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- Category: The Commissioner's Office
Editor's Note: This is the fourth and final instalment in a series on running a salary cap fantasy league. See the pros and cons of cap leagues, an examination of different types of caps and also on determining your cap limit.
When the NHL owners finally achieved their long sought-after "cost certainty," they thought the system was bulletproof. Predictably, however, it wasn't long before savvy agents and innovative GMs started exposing loopholes and finding ways to circumvent the spirit of the system. Monster contracts that extend well into normal retirement years are just one example, allowing teams to achieve a lower cap hit in the present, knowing that players like Ilya Kovalchuk, Roberto Luongo, Marian Hossa and others will likely be long gone from the NHL scene before their deals expire. (Expect the new CBA to close up that loophole nice and tight.)
As we've seen in this series, salary caps are complex beast. Adding a salary cap to your fantasy league brings with it a myriad of issues that aren't in play in a non-cap league, both for managers and commissioners.
As commish, your job is to think through the implications of your rules, and nip any problems in the bud – preferably before they happen. Don't be caught by surprise! Here are a few things to consider as you set up your cap league.
Cap Relief
While we'd all prefer to coast through life without regrets, mistakes happen. In the NHL, it's not easy for a team to get out from under a bad contract, but it can be done – whether it's the Wade Redden method of burying a player in the minors, or the Alexei Yashin strategy of choking down a nasty buyout.
Likewise, you'll want some "out clauses" in your league rules. This is especially crucial when you're using NHL salaries, as fantasy teams can easily have their salary structure thrown out of whack when desperate NHL GMs get caught up in the annual free agent frenzy and sign a third liner for first line money (*cough* Leino *cough*).
I'm an advocate for a summer escape clause that allows fantasy teams to drop a player without penalty before any season in which that player starts playing under a new contract. This gives your GMs the opportunity to evaluate new contracts and determine if the value makes sense for their squad, rather than forcing them to shuffle their roster to accommodate a contract that they don't want. They may not always exercise this option, as no one likes giving up an asset for nothing, but in some cases it will be preferable to swallowing an unpalatable contract.
You will likely also want some form of a traditional buyout, in which teams can release players but remain liable for part of their cap hit for a certain period of time. The amount of the ongoing cap hit may depend on whether that player gets picked up by another team in the league.
Tracking the Cap
Cap tracking is a major issue – and potentially a major headache. A site like Fantrax makes things easy if you're using NHL salaries, as it has built-in salary cap capability and won't allow teams to dress a line-up that violates the cap. However, if you're using a site that doesn't track salaries, or if you're not using real NHL numbers, you're on your own as far as tracking salaries goes.
If you're tracking the numbers manually, you'll want to build a spreadsheet with a worksheet for each team's roster. But setting it up is the easiest part. The real task is keeping it up-to-date over time. During the summer, every transaction is going to have to be reflected in your spreadsheet. If a player goes on IR and his contract ceases to count against the cap for a time, this will have to be factored in. If a player is bought out by one team and picked up by another, his salary will have to be split up according to your rules. A watchdog will have to keep an eye on everyone's roster to look out for cap violations. And each summer you'll have to do a full update based on all the new contract data.
As you can see, it's no small undertaking. The commissioner may not always be the best person for this task, especially if you're not a numbers guy. Instead, you may look to give these duties to another member of your league (or for a large league, to a committee of 2-3 GMs).
Hopefully it will never occur, but you need to be prepared to deal with any cap violations before they occur. Nothing tears apart a league like determining discipline issues on the fly.
Again, if you use a site like Fantrax, this may not be a concern. Teams aren't able to ice rosters that violate the cap, so the punishment for doing so is automatic – their team simply won't accumulate any points for as long as they are in violation.
It's less straightforward when you are tracking the cap manually. If a team is found to be in violation, there are a number of possible sanctions, such as deducting points in the standings, docking draft picks, etc. Whichever way you choose to enforce the cap, make sure that everyone knows the rules ahead of time, so there's no room for controversy when it comes time to lay down the hammer.
What other complications have you seen arise in cap leagues? Do you have any advice for a commish setting up a cap league for the first time?


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Calhoun Community College is a comprehensive community college with an enrollment of more than 10,000 students. Classes are taught day, evening, and weekends on the Decatur and Huntsville/Research Park campuses, and several off-campus sites. In addition, multiple forms of distance education are offered. At Calhoun, we are more than just a team of employees, we are a family. We invite you to look around our website and get a feel for who we are and we welcome you to begin the process for becoming part of our family.
Calhoun Community College is an equal opportunity employer. It is the official policy of the Alabama Department of Postsecondary Education, including postsecondary institutions under the control of the State Board of Education, that no person shall, on the grounds of race, color, handicap, gender, religion, creed, national origin, or age, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program, activity, or employment. Calhoun Community College will make reasonable accommodations for qualified disabled applicants or employees. The College reserves the right to withdraw job announcements at any time prior to the awarding.
Calhoun Community College is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (1866 Southern Lane, Decatur, GA 30033-4097. Telephone number 404-670-4501) to award Associate Degrees and Certificates.
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PerfumeFriday, December 29th, 2006
Perfume is no stinker! Read on:
Cinema was designed to appeal to certain senses, our visual capacities most obviously. Eventually, audiences were able to savor the deep hues that resulted from technical leaps like Technicolor and, of course, our aural sensibilities were also soon challenged with the advent of sound. But despite the attempts of lower-end Hollywood hucksters to further broaden cinema's ability to play on our sensations (with processes like Smell-O-Vision, for example), the other senses — taste, touch, and smell — have yet to be cracked at the movies.
And that no doubt served as one of director Tom Tykwer's greatest challenges when adapting for the screen, along with his fellow scripters Andrew Birkin and Bernd Eichinger, Patrick Süskind's bestselling 1985 novel Das Parfum. Just how do you get across that sensation of smell, of scent, of odiferous odor, of amoral aroma that is so important to the central character of this tale? Interestingly, Tykwer (Run, Lola, Run) manages to achieve this goal, more or less, through his use of those very same elements that have been available to filmmakers for decades: color, sound, and even editing.
Unknown actor Ben Whishaw stars as Jean-Baptiste Grenouille in this internationally produced, English language picture (which is receiving a limited theatrical run in the U.S. courtesy of DreamWorks). The story of Jean-Baptiste, from birth to death, begins in 18th century Paris, where his mother literally gives birth to him while working at a fish market in a particularly heinous and poverty-stricken part of town. This early scene in the film, with the dirty, hateful mother laying among the detritus of the market — fish heads and guts and the such – as the child is born, and just as quickly discarded, is the first indication of how the director is going to be conveying the smells of the film. Quick cuts to the various sights that surround the abandoned infant — in this case, all of the grotesque variety — practically make the viewer think they can whiff rotten fish in the theater.
The reason why smell plays so importantly in the story goes beyond the title of the film. As Jean-Baptiste grows to adulthood in a very tough existence that sees him narrowly avert another attempt on his life in an orphanage, only to then be sold into servitude in the harsh trade of a tannery, we learn that his nose knows no bounds. It is the chief instrument by which he navigates through life, and apparently the only way he can enjoy reality. Let's put it this way: If he were in the X-Men, his mutant power would be super-sniffery.
Click on the link below to read the entire article:
Perfume Movie Posters
View the trailer
Coming Soon: in limited release


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Wright State University Staff Council Minutes
Wednesday, May 25, 2005
Present: Council Members: Linda Dunbar, Mary Healea, Joyce Howes, Jennifer Rice, Daisy Stieger, and Susan Wehmeyer.
Others: Allan Boggs, Keith Ralston, Bill Rickert, and Robert Sweeney
The WSU Staff Council met on Wednesday, May 25, 2005 , at 2:30 p.m., in Room 248 University Hall.
1. WSU Budget Overview
Keith Ralston, Associate Vice President for Budget Planning and Resource Analysis, handed out copies of the Budget Overview for 2004-05, which had been presented to the Board of Trustees on May 19. He briefly went over the document pointing out several items:
Fiscal Year 2005 will end on a good note for WSU on June 30, 2005 . Enrollment was higher than last year. While student credit hours were behind forecast, the mix of undergraduate, graduate and out-of-state student enrollments brought higher tuition revenue. Expenses for the year were reasonable; and the budget will end the year with a small surplus.
Only ten percent of Ohio 's General Fund Budget for FY 2006 will be allotted for higher education. This percentage has been dwindling, especially since 2001. WSU has had to steadily increase tuition. The Board of Trustees is being asked to approve a 6% increase in tuition for graduate, undergraduate Main and Lake Campus , and School of Professional Psychology students for 2005-06; while a 12% increase for School of Medicine tuition is being recommended. WSU's projected tuition for Fall 2005 is still the lowest amongst peer state universities in Ohio.
Following a pattern of steady decline for the past ten years, the State Capital Funding Bill provided WSU $9M in the most recent biennium to be used for building, repair, and renovation of buildings. This comes at a time when older buildings are showing more wear and tear; and when we are trying to plan for higher enrollment.
WSU's goal is to link the Operating Budget to the Strategic Plan by maintaining a diverse enrollment, managing expenditures, and continuing to attract higher enrollments. WSU expenditures for undergraduate students were 12.6% below the state average in 2004. Though this is good, we have to be careful that cost efficiency doesn't damage the quality of education at WSU.
One future initiative is to consider new dining service strategies to examine the current high prices of food at WSU; and possibly a bid other than Sodexo when their contract ends.
July 2006 starts the first year of a new State Operating Budget Biennium. Modest salary increases are planned for WSU employees.
Bill Rickert pointed out that personnel compensation, which includes salary plus benefits, is 66% of WSU's unrestricted expense budget.
Bill also said that the budget had come up a great deal in the faculty collective bargaining negotiation meetings. It was asked why our tuition is so much lower than other state universities. One reason given was that WSU continues to be of service to the community by making education affordable to lower income families in the area.
2. Health Insurance
Allan Boggs, Assistant Vice President for Human Resources, said that United Health Care does have an agreement with Premier Health Partners, which includes Miami Valley and Good Samaritan Hospitals . WSU is negotiating with United Health Care and Anthem, and may be able to offer a choice of either company to employees for 2005-06. This would mean that there would need to be an open enrollment in June along with vendor presentations, and another one at the end of year for 2006. A general broadcast memo would go out to employees as soon as possible.
Allan said that the FLSA and PNG projects are still going on and are running on time.
3. Staff Development Day
Robert Sweeney, Director of the Kettering Center for Continuing Education, discussed the Staff Development Days that were held in December 2004 and March 2005. He said they had good attendance with 300 at the lunches; were well accepted and a morale builder for staff; and they were an important gesture to staff from the administration.
The planning group for this project should include some previous members along with new members for continuity. They would be called together to decide if we need a third staff development day in the summer; which dates of the year would work out the best; location of future ones, etc.
There was general agreement that staff development days be held in June and December on Fridays. They could be announced in the Fall Quarter with other ongoing training opportunities. This will be discussed further at the June 8 meeting.
1. It was asked if partial scholarships lost some of their value as tuition was increased.
Bill Rickert said that WSU's relatively lower tuition has the same financial impact as a scholarship. Scholarships only lose value if they don't attract quality students. These are academic and not need-based scholarships.
2. It was asked if there would be an early retirement option available any time soon.
Bill Rickert said that there would NOT be an early retirement offered any time soon.
The meeting was adjourned at 4.00 p.m.
The next meeting of the WSU Staff Council will be held on Wednesday, June 8, 2005 , at 2:30-4:00 pm , in Room 267 University Hall.


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Festival fashion: Fringe, denim and color
From camping out to dancing for days under the hot sun, music festivals are not for the faint of heart. Whether you're planning on chilling at Bonnaroo or rocking out at Coachella, you'll need easy, no fuss fashion that still shows off your sense of style. Here, some of our top picks. -- Compiled by Brianna McMahon
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Ivo Rammel, 76
Ivo J. Rammel, 76, of West Union, died Tuesday, Dec. 11, 2012, at Heartland of Portsmouth Nursing Home. Funeral Mass will be held at the Holy Trinity Catholic Church on Saturday, Dec. 15, 2012, at noon under the direction of Thompson-Meeker Funeral Home. Interment will follow in Schmidt Family Cemetery following cremation at the convenience of the family. Friends may call from 10 a.m. until noon at the funeral home the day of the service.
Faye Lake Maillard, 93
Faye Lake Maillard 93, of Russell Ky., died Monday, Dec. 10, 2012, at Oakmont Nursing Home in Flatwoods, Ky. Graveside funeral service will be at 1:30 p.m. Thursday, Dec. 13, 2012, at Bellefonte Memorial Gardens in Flatwoods, Ky. Friends may call Thursday from 11 a.m. until 1 p.m. at Wright's Funeral Home in Greenup, Ky.
Flossie Doolin, 92
Flossie Marie Doolin, 92, of Ironton, died Monday, Dec. 10, 2012, at Sunset Nursing Center in Coal Grove, Ohio. Graveside services will be 12:30 p.m. Thursday in Woodland Cemetery. There will be no public visitaton. Phillips Funeral Home Ironton is in charge of the arrangements.
David Beam, 64
David Harlan Beam, 64, of West Union, Ohio died Monday, Dec. 10, 2012. A gathering of friends and family will be held on Saturday, Dec. 15, 2012, from noon until 2 p.m.with a Celebration of Life service to be held at 2 p.m. at Lafferty Funeral Home in West Union.
Connie Sue McLucas, 64
Connie Sue McLucas, 64, of West Portsmouth, died Friday, Nov. 30, 2012. There were no services, and arrangements were handled by Daehler Crematory in Portsmouth.
James Richard Garthee, Sr., 91
James Richard Garthee, Sr., 91, of Greenup, died Monday, Dec. 10, 2012, at Our Lady of Bellefonte Hospital in Russell. Carman Funeral Home has be entrusted to handle funeral services which be held on Thursday, Dec. 13, 2012, at 1 p.m. at the Greenup Presbyterian Church in Greenup, Ky. Interment will follow services at Brick Union Cemetery. Friends may call Thursday after 11 a.m. until service time at the Church.
Janis Hines, 88
Janis Elizabeth Hines, 88, of Waverly, died at her residence Dec. 10, 2012. Arrangements are under the direction of the Cox Burkitt Funeral Home in Beaver with visitation scheduled for Thursday, Dec. 13, 2012, from 5 p.m. until 8 p.m. at the funeral home. Funeral services will be held at 11 a.m. on Friday, Dec. 14, 2012. Interment will follow in the Beaver Union Cemetery.
Mabel James, 83
Mabel Mason James, 83, of Seaman, Ohio died Sunday, Dec. 9, 2012, at Eagle Creek Nursing Center in West Union. The funeral service is Thursday, Dec. 13, 2012, at 2 p.m. at Countryside Church of Christ in Seaman under the direction of Lafferty Funeral Home of West Union. Interment is in Manchester Cemetery. Friends may call from noon until 2 p.m. at the church.


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Women in Science
Women Still Face Science CeilingA new report from the National Academy of Science and associated institutions analyzes
Six Snubbed Women in ScienceSomeone (if only I could remember who!) recently linked this 2013 NatGeo article: 6 Women
Women and the Discourse of Science
Hidden hurdle for women in scienceWomen shy away from fields in which talent, not hard work, is thought to be key, survey suggests.
Beyond Emmy and Sophie: Resources for Learning about Women in MathToday is Ada Lovelace Day, an international celebration of women in science, technology
Women and minorities still face uphill struggle in UK scienceCampaign group suggests 'quick wins' to begin levelling the playing field.
Women in Geoblogging IV: People-Snatching Pterosaurs! Fossils! Argo Floats! Plus #SciArt!I've got more Women in the Geoblogosphere goodness for ye today, my darlings! Settle in for science!
Why the Engineering, Computer Science Gender Gap PersistsIsolation, subtle discrimination and inherent gender differences could be keeping women underrepresented in the "hard" sciences and tech
Women Are Earning Greater Share of STEM Degrees, but Doctorates Remain Gender-SkewedWomen are more likely than men to withdraw from science
Women Physicists Keep Female Students PsychedAt the West Coast Conference for Undergraduate Women in Physics, 170 female students gathered
Motherhood, Not Discrimination, May Account for the Gender Gap in Tenure-Track Science JobsFamily responsibilities, not discrimination, may explain why fewer women than men pursue tenure-track jobs in science
Why Aren't More Women Tenured Science Professors?A new government study surveyed top-tier research universities to see how women were faring in the largely male-dominated fields of math and science
In business as in science, prejudice holds women backInvestors favour pitches from men, and recruiters assume that male applicants are better at maths.
Women Apologize More Frequently Than Men DoResearch confirms that women tend to apologize much more frequently than men do, but there's
Women's Response to Alcohol Suggests Need for Gender-Specific Treatment ProgramsA new study underscores that the physical consequences of alcoholism appear faster and are more severe for women than for men
Advocating WomenWhy should women be encouraged to pursue science? The arguments keep changing
Sparks to Science, Math and Tech Careers Differ among Sexes
Tinkering and reading found to spark men's interest in STEM, whereas education and outdoors influence women
Royal Society Runs Science Women Wiki MarathonThe Royal Society is looking for volunteers create or enhance entries on female scientists, mathematicians and engineers. Karen Hopkin reports
On the lack of women in science: Numbers do matterThere is an excellent article on the lack of women in science in the NYT by Eileen Pollack which


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10.00 to 17.45 daily10.00 to 22.00 Fridays
This is an illustration from my current MA project of illustrating J.R.R. Tolkien's songs and poems. It is inspired by the song "Far Over the Misty Mountains" in The Hobbit. My style is inspired mostly by both paper-cut and stained glass, with which I believe can capture the spirit of the poetry and leave the audience some room for their own imagination. The black part of this image was created digitally, and later combined with a layer of watercolour texture.


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Not Just for the Birds
Sometimes when we get trendy, we worry about how the photos will translate decades down the road. Grunge took a plunge, disco did in fact die and we worked out the kinks after smoothing our giant permed hair. But there's a timeless style that just flew into … Continue Reading ››


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Rio Tropical F/I Fly Line
RIO's general purpose, tropical saltwater fly lines are designed for anglers that fish in warm climates, and feature short, powerful front tapers to easily cast large flies. Each Tropical F/I line is a floating line with 10 ft, clear intermediate sink tip that's built on a medium stiff core. Slightly heavier than standard lines for easy loading Tropical core with a hard, saltwater coating AgentX and XS technologies for the ultimate in performance Welded loops on both ends for fast rigging
Weight 0.5 Ship Days in 3-5 days Base Image /R/i/Rio-Tropical-Saltwater-WF7F-I-95FT-Clear-Tip-Sea-Grass_7.jpg Line Weight Length Head Weight Head Length Sink Rate Color Price WF7F/I 100ft 30.5m 265 40.5ft 12.3m Clear Tip/Sea Grass $79.95 WF8F/I 100ft 30.5m 310 40.5ft 12.3m Clear Tip/Sea Grass $79.95 WF9F/I 100ft 30.5m 340 40.5ft 12.3m Clear Tip/Sea Grass $79.95 WF10F/I 100ft 30.5m 410 40.5ft 12.3m Clear Tip/Sea Grass $79.95


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KDL Recommends > If You Like... (Readalikes) > If You Like 'The Help'
KDL Recommends
Right as Rain: A Novel
Title: Right as Rain: A Novel
Author: Bev Marshall
KDL Description:
Living and working side-by-side on the rural Southern farm belonging to their white employers, Tee Wee and Icey forge a bond based on their shared servitude and their equally painful pasts.
Amazon Description:
In the tradition of Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe and The Secret Life of Bees, this luminous, heartfelt novel explores the tragedies and triumphs, the pleasures and sorrows of two women, Tee Wee and Icey, their families, and the white family that employs them as cook and housekeeper on a tenant farm in rural Mississippi.
Though the women are as different as water and wine—Icey is feisty, hot-tempered, and impulsive, while Tee Wee is more submissive and disciplined—both are driven by a passionate determination to give their children a better life. Through trying times, they are the pillars, fierce and resilient; yet they celebrate life with a love of food, music, and family that makes even the most traumatic moments endurable. The illicit love between Tee Wee's daughter Crow and the white landowner's son Browder; the heartbreaking death of one of Icey's children, for which she will blame herself; the murder trial of Tee Wee's youngest son which threatens to tear apart not just their family but the entire town—all these events are interwoven with occasions of joy, including Crow's fulfillment of her lifelong dream and Tee Wee's own hard-fought success.
A richly emotional epic spanning two decades in the Deep South, the story of Tee Wee and Icey and their families are a prism through which we view the universal—racial strife, dysfunctional families, secrets and redemption. Illuminated by a resonant storytelling voice and dialogue that rings loud and true, Right as Rain provides indelible portraits of indomitable characters and an almost tangible sense of place, while revealing a deep understanding of race in mid-century America's rural south.


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The Alabama Community College Leadership Academy
Established in 2000, The Alabama Community College Leadership Academy provides a year-long leadership development program for administrators and faculty members desiring to prepare themselves to take advantage of future senior-level management opportunities in two-year colleges. The Academy activities begin with a four-day workshop in residence followed by four day and a half seminars, which meet on Thursdays and Fridays at host campuses during the year. Participants explore solutions to real world problems faced by college administrators. The Academy features a variety of lectures, seminars, and workshops, and centers on six curricular themes.
• Foundations of Leadership
• Policy and Governance
• Administration and Finance
• Teaching and Learning
• Student Services and Development
• Leadership for Change
As part of the seminars, Academy participants learn from nationally recognized community college educational leaders, University of Alabama faculty and administrators, as well as experts in the State of Alabama. The Academy includes local site visits, and participants have opportunities to interact with Alabama community college presidents, state leaders, and members of the Alabama Community College System.


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Using Bittersweet for some Dark chocolate
I'm making a fudge recipe that calls for 1lb of dark chocolate. I have a little over 13oz, but I have half a bag of 60% bittersweet morsels I was thinking of using to for the remaining chocolate. Will that work?
There's no added sugar to adjust- it's just chocolate and sweetened condensed milk (yes- I make cheaters fudge. Sue me.)
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
FOLDER Filed Sept. 20, 1940 2 Sheets-Sheet l Jan. 13, 1942. H. L. PORTER 2,269,915
FOLDER Filed Sept. 20, 1940 2 ShGGtS-SIIGGt 2 A tiorney In ventor Patented Jan. 13, 1942 I FOLDER HestepLPorter, Missouia, Mont. Application September-ac, 1940, Serial 1510. 357,639
lClaim. mitts-4 The invention appertains to new and useful improvements in special article receptacles and more particularly to a folder in which individual suitcase packed items may be placed.
The principal object of the present invention is to provide a suitcase packing folder in which various items can be rigidly placed, but readily accessible without in any way distorting other packed items, packed in like folders. I I
Another important object of the invention is to provide a packing f-older constructed of transone upon the other after first disposing the end.
flaps 9 and in over the item. The tie elements I3 and [5 can be tied 'around the package in the manner shown in Figure 1 or in some other suitable manner. p
A modification of the folder is shown in Figure 5, wherein the transparent stiffening back or plate II is eliminated.
parent material to the end that while suitcase packed items are retained in folders, they are readily visible when searching through a bag or suitcase of packed articles.
Other important objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to the reader of m the following specification.
In the drawings:
Figure 1 represents a perspective view of the folder in wrapped position.
Figure 2 is a perspective view of the folder in layed out position.
Figure 3 is a section on the line 33 of Figure 2.
Figure 4 is a section on the line 44 of Figure 2.
' item to be covered and subsequently the flaps l9 Figure 5 is a perspective view of a modified form of folder.
Referring to the drawings, wherein like numerals designate like parts, it can be seen that the folder shown in Figures 1 to 4 inclusive consists of a wrapper generally referred to by numeral 5 and which consists of a central or back section 6 having side flaps 1 and 8, and end flaps 9 and ID. This wrapper is of transparent material and has a transparent stlifening plate I l disposed on the back portion 6 as substantially shown iniFigure 2.
Adjacent ends of the plate H and back portion 6 are formed with longitudinally extending slits I2 and disposed through each pair of registering slits is an elongated ribbon or tie member I3.
I The ends of the plate H and back portion 6 are also formed with transversely extending slits l4 and an elongated tie element 15 extends upwardly through these slits H at one end and across the top of the plate I I to pass downwardly through the other slit at the other end of the folder.
Obviously, the item to be wrapped is placed upon the back II and the flaps I and 8 folded The folder shown in Figure 5 is generally referred to by numeral l6 and consists of a back portion H, the side flaps l8 and I9 and the end flaps 20' and'2l. of transparent material, and the fiap l9 carries a tab 22 on which is located a teat 23 cooperative with the socket member 24 which is preferably disposed slidably on an elongated strap 25 extending from the other side flap Ill.
The end flaps 20 and 2| can be folded over an can be disposed over the item and the end walls 20 and 2| and lastly, the flap l8 can be disposed over the underlying folded flaps and the socket member 24 engaged with the teat 23. v
.While the foregoing specification sets forth the invention in specific terms, it is to be understood that numerous changes 'in the shape, size and materials may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed hereinafter.
Having described the invention, what isclaimed as new is:
A wrapper for an article comprising a flexible sheet of material cut to form a rectangular body, a pair of end flaps and a pair of side flaps, a stiffening member of substantially the same size as the body and placed on said body, said stiffen-. ing member and the body having pairs of slits therein which extend longitudinally of the body and stiffening member with one slit of a pair where they pass from one slit of a pair to the other slit of the pair and another tie element passing between the loops and the stiffening member and through the transverse slits.
This folder [6 is constructed,
Referenced by
Original Image


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Tyringham attractions are listed below. Find things to do in or near Tyringham, MA for your upcoming individual or group travel for Tyringham visitors. We also offer the great discounts on Tyringham Massachusetts hotel and motel rooms.
Attractions + Things To See in Tyringham
Next 3 Things to see > [1 - 3 of 7]


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Mexican carriers Aeromexico and Volaris are seeking rights to operate some former Mexicana transborder routes until the beleaguered carrier re-enters the marketplace.
Mexicana sought creditor protection a year ago and ceased operations. Since that time Mexican carriers have moved to fill the gap and seize opportunities created by Mexicana's market exit.
But in some cases special permission, or extrabilateral authority, must be granted due to stipulations in the US-Mexico air transport agreement. Basically the exemption allows carriers to temporarily operate on routes designated to Mexicana until the carrier resumes operations.
Volaris has already won the authority for flights from Monterrey to Chicago Midway and from Mexico City to Las Vegas and Los Angeles. Now the carrier has asked for rights to operate on the Mexico City-Midway pairing.
Aeromexico wants the same authority to introduce service from Guadalajara to Las Vegas and Zacatecas to Chicago.
If Aeromexico wins authority to launch Guadalajara-Las Vegas, it will compete directly with Volaris on the pairing. Schedules in the Innovata database show that Volaris operates nine weekly flights in the market.
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Another singing vid...
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Re: Another singing vid...
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I have to wonder if I put my singing out there (for instance, being male) if he would have reacted the same way.
I think he would have as he didn't have any problem voicing his opinions on the whole Guru thing. I kind of get the feeling that he's kind of like one of those little kids who is always getting in trouble...you know, bad attention is better than no attention so he stirs things up to get the attention he is seeking. Maybe I'm off the mark but that's just the way I kind of see him.
If he wants to come back...that's fine with me. He just needs to learn to be RESPECTFUL. It's what this forum is all about. If he has a question about something that's posted he should privately message a mod and ask them. However, I think his attention seeking self will win out and he'll end up shooting himself in the foot again. It is a shame, becuase I do feel he has something to offer...everyone does.
In the end, though, it's fool me once...shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me. In the immortal words of The WHO...I won't get fooled again! :)
And thanks again to everyone for their support...you make a girl feel special!
I am deluded enough to think I can bring something to the table - Huey Lewis.
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Kasar Abdulla, Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition (TIRRC)
The Rev. Dr. W. Robert Abstein, Retired Episcopal Priest
Daoud Abudiab, President, Islamic Center of Columbia
Imam Mohamed Ahmed, Islamic Center of Nashville
Chris Allen, Youth Pastor, Belmont United Methodist Church
Erica Allen, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Rev. Jay Archer, District Superintendent, Cookeville District, Tennessee Conference, United Methodist Church
Rev. April Baker, Glendale Baptist Church
Rev. Dr. Karen Barrineau, District Superintendent, Clarksville District, Tennessee Conference, United Methodist Church
Dr. Kathy Baugher, Trevecca Nazarene University
Rev. Don Beisswenger, Presbyterian Minister
Rev. Roderick D. Belin, Kairos Community African Methodist Episcopal Church
Dr. Mark Black, Lipscomb University
Melissa Bolling, M.Div., United Church of Cookeville, UCC
Julie Brinker, Director of Community Affairs, Church of Scientology
Rev. Rick Britton, St. Ann's Episcopal Church
Rev. Jason Brock, Director of Church Vitality and Justice, Tennessee Conference of the United Methodist Church
Rev. Kristina Brown, First Baptist Church, Murfreesboro
Rev. Alicia Burton, Pastor, Donelson Christian Church
Dr. Bob Byrd, Belmont University
Klem Mari Cajigas, M.Div., Vanderbilt University and Glendale Baptist Church
John Calzavara, St. Edward Church and School
Dr. Lee C. Camp, Lipscomb University
Rev. Dr. Barbara Canada, Tennessee State University
Miguel Carpizo, East Tennessee Organizer, Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition
Rev. Amy Cates, First Christian Church, Tullahoma
Kathy Chambers, M.Div., Christ Church Cathedral
Patrick Chappell, Young Adults Minister, Otter Creek Church of Christ, Brentwood, TN
Pastor Lawrence Clark, Cripple Creek and Hopewell Presbyterian Churches
Rev. James Cole, Hillcrest United Methodist Church
Rev. John Collett, District Superintendent, Nashville District, Tennessee Conference, United Methodist Church
Wayne Cook
Rev. Ann Cover, South End United Methodist Church
Dr. John Crawford, Southminster Presbyterian Church
Rev. Dr. LeNoir H. Culbertson, District Superintendent, Murfreesboro District, TN Conference, United Methodist Church
Rev. Dr. Judy Cummings, New Covenant Christian Church
Pastor Daniel DaSilva, Assemblies of God – Brazilian Church
Pastor Jorge V. de Barros, Iglesia Renacer, Lebanon
Father Bill Dennler, Church of the Holy Trinity
Rev. Melisa Derseweh, Andrew Price Memorial United Methodist Church
Chance Dillon, Hillsboro Presbyterian Church
Rev. Ken Edwards, Belmont United Methodist Church
Pastor Armando Escobar, I-C-M "Ama a tu projimo," Lebanon
Katherine Esquivel, Tennessee Justice for Our Neighbors
Duane Ewers, Doctor of Ministry, Retired United Methodist Clergy
Imam Fadi Ezzeir, Islamic Community of Nashville
Rev. John Feldhacker, West End United Methodist Church
Rev. Laura Feliciano, United Methodist Minister, Tennessee Annual Conference
Rev. Brian Fesler, Church of Scientology
Rev. Andrew Fiser, Edgehill United Methodist Church
Bishop Harry H. Flemming, New Jerusalem Christian Church
Rev. Mark Forrester, Wesley Foundation at Vanderbilt University
Stephen Fotopulos, Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition (TIRRC)
Edith Bluhm Fowler, Catholic Parishioner
Amanda Fraser, Isha Foundation
Rev. John Hill, Associate Pastor, Christ United Methodist Church, Franklin
Andrew Free, Tennessee Justice for Our Neighbors (TNJFON)
Rev. Donna Gaither, General Board of Discipleship, United Methodist Church
Rev. Joaquin Garcia, CCOCOM Staff, Tennessee Conference, United Methodist Church
Rev. Susan Gardner, Pleasant Grove United Methodist Church, Mt. Juliet
Bill Geissler
Rev. Dr. Morgan Gordy
Rev. Eric S. Greenwood, Jr., St. David's Episcopal Church
Rabbi Shana Goldstein Mackler, The Temple
John Gullette, St Timothy Lutheran Church, Hendersonville, Tn
Rev. Lisa Gwock, Scarritt Bennett Center
Dr. Jackie Halstead, Lipscomb University
Pastor Michael Hancock, Bethel Church of the Nazarene
Amanda Hartmann, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Rev. Kaye Harvey, Pastor, Congregational Care, Brentwood United Methodist Church
Amanda Hartmann, Co-campus minister for Belmont Wesley Fellowship; Vanderbilt Divinity School
Rev. Betsey Heavner, United Methodist Church
Rev. Hap Hewgley, Cross Plains United Methodist Church, Cross Plains
Rev. Hope Hodnett, Vine Street Christian Church
Rev. Judi Hoffman, Edgehill United Methodist Church
Rev. Hyeon Sik Hong, Glencliff United Methodist Church
Rev. Randy Hoover-Dempsey, All Saints' Episcopal Church, Smyrna
Dr. Steven Hoskins, Trevecca Nazarene University
Rev. Heidi Hudnut-Beumler, Trinity Presbyterian Church
Royya James, Kairos Community AME Church and United Methodist Communications
Lynette Johnson, Society of St. Andrew
Lynda Jones, West End United Methodist Church
Adam R. Kelchner, Co-Campus Minister, Belmont Wesley Fellowship; Belmont United Methodist Church
Rev. Matthew L. Kelley, Arlington United Methodist Church
Rev. Thomas Kleinert, Vine Street Christian Church
Randy Knighten, Andrew Price Memorial United Methodist Church
Reverend David Lay, Saint John's United Methodist Church
Rev. John Lekander, St. Timothy Lutheran Church, Hendersonville
Tara Lentz, Conexión Américas
Pastor Kent Lewis, Christ Lutheran Church, Shelbyville
Catherine Link, Service Coordinator, Rooftop
Rebekah MacLaren, Wiccan Clergy
Rev. Michael D. McLaughlin, First Presbyterian Church, Manchester
Dr. Beverly Brown Madron, Chair, Commission on Religion and Race, Tennessee Conference, United Methodist Church
Dr. Jose Rodriguez Marin, Spanish Church of God, Nashville
Viki Matson, Director of Field Education and Asst. Prof. of the Practice of Ministry, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Jess Matz, Steering Committee member of Rutherford County Women of Faith
Rev. Dennis Meaker, Trinity United Methodist Church, Franklin
Shannon Bullion Medlin, Vanderbilt University
Alfonso Nieto, Hola Tennessee Newspaper, Publisher
Rev. Chris O'Rear, Pastoral Counseling Centers of Tennessee, Inc.
Rev. Andy Olivo, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Chattanooga
Marc Overlock, Metro Hospital Authority
Charlie Overton, Hillcrest United Methodist Church
Dr. Robert Parham, Executive Director, Baptist Center for Ethics, and Executive Editor, EthicsDaily.com
Rev. Cherie Parker, Inglewood United Methodist Church
Dr. Charles Parker, InterFACE Ministries
Pastor Roberto Santiago Paz, Iglesia Salem
Carlos Pinto, Hispanic Seventh Day Adventist
Avi Poster, Coalition for Education about Immigration (CEI)
David Quinones, Community Law Group, PLLC
Alyssa Rabun, Tennessee Justice for Our Neighbors (TNJFON)
Dr. Graham Reside, Vanderbilt University Divinity School
Rev. Danny Rhodes, Belle Meade United Methodist Church
Rabbi Philip "Flip" Rice, Congregation Micah
Rev. Christophe Ringer, Howard Congregational (UCC)
Rev. Mike Ripski, First United Methodist Church, Lebanon
Carolina Rivas, Templo de Adoracion Emanuel
Rabbi Kliel Rose, West End Synagogue
Rev. Dr. Dan Rosemergy, Greater Nashville Unitarian Universalist Church & Interfaith Alliance of Middle Tennessee Chair
Laura Rossbert, Dalewood United Methodist Church
Lori Rothermund, Vanderbilt Divinity School; All Saints' Episcopal Church, Smyrna
Dr. Rik Rouquie, Hillwood Presbyterian Church
Pastor Larry Ruiz, Jr., La Palabra de fe Centro Cristiano
Bishop William Sanders, Retired Episcopal Bishop of East Tennessee
Carlos Armando Luis Santos, Hispanic United Methodist Church, Pulaski
Rev. Gail Seavey, First Unitarian Unversalist Church of Nashville
Rabbi Rami Shapiro, Wisdom House Interfaith Center at Scarritt Bennett
Rev. Dr. Sandy Shawhan, Pastor, St. Bethlehem United Methodist Church, Clarksville
Bill Sinclair, Catholic Charities
Rev. W. Antoni Sinkfield, St. John African Methodist Episcopal Church
Rev. Paul Slentz, Sixty-First Avenue United Methodist Church
Dr. C. Melissa Snarr, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Kathryn Spry, Tennessee Justice for Our Neighbors (TNJFON)
Richard Spry, Tennessee Justice for Our Neighbors (TNJFON)
Lisa Steele, Outreach and Hispanic Minister, Antioch Church of Christ
Father Edward Steiner, Catholic Diocese of Nashville
Trudy Hawkins Stringer, Senior Lecturer in Church and Ministries, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Remziya Suleyman, Muslim Community of TN
Caren Teichmann, Vanderbilt Divinity School; World Relief Nashville
Rabbi Bill S. Tepper, Mizpah Congregation, Chattanooga
Rev. Anthony L. Thomas, Sr., New Salem A.M.E. Church
Kathy Thoreson, Lutheran Services in Tennessee
John Tighe, CommunityNashville
The Rev. Robert P. Travis, Associate Rector, The Episcopal Church of the Ascension, Knoxville
Amelia Tucker-Shaw, United Methodist Church and UMCOM
Rev. Ann Van Dervoort, St. Paul's Episcopal Church, Franklin
Rev. J. Peter van Eys, Crievewood United Methodist Church
Tommy Vann, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Rev. Jorge Vasconcelos, Iglesia Bautista Renacer (Southern Baptist)
Cliff Vaughn, Managing Editor and Media Producer, ethicsdaily.com
Rev. Jay Voorhees, Old Hickory United Methodist Church
Rev. Kay Hereford Voorhees, United Methodist Church
Ben Vos, Woodland Presbyterian Church
Dr. Vin Walkup, President of The United Methodist Foundation for Memphis and Tennessee Conferences
Rev. Ann Walling, St. David's Episcopal Church
Dr. Andy Watts, Belmont University
Nathan Watts, Vanderbilt Divinity School
Bill and Bev Weems, St. Ann's Episcopal
Dr. Donna Whitney, Kairos Community A.M.E Church
Mark Youngman, Chapel Hill United Methodist Church, Chapel Hill


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Rev. C. Eugene Overstreet Sr.- Founder and CEO
A 23 year grateful, recovered, addict and alcoholic. Available for revivals and crusades in your city. Books authored by Dr. Overstreet are "From Pit To Pulpit", "The Plantation Of The Mind", and "Is The Church Losing The Battle?"
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The mission of�NCCDC is primarily to advance the message of reconciliation on the streets and not to shout the last stop of condemnation from the pulpit.The men, women, boys and girls are not victims of fate because of substance abuse, but rather a miracle waiting to happen.���
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Dear anonymous person who gave me a seat from the former Yankee Stadium…
Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.
What an unbelievably generous gift! I'm blown away. As a baseball fan and as a New York Yankees fan, this is a wonderful gift. If I knew who you were, I would give you a massive bear hug.
Again, thank you.


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LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 18, 2015) – Metaboss, sold as a weanling at Keeneland's 2012 November Breeding Stock Sale, rolled to a 2½-length win in Saturday's El Camino...Read More
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LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 15, 2015) – Eight of the 12 three-year-olds entered for Monday's Southwest (G3) at Oaklawn are Keeneland sales alumni, highlighted by Smarty Jones Stakes...Read More
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LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 13, 2015) – Keeneland sales alumni comprise half the 10-horse field entered for Saturday's El Camino Real Derby (G3) at Golden Gate Fields,...Read More
2/13/15 3:07pm
LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 12, 2015) – Maftool, Reynaldothewizard and Tamarkuz, all American-bred graduates of Keeneland sales, swept the three Group stakes carded...Read More
2/12/15 1:57pm
LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 9, 2015) – Keeneland sales alumni Far From Over and Dortmund each remained undefeated with their respective wins in the Withers (G3) at...Read More
2/9/15 10:06am
LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 6, 2015) – Keeneland sales alumni take center stage in Saturday's two preps for the Kentucky Derby Presented by Yum! Brands (G1). Four of...Read More
2/6/15 2:47pm
LEXINGTON, KY (Feb. 2, 2015) – Sophomore standouts Lord Nelson and Texas Red, both graduates of Keeneland's 2013 September Yearling Sale, ran 1-2, separated by...Read More
2/2/15 10:51am
LEXINGTON, KY (Jan. 30, 2015) – Texas Red, a graduate of Keeneland's 2013 September Yearling Sale, makes his 3-year-old bow in Sunday's San Vicente (G2) at...Read More
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LEXINGTON, KY (Jan. 29, 2015) – Keeneland September Yearling Sale graduates Texas Red, champion Take Charge Brandi and Lady Eli, all of whom won races for 2-...Read More
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LEXINGTON, KY (Jan. 26, 2015) – Favored Barbados turned in a gritty performance to win Saturday's Hutcheson (G3) at Gulfstream, his second consecutive victory...Read More
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This patch fixes some bug that have been around since 3.0.8 went live last Tuesday. We know at least three confirmed bugs it fixes, but we're not sure about the rest. This patch is being called 184.108.40.20606 or 3.0.8a.
Happy patch day!
As usual, please do not leave comments with external download links as we cannot verify their integrity. We have this rule for your safety!


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Bryan Adams' Hit-Heavy Fox Show
By Jeremy Essig
Lightning Bolt's Sharp New Sound
By Jason Robinson
Fleetwood Mac Back with Classic Lineup
By Hans Morgenstern
Here's Who's Making STL Noisy This Spring
By Joseph Hess
Beatles Sister Louise Harrison Departs the Midwest
By Peter Gilstrap
By Julia Burch
Working Class Dogs to Honor Rick Springfield
By Jeremy Essig
Torche Gets Back Into Its Heavy Groove With Restarter
By Nathan Smith
"Since it is largely taking place in one venue, and it's a small venue at that, we wanted to make sure that you didn't feel like you were in a cramped space for 70 minutes," says Konkel. "It did require a little more creativity — we wanted to get interesting shots and shots from multiple angles." Bopp, described by Konkel as "really a fantastic commercial photographer," also took still photos to document the production process and for use in a booklet that will be included with the DVD/CD release.
Another new wrinkle was the addition of some overhead shots, taken from 100 feet in the air using the basket of a cherry-picker truck rented from a local utility. Other solutions were lower-tech — with no budget for a dolly, some moving camera shots were executed by simply pushing around a cameraperson in a wheelchair, which was dubbed the "Delta Dolly."
"We're deep in the editing process right now," Konkel says. They hope to be finished by the end of this month. Blaylock is cutting the film together and sharing segments with Konkel and Stolle online. "It's an interesting way of editing a film, since we're all in different cities." Still to come are the addition of closed-captioning, foreign-language subtitles, and the various other elements of the DVD, and preparation of the CD soundtrack and 24-page color booklet. "It's going take a lot of sleepless nights to get it done," says Konkel. "It'll be a hairy couple of months, but we're up to the task, I think."
In addition to the world premiere in Clarksdale and concurrent release of the DVD/CD package, Konkel says he and Stolle already are setting up screenings at film festivals and blues events in several European countries, including Italy, where major sponsor Rootsway Roots & Blues Association is located; the UK; and Norway. "For Roger and me, that's a fun reward, since we like to travel," he says. "For the musicians, they'd just as soon play a gig in Akron as go overseas, but [overseas is] where the real paydays are." As with M for Mississippi, Konkel hopes We Juke Up in Here! ultimately will encourage viewers to visit some of the film's locations in person. "If they don't do it now, there's no guarantee that it's going to be there tomorrow."
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An overview...
In June the ABC put out the call to short filmmakers around the country to submit short films for the second season of SHORT AND SWEET. The result was overwhelming with over three hundred films submitted from around Australia, as well as a solid flow from overseas producers and distributors.
The call for shorts had gone out, initially from ENCORE magazine, then through the interstate papers, then to E-mags and finally in Australia via the bush telegraph for I was getting calls from remote parts of the country where someone had heard a vague rumour that the ABC was looking for shorts.
I've been involved in short film programming for ABC for some time now and have gone to short film festivals, viewed the output of Film Schools and received a steady flow of submitted tapes but I've never seen such a volume of exciting and original shorts. Ranging from those with polished high production values to deliberately "grungy" home made videos, all were fresh, inspiring and deserving of attention.
This wasn't confined to Australian production. Submissions came from numerous international sources but I was surprised to receive a phone call from a Director in Slovenia. Having heard of the series from an E mag he wondered if we might be interested in his short film made about Sarajevo during the Bosnian war. The producer was Jurij Kosak and his film, HOP, SKIP, JUMP is in program 7 of the season.
For months now both my office and my home were filled with large boxes of shorts. Stacks of VHS's still climb my office walls. While I spent weeks in Sydney viewing shorts in Melbourne James Hewison began previewing tapes sent to him, then handed over to Lisa Wheildon as he left to take up a new job as Director of the Melbourne Film Festival.
With a background in making short films, prior to moving into publicity, Lisa found the task of viewing the films genuinely inspiring. "There are so many people out there making short films- people from all walks of life and with all sorts of wild and amazing visions - and they are coming up with some truly refreshing films. I feel really lucky to have seen so many terrific, fresh and feisty films and I'm sure viewers will feel the same way."
For the SHORT AND SWEET season we've tried to program a cross-section of the shorts being produced and we've tried to make them inviting choices for a late evening audience. I'd like to think that future programming of shorts can find a special space for some of the wild, zany shorts, the genre parodies, the bizarre black comedies, the urban myths run riot, and those that have genuinely pushed the boundaries to forge new ways of using film for self- expression.
SHORT AND SWEET is seven half-hour programs, a modest start in view of the volume of what we've seen. The series is presented by Phillip Adams who proposes the short "fast" film as an answer to our time pressures and frustrations - 'for those who jab at lift buttons and get road rage at red lights'.
We hope you enjoy SHORT AND SWEET.
Wendy Charell


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Telomeres are sections of DNA that tell an interesting story about lifespan. Shorter telomeres usually suggest a shorter life -- but new research by a Wilmot lung cancer expert shows that longer telomeres might be a promising biomarker for a recurrence of early stage lung cancer.
Several members of the lymphoma and leukemia teams at the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center are to present research at the 55th annual American Society of Hematology (ASH) meeting, Dec. 7 to 10, which is attended by more than 20,000 clinicians and scientists.
Scientists are scrambling to gather data for the FDA to support the need for a blood test to diagnose brain injury in the United States. The University of Rochester Medical Center just added significant evidence by reporting in the Journal of Neurotrauma that it might be clinically useful to measure two brain biomarkers instead of one.
Did you know that it takes two trillion red cells to make a single unit of blood?


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Now available from Chronicle Books, this classic volume is a glorious tribute to one of the most beautiful regions in the world. Thousands of Americans visit Tuscany and Umbria each year, and the timeless charms of the hill towns of northern Italy are impossible to forget. Anyone who has wandered the cobblestone streets of Siena or Orvieto or basked in a sunny piazza of Assisi or Montepulciano can attest to the enchanting power and romance of these ancient villages. The Hill Towns of Italy, capturing in luminous photographs the very special feeling of this region, serves as an evocative memoir for those who have had the good fortune to visit the hill towns and an irresistible lure for those who have not yet made the pilgrimage.
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You might say this company really believes in freedom of the press. Freedom Communications is a leading newspaper publisher with more than 40 newspapers and magazines for cities and communities in California. Its portfolio includes The Orange County Register, which boasts a circulation of about 235,000. The company also publishes about 30 weekly community papers and specialty publications. Its Freedom Interactive division creates websites and other new media content for its properties. Freedom Communications, which emerged from bankruptcy in 2010, was founded by R. C. Hoiles. It is controlled by 2100 Trust, an investment group dedicated to the future of journalism and newspapers.
The company's successful reorganization cut its debt load by $450 million and provided unsecured creditors with more than $30 million. The deal also wiped out the 55% stake held by the Hoiles family, which had controlled Freedom Communications for more than 75 years. (Private equity firms The Blackstone Group and Providence Equity Partners owned the remaining interest.) In mid-2012 2100 Trust stepped in to buy and try to stabilize Freedom Communications. The new owners continued the sell off and ultimately consolidated the company to just its California operations.
Freedom Communications' plan to return to financial stability rests on selling non-core assets.
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A device for interfacing between a microbore liquid chromatograph and a mass analyser. In such a device, liquid from the liquid chromatograph is sprayed through a stainless steel capillary tube into the atmospheric pressure ionization chamber of a mass spectrometer. A voltage of e.g., plus or minus 3 KV is applied to the stainless steel tube, and a nebulizing gas, e.g. nitrogen, is directed at high velocity past the tube tip through another tube encircling the stainless steel tube. The combination of the nebulizing gas and the electric potential disperses the liquid at room temperature into a fine mist providing an increased and more stable ion signal without thermal decomposition of the compounds being analysed.
1. Apparatus for analyzing ions from trace sample molecules in a liquid comprising:
(a) a chamber,
(b) an inner capillary tube to receive said liquid and having a first free end in said chamber for discharging said liquid into said chamber,
(c) an outer tube encircling said inner capillary tube and defining therewith an annular space therebetween, said outer tube having a second free end located substantially at said first free end, said second free end therefore also being in said chamber,
(d) means for directing a flow of gas through said annular space for said gas to flow over said first free and into said chamber at a velocity of substantially at least 50 meters per second,
(e) an orifice plate having an orifice therein, said tubes being located on one side of said orifice plate with said free ends spaced therefrom, said orifice defining an outlet from said chamber,
(f) a mass analyser on the other side of said orifice plate, outside said chamber, for receiving ions passing through said orifice plate,
(g) means for providing the pressure in said chamber to be substantially atmospheric pressure, and the temperature in said inner tube and in said chamber being sufficiently low to avoid thermal decomposition of said trace sample molecules,
(h) means for creating an electric field between said first free end and said orifice plate, wherein the combination of said electric field and said gas flow past said free end of said inner capillary tube produces a mist of fine charged droplets of said liquid, and wherein said charged droplets evaporate in said chamber and release ions therefrom.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said inner tube is formed from an electrically conductive material.
3. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said inner tube is a stainless steel tube and said means for generating said electrical field includes means for applying a potential to said stainless steel tube.
4. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the inner diameter of said inner tube is of the order of between 0.05 and 0.15 millimeters.
5. Apparatus according to claim 4 wherein the inner diameter of said inner tube is of the order of 0.1 millimeters.
6. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the thickness of said annular space is of the order of 0.075 millimeters.
7. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said means for directing said flow of gas includes a source of pressurized gas, the pressure of said gas being between 2 and 3 bar.
8. Apparatus according to claim 2 and including a liquid chromatograph for supplying said liquid, said liquid chromatograph having an outlet tube for said liquid flowing therefrom, said outlet tube being of an insulating material and being connected to said inner tube for said inner tube to receive the entire flow from said liquid chromatograph.
9. Apparatus according to claim 8 wherein said gas is nitrogen.
10. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said first free end extends slightly beyond said second free end.
11. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said means (d) includes means for producing a gas velocity of between about 78 and 250 meters per second through said annular space.
12. Apparatus according to claim 2 wherein said means (d) includes means for producing a gas velocity of between about 140 and 250 meters per second through said annular space.
13. A method of analyzing ions from trace sample molecules in a liquid, comprising:
(a) directing said liquid through a conductive capillary tube having a free end in a chamber,
(b) directing an annular jet of gas having a velocity of at least 50 meters per second past said free end in the direction of flow of said liquid,
(c) maintaining the pressure in said chamber at substantially atmospheric pressure and maintaining the temperature in said tube and in said chamber sufficiently low to avoid thermal decomposition of said trace sample molecules,
(d) generating an electric field in said chamber between said free end and an orifice plate for said ions, the combination of said jet of gas and said electric field acting to produce a mist of charged droplets and to produce ions in said chamber from said droplets,
(e) and guiding ions out of said chamber through an orifice in said orifice plate, into a mass analyzer located outside said chamber beyond said orifice plate.
14. The method according to claim 13 wherein the velocity of said jet of gas is in the range between about 78 and 250 meters per second.
15. The method according to claim 13 wherein the velocity of said jet of gas is in the range between about 140 and 250 meters per second.
16. The method according to claim 13 wherein said gas is nitrogen.
17. The method according to claim 13 and including the step of pre-separating components of said liquid in a liquid chromatograph prior to directing said liquid through said capillary tube.
This invention relates to method and apparatus for forming ions from a liquid, typically liquid from a liquid chromatograph, and for directing such ions into a mass analyser such as a mass spectrometer.
Microbore liquid chromatographs are commonly used in the analysis of trace compounds, to provide a degree of separation between the trace compound to be analysed and the other compounds present in the mixture under investigation. The eluent from the liquid chromatograph, after the separation has occurred, is normally subjected to analysis to identify the trace compound or compounds of interest.
It is commonly desired to analyse the liquid from a liquid chromatograph in a mass analyser such as a mass spectrometer. However, since mass spectrometers require an input in the form of free ions, it is usually necessary to evaporate the liquid from the liquid chromatograph, and to produce ions during or after the vaporization process.
One classical method which was commonly used was to spray the liquid from the liquid chromatograph onto a moving belt, which moves into a vacuum chamber where the belt was heated from below. The resultant vapor was then ionized by appropriate means. Another classical method was to spray large droplets from the liquid chromatograph into a heated ion source, so that the droplets were vaporized (typically by contact with the walls of the ion source and by exposure to the instrument vacuum). Both these methods use substantial heat, and this has severe disadvantages. The heat causes thermal decomposition of the compounds in question, and in addition, since the liquid from the liquid chromatograph often contains ammonium ions, these ions often cause ammonium chemical ionization to occur. The thermal decomposition and the ammonium chemical ionization create complexity in the final mass spectrum, making the analysis process more difficult.
To reduce the above difficulties, three alternative more modern methods have been developed for introducing the liquid from a liquid chromatograph into a mass analyser. In one method, referred to as ion evaporation, liquid is sprayed at atmospheric pressure into a chamber in front of the vacuum chamber orifice for the mass analyser. The spray is directed across the orifice into a 90 degree elbow tube. This removes large droplets. The finer portion of the spray is removed less quickly, and since the small droplets therein carry a charge impressed by an electric field which is applied between the sprayer and an induction electrode, ions are released therefrom as the droplets evaporate. Such ions are driven toward the orifice by a deflector electrode. Although this method can accommodate relatively large flows (e.g. 1 milliliter per minute), the method is not particularly sensitive, partly because much of the sample is unused. Thus, the ion current from compounds of interest is very low in this method.
The second relatively modern method which has been developed is referred to as thermospray. In this method, the flow of liquid from the conventional liquid chromatograph passes through a capillary, the end of which is heated to between 200 and 350 degrees C. The resultant vaporization results in a spraying process, which is usually into a low pressure chamber but can be into an atmospheric pressure chamber. Contrary to the ion evaporation process, the droplets formed are charged not by an electric field, but rather by statistical fluctuations in the distribution of ions in solution when the liquid is dispersed into an aerosol. As the charged droplets evaporate, ions are released therefrom. Thermospray is relatively effective in producing a fine mist and currently is commonly used. However, a substantial disadvantage of the process is that again, some thermal decomposition occurs, even though not all of the liquid is directly subjected to heating. In addition, again some unwanted ammonium chemical ionization may occur. Therefore, while the temperatures used can be carefully controlled by a microprocessor, nevertheless, thermospray is commonly recognized as being a "fussy" process which may give good results one day and poor results another. In addition, in practice some workers report that thermospray is generally less sensitive for ionic compounds (i.e. compounds which form ions in solution) then is the ion spray technique.
The third process which has been developed to produce ions from the liquid of a small bore liquid chromatograph, and to introduce such ions into a mass analyser, is the so-called electrospray technique. In this technique, liquid from the liquid chromatograph is directed through a capillary tube the end of which is connected to one pole of a high voltage source. The end of the capillary tube is spaced from the orifice plate through which ions travel into the mass analyser vacuum chamber. The orifice plate is connected to the other pole of the high voltage source. The electric field generates charged droplets, producing a liquid flow without a pump, and the droplets evaporate to produce ions. Electrospray can be carried out without a pump (in which case the flow is 1 to 2 microliters per minute) or with a pump.
The electrospray method has several disadvantages. Firstly, it can handle only a very small flow, typically only up to about 10 microliters per minute. Faster pumping produces larger droplets, causing the ion signal to fall off and also to become unstable. Secondly, the high voltages needed to disperse a larger liquid flow into fine droplets tend to create an electrical or corona discharge. The discharge adds complexity to the spectrum produced by the mass analyser, causing difficulties in interpretation, and in addition, for unknown reasons, it tends to suppress the ion signal from the evaporated droplets. A further disadvantage is that the electrospray method is very sensitive to the position of the end of the capillary tube relative to the orifice plate.
In addition, the electrospray method requires that the proportion of water in the liquid be low, since otherwise a stream of large droplets tends to be produced. The large droplets reduce the sensitivity (i.e. the ion signal) and also affect the stability of the ion signal, i.e. large fluctuations occur in the ion signal.
The invention in one of its aspects provides improved apparatus for forming ions from a liquid and for introducing such ions into a mass analyser. In its broadest aspect the present invention provides apparatus for forming ions from a liquid and for introducing said ions into a mass analyser, comprising:
(a) an inner capillary tube to receive said liquid and having a first free end,
(b) an outer tube encircling said inner capillary and defining therewith a narrow annular space therebetween, said outer tube having a second free end located substantially at said first free end,
(c) means for directing a flow of gas through said annular space at a high velocity,
(d) an orifice plate having an orifice therein, said tubes being located on one side of said orifice plate with said free ends spaced therefrom,
(e) a mass analyser on the other side of said orifice plate for receiving ions passing through said orifice plate,
(f) and means for creating an electric field between said first free end and said orifice plate, whereby the combination of said electric field and said gas flow past said free end of said inner conductive tube produces a mist of fine charged droplets of said liquid, so that said charged droplets may evaporate and release ions therefrom.
In another aspect, the invention provides a method of forming ions from a liquid and for introducing said ions into a mass analyser, comprising:
(a) directing said liquid through a conductive capillary tube having a free end,
(b) directing a high velocity annular jet of air past said free end in the direction of flow of said liquid,
(c) generating an electric field between said free end and an orifice plate for said ions, the combination of said jet of air and said electric field acting to produce a mist of charged droplets and to produce ions from said droplets,
(d) and guiding said ions through said orifice into a mass analyser located beyond said orifice.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will appear from the following description, taken together with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagramatic view of apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagramatic view of a capillary tube and sheath used in the FIG. 1 apparatus, and
FIG. 3 is a graph showing ion current with various gas velocities.
Reference is made to the drawings, which show diagramatically at 10 a typical mass spectrometer instrument. The instrument 10 is typically that sold by Sciex Division of MDS Health Group Limited of Thornhill, Ontario, Canada, under its trade mark TAGA 6000. The instrument 10 includes an atmospheric pressure ionization chamber 12, a gas curtain chamber 14 and a vacuum chamber 16. The ionization chamber 12 is separated from the gas curtain chamber 14 by an inlet plate 18 containing an inlet orifice 20. The gas curtain chamber 14 is separated from the vacuum chamber 16 by an orifice plate 22 containing an orifice 24.
In use, the sample to be analysed is introduced into the ionization chamber 12 and is ionized as will be described. The ions are drawn by an electric field through the inlet opening 20, through the orifice 24, and are focused by a lens 26 into a tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometer 28.
In order to prevent gases from the ionization chamber 12 from entering the vacuum chamber 16, the gas curtain chamber 14 is supplied from a source 30 with a curtain gas (typically nitrogen or argon) at a pressure higher than that prevailing in the ionization chamber 12. Gas from the gas curtain chamber effuses through the orifice 20 into the ionization chamber 12 and also passes through the orifice 24 into the vacuum chamber 16. In the TAGA instrument described, the vacuum is produced by cryopumping, i.e. the nitrogen, argon or other curtain gas is condensed on cooling fins 32 which are cooled by a refrigeration device 34.
According to the invention, liquid from a small- bore liquid chromatograph 40 flows through a thin quartz tube 42 into a device 44 best shown in FIG. 2 and which will be referred to as an "ion spray" device. The ion spray device 44 comprises a stainless steel capillary tube 46 of circular cross-section, encircled by an outer tube 48 also of circular cross-section. The inner diameter of the stainless steel capillary tube 46 is typically 0.1 millimeters, and its outer diameter is typically 0.2 millimeters. The inner diameter of the outer tube 48 is typically 0.25 millimeters, leaving an annular space 50 between the two tubes of thickness 0.025 mm. The outer diameter of the outer tube 48 is not critical and the outer tube 48 can be made of any desired thickness depending on the material from which it is formed. Typically the outer tube 48 is made of the plastic sold under the trade mark TEFLON™. Normally, the tip of the stainless steel tube 46 protrudes slightly from the outer tube 48.
Typically the quartz tube 42 from the liquid chromatograph 40 will be 0.050 mm inner diameter. The tube 42 is sealed at its end 52 to the stainless steel tube 46, so that the liquid flowing in the tube 42 can expand into the stainless steel tube. The stainless steel tube 46 is typically about 10 centimeters in length, although this may vary.
A gas, typically nitrogen boiled from liquid nitrogen, is introduced into the space 50 between the tubes 46, 48 from a source 54. The source 54 is connected to the outer tube 48 by a fitting diagramatically indicated at 56, through which the inner quartz tube 42 passes. Other gases, such as "zero air" (i.e. air with no moisture) or oxygen can also be used.
A source 58 of electric potential is connected to the stainless steel tube 46. For negative ion operation, the stainless steel capillary may be kept at -3000 volts, and for positive ion operation at +3000 volts. The orifice plate 18 is grounded.
Nitrogen from the source 54 was supplied at a pressure of 2.5 bar (i.e. 2.5 atmospheres) into the annular space 50. This produced a high gas velocity through the space 50.
During normal operation, the axis of the stainless steel tube 46 was positioned 5 to 10 millimeters off the axis of the orifices 20, 24, to prevent sampling of large cluster ions. A fine mist or fog was observed emanating from the tip of the tube 46. It was found that the combination of the electric field and the gas flow served to nebulize the liquid stream. The device shown was tested and found effective at flow rates up to 0.2 ml per minute, but it was found that the best sensitivity was obtained at about 40 microliters per minutes, a flow rate which is compatible with 1 millimeter inner diameter packed microbore liquid chromatograph columns.
It was also found that the nebulizer gas flow through the annular space 50 allowed a larger distance to be maintained between the tip of the stainless steel tube 46 and the orifice plate 18 than in the case of ordinary electrospray. This larger distance, together with maintaining the voltage difference between tube 46 and plate 18 at no more than about 3 KV, reduced the electric field at the tip of the tube 46 and prevented a corona discharge, even with nitrogen used as the nebulizing gas. Had pure oxygen been used, this would have reduced the likelihood of a corona discharge even further, since oxygen tends to capture free negative electrons emitted during the spray process. However, the use of oxygen was not found necessary.
It was also found that the best sensitivity was achieved when the tip of the stainless steel tube 46 was positioned three to four centimeters from the orifice plate 18. However, the spray process was relatively independent of the position of the tip of tube 46, i.e. the tip of the tube 46 could be moved over a range of positions without seriously degrading the ion signal.
It will be appreciated that the invention is applicable only for certain compounds. It is primarily applicable for ionic compounds, i.e. compounds which are already ionized in solution. These compounds include many dyes and drugs. In addition, the method is applicable in the case of certain neutral molecules which cluster with ions in solution and remain clustered with the ions during the ion spray process. Examples of such compounds having neutral molecules which cluster with ions are digitoxin and certain estrogens, e.g. diethyl stilbestrol.
The invention has been tested on members of a number of classes of compounds which, when present in very small quantities (and since they are usually accompanied by other compounds) have proven very difficult to detect reliably. The invention has performed surprisingly well on various members of the following classes of compounds:
1. disulfonated azo dies
2. phenolic compounds
3. carboxylic acids
4. various fragile drug compounds (e.g. digitoxin as mentioned, nystatin, and a drug produced by Squibb under its trade mark Aztreonam
5. nucleotides
It is found that the use of the invention produces mild ionization (unlike, for example, thermospray which tends to decompose molecules because of the heat involved) and very high sensitivity, resulting in surprisingly good results even when very small quantities of many compounds which are difficult to detect are involved.
The apparatus shown in the drawings was tested by varying the nebulizer gas pressure from source 54, to determine the effect on the ion signal when the gas pressure was varied. The result of this test is shown in FIG. 3, in which scan numbers (scan rate 3 seconds per scan) are plotted on the X axis and the total ion current (shown as counts per second registered on the TAGA instrument used) is plotted on the Y axis. The resultant ion signal curve is indicated at 60. The flow rate chosen for the test was 40 microliters per minute, and the liquid used was a 0.1 ppm solution of PPG 1000 (polypropylene glycol in 80/20 acetonitrile/one millimolar ammonium acetate). The ion source temperature, i.e. the temperature in chamber 12, was 40� C.; the pressure in chamber 12 was atmospheric, and the voltage from source 58 was set at 3 KV. The gas pressure from source 54 was varied between 3 bar and 0 bar (above atmospheric pressure), and the gas velocity through the annular space 50 was measured for each gas pressure. The annular space 50 in the experiment was 0.025 mm. in thickness and about one cm. long.
In FIG. 3 the gas velocities measured are shown in meters per second (m/s) across the top of the drawing, and the gas pressures which produced those velocities are shown in parentheses above the velocities (in pressures above atmospheric). It will be seen that the ion signal 60 was highest at a gas velocity of 216 m/s, being more than 170,000 counts per second and with little fluctuation. When the gas velocity decreased to 144 m/s, the ion counts decreased to about 130,000 counts per second, still with little background noise. At a gas velocity of 78 m/s, the ion count fell to about 50,000 counts per second, again with a fairly low level of background noise or fluctuation. An ion current of 50,000 counts per second is useable, but with much more difficulty than the higher level recorded at a gas velocity of 216 m/s.
When the gas velocity dropped to zero, the ion current remained at an average level of about 50,000 counts per second, but with a great deal of fluctuation or background noise. It is believed that this was due to the presence of larger droplets which were not dispersed or broken up by the gas stream. The presence of these large fluctuations makes far more difficult the interpretation of the output signal (i.e. the ion count) from the machine. To remove this background noise or random fluctuations in the signal without the gas flow, it would be necessary to reduce the liquid flow rate greatly. This would mean that part of the flow from the liquid chromatograph would have to be discarded, decreasing sensitivity.
Had the electric field applied been higher (by using higher voltage or by moving the tip of tube 46 closer to plate 18), the ion signal would have been greater at lower pressures. However too high an electric field creates a risk of creating a corona discharge.
In general a preferred range of gas velocity past the tip of the tube 46 is between about 140 and 250 meters per second for a liquid flow rate of 40 microliters per minute. A higher flow rate requires a higher gas velocity range. As can be seen from FIG. 3, a relatively high gas velocity produces a very substantial increase in ion signal. While the gas velocity can be lowered if the tip of tube 46 is closer to orifice plate 18, or if a higher voltage or lower liquid flow is used, the velocity is preferably above about 140 meters per second. Too low a velocity causes a reduction in sensitivity, i.e. a reduction of ion signal. However even a lower velocity (e.g. 78 m/s), while it does not increase the ion signal, nevertheless makes the signal much more useable since it reduces random fluctuations in the signal. A gas velocity of 78 m/s is still a high velocity in ordinary terms, since it corresponds to 280.8 kilometers per hour or 174 miles per hour.
The inner diameter of the capillary tube 46 may vary, depending on the application. A diameter of 100 microns (a micron is 0.001 mm) was found suitable. Typically, the inner diameter may range between 25 and 250 microns. In addition, the thickness of the annular space 50 may vary, a preferred thickness being 75 microns and a preferred range being between 50 and 100 microns.
While the description shows the liquid flow into the ion spray device 44 as being from a liquid chromatograph, in suitable circumstances the liquid flow can be injected directly into the ion spray device 44 without a liquid chromatograph column.
It is noted that a high percentage of methanol or acetonitrile in the liquid directed into tube 46 helps the pneumatic dispersion into droplets small enough for the emission of ions. Methanol and acetonitrile have a lower dielectric constant than water and hence allows ions to escape more readily. The presence of ammonium acetate (a common buffer salt) at a concentration of 0.01 M and above strongly reduced the sensitivity for ionic analytes. However, the same concentration of ammonium hydroxide or acetic acid did not have this adverse effect.
It is noted that a high percentage of water in the eluent or sample solution did not impair the performance of the ion spray interface in the tests which were conducted, contrary to the case of the electrospray interface.
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In Part I, Chapter 43, at the end of June, Ginzburg receives word her father has died; almost immediately thereafter, she is summoned by Nabob. Falsely accused of singing in her cell, Ginzburg is sentenced to three days in the underground punishment cell. Unlike the winter, the cell is crawling with insects. While in the cell, Ginzvurg thinks about her father.
Immediately after receiving news her father has died, Ginzburg is thrown into the punishment cell for trumped-up charges of singing. Instead of freezing as she had the past winter, Ginzburg must now contend with a variety of insects and humidity. She uses the time to focus on her father, rather than focus on herself and her current situation. The fact that Ginzburg was placed into a roach-infested cell is abominable; that this kind of punishment should be meted out at...
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Charity valuation day at Staffs Regiment Museum
Posted: February 26, 2014|
A MUSEUM which commemorates soldiers from Burton and East Staffordshire will hold a charity valuation day tomorrow.
Television show host Charles Hanson (pictured) will be at the Staffordshire Regiment Museum, in Whittington, to offer his professional judgment on items brought along.
The popular antiques expert, who has run Hansons Auctioneers in Etwall since 2005, has also appeared on BBC's Antiques Road Trip, Bargain Hunt and Flog It.
Mr Hanson said he and his team were delighted to be able to visit the museum, especially in the centenary year of the outbreak of the First World War.
He said: "What a marvellous venue to identify and advise on medals and militaria, family heirlooms and collections, celebrating those who served their country so magnificently.
"We look forward to discovering medals, souvenirs, diaries, armoury and memorials, connected with the Staffordshire Regiment, the army, navy and air force."
Cordelia Mellor Whiting, who will help to run the day for the museum, said: "We welcome Charles Hanson and his team to the valuation day.
"We hope local people will keep the team of Hansons' experts busy with valuations and tales of history of the variety of items we hope to see."
The day begins at 10am and ends at 4pm, and donations of £1 per item are requested.
For more details on the valuation day call 01543 434394.