduced size image of the object being photographed onto the surface of the CCD effectively reduce the resolution of the CCD.
The optical system itself degrades image resolution somewhat, but, the actual reduction process is the factor which most severely degrades the effective resolution of the image formed by a CCD. For example, a typical two dimensional CCD array is one centimeter square and includes therein 256,000 photosensor units, generally referred to as pixels. To translate this into photographic terminology, the equivalent resolution would be about 50 lines/mm for the one centimeter square CCD array. When an image or other pattern of information occupying an area of 35×35 millimeters is projected onto this one centimeter square charge coupled device, the effective resolution of the 35 millimeter square image is reduced to approximately 15 lines/mm. For the sake of comparison, medium resolution photographic film is generally capable of resolving approximately 120 lines/mm. Efforts to improve resolution using single crystal integrated circuits, such as CCDs, encounter at least two significant problems. The first is that integrated circuit chips formed on single crystal silicon wafers must be as small as possible to provide acceptable yields and to meet requirements of economical manufacturing. The second problem, which is intimately related to the first, is that in order to increase the packing density of elements in the small available chip area, finer and finer photolithography must be used with resulting increases in the cost of manufacture. For these reasons, among others, high resolution electronic photography (high resolution being defined relative to chemical photographic capabilities) utilizing present CCD technology is not economically achievable. A direct analogy would be that employing conventional CCD technology in a camera is akin to taking photographs on high grain (50 lines/mm) photographic film, utilizing a format which provides negatives 1 centimeter square. It is simply not possible to obtain good quality enlargements from such a combination.
With improvements in lithographic techniques, it is anticipated that one centimeter square CCDs may ultimately be fabricated to include 1.4 million pixels therein. This translates to a resolution of approximately 120 lines/mm on the one centimeter square device and a corresponding effective resolution of 34 lines/mm for a 35 millimeter square pattern of information projected thereonto. The only way the resolution of the CCD could be further increased is by increasing either the density of pixels in the CCD or the size of the device itself. Both approaches present significant problems. On one hand, the diffraction limit of light will ultimately impose limits on any photolithographic process utilized to pattern CCDs, although constraints of practicality and cost will generally intervene first to set an economic limit on pixel density. On the other hand, processing constraints will limit the size of crystalline CCDs that can be manufactured. Single crystal wafers cannot generally be economically manufactured in sizes exceeding perhaps six to eight inches in diameter. Furthermore, processing steps can introduce defects into such devices.
Increasing the size of a crystalline device, especially while maintaining strict limits on the size of the photolithographic features thereof imposes a great burden of cost insofar as the likelihood of creating defects exponentially increases along with a dramatic decrease in the yield of devices. The result is that the cost of the finished product increases exponentially with increasing device size. It will thus be appreciated that even utilizing the most optimistically projected pixel densities and single crystalline CCD sizes, electronic cameras capable of providing reasonably high resolution photographs of a practical size cannot be economically manufactured utilizing such technology.
Deposited thin film devices represent another approach to the fabrication of photosensor arrays for electronic photography. Thin film devices may be economically manufactured over large areas by the vapor deposition of successive layers of appropriately selected semiconductor alloy materials onto a variety of substrates. By patterning these layers, as for example, through the use of presently available photolithographic techniques, a variety of high resolution device configurations may be provided. It is toward the object of obtaining high resolution electronic images utilizing such large area arrays of thin film photosensitive elements that the instant invention is directed.
Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing processes for depositing thin film semiconductor materials. Such materials can be deposited to cover relatively large areas and can be doped to form p-type and n-type semiconductor materials for the production of semiconductor devices such as p-i-n type photodiodes equivalent, and in some cases superior to those produced by their crystalline counterparts. One particularly promising group of thin film materials are the amorphous materials. As usd herein, the term "amorphous" includes all materials or alloys which have long range disorder although they may have short or intermediate range order, or even contain at times, crystalline inclusions. Also as used herein, the term "microcrystalline" is defined as a unique class of said amorphous materials characterized by a volume fraction of crystalline inclusions, said volume fraction of inclusions being greater than a threshold value at which the onset of substantial changes in certain key parameters such as electrical conductivity, band gap and absorption constant occur.
It is now possible to prepare by glow discharge, or other vapor deposition processes, thin film amorphous silicon, germanium or silicon-germanium alloys in large areas, said alloys possessing low concentrations of localized states in the energy gap thereof and high quality electronic properties. Techniques for the preparation of such alloys are fully described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,226,898 and 4,217,374 of Stanford R. Ovshinsky, et al., both of which are entitled "Amorphous Semiconductor Equivalent to Crystalline Semiconductors" and in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,504,518 and 4,517,223 of Stanford R. Ovshinsky, et al., both of which are entitled "Method of Making Amorphous Semiconductor Alloys and Devices Using Microwave Energy"; the disclosures of all of the foregoing patents are incorporated herein by reference
Thin film semiconductor alloys may be readily manufactured to cover large areas by mass production processes and therefore provide for the economic fabrication of large scale photosensor arrays. The use of such large arrays effectively increases the "negative" size in a photographic process, thereby permitting the generation of high quality (high resolution, high sensitivity) photographs. Additionally, thin film photosensor arrays may be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes, thus permitting them to function as a direct replacement analog of photographic film. In this manner, a conventional camera may be converted to an electronic camera by the simple expedient of installing the appropriate thin film photosensor array, without the need for changing the optical system thereof
If a thin film photosensor array is fabricated having a 50 micron pitch, that is to say 50 microns center-to-center spacing between the adjacent photosensitive elements thereof, the array will provide a resolution of 20 lines/mm. Since the array may be made larger than the 1 cm2 CCD, its effective resolution will be higher than that of the CCD. For example, if the array of thin film photosensitive elements is 35 mm square, the resolution thereof will be better than that attainable when scanning a 35 millimeter square pattern of information with presently available CCDs. At the present point in time, a fifty micron pitch is readily achieved at very high yields utilizing conventional photolithographic techniques. If the pitch remained the same and a photosensor array of approximately 54 millimeters on an edge were fabricated, a 1.4 million pixel array would be realized.
Such arrays can be readily fabricated in 4"×5" and 8"×10" formats. Thus, it may be seen that by increasing the size of the photosensor array, and with presently available processing techniques, high resolution electronic photography is practical. Since thin film photosensor arrays can be made in sizes up to several feet, even assuming no new advances in said technology, the image resolving power of charge coupled devices can be exceeded by orders of magnitude with such thin film arrays.
Even though the foregoing discussion has been based upon the use of a 50 micron pitch, it is currently possible to fabricate thin film photosensor arrays characterized by a 29 micron pitch (or better). The use of a 29 micron pitch will increase the total number of pixels of the aforementioned 35 millimeter square array to 1.4 million. Obviously, by utilizing still larger arrays, even higher resolutions may be achieved. Techniques for the fabrication of two dimensional photosensor arrays are found in commonly assigned U.S. patent application No. 607,153 entitled "Contact Type Document Scanner And Method", filed May 4, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,660,095, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
In addition to the use of two dimensional arrays, as described in the foregoing paragraph, the principles of the instant invention may be similarly employed in conjunction with linear photosensor arrays. Sensing a pattern of information may be accomplished with a linear array of photosensitive elements by scanning, or passing that array across the pattern of information. It is presently possible to fabricate linear photosensor arrays in sizes exceeding several meters. The use of such arrays in an electronic camera provides for ultra-high resolution imaging (UHRI). Techniques for the fabrication of such large arrays are found in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 885,907, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,725,889, filed July 15, 1986, and entitled "Photosensitive Line Imager Utilizing A Movable Scanning Arm", the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. As described in the foregoing references, it is possible to design thin film photosensor arrays having gray scale and color sensitivity capabilities and by utilizing such capabilities, full color, high resolution images may be readily reproduced.
It may be seen that the instant invention eliminates constraints heretofore present in electronic cameras utilizing charge coupled or similar integrated circuits fabricated on single crystal wafers. The present invention thus makes possible high resolution electronic photographic systems which are characterized by ease and economy of fabrication.
These and other advantages of the instant invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the brief description of the invention, the drawings, the detailed description of the drawings and the claims which follow.
There is disclosed herein an electronic camera which includes a thin film photosensor array adapted to read a pattern of information incident thereon and provide an electrical signal corresponding thereto as well as optical means adapted to project a pattern of information corresponding to an object onto the photosensor array, and means for triggering the reading of the pattern of information by the photosensor array. The photosensor array may include a plurality of photoresponsive elements, each of which is adapted to produce an electrical signal in response to the illumination thereof and includes at least one layer of a semiconductor material chosen from the group consisting essentially of: amorphous silicon alloy materials, amorphous germanium alloy materials, and amorphous silicon germanium alloy materials. The photoresponsive element may comprise photodiodes, phototransistors, photoresistors, photovoltaic devices, and various combinations thereof.
In one embodiment, the photoresponsive elements are photodiodes which include therein two oppositely layers of the semiconductor material. In yet another preferred embodiment, the photodiodes include a layer of substantially intrinsic semiconductor material interposed between oppositely doped semiconductor layers so as to form a p-i-n type photodiode. The thin film photosensor array may further include addressing means for accessing each of the plurality of photoresponsive elements. The addressing means may include a plurality of electrically conductive lines arranged so as to form an x-y matrix; and, may further include a blocking element associated with each photoresponsive element, said blocking element and said address lines cooperating to provide for electrical communication with preselected ones of said photoresponsive elements. The blocking elements may be chosen from the group consisting essentially of diodes, transistors, resistors, threshold switches, relays and combinations thereof. The blocking element may, for example, comprise a p-i-n type diode. In some instances the address means may be integrated onto a single substrate with the remainder of the sensor array, whereas in other instances the address circuitry may be separately disposed.
In one preferred embodiment, the thin film photosensor array is a square array at least 35 mm on a side. Such an array may have a resolution of at least 20 lines/mm. In another embodiment, the photosensor array is a square at least 5.7 cm on a side and includes therein at least 1.4 million photoresponsive elements.
In accord with the present invention, it is possible to provide a camera having color sensitivity by providing an array including at least two groups of photoresponsive elements, each group sensitive to a different portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, said groups cooperating to provide an electrical signal corresponding to the color values of the image projected thereonto. The groups may include an optical filter for providing color sensitivity, or in another embodiment, the groups may include therein semiconductor materials having a band gap optimized to provide sensitivity to different portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
The thin film photosensor array may be a two dimensional or a linear array. The optical means may include a lens, and may further include a shutter adapted to control the length of time which the image is projected onto the array. Similarly, the optical means may further include means for controlling the intensity of the image projected onto the array. The trigger means may comprise mechanical means adapted to initiate reading by the array, or the trigger may include electrical means such as address circuitry for initiating reading.
In one embodiment, the photosensor array is a detachable element adapted to be mounted in the camera at the focal plane of the optical means. In other embodiments, the photosensor array forms a portion of the back of the camera. The camera of the instant invention may further include a video display terminal adapted to receive the electrical signal from the array and provide a visual display. The camera may further include a printer adapted to receive the signal and provide a hard copy. Storage means may also be included in the camera for storing the electrical signal provided by the sensor array; and, the camera may further include data processing means for electronically processing the signal provided by the array.
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of one particular type of thin film photosensor array which may be utilized in the practice of the instant invention;
FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of a single lens reflex camera as modified in accord with the principles of the instant invention;
FIG. 3 is a cut away perspective view of a folding camera as modified in accord with the principles of the instant invention;
FIG. 4 is a cut away view of a view camera as modified in accord with the principles of the instant invention; and
FIG. 5 is a top plan view of a photosensor array-mirror combination structured in accord with the principles of the instant invention and depicted as adapted for control of exposure and focusing parameters in conjunction with a chemical photographic system.
Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown in top plan view one particular thin film photosensor array 10, typical of those which may be utilized in the practice of the present invention. It is to be kept in mind that other (1xm and nx1) photosensor arrays may be similarly employed.
The photosensor array 10 is comprised of a plurality of photosensitive elements 12a-12i arrayed in a two-dimensional matrix form Each of the photosensitive elements, 12a-12i, has associated therewith an isolation device 14a-14i interconnecting that element 12 to a grid of address lines. As illustrated, the grid includes a plurality of X address lines 16, 18 and 20 and a plurality of Y address lines 22, 24 and 26, formed of an electrically conductive material such as a metal or the like.
The photosensor array 10 is formed upon a substrate 28, which may be a rigid member such as a glass, or metallic plate, or a flexible member such as a thin metallic body, or a sheet of synthetic polymeric material. In those instances where the substrate 28 is electrically conductive, it may be desirable to provide an insulating coating thereatop prior to the deposition of the address lines thereon
The photosensor elements 12a-12i are photoresponsive elements, that is to say they are adapted to produce a detectable signal in response to the absorption of illumination. This signal may comprise a current, a voltage, a change in resistivity or the like. Among devices which may be utilized as photosensors 12, are photodiodes, phototransistors, photoconductive devices, photovoltaic devices and the like taken either singly or in combination. One group of photosensor devices having particular utility are p-i-n photovoltaic devices comprised of two oppositely doped layers of semiconductor material having a body of substantially intrinsic semiconductor material therebetween. Such devices may be used either singly or in stacked tandem combinations to produce voltage and/or current in response to the absorption of illumination.
The isolation device 14, associated with each of the photosensor elements is utilized to restrict the flow of electrical current through the photosensor array 10 to predetermined paths so as to facilitate addressing of particular photosensor elements 12. The isolation device 14 may comprise any type of control device such as a diode, a transistor, a threshold switch, a relay or the like. P-I-N type diodes have been found to be particularly useful in the fabrication of photosensor arrays.
The address lines 16, 18, 20, 22, 24 and 26 are arrayed in a X-Y matrix and electrically isolated at cross-over points 19. By addressing particular pairs of address lines, distinct photosensors may be accessed. For example, by addressing line 24 and line 18 sensor 12e is accessed. The presence of the blocking devices 14 on adjoining elements prevents the communication of unwanted electrical signals during addressing.
While a very wide variety of materials may be adapted to fabricate sensor arrays having utility in the instant invention, it has been found particularly advantageous to utilize thin film semiconductor alloy materials chosen from the group consisting essentially of amorphous silicon alloy materials, amorphous germanium alloy materials and amorphous silicon germanium alloy materials. Such materials may be readily formed into large size photosensor arrays. As utilized herein, the term amorphous silicon alloy materials refers to those alloys of silicon with other elements or materials as for example, compensating or modifying elements such as hydrogen, halogens, carbon and/or nitrogen. Similarly, the term germanium alloy materials shall refer to germanium in combination with other elements or materials. The term amorphous silicon germanium alloy shall include all alloys which include both silicon and germanium in any proportion with or without other elements or materials.
The array 10 may be made color responsive, that is to say, it may be constructed so as to provide an electronic signal having information relative to the wavelength of light incident thereupon. Such techniques are known to those skilled in the art and are disclosed in the patents and applications referred to hereinabove.
The photoresponsive elements 12 may be divided into a plurality of groups, and each group provided with an appropriate optical filter to enable it to "see" only particular wavelengths. Such filters may be integral with the elements 12, or may be external and separated therefrom. Alternatively, the entire array may be sequentially exposed through a plurality of filters so as to create color separation images which can be combined to provide a full color output.
In another approach to color sensitivity the semiconductor alloys of the photoresponsive elements may have their band-gaps adjusted by addition of appropriate elements so as to make the individual elements sensitive to particular portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such techniques will be found for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,044 of Ovshinsky, et al, entitled "Method for Optimizing Photoresponsive Amorphous Alloys and Devices," the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
It will be apparent to one of skill in the arts that while the photosensor array 10 of FIG. 1 is depicted as being a two dimensional matrix comprised of nine photosensor elements, in practicality an array comprised of a much larger number of elements will generally be preferred. It will also be apparent that while the array 10 of FIG. 1 is depicted as being a two dimensional array similar technology may be readily modified to provide a one dimensional, i.e. linear, array. Detailed descriptions of the operations and fabrication of both one and two dimensional sensor arrays will be found in the patents referred to and incorporated by reference hereinabove.
It should be appreciated that the photosensor array, such as the array 10 of FIG. 1 is a direct analog of a photographic film. As such, the sensor array may be incorporated into a camera to provide for electronic photography. The following drawings will be illustrative of various embodiments of camera utilizing thin film photosensor arrays, it being kept in mind that many other such systems will be readily apparent to one of skill in the photographic arts.
Referring now to FIG. 2, there is shown in cross-sectional view a single lens reflex camera 30 as modified to include a photosensor array 10 therein. The camera 30, includes a lens assembly 32 comprised of a plurality of lens elements 34. The camera further includes a body 36 which houses the photosensor array 10, a mirror 38, a viewfinder lens 40 and a pentaprism 42.
The lens assembly 32 gathers light from an object being imaged (in this case the star 44), projects that light into the camera body 36 and onto the mirror 38. The mirror 38 reflects the light through the viewfinder lens 40 into the pentaprism 42 which redirects the light through a viewfinder aperture 46 so as to provide an image 44' of the object being photographed. This enables the photographer to compose the picture prior to the taking thereof. When a photograph is to be made, the mirror 38 swings to an upright position 38' to allow the light from the object 44 to strike the sensor array 10. Although not illustrated, the camera 30 may also include a shutter mechanism to control the duration of light falling upon the photosensor 10 and an iris or other light control means to regulate the intensity of light incident upon the sensor array 10.
The photosensor array 10 provides an electrical signal corresponding to the image projected thereupon. This signal may then be utilized to recreate a visual reconstruction of the object being photographed. Although not illustrated, the electrical signal provided by the photosensor 10 may be conveyed to a printer or video display terminal for reproduction of the image. Additionally, the electrical signal may be conveyed to a storage device such as a magnetic, optical, semiconductor or bubble memory for storage and later playback. Additionally, electronic image processing may be utilized to enhance, augment, or otherwise modify the photograph of the object in accord with well known image processing techniques.
Although not illustrated, the camera of 30 of FIG. 2 may include various of the aforementioned elements within its body. For example, storage media may be housed within the camera body so as to permit portable operation. It is anticipated that storage media may be manufactured in cassette form analogous to roll film and such cassettes may be plugged into and removed from the camera 30 for later playback or editing.
As mentioned previously, the photosensor array 10 is generally analogous to a photographic film and as such may be adapted to be removably affixed to the camera body 36. For example, the photosensor array 10 may be a direct substitute for photographic film, in which case it may be affixed to a conventional camera so as to convert that camera to an electronic camera. Other than affixing of the array, the only other modification necessary would be to establish provision for electrical connection to the array. In other instances, the camera body 36 may be specifically manufactured to include a photosensor array 10 therein. By proper choice of array size and camera body configuration, lenses from conventional cameras may be similarly utilized with electronic cameras.
An electronic camera may be provided with a plurality of photosensor arrays 10 having different photographic properties. For example, arrays may be fabricated to have enhanced ultraviolet or infrared sensitivity for particular imaging applications, likewise arrays may be manufactured to have higher or lower resolution or higher or lower photosensitivity to enable them to be used for a variety of purposes. Obviously, many modifications to the electronic photographic system herein described may be implemented. For example, a turret or cassette housing a plurality of different photosensor arrays may be utilized to enable the camera to adapt to a variety of conditions.
Referring now to FIG. 3 there is illustrated another embodiment of camera 50 as modified in accord with the instant invention so as to provide for electronic imaging. The camera 50 of FIG. 3 is a folding reflex camera generally similar to those employed for instant photography. As illustrated the camera includes a mirror 52 disposed on the backside thereof and adapted to reflect an image incident theeupon to a lower mirror 54, from which mirror the image is viewed through a viewfinder 56 when a photograph is to be taken, the lower mirror 54 is swung upward as indicated by the arrow 56 so as to lie atop the upper mirror 52. This allows the image to fall on the back surface of the lower mirror 54 which has a photosensor array disposed thereupon. Obviously, other modifications are possible. For example, the back surface of the lower mirror 54 may also be reflective and the photosensor array may be disposed in the same plane as the lower mirror 54 is before it is deployed upward.
Referring now to FIG. 4 there is shown yet another camera embodiment of the instant invention. FIG. 4 illustrates in cutaway for, a view camera 60. Such cameras are widely used by professional photographers. View cameras include a lens array 62 comprised of a plurality of lens elements 64 disposed so as to project an image upon a ground glass viewing plate 66 for purposes of focusing and composition. The typical view camera is provided with one or more removable film cassettes, not shown here, adapted to hold a relatively large piece of photographic film, typically 4×5 or 8×10 inches in size. After the photograph is composed in the ground glass viewing plate 66, the film cassette is inserted into the camera in the same plane and an exposure is made. A view camera is particularly amenable to modification for electronic imaging because a cassette including a photosensor element may be readily inserted therein. In this manner, conventionally available cameras may be utilized for electronic imaging with no substantial modification.
In some cases, photographers may still find it desirable to utilize photochemically sensitive films. In such instances, an electronic image may be utilized to adjust the lighting, composition, etc., prior to actual exposure of a chemical photographic film. For example, a view camera such as the camera 60 of FIG. 4 may have a thin film photosensor array inserted in a casette thereof, the output of such array connected to a video display terminal. Composition and lighting may then be adjusted so as to produce a desired visual effect as observed on the terminal and once the appropriate effect is obtained, exposure may then be calculated by numerical computation based upon the output signal of the photosensor array. Once composition and exposure data are attained, the electronic photosensor array is removed and a chemical film inserted for exposure.
While the invention has been described with reference to image-wise utilization of a signal produced by a thin film photosensor, such will not always be the case. For example, it may not be desirable to display an electronically reconstructed image; however, a photographer may wish to use data obtained therefrom to calculate exposure times as mentioned with reference to the foregoing figure. Thin film photosensor arrays may effectively function as a light meter. Since the arrays are configured to include a plurality of photoresponsive elements therein, they effectively form a plurality of spot meters disposed in the image plane. The output of the elements may be utilized for very accurately computing photographic exposures. For example, in a single lens reflex such as the camera 30 of FIG. 2, the mirror 38 may be fabricated to include a plurality of photoresponsive elements therein adapted for computation of exposure times for chemical films.
Referring now to FIG. 5 there is shown a mirror 68 includin9 a plurality of photoresponsive elements 12 thereon. This mirror 68 may be directly substituted for the mirror 38 in the single lens reflex camera of FIG. 2 or for the mirror 54 in the folding camera 50 of FIG. 3, and the photoresponsive elements 12, utilized to compute exposure parameters. Although not apparent in the drawing, each of the elements 12, will have appropriate addressing circuitry associated therewith.
It will be noted from an inspection of FIG. 5 that the photoresponsive elements 12 are not equally distributed across the surface of the mirror 68 but increase in density in the direction of the center of the mirror. This is for purposes of providing increased weighting in the center of the image plane. Obviously, other such distributions may be employed. For example, the elements 12 may be equally arrayed across the plane of the mirror 68 and appropriate weighting achieved through e-ectronic manipu1ation. All of such modifications are within the scope of the present invention.
Obviously, many modifications of the instant invention may be made in keeping with the general principle that a high resolution electronic camera may be manufactured utilizing thin film photosensor arrays. The foregoing drawings and discussion are merely meant to be illustrative of the general Principles of the instant invention and not limitations upon the practice thereof. It is the following claims, including all equivalents, which are meant to define the scope of the instant invention.
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