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Disclosed is a process for manipulating microscopic dielectric particles in which particles are exposed to an electric field. In disadvantaged processes the particles are exposed to inhomogeneous electric field and are polarized by them. The polarized particles are moved in the direction of higher field strength. These processes permit no reversal of the traveling direction of the particles. The particles are enriched at the electrode so that they cannot be retained in free space. In the invented process the particles are exposed to high-frequency field traveling in one or more prescribed direction, by which the particles are subject to a force which sets them in a motion that is strongly synchronous to the field. With the aid of a device for carrying out the invented process, the particles can be manipulated very flexibly. By means of linearly or circularly disposed electrodes, the particles can be moved on linear paths in any direction including through branched microstructures, they can be separated according to their dielectric properties and retained without contact. Applications are in the fields of biotechnology and molecular separation, focussing and microtransport technology.
1. A process for manipulation of microscopic, dielectric particles, said process comprising the steps of:
exposing said particles to an electric field,
suspending said particles in one of a fluid and a gel,
operating said electric field to effect one or several high-frequency fields with frequencies between 0.1 MHz and 1 GHz traveling in prescribed directions, such that a traveling velocity of said high-frequency fields induces interfacial charges in said particles, which charges remain behind a traveling field vector to cause movement of said particles.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said particles are conducted electrically by means of field inhomogeneities.
3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein said particles are conducted by means of mechanical boundaries.
4. A process as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein a traveling frequency of said high-frequency fields is in a range between 0.1 and 100 Mhz and an amplitude of a voltage applied is between 10-2 and 100 volts.
5. A device for carrying out manipulation of microscopic, dielectric particles, said device comprising:
a base on which a multi-electrode system is disposed, surfaces of said electrodes coated with a coating of insulating materials having a rough or smooth structure, with said coating being provided with troughs, waves and regions of varying strength;
an electronic circuit for successive application of predetermined electric voltages to all said electrodes to generate a high-frequency electric field with a traveling direction in said base; and
wherein electrodes of said multi-electrode system are arranged side by side approximately perpendicular to said a travelling direction of said high-frequency electric field, with both a distance of said electrodes from each other and a linear expansion of said electrodes in said traveling direction approximately corresponding in magnitude to said particles to be manipulated.
6. A device for carrying out manipulation of microscopic, dielectric particles, said device comprising:
a base on which a multi-electrode system is disposed, surfaces of said electrodes coated with a coating of insulating materials having a rough or smooth structure, with said coating being provided with troughs, waves and regions of varying strength;
an electronic circuit for successive application of predetermined electric voltages to all said electrodes to generate a high-frequency electric field with a traveling direction in said base; and
wherein electrodes of said multi-electrode system are arranged side by side approximately perpendicular to said a travelling direction of said high-frequency electric field, with both a distance of said electrodes from each other and a linear expansion of said electrodes in said traveling direction approximately corresponding in magnitude to said particles to be manipulated;
wherein said multi-electrode system is provided with a branching arrangement to effect a branching manipulation of said microscopic, dielectric particles.
7. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said electrodes have an elongated rectangular shape and are arranged evenly spaced parallel to each other in such a manner that said traveling direction runs perpendicular to longitudinal axes of said electrodes.
8. A device as claimed in any one of claims 6 or 7, wherein said electrodes, starting with an electrode within a central region of said multi-electrode system are interrupted in a region and in such a manner so as to provide an interrupted V-shaped region widening in a V-shaped manner in said traveling direction, with said electrodes being bent in a vicinity of said interruption in such a manner that said electrodes enter said V-shaped region vertically.
9. A device as claimed in claim 7, wherein two rows of electrodes are arranged in such a manner that said electrodes of both said rows lie opposite each other and such that between said rows an electrode-free channel is created along said traveling direction of said high-frequency electric field.
10. A device as claimed in claim 9, wherein electrodes of said rows are arranged in such a manner that a width of said electrode-free channel increases from a constant value to a value many times that of said constant value, and said device further comprising, in a region of a wide channel, an additional row of electrodes of increasing electrode width disposed in such a manner that a channel branching arrangement is formed, and at least one directing electrode arranged within said electrode-free channel and at a branching point of said electrode-free channel.
11. A device as claimed in claim 9, wherein two pairs of electrode rows are arranged perpendicular to each other in such a manner so as to enclose a three-dimensional channel along said traveling direction of said high-frequency electric field.
12. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said electrodes are formed as circular, ring electrodes which are arranged concentrically and evenly spaced.
13. A device as claimed in claim 12, wherein said electrodes are formed as sectors of ring circles and enclose electrode-free channels.
14. A device at claimed in claim 5, further comprising multiple electrode systems arranged on said base, with said base consisting of a thin membrane which is provided with through-openings whose permeability for particles can be altered with an aid of said high-frequency fields.
15. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said electrodes are formed as elliptic electrodes which are provided with a mutual focal point and large axes of which lie on a single straight line.
16. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein regions between said electrodes and said channels being partially provided with depressions or elevations and regions of varying surface roughness.
17. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said base is composed of one of a semiconducting material, glass and ceramic, wherein partial depressions or elevations are generated in said base by means of etching processes, wherein said electrodes are composed of one of gold and a chemical inert material, are structured by means of photolithographic methods, and are galvanically molded, and wherein dielectric layers on said electrodes are composed of one of SiO2, Si3 N4 and TiO2.
18. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein said electronic circuit for generation of said high-frequency electric field, is further for evaluation of movement of said particles, and is integrated in conjunction with said multi-electrode system on a mutual base.
19. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein in order to seal said device in a capsule, a cover plate of one of a semiconducting material, ceramic and glass is provided which is connected to said base and which can also be provided with said electrodes and/or troughs and channels.
20. A device as claimed in claim 5, wherein several bases are joined in such a manner such that a predetermined arrangement comprising at least one of cascades, spaces and channels is created in which said particles can be stored, separated, concentrated or transported.
This application is a continuation-in-part application of Ser. No. 08/050,045, filed Jun. 1, 1993, now abandoned.
1. Technical Field
The present invention is related to a process for manipulating microscopic, dielectric particles as well as a device therefor.
In order to examine microscopic particles, such as biological cells, synthetic particles or large molecules, such as proteins, these particles need to be separated, moved at the site of examination, focussed and retained there. The particles need to be moved singlely or in groups in prescribed different directions.
For three-dimensional microscopy and for spectroscopic procedures, the particles have to be maintained in defined positions without contact while simultaneously maintaining manipulatability, i.e., by way of illustration, rotation about defined angles and axes.
Focussing should occur, depending on the case of application, in a point-shaped, linear or areal manner.
2. State of the Art
A known process for manipulating small dielectric particles is dielectrophoresis. In this way, the particles are subject to an inhomogeneous, electric field which polarizes the particles unsymmetrically. The particles are moved in the direction of the higher, resp. lower field strength and collect at the respective electrode. Mixtures of different types of particles can be separated with alternating electric fields.
Restrictions in the utilization of this known process result from the particles always being moved, independent of the direction of the field, to the site of high, resp. low field strength. With a prescribed configuration, movement of particles is thus only possible in one direction. There is a concentration of particles at the electrode so that the particles cannot be retained in free space.
In the state of the art processes, the electric field usually has curved field lines. As the particles move along the field lines, straight transport over longer stretches, by way of illustration, in channels of microstructures, is not possible.
In a process from a different generic type, notably a process for differentiating particles in a medium, there is already known from DE 33 25 843 C2, to suspend the particles in a fluid and expose them to a changing electric field. Of particular interest, the teaching of the DE 33 25 843 C2 FIG. 1 concerning a generator/amplifier arrangement for generating a commonly known plurality of alternating voltages having differing phases, is applicable for use as a generator/amplifier with the present invention. The application of this process for manipulating microscopic, dielectric particles has, however, hitherto not been considered.
The object of the present invention is to provide a process for manipulating microscopic, dielectric particles with which the particles can be manipulated especially flexibly. Furthermore, the object of the present invention is to provide a device for carrying out the process.
This object is solved in generic processes by the characterizing features of a generic embodiment (e.g., FIGS. 1 and 14); which is disclosed ahead. Moreover, this object is solved by the characterizing features of a more particularized embodiment (e.g., FIG. 3), which is also disclosed ahead.
A high-frequency traveling field exercises repulsion and attraction forces on the particles suspended in a fluid of little conductivity, which are determined by the fact that the interfacial charges induced in the particles by the electric field remain behind the traveling field vector.
This permits uniform movement of the particles, which runs strongly asynchronously to the electric field with the direction of movement and the velocity of the particles depending on their dielectric properties and the field movement.
The movement of the particles can be made very flexible by means of traveling fields with uniform, alternating or multiple traveling frequencies. The particles can be retained in an electrode-free space without contact.
Animal or higher-plant cells tolerate reduced-electrolyte media only for short periods and normally require balanced media, containing large amounts of salts, amino acids, and proteins. The conductivity of physiological media is several orders of magnitude higher than that of most electromanipulation media (usually 1,4 S/m compared to 0,05 S/m or less). Due to these factors, biological and medical applications of electrical fields have largely been restricted to measurement techniques, with fields that are far too weak to allow electromanipulation.
The most important aspect for the use of electric fields for moving and collecting cells is that of direct electronic control, with millisecond or microsecond response times dictated by the inertia of the microscopic particles themselves. Feedback from position sensors 5 (impedance, optoelectronic, or ultrasonic; see, e.g. FIG. 15) would allow fully automated systems to be built. The ability to shape the field allows work either with single cells or with aggregates. It has been recognized that field frequencies of 100 kHz or less should be avoided because of the induction of transmembrane potentials large enough to damage the cell.
Inhomogeneous fields either attract cells into a highfield region (positive dielectrophoresis), or else repel them from it (negative dielectrophoresis), depending upon the frequency and the passive electric properties of the system. The cells need to be protected from the extremely high fields and other damaging effects at electrode surfaces. Thus negative dielectrophoresis is advantageous. In the poorly conducting media only positive dielectrophoresis occurs over most of the accessible frequency range which is between the upper kHz to MHz.
Improvements to electric-field techniques can be realized by miniaturization combined with the insulation of unnecessary electrode surfaces. The result is a drastic reduction in the temperature rise and this permits the use of physiological media. In turn, such media give negative dielectrophoresis at frequencies that induce an insignificant transmembrane potential.
Further embodiments and developments of the present invention are set forth in additional discussion ahead.
According to a filed inhomogeneities embodiment, the particles following the traveling field are, in addition, conducted electrically over field inhomogeneities. This is attained by superimposing static fields or alternating inhomogeous fields over the traveling field. The transport channel for the particles can be limited by this means to a narrow region. The invented process is especially advantageous if transport of particles is to occur via microstructures.
Narrowing of the transport channel can be attained according to a boundary embodiment (e.g., FIG. 3) by mechanical boundaries MB (FIG. 6) such as grooves or walls within which preferred special paths are created for the particles.
Typical values for the traveling frequency of the electric fields and for the applied voltage for good results are set forth ahead (e.g., claim 4). In this manner, in the case of a particle average of several 10 micrometers, particle velocities up to several millimeters a second can be attained.
An invented device for carrying out this process is described in a multi-electrode embodiment (e.g., FIG. 3). A multi-electrode system is disposed on a base. Single electrodes of this system are disposed almost perpendicular to the propagation direction of the traveling fields. The expansion (i.e., width) of the electrodes in the direction of the traveling fields is of the same magnitude as that of the particles to be manipulated (e.g., see FIG. 5). The intervals between the electrodes are also of the same magnitude.
With the aid of an electronic circuit, the electrodes are triggered with high-frequency traveling fields with uniform, alternating or multiple traveling frequencies. By this means the particles are either set in motion in the spaces bordered by the electrodes or set into motion above the electrodes.
A special high degree of flexibility of the particles movement is attained with a device according to a branching embodiment (e.g., FIG. 6). The branching described therein permits deflection of the particles in a selectable direction and, therefore, represents a switch for the particle stream.
According to a rectangularly-shaped embodiment (e.g., FIG. 1), the electrodes are rectangular in shape with the longitudinal sides being several times longer than the tangential sides. The electrodes are disposed at the same intervals in such a manner that the longitudinal axes are parallel and the direction of the traveling field runs perpendicular to the longitudinal axes. In this embodiment, the movement of the particles occurs above the electrodes perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the electrodes. It is particularly suited for separation of particles according to their traveling properties which are influenced by the passive electric properties and the size of the particles.
A further embodiment of the invented device is described with respect to a V-shaped notch arrangement as illustrated with respect to FIG. 2. The electrodes are interrupted in a V shaped area extending from the center in such a manner that the remaining parts of the electrodes respectively represent a separate path for the traveling field, resp. for the particles in different directions. In this manner a particle switch is realized with which the particle movement occurs over the electrode surfaces.
In the case of the electrode arrangement illustrated, for example, in two rows of electrodes enclose an electrode-free channel running in the direction of the traveling field. The moved particles can either center in the middle of the channel or be moved along the wall formed by the electrodes.
This arrangement, too, can be further developed according to FIG. 6 which is directed to a particle switch by disposing the electrodes in such a manner that they are staggered increasingly in an outward direction. Additional electrodes are disposed in the area of the electrode-free channel widened in such a manner that the channel branches.
With a device according to FIG. 7, in which two pairs of rows of electrodes standing perpendicular to each other are disposed about a channel which runs in the direction of the traveling field, the particles can be moved, collected and retained in the free space of the fluid medium.
An advantageous further development of the present invention is described in FIG. 9. The electrodes form closed circular, ring-shaped paths, which are disposed at the same intervals about a center. A depression, an opening in the carrier material, or a rise can be formed in this center. With this device, particles can be conveyed over the electrodes, depending on the traveling direction of the high frequency field, toward the center or toward the periphery.
If the electrode rings are divided into sections according to FIG. 8, the particles are moved in the resulting electrode-free channels. The particles can be conducted out of various quadrants of the electrode-ring system toward the center and conveyed from there in a desired direction. With this device, a particularly flexible micromanipulator for manipulating microscopic particles is made available which is particularly suited for working with living, biological cells.
According to FIG. 9, many electrode systems are disposed on a base plate which is designed as a thin membrane. The thin membrane is perforated in the area of these systems so that the particles can stream through these openings. The particles, however, can only pass if they are conveyed by means of the traveling high frequency fields in direction of the centers. In this way, the device represents a controllable semi-permeable membrane.
In the device according to FIG. 10, hereto, the electrodes are formed as elliptic paths which are disposed about a mutual focal point. This device is suited for centering and decentering particles, with the decentering occurring not axially symmetrically but rather increasingly in the preferred directions.
An invented device for focussing and separating particles in a circular chamber is described for example, in FIGS. 11e and 11f. At least four electrodes are disposed in a ring about a circular chamber. The particles are collected in the center of the chamber or accumulated at the electrode surfaces, depending on their dielectric properties, by means of a circular running field generated with the aid of the electrodes.
Further developments of an invented device are set forth in surface textured embodiments, by which the traveling properties of the particles are influenced. Altering the surface structure of the base and the electrodes changes the gliding, resp. rolling friction forces exercised by the base on the particles. These measures are used advantageously in the separation of different types of particles. An isolation layer of the electrodes (FIG. 6A), which is of varying thickness at local points, results in the electric field having a varyingly strong effect on the particles at different points. In this manner, preferred paths are created for the particles. Depressions, resp. elevations in the area of the electrode-free channels result in the particles there gathering more strongly or in less concentration.
According to a further particularized surface texturized embodiment (FIG. 6A), the depressions and elevations are generated in the area of the channels preferably with the aid of etching processes. By employing materials customarily used in microstructure technology for the fabrication of the base, the process steps applied there can be utilized advantageously. As the expansion of the electrodes in the direction of the traveling field is comparable to the size of the particles to be manipulated, the electrodes are preferably molded structurally and galvanically using photolithographic methods. The thickness of the electrodes can reach between several μm to several hundred μm. With this method, the height of electrodes arranged in series can be quite easily increased successively, thus permitting movement of particles out of the surface. As the electrodes are subject to suspensions, chemically inert materials are preferably employed in their fabrication. Effective protection of the electrodes against outside influences is attained by covering them with a coating of insulation.
An especially advantageous further development of an invented device consists, according to the FIGS. 14, 15, and 17 embodiments, of the integration of the multi-electrode system on a mutual base in conjunction with the circuit to generate the electric traveling fields and to evaluate the particle movement.
According to a sealed embodiment (FIG. 16), the invented device can be sealed in capsules. For this purpose, a cover plate made of a material customary in microstructure technology is connected to the base plate, by way of illustration, by means of adhesive technology or by means of anode bonding. This plate may also be provided with electrodes and/or troughs and channels T (FIG. 16).
According to the advantageous further development according to an interconnected or cascaded embodiment (FIG. 17), several bases having electrode systems are connected to each other. By this means, cascades of electrodes are created and elongated channels or spaces are created, in which the particles are stored, separated, concentrated or transported.
The advantages attained with the present invention consist, in particular, of an especially flexible manipulation of microscopic, dielectric particles in the micrometer range. The particles can be moved without contact through narrow channels on straight paths, they can be brought through particle switches at various destinations and retained there without contact for tests. The particles can be focussed or defoccussed and sorted according to their dielectric properties.
In a multi-electrode system, various arrangements for linear transport, for focussing, for retention including branches can be joined in such a manner that complex particle movement procedures can be realized, thus making manipulation of particles in microstructures possible.
The invented process and the invented device are suited for utilization in biotechnology, in the fields of molecular separation, focussing and microtransport technology. They are also suited for manipulation of both synthetic particles and living cells.
The embodiments of the present invention are schematically represented in the drawings and made more apparent in the following section without the intention of limiting the scope or spirit of the overall inventive concept.
FIG. 1 illustrates a device for linear movement of particles above electrodes,
FIG. 2 illustrates a particle switch for branched movement above electrodes,
FIG. 3 illustrates a device for linear movement of particles in an electrode-free space,
FIG. 4 illustrates a triggering of the electrodes of an invented device at four consecutive periods,
FIG. 5 illustrates a device for focussing particles in an electrode-free space,
FIG. 6 illustrates a particle switch for branched movement in an electrode-free space,
FIG. 6A illustrates a cross-sectional view of the FIG. 6 particle switch,
FIG. 7 illustrates a device for spatial focussing of particles,
FIG. 8 illustrates a device for centering and decentering particles,
FIG. 9 illustrates a device which is designed as a semi-permeable membrane,
FIG. 10 illustrates a device with an elliptic arrangement of electrodes,
FIGS. 11a-f illustrate dielectrophoretic force and transmembrane potential over log (w) in FIGS. a-d and power dissipation over a cross-section through a quadrupole field cage in FIGS. e and f, where w is the angular frequency 2πf.
FIGS. 12a-f illustrate effects of negative-dielectrophoretic force fields produced above arrays of individually addressable, interdigitated electrode fingers.
FIGS. 13a-d illustrates principles and practice of a traveling-wave drive.
FIG. 14 illustrates an electronic circuit which applies a voltage to electrodes successively in such a manner that a high frequency electric field is built up.
FIG. 15 illustrates an electronic circuit which applies a voltage to circular electrodes successively in such a manner that a high frequency electric field running in a circular manner is built up.
FIG. 16 illustrates a capsule embodiment having a trough therein.
FIG. 17 illustrates an interconnected or cascaded embodiment.
FIG. 1 shows an arrangement of 12 elongated electrodes el.1 to el.12, which are disposed one after the other in such a manner that their longitudinal axes are parallel to each other. The arrow E indicates the traveling direction of the field strength vector. The movement of particles 1 occurs via the electrodes el. 1 to el. 12 perpendicular to their longitudinal axes in direction of the arrows V.
The electrodes have a length of several hundred micrometers and a width of approximately 10 micrometers and are spaced approximately 10 micrometers apart. With an electrode voltage of 10 volts and a traveling frequency of 0.2 to approximately 10 megahertz, particle velocities of several millimeters per second are measured with the particles having diameters of 20 to 70 micrometers. The particle movement occurs strongly asynchronously to the traveling field, approximately 10-2 to 10-7 times slower.
FIG. 2 shows a particle switch in which the particles travel above the surfaces of the electrodes like in the previously preferred embodiment. The first five electrodes are interrupted in the center region in such a manner that a row of electrodes I with electrodes el.1a to el.5a and a row of electrodes II with electrodes el.1b and el.5b. are created.
A particle 1 which is moving toward the electrode branching is led above the electrode row I or the electrode row II depending on whether voltage is applied to the electrodes el.1a to el.5a or to the electrodes el.1b to el.5b.
The device shown in FIG. 3 is provided with two rows of electrodes el.1 to el.12 bordering a channel 5. The particles 1 are moved in the electrode-free space of channel 5 in the direction of arrows V by means of the field traveling in direction of arrow E. The electric triggering of the electrodes el.1 to el.12 is shown in FIG. 4, with the signs of the voltages applied to the electrodes at the four successive periods t1 to t4 being given.
FIG. 5 shows that the afore-described device is also suited for focussing. A dispersion of approximately 5% dextran-water beads having a diameter of less than one micrometer are added to 50% n-propanol in the channel 5. By applying a traveling field E of 1 to 15V and a frequency of 800 kilohertz at both electrode rows, the dextranwater beads are moved between the electrodes and are respectively concentrated in the center of two pairs of opposite electrodes so that they fuse to distinctly visible drops 1. The visible drops 1 are retained in the shown positions.
FIG. 6 shows a device having an arrangement of electrodes, which permits a branching movement of the particles in electrode-free space. The electrodes of both electrode rows IIa and IIb are arranged increasing staggered in the center region so that the result is a wide channel. Another electrode row I is disposed in this channel, wherein the channels can be bordered by mechanical boundaries MB. The length of the electrodes of row I increases corresponding to the staggering of the outer row of electrodes so that the result are two channels of constant width joining to one channel. In addition, point-shaped electrodes 2 are disposed at the branching site. Depending on whether the traveling field is generated by the electrode row I and IIa or I and IIb, the particles are led through the respective channel. The traveling direction of the particles may also be determined by triggering one or the other of the supplementary electrode 2.
FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view taken along line A'-A" of FIG. 6, and illustrates an insulator layer I disposed over the electrodes EL and mechanical boundaries MB so as to form troughs, waves (e.g., TS, TR) and regions of varying strength. Any of the troughs, waves or elevations can be appropriately treated (e.g., via etching) so as to result in regions of varying roughnesses, e.g., TS can represent a smooth trough and TR can represent a rough trough.
In the device shown in FIG. 7 are a first pair of electrode rows II and IV and a second pair of electrode rows I and III are disposed perpendicular to each other in such a manner that they border a three-dimensional channel. The particles 1 in the free space of the fluid medium between the electrode rows I, II, III and IV can be collected and retained in this channel. The invented device is also suited for linear transport of particles.
FIG. 8 shows an invented device for centering or decentering particles. The electrodes el.1 to el.6 are disposed circular-sector-like, concentric and evenly spaced about an operation space 7 in four quadrants I to IV in such a manner that they border two channels 10 and 11 perpendicular to each other. The particles 1 can be moved above the electrode surfaces or in the electrode free channels 10 and 11 depending on the traveling direction of the high frequency field into the operation space 7 or away from the operation space 7. With suited triggering, the particles can be transported from one quadrant over the operation space into any other quadrant or into one of the channels. This versatile micro-manipulator is especially suited for work with living biological cells. For centering and decentering particles, the electrodes can be shaped as closed ring-shaped paths.
FIG. 9 shows an invented device in which many concentric, ring-shaped electrode systems are disposed on a thin membrane. In this figure only a detail of five systems I to IV is shown. The membrane is provided with through openings in the central regions of the systems. Small dielectric particles can only pass through these openings if they are conveyed by the traveling high-frequency fields in direction of the center. In this way, the invented device has the effect of a controllable, semipermeable membrane. All or only specific openings can be selectably switched to open or close.
In the embodiment of the present invention shown in FIG. 10 the electrodes are formed as elliptic paths el.1 to el.3 which are arranged about a mutual focal point in such a manner that their large axes lie on a single straight line. Particles 1 are transported into the central region 3 or away from it by a traveling electric high-frequency field which is moving to or away from the mutual focal point.
The invented device can also be provided with four rectangular electrodes el. 1 to el.4 which are arranged in a star-shaped manner about a central region 3. In this device the electric field runs in a circular manner. The device serves to separate and focus particles. If a dispersion with two types of particles, by way of illustration, cellulose sulfate beads 12 and living yeast cells 13 in water having a conductivity of 50 to 100 μS/cm, are entered into the system and subjected to a circling field of approximately 2 megahertz, thus the cellulose sulfate beads 12 are collected in center 3 whereas the yeast cells 13 travel to the surfaces of the electrodes and adhere there.
Reduction of the dissipated power can only be achieved by miniaturization, including restriction of the created field to the small volumes where cell manipulation is required. This necessitates the use of micro- or ultra-microelectrodes with spacings on the same scale. The microstructure have been fabricated using photolithography (typical structurization >1 μm) or electronbeam lithography (structurization between 150 nm and 3 μm). As the interelectrode separation becomes very small, the driving voltages can be reduced to 1 V or less. In addition, the electrodes can be covered with a sub-μm layer of dielectric (e.g., SiO2), so that power dissipation between the electrodes is much reduced, and cell electrode contact is prevented.
In contrast to electrochemical applications, a faradic current is not necessary. However, it cannot be completely avoided. The use of planar arrays of as many electrodes as possible allows the total power dissipation to be reduced. This is because the penetration depth of the electric field into the liquid decreases as the electrode pitch is made finer. Rigid adherence to these principles allows the production and exploitation of local fields up to 106 V/m in standard media such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) or Murashige and Skoog medium, for animal or plant cells, respectively.
It is highly significant that living cells (from bacteria to animal cells and plant protoplasts) as well as most artificial particles show exclusively negative dielectrophoresis in these media. See FIG. 11c for this. This is because the medium conductivity (1 S/m or more) exceeds that of the cell interior, where the ionic mobility is low (e.g., due to the high viscosity).
In media of low conductivity, the dielectric force (FIG. 11a) can be negative only at low frequencies where the induced transmembrane potential (FIG. 11b) is high. The force is also negative in the GHz range. Heat production (FIG. 11e) in the vicinity of the cell is markedly nonuniform. In contrast, in media of high conductivity, the force (FIG. 11c) is always negative and useful force can be obtained with the low induced transmembrane potential (FIG. 11d). Heat production (FIG. 11f), although 1000 times as great as in (FIG. 11e) is much more uniform near the cell.
The local electric field in (FIGS. 11a-d) has a radian frequency of 103 to 109 and is 20 kV/m ptp (peak to peak). Curves 1-8 in (FIG. 11a) are for a cell having a cytosolic conductivity 0,6 S/m and media conductivities of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 10 mS/m. In (FIG. 11c), the medium conductivity is 1.2 S/m and the curves 1-10 represent cytosolic conductivities of 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 S/m. Experimental data from 3T3 cells are also shown in this panel. All calculations assume a spherical cell of radius 6 μm with a single membrane 6 nm thick, conductivities kCELL =0.6 S/m, Kmembrane =1 μS/M, and relative permittivitie εcell =60, εmembrane =8, and εmedium =80 (FIG. 11e, f). Power dissipation over a cross section through a quadruple field cage. These were calculated for the high-frequency region and for medium conductivities of (FIG. 11e) 1 mS/m and 8 (FIG. 11f) 1.38 S/m. Increasing levels of power dissipation are shown by increasing density of shading. Although the power dissipation at 1 mS/m is about 1000 times less than at 1.38 S/m, the distribution across the surface (dashed circle) of a cell within the trap is much less uniform.
It is possible to arrange narrow strip electrodes into very closely spaced arrays. See FIGS. 12a-f. The electric field spreads no further than a few interelectrode gaps from the array; particles or cells that enter this zone are repelled. They cannot enter the region of colloid-chemical surface forces and therefore cannot attach to the surface.
These force-field structures are particularly interesting for medical-technical problems and for the development of biocompatible surfaces. It is advantageous to use very small electrodes because the size of the particle that can be repelled is decreased, and because the field minima become so narrow that larger particles do not assemble there.
In FIGS. 12a-f effects of negative-dielectrophoretic force fields produced above arrays of individually addressable, interdigitated electrode fingers are shown. In FIGS. 12a-d an array of 32 electrodes (gold, 3 μm width) on a silicon substrate was used.
FIG. 12a shows adhesion in the absence of a field, of 3T3 fibroblasts to the chip after 30 min.
FIG. 12b shows that the array, if energized (1.5 V square wave ptp, 1 MHz), remains free of fibroblast. The medium was DMEM.
FIG. 12c gives evidence to the adherence of human erythrocytes to both substrate and electrodes in the absence of a field. The substrate had been pretreated with poly-D-lysine (0.1 g/l, MW 30-70 kDa). Erythrocytes were allowed to settle from a 1:10 dilution in PBS of a 50% hematocrit concentration.
FIG. 12d shows that excitation (1 MHz, 1.5 V square wave ptp, medium conductivity 1.4 S/m) prevents settling of erythrocytes on the electrodes, in spite of dense settlement outside this area.
FIG. 12e shows a cross-sectional view of 9-μm Fluoresbrite R latex particles (blue) resting on an array of 16 gold electrodes (1 μm wide, 3 μm spacing); these are end-on to the observer and appear as white interruption to the silicon surface (yellow). The image is a 90�-perspective rotation using a confocal laserscan microscope (bar 35 μm).
In FIG. 12f the latex particles from FIG. 12e are levitated about 10 μm upon excitation of the array (4 V ptp square wave, 1 MHz, conductivity 1.2 mS/m). A similar or a better levitation occurs at 1 S/m.
For a better explanation of the traveling-wave drive FIGS. 13a-d are shown. To apply a force to a cell alternating voltages are applied to the successive electrodes of an array with phase delays such that a traveling wave is formed. See FIG. 13a and compare the polarities at time t1, and t2.
Pulse lengths (repetition frequencies) that give rise to negative dielectrophoresis do so by giving the cell an effective polarization as shown for time t1, generating a levitation force (FL). At time t2, the electrode charges have been moved one place to the right, but the charges previously induced on the cell do not decay instantly, and the resulting force FR drives the cell in the opposite direction to the field.
FIG. 13b shows time laps images of the movement of a 60-μm particle. FIG. 13c shows a traveling-wave array with 4-phase excitation, consisting of bare (Pt) or silicon oxynitride-coated (SiOx Ny) platinum electrodes. Levitation and movement of 60-μm Sephadex particles are possible above both the bare electrodes (using 5 V at 200 kHz) as well as above the coated structure (using 6 V at 400 kHz). The coating is 0,7 μm thick, thin enough to allow sufficient capacitive coupling of the field into the medium (conductivity 1.07 S/m), although the particle speed is reduced by about 50%.
FIG. 13d shows an electrocellular marshalling yard consisting of silicon oxy-nitride tracks (the almost transparent strips running left to right) deposited at right angles to platinum electrodes (30 μm wide, the light colored vertical strips). On excitation of the electrodes (1.5 V ptp square wave, 4 MHz), particles showing negative dielectrophoresis (here, fibroblasts suspended in culture medium) move to the field minima above the insulator tracks. Where the track width is comparable to the cell diameter, a single file along the tracks results: where the track width is much larger than the cell diameter, cells orient themselves parallel to the electrodes. This is apparent at the bottom of the picture over a single, very wide (200 μm) track. The cells can be moved along the tracks by means of a gentle current in the medium, or by application of a traveling wave to the electrodes.
FIGS. 13a-d show that linear arrays of electrodes with widths <15 μm can be driven with traveling waves to move most particles and cells through microchannels. Although the electrode array can be as long as necessary, the connections are repeated every third or fourth electrode, so that only three or four driving voltages are required.
Under conditions of negative dielectrophoresis, the array also acts as a force-field structure and the cells float above it. Planar tracks having a low-permittivity dielectric deposited perpendicular to the electrode strips cause troughs in the field, confining cells to the paths thus defined. See for example FIG. 13d. The maximum size of cells that can be transported is approximately equal to the track width. Due to the ease with which high frequencies can be capacitively coupled, the whole area can be covered with a thin dielectric layer FIG. 6A, the structuring of which leaves the tracks as moraines troughs or waves TS, TR. The minimum size of transportable particles is about half the repeat distance of the electrodes in this case.
Depending upon the type of particle and the strength of the applied field, speeds from one up to several hundred μm/s can be attained. However, in conductive solutions (>1 S/m), the maximum speed is about ten times less than at 10 mS/m; it is likely that this can be improved upon by use of electrode arrays on both sides of the channel, or by increasing the permittivity of the medium.
FIG. 14 illustrates an electronic circuit 1000 which applies a voltage to electrodes successively in such a manner that a high frequency electric field is built up. FIG. 15 illustrates an electronic circuit 1000 which applies a voltage to circular electrodes successively in such a manner that a high frequency electric field running in a circular manner is built up.
The electronic circuit 1000 can be of an integrated construction, and is either a high-frequency generator in the frequency range between 1 kHz and 1 GHz together with a circuit which splits the phases containing an output amplifer with an amplitude between 0.1 to 40 V or only the output amplifer stage for the operation of the electrodes. The used travelling-wave principal needs phase-shifted signals according to the number of electrodes which shall produce the travelling waves. If the electrodes are arranged in rings, this corresponds to an even number of electrodes. This means that four electodes need four rectangular or sinuous or otherwise formed pulses which are phase-shifted from each other by 90�. Eight electrodes would need eight signals which are shifted by 45�, and so on. By use of a linear arrangement of electrodes, the number of phase-shifted signals sets the number of electodes which are used for production of a travelling wave or how many travelling waves run over one electrode surface at the same time. Such electronic circuit can likewise perform the additional function of evaluating movement of the particles through the multi-electrode system, using a sub circuit 1002 and sensor S as shown in FIG. 15.
The minimum number of electrodes needed is three. As a maximum, any number of electrodes can be used.
The electronic circuit can be realized in digital technology, for example to produce rectangular pulses, or in analog technology for example to produce sinuous pulse voltages. Such circuit can be namufactured in CMOS technology as an IC, or as a hybrid chip. Because of the high frequency, it is desireable to place the output amplifer near the electrodes.
Attention is directed to the Fuhr et al. article, "Radio-Frequency Microtools for Particle and Live Cell Manipulation", Naturwissenschaften 81, pp. 528-535 (1994), and many of the teachings and contents thereof which have been incorporated into the present disclosure.
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Parent School Association
Welcome to a new and exciting school year! This will truly be a year like no other as we begin to realize our dream of more room!
This year our school has a new Parent School Association Board. Thank you so much to the following people who are so willing to make the education of our children top priority!
If you have any questions, please click on the link below to contact through email.
Beth Reynolds-Tillack, President: firstname.lastname@example.com
Michelle Steele, Vice-President:
Sandy Watkins, Secretary:
Parent School Association Meetings are held the first Wednesday of each month, immediately following the morning assembly, in the cafeteria.


text:
The 33-year-old still has two years left to run on his contract at the Reebok Stadium, but was allowed to link up with Sky Bet Championship rivals Brighton & Hove Albion last summer on a season-long deal.
He will play no part against his parent club this weekend, under the terms of his loan, but will be hoping to end the campaign strongly and keep as many options open as possible.
One of those will be to start afresh at Bolton, with Freedman prepared to welcome the Republic of Ireland international back into his plans if he proves himself worthy of a regular role.
The Trotters boss said in The Bolton News: "I spoke to Keith and, at his age, he wanted to play football, which I respect.
"He wasn't one of those who wanted to sit around, so we let him go out on loan and sponsored the deal. After his loan has finished I expect him back here this summer and we will take it from there.
"If he shows what he is capable of showing in the summer, it is a different season and we can look at it again."
Freedman believes Andrews made the right choice in seeking game time elsewhere, with it important for experienced professionals to remain active.
He added: "I don't disagree with Keith and I respect him for that.
"I have come across many players who sit back, take the money and don't go anywhere because it's too inconvenient.
"I went to play at Southend and I went to play at Leeds, so I agree with him.
"In the summer I can look at my squad and if it is the same, numbers-wise, we may be having the same conversation.
"Or if someone leaves we can have a conversation where I can give them a go in the team and say, 'It's up to you Keith to hold your place'. But that can only wait until the summer."


text:
Frank, AB on MusicBrainz
The Rural Alberta Advantage on Last.fm
Toronto-based trio The Rural Alberta Advantage (Nils Edenloff, Amy Cole, and Paul Banwatt) play indie-rock songs about hometowns and heartbreak, born out of images from growing up in Central and Northern Alberta. They sing about summers in the Rockies and winters on the farm, ice breakups in the spring time and the oil boom's charm, the mine workers on compressed, the equally depressed, the city's slow growth and the country's wild rose, but mostly the songs just try to embrace the advantage of growing up in Alberta.
The Rural Alberta Advantage on Last.fm.
Also from this album:
Don't Haunt This Place,The Ballad of the RAA,Sleep All Day,The Air,Drain the Blood,Edmonton,The Deadroads,The Dethbridge in Lethbridge,In the Summertime,Rush Apart,Four Night Rider,Luciana
Catalog site
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text: Arm yourself against mother nature's worst when you hide under the cold-weather coverage of the Parkit Parka Jacket from Volcom. Cold doesn't stand a chance against the snug sherpa lining and the cinch hood and waist really keep out the chill. Zip up tight and hide those hands in chest warmer pockets. Leather details add to the rugged durability of this versatile coat. Zipper front with custom Volcom snap reinforcement, velcro cuffs, specialty pockets, as well as pocket inside at wearers left. Constructed of 50% cotton, 40% polyester, 10% nylon. Available in colorways as seen below. Model wears a medium.


text:
|Every week American Eagle adds new coupons and codes that you can use online or in stores. Sometimes you can save an additional 25% off any order, and other times you'll find a coupon for buy one, get one 50% off new arrivals. You'll also earn rewards with every purchase and use those points toward discounts on a future order.
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text:
Posted at: 03/05/2013 5:35 PM
Updated at: 03/06/2013 6:04 AM
By: Naomi Pescovitz
Tens of thousands of kids got a lucky break Tuesday with a snow day. But in Minneapolis, St. Paul and a handful of other districts, no such luck.
Both Minneapolis and St. Paul canceled most after school activities. By mid-morning, St. Paul decided to let most middle and high school students out 45 minutes early. The district said the early dismissal was in an effort to avoid delays for later buses picking up elementary school students.
"The decision to close the school system is no simple matter. The safety and well being of students and staff is our top priority. The expectation is that schools will remain open, if at all possible, for uninterrupted student learning on scheduled school days. Before making the decision to close school due to extreme weather, Superintendent Silva consults with a variety of experts both within and outside the district. SPPS transportation personnel travel various bus routes to confirm accessibility. The district makes it a practice to decide by 5:30 a.m. whether school will be dismissed that day," a school spokesperson said in a statement.
Judy and Rich Wirtz rearranged their day to pick up their granddaughter Nastazeea, a freshman at Central High School in St. Paul.
"I wish they would have closed the school right away," Judy Wirtz said.
"All of the sudden half a day later, what are the rest of these parents supposed to do with their kids when they come home early. Parents who I think had a tough time reorganizing," Richard Wirtz said.
St. Paul bus driver Larry Cardinal stood by the district's decision.
"If we didn't do this, then that might be hard to get there, to that next school on time and then you have the little kids just waiting that much longer," Cardinal said.
Nastazeea and her classmates agreed.
"Oh, I loved it, the class that it was announced in went crazy so we were all really happy," said Central High School Freshman Nastazeea Kostohris
Minneapolis Public Schools also released a statement regarding its decision to stay open.
The statement said, in part: "On Tuesday, it was determined that roadways were safe for travel to school. Transportation teams assessed routes in both personal vehicles and school buses prior to the start of service. Crews also worked to clear sidewalks and bus stops, including pull off areas. Morning buses were 70 percent on time and there were no reported accidents."
Weather related tardies or absences were excused in both St. Paul and Minneapolis.
The Anoka-Hennepin School District said school was canceled Tuesday because of snow and unplowed parts of the district.


text:
Kanye's Mullet is a SuperStar…
I didn't wake up in the best mood this morning, especially after reading some of the comments on my T.I post. Made me want to shake the sh*t out of some of you. Logged on to my twitter and decided to do a search on Kanye's new hair style to see what people were saying. This has to be the funniest crap I've read all week.
bright_moments: so we are intrigued by kanye's new hair style. is it a mullet – an afrullet? or does he just have a merkin glued to the back of his head?
cthagod:Kanye West is the first blackman i seen with a mullet.Billy Ray Cirus 808 and Achy Breaky Heart ass mullet.
fox410: Yo were Jay Z and Kanye battling to see who had the worse hair cut last night…….Kanye took it back to 87 with that mullet…….. lmao
The_Beej: Kanye's mullet looks like michael Jackson's hair circa Thriller minus the activator.
ReyTheHussein: I was with 'Ye on the shutter-shades. I don't know about the mullet though. Even MY Kanye standom has limits.
fortyoneacres: Why does Kanye West have a negro mullet?!? That's not change I can believe in…
bumpmagazine: Kanye's Haircut = Shamulletop! Part Shag, Part Mullet, Part Flat Top…Shamulletop!
B_RadW: Kanye got the black mullet! He's officially jumped off the I Give a F*ck bridge. I love it!
jim_rock:Watching kanye slay MTVs be the change with some kind of crazy mini mullet. That mullet is not the kind of change Obama is talking about ye.
SixFigga_Digga: Kanye's Mullet is Hot because we keep talking about it. I'm in the barbershop right now getting the "Mr.T" right now!!!
mosaeus: How long b4 Kanye West's mullet has its own twitter? Lol.
Leave it up to Ye's mullet to upstage everyone but Michelle Obama's dress at the Neighborhood Ball.. lol.
I'm starting to love this guy…


text:
You need to clear your mind of trivial thoughts and focus only on what really matters, with your career very much to the fore. The rest of the world can waste time on non-essentials – you have important work to do.
or email email@example.com
April 11, 2013 | 4:00am
We've sent an email with instructions to create a new password. Your existing password has not been changed.


text:
City : Hotel Eastbourne
Country : Hotel United Kingdom
Star rating : 3 star hotel
The hotel Cumberland Hotel Eastbourne Location: The Cumberland is one of Eastbourne's Premier Hotels, commanding a wonderful position on the seafront overlooking the famous Flower-Decked Promenade, the Bandstand and the English Channel. Gatwick and Heathrow airports are with in easy reach from here. Rooms: The 72 en suite bedrooms, the majority of which have sea views, some with balcony are tastefully furnished all with telephone, coffee making facilities and hair driers. Restaurant: The top chef, one of Eastbourne's best, prepares excellent cuisine with the utmost care, using only the finest ingredients, complemented by our extensive wine list. The friendly, helpful and efficient staff will ensure that your stay at the Cumberland is a memorable one. General: The hotel features a choice of conference rooms of varying capacity, which provides ideal facilities for training courses, seminars and lectures. The professional staff and advice, together with care and attention to details will ensure that your conference is a success. (source: HotelClub)


text:
|Cutting Height (Max.):
|4 in.
|Cutting Height (Min.):
|1-1/4 in.
|Cutting Height Settings:
|Cutting Path:
|22 in.
|Deck Material:
|Discharge Settings:
|Side / Rear
|Drive System:
|Engine Displacement:
|Engine Make:
|Briggs & Stratton
|Engine Model:
|675 Series
|Fuel Tank Capacity:
|0.25 gal.
|Mulching Capability:
|Starting System:
|Wheel Size (Front):
|8 in.
|Wheel Size (Rear):
|9 in.
Reviewed by 3 customers
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Best Value Push Mower I found after extensive research.
Only improvement would be finer height adjustments and possibly the mechanism but this is not a biggie.
Best Uses
My wife got me this mower as a gift since my old mower, also a snapper was getting pretty old and the muffler had rusted off. At first I was happy since my old snapper always started and never gave me any problems. This one is a year old and I can not seem to keep it running at fist I thought I had bad gas, I put in fresh gas and it ran for one mowing and would not start again. I changed the spark plug and once again it ran just long enough to mow my yard. Now it's time to mow again and it won't start. One other thing I don't like is it is twice as heavy as old snapper and is like pushing a small car. I have loosed the wheels thinking maybe whoever had assembled it may have over tightened them, that has helped a little. I would not recommend this mower to anyone.
Best Uses
I bought this Snapper to replace one that is 18 years old that still works great but it's a bit ratty looking. I fully expect this one to last just as long. These mowers are among the very best, and certainly the best value. I have a good sized lawn & like the non propelled type of mower for exercise.


text:
Viewers: in countries Watching now:
This course introduces you to the interface and key processes of Inventor, the parametric design system from Autodesk. Author John Helfen covers sketching, part modeling, assemblies, and drawings. These tasks work in conjunction, allowing you to create parts and assemblies and document them in a way so that the manufacturing process proceeds faster and more efficiently.
Now that you have an understanding of the Ribbon bar, I want to talk a little bit about the Quick Access Toolbar. It's a simple toolbar that can be very useful as you begin your design process. It's located directly above the Ribbon bar in the Application Title bar. What used to be blue empty title bar space now has useful tools in it, and it can be very handy as you become more proficient with the product. The one unique thing about the Quick Access Toolbar is it's taking tools that are not specific to a tab, whether it's the Assemble tab, or the 3D Model tab.
Here, we are storing application items like the Application menu, the File > New button, the Open or Save button, and the Undo and Redo. But we go beyond that and even put the materials and appearance options on the Quick Access Toolbar. The other nice thing about the Quick Access Toolbar is as you become more familiar with the features of the product and commands in the product, you can actually customize that, which we'll cover in another movie. But the nice thing is because the tabs don't switch, you can easily place commands there, and get to them as needed without having to switch tabs frequently.
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text:
A little bit of video from our friends at Raw Vegas. We have Frank Mir discussing his upcoming fight with WWE superstar Brock Lesnar at UFC 81. Mir talks about Lesnar's credentials and giving him a rough introduction to the big leagues of mixed martial arts.
This is what its all about with Brock right now.
Agree or Disagree: 0 0
Why does everyone think Mir is so great? Who has he beat? Wes Sims, Tank Abbott, oh I forgot Tim Sylvia! Man that is some major competition right there. Of course, Lesnar has fought no one either. This fight should not even be a co-main event much less the main event!
Agree or Disagree: 0 0
He was just an exciting up and comer who had a famous moment against Tim Sylvia and everyone just wants to see if he will ever live up to the hype he once had before he got hurt. Nobody thinks he is great. He just has an interesting story to his career.
Agree or Disagree: 0 0
Not knowing anything about Lesnar is not his fault. He is probably the most impressive athlete at his size. I struggle to find someone close to his mass that has half his agility. Having said that main fights aren't always reserved for the greatest fighters. Instead, they are at times reserved for the most colorful fighters. Take for example, Shamrock and Ortiz. That was a colorful match given the personalities. Although the outcome was nothing special it sold. Given his Lesnars rise to fame and impressive build fits the role of colorful, and for that he is deserving of a main event fight.
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text:
By Jim GaramoneAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, June 3, 2003 Leaders of the G-8 nations called on North Korea to dismantle its nuclear weapons program and on Iran to open its nuclear program to International Atomic Energy Agency inspection.
President Bush and the leaders of Great Britain, Italy, Germany, France, Japan, Canada and Russia also agreed to a number of initiatives to fight terrorism.
State Department officials said the meeting held in Evian, France went well. All involved did their best to put the disagreements over Iraq behind them, a State Department official said.
The G-8 leaders issued a strong statement stressing the global challenge of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction "requires a multifaceted solution." They vowed to tackle the problem individually and collectively.
The G-8 leaders called on North Korea to "visibly, verifiably and irreversibly dismantle any nuclear weapons programs." In October 2002, North Korea declared it had violated and would continue to violate its promise not to proceed with its uranium-enrichment program. In January, North Korea has pulled out of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. World and regional leaders have applied pressure on North Korea to honor its past agreements.
In a communiqu following the meeting, the G-8 leaders also said they "will not ignore the proliferation implications of Iran's advanced nuclear program." The leaders said Iran must comply with the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. The G-8 countries supported a comprehensive examination of the Iranian nuclear program by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
The G-8 countries agreed to establish a Counterterrorism Action Group to train and fund counterterrorism programs in countries "with the will but not the skill to fight terror," according to the communiqu. The group, pushed by the United States, will concentrate on denying funding for terrorists, help in customs and immigration controls, stopping illegal arms trafficking and will provide law enforcement funding, training and liaison.
The G-8 also adopted another U.S.-sponsored plan to reduce the proliferation of shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missiles. These missiles are a growing concern. Terrorists have already used them in attacks on aircraft in Saudi Arabia and Kenya.
The plan calls for the G-8 to adopt strict national controls over inventories and exports of the weapons and bans the transfer of the missiles to "non-state end-users." The G-8 will help countries that wish to dispose of excess stocks of the weapons.
The G-8 will also put more controls on radioactive sources to lessen the chance of terrorists exploding a "dirty bomb."


text:
Pronunciation: /kənˈvəːsəb(ə)l/
Definition of conversable in English:
Fond of conversation; sociable: he can be a conversable companion if he feels it worth his while
More example sentences
- Nettie was not a very conversable companion.
- I have met with some well-informed men, and some lively conversable women, but none of either sex that reminded me of the well-educated men and women of Europe.
- In her journals for 1787 Susan Burney describes Hoole as conversable, entertaining, and fond of children.
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text:
Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel (HeBAI) – Subscription information, including online access via Ingenta
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You can obtain a subscription to the Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel (HeBAI) from your bookstore, your subscription agent or directly from the publisher. Please send new orders and cancellations as well as all questions regarding subscription to the journals to our Customer Service Department, Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach 2040, D-72010 Tübingen, fax them to +49 7071 51104 or e-mail to journals [AT] mohr.de. Subscriptions may be cancelled four weeks before the end of the year at the latest. One volume contains four issues, each issue has approximately 128 pages. Prices do not include shipping and handling. The price for a single issue is € 58.00 for institutions, for private persons € 29.00.
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text:
Administrative Structure
The Walden School of Liberal Arts is governed by a five-member Board of Directors comprised of a Chief Administrative Officer, Trustees, and a Parent Advocate (selected annually by the Parent Council) A Teacher Advocate and the Upper School and Lower School Directors serve as non-voting members of the Board.
The Board has full authority for running the school with the following primary responsibilities:
The Board meets at least quarterly to:
•Fulfill its primary responsibilities.
•Consider and adopt policies.
•Discuss the school's operations.
•Hear reports and updates from each board member.
•Consider requests and concerns from the director, parents, students, and teachers.
•Consider any other matter pertaining to the school.
Board of Directors
Chief Administrative Officer—Robert Allphin
A successful collegiate athlete, Robert Allphin graduated from BYU with a BS in Chemistry. He spent several decades as a successful production engineering manager. Since 1997, Bob has worked with ReMax Real Estate, has developed award winning online training courses and teaches at the Stringham School of Real Estate,where he has was been honored with numerous teaching awards.
Trustee—Laurie DeHaas
675 E. 1400 N. Mapleton, Utah 84664
Laurie has served on the Walden Board since 2008. All three of her children graduated from Walden.
Trustee—Dr. Thomas Paul Harper
675 E. 1400 N. Mapleton, Utah 84664
Dr. Harper has served on the Board since 2012. Harper has an M.S. in Psychology from Purdue University and a Ph.D in Educational Psychology and from Brigham Young University. He currently serves as a counselor with the Center for Change in Orem, Utah.
Trustee & Secretary—Richard Bobo
3811 Sherwood Drive, Provo, UT 84604
Richard Bobo currently serves as President of The Montessori Educational Foundation, which sponsors and encourages creative and innovative teaching ideas and methods locally and nationally and sponsors teacher training through the Utah Montessori Teacher Education Program in Salt Lake City. Bobo served as Vice President of the Mutual Home Loan Association of Utah from 1979-1985. After spending several years in an advisory capacity for a private school and learning about the educational and developmental needs of children, Bobo started the Montessori Educational Foundation in 1987 and became director of the American Montessori Academy in American Fork, a private K-12 school. He successfully ran AMA until 1997, and thereafter has devoted his time to running the Foundation and to working in the Brigham Young University Neuroscience Center.
Parent Representative—Tracy Camara
Teacher Advocate—Beverly Pecoraro
Non-voting member
Beverly graduated from Brigham Young University with a BS in Sociology, then went on to Western Washington University to earn a Masters in Teaching, with a History endorsement. She currently teachers AP US Government, Modern World Civ, World Issues, Psychology, and a Sundance Film Festival Class. She is the adviser for National Honor Society, Model UN, and Model EU. She also is the site director for the Boys and Girls Club before and after school clubs.
Elementary Director—Dr Lois Bobo
3811 Sherwood Drive, Provo, UT 84604
Non-voting member
Dr. Bobo holds a Ph.D in Instructional Psychology & Technology, specializing in literacy and the psychology of teaching and learning. She has worked in the field of education for 20 years, as founder and administrator of American Montessori Academy (preschool—grade 12) and as director of the Utah Montessori Teacher Education Program. Lois has worked as a primary and secondary school teacher and has been supervising secondary education student teachers and teaching theory and methods courses at Brigham Young University since 1997. She is currently working with Westminster College as a teacher educator.
Secondary Director—Diana West
4244 N Chapel View Circle, Provo, Utah 84604
Non-voting member
Diana West has worked in education for eighteen years as a primary and secondary school teacher and as an instructor at Brigham Young University. She served as Director of Renaissance Junior High School and as a Board Member of the Sundance Mountain Charter School. West was Chief Financial Officer of Utah Film and Video Corporation for twelve years. She earned an M.Ed. in Teaching & Learning at Brigham Young University and is a Ph.D. candidate in Teacher Education and Leadership at Utah State University. Her areas of emphasis include cultural studies and the psychology of teaching and learning. Her dissertation explores developmentally appropriate practice in secondary education.
High School
Phone: 801-655-5889 Fax: 801-704-7076
4266 N. University Ave. Provo, Utah 84604
Phone: 801-374-1545 Fax: 801-374-3397
4230 N. University Ave. Provo, Utah 84604
© 2013 Walden School of Liberal Arts*USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.Home > Schools > Resources > Gallery > Contact


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A Little More Shopping- Rosettes, Stila and American Eagle Denim
Baby and nude pinks are supposed to be big for spring, so I'm glad to have gotten a great pink piece to start the season off right! My second purchase was this pretty blouse from Macy's. I believe it was $25.00. It is sheer, so I'll have to wear a camisole under it. I really like the geometric style pattern. It was in the juniors section, which surprised me. Chloe from The Chloe Conspiracy always wears the "Artist" jeans from American Eagle, which look really cute on her, so I popped into AE today to try them on. I know I've been whining about how much I ate on vacation, but I guess I am OK because I was able to get a size 4 (long) jean, which I've never gotten from there before. Here they are: I don't have a pic of me wearing them yet but they fit great. AE jeans tend to stretch like crazy, so the snug fit of them now is perfect. They cost $39.50 which is great for denim. I also stopped by at Sephora to make an exchange, and picked up this cream lip/cheek color by Stila called "petunia." It's a pretty bright pink/peachy color. I've never used cream blush, but I've tried it on my lips already and love it.
The swatch above shoes the pretty warm pinky color. It was kind of a random buy, but I love it. I will try it on my cheeks this week, and report back!
Other than our little shopping trip (my DH got a few things too), today has been a pretty high-energy day.
I once again purged my closet of older clothes I never wear to donate to charity. Then I cleaned and organized to my heart's content. This is my workout clothes drawer!
I want to actually make a Flip video of how I organize my closet, but it needs a little more work before I do that. I need more drawer dividers too.
I also want to thank each and every one of my readers in this entry for being a follower. Today I reached more than 300 followers, so I'm going to celebrate with a contest. I'm actually not certain what the prizes will be yet...I'll have to take a trip to Ulta and see what goodies I find!
Tonight, I will use my Calrisonic for the first time...very excited!
I also have an awesome Motivation Mondays post for tomorrow.
What did YOU buy this weekend? anything exciting? Thanks for sharing your comments with me!
17 comments :
I went crazy and bought several things I've been eyeballing- online shopping is evil and dangerous for me.ReplyDelete
Hope you enjoy your Clarisonic wash tonight :-)
Your purchases were great today! I really love Stila's lips/cheek color. I saw them today actually, and picked it up, but didn't buy.
Can't go wrong with ruffles and rosettes! I'm always of fan of Stila!ReplyDelete
That sweater is adorable, and the blush color is gorgeous. Sephora can be a dangerous place!ReplyDelete
Love the sweater! I'm obsessed with rosettes as well and hope I can find a similar sweater in Canada!ReplyDelete
I have the Stila convertible in Lillium and love it! The colour you bought looks fab.
That's a great sweater. I wish I could pull off a cardigan, but it's just not in the cards for me.ReplyDelete
There were a lot more purchases made at Target to help get the house better organized as well as a few things to finally pull the bathroom redo together. I'm trying to stay away from clothing purchases as I am doing a huge purge myself. Though I did buy a great new purse!
I hope the Clairsonic is awesome!
Nothing for me this weekend, we were snowed in! I'm really interested in hearing how the Clarisonic works for you. I'm on the verge of buying it too (just gotta get the OK from the hubs). I'm surprised to hear you say that your skin is in bad shape, though- your skin looked so perfect in your vacation pics!! =)ReplyDelete
Leslie- sorry if I made it sound that way, I tend to be a little dramatic. My skin is good. I rarely have big breakouts or anything like that...I moreso meant that my skin tone isn't that good. Kind of uneven and a bit splotchy at times. I have a skin condition (mostly on my body but sometimes on my face) where extreme temperatures and sweat make me break out in little hives, bumps and rashes. I control it with allergy meds, but sometimes I think that is why my skin gets a bit weird. My skin is good, and I am thankful, but I hope the Clarisonic will bring it to the next level and really make it even-toned and glowing.ReplyDelete
Also, I am wearing makeup (MAC studio fix) over my sunscreen in my vacation pics :) I dusted it on lightly after my SPF 70.
Hey Veronika... I know you said you bought the sweater from The Limited at regular price (which is really cute by the way), so that reminded me that I always see coupons for The Limited but I never go there to shop. They have a $15 off any purchase coupon which I pasted below (or more discount off a larger purchase), so maybe you can go back and return/rebuy, or just have the coupon on hand for future purchases!ReplyDelete
here is the coupon linkReplyDelete
I love that sweater i bought one similiar at NY&CO its burgundy .. I think they pull any outfit together lahv's it!ReplyDelete
thanks for the coupon link...I might want to wear it this week though so not sure i'll take it back :)ReplyDelete
I appreciate the coupon, I might use it on another item :)
The Sweater is too cute! I can't wait to hear about the Clarisonic. I NEED something for my skin but I need a good recommendation!ReplyDelete
traci- i really love La Roche Posay products for skin :)ReplyDelete
I love that sweater! I might have to pick one up!ReplyDelete
This weekend I bought nothing! I am saving my pennies for a pretty house right now....at least I am trying.
housewife- good reason to be saving! :) there are some great deals out there right now.ReplyDelete
No beauty buys for me. But I did buy three books. Gillian McKeith's Food Bible, New Rules of Lifting for Women, and the Eat Clean Cookbook. :)ReplyDelete
sweets- those all sound like great buys! I've been meaning to buy new rules for sometime now :)ReplyDelete


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Gear Review
Looks tasty
I have to remind myself to not drink the stuff. Works just as good as Stan's sealant but I wish it cam with a nozzle or even a small notch in the measuring cup that would help pour more accurately would be nice.
View More Details on Effetto Mariposa Caffelatex Tire Sealant


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4N40A33708 LENOVO 2TB 7.2K RPM SATA 6GBPS 3.5 Inches 64 MB Buffer NAS Hard Drive For F Px Series SVR Class Excl Px12-350R. New Retail Factory Sealed With Full Manufacturer Warranty.
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Being a resident in sunny California, one of the first locations most of us here would think about to scuba dive would be the beautiful Catalina Islands. For those who have never been there, you can visit one of the beaches along PCH (Pacific Coast Highway) and take a boat heading southwest.
One of the first things you'll notice is the beautiful view:
Many people also enjoy their ride there on a cruise full of bikini's, pool parties, and alcohol!
Visiting the beach there is a no-brainer. Compared to the beaches from California, you will immediately notice the clear waters and the clean environment. Make sure you try all the seafood joints!
For the best part of the island, make sure you check out all the locations where you can go hiking, scuba diving, or snorkeling. Catalina Island offers some of nature's best views.
For diving locations and more information about Catalina Island, visit: http://www.catalina.com/scuba.html


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8.5 x 11 Seed Paper - Herb
8.5 x 11 White Dill Seed Paper
Looking for paper that screams "eco-friendly"? This dill seed paper is made using 100% recycled materials, and you can plant the paper to grow a garden of delicious dill. The paper composts away leaving no waste behind!
Seed paper from Botanical PaperWorks is suitable for printing on ink jet printers, letterpress and off-set presses. Get more information here on how to print on seed paper and click here to find out how it works.
Return to the main plantable seed paper page for more sizes and colors.
Paper size: 8.5" x 11"
Paper color: White


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This is the best bow square we've ever found. It's the Forked Horn from Saunders Archery and it has an improved design with a 5/16" diameter extension rod that sits on rest as an arrow. There's a swing gauge that folds away and gets out of the way of the nocking pliers so you easily crimp on your nock sets. It's ideal for measuring nocking point location, brace height, and bow tiller.
Click Here to see our brass crimp-on nocking points.
Click Here to see our Flemish string making DVD.
Click Here to see our bow string material and our serving material.
Click Here to see all our strings and string making accessories.


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If you have ambitions to sail the Southern Ocean and would like to be carried around by the Roaring Forties, you'd better not delay too long. According to some new results from a scientific group the winds are strengthening and moving south.
Southern Ocean winds
For the first time, Dr Nerilie Abram, Queen Elizabeth II Research Fellow, Research School of Earth Sciences has led a team which studied data since the year AD1000, and found that Southern Ocean winds are now stronger than at any time in the past 1000 years, and likely to increase.
In the words of Dr Abram to Sail-World Cruising, 'Rising greenhouse gases are causing the westerly winds that circle around Antarctica to get stronger and shift closer to Antarctica. Over the last 50 years the wind belt has shifted south by around 2-5 degrees of latitude, while also getting around 10-15% faster. This is a trend that looks set to continue as greenhouse gas levels continue to rise over the coming century.'
However, the changes will not occur evenly across the year. 'Strengthening of the westerly winds over the coming decades is expected to be most pronounced in the winter months. But during the summer season, a gradual recovery of the Antarctic ozone hole is expected to offset some of the changes being caused by rising greenhouse gases,' she added.
The study has been published in the latest issue of Nature Climate Change.
Antarctica has been warming relatively slowly compared with the rest of the world. The explanation seems to be that the winds spinning clockwise around the continent have been getting stronger, preventing warm air from entering.
In 2009, it seemed that the hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica was responsible for boosting the winds. Dr Abram and her colleagues have shown the ozone hole is only part of the story. Global warming is just as important.
The team reconstructed Antarctic temperatures over the past 1000 years, using an ice core from James Ross Island near the Antarctic Peninsula. The temperatures correlated with how strong and tight the winds are, so they could construct a record of wind strength.
They found that the current strength of the winds is unprecedented over the past millennium. But the surge in strength started in the 1940s, decades before the ozone hole.
So Abram's team simulated the last millennium using eight climate models, driven by actual greenhouse gas levels previously reconstructed from ice cores. All the models predicted that the winds would pick up by the 1940s, suggesting greenhouse gases were playing a role. That may be because the northern hemisphere is warming faster than the south – because it has more continents – creating a strong temperature gradient that boosts the winds.
However, the stronger winds experienced by sailors in the Southern Ocean is one of the milder side effects that scientists are worried about.
'The west Antarctic ice sheet [adjacent to the peninsula] is probably the bit of the Antarctic ice mass that we've be most concerned about for the longest time,' Matthew England, from the University of NSW's Climate Change Research Centre, and a co-author of the paper, said recently.
'If it all melted, that ice sheet could lift global sea levels by 4 to 5 metres, he said.
The full study can be found in the most recent edition of Nature Climate Change


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Dr Stephen Hiscox - BSc PhD
Career Profile
I joined the Metastasis Research Group within the University of Wales College of Medicine as a member of research staff in 1993. I received the American Association for Cancer Research Young Investigators Award in 1998 and, in 1999, attained my PhD and received a University of Wales College of Medicine Senior Research Fellowship in recognition of my contribution to research within the college. After spending a further 3 years within this group, I joined the Tenovus Centre for Cancer Research in 2001. In 2007, I was awarded an RCUK Academic Fellowship to enable me to pursue my research and teaching interests in the field of cancer invasion and metastasis within the School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University. Promotion to Senior Lecturer in the School followed in 2012.
Research Interest
Having previously trained in the field of cancer metastasis, my research interests are concerned with studying how tumour cells develop a metastatic phenotype, how drug resistance contributes to this process and exploring the role of the tumour microenvironment as a modulator of such behaviour. The goal of these studies is to reveal clinical markers of drug response/relapse and clinical targets through which tumour spread can be repressed.
Scientific & Professional Service
I am currently a member of the Executive Committee for the British Association for Cancer Research, a charitable organisation of over 1000 cancer professionals, and a member of the PhD Grants Panel for the Wales Office of Research and Development for Health and Social Care.


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expert advice.unbiased reviews.
How I find the healthiest foods for my family with bare-minimum effort
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| Seating Chart
| Directions
| Parking
| Photo Gallery
| Men's Basketball Locker Room
| Women's Basketball Locker Room
| Volleyball Locker Room
| Sports Medicine Department
| Strength and Conditioning
| Kohlhepp Family Auxiliary Gym
Cintas Center provides Xavier University with one of the finest on-campus arenas in the entire nation. In addition to serving as the home court for basketball and volleyball, the facility features a full-size practice gymnasium, an athletic training room and a strength conditioning room for the benefit of all Xavier student-athletes.
Additional features of the facility include four full-size locker rooms (men's basketball, women's basketball, volleyball and a visiting team locker room), two officials' locker rooms and a media room.
The Xavier athletic teams have taken full advantage of Cintas Center as evidenced by each team's record as well as the attendance figures over the last 11 years. The men's basketball, women's basketball and volleyball teams have been among the best in the Atlantic 10 Conference as each team has won more than 83 percent of its games played in XU's on-campus home. Xavier's men's basketball team has drawn an average of 10,032 fans per game while posting a 148-18 (.892) record at Cintas Center. The women's basketball team led the league in attendance during the 2004-05 (1,466), 2005-06 (1,500), 2007-08 (1,865), and 2010-11 (2,502) seasons and owns a mark of 147-31 (.826) in the history of the building. XU's volleyball team has been dominant as well as the squad has amassed a record of 92-26 (.780) since the 2000 season while averaging over 450 spectators per match.
Spectators also benefit from the many amenities of the facility which include a top of the line media production suite that allows for in-house video of all home events. Other important features of Cintas Center are the 22 luxury box suites, great sight lines from all seats in the arena, a team store and the Joseph Club and Duff's Lounge, which allow for fan gatherings prior to and after many home games.
During the summer of 2010, a new center-hung scoreboard, auxiliary scoreboard, and fascia ribbon board were added upgrading the entire Cintas Center experience. The center-hung scoreboard features 10mm pitch, which doubled the resolution of the previous board. The fascia ribbon, which shows stats, out-of-town scores, score, and advertisements during the game, is the longest continuous ribbon board in the Tri-State area.
The majority of the XU Athletic Department staff is based in the Siemers Family Athletic Office Suite, which is located on the fourth floor along with the Schiff Family Conference Center.
Cintas Center is named in honor of the generous personal support of executives of the Cincinnati-based uniform company. Robert J. Kohlhepp, Vice Chairman of Cintas, is a member of the Xavier Board of Trustees and served as the chairman of XU's convocation center committee.
There are five levels to Cintas Center: event level, dining mezzanine, main concourse, conference level and upper concourse.
An important component of Cintas Center is the Schiff Family Conference Center, a sophisticated, high-tech conference center and banquet hall that can accommodate gatherings from a small corporate board meeting to a banquet party for 500. It provides a new and exciting setting for area businesses and community organizations to conduct meetings, workshops, enrichment programs and academic symposia.
The final component of Cintas Center is the James E. Hoff Student Dining Hall. It includes the latest trends in student dining services, capable of handling 2,000 meals per day. The dining hall will remain fully functional until the opening of the school's newest residential complex that will open prior to the fall 2011 semester.


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|Super 8 Winter Park hotels are provided below. Search for cheap and discount Super 8 hotel prices in Winter Park, CO for your family, individual or group travels. We list the best Super 8 Winter Park hotels & motels so you can review the Winter Park Super 8 hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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He admmited he hit the student, its not about money its about the fact he should not have done it and the school tried to cover it up........ told the student not to talk about it ! Sorry I hit u as hard as I did! thats an apology? what man would let someone talk to his daughter like that? He should have NEVER touched her! And other teachers went to the family and told them not to drop it, he has a history of putting his hands on students.............Guess this goes along with Think before u act!
This is a parent who after going to the school in support of his child felt a letter in the file was not enough to guarantee that this would not happen again to another student or female, she is a well rounded quite normal honor student, with NO prior problems. This is NOT about money, its about not sweeping it under the rug! Its not going to happen, And he did admit it! Shoudl not have happened at all! Good thing he is not teaching the smaller kids.


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24-Hour Attendance Line
(630) 293 6600 x202
Quick Links
2014-15 Kindergarten Supply List
2014-15 School Supply List (Gr 1-5)
Contact Us
Arvilla Currier School opened at the start of the 1994 school year. It is located near the old Gary's Mill School site. It is named after Arvilla Currier, who was one of the first teachers in what would become West Chicago. She taught at Gary's Mill School in 1854.
No news posted
School Hours
Grades 1-5 ... 8:30 to 2:45 p.m.
AM Kinder ... 8:25 to 10:55 a.m.
PM Kinder ... 12:10 to 2:45 p.m.
Items of Interest
WeGo Run 2015
Click here to download the 2014-15 Volunteer Packet in English
Presione aqui para bajar las formas de voluntario 2014-15 en español
Did you know that this web site can speak ten different languages? Hover your mouse over the Translation link in the lower right corner of the page and select the language of your choice.
Currier on the Map
View Currier School in a larger map


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Professional Programs
Here are some programs that have been developed for professionals.
Key Reward
Growers can earn points for every liner they purchase. Points can be redeemed in the Proven Winners store for Professional Fertilizer, Apparel, Plant Food, Point of Purchase materials, Waterwise® and All Natural Gardener's Goods®
Tag Exchange
Do you have too many tags laying around, now you can turn those in for beautiful hang tags that will attract attention and help move your baskets. Make sure you have a round of hanging baskets down on a bench. It's hard for customer to purchase something they can't reach. Switch the container on the bench daily or do a different color everyday.
This is a FREE program which provides garden center owners and employees with up-to-date information so they can assist consumers in choosing and growing Proven Winners plants. Each spring the training program reviews the Proven Winners collection, highlighting new additions to ensure that your employees have the most current and comprehensive information. Get started today, so your Garden Center can be listed first on our retailer locator seen by millions of gardeners.


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Hotels in 46242 - Indianapolis IN
Only hotels in 46242 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Indianapolis, IN for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 46242 hotels and motels so you can review the Indianapolis hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Marion county and area code 317 are also listed.
46242 Hotels & Accommodations
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