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(Also participating in this briefing was Major General Charles F. Wald, Vice J-5 and Rear Admiral Thomas Wilson, J-2)
Mr. Bacon: Good afternoon.
I'm going to make several announcements and then we have two briefers from the Joint Staff. The first briefer will be Major General Charles F. Wald, who is the vice director for Strategic Plans and Policy, the so-called J-5 shop. Then we have Rear Admiral Thomas Wilson, who's well known to you. He is the director of Intelligence for the Joint Staff, the J-2 shop.
Let me ask that you hold all questions until the end of Admiral Wilson's briefing, and then we'll allocate the questions among the appropriate answerers.
Secretary Cohen will leave for Europe tonight. He will arrive in Brussels tomorrow and meet with Secretary General Solana and also consult with allies. He will also go to SHAPE and hold a meeting with General Clark to review the military operations. He is taking with him a congressional delegation that includes Senators Hagel of Nebraska, Levin of Michigan, Lieberman of Connecticut, McCain of Arizona, and Reed of Rhode Island, and Hutchinson of Arkansas; in addition, representatives Buyer of Indiana, Gejdenson of Connecticut, Skelton of Missouri, Spratt of South Carolina, Tauscher of California, and Turner of Texas.
After spending a day in Brussels and at SHAPE, he will visit U.S. and allied air forces in Aviano on Thursday. We may also stop at Ramstein on the way back to review the humanitarian efforts there. Ramstein is sort of a central shipment point of equipment from and through Europe to Albania and Macedonia.
Secondly, as you know, earlier today the White House announced that Macedonian refugees will go to Guantanamo Bay. We at the Pentagon are currently making arrangements. We estimate that the first refugees could be there in the next three or four days. This will be the first of 20,000. We expect it will take about 45 days to bring all 20,000 there. We're currently contracting with civilian air carriers to bring the refugees to Guantanamo Bay where they will remain temporarily while--one, to relieve pressure in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia; and two, to wait for the situation there to be sorted out so they can eventually return to their homes in Kosovo.
Q: How long for all of them to get there? I'm sorry. I missed that. Was it 25 days?
Mr. Bacon: Forty-five days we estimate it will take to get all 20,000 there. Now this clearly is an approximation, but that's our best estimate at the beginning of the process. We could do it in less time; we could do it in more time, but we're estimating 45 days.
Let's wait, and we're going to have questions at the end, okay? If we have questions in the middle, it will take forever, and it won't be very systematic.
Q: Are you going to take general questions after the briefing?
Mr. Bacon: I will take questions until the cows go home.
Q: How about until the refugees go home? (Laughter)
Mr. Bacon: On that note I'll turn it over to Major General Wald.
Major General Wald: I'm going to give a brief overview of the operations over the last 24 hours. I'll start with the weather.
As you can see on the chart starting from your left to right, red is worse, yellow is better, and green is real good. In the last couple of days the weather has improved, and today it looks very good. We expect that to sustain over the next day or two, which is being translated in more operations and more ability for us to execute the mission.
Next slide.
Quickly, from the last 24 hours you can see the targets. Over 30 different targets struck over the last 24 hours arrayed from northern FRY down to the southern part and into Kosovo.
The rectangular box you see in the lower southwest corner of Kosovo is a box that we've been concentrating on for VJ and MUP military actions over the last 24 hours.
The targets have varied from military targets, primarily, all the way down, and that includes the VJ/MUP fielded forces; their fuel, their sustainability, POL, bridges and roads for their lines of communication to encumber them from moving around any more than they have already, and to keep them from sustaining their force. Command and control, and IADS, or air defense, continues throughout the mission.
Quickly, there's obviously a humanitarian effort going on as well. The sustained hope is the U.S. portion of the humanitarian relief effort, SHINING HOPE, will be called the CJTF Command Headquarters. That will be announced shortly.
The missions themselves are originating out of CONUS for the relief. Strategic lift -- both civilian 747 airlift, heavy lift, as well as strategic military airlift, both from California and the East Coast and Dover.
The majority of the strategic lift from CONUS is going into Ancona, Italy, where there's a transshipment point where the supplies are then transferred to C-130 aircraft that will transship that supply into Tirane, Albania, out of Ancona. Expect about 10 or so C-130 sorties a day. We'll get into some of the details later.
Additionally, airlift, strategic intratheater lift as well as tactical lift from Ramstein Air Base in Germany, are transshipping goods into Macedonia, Thesssaloniki, Greece, where at that point they will be shipped into Skopje and then transshipped to the relief aid areas into FYROM itself.
The level of effort to date, as you can see in Albania, over 100,000 humanitarian daily rations have arrived over the last couple of days. There's an assessment team in place in Albania that will then work with the civilian international agencies [sic, Tanker] to ensure the food is properly shipped to the refugees. There's also a Tactical Airlift Control Element there in Albania that will then set up an operation in Tirane to help coordinate the tactical airlift that comes in from Ancona to make sure the airlift is properly coordinated into Tirane, which is a small airfield. It's a fairly bare base. It's not what you traditionally see in the United States where there's a control tower, day/night operations. It's fairly bare base. So TALCE will set up not only a command and control element to make sure the airfield is up and running, but the coordination of the offload of the humanitarian relief aid.
They arrived two days ago.
Into Macedonia itself, there's also an assessment team there, arrived two days ago. They've had about 4,000 HDRs arrive. They have a lot more coming in the future. I'll talk to that in just a second.
But the magnitude of effort overall from the U.S. perspective is about 500,000 tons of humanitarian relief are planned over the next few days into both Albania and Macedonia.
For Albania, starting today we expect another 70,000 humanitarian daily rations to arrive. There are 700 tents being shipped -- those are 30-person tents, Thirty persons comfortably, more if you need. They're being shipped from California. They should start arriving around the 11th of April. Then plans are for at least another 400,000 HDRs to be shipped via commercial air into Ancona and then transshipped once again into Tirane, then off into the humanitarian aid relief agencies near the relief areas.
In Macedonia itself, we're planning for 600,000 humanitarian daily rations to be sent from the depots, from Ramstein Air Base, as well as you can see the cots, sleeping bags, blankets--8,000 sleeping bags and over 2,000 blankets. Then another 200 tents, 30-person tents, will be transshipped from Ramstein into Thessaloniki, Makedonia Air Base, and then up into Skopje, and then forwarded on to the humanitarian bases.
That concludes the operational brief, and I'll be followed by Admiral Wilson. We'll take questions later.
Rear Admiral Wilson: Good afternoon again. It's good to be with you.
This is the functional battle damage assessment. You've seen this kind of a chart before from me. It's our way of addressing the target sets, not specific numbers.
The air defense system is still a functional air defense system. It continues to be degraded. It's a gradual process. I think the last time I was up on this podium we talked about both physical damage as well as suppression. We continue to do both successfully -- taking out early warning radars, a few additional SAM radars and SAM systems, as well as the communications, command and control, that supports the integrated air defense systems. And we continue to show the ability to operate tactically in areas that we need to operate to conduct attack operations in the targets of choice.
We still continue to eliminate front-line fighters, but the MiG-29s are about half down, and additional MiG-21s have been destroyed on the ground since the time of our last briefing.
So I would say that the air defense system is still a threat, and we still continue to be able to operate in it through a combination of physical degradation and suppression.
We see increasing evidence that the command and control, both for air defense and for the army and police, is being degraded and is affecting their ability to operate, although it too is redundant, and they continue to have command and control of their units.
The intelligence capability continues to be degraded as well, as we've conducted attacks against additional sites that are used to cue their air defense systems.
There's been an increased number of sorties flown against the police and the army. We do have indications through multiple sources, including some sources that remain on the ground in Kosovo, that they're suffering increased losses of personnel and equipment. Some of this is in the field. More of it is in staging areas, and we've continued to hit hard at their garrison locations in Kosovo and the area around Kosovo.
In addition to ammo, which we were hitting fairly hard the last time I talked with this group, we are increasing the pace of operations against both tactical and strategic POL storage sites, transfer locations, depots in both Kosovo and in greater Serbia.
So that is having a continued increased effect on the VJ and the MUP or the army and the police.
I think this industry and infrastructure target set continues to support our objectives in degrading the army and the police.
Next slide, please.
I'd like to talk to you a little bit about what I know you're all interested in, the VJ Third Army which operates in and around Kosovo. It's divided up into two corps. The Nis Corps and the Pristina Corps. They're further divided up into brigades -- motorized brigades, mechanized infantry brigades, armor brigades, infantry brigades, which operate or in garrison in Kosovo or in the area near Kosovo.
They're under the Third Army, which is headquartered at Nis. And, of course, they're under the Minister of Defense and the General Staff located in Belgrade.
This chart is designed to show those elements that we know we have attacked successfully and destroyed or degraded or damaged a portion of the force. These are brigades which are garrisoned and operating in Kosovo under the Pristina Corps. If it shows the headquarters block red, that means we have successfully attacked and confirmed damage or destruction at the headquarters location.
These are the symbology for the brigades themselves, whether armor or mechanized infantry or motorized brigades, artillery down here. That indicates that we have successfully attacked forces in the field or forces at staging areas outside of their garrison areas. It doesn't mean we've destroyed the entire brigade or even attacked the entire brigade, because they are divided up into battle groups which operate in the field, joined by the special police forces which are more or less the infantry which are conducting the damage in Kosovo.
This is where we have evidence that we have successfully attacked a portion of that brigade in the field.
The same is true for the Nis Corps. In some cases their headquarters, for example this is in Nis, the 211th Armor Brigade. We attacked their headquarters, but we also attacked some of their forces at a staging area in Kosovo itself, this motorized infantry unit in Kosovo as well as this artillery unit in Kosovo.
Then it's cued to the locations on the map, and you can see the triangles are where military units were attacked in their garrison areas.
The squares are POL. These are more of the tactical storage areas or operating areas in Kosovo. You can see other POL facilities which have been successfully attacked outside of Kosovo but along the key lines of communications leading into Kosovo. The same is true for this symbol here, which is ammunition.
These are ammunition storage facilities here, large ones, which were attacked. In fact there actually were two here in the Pristina area, then a large ammunition manufacturing facility up at Cacak.
This is a helicopter base at Nis which was successfully attacked as well.
The last point I'd like to make on this chart is to really get more leverage out of the attacks on the infrastructure support, the POL and the ammo.
We have begun the last several days to attack bridges along the key lines of communication which lead from Serbia proper into Kosovo.
These four or five red symbols here are bridges, which were either dropped or badly damaged by air attacks in the last two days, and we have other bridges which we don't have results for on other key lines of communication here and here which come into Kosovo.
By successfully dropping the bridges along those routes, we can reduce the through-put potential to get POL or ammo or food or things into the units which are conducting operations into Kosovo itself.
Q: What's a special unit corps? Can you tell us?
Rear Admiral Wilson: It's kind of equivalent to our special operating forces. They have a unit, headquarters unit, which is up in Belgrade, and they have detachments which operate in Kosovo. Some are there now. They also operated there last summer. They, along with certain elements of the police, are some of the ones which have conducted the most egregious operations, both last summer and now, in Kosovo.
This is a similar chart, but this is for the Ministry of Interior Police, which I think you all know by the acronym we use, the MUP.
Generally speaking, these are light infantry-type paramilitary, which are the infantry force to go along with these battle groups in the field. And when you attack battle groups, normally as well, you're attacking these police forces. But in addition to those which are deployed and conducting tactical operations, we've attacked them in their garrison locations which, generally speaking, are on military bases. So the aim points have included army headquarters, the MUP headquarters on the base, as well as storage sheds, maintenance garages and stuff that support the equipment used by both forces.
We've also attacked their headquarters in Pristina and the MUP headquarters and a training institute up in Belgrade itself. And in fact when you-- I'll show you one picture here. These three organizations are really contained in two of the buildings that were attacked last Friday night in downtown Belgrade, as well as two airfields and hangars which support aviation units -- used by the special police.
Next chart please.
Next there are going to be some imagery examples. The clear weather helps us in this regard. Last week we were dealing mostly with clouds.
I think most of you were here when I gave the BDA 101 course after DESERT FOX on Saturday morning, so we'll call this BDA 202, kind of a refresher lesson.
These are the Serbian MUP headquarters in downtown Belgrade and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia MUP headquarters in downtown Belgrade. This is a before picture, before they were struck by cruise missiles last Friday.
The red that is cued here on the "after," for this building and the yellow on the "after" for this building right here.
You may recall that these buildings were completely destroyed by fire, as well as damage which was apparent if you were standing at street level and looking into the buildings.
If you're looking from the overhead perspective, you can see hardly any damage. It would be classified, especially in the case of this building here, as light damage by an imagery analyst that was looking in this kind of imagery.
In fact this building here was completely destroyed. This building here was completely destroyed by fire as well, but the only part that was actually physically collapsed and apparent in the overhead imagery is this wing right here, which is collapsed and destroyed.
But these are the buildings which house those three national level Ministry of Security Police headquarters that I was discussing on a previous chart.
This is the storage depot which belongs to the Third Army, and specifically to the Nis Corps. It's located at Nis. We believe there are SA-6 missiles kept in these sheds, as well as other important ammunition and military supplies.
There was a shed here, which was completely destroyed--you don't even see it--as well as these garages and sheds here, which were destroyed by a precision munition as delivered by NATO fighter aircraft.
Next chart, please.
I know that this is not readily apparent from your perspective, but I want to make some points about attacking forces in the field. This is a cultivated field here. You see here what is probably a storage shed or a barn. This was a staging area for a battle group and a MUP group which were conducting operations in southwest Kosovo. They were attacked at night by B-1s which dropped cluster munitions and other--you can see the cluster munitions patterns here, at this facility. It's not really a facility, it's a staging area out in the open.
We photographed it many hours later, after the sun came up. What you have here are a few tanks and APCs and trucks that remained behind. These were, no doubt, damaged beyond repair and left behind. Others that were probably damaged but not beyond repair had departed by the time these units, this photograph was taken. We have, through other information, that there were significant personnel casualties associated with these attacks suffered by the unit.
But this is the kind of areas, when our aircraft are flying; [we] are able to engage units which are in this kind of an area.
Q: Did you say where this was?
Rear Admiral Wilson: It's in southwest Kosovo.
Q: Near a town?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'd need to go get the town.
That's in contrast to this picture here, which I think most of you have already seen, but I wanted to use it to show the contrast.
This is the town of Glodane. These are tanks; it's a better photograph, but like the tanks and APCs that we saw in the previous photograph. These are ones that would be very difficult to engage with cluster munitions or with aircraft at altitude because they are in the process of pushing people and herding these villagers into these busses to be essentially taken from their village and moved out of Kosovo.
So we look very hard and are trying to find the forces in the field which are engageable, and where we find them, they are being engaged. Where they are like this, and they can't be engaged without killing innocent people, then they're not engaged, because we don't want to make mistakes on that side of the ledger.
But increasingly we are, I think, having an impact on forces in the field, and the impact--hey are certainly feeling on their fuel and ammo supplies for the attacks we've conducted in their garrisons and the supply areas.
I've got some "before's" and "after's." I mentioned the special unit corps; in fact somebody just asked a question about it. This is the headquarters of the special unit corps at the Belgrade army garrison, which is in the outskirts of Belgrade, a nice headquarters building here that was hit over the weekend.
Next chart.
That's a "before."
This is an "after the attack." You can see that cruise missiles destroyed the headquarters of the special unit corps in the outskirts of Belgrade on the Belgrade army garrison.
Q: Anybody in it at the time?
Rear Admiral Wilson: Yes, there were people in it. And we have evidence that there was a morale impact as a result of this strike.
Q: What was the morale impact?
Rear Admiral Wilson: Negative. (Laughter)
Q: Can you describe how...
Rear Admiral Wilson: When you see your comrades killed in strikes in the middle of the night from afar--I guess I'm making some analytical assessments here. We do have some evidence, but it is not conducive to keeping your mind totally on the business at hand.
Q: Did they turn tail and run? Can you describe what...
Rear Admiral Wilson: I won't go into the details on it.
Q: Admiral, since you're on the last slide can I follow...
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'm not on the last slide yet.
Q: Sorry, I'd like to follow that question when you get through with them.
Rear Admiral Wilson: This is the Ministry of Internal Security Institute. This is a location where they conduct, essentially, training for intelligence apparatus saboteurs, people that belong to the Internal Ministry. They go into places like Kosovo and crack down on the internal dissent and their own population. It's a very nice building, also in the suburbs of Belgrade.
This is the result after it was struck by cruise missiles on Monday. We might call it severe damage from the air, but for all intents and purposes it's a destroyed building.
Rear Admiral Wilson: I think that is the last one, and I guess you've already got the first question.
Q: Admiral, I just wanted to ask you, what does your HUMINT tell you about morale and resolve throughout the internal army and the paramilitary forces, the MUP, not only in Kosovo but elsewhere? We know today that there was apparently some kind of a trial balloon or something by Milosevic. It would not have had any impact. Are the troops still loyal, do you think, or is there some question?
Rear Admiral Wilson: We have anecdotal reports that morale is declining, and I think that some of the best evidence is the response to calls for increased mobilization, about the number of people who are showing up to round out various units. But the evidence is very much anecdotal. We're trying to put it all together. I don't want to go into great details for obvious reasons of my business. But we do believe we're having an impact on morale.
Q: How do you know...
Q: Admiral, you mentioned you don't want to go after some forces in the field when there are civilians around, but NATO people are saying that particularly last night there was trouble with troops hiding in the forest and parking tanks. You just couldn't find the fielded forces. Can you expand on that?
Rear Admiral Wilson: Well, it's clear that this army is good at using cover, concealment, and deception. And it can take the place of hiding in tree lines and forests and natural terrain. I believe General Shelton mentioned that some of the key enemies here were weather and terrain, as well as the nature of the forests. Or they can take cover and concealment in urban areas or villages.
Q: How much of a problem is that for you?
Rear Admiral Wilson: It's a challenge. It's a challenge. And you have to use the appropriate weapons and the appropriate attack decisions based on the circumstances which are presented.
Q: Admiral, what is your latest intelligence on what the bad guys are up to specifically. Are they continuing their ethnic cleansing, or are they setting up defensive positions against the possibility of a ground invasion? What are the forces up to right now?
Rear Admiral Wilson: According to Belgrade, they're going to have a ceasefire and pull back. I'm doubtful, but we'll see.
They have increasingly moved the area of first counterinsurgency operations against the KLA and then ethnic cleansing from the northeast and central Kosovo area to the southwest. And in this part of the country up here, and this is, I'm just using this as a chart -- the triangles don't mean anything right now -- I think it's mopping up operations, you would call it. And down here there's continued efforts to cleanse villages and things like that. At least as of this morning that was our information.
Q: Can you cite some examples for us of how you are degrading? Have you seen any of the units stop in the their tracks because they don't have gas? Have you seen them running out of ammunition or food? Have you gotten...United States...
Rear Admiral Wilson: We have evidence of units that had to go into holding operations or holding patters because of shortages of, specifically of gas and ammo. But also we have seen some reports of food shortages. But I think that's easier to come by, probably.
Once again, we get spotty, anecdotal reports because we don't have the same kind of eyes and ears that we had in there when we had the Kosovo monitoring mission on the ground.
Q: But you're a long way from taking down this military in any significant way. You're starting to affect their operations at the margins, but not at the core?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I think we've also affected them at the core. The strikes in Belgrade certainly were a core issue with them, and I think they're being degraded, really, throughout the structure. But we've aimed very hard at the sustainment mechanisms down in the south, and I think as we continue to have successes against the bridges, that will be an enhanced effect.
Q: Doesn't the army and the intelligence, people whose headquarters were destroyed, do they not have bunkers? Are they still in business underground? What's the status?
Rear Admiral Wilson: Where we find those and know about them, we've attacked some of those successfully as well. But I don't want to get into the details of targeting in this session.
Q: But they are functioning, they're...
Rear Admiral Wilson: They're still functioning, but in a degraded sense.
Q: Could you tell us what are the Predators and other UAVs on line, are you getting tape from them yet? And secondly, has the increased instability enabled you to begin to answer the question what's happened to the young men in Kosovo?
Rear Admiral Wilson: The Predators are on-line. The take is a tactical one, which is used at the theater or below level moreso than here in the Pentagon. And I don't have good evidence about what's happened to the young men. I believe -- this is an assessment -- that many have been killed because the number of reports of that are just too overwhelming to be ignored. And I believe that others have probably departed before the Serb police or military came to their villages, to hide in the mountains or to join the KLA.
Q: The J-2 knows of at least one area of an atrocity in Jovic, 34 bodies in a mass grave, and I believe the Balkans Intelligence Task Force has seen this. Can you talk a little bit about that, and what that means? What do you guys do in response to these confirmed massacres?
Rear Admiral Wilson: The J-2, you said?
Q: Yes.
Rear Admiral Wilson: I don't have confirmed atrocities. I'm sure there are. I haven't seen that evidence.
Q: Has the movement of...
Rear Admiral Wilson: But I've been on the run this morning as well, so...
Q: Has the movement of the Kosovar civilians leaving the country on the roads and so forth actually interfered with any operations so far in terms of targeting or being able to go after targets?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'm not aware of any, but I think--excuse me. I'm sure it has. I know there have been times when from the air we could not determine for sure whether a convoy was military trucks, military trucks carrying refugees, or even civilian vehicles, but I can't characterize the numbers and things like that.
Q: Admiral Wilson, will the ceasefire, if there is a ceasefire and if (inaudible) in essence ceases operations, does that simplify or complicate the targeting problem? Does it make it so that they all just simply go into hiding, and you're not going to catch any of them out in the field?
Rear Admiral Wilson: That's really a theoretical question that I can't answer at this time. It depends on really what they do after a ceasefire, whether they pull back into garrison, assembly areas, disappear, go back into Serbia. I just can't answer the question at this point.
Q: Admiral, reports of a ceasefire aside, there has been some reporting over the past few days that Milosevic pay be as close as within a week of expelling all the ethnic Albanians from Kosovo Province. Is the air operation close to a point where it can [stop] that expulsion, or does it simply happen?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I think we've said before that we did not have the expectation of being able to stop ethnic cleansing with an air operation, but to degrade his ability to conduct military operations of this nature in the future.
Q: General Wald, the helicopters, the Apaches going in, we're told now that because they may not be going into Tirane; it may take a couple of weeks for them to get to the point where they can be operative.
If in fact NATO is correct in its assessment, if the ethnic Albanians are out of the country for the most part by then, then what's the purpose of the Apaches? They're an anti-tank/anti-armor weapon, but what are you going to attack with them?
Major General Wald: First of all, I don't think there's been a final decision exactly where they'll go, but there has been a decision they will start moving into Albania. But I would say that it's not a matter of the ethnic Albanians leaving, it's a matter of us degrading, as Admiral Wilson just mentioned, the Kosovo or the FRY army to perform repressive acts on the Albanians. So the idea here is that the mission is not complete for us. That's the commander's decision, and that will continue down that road. So degrading the army is the objective here.
Q: The followup is, if all the refugees have left, will then the campaign continue including using such military, operable weapons as...
Major General Wald: Once again, that's a policy decision. I think that will be made at that level. But from a military perspective, the mission will continue until it's complete and successful.
Q: Can you give us an assessment of the attacks on economic targets? Targets in and around Belgrade -- the bridges, the refineries. And what impact is that having on Milosevic and the Serbian...
Rear Admiral Wilson: The refineries are two major refineries. Both of them were struck. Assessments are still ongoing, in particular the Novi Sad refinery that I think you saw the fire that occurred there last night. I think if the aim points were damaged and destroyed as we believe, it will be out of commission and the Pancevo refinery may be out of commission as well.
On the storage facilities, there's probably more than 100 total fuel storage facilities in Yugoslavia. Some are divided up for the military, others for civilian application. We are emphasizing the military tactical storage facilities as well as the strategic storage facilities. We're not trying to destroy all the fuel, because some of it's in underground bunkers and things like that, but we're going after those things at the storage facility that allow the transshipment of fuel and the movement of fuel from the facility to the military--so pumping stations, risers, transshipment locations for rail cars, trucks, and things like that. We're trying to reduce the mobility of the...
Q: Just to follow up here, what about the power supply to Belgrade and Novi Sad? And fuel supplies for the civilian population? Is this going to run out soon? Is it already being curtailed? And communications, telecommunications, too.
Rear Admiral Wilson: Telecommunications I think are being curtailed somewhat because some of the [inaudible] rails which have been destroyed are essentially dual use, and the military uses civilian communications as well, so they're not ended, but they're certainly curtailed with regard to other kinds of infrastructure targets which haven't been attacked. I don't want to comment on those.
Q: Of the fuel facilities, you mentioned 100. Can you tell us approximately how many of those you've hit?
Also, General, you said there have been more than 30 raids in the past 24 hours. Were those just U.S. or are those NATO -- targets hit, I'm sorry.
Major General Wald: I can start with that.
Rear Admiral Wilson: We've attacked more than a dozen.... The 100 includes all the places for civilian fuel, but for the strategic reserves and the military, more than a dozen have been attacked.
Q: Of the 100. And how about the, you said more than 30 have been hit.
Rear Admiral Wilson: Some of these are small; some are large. We're attacking the largest and most important ones and the ones which are primarily associated with the military and strategic reserve.
Major General Wald: I just want to clarify what 30 is. I'm sure you've heard this before, but a clarification is, a target is not necessarily one aim point, if you will. We've gone through this before, but a target could be a target that takes one attack on it with one bomb possibly; or a target may be a target that has one facility that takes several bombs; or a target may be an area that has several different aim points on it, maybe a munition storage area or a POL area as Tom talked about a minute ago.
So the point would be if you hit 30 targets, that may be 100 or more sorties with several hundred bombs, and that may go on for a period of time.
Q: Were these just U.S., or are you talking about NATO...
Major General Wald: They're a combination of U.S. and NATO. And of course we're part of NATO, so...
Q:... last night, General?
Major General Wald: I don't know the sortie count. They're not reporting that.
Q: Going back to the overall question for the average person out there. You were asked how is this going, and the only thing you could really point to was the shortage of gas and ammunition lines. Then you were asked, well, has anything, can you stop the refugees from going out, and you said you were never promising to stop them. So basically you're saying that nothing is going to be able to be done to stop the flow of refugees out, and you have very little to point to.
Can you explain why the average person out there doesn't look at this and say so far we're not doing too well?
Major General Wald: I think we're doing very well with regard to the military objective that was briefed here last week, which was to degrade the military's capability to operate. It's a large military. It's got redundancy. It's got a lot of capability. It's been, I think, seriously degraded in a numbers of ways throughout the country in the course of this bombing campaign, and that's accelerating since the better weather has returned. They've felt it throughout the breadth of the country.
Q:...newspaper that the bodies of 19 American servicemen are being secretly transported from Yugoslavia to Greece and then in turn to the U.S. Is there any truth to this? And if not, are there any American fatalities that the American public doesn't know about?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'm aware of no fatalities.
Q: Admiral, yesterday the President said that the U.S. and NATO would persist until they prevailed. Today again the White House repeated that the objectives are to achieve a ceasefire, drive the forces out of Kosovo, and safely repatriate the refugees.
Based on your experience, based on what you know from the bombing campaign so far, can this be done with airstrikes alone? Can those three objectives be achieved with airstrikes alone?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'm going to confine my answers to what I see on the enemy side and what we're doing to it.
Q: Admiral, your assessment, as Milosevic's military gets further degraded, do you have any assessment of whether or not he might be headed towards lashing out, and any evidence that the VJ could be moving towards Montenegro or other areas to create destabilization?
Rear Admiral Wilson: We're acutely aware of press reports, and we know of the threats made to Montenegro and the concerns that President Djukanovic has about a coup down there. He could lash out against any of the front-line states. We have our sensors attuned. We're trying to collect information and analyze it. I'm not going to go into any more details about sources, methods, or assessments, but we're on the best footing we can be to detect any moves toward any of the front-line states.
Q: Do you see any movement of Serb military forces in any of those directions at the moment that cause you concern?
Rear Admiral Wilson: Nothing of increased concern over what we have seen throughout this entire two-week timeframe, and we're concerned about it and have been all along.
Q: I understand that 1,200 Marines are being sent into northern Macedonia from the ship, the 24th MEU. Can you describe what they're--they're going to set up a refugee camp up there? Can you describe what they're going to be doing?
Major General Wald: I don't think the final decision for them to be moved in has been made, but if they were moved, in it would be in conjunction with the humanitarian relief effort and in conjunction with the ARRC forces that are already in place. But from the last I heard, that final decision hasn't been made yet.
Q: Admiral, as you know there's been criticism that the attacks in downtown Belgrade were on empty buildings. Today you told us that you've hit some command bunkers. Obviously, this is sensitive information. But given the criticism that these were symbolic attacks, can you talk about what you've managed to achieve? And specifically, have the 5,000-pound, bunker-busting bombs been used in any attack?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I won't discuss the ordnance, and we've heard the same things said after DESERT FOX. But there is a very negative effect on anybody who has their headquarters, their barracks, their supplies, their administration, their facilities destroyed, and that's what's happening to the Yugoslav army.
Q: Are there any facilities, command facilities, in Yugoslavia that are beyond the reach of American conventional weapons?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I won't comment on that question.
Q: You've used the terms "diminish" and "degrade" in relation to the objectives here. How do you define "diminish" and "degrade?" They're such vague terms. And how close are you to achieving those objectives?
Major General Wald: First of all, it's the commander's assessment in the field for what that will be, but I think Admiral Wilson's kind of defined and articulated in a great way the targets that we're hitting and the effect that's having on not only the FRY but the MUP as well.
The determination of specifically what that will be, I think, will be made at the time, both by the commander in the field, and I think it will depend a little bit on how the FRY does as well.
So I would say that in reference to the question, can we perform the mission, from the military objective, which there are three objectives -- the military objective--we certainly can perform the mission with air power, and we're continuing to do that. And we continue to degrade their forces.
As you see from the weather and the sortie count, the OPTEMPO's only increasing. So I haven't seen any indication whatsoever that we're going to start backing off.
Q: Are you close to achieving those objectives of diminishing and degrading?
Major General Wald: I won't comment on how close we are to that. That's the field commander's...
Q: General Wald...
Mr. Bacon: Just a minute. These gentlemen are involved in a military operation and have to get back. Let me take a few more questions, then I'll take more questions after they leave.
Q: Admiral, can you say whether the ROOSEVELT operations began today? If so, what they bring to the operation.
And second, the British said today that they were using Harriers for what they described as search and destroy missions. Can you tell us whether there are any American planes involved in similar missions and what that represents in terms of the maturity of the operation?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I'd like to talk about carriers, but I'm going to lateral to my operational counterpart.
Major General Wald: I can just say the ROOSEVELT is in place and ready to perform air ops as we speak. What they bring is a complement of over 45 strike aircraft with an additional 15 to 20 support aircraft which increases the total number of aircraft in the region from the U.S. perspective up to about 600. They bring a great capability to the battle and they'll increase our OPTEMPO significantly over the next few days.
Q: Six hundred?
Major General Wald: Total U.S.
Q: U.S., 600 aircraft?
Major General Wald: Approximately.
Q: That sounds pretty high.
Major General Wald: That's counting support and everything else, plus the allies.
Q: That's a lot.
Q: The search and destroy...
Major General Wald: The search and destroy for the carrier?
Q: The use of the Harriers for search and destroy. I'm curious as to whether...
Major General Wald: The Harriers will be treated just like any other surface-to-ground aircraft, attack aircraft, the same way we're treating the F-16s with--they have precision on board. The British Harriers and the Marine Harriers and Navy Harriers that will fly in the area will perform conventional operations.
Q: One more time, that's 600 NATO aircraft total for this operation?
Mr. Bacon: It includes allies in that.
Q: Admiral, you talked about hitting strategic fuel, ammunition, supplies. Can you tell us, when these fielded forces go out of garrison, what do they typically take with them in terms of--is it a 30-day complement of ammunition and fuel? And at what operational pace are you assuming that they're working at now?
Rear Admiral Wilson: I think it varies from battle group to battle group. They probably took at least enough for a couple of weeks of operation in the staging areas outside of their garrisons. We know that some battle groups are lower than others, and we don't have definitive information about the remaining supplies. We just know that in many different groups they're low on fuel and ammo.
Q: Do you think they're husbanding their resources, they're going into hiding and they're coming out and operating when NATO aircraft are not flying? Therefore, they're able to, there may be a majority of these fielded units that could actually continue their operations in the way they've been doing for some time now without any kind of reinforcement.
Rear Admiral Wilson: I think they will need to be reinforced and resupplied to continue to operate for the long period of time. And it's going to get harder and harder to do that as we continue to erode the fuel as well as destroy the lines of communication which bring that fuel into the area of conflict.
Q: What's your estimate of how long...
Rear Admiral Wilson: We don't have a definitive estimate on time at this point.
Q: For both of you, please, if you could address for a moment how this operation is more broadly affecting United States military operations around the world. There has been some juggling in terms of aircraft carriers, airplanes and so on, that create the perception at least that the U.S. military (inaudible) in terms of their obligations around the world.
With the THEODORE ROOSEVELT going into the Adriatic--and it was planned to go to the Gulf to relieve the ENTERPRISE--the KITTY HAWK has had to be brought in from the Pacific to cover the gap in the Gulf, and planes in the Pacific have been put on alert because of the absence of the carrier, airplanes from Incirlik brought out of their Operation NORTHERN WATCH duties to play in the Yugoslav situation.
How serious is this? How thinly stretched is the military as a result of this? And this juggling act with the carriers and the airplanes, how significantly does that impact military obligations in other places around the world?
Major General Wald: I can speak from an operational perspective. I think you almost answered the question when you gave the litany of how flexible our military force is. It necessarily isn't an aircraft carrier or an air wing or anything. It necessarily is what the CINC requires for capabilities in that particular theater. So far we haven't heard complaints from the CINCs that I know of that they can't do the mission.
So we adjust our forces as necessary. If an aircraft carrier moves, we can backfill that with aircraft, and vice versa.
So, as we speak today, the readiness of the U.S. military has been not really affected by this. Of course the forces forward deployed will get priority on spare parts and maintainability.
Kind of ironically I think from a readiness perspective, from an air crew perspective particularly, the readiness probably has increased because we're actually doing the combat mission.
So over time it will take a little bit of a toll, I think, but the way we're handling the forces and moving the forces around, we have the capability to cover all the regions as we speak today.
Q: Are you at all concerned that if something should flare up in another region of the world that this--the former theory of the two MRC situation, will you be running around trying to plug up holes?
Major General Wald: Well, as I was corrected earlier, the number of U.S. aircraft in theater is nothing near the total aircraft or military capability we have today in the U.S. military. Even though it's a fairly sophisticated, a fairly large commitment, we still have a significant amount of forces and reserve that can handle the two MRCs, and the Chairman and the CINCs are well aware of the need in that area.
Q: On the relief operation, it's clearly very large, and you're doing it very rapidly. Could you tell us whether before the air campaign started the civilian leadership had told the military to prepare for contingency plans for such an expanded relief operation?
Major General Wald: I guess the way I could answer that question--yes. The answer is yes, because as you know earlier, I think it was mentioned yesterday and previously, there were over a million tons of relief food prepositioned in the region -- some in Kosovo and some in Belgrade, as a matter of fact. So there was preparation made in advance for the contingency of a humanitarian crisis.
I don't think anybody predicted it would be under these conditions, necessarily or to the magnitude. But I would say that the relief effort was planned out ahead of time in a good way, and I'm really impressed with the speed that it's being done right now, and the military's contributing to that. So the answer is yes.
Mr. Bacon: Gentlemen, thank you very much.
Press: Thank you, gentlemen. Come back and see us. You're welcome any time.
Q: Ken, could you tell us why--I don't know if you mentioned it--could you tell us why you're taking all these congressmen and senators?
A: Sure. As you can imagine, Secretary Cohen is committed to congressional consultation. He's been one, consulting with members of Congress before and during this operation. And secondly, he's made sure that his staff and the staff from the Joint Staff has been available to brief members of Congress. He's making a quick trip over to talk both to alliance leaders and also to see troops on the ground, and he thought that some of his former colleagues in the House and the Senate would be interested in coming on this trip, and that's why he's invited them.
Q: Ken, with Apaches and Multiple [Launch] Rocket launchers headed for Albania at some point, NATO is careful every day to say that it would view very seriously Serb attempts, Yugoslav attempts, to broaden the war, for instance, in response to those forces.
What's left to threaten? Is there a new threat against Milosevic if he seeks to go across that border? What's left? He's being hit already from the air.
A: We can always intensify the strikes, and we can use a broader array of weapons in the strikes. But I think that you accurately stated that we have said there would be grave consequences to an expansion of the war, and I'll leave that to his imagination. I think he sees what we've been able to bring to bear on him so far, and he knows that we have many more resources.
Q: So you would intensify the intensification? I don't understand.
A: I think you understand. I think you just stated it. We can always intensify faster.
Q: Ken, what do you have on this apartment complex that was apparently hit last night?
A: Not much. We're reviewing what happened. It appears that a bomb fell short of its target. It was being aimed at a military target and hit a--appears to have hit an apartment building. One reason it could have happened was a cloud interfered with the laser-guided mechanism of the bomb, but we're in the process of reviewing that.
We've said from the very beginning that we will work hard to hold civilian casualties to a minimum, and we are not targeting civilians. We are not fighting the people of Yugoslavia. Quite the opposite. This is a campaign against the military leadership of Yugoslavia that's been used to oppress the people of Kosovo. However, it is a combat operation. There are risks to every combat operation, and those risks cannot be--they can be minimized, but not avoided.
Q: Was it a British, American, some other ally? And how big a munition was it?
A: I don't know the size, I believe it was a 500-pound bomb, and it was an American plane. As I say, we're in the middle of reviewing what happened.
Q: Do you know what kind of plane it was?
A: I think I'll just wait until the review is finished.
Q: I wonder if you could connect the dots for us. You have said, and other Administration officials have said that you're not going to put any ground troops on Kosovo unless it's a permissive environment. You've also said that your objective, or one of your objectives, is to get the refugees back home.
My question is, how can you get the refugees back home without some kind of escort force? And are there any studies underway, planning underway by the Pentagon or NATO to come up with such an escort armed force?
A: First, the President has been very clear about the conditions that must, that we want to achieve. Starting with the military goal, the military mission here is to degrade and diminish his force and his ability to oppress the Kosovar people.
The President has said that our goals using military force because diplomacy has failed, that our goals are one, a ceasefire; two, a withdrawal of forces; three, a commitment to democratic self-government; and four, an acceptance of an internationally, a NATO-led international peacekeeping force. If those four conditions are met, we believe then the fifth goal of getting refugees back into Kosovo to live in peace and stability can be achieved. Those are the dots.
As some of you know, the Yugoslav government today, an official of the Yugoslav government, proposed a ceasefire and a withdrawal. We think this is not sufficient. It does not meet the four goals that President Clinton has outlined repeatedly, nor would it establish a condition that would allow one refugee to return with any confidence of living in a safe and secure environment. So this is not an offer that meets the requirements that we've laid down.
Q: Do you think Milosevic has blinked, though, two weeks after these airstrikes?
A: I think that this offer may be one sign that he's rattled, but we're going to continue to rattle him until he makes an offer that meets our conditions, and he's far away from that right now.
Q: In this Balkan mess, do you guarantee the territorial integrity of Greece in the northern borders on a bilateral basis?
A: Questions of territorial integrity are probably more a State Department question than a Defense Department question. But Greece is clearly a NATO ally, a very valued NATO ally, and as a member of NATO, it has the same Article V protections as every other member of NATO.
Q: What about FYROM?
A: I think that we've made it very clear that we are committed to the protection of the Federal [sic, Former] Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.
Q: Pope John Paul II on Sunday in a homily in Rome was very critical of the Serbs' ethnic expulsion in Kosovo, but he was equally as critical of NATO's bombing, the violence, and he said basically let's get back to negotiations, let's have a ceasefire, which is what the Serbs are saying.
So how do you respond to the criticism of NATO and the U.S. by the Pope and what about getting back to talking?
A: We always take seriously what His Holiness says. The point here is we tried talk. We tried to settle this diplomatically. We did not want to use force. But diplomacy failed, and there was no choice but to try to prevail in our goals through the use of force. It was Milosevic who made that decision; it was Milosevic who brought this upon himself. And I think the blame for this should be very clear. And it's Milosevic who can stop it by meeting conditions that will allow the Kosovo people to return to living in peace and stability in Kosovo.
Q: But no talking can occur until Milosevic concedes those four points.
A: I think it would be foolhardy to allow Milosevic to depopulate an area, to carry out ethnic cleansing on a vast scale, and then reward him by saying, okay, it's all right for you now to declare a peace and to invite people back in who have absolutely no possibility of returning to an area where they have no protection.
Q: Two quick questions. One, the transshipment of the refugees. Will they be flown in, say, C-130s from Tirane or somewhere to Ramstein for instance, then put on board large aircraft?
The second, do you have any word on the three POWs?
A: In terms of the people that we're going to bring temporarily to Guantanamo Bay, I don't know their exact route. I don't know whether they'll be transshipped through Germany or not. That will be worked out in the next day or so, and when we know the details, we'll certainly get General Wald or General McDuffie or somebody down here to talk to you about that. As I say, we hope to be able to arrange press coverage of these operations as well.
In terms of the three POWs, Stone, Ramirez and Gonzalez, they remain in captivity. We believe they should be released, but they are still in captivity.
Q: Do you have an estimate as to how long it will take Milosevic to empty out Kosovo Province of its ethnic Albanians?
A: I do not have an estimate of that, no.
Q: How many ethnic Albanians are in Kosovo?
A: I don't know the full answer to that question. You should have asked Admiral Wilson. He's the man who has all those figures.
Q: Two questions. Do you know why the Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee is apparently not on the list to go with you? And was he invited?
A: He was invited to go. At one time he was scheduled to go. I think there was a scheduling problem of some sort. You'll have to ask him that. But he was certainly invited to go, and we would--there's room for him on the plane, and if he would like to come, we'd be glad to have him.
Q: A second question, I must have missed something. General Wald referred to a second title called SHINING HOPE which he said was the CJTF headquarters that's about to be announced. Can you elaborate on that?
A: CJTF means combined joint task force. It's a NATO construct to set up emergency or sort of ad hoc operations on a quick basis. This is the name of the task force that will be running the humanitarian operation. He said he didn't know where it would be headquartered in the area.
Q: Admiral Wilson said he was not aware of American fatalities. Can you tell us the source or what--any idea where this report in a Greek newspaper came from, that is an account of 19 American servicemen...
A: I cannot tell you. Maybe Mr. Papantoniou tell you. But I will tell you that there is a lot of misinformation floating around the Balkans. I have a hard enough time explaining what comes out of this building, let alone reports that ricochet through the Balkans and may well be based on propaganda or rumor.
Q: So there are no American fatalities that you know of?
A: There are no American fatalities that I know of. Right.
Q: I understand, you can't have been more clear over the last two weeks about no ground troops. What has been hard for me, I want to believe that there's a wise reason behind that of announcing that in advance. Can you explain what the thinking is? It seems like we've played our cards with him. He knows that they're not out there. So what is the reason why we say in advance we're not going to send in ground troops?
A: Look. This military operation is unique in one fundamental respect which is it's an allied operation supported by an alliance containing 19 members. I do not believe, nor does Secretary Cohen believe that there was support within this operation, within this alliance, to get the consensus necessary to deploy ground troops into Kosovo. The decision was made after an analysis last fall, that we could achieve our goals through air power. That's the first reason.
The second reason is that I don't believe there was U.S. support in Congress several months ago -- either last fall or earlier this year -- to send ground troops into Kosovo. Clearly, some members of Congress believe we should have done that and believe we should do it now, but I don't think that if you'd taken a vote in the House of Representatives or the Senate two months ago, or even a month ago, that you would have found support for ground troops.
Third, and I think this is very important because I think there's some fuzzy thinking about the saving aspect of ground troops. Had the alliance made a decision to commit ground troops, we still would have had to prepare the way for ground troops with an air assault on the considerable force levels that Milosevic has moved in, had moved into Kosovo well prior to the NATO attacks on March 24th. He started moving these in under the cover of the Rambouillet talks.
So, on the one hand, while he was stiff-arming the negotiations and refusing to agree, he was on the other hand pushing his forces quickly into Kosovo to increase his combat power there. It is very clear to us now that he planned exactly the type of ethnic cleansing that he has carried out. It's very clear to us that he would have done this whether or not we were assembling ground troops or not. It would have taken some time to move a significant NATO force down into the Balkans and then into Kosovo, and during that time he would have had the opportunity to do exactly the brutal depopulation that he's performed over the last several weeks.
Q: Is there an opportunity now that we've had two weeks experience here for the North Atlantic Council to look at it again and say, okay, six months ago we didn't think ground troops, but now maybe we're getting to the point where we want to do that. Is there that opportunity?
A: There is always an opportunity for the North Atlantic Council to evaluate the situation, and they do that on almost a daily basis at this administration.
The fact of the matter is, I do not believe anybody believes at this stage--I don't believe the North Atlantic Council believes or this administration believes that the conditions yet are right for introducing ground troops into Kosovo. There is still a considerable military force in Kosovo. It is dug in. It has armor. It has rockets. It has APCs. And they know the territory. It's rugged territory. As I've said many times, there are only 14 roads, I believe, that lead into Kosovo, two from Macedonia. It's not an easy place to get into. They have been mining bridges and doing other things that would make an invasion difficult.
It's clear that Milosevic has had one hope and one fear. His hope was that he would be able to cleanse the Kosovar majority, the Albanian Kosovar majority out of Kosovo. That's what he's been working on aggressively.
His fear was that NATO would invade. But had NATO chosen to invade some time ago, it would have taken a long while to put that invasion into place, and, as I said, we would have had to prepare the battlefield with an air campaign similar to what we're doing now.
Q: To follow up on ground troops, what exactly was the purpose of announcing our intentions not to send them and ruling them out at the start, and thus telegraphing our intentions to Milosevic?
A: As I tried to explain, as I think every newspaper reader knows, this has been an alliance decision that's been made over a long period of time. In the course of the decision-making process, we worked extremely hard to achieve a diplomatic solution. Alliances can only do so much. We believe we are much stronger from being an alliance than from being outside of an alliance, but alliances do have to deal with political realities. A decision was made that this job could be done with air power.
Q: Following the question earlier I asked, you didn't really answer the follow [on] which is do you have any studies underway for an escort force or whatever you want to call it, so the refugees can feel safe to go back to Kosovo if that day should come? In other words, is the Pentagon or NATO, to your knowledge, at least planning for that contingency of some kind of an armed escort force?
A: We clearly have plans and have had them for some time for so-called KSFOR, Kosovo Stabilization force. That's what has been prepositioned in Macedonia. I'm not aware of any new planning for an armed escort force that would bring people under protective cover back into Kosovo.
I want to go back to the four conditions that the President has mentioned, that I have mentioned, that everybody in the government has mentioned time after time. If those conditions are met, we believe -- and one of those conditions is acceptance of a NATO-led international peacekeeping force--we believe the refugees will be able to return home.
Q: One quick follow on the three prisoners. Any outside contact, or any contact with the outside world? And do you understand they're not going to be tried?
A: The Yugoslav government has announced that they will be treated as prisoners of war under the Geneva Convention and not be tried, and that they will be released at the end of the hostilities. I'm not aware that there has been any outside contact with them.
Q:...embargo on military sales to Greece for (inaudible)?
A: I haven't looked at that recently, but my understanding is that the investigation is not over. But I will check that for you.
Q:...has been quick to say that the offer of a unilateral ceasefire or the declaration of a unilateral ceasefire is not sufficient. But how confident are you that NATO as an alliance will come to that same judgment? And to what extent are the trips of both the Chairman and the Secretary intended to make sure that some members of the alliance don't see this as sufficient reason to stop the bombing?
A: First of all, I'm quite confident that NATO will come to the same conclusion, and I expect that the Secretary General will have a statement to that effect, will have one this afternoon if it hasn't been issued already.
Secondly, both the Chairman and the Secretary planned their trips prior to this sort of fake compromise that's been offered by Milosevic.
Q: What can you say about the way conditions have changed on the ground for Serb troops over the past two weeks? And what sort of future are they looking at?
A: I think that Admiral Wilson answered that question, but if you want me to answer it again, clearly, we are working aggressively to choke off their supplies, to make it more difficult for them to sustain themselves. And while we're working on the one hand to choke off their supplies, we are going to work more aggressively under the clarity of better weather to attack the forces in the field in Kosovo. So those are the two main things we're going to continue doing.
We have also in the last two weeks worked hard to rock them in their headquarters by attacking the headquarters of the internal police and of the VJ, and we will continue to strike at headquarters close to the heart of the regime and the types of targets that are used to command, control, and sustain the forces in Yugoslavia.
Press: Thanks.


text:
So I'm sure most of you have seen the stories about the first lab grown meat being consumed by taste testers. While those developing this "meat" say that it will be some time before it is available to the masses, it is disturbing to me in so many ways.
First, study after study has shown us that meat is something we need to be consuming less of…not more. But for some reason, we just aren't getting that message out there. Or, people just don't care. I know that in my meat and potatoes town when I tell someone I don't eat meat I often hear "well I could never give up my meat". Fine, don't give it up. But don't deny all of the information out there available to you that says you should consume less of it. We wouldn't need lab grown meat if people would treat it the way it used to be, as a side dish, and not the main course of every meal. It used to be that a family had chicken on Sunday and then it was made into sandwiches for the next day, and the bones boiled to make soup. It wasn't on every plate, in portions twice what a portion actually is at every meal. It would help everyone out there to have a few meatless meals now and then.
Impact to the environment. Researchers say that this lab grown meat will reduce the impact to the environment while keeping up with demand. Well, that's great. Factory farms are killing our environment. Run off from these farms is poisoning our vegetables, and ruining our land and water. Even the biggest meat fan can't look at the wasteland that is a factory farm and say it's good for our planet or our health. Even paleo followers attempt to buy meat that was raised in a different way. But if we're just trying to keep up with demand, then it's obvious that the factory farms aren't, so it isn't like we're going to get rid of them with this lab meat. So, we'll have both and no improvement to the environmental impact…and this stuff has to be grown somewhere, so where will the labs go? Reducing your meat consumption, buying from farmers who farm in as sustainable way is the real way to impact the environmental toll that this takes on the environment.
World hunger. Well, the above article even states that it isn't a problem of supply, it's getting the food to the hungry. So this lab meat isn't going to solve the world hunger crisis until we can get it into the mouths that need is. But truthfully, we currently have enough land to grow enough food to feed everyone. But, the majority of that land is being used to grow food for animals. It takes four pounds of grain to produce one pound of beef. If we were growing food for humans on that land we could feed everyone already.
Lastly, do you really want to eat meat grown in a lab? I mean come on!
This post isn't meant to make someone go vegetarian. If you're a meat eater and you want to stay that way, that's fine. But if everyone reduced their consumption just a little, then the need for this lab grown meat wouldn't even exist. We could eliminate the atrocities that are factory farms and feed lots. The animals that are consumed for food would be healthier, and better for us. They'd also likely live and die in a much more humane fashion.
So, will you eat lab grown meat?

subset: commoncrawl


text: Hi, I'm a new menber of billiard digest and I want to talk to you abou pool in Portugal. I started my addiction on pool a year ago when i started playing in a cafe near my home. Quickly I get addicted and I decided to get a pool table. With a pool table in home, you really can improve your game but i had no one to taught me the secrets of thegme. SO, I start surfing on the net looking for sites about pool. I found a lot of sites, and thanks to my relaty knowledge about english, I could translate the information. I read different sites, saw different pints of view, learn new techinques and drills, speccially on Dr.Dave web site. With online instruction I quickly improved my game.But I want to ask you something. Do you haver played pool in portugal? In here, pockets are small and rail shots are impossible at hard speed. i realise this when I started to see international pool championships where the balls hit the rail and still are pocketed. I will send some videos of my table soon and then you will tell me your opinion about this. Thank you for reading.


text:
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What unnerves me is that they could do better if Leyland wouldn't leave them in the game when they haven't got their stuff that particular day. I guess he is trying to get 6 or 7 innings out of them thinking the team can catch up and all his pitchers will stay in rotation. I would never leave a pitcher out there that has given up more then 2 unearned runs in one inning. Walks turn into runs more times then not. I don't care if it is the 1'st inning and it is your "star" pitcher. He gone. If a standard was determined before the start of the season,the pitcher would know it is not Leyland that pulls them,but they themselves.
Granted: No one should tweet. If you could be momentarily objective,Rhymes was right in his tweet. No player should tweet or speak to the press since the negative is a bigger force. What he said will never be remembered except that like all us fans, - - questioned a managers decision. I like Rhymes as a second baseman but he stands no chance of play at Detroit.
It would be interesting to see a side by side comparison with each competitor. Any one can tout their choice but it would be more affective to show the results.
Will Rhymes looks like a second baseman. I thought he was platooned,overlooked,and spent too much time on I-75 to Toledo. He really never stood a chance as Carlos Giullin was projected to be the second baseman. It is best for him to try a different team and I sure hope he gets a chance. He can get things going as a lead-off man that can score from first. His range at 2'nd is better than most. He reminds me of Billy Martin that can excite the crowd like Pete Rose. He deserves a shot at the "bigs" playing everyday.
Tigers should not come north until May 1. It is just too cold in March and April. Too much can go wrong when it is cold. If they want to start early - stay down south.
Just looking at the comments,I must agree with most everyone. What the Tigers need most right now is a fast lead-off man that can hit .300 and score from 1'st. Tigers have a good pitching staff,but if they are looking,it probably would be a left hander with an ERA of 3.5 or less. Those on the staff that are over 4.0 should be weeded out. The same for those that bat less then .250. The team "needs" to average .270 to win a World Series. If you continue to send inferior stats on the field,you know what the outcome will be. Championships are really(normally) won at the start of the season. Nobody would have bet on Saint Louis last August. Yeah,it happens,but not normally. It is so much easier to manage when you are leading rather then having to do things you normally would not do. It is easier to pitch when you're ahead on the count. That is why the Tiger scouts should really look for pitchers that are notorious for throwing "strikes". The "hit and run" is usually initiated to get something started,but it is no good if the batter is not a contact hitter like Polanco was. These are just a few of the changes I would like to see happen. I would also like to see a 100 game schedule with no inter-league games.
Yep ! You are right, but Morris should be in too. Before any one else though, Pete Rose has been detained for too long. It is way past time to put; (Mr. Baseball),(Mr. Dirt),(Charlie Hustle), the one and only Pete Rose where he belongs - - in the Hall of Fame.
Yep ! You are right.
Yep ! You are right.
It sure did. Especially when he said,"Do you know who I am?" I hope that he can learn from this and get back to what he does best. It is important for everyone to realize that they are not above the law and that it doesn't matter how much money you have or how valuable you think you are. We Tiger fans hope that he can be an asset to the team by not putting himself in these situations,anymore. It will take years to prove that but it can done, just as many others have. He really is the MVP for Tigers but blew it,himself.
The issue is not about teachers being over or under paid. Or, if they are good or bad teachers. The issue is about an economy that can't afford the high cost of education as it is. Taxes come out of the pockets of people that can't find a job that pays. The "middle class" is being eliminated by all corporations and have gone "World Class" which only means that the workers are directly competing for the work. Guess who wins ! Workers have taken pay cuts ,charged more for health care,taken gargantuan losses on 401K's,etc. Believe me,workers do not want to hear elite teachers complain. Education should be privatized as my education is not your responsibility.
I would like to see Branden Inge as Manager. I think he would be a good fit for the job.
I'm thinking, "Dirks" or "Rhymes"
How much,much,much ????????
Looking for speed on the bases that could score from 1'st? Rhymes still is my choice. He is a good defensive 2'nd baseman and could hit .270 + if not platooned all year long as in the past. He has spent more time on I - 75 then on the team. He could be a Billy Martin. As far as pitching for the Tigers I think they need 2 Lefty's that can throw strikes. Like Cliff Lee :)
I notice that not much is said about Dirks, Rymes,Kelly,Worth,and the many other good players that we have seen. All are fast and certainly deserve some recognition. I thought that Below could have been more protected as he was really put in some extraordinary situations. It was a shame to see the Tigers start the season with such a miserable execution. A back-up catcher that can hit .270 is desperately needed in case Avilla gets hurt or needs a break. If George Brett or Mike Phipps is unavailable, maybe Cabrera could lose 50 pounds this off season and play third. Martinez can DH. Kelly on 1'st. Rymes on 2'nd. Dirks in CF, Boesch in RF, Young in LF with Jackson backing up any that needs,along with Rayburn. You can't take Peralta out. He and Martinez saved the season this year and should share the team MVP award. Pitching: Fister,Verlander,Scherzer,Albaqurcci,Valverdie,and Coke did good this year. I wander what will happen with the rest next year. You can't expect to win with high ERA's or a team batting average of less than .270. As banged up as they were,they were lucky to get as far as they did.
Why is it so many are always looking for someone to blame??????? The Tigers are a good team. It doesn't benefit anyone to hear criticism after the fact. You can't look backwards to get to your destination. Support can change attitudes and momentum. Tigers are a good team that has only reached it's potential once this year in September. That 12 game win streak still can happen again if they all can energized at the same time. Look for the positive when all you see is negative or else you will self destruct. Leyland should have a press secretary and no player should be expected to speak with the media. The team need a big lift of support now before it is too late. We cannot lose again .
Tigers are not dead yet !!!!!!!!
What makes you think anyone is better? Because he smokes? Is older than most? Ridiculing is easy, but also ignorant. Be specific in your criticism or join Stir Fry. Those of us that like the Tigers are more interested in winning than hearing the afterthoughts of self proclaimed annalists. Voice your opinion at the stadium and you will soon be drowned out with cheers. Leyland does not deserve your comments.
Yep,It is time the Tigers win and stop choking. 2006 was literally thrown away. No need to think pitching is limited to Verlander.


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10 December 2012
Callum Dow has been appointed the new head chef at Macdonald
Inchyra Hotel & Spa by Polmont in East Central Scotland.
With over ten years experience in the hospitality industry,
Newcastle born Dow joins Macdonald Hotels & Resorts, the UK's
largest privately owned hotel group from his previous role as head
chef at Dakota in South Queensferry, north of
26 February 2014
Macdonald Windsor Hotel, in the heart of the Royal town, is to
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February to further its offer of high quality, value for money food
served in a relaxed and comfortable environment. The AA
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02 December 2013
From 2nd December 2013, politicians, business
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31 January 2014
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Home. Some cats and dogs never have one to call their own. We want to help change that by introducing you to an extraordinary homeless pet every week. Today, we'd like you to meet Shasta, an energetic shepherd-hound mix who needs an owner that will treat her to plenty of activities.
When the 4-year-old dog arrived at the Tuscaloosa Metro Animal Shelter in Tuscaloosa, Ala., last fall, there was reason to believe she may have been someone's lost pet. No one ever claimed her, but that didn't bring this spry girl down.
Though she's a bit timid around strangers, Shasta "has a glass half full kind of personality," says adoption manager Jennifer Earp. "She's happy-go-lucky."
Regular walks and routine playtime is a must for this "very active" girl, but once she's gotten all her wiggles out, she's happy to sit quietly with someone she trusts. "She is content being by the handler's side," Earp says.
This lively dog would be best in a home without other dominant canines or very young children. "She does get along very well with children over the age of 10," says Earp. "She is just so energetic and jumpy so we would not recommend her with toddler-aged children."
Shasta walks well on a leash and is eager to learn. She's also super curious about one other shelter resident: cats. "If they run from her, she will chase them," she says. "But Shasta has never shown any aggression toward cats."
If you think this animated pup would reinvigorate your life, contact the Tuscaloosa Metro Animal Shelter at (205) 752-9101. To learn more about her, visit her Petfinder.com profile.
Click here to meet last week's adoptable pet, Gucci.
Adopt Me! Shasta Is a Glass Half Full Kind of Girl


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Find accommodations in Southborough with the hotel list provided below. Find cheap and discounted hotel/motel rates in or nearby Southborough, MA for your upcoming personal or group trip. We show the best Southborough, Massachusetts motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Southborough area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Southborough hotels.
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text: Politics PoliticsIreland Conor O'Clery on Sep 27, 2011 @ 6:12 AMSep 27, 2011 @ 6:12 AM PublishedWill a former IRA commander lead Ireland?Sinn Fein's Martin McGuinness stands with party colleagues as he prepares to speak to the media during a press conference, after being officially chosen by his party to be the candidate for the upcoming Irish Presidential election, at the Writers' Centre in Dublin, on September 18, 2011.DUBLIN, Ireland ─ A former commander of the outlawed Irish Republican Army has created a political earthquake in Ireland by entering the campaign for president of the Irish Republic — with an outside chance of success.Martin McGuinness, currently deputy first minister in the Northern Ireland power-sharing executive, will contest the Oct. 27 election as a candidate for Sinn Fein, the only political party which operates on both sides of the border.McGuinness has never denied his membership in the IRA, which was responsible for the death of 644 civilians during its three decade-long campaign of violence. He said Thursday he had never knowingly killed anyone but acknowledged taking part in gunfights in the early days of the Troubles, when the IRA took up arms against the British Army.From Ireland: Gay candidate forced out of Irish presidential campaignIn recent years, the 61-year-old Derry man has become better known as an architect of the Irish peace process, which resulted in the disbandment of the IRA in 2008.He is gambling that his high profile and engaging personality will attract a significant percentage of the vote in the Republic, where the left-wing Sinn Fein party is the fourth-largest in the Dublin parliament. In Northern Ireland, Sinn Fein and the pro-British Democratic Unionist Party work well together in the power-sharing executive in Parliament.The former street-fighter and his protagonist, firebrand Democratic Unionist Party leader Reverand Ian Paisley, were pictured laughing together so often when joint first ministers from 2007-2008 that they were nicknamed "the Chuckle Brothers."Paisley has since been replaced by Peter Robinson, with whom McGuinness also enjoys a good relationship.Conventional political parties in the republic have on the other hand refused to contemplate coalition with the former IRA apologists, who commanded only 10 percent of the vote in the last general election.McGuinness's entry into the fray Sunday is widely seen as an audacious bid by Sinn Fein to raise its electoral profile in the republic and to gain retrospective legitimacy for the IRA's campaign.From Ireland: Calling out the VaticanHowever the ploy could backfire as the gloves come off and the two candidates from the current governing coalition, Gay Mitchell of Fine Gael and Michael D. Higgins of Labor, start aggressively interrogating his past and highlighting IRA atrocities during the time he was an active member.Former Justice Minister Michael McDowell said the election of former IRA leader would be a travesty "because the president embodies what we believe about ourselves."The Irish president has few executive functions but is titular head of the republic's armed forces, whose legitimacy the IRA long rejected.Campaigning Tuesday at the national plowing championships (a major annual agricultural show) in County Kildare, McGuinness said, "Both the British Army and the RUC (police) murdered people in my city before the IRA fired a shot, and I was part of a young generation that decided to stand against them in the Bogside, in Free Derry, and I make no apologies for that."If his commitment to peace was in doubt, "I don't think I would have been invited to the Oval Office on three occasions to meet with three American presidents, or to Johannesburg to meet with Nelson Mandela, or to Brussels to meet with the president of the European Union."He said that if he succeeds the outgoing president, Mary Aleese, who is barred from running again after serving two seven-year terms, he would take only the minimum wage of 1462 euros (about $2000) a month, and donate the remainder of the presidential salary of 325,000 euros back to the state.This promise will resonate with working-class voters angry at cutbacks in social services due to the excesses of politicians, bankers and developers that have left Ireland in financial crisis.From Ireland: Ireland takes on VegasIn an Irish national radio poll last Tuesday, in which 22,000 listeners took part via text message, McGuinness came first of seven candidates with 28 per cent, slightly ahead of an independent hopeful, Senator David Norris, and far ahead of the other candidates.Norris, an openly gay civil-rights activist and noted Joycean scholar, has returned to the campaign after stepping down last month over a controversy concerning his former partner.Key supporters left his team when it was revealed Norris interceded with the High Court in Israel fourteen years ago to request leniency for his former partner, Ezra Yizhak Nawi, who had been convicted of the sexual abuse of a 15-year-old Palestinian boy.Buoyed by opinion polls showing that he remained popular with voters, Norris announced Sept. 15 that he would again seek the required backing of 20 members of the Irish parliament or four county councils for nomination.A decision last Tuesday by leading opposition party Fianna Fail to bar its members from supporting independent candidates appeared to mean that Norris had little chance of getting the necessary endorsement. Still, he is fighting hard, and may actually get the required 20 endorsements.McGuinness has been temporarily replaced as deputy first minister in Northern Ireland by party colleague and education minister John O'Dowd.


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Wash U's Student-Run Music Fest KWUR Week Starts Tonight
Rebecca Erde Mykki Blanco and Pictureplane share a stage at The Gargoyle Friday night.
This show is co-sponsored by the Social Justice Center, as Mykki Blanco highlights gender roles, feminism and queer identity through a powerful stage persona. Blanco's presence turns the event into a chance to connect with deeper issues, but Pictureplane's whimsical beats give the crowd an opportunity to get wet -- metaphorically speaking, of course.
The Gargoyle doesn't serve alcohol, ensuring a different context than many might be used to when seeing rock or dance music. With the exclusion of liquor, KWUR week puts the focus where it belongs: the music. The concerts are curated by KWUR, but the committee takes suggestions from executive staff, DJs and directors for different genres within the station. The string of shows is a communal effort to highlight what's happening in and outside St. Louis.
All four concerts are open to the public, but only two are free. Both Klassical KWUR shows, on Tuesday and Sunday, take place at 560 Music Center and are free of charge. The rock and electronic showcases, however, cost $10 for the general public and are hosted by the Gargoyle. As always, anyone with a Wash U ID receives free admission to any event.
Read on for details on each concert and a digital flyer.
Location Info
6445 Forsyth Blvd, University City, MO
Category: Music
The 560 Music Center
560 Trinity Ave., University City, MO
Category: Music
Sponsor Content


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Guest post written by Kelsey Manning (@kelseyMmanning)
Before Thurber Prize winner John Kenney settled in to read a selection from his novel Truth in Advertising, he had a few words for his fellow finalist:
"Dear David Letterman, Please let me win this award. Just this one. We need the money."
It was one of many hilarious moments during last night's presentation of the 2013 Thurber Prize for American Humor. David Letterman attended alongside co-writer Bruce McCall on behalf of their book This Land Was Made for You and Me (But Mostly Me). In the absence of third finalist Liza Donnelly (Women on Men), her husband Michael Maslin spoke about how much James Thurber means to them, especially as New Yorker cartoonists themselves. The pair's first date was to see a James Thurber drawing at the Armory on the East Side.
In the true spirit of the night, Truth in Advertising author John Kenney joked, "My first flight wasn't to the Thurber House or my first date, but I was conceived there." It was easy to see why the Thurber Prize judges—Meg Wolitzer, John Searles, and Henry Alford—were so taken by the wit in Kenney's debut. (more…)
New Career Opportunities Daily: The best jobs in media.Add a Comment


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Discussion in 'Italy: National Teams' started by Italy08, Jun 28, 2012.
I just hope we don't get embarrassed again by Spain.
This is a glorified freindly tourney If I am Prandelli I would bring as many Young guys as possible and give a much deserved rest to guys like Pirlo, Marchisio, and Buffon I would rather have them healthy in 2014
I was just thinking the same thing about Pirlo. Thee is no disputing his class but he needs a break.
non vinceremo un cazzo...
This is the national team version of the old club Cup Winners Cup which no one cared for.....its no wonder they got rid of it....
I did not realize that the Euro U21 tourney is going on at the same time so maybe Prandelli will have a hard time bringing in young players. I tell ypou I will be following that tourney more than the Confed Cup
I agree. Considering all the foreigners in the Serie A, he might also have a hard time finding a "B" squad who has national team quality. I mean you have two sets of players, middle of the road average players who could probably never make or aren't good enough for the national team and then the best of the lot who could play for their countries. With the youth guys involved in the U21, then there isn't many spots to go around.
maybe Cannavaro will get called up.
Wonder if El Shaarawy will play for U21 or national team?
True there are a lot of foreigners in Serie A, But it is not as bad as the Premiership
ill watch the confed cup as i love international football but I couldnt give a flying ******** about it or friendlies. Look at our record in friendlies this year and look what we did at the euro. Coming into it we were demolished 3-0 by russia yet we made the final. Confed cup is a mickey mouse tournament we're a true tournament team and get it right when it matters. After our great euro cup performance bar the final ill never doubt us ever again.
Considering the national team only plays maybe 5-6 games in a full calendar year, I think playing more games together can only be helpful in cohesion of the team. It seems regardless of the Euro and WC finals, Italy always seems to lack a certain style of play that I believe is needed when it comes to crunch time. I'm not saying they won't advance in a tournament but maybe if the national team played together more often, they would develop team chemistry and wouldn't have to always go to pk's or for that matter, lose to a Spain 4-0? Just my opinion.
Italy usually has many juve players so i dont know how much cohesion gets affected I think it comes down to the formation and style a coach wants to play.
This is true although Juventus currently doesn't really have an all out national team striker. Quagliarella is a good one but I'm not sure about him on the national team.
Quags is hot and cold like very hot and cold...
italy always has cohesion you dont win the cup 4 times and be the 2nd best ever without it.
No not always. For starters, two of those World Cups were over 70 years ago. Back to modern times, I feel if they had more team cohesion, they would have won easily in 1990, 94 & 98 but each time they bowed out on pk's. The team lacked skill and unity in the 1974, 1986 and 2010 WC nor IMHO were they impressive in 2002 either. The same can be said for the 1996 & 2004 Euro cup team as they were horrible and they failed to qualify for the Euros in 1992.
I honestly think he's your best striker second only to Balotelli. Shame Giuseppe Rossi got injured.
this is a great group....u dont want an easy group...its great practice for the team to play quality opposition...even Japan is a pretty good team with Zacheroni so im looking forward to it.
I disagree buddy. 1990 Italy definitely had cohesion and were one of the best teams if not the best team at the tournament. 1994 we were allover the place I agree. 1998 our game plan was simple keep it tight at the back and counter attack. 1996 and 2004 I agree but we had a little bad luck as in 96 played the czech's with ten men and went out on h2h record. 2004 trap was just a dickhead going defensive against sweden and we copped a late zlatan goal. Still only just missed out. Forget 2010 that was just a joke with a moron living in the past at the helm we didnt have the cattle there. I cant comment on 74 and 86 because I wasnt even born then too young lol.
Yeah I loved all of those teams but other than Baggio & Schillaci in 1990, we never dominated on the front line. Giving Maradona a chance to play at Napoli in front of his home fans losing to Argentina was another joke. Scoring for Italy though IMHO, has always been a problem and I've never seen Italy dominate and/or win a game 4-0 (as Spain did) in either a WC or Euro Cup tournament. I'm thinking playing together more often will definitely help the cohesion of the attack. Strictly my opinion but I think its a valid one. Bottom line, you don't score , you don't win or you bow out on pk's and Italy is proof of that losing 4 0ut of 6 times.
Italy could've killed Germany 4-0 in this past euro if marchisio, di natale and diamanti would've finished their chances. Problem with Italians is the emotional part that they cant control their excitement and on the reverse side when they go down they cant make a come back. I made a thread about this, it seems like when Italy goes down 1-0 or 2-0 best they can do is tie the game, i have rarely seen a great comeback win from Italy NT
yep weve always struggled goal wise and never smash teams. it annoys me too. even when we dominate like we did against germany at the euros all we did was win 2-1. should have been 4 or 5 nil.
I do agree but it must be noted in world cups not many of the big teams at least in recent history since 1990 have good come back wins or even win when going behind. I can hardly think of any. The thing is they hardly fall behind in the first place and in most games at the cup once you go behind youre pretty much finished. Germany in 2010 didnt have any come back wins. In 2006 they won from behind but only on penalties vs Argentina. 2002 they never went behind and when they did vs brazil stayed behind in the final. 1998 2-0 down vs Yugoslavia managed a 2-2 draw. 1994 drew with spain dowon 1-0 at half time. The thing is they managed to just draw not actually win. Brazil is probably the only exception but even still in recent history have won 3 games at world cups from behind with wins against turkey and england 2002 and japan 2006.
Our only win from behind at a world cup since 1990 was beating nigeria 2-1 in 1994 { with ten men } and if you want to count the final vs france on penalties which finished 1-1. The same goes for many other big nations or nations in general. The odd come back here and there but mostly just drawn games when going from behind at best.
forgot to mention that yeah two of those world cups were a long time ago but that doesnt matter. They still count. Does that mean in 2040 or so that brazil's world cup wins in 58, 62 and 70 dont count? It doesnt work like that. in 50 years take away spains recent success then. Time doesnt erase accomplishments.
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Friday Dec 21, 2012
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Tuesday Dec 11, 2012
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By Paula Speranza-Hadley on Dec 11, 2012
This post is to provide some useful information about the tools typically used by Oracle ETPM implementations for performance tuning and analysis. This includes tools to monitor and gather performance information and statistics on the Database, Application Server, and Client (browser). [Read More]
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