text:
Select Bankruptcy Issues for General Counsel – Part One
Florida Statutes Section 726.110 generally provides for a four year statute of limitations in regard to fraudulent conveyances (or if longer, 1 year after the transfer was or could have reasonably been discovered by the...more
What Private Equity Funds Should Know About ERISA:
Basics of ERISA Coverage -
The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA) imposes numerous duties on fiduciaries holding employee benefit...more
It would be easy for employers to assume that they need not worry about an employee's eligibility for Family and Medical Leave Act ("FMLA") leave until at least one year has passed since the employee began working for the...more
Con il decreto legge 24 gennaio 2015 n. 3, entrato in vigore in data 25 gennaio 2015 (il "DL n. 3/2015"), sono state introdotte alcune disposizioni modificative della disciplina delle banche popolari contenuta nel decreto...more
While asset-light strategies have been utilized for decades in the hotel industry, the strategy and how to implement it are a bit more complicated in the development space, whether for a hotel or time-share company. A typical...more
As we noted in Parts 1 and 2 of this series, any buyer of assets from a company in any degree of financial stress should be concerned about the transaction being attacked as a fraudulent transfer. Officers and directors of a...more
After Plaintiff Pi-Net International, Inc. ("Pi-Net") brought suit against Defendants Focus Business Bank and Bridge Bank, N.A. for patent infringement, the Patent and Trademark Office initiated an Inter Partes Review ("IPR")...more
An auction of RadioShack assets which concluded this week included the names and physical addresses of 65 million customers and email addresses of 13 million customers. The auction result and transfer of assets is still...more
The Pennsylvania Legislature enacted extensive changes to Title 56 of the Decedents, Estates and Fiduciaries Code affecting powers of attorney, effective as of January 1, 2015. The amendments create a number of issues for...more
On January 13, 2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit denied a petition for en banc review of the Second Circuit's September 2014 panel decision holding that bankruptcy courts are required to review the...more
Great Plains Royalty Corp. v. Earl Schwartz Co. (In re Great Plains Royalty Corp.), 520 B.R. 292 (Bankr. D. N.D. 2014) –
Two companies that acquired assets in a bankruptcy auction moved to reopen the case to clarify...more
In This Issue:
- IRS Clarifies Deadline for Correcting Withholding Documentation
- Consent Payment Modifying Contingent Payment Debt Instrument Must be Tested for Significance
- IRS Concludes Correction of Error...more
In its October 1, 2014 decision in Quadrant Structured Prods. Co. v. Vertin, et al., C.A. No. 6990, the Delaware Court of Chancery applied the protections afforded under the business judgment rule to investment strategies...more
On September 22, 2014, the United States Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service issued a Notice (Notice 2014-52) that limit "inversion" transactions and their potential tax benefits. In general, an...more
Many seniors consider transferring assets for estate and long-term care planning purposes, or just to help out children and grandchildren. Gifts and transfers to a trust often make a lot of sense. They can save money in taxes...more
In Bross Trucking, Inc., TC Memo 2014-10, the United States Tax Court ruled that a taxpayer's wholly-owned corporation that ceased operations due to its difficulty with regulatory authorities had no goodwill. As a result,...more
In a corporate inversion, a U.S. corporation (typically the parent of an affiliated group) becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of a foreign corporation (through a merger into the foreign corporation's U.S. subsidiary) or...more
Part one of an in-depth webinar discussion covering a range of bankruptcy issues of particular interest to In-House Counsel.
The panel discusses bankruptcy and other creditor rights considerations when choosing the form of...more
Federal Ministry of Finance directs non-application of recent rulings by the Federal Fiscal Court.
With its circular letter dated 12 September 2013, the Federal Ministry of Finance comments on three rulings by the...more
Suppose that a corporation decides to sell all of its assets. Do all assets include the attorney-client privilege? In considering this question, I think it is useful to distinguish between the documents or other media that...more
Welcome to the Family Office Services Group's new update series "Did You Know?" It is an easy-to-read, timely and brief focus on legal issues and developments facing you and Family Offices throughout the year. ...more
Non-UK domiciled individuals who have a UK domiciled spouse or civil partner now have the option to elect to be treated as domiciled in the United Kingdom for inheritance tax (IHT) purposes. This will enable them to receive...more
Purchasing company is found to be subject to successor liability for federal employment-related claims, even where it explicitly disclaimed such liability in the transfer of assets....more
Originally published in the New Jersey Law Journal - Vol. 211 - No 5 Monday, February 4, 2013.
In 2012, a number of not-for-profit entities, including religious institutions, filed for bankruptcy relief in New Jersey....more
Your first step to building a free, personalized, morning email brief covering pertinent authors and topics on JD Supra:
Sign up to create your digest using LinkedIn*
Back to Top
Copyright ©


text:
As a "University of Promise," TTU becomes a partner with America's Promise – The Alliance for Youth organization, a national movement to mobilize people from every sector of American life to build the character and competence of the nation's youth.
To commemorate the occasion, TTU designated Nov. 15 as "Take a Kid to the Game" day, offering children's (aged 18 and under) game tickets for only $1, both in advance and at the gate. Campus representatives are also asking everyone to bring a children's book to donate to area pre-school and head-start programs. Red wagons will be stationed at the stadium's west entrance to collect the books.
Students and campus volunteers will also offer children's activities and reading stations set up at the ground floor of stadium's west side. During half time of the game, representatives of the Community Services Agency, the local organization that initiated the America's Promise effort in our region, will present TTU President Bob Bell with a red wagon, the America's Promise logo.
Weather permitting, the Golden Knights parachute team will jump in to the game carrying the America's Promise wagon.
Founded in Philadelphia in April 1997 at the Presidents' Summit for America's Future, America's Promise hopes to help young people by fulfilling five promises:
Develop and support ongoing relationships with caring adults,
Create safe places with structured activities during non-school hours,
Promote a healthy start and future through nutrition, exercise and good habits,
Provide effective education to develop marketable skills, and
Create opportunities to allow youth to give back through community service.
"Tennessee Tech University is proud to fulfill its promise to support our region's youth," said Bell. "They are our future, and they will represent our success. Community service is a critical component for higher education, and we are setting an important example through this effort.
"We are dedicated to educating and engaging our students in active-duty citizenship. They represent the future and the promise of our region, our state, and our nation. TTU is very pleased to partner with the Upper Cumberland Community Services Agency, Putnam County Schools, other P-12 schools throughout the region, and other organizations that serve youth."
The game, featuring the TTU Golden Eagle football team versus Southeast Missouri, begins at 1 p.m., but gates and ticket booths will open at noon. Call 372-3940 for advance ticket sales.
PHOTO CUTLINE: Preparing to celebrate TTU's induction as a "University of Promise" during the TTU football game Saturday, Nov. 15, are, from left in the front row, Katie Patterson, Dalen Prince, TTU President Robert R. Bell, Pedrom Radman and Sarah Jo Pendergrass. Standing in the back are, from left, Putnam Co. Schools Director Michael Martin, Upper Cumberland Community Services Agency Representative Seanaree Qualls, and TTU Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Marvin Barker.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Regular Office Hours
Monday - Friday:
Saturday & Sunday:
Current Specials
Special Offer:
$25.00 OFF Shipping
For a Limited Time Only: $25.00 OFF Shipping
We are offering $25.00 OFF shipping for online orders only on the initial purchase of any blueprint order over $600.00 (before shipping fees and taxes). Simply enter or mention this promotional code when placing your order: 04H15
Custom House Plans
Blog Talk
Two-Story House Plan, 027H-0219
Click image above to view larger
Views may vary slightly from working drawings. Refer to floor plan for actual layout.
Design 027H-0219
|Buy this House Plan Now!
|Modify This Plan
Plan Details
Plan Features
Plan DescriptionCraftsman details like the multi-material façade and flared porch columns give this narrow lot house plan plenty or curb appeal and charm. But there is more to this home than meets the eye. Inside, the living spaces on the first floor are open and spacious. The living room offers front yard views and shares a fireplace with the breakfast nook. Nearby, the kitchen reveals a cooktop island with snack bar. A half bath with laundry facilities tucked inside polishes off the main level. Stairs lead down to a storage area in the basement and also up to the second floor. Upstairs, three comfortable bedrooms share a deluxe bath and indulge in peace and quiet. Now take a look at the lower level. The finished basement truly makes this home a multi-generational home. Exterior stairs offer private access to a lower level apartment. This space makes a nice bachelor suite or mortgage helper, but perhaps it is more commonly used for boomerang children who return home. The floor plan consists of an efficient eat-in kitchen, sitting area and bedroom. A full bath and laundry closet complete the apartment. Ideal for extending families or those wishing to rent out living space, this two-story multi-generational home deserves a closer look.
CAD files and reproducible masters not available in Quebec, Canada.


text:
Welcome To SITECH
The SITECH Advantage
SITECH is more than just a new name and logo. In fact, SITECH represents a global distribution network built specifically to provide contractors with the most comprehensive solutions in the industry. Because of this laser-like focus, SITECH provides a unique set of solutions and support that is simply unmatched in the marketplace today.


text:
Stay healthy, avoid the flu
It is not too late to get a flu shot, especially since North Carolina has one of the worst flu outbreaks this year.
So far, 13 deaths from influenza have been reported statewide this season. Only one was an older adult. The other 12 were adults under the age of 65 but had other health problems, according to the N.C. Department of Health and Human Services. Seven were between the ages of 25 and 49 years.
There have been 67 laboratory confirmed flu cases in North Carolina this season. Four were from Union County.
"The activity level is extremely high," Union County Health Department Director Philip Tarte said.
Spread of the flu is tracked by the N.C. Influenza Sentinel Surveillance Program. Doctors, public health departments, hospitals and other health care providers report the number of patients treated for influenza-like symptoms.
The flu season peaks in February, finally ending in March. The most flu-related deaths reported this year came the week after Christmas.
"Flu outbreak is usually worse in areas with higher population density. It's worse if hits around Christmas and New Years because that's a time when people are getting together a lot," Tarte said. "That's an opportunity for the virus to spread."
Because the flu is viral instead of bacterial, the human body does not have much natural immunity to it. People who have the flu should stay home, but that is not always possible. A flu shot makes it harder for the virus to make you sick, but it is not foolproof.
"It doesn't mean you definitely won't get the flu, but it does give you a better defense against the flu when you're exposed to it than if you don't get the vaccine," he said.
Influenza is more dangerous than the modern world often realizes. Years ago, the flu could easily kill those it infected. Current treatment makes flu only a temporary inconvenience for most, but it still has the potential to threaten life.
"Unfortunately, when you get into a situation where you have diabetes or some other underlying medical condition, that compromises your immune system which makes it harder for your body to fight off the flu," Tarte said.
Children, the elderly and people with an existing medical problem need to be extra careful about staying healthy.
Even severe cases of the flu are dangerous. When accompanied by vomiting and diarrhea, dehydration is a serious risk.
"That's the point where people need to get medical treatment. If they can't keep fluids down, it can cause a blood sugar problem and an electrolyte imbalance and that's serious," Tarte said.
Health care providers should have doses of flu vaccine available, Tarte said. While they are less effective later in the season, it is still a good idea to protect yourself.
There are other things you can do to keep yourself healthy:
• Wash your hands often and vigorously
• Stay at home if you have the flu
• If you are sick, let friends and family know and encourage them to check on your condition
• Stay hydrated, especially if you have diarrhea or are vomiting
• Get treatment early to shorten the duration


text:
It is hard to believe
summer is coming to an end and Kids are already back in school. This year when
you think of school shopping, don't just think of clothes, shoes and school
supplies, what about jewelry? Zulumoon.com has a collection of back to school
jewelry to start your child out ahead of the class. We have sterling silver
school bus charms, book charms, high school initial charms, apple charms, ruler
charms, graduation charms, and more. Each charm could be used on any of our
charm bracelets or on one of our sterling silver chains. This year let
zulumoon.com help finish up your back to school shopping. With our beautiful
collection of jewelry, low shipping costs, and quick turnaround time, you will
be glad you did!
Currently rated 1.6 by 51 people
charms | childrens jewelry
Sterling Silver Jewelry


text:
List Price: $121.95Publisher: Course TechnologyBinding: HardcoverPages: 560Size: 8.60" wide x 11.20" long x 1.20" tall Weight: 3.036Language: English
Whether your goal is to teach an introductory course on Visual Basic 6.0 or prepare your students for the Microsoft certification exam, this text will meet all of your programming needs. With Hands-on, step-by-step activities this textbook guides students through the nuts and bolts of Visual Basic programming. This textbook also features extensive end-of-chapter exercises to provide essential reinforcement and practice.
Please choose a buying option
*A minimum purchase of $35 is required. Shipping is provided via FedEx SmartPost®
and FedEx Express Saver®. Average delivery time is 1 – 5 business days, but
is not guaranteed in that timeframe. Also allow 1 - 2 days for processing. Free shipping is eligible only in the continental United States and excludes
Hawaii, Alaska and Puerto Rico. FedEx service marks used by permission."Marketplace"
orders are not eligible for free or discounted shipping.
Learn more about the TextbookRush


text:
Since the spring of 1989, ICDA's Outstanding Performer's Showcase has existed to celebrate the accomplishments of students achieving the prestigious "Best of Center" through the Iowa High School Music Association's Solo and Small Ensemble Festival.
Where: The Showcase is held in the Music Hall on the campus of Iowa State University. Click here for a map
The day will feature two centers for the vocalists. There will also be two additional centers to feature the instrumental students who received "Best of Center" honors as well. The Iowa Bandmasters Association sponsors the instrumental portion of this event.
Students and teachers are encouraged to stay and support the other performers throughout the day. At the conclusion of the morning session – vocal participants will be part of an awards ceremony and a brief concert. Students that perform in the afternoon session are invited to arrive early to attend the midday concert.
When: Historically, Outstanding Performers Showcase happens the Tuesday following IHSMA's Large Group Festival.
Scholarship – The School Administrators of Iowa sponsors a scholarship to the top senior performance of the day. The scholarship amount is determined annually. Their performance will be recording and judged at a later date. The School Administrators of Iowa will notify the winner.
Thoughts for the day:
1. There is no time limit. Students can perform their selection in its entirety.
2. Warm-up rooms are available in the lower level of the Music Hall.
3. No judge's copies are needed.
4. Accompanists will be provided upon request.
5. There is no fee for schools to participate.
6. Students should dress professionally.
The day may look like this:
Watch other performers
Warm-up in the lower level
Watch other performers
Morning Certificate Presentation
Midday Concert
Performances continue
Afternoon Certificate Presentation


text:
Welcome to the Reid and Wilson Real Estate Website
Welcome to Reid and Wilson First National Real Estate, Timaru.
The name Reid and Wilson is synonomous with the Timaru Real Estate market.
Our origins go back to the 1920's. Today Peter and Bruce Wilson carry on the family Real Estate business.
We specialise in Residential, Commercial and Industrial sales.
Our team has over 200 years of combined experience in the local property arena and boasts top performers in First National nationwide.
So whether you're buying or selling come on in - "We're Streets Ahead". Feel at home with Reid and Wilson First National.
Meet Our Team
Our Commitment


text:
Shop By Collection
Shop By Fragrance Family
Bath + Body
Dare to Discover
Gift Ideas
32 results for 'Wax'
This season greets you with more great Frasier Fir choices than ever. A new assortment of home accents brings the outdoors in, with seasonal…
Read more
I love the eucalyptus fragrance. Thymes makes a superb quality product that is long lasting and comes in a glass container with a beauty design on it. I give Thymes products as gifts because I know my friends and family will love them as much as I do.…
Read more
We are required by law to collect state sales tax on orders being shipped to
the following states and provinces - CA, GA, IA, IL, MI, MN, MO, NY, PA, TX, WA, WI, AB, BC, MB, NB, NL, NS, NT, NU, ON, PE, QC, SK, and YT.
If you have further questions regarding sales tax, please contact Customer
Service department at 1-800-366-4071.
U.S. shipping is complimentary on orders of $50 or more.
Flat Rate Shipping for Domestic U.S. orders under $50 is $6.95.
Flat Rate Shipping to Canada is $29.95.
For more shipping information, visit our shipping page.


text:
1975 Mercedes-Benz 450SL, CA car with 2 tops. Clean in and out, no rust. Good running car. Bargain call Mike 805 391-0874... More
1999 Ford Explorer 4.0 Liter, V6 Engine. Automatic Transmission. Runs and drives well. Dual Exhaust. All power. Good interior. Toyota Steering. Sunroof. LEDs. 1978 ford... More
1969 Land Rover 88 Series Modle ll A, My Great Uncle purchased this Series ll new in 1969 so he could get to the... More
1995 Jaguar XJ6, Good condition ... More
2001 Volvo S60. Runs and Drives great! Heated Seats and Cold A/! Clean Car, Great Everyday Driver! 3-Owner car, 2 minor accidents, clean title!... More
1976 Gadabout Covered Wagon Reproduction of a "1900" Series. "ERA" model. Briggs/Stratton engine. Rebuilt carburetors. Clear Title. Seats are in good condition. Collectible from 1976.... More
2001 FREIGHTLINER STREET TROLLEY GVW-29,000 LBS CLASSIC TROLLEYS STARTRANS KNEELING FLOOR 26+4 PASSENGER & 2W/C DRIVETRAIN ALLISON B300 AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION 5.9L CUMMINGS TURBO DIESEL MOTOR EXTERIOR APPROXIMATELY 37' LONG AND 11' HIGH LUMINATOR FRONT... More
A 1978 Jeep C7 2 door hardtop with red exterior paint, black removable hardtop and special MT chrome wheels. The interior is gray vinyl... More


text:
Search the collections
Where is it from?
- A Creator Melbourne, Australia
Teaching Photograph - Program Listing Diagram, Autocode Programming Language, Trevor Pearcey, 1959-1992 Reg. No: MM 068292
- Summary:
- Photograph of a computer programming diagram entitled "To print Date and Serial Number". Diagram includes fragment of program listing, written in Autocode.
This is one of a set of photographs showing computers, computer components, computer structure diagrams and computer programmimg instructions, probably used as aids in teaching computing subjects. The diagrams and instructions relate to several pioneer models and systems of stored program computers dating back as far as the 1950s and including CSIRAC (originally known as CSIR Mark 1), Cirrus, Atlas, IBM System/360 , CDC 6600 System, and Illiac IV.
- Description:
- Black and white photographic print of computer programming instructions.
- Description Of Content:
- Early era [circa 1960] computer programming instructions.
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from Steve & Connie Kormas, 2001
|90 mm (Width), 125 mm (Length)
More information
|Tagged with:
|computer programming, computer software, computers, computing, valencia creek
|Themes this item is part of:
|Information & Communication Collection, Trevor Pearcey, Computer Engineer & CSIRAC Specialist (1919-1998), Trevor Pearcey, 1919 - 1998: a brief biography, Trevor Pearcey & the First Australian Computer: A Lost Opportunity?, Trevor Pearcey & the First Australian Computer: A Lost Opportunity?
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Digital Computing
|Tertiary Classification:
|On reverse in black pencil at lower right, Museum Victoria catalogue reference: "MM 68292";
On reverse printed in black ink, photographic paper manufacturer's name: "ILFORD".
|Photograph: Black & White; 5 in. x 3½ in.
|Dr Trevor Pearcey, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 1950s-1960s
This item is part of the following themes:
Similar items
Previous Page
| More


text:
Things To Do With Your Boyfriend
When you have a boyfriend you want to spend special time with him and there are many activities that you can do together. Learn what things he likes to do in his spare time, and that will give you a clue of what types of things to plan doing with him.
In the following list we have included many romantic, cute and fun things to do with your boyfriend.
Things to do With Your Boyfriend:
Shoot a Few Games of Pool
Most guys love playing pool. Find a nice pool hall some other establishment where you can go play pool. You can wager harmless bets such as the loser cooks dinner.
Rent His Favorite Movies
Plan an evening with plenty of munchies to watch his favorite movies that you rent. You can laugh or grimace at these movies whichever the case may be. The movies may not be the exact kind that you would watch, but he will appreciate the fact that you didn't choose a chick flick, instead of the movies he likes.
Have a Beach Party
Plan a party at the beach that includes a bonfire and some food. You could even plan on grilling at the beach if it is permitted. Have some hot dogs, hamburgers, chips and soda. Maybe you could even put up a volleyball net and play volleyball.
Another great thing to do at the beach is build a sand castle together.
You can take photos of each other. Do comical poses and snap pictures that you can laugh about later. You can even make your boyfriend a collage of all the pictures for a present.
Learn to Fish
Go to a local pond with your boyfriend and let him teach you how to fish. He probably won't even mind baiting the hook or helping you take the fish off of it. He may have to show you how to clean and cook it to if you aren't going to catch and release. Most guys don't mind though, in fact they like to teach their girlfriend how to fish.
Pick a interesting hiking trail, either at a state park or maybe even in the mountains, and spend the day hiking together. Of course you will have to plan for food, but there are some great prepackaged foods made for hiking. Make sure you both have the proper footwear and gear to do this hiking.
Go Camping
If you are the true outdoor type pitch a tent and camp. You can have your tent and he can have his. You can have a campfire and cook out doors. You can either sit around the campfire and sing. Maybe he knows how to play an acoustic guitar he can even serenade you. This can truly be a romantic time.
Play Video Games
Turn on the video system you have a compete in video games. You could even let him win or maybe he can teach you how to play a new game on the system. I warn you that this can bring out both of your competitive spirits big time.
Many other things that can be done with your boyfriend can be found in the following list:
First Twenty
- Sing along at the karaoke bar.
- Play flag football.
- Play one on one soccer.
- Play basketball.
- Write each other poetry.
- Watch professional sports.
- Go bowling.
- Go rollerskating.
- Play a game of pool.
- Go to a swimming pool.
- Go biking.
- Go to the zoo.
- Go to an opera house.
- Cook a few recipes together.
- Play a game of cards.
- Play board games like Trivial pursuit or Monopoly.
- Rent movies and watch them together.
- Have a picnic together.
- Go to the gym and work out together.
- Go to a music concert.
Next Twenty
- Write a list of 25 things you like about each other.
- Wash your vehicles together.
- Volunteer at a local senior citizens home.
- Plant a garden.
- Go bird watching.
- Write love letters to each other.
- Go surfing.
- Go jet skiing.
- Go white water rafting.
- Go bungee jumping.
- Go skydiving.
- Go to a job fair.
- Go to a play.
- Go to a high school sports game.
- Have a slumber party. Invite all of your friends over.
- Help paint each other's room.
- Go to a children's hospital.
- Walk for the March of Dimes.
- Participate in a marathon.
- Volunteer at the Salvation Army.
Next Twenty
- Volunteer at a Homeless Shelter.
- Collect food and send to a Food Bank.
- Help clean up each other's rooms.
- Go to an art class and sketch each other.
- Attend a college sporting event.
- Take a dance class together.
- Take a Yoga class together.
- Go to a library and study together.
- Go to each other's churches.
- Go to an amusement park.
- Go to a carnival or state fair together.
- Have a family dinner at your house.
- Plan a vacation.
- Go to a ski resort.
- Go snowboarding.
- Go to a spa.
- Make each other a mixed CD of your favorite songs.
- Go to a ceramic store and make pottery.
- Make a scrapbook.
- Plan to buy a dream home.
Last Eight
- Plan a trip to Disneyland or Disney World.
- Plan a trip to Six Flags.
- Plan a trip to Busch Gardens.
- Plan a trip to swim with dolphins.
- Go to a circus.
- Go to a magic show.
- Get some bread and cereal and feed nearby animals.
- Talk about each other's future goals.
As you can see there are many things that you and your boyfriend can have a blast doing. You're probably thinking, where is the sex?
The above activities actually help strengthen the relationship more than sex does.
It has been statistically proven that non committed relationships tend to last less once sex starts, and last more when sex is not present.
I believe that you will come up with many more ideas than what are listed here. But you at least have this list to start having fun together.
Get free questions on dating, love and relationships by downloading your free copy of the 100 Questions Before Marriage sample eBook or 1000 Questions For Couples.
Click here to instantly download your copy of 1000 Questions for Couples now!


text:
For the past 8 weeks or so I have been deep in the weeds on writing a draft of the money book. I approach book projects different ways, but for this particular one, I decided to write very rough drafts of chapters first. I anticipate being done with these drafts in another week or so, and then the real work of editing will begin. I find it is much easier to shape and think about something when I have something to work with. You see the holes. This gives research and interviews a clearer target. When I was writing 168 Hours, I did two massive rounds of interviews. The second was largely done after the book was drafted. I felt like the second had such a higher hit rate than the first, but of course that was because I was steering those interviews toward filling in my holes!
Anyway, here is the current chapter outline for the money book. In my mind, I've been calling it Plenty: How to Buy Happiness, but that could change.
Intro: You have more money than you think. An overview of the book, opening with some material from the Morocco post I did in early January.
Chapter 1: What else could that ring buy? A framework for the mindful use of money, looking at the opportunity cost of all the things we spend money on. The title comes from the little known fact that the average $5000 engagement ring could pay for 100 nights of babysitting — which would actually make a better marriage? Asks the $10,000 question (how would you spend $10,000 if you knew it had to be memorable)
Chapter 2: The Freedom Fund. The retirement concept is massively oversold. A better reason to build wealth? To give yourself the freedom to find and do work you'd never want to retire from.
Chapter 3: How to Choose a Tax Bracket. The usual personal financial advice is that when you need more cash in your life, you have to cut your spending — one of the reasons coupons are perceived as so virtuous. But I'd argue that it's often just as doable — and much more pleasant — to try to earn more than to cut back. There's a limit to how much you can cut. At least in theory, there's no limit to how much you can grow.
Chapter 4: Help Wanted. Where will the next American jobs come from? The same place they always have — new firms started by entrepreneurs. Centered on my trip to Detroit, this chapter talks about how jobs are created, and touches on happiness by pointing out that creating opportunities for other people is one of the best ways to use money. This is done easiest as a business owner, but we can all choose to use our money in ways that boost opportunities and job creation.
Chapter 5: Laughing at the Joneses. Reconsidering our relationships with our houses (and lawns) and our cars. Spending less on homes and cars creates a lot of space in a budget for things that bring more happiness — this chapter highlights the small house movement, the anti-home ownership movement, the trouble with cars.
Chapter 6: Laura's Guide To Your Best Weekend Ever. We get the most bang for our buck by spending on experiences. How should we best go about doing this? Told through the lens of one 168 Hours reader who instituted a new "Groundhog Weekend" tradition — creating a weekend you'd love to experience again and again.
Chapter 7: The Marginal Cost of Kids. After 2 (the definite mode in American life) the marginal costs of children decline precipitously. This is for two reasons: economies of scale, and changing expectations. The question is, do those changed expectations matter?
Chapter 8: The Chicken Mystique. In tough times, people get interested in things like farming, foraging, swapping, etc. — all yanked back out of the Great Depression, but celebrated now as much for their green side. None of this actually saves money when you consider the opportunity cost of time, but often the reasons for raising chickens run much deeper, into personal fulfillment, connection with the earth, etc. Hence the "chicken mystique."
Chapter 9: Microphilanthropy. Giving has gotten a lot more fun in recent years, with small donors able to choose their projects and ask for results. Witness the rise of Donors Choose, GlobalGiving, Modest Needs, etc. This trend raises real questions of efficiency and fairness, but I'd argue that ultimately, charity has to be about the giver to be sustainable.
Chapter 10: The Ziploc Bag. A chapter on the hedonic treadmill, and whether things that once brought us tons of pleasure (in my case, Ziploc bags) can continue to do so. Also, can children raised in fortunate circumstances learn to value money?
I'd love to hear your thoughts on all these.
One thing I didn't mention in my email about the chicken mystique in regards to money- yes there is an opportunity cost of time/labor but there is also an "opportunity savings" of spending time doing a cheap hobby rather than shopping, going to the movies, etc. Similarly with hobbies like gardening. Maybe it's not appealing to many to find your bliss cheaply, but when staying at home with little kids, my challenge is to fill a lot of time cheaply and semi-productively for my own sanity.
@Bridget- that's an interesting point, and one I hadn't thought of including. This is why I am workshopping these ideas!
On the marginal cost of kids — I confess I didn't read all those Motherlode comments and someone probably already made this point. But maintaining full-time careers, especially demanding ones, becomes increasingly more difficult with each child, ESPECIALLY if you are a woman and you do all the childbearing. (Corporate attorney here, baby #2 on the way. Having more kids and staying on this career path is not a good option.)
@CM – the Motherlode people did point out that many people found it difficult to continue as 2-income families at 3 kids, but the funny part to me is that people differed on whether this was an expense or savings. I'd side with the people who think that a person leaving the workforce is an expense. Yes, you save on childcare but you lose out on earnings plus raises for those years and probably on a few additional years given the complications in re-entering the workforce. Of course, if the first kid is already in school by the time the 3rd arrives, the additional costs would not be the equivalent of a third daycare bill. Also, at least in my neck of the woods, many professionals switch over to a nanny at 2 kids, so that's the big bump, not the third. The third would be a smaller added expense (albeit for more years).
In the balance of life, time, money and HEALTH are all important. When you consider time and money, you should consider health in the equation.
1) How does one manage health insurance costs? How does one account for the possibility of high medical bills/disability? This, to me, is the most compelling argument for remaining a 2 income family. Self-employed people often have insurance with a $10k deductible- what if you have a child with asthma who hits that every year or for whom you can't purchase insurance? What if you have to go outside your insurance network for care?
2) Retirement often is not a choice. Either one cannot work due to disability or due to employer age discrimination. What is the likelihood of this? How does it vary by profession? Dentists and tradespeople, like plumbers, often have back/knee problems by 50 that prohibit them from working in their fields.
In summary, I'd like to see this book address what to do about the bad things that happen in life (and their probabilities) than assume it's all about choices.
@Twin Mom – tackling the problems of the American health insurance system is going to be outside the scope of the book, otherwise it would just be a book on that. Though probably worth a mention at some point. I'd agree with you that having a safety net is a good reason for remaining a 2-income family. And lots of families do have one person have the "stable" job while the other tries something entrepreneurial, precisely for the health insurance. Back when I was paying for an individual policy, I just had to build it in to the cost of living. And yes, it pretty much sucked. As for the retirement issue, employer discrimination is definitely an issue, though there are some interesting policy ideas out there on combating that (I wrote about one recently in USA Today). And since senior citizens qualify for Medicare, that removes one of the obstacles to trying something entrepreneurial that younger people face. I like the work that Civic Ventures is doing in encouraging "encore careers" — just because you can't stand all day and do procedures doesn't mean you can't do something economically viable. In the case of a dentist, there are options like teaching, consulting to an oral care company or an insurance company doing dental coverage, etc.
It sounds like a breath of fresh air versus the standard "frugalista" approach to managing money. There are many corners of the web where it's pretty much a competition to see who can out-frugal the other, and it's kind of pathetic. It's a different stripe of the "high earner" versus "wealthy" difference that's very well explained in "The Millionaire Next Door".
I find J.D. Roth (Get Rich Slowly) and Dave Ramsey (Total Money Makeover, among others) and Ramit Sethi (I Will Teach You To Be Rich) to have money philosophies that seem to go in line with this book. I really can't stand the whole "Tightwad Gazette" approach to life.
@Jason – I hope it will be a breath of fresh air. I like J.D. Roth's stuff. Dave Ramsey is fascinating, and has certainly found a market. I intend to stay far away from the concept of getting out of debt and budgeting. It's not something I have any expertise in, so I more want people to think broadly about money.
Thanks. I especially like the part about thinking about wedding and engagement expenses rationally. Money is one of the toughest things that married couples deal with, so why not figure stuff out from the start? The ring, the wedding itself and the honeymoon are three items where the value of each should be carefully considered by the couple, especially with respect to their immediate future. Starting married life with tens of thousands of dollars in debt is not a strong starting point for a lifetime venture!
I like the title "Plenty" but the subtitled turns me off, although I can't put my finger on exactly why or suggest an alternative. Sorry.
I like the chapter title "laughing at the jones" because it sounds like in this book you'll be reminding people they do have a choice about how they spend their money (just as how in 168 hours you said we have a choice about how we spend time and that saying we don't have time isn't accurate).
@Laura-I agree with Alissa. There's something about the expression of 'buying' happiness that doesn't appeal to me. Maybe—Plenty:There's Enough for Everyone; or Your Future, Your Way; or Plenty: You CAN Have it All.
One more thing about the double careers — I know your book is about money, but I actually like and value my career, and my husband likes and values his. Neither of us wants to stay home with the kids full-time. For us, even leaving aside the cost of daycare, more kids means more commitments (including time spent dealing with childcare), more sick days, more unpredictability, more years when we're (to be frank) not giving our careers our all because we're more focused on our family. We think this is totally worth it for the two kids we've always wanted, but for us I feel the marginal non-economic cost of more kids is significant.
My husband is a minister, and I'm an OT (part time). We are not wealthy, but live frugally and have recently paid off all our debt. I suppose our 5 kids could be considered raised in "affluent circumstances".
We are teaching our kids the value of money. The little ones have the Dave Ramsey "Junior Banks" with give, save and spend sections. We talk deliberately about money and why we don't go on expensive vacations. We encourage them give some of their earned money to church. My oldest son recently brought his cash to Walmart to get a video game controller, and decided he'd rather not spend ALL his money on 1 thing.
I don't expect that they grasp it all, but I believe that this foundation will help them understand the value of money.
The topics sound interesting, but I'm not sure about the flow of the chapters. In particular, the Help Wanted chapter seems out of place, but I might rearrange some of the others as well. It seems like there are two big messages that you're giving — that experiences are more satisfying than things, and that you should focus on the big issues (what you do for a living, where you live, how many kids you have) and less on saving small amounts.
The last chapter about kids learning the value of money, I find it to be the simplest concept to get across but our society seems to "give" to our children than to teach our children. Whether a family is rich or poor a child learns the value of money by working for it, the sweat of the brow teaches value, not education (but studying hard is sweat of the brow)or learning compound interest. The last 20 – 25 years of good living have changed our attitude towards work and money.
I'm a carpenter that can't find a helper with a good work ethic and on the job there are hardly any people younger than 30.
Many kids have their college paid for by their parents, and many do miserable their 1st year only to spend the next 3-4 years trying to get their GPA up.
You need to know sacrifice to understand value.


text:
Nathan vs Video Games: Week in Review for 1/22/2012
By theuselessgod 1 Comments
Greetings blog readers, and welcome to the week in review for 1/22/2012. This week saw a boatload of reviews, 12 in fact, pushing the grand total thus far to 33 games. I reviewed a bunch of old PC games this week, particularly Sierra-On-Line games, but I'm not finished with those just yet! I have a bunch more in the pipeline, considering those were what I mostly grew up with, so prepare yourselves for more reviews of old PC games you played and then forgot existed.
I thought I'd also take a brief moment to explain how I review games, and specifically why I only give whole-star ratings. When I sit down to write a review, I have such a massively stupid amount of choices (from all the games I've played) I usually only write ones that I immediately can think of something to say about. I write them all in one sitting, with no planning in advance whatsoever, and I only go back and edit if I made specific errors or mistakes. Basically you are getting me saying what I can think of off the cuff, in one quick breath, and without me redacting anything I've said. I want these to be as completely honest as possible, and keep in mind they are just my opinion (though I do balance the score a little based on game quality, even if I didn't enjoy it, but that's for another post) so if you love a game I hate, I'm totally cool with that (or vice versa).
I give full star ratings rather than half ratings (Giant Bomb, where I am also posting these reviews, allows half-star ratings) because I feel limiting myself makes me both think more about how many stars I give a game, and gets rid of an easy out. In truth, the star rating is there as an afterthought; what I really want you to do is read the words of the review, figure out if you like what I'm saying, and make a judgement from that. There are a lot of games that I think are decent (Legend of Dragoon from this week comes to mind) but I really can't justify giving a high star rating. Hopefully I explain this well in my review (though I am considering putting the star rating just under the last part of "The Short" in reviews, for the especially lazy).
Well, that's it from me. I'm really enjoying this as both a writing exercise and a trip down memory lane, and I really hope you are enjoying reading them. My intentions are that, once we start getting more games on here, you might discover some games you haven't played yet that you'd like to try, or games you forgot about that you can dig back up again. The possibilities are endless!
It is also worth noting most next-gen games were played on Xbox 360 unless otherwise noted. I'm not a fanboy or anything, it's just the system I bought first, so I tend to preference games on it (I like the controller better, too, and all my friends are on there).
Anyway, here is this week's reviews in blurb. And, as always, requests are welcome (and I promised a Super Mario Bros 2 for NES review this last week; sorry, I totally spaced it. I will do my best to get it out this week, though)
Dead to Rights: Retribution - 2 / 5
King's Quest VII: The Princeless Bride - 3 / 5
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow - 3 / 5
Oh yes, I've also started my "Rock Band Review Fiasco," which will be combination reviews of every Rock Band game as well as personal side-notes by me regarding how much I've enjoyed playing this game with friends and family. The first game is up; I intended to do more tonight but I finished a novel instead, so expect the saga to continue tomorrow with Rock Band 2, The Beatles: Rock Band, Lego Rock Band, Green Day: Rock Band, and Rock Band 3.
Have a great week!


text:
Deborah Lippmann
It's Delovely Nail Lacquer
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
- 3
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Share This Item: Email
Description: It's Delovely: Modern golden peach (creme)
Size: 0.5 oz.
About Deborah Lippmann: Each iconic lacquer by Deborah Lippmann is designed to restore nails to their best health while providing long-lasting, elegant color. The formula is enriched with Okoume (a natural nail strengthener from Africa), Biotin (a cell regenerator) and Green Tea, and contains no formaldehyde, toluene or dibutyl phthalate.
*Reduced shipping for all orders $50 and under.
Brand: Deborah Lippmann


text:
S-Cape Eastern King Adjustable Bed
Item #662940
Enjoy luxurious comfort that redefines what a bed should be. The Natures Caress Wallhugger adjustable base gives you the ultimate sleep system. The Wallhugger S-cape adjustable base allows you to elevate or lower your head and feet to maximize your own comfort level. A gentle vibrating massage relaxes tired muscles. This luxurious adjustable sleep system is beautifully tailored having the appearance of a traditional box spring. Wallhugger engineering keeps your bedside table within easy reach, even with the head of the bed elevated.
The wireless remote control has raised backlit buttons which allows you to feel and see the buttons in the dark. Easily position yourself as you read, work, watch television, relieve back or muscle strain, sleep, or simply relax in bed.
- S-Cape Adjustable Bed does not include mattress
- Standard King size (76" wide x 80" long) features two individual Twin XL bases (38" wide x 80" long each) side by side to make up what is commonly referred to as a Dual Eastern King or Split King.
- Meets the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1633 - Federal Flammability (open flame) Standards with FR- compliant mattress.
- Available in Split Eastern King, Split California King, Queen and Twin XL (extra long 80"), sizes not available Twin Regular, Full or Full XL.
- Delivered to your home with standard-size headboard bracket attachments. Will fit into most standard-size headboard/footboard/side rail combinations.
- Therapeutic massage for targeted body zones of total body, upper body, and lower body with wave action, intensity variation, and timer.
- Wallhugger feature keeps the nightstand within reach.
- Whisper quiet operating system with a backup power supply to position your bed flat in case of a power outage.
- 4" & 7" legs and locking casters for height adjustments.
- Twin wheel locking casters for easy mobility when needed (adds 2 to height).
- Backlit wireless remote control with one-touch flat position button.
- 3 programmable settings for customizing your favorite position and comfort level: Kings have two remote controls, Queen and TXL have one remote control.
- Operating electronics and motors are UL-approved.
- Lifting capacity of 550 lbs for Twin or Queen, and 900lbs for King beds.
- 1-year in-home service warranty.
- 2-year free replacement parts only.
- Lifetime limited warranty on frame.
- Manufactured in USA.
- Split King assembled bed dimensions (consists of two TXL-38" x 80"): 78" W x 80" L x 10" H (without legs)
- Weight: 340 lbs
Brand: Leggett and Platt
Height: 10 in.
Size of Bed Mattress: Eastern King
Weight: 340 lb.
Width: 78 in.
Standard shipping via White Glove* furniture carrier is included in the quoted price. Delivery includes in-home setup and removal of packing materials. Carrier will call or email to set up appointment with delivery window. Please include a daytime phone number in the shipping information at the time of checkout.
Extraordinary delivery requirements may necessitate an additional fee to the carrier.
The estimated delivery time will be approximately 4 - 6 weeks from the time of order.
Delivery is not available to Puerto Rico, Alaska or Hawaii.
Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
How to Return: For an immediate refund (including shipping and handling), simply return your purchase at any one of our Costco warehouses worldwide. If you are unable to return your order at one of our warehouses, please email customer service or call our customer service center at 1-800-955-2292 for assistance. To expedite the processing of your return, please reference your order number.
If you request an item be picked up for return, the item must be packaged and available for pick up in the same manner as it was delivered. If your order was delivered "curb side", it will need to be available for curb side pick up.
If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
WILKINSON, W.Va. — Cheryl Jean Clay Belcher, 46 of Wilkinson, went home to be with the Lord Saturday, June 8, 2013, in Logan Regional Medical Center.
Born May 6, 1967, at Logan, she was a daughter of the late James and Mary E. Dillon Lemaster of Wilkinson. Also preceding her in death was one sister, Elizabeth Ann Clay.
Cheryl was a Phlebotomist, Licensed CNA, Medical Assistant, graduate of Logan High School and graduate of Southern Community and Technical College and was Pentecostal by faith.
In addition to her mother, she is survived by her husband, Chris Belcher of Wilkinson; one son, Michael Joseph Belcher (Bianca Murphy) of Logan; two daughters, Meagan Mary (Frankie) Brown of Danville and Lindsay Cheryl Belcher of Williamson (Michael Charles of Pecks Mill); one sister, Stephanie Elaine Lemaster (Keith) Belcher of Wilkinson; one brother, Jimmy Dale (Carmen) Lemaster of Neenah, Wis.; three grandchildren, James, Jeremiah and Jamie Belcher and a host of nieces, nephews and friends.
Services will be conducted at 1 p.m., Wednesday, June 12, at Freeman Funeral Home at Chapmanville with Pastor A.G. Lilly officiating. Burial will follow in Highland Memorial Gardens at Godby.
The family will receive friends from 6-9 p.m. Tuesday at Freeman Funeral Home.
Condolences and memories may be shared with the family by visiting www.hensonmortuary.com
Henson & Kitchen Family Funeral Home of Barboursville is honored to be caring for the family.


text:
The Department of Defense announced today the death of a soldier who was supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Spc. Eric L. Toth, 21, of Edmonton, Ky., died March 30 on a supply route when an improvised explosive device detonated near his HMMWV. Toth was assigned to the Army National Guards 1st Battalion, 623rd Field Artillery Regiment, Tompkinsville, Ky.
For further information related to this release, contact Army Public Affairs at (703) 692-2000.


text:
Percona Software Documentation
Percona provides free and open source software for the MySQL and OpenStack communities. Our solutions include:
- Percona Server - a drop-in replacement for MySQL which provides higher performance and more advanced features than MySQL CE
- Percona XtraDB Cluster - an effective solution for creating high availability MySQL clusters
- Percona XtraBackup - a hot backup solution for MySQL
- Percona Toolkit - a collection of command line tools for common database administration tasks
- Percona Monitoring Plugins - components designed to integrate seamlessly with widely deployed solutions such as Nagios and Cacti which make it easy to monitor MySQL performance
You can download Percona software manuals here. Find the latest version of the manual or locate older versions of the software manuals for Percona Server, Percona XtraDB Cluster, Percona XtraBackup, Percona Toolkit, and Percona Monitoring Plugins.
Percona Server
Percona Server is a drop-in alternative for MySQL server.
Percona XtraDB Cluster
Percona XtraDB Cluster is an open source high availability solution for MySQL.
Percona XtraBackup
Percona XtraBackup is an open source hot backup solution for MySQL.
Percona Toolkit
Percona Toolkit is a collection of command-line tools for MySQL and system tasks.
Percona Monitoring Plugins
Percona Monitoring Plugins are open source components that provide enterprise-grade monitoring and graphing for MySQL.


text:
Lightweight and ergonomically designed.
The MAX standard trumpet case offers lightweight protection at a great value. Features a tough nylon exterior, roomy front pocket, soft plush lining, 2 mouthpiece slots, & interior compartments for accessories. This is a great lightweight alternative to a gig bag. Better protection and more room for accessories.
Comfort Features
Carry handle features a padded grip secured by a hook n' loop closure
Shoulder strap
Interior Features
Accessory compartments, 2
Mouthpiece holders, 2
Soft non-abrasive plush velvet lining
Exterior Features
Rugged 600 denier nylon
Rubber feet
Hook 'n loop quick-lock closure
Compatible with optional rain jacket (Model # RAIN2)


text:
Alright kids, here's the Fishbulb take on it.
I won't bore you with back story like the film does. I will not wax poetic about how the original 1978 horror classic this film is based affected me when I saw it at the drive in at the tender age of 4 years old. I will simply tell you what I liked and didn't like about this re-imagining of a classic boogeyman story. Furthermore, because this is, essentially, a remake it is inevitable that comparisons to the original will be drawn. I did try to remain fair though.
I LOVE Rob Zombie's music and his persona. It's fun, it's twisted, it's psychotic and scary and full of geeky references. This man knows horror films and knows horror monsters so it would seem that he was a great fit to revitalize the Halloween franchise with his own high octane, visceral style. Nope.
The film opens on the dysfunctional Myers household on a typical morning. Mom the stripper is cooking eggs while arguing with her disabled boyfriend who is flirting with his step daughter over mouthfuls of cereal. A young Michael, our hero(?), is upstairs killing his pet rats. Lovely. Later that day little Michael is pushed over the line by some bullies which sparks his homicidal rampage. He kills a bully on the way home from school, then after mom leaves to go to work and being denied a trick or treat trip, he kills his step father, sister and sister's boyfriend.
Michael is moved the the Sanitarium, where he denies any responsibility for the murders before stabbing a nurse in the neck with a fork. Although it is clear that Michael has a psychotic connection with masks, we see in one shot that he is allowed to create and display his collection of home made disguises in his cell. Wouldn't they be discouraging that at a mental hospital?
After a bloody breakout from the sanitarium, and about 40 minutes into the film, the remake finally reaches the original's storyline of an anonymous (well not anymore) boogeyman returning to his home. This is where the film actually begins to pick up some steam and gain the creepy, suspenseful energy of the original.
A nubile Laurie Strode is the model teenager with cool friends. A far cry from the nerdy, virginal Jaime Lee Curtis take on the character. Laurie goes through her day at school, catching glances of Michael here and there, all to good effect. Later she settles in to her babysitting job and agrees to watch an additional child to cover for a friend.
The second half of the film, yes I said second HALF is the retelling of the original story that horror fans are looking for. Zombie does a great job of paying homage to the original's plot while twisting it just enough to call his own. One scene in particular where Laurie finds one of Michael's victims still alive while he is still in the house is particularly effective and very suspenseful. The problem is that by the time the interesting stuff begins to happen we've already checked out. We've grown callus to the gallons of dark blood, the overuse of a four letter expletive, and the appearance of the white Shattner mask in the shadows.
The movie is a failure but not without some true successes. When Zombie is paying homage to his source material and coloring it with his own palette the movie works great. It's only when he tries to infuse the boogey man with a human soul that the pic gets bogged down and boring. The boogeyman wasn't supposed to have a soul. The boogeyman is scary because he doesn't have one. Unfortunately this retelling gave him one and robbed the story of nearly all it's suspense, mystery, and interest.
I give it 2 out of four stars.
1- Don't bother
2- Wait and rent it
3- Matinee Price
4- Worth full price admission


text:
A method of separating at least one gaseous component from a feed comprising a mixture of gases using a liquid membrane barrier and a sweep fluid is disclosed that includes selecting a sweep gas or a sweep liquid membrane and providing a treatment zone in a treatment chamber having a plurality of hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers, the treatment chamber having opposed end walls with ports including feed and membrane inlets and a sweep outlet at one end and a sweep inlet and a feed and membrane outlets at the opposed end and a plurality of hydrophobic elongated microporous hollow fibers extending between the feed and sweep inlet ports and feed and sweep outlet ports respectively and arranged for counter-current flow of feed gas and sweep fluids therethrough. A liquid membrane, a feed gas and a sweep fluid are delivered into each respective inlet port under conditions wherein the static pressure in the feed is higher than in the sweep and wherein the static pressure in the membrane liquid is maintained at a level which is substantially higher than the pressure within either of the hollow fibers containing the feed gases or sweep fluids.
1. The method of gaseous component separation of at least one gaseous component from a feed gas comprising a mixture of gases in a hollow fiber liquid membrane system employing a rigid treatment chamber enclosing a first and a second plurality of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers, a liquid membrane barrier, and a sweep fluid, and comprising the steps of:
(a) selecting a predetermined sweep fluid;
(b) providing a treatment zone disposed within said rigid treatment chamber, with the rigid treatment chamber enclosing said first and said second plurality of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers, each having a non-porous coating thereon and with the non-porous coating being on the outer surface of said elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers and in direct communication with the hollow interior thereof, said rigid treatment chamber comprising an elongated enclosure with an axis, side walls defining an elongated cylindrical chamber for retaining said pluralities of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers with a non-porous coating thereon in a configuration to extend generally along the axis of said elongated chamber, said chamber having opposed end walls with ports formed therewithin and including a feed gas inlet port, a liquid membrane reservoir retaining a supply of liquid membrane therein and with the liquid membrane being in communication with said rigid treatment chamber through a liquid membrane inlet port disposed at a first end of said rigid treatment chamber, said rigid treatment chamber further having a sweep fluid outlet port at said first end, and with a sweep fluid inlet port, a feed gas outlet port, and a liquid membrane outlet port at the opposed end thereof;
(c) said first and second pluralities of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers extending between said feed gas and sweep fluid inlet ports and feed gas and sweep fluid outlet ports, with said first plurality of hollow fibers coupled to said feed gas ports and with said second plurality of hollow fibers coupled to said sweep fluid ports, and with said pluralities of fibers arranging for counter-current flow of said mixture of gases comprising said feed gas and said predetermined sweep fluid therethrough;
(d) delivering a liquid membrane, a feed gas and said predetermined sweep fluid into each of said liquid membrane inlet port, feed gas inlet port and predetermined sweep fluid in let ports respectively, with the liquid membrane being in surface-to-surface contact with the non-porous coating on each of said pluralities of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers with a non-porous coating thereon, and wherein the partial pressure of the component of said feed gas to be selectively removed from the feed gas and passing through said first plurality of fibers is controllably maintained to be higher than that partial pressure in said predetermined sweep fluid within said second plurality of fibers, and wherein the static pressure of said membrane liquid within said rigid treatment chamber is maintained at a level which is substantially higher than the static pressure maintained within the hollow interior of either of said pluralities of microporous hollow fibers containing said mixture of gases comprising and present within said feed gas or said predetermined sweep fluid.
2. The method as defined in claim 1 being particularly characterized in that said rigid treatment chamber is an elongated tube with a metallic shell and a lining of polytetrafluoroethylene.
3. The method as defined in claim 1 being particularly characterized in that means are provided to pressurize said membrane liquid with an inert gas at a selected and controlled pressure for continuous movement of said membrane liquid through said rigid treatment chamber, said controlled pressure being effective to raise the static pressure of said membrane liquid to a level substantially greater than the static pressure within either plurality of elongated hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers with a non-porous coating thereon containing said feed gas and sweep fluid.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the static pressure in said membrane liquid is maintained at a level which is in excess of 100 psia over that of the sweep fluid within said second plurality of hollow fibers.
This is a Continuation of application Ser. No. 08/564,401, filed Nov. 29, 1995, now abandoned which was a continuation of parent application Ser. No. 08/216,711, filed on Mar. 23, 1994, now abandoned.
The present invention relates generally to a method and apparatus for the separation of at least one gaseous component from a mixture of gaseous components from a feed mixture. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of separation of a gaseous component from a mixture of gases contained in a gaseous feed stream.
In the past, various techniques have been employed for the separation of components from gaseous mixtures, such as by chemical and physical absorption techniques. These techniques involve the dispersion of a gas in the absorbent liquid as bubbles or gas flowing counter-current to a liquid which is in the form of drops or a thin film in spray towers, packed towers, and the like. Such devices, however, suffer from flooding, loading, entrainment, and the like. The recovery of condensable hydrocarbons from natural gas, on the other hand, is achieved by highly energy intensive cryogenic processes such as refrigerated absorption in heavy oils or cryogenic distillation.
A less energy intensive process which can be an alternative to the ones mentioned above is membrane separation. Gas separations using polymeric membranes have met with some success (T. E. Cooley and W. L. Dethloff, "Field Tests Show Membrane Processing Attractive", Chem. Eng. Prog., Vol. 81, p.45 (1985)). However, the wider use of polymeric membranes for gas separations has been inhibited by the low selectivity and permeability values they exhibit (S. L. Matson et al., "Separation of Gases with Synthetic Membranes", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 38, p.503 (1983); A. Sengupta and K. K. Sirkar, "Membrane Gas Separation", Progress in Filtration and Separations, R. J. Wakeman, Ed., Elsevier, Amsterdam, Vol.4, p.289 (1986)). V. T. Stannett, "The Transport of Gases in Synthetic Membranes--an Historic Perspective", J. Mem. Sci., Vol. 3, p.97 (1978) has provided a historical perspective on gas transport through polymeric membranes. Liquid membranes, on the other hand, are known to possess high species permeabilities and selectivities in gas permeation (S. G. Kimura et al., "Industrial Applications of Facilitated Transport", Recent Developments in Separation Science, N. N. Li, Ed., CRC Press, West Palm Beach, Fla., Vol.5, p.11 (1979); M. S. Brennan et al., "Natural Gas Separation Using Supported Liquid Membranes", AIChE J., Vol. 32, p.1558 (1986) and M. S. Brennan et al., "The Use of Swollen Silicone Rubber Membranes for Natural Gas Separations", ICOM '87, Tokyo, Japan (1987); S. Majumdar et al., "A New Liquid Membrane Technique for Gas Separation", AIChE J., Vol. 34, p.1135 (1988); K. M. Kaka et al., "Natural Gas Separation by Oil-Swollen Membranes", Proc. Int. Mem. Tech. Conf., Sydney, Australia (1988)). Furthermore, using the principle of facilitated transport even higher species selectivities and permeabilities may be achieved (W. L. Ward, "Immobilized Liquid Membranes", Recent Developments in Separation Science, N. N. Li, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 1, p.153 (1972); R. D. Hughes et al., "Olefin Separation by Facilitated Transport Membranes", Recent Developments in Separation Science, N. N. Li, J. M. Calo, Eds., Vol. 9, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. (1986)). An early use of a liquid as a separation barrier for gas separation was achieved by immobilizing it in the pores of a microporous substrate where it was kept in place by capillary action of the micropores, these types of membranes were called immobilized liquid membranes (ILM) (W. L. Ward, "Immobilized Liquid Membranes", Recent Developments in Separation Science, N. N. Li, Ed., CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio, Vol. 1, p.153 (1972)). The liquids used as membranes are chosen on the basis of gas solubility, selectivity and volatility. The microporous support is chosen on the basis of its inertness, small pore size, thinness, and the like. This ILM technique along with few other variations have several deficiencies for gas separation, the most important ones being poisoning (Matson et al., "Separation of Gases with Synthetic Membranes", Chem. Eng. Sci., Vol. 38, p.503 (1983)), loss of evaporation and the problem of humidity control (S. G. Kimura and G. F. Walmet, "Fuel Gas Purification with Permselective Membranes", Sep. Sci. Tech., Vol. 15, p. 1115 (1980)), resulting in flooding of the aqueous membrane.
More recently, however, Majumdar et al., "A New Liquid Membrane Technique for Gas Separation", AIChE J., Vol. 34, p.1135 (1988) developed a new liquid membrane technique known as the contained liquid membrane (CLM). Here a thin film of water or an aqueous solution is contained in the space between two thoroughly mixed sets of hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers which carry the feed and the permeate streams respectively. Since water or an aqueous solution is acting as the liquid membrane, and since it is contained between two sets of hollow microporous hydrophobic fibers, this technique is designated hollow fiber contained liquid membrane (HFCLM). The aqueous liquid membrane, which is immobilized in the shell side of the permeator, is maintained at a pressure higher than those of both gas streams, feed and permeate, to prevent physical mixing of the two gas streams. Using this technique, Guha et al., "Gas Separation Modes in a Hollow Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane Permeator", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 31, p. 593 (1992) presented a very detailed study on the separation of mixtures of CO2 --N2 and CH4 --CO2 using water and 20% aqueous diethanolamine (DEA) solution as liquid membranes. This study also included experimental data and theoretically predicted results for different modes of permeator operation.
The principle of transport of species through the HFCLM is the same as in the ILM. For a non-reactive liquid acting as the liquid membrane, the permeant gas species dissolves at the feed-liquid membrane interface on the outside radius of the feed fiber, diffuses through the liquid membrane and desorbs at the sweep-liquid membrane interface at the outside radius of the sweep fiber. The microporous hollow fibers do not act as membrane barriers as such. Their pore size and wetting characteristics control the maximum allowable pressure difference between the gas stream and the liquid membrane beyond which one of the phases will get dispersed in the other.
By way of example, and in accordance with the present invention, the separation of CO2 --N2 mixtures using a HFCLM permeator will be described. In the first example, both sets of highly intermingled microporous hydrophobic hollow fibers have a thin nonporous silicone coating. In the second example, one set of microporous hydrophobic hollow fibers has a thin non-porous silicone coating, while the other set does not. The former is illustrated in the schematic illustration designated FIG. 4 hereinbelow, with the latter being designated FIG. 5, and with FIG. 5 containing one set of silicone coated fibers and one set of uncoated microporous fibers.
The ultra-thin nonporous silicone layer (- 1 μm) is located on the outer surface of the hollow fibers and it is used to prevent the membrane liquid from entering the pores of the fibers. The ultra-thin silicone coating also acts as a separation barrier since permeabilities of various species through silicone are different; the resistance to the transport of species which the coating provides is however likely to be negligible due to its thinness. In addition, the coating tends to increase the strength of the microporous fibers making them capable of handling pressures up to 200 psig and above. Thus, the feed stream and the liquid membrane can be maintained at high pressures and the strip side at a lower (e.g. atmospheric) pressure, without fiber collapse and certainly without any membrane liquid breakthrough into the permeate fiber lumen. In the technique without a non-porous coating on the fibers having a pore size around 0.03 μm, the maximum pressure differential that could be maintained was around 100 psia. Suitable hydrophobic microporous hollow fibers found useful in application to the present invention are disclosed in Nomura U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,444, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, and the disclosure of this patent is hereby incorporated by reference.
The technique of the present invention provides a method for the continuous and steady separation of components. In particular, the technique of the present invention does not require batch processing techniques, and hence significant advantages are created and readily available.
One feed gas mixture used in our efforts consists of CO2 and N2 with a CO2 content of either 10%, 20%, or 40%. The feed gas pressure ranges between 60 to 216 psia; pure water and 20% by weight aqueous solution of diethanolamine (DEA) are used as liquid membranes, with water alone being non-reactive with the feed gas. As indicated hereinafter, solutions of diethanolamine (DEA) are reactive with certain feed gases, with the advantages available from the use of such material being discussed hereinafter. Also, these efforts provided information on the selectivity of the liquid membranes under study. In undertaking processes in accordance with the present invention, care is given to the selection of an appropriate liquid membrane. For example, certain processes and/or techniques cannot be used with hydrocarbon membrane liquids which tend to wet the hydrophobic microporous fibers. In other words, the hydrophobic property of the coated fibers is an important consideration in undertaking certain processes in accordance with the present invention. In other instances, these configurations may employ membrane liquids such as N-decane, kerosene, as well as other such materials for recovering various species from natural gas. Those gaseous components such as ethane or other higher species are of importance.
Typically, the liquid membrane pressure is greater than the pressure within the gaseous phase of the feed. In other words, the liquid membrane pressure is typically maintained at a level greater than that of the gaseous phase within the microporous hollow fibers. Additionally, the liquid membrane pressure is typically maintained at a level greater than that within the fluid phase in the sweep hollow microporous fibers. Such an arrangement enhances the stability of the system and contributes to the ability of the system to maintain continuous and steady separation operation.
Therefore, it is a primary object of the present invention to provide an improved separation method and apparatus for achieving separation of mixtures of gases utilizing hollow fiber contained liquid membrane techniques (HFCLM), and wherein the separation is achieved through the utilization of two individual sets of coated microporous hollow fiber substrates, one set containing a feed stream, and the other containing a strip stream, and with the hollow fiber substrates being spaced apart by an immiscible liquid membrane retained outside of the fibers.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide an improved gaseous separation operation for separating components of mixtures of gases utilizing improved HFCLM techniques.
Other and further objects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a study of the following specification, appended claims, and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an arrangement of the present invention for gaseous separation, utilizing a hollow fiber module with means for flow of a feed stream and a sweep stream, and also for housing a liquid membrane therewithin;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line and in the direction of the arrows 2--2 of FIG. 1, and illustrating the arrangement of components contained within the module;
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a concentration profile of a certain species contained in the feed stream as it passes through the liquid membrane and is ultimately extracted by the sweep stream;
FIG. 4 is a schematic of the fibers containing the feed and permeate or sweep gas mixtures, with the aqueous phase being maintained outside the fibers, and with the fibers on both sides being coated on the outside; and,
FIG. 5 is a schematic of the fibers containing the feed and permeate or sweep gas mixtures, with the aqueous phase being maintained outside the fibers, and with the feed side fibers not being coated.
In order to describe the operational features of the present invention, reference is made to the procedures set forth in Example I hereinbelow.
For constructing a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane permeator (HFCLM) needed for gas separation, the following method was applied to the bundle preparation. The coated fibers of the type described in Nomura U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,444 and uncoated fibers sold by Celanese Chemical Co. of New York, N.Y. under the designated "Celanese X-10" were cut to the desired length, and placed on a flat surface, with the fibers lying next to one another, with their ends secured to the surface with adhesive tape. Once the fibers for one side, feed or sweep, were laid and secured, the fibers for the other side were placed the same way on top of the previous set. Next, the adhesive tapes were loosened and each end of each set was tightened with threads. With one set of fibers still on top of the other, the fibers were mixed by hand. A considerable quantity of water was used to aid the mixing process. A detailed description of the fiber bundle preparation process can be found in Majumdar et al., "Liquid Membrane Purification of Biogas", Prepared for the New York State Energy Research Development Authority, Report 91-9 (March 1991). Other coated fibers may also be utilized in the apparatus and techniques of the present invention. For example, either plasma-coated or other integrally-coated fibers may be employed, provided the coatings are both adherent and fast upon the surface of the microporous substrate, and capable of withstanding the exposure to the pressure differentials being employed in the system. As indicated, however, the preferred coated fibers are those indicated hereinabove.
The HFCLMP shell for gas separation is illustrated in FIG. 1. The details of the structure are shown in Table I hereinbelow. The details of preparation of such permeators are, of course, known in the art and straightforward techniques are employed.
A complete schematic of the HFCLM permeator is shown in FIG. 1 and a sectional view including the pipe, epoxy layer and fibers is shown in FIG. 2. The chamber includes a lining of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon). This Teflon lining is illustrated in the embodiment of FIG. 2. The geometric characteristics of the permeator made along with the number of fibers, mass transfer area, packing factor, and the like are shown in Table I below.
TABLE I______________________________________ PERMEATOR______________________________________Length available for coating 28.0separations (cm)Length available for liquid 15.24membrane separations (cm)Inside diameter (cm) 0.238Total number of fibers 52Number of fibers per side 26Feed side fiber I.D./O.D. μm 100/142100/142Sweep side fiber I.D./O.D. μm 100/142100/142Type of feed fibers coated*Type of sweep fibers coated*Mass transfer area for coating 32.5only separations (cm2)Mass transfer area for liquid 17.7membrane separations (cm2)Mass transfer area per unit volume, 26HFCLM mode (cm-1)Fiber tortuosity ** 3.5Fiber porosity *** 0.2Packing factor 0.18______________________________________
The gases used in these studies were CO2 (99.8% min.), N2 (99.99% min.), 10.0% CO2 --N2 mixture (standard), 10.2% CO2 --N2 mixture, 38.89% CO2--N 2 mixture and 20% CO2 --N2 mixture. All the gases were obtained from Matheson Gas Products Inc. of East Rutherford, N.J. The diethanolamine (99%) was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. Inc. of Milwaukee, Wis.
The row identified as "length available for liquid membrane separations" shows the active internal module length to be 15.247 cm. The overall module coated fiber length is 28.0 cm, and the sections between the internal length and ends are also filled with the same liquid, but the fibers are spaced apart at the ends a distance which is greater than that required to present an effective thin liquid membrane.
The gas separation set up is schematically illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The permeator system generally designated 10 includes a gas delivery cylinder 11 providing an inlet along feed inlet to chamber 12 through valve 14. Sweep gas is delivered from sweep gas delivery cylinder through valve 15 and into the inlet to chamber 12. Liquid membrane reservoir 16 is subjected to pressurized helium, as indicated, and delivers material through valve 18 and into chamber 12, and ultimately delivered from chamber 12 through outlet 19. The feed outlet is shown at 20 and sweep outlet at 21. All connecting lines were of 1/8th inch o.d., 0.035 inch wall thickness, 316 stainless steel. Analyses of the inlet and outlet streams were performed using a Varian 3700 gas chromatograph equipped with a thermal conductivity detector and with a Porapak N, 80/100 mesh, 6'�1/8" stainless steel column. The injector and detector temperatures were kept at 120 degrees C. and the oven temperature at a constant 40 degrees C.
A procedure was started by filling the liquid membrane reservoir 16 with the appropriate liquid. Next, the shell side outlet valve 19 of chamber 12 was opened and the membrane liquid was allowed to pass into the shell side of the chamber 12 which lay in an inclined position. After 30 to 50 cm3 of liquid were collected from the shell side outlet valve, chamber 12 was placed in a horizontal position and the outlet valve 19 was closed. Then the shell side was pressurized with helium to an initial pressure of 20 to 55 psia. At this point, all other Swagelok fittings were tightened and the feed side pressure and flow rate were set. The feed inlet flow rate was initially set at a higher value with the aid of an electronic flow transducer-controller (Model 8141-0412, range 0 to 50 sccm, commercially available from Matheson Gas Products of East Rutherford, N.J.) so that the pressure inside the fibers could reach the desired level faster.
When a non-reactive liquid was acting as the membrane, the above procedure was continued by letting the feed gas into the lumen of the feed side fibers. In the case where a reactive aqueous liquid was used as the membrane, however, the procedure included the filling up of the feed and sweep gas humidifiers (500 cm3 capacity) with water prior to the introduction of the feed gas into the permeator. Once they were full, 40 to 60 cm3 of water were taken out to guard against the possibility of water entering the lines.
The pressurization of the feed and the shell were done simultaneously. The feed side was pressurized by allowing feed gas to flow inside the lumen of the fibers and by controlling the pressure level with the aid of a back pressure regulator (Fairchild, Epec Sales, Towaco, N.J.). The shell side was pressurized by a direct increase in pressure from the pressurization cylinder pressure regulator. The pressurization process was done slowly until the desired levels of pressure were reached. Once these levels were reached, the feed inlet gas flow rate was returned to the desired level. The feed and permeate outlet streams were sent to a gas chromatograph.
The flow rates of all streams, except for the feed and sweep side inlet streams, were measured at the outlet with the aid of a bubble flow meter. The feed and sweep inlet flow rates were adjusted to the desired level with the aid of an electronic flow transducer-controller combination for each line (Model 8141-0412 and rate 0 to 50 sccm, and 0 to 10 sccm; Matheson Gas Products of East Rutherford, N.J.). For pure component permeation experiments, the same procedure and set up as above were used with the only difference that the feed stream consisted of only a single component and the Varian 3700 gas chromatograph was not used.
With particular attention being directed to FIG. 3 of the drawings, FIG. 3 shows a concentration profile of a solute as it permeates through the feed side silicone coating, through a non-reactive liquid membrane, and finally through the permeate side silicone coating. In the profile illustrated in FIG. 3, it will be understood that the hollow fibers for both the feed and sweep sides are fabricated in accordance with the disclosure of Nomura U.S. Pat. No. 4,824,444.
The use of silicone coated microporous hollow fibers in a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane (HFCLM) arrangement for the separation of high pressure CO2 --N2 mixtures has yielded encouraging results. The inlet feed pressure was varied from 64 to 215 psia with the liquid membrane pressure maintained either above or below the feed pressure. The latter could not have been achieved if non-coated microporous hydrophobic hollow fibers were used in a HFCLM configuration. Further, the addition of the coating allowed the fibers to withstand considerably higher pressures. The highest pressures used earlier with uncoated fibers in HFCLM configuration was around 100 psia (S. Majumdar et al., "Liquid Membrane Purification of Biogas", prepared for the New York State Energy Research Development Authority, Report 91-9 (March 1991)).
The addition of the coating resistances to that of the liquid membrane did not increase substantially the total transport resistance of the system. The very small thickness of the silicone coatings, - 1 μm, made the contribution of their resistances less important.
In the case where the liquid membrane (water) was at a higher pressure than the feed, the permeate gas flow was substantially lower than that where the opposite pressure difference was applied; this indicated that the flow was purely diffusive. Permeate CO2 compositions as high as 46.4% were achieved with a feed composition of 10.0 to 10.2% CO2, balance N2 and a feed pressure of 114.7 psia. For an inlet feed content of 38.89% CO2, balance N2, the highest composition of the permeate gas was 86.8% CO2 at a feed pressure of 136.7 psia; the highest selectivity was 17 at a feed pressure of 66.7 psia. Additionally, coated fibers may be utilized with aqueous solutions of an alkali-metal carbonate or liquid such as aqueous solutions of diethanolamine and hindered amines for carbon dioxide separations from natural gas mixtures. Such operations are believed adaptable in ratios which are normally not feasible for economic reasons, and may prove useful for separation at smaller gas well sources. Additionally, sweep liquids of the type described by Guha et al., "Gas Separation Modes in a Hollow Fiber Contained Liquid Membrane Permeator", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 31, p. 593 (1992) may be employed in certain applications in lieu of the sweep gases.
The number of these gas separations is substantial, and includes, by way of example, carbon dioxide removal in order to up-grade sour natural gas for energy conservation, as well as for economic recovery from smaller deposits, such as for example, condensable hydrocarbons from natural gas including the recovery of certain gaseous species containing two or more carbon atoms.
Moisture-laden flue gases which contain nitrogen, sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and residual oxygen may be used as a feed gas together with membrane liquids such as water, as well as aqueous solutions of sodium bisulfite, sodium sulfite, sulfolane, sulfolene, as well as ferrous and ferric ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), i.e. ferric ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (ferris EDTA). Permeability levels for sulfur dioxide tend to be high, and mixtures of sulfur dioxide-carbon dioxide as well as sulfur dioxide-nitrogen selectivities may be obtained utilizing the immobilized liquid membranes listed above. It is recognized that removal of sulfur dioxide as well as other oxides of sulfur from flue gases or stack gases is an important consideration for the release of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.
The choice of aqueous DEA (diethanolamine) to be used as a liquid membrane for the separation of CO2 --N2 gas mixtures was made because of the encouraging results obtained by other investigators such as Guha et al., "Facilitated Transport of CO2 Through Immobilized Liquid Membrane of Aqueous Diethanolamine", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, p. 2093 (1990) and Majumdar et al., "Liquid Membrane Purification of Biogas", Prepared for the New York State Energy Research Development Authority, Report 91-9, (March 1991). The particular concentration of DEA, that of 20%, was chosen because of the selectivity and the stability it exhibited when used as a liquid membrane in a HFCLM configuration by Majumdar et al., "Liquid Membrane Purification of Biogas", Prepared for the New York State Energy Research Development Authority, Report 91-9, (March 1991).
Table II hereinbelow depicts the results obtained from HFCLM studies when 20% DEA aqueous solution was the liquid membrane. The mode of operation was sweep gas (He), the feed consisted of 20% CO2 balance N2 and feed and sweep streams were completely humidified. The effect of feed pressure increases on CO2 permeance (Q/δ), exiting CO2 compositions and selectivity was studied.
The effect of feed pressure increase on Q/δ for CO2 --N2 is shown in Table II hereinbelow. The values of Q/δ for CO2 and N2 show a significant decrease as the feed pressure increases; the Q/δ for N2 decreases but not as much as those of CO2 and when they are compared with the Q/δ values when water was the liquid membrane, they are less by a factor of almost six. The effect of pressure increases on the premeability coefficient, Q, for CO2 and N2 using 20% DEA aqueous solution impregnated in the pores of a flat Celgard film was studied by Guha et al. (1990 cited hereinabove). They reported that at high feed CO2 partial pressure differences the liquid membrane lost its facilitation capabilities and the permeability values were governed by the reduction in solubility and diffusivity of species in that solution. It has been reported that the reduction in permeability of N2 may be estimated by the salting out effect.
Table II hereinbelow also shows the effect of feed pressure increase on exit CO2 compositions. The feed outlet CO2 content does not show a significant decrease as the feed pressure increases mainly because of the small permeation area available. The sweep outlet CO2 content, however, increases two-fold as the feed pressure increases from 65.7 to 164.7 psia.
The effect of the liquid membrane on the selectivity of the liquid membranes (20% DEA aqueous solution and coatings) are shown in Table II hereinbelow. The highest selectivity obtained here is 31.5 at a feed inlet CO2 partial pressure of 10.0 psia. The selectivity of the system decreased to the value of 27.4 as the feed inlet CO2 partial pressure was increased to 29.2 psia. In prior investigations, a gas mixture of CO2 --N2 was used as the feed and an uncoated film, commercially available from Celanese Chemical Co. of New York under the name "Celgard 2400" and impregnated with 20% DEA aqueous solution, was used as an immobilized liquid membrane (ILM). Prior studies showed that the selectivity of the liquid membrane decreased dramatically as the partial pressure difference of CO2 across the liquid membrane increased to about 15 psia. Above that pressure, the selectivity remained constant at a value of 55 (Guha et al., 1990, supra).
TABLE II__________________________________________________________________________SEPARATION RESULTS USING A FEED CONSISTING OF 20.0% CO2 BALANCEN2 FOR SWEEP GAS (He)MODE OF OPERATION, AND 20% DEA AQUEOUS SOLUTION AS THE LIQUID MEMBRANEINPERMEATOR 2Fin /Fout a Sin /Sout b Liq. mem.c Fin /Fout a Sin /Sout bpressure pressure pressure flow rate flow rate Fout Sout d Sout e Q/δf Q/δf αg(psia) (psia) (psia) (cm3 /min) (cm3 /min) % CO2 % CO2 % N2 (CO2) (N2) CO2 /N2__________________________________________________________________________65.7/63.7 16.6/16.6 74.7 31.0/.sup.˜ 31.0 3.36/.sup.˜ 3.36 18.7 11.21 1.62 6.20E-6 1.97E-7 31.5104.7/102.7 16.6/16.6 114.7 31.0/.sup.˜ 31.0 3.36/.sup.˜ 3.36 18.8 15.40 2.18 5.20E-6 1.67E-7 31.1134.7/132.7 16.6/16.6 144.7 31.0/.sup.˜ 31.0 3.43/.sup.˜ 3.43 18.6 17.70 2.77 4.70E-6 1.68E-7 28.1160.7/159.7 16.6/16.6 74.7 31.0/.sup.˜ 31.0 3.43/.sup.˜ 3.43 18.4 19.35 3.12 4.30E-6 1.56E-7 27.4__________________________________________________________________________ a Feed inlet/Feed outlet b Sweep inlet/Sweep outlet c Liquid membrane d balance N2 and He e balance CO2 and He f cm3 /cm2 S cmHg g Membrane selectivity for CO2 /N2
The use of silicone coated microporous hollow fibers in a hollow fiber contained liquid membrane (HFCLM) arrangement for the separation of high pressure CO2 --N2 mixtures is encouraging. Inlet feed pressures were varied from 64 to 215 psia with the liquid membrane pressure maintained either above or below the feed pressure. The latter could not have been achieved if non-coated microporous hydrophobic hollow fibers were used in a HFCLM configuration. Further, the addition of the coating allowed the fibers to withstand considerably higher pressures. The highest pressures used earlier with uncoated fibers in HFCLM configuration was around 100 psia (Majumdar et al., 1991, supra).
The addition of the coating resistances to that of the liquid membrane did not increase substantially the total transport resistance of the system since the values of Q/δ of C2 and N2 through the ultra-thin silicone coating are much larger than those through relatively thick films of water or 20% DEA aqueous solution. The very small thickness of the silicone coatings, - 1 μm, made the contribution of their resistances less important.
In the conventional polymeric membrane mode of operation, the coating on both feed and sweep sides acted as the main barrier of separation when the liquid membrane pressure was less than that of the feed, suggesting that the gas bubbled through the liquid membrane from the feed to the permeate side. The variation of the feed pressure, as the difference between the feed and the liquid membrane pressures remained almost constant, resulted in a possible combination of diffusive and convective gas flow from the feed to the permeate side. The permeate flux increased although the difference between the two pressures (feed and liquid membrane) remained almost the same.
In the case where the liquid membrane (water) was at a higher pressure than the feed, the permeate gas flow was substantially lower than that where the opposite pressure difference was applied; this indicated that the flow was purely diffusive. Permeate CO2 compositions as high as 46.4% were achieved with a feed composition of 10.0 to 10.2% CO2 balance N2 and a feed pressure of 114.7 psia. The highest membrane selectivity for the system was 20.0 under conventional polymeric membrane mode of operation. For an inlet feed content of 38.89% CO2 balance N2, the highest composition of the permeate gas was 86.8% CO2 at a feed pressure of 136.7 psia; the highest selectivity was 17 at a feed pressure of 66.7 psia. In the permeator in which only the permeate fibers were coated, the liquid membrane pressure was always higher than that of the feed and He gas was used as a sweep. This, however, did not improve the separation significantly. The substitution of water with 20% DEA aqueous solution did improve the selectivity of the system. Selectivities as high as 31.5 were achieved at a feed inlet CO2 partial pressure of 10.0 psia under sweep gas mode of operation.
The use of coated fibers suggests inclusion of liquid membranes other than water or aqueous solutions since one of the main uses of the coated fibers in this configuration (HFCLM) is to prevent liquids from entering into hollow fiber bores. Feed mixtures which include condensable gases could be separated when pure high molecular weight hydrocarbons are used as liquid membranes. These liquid membranes could include such liquids as decane, kerosene, and the like for the separation of methane from ethane, propane, and the like.
In addition, it is possible to modify the system by imposition of a vacuum on the sweep side of the permeator in order to more expeditiously remove the separated gases. This is a feature which may be employed in the system by those skilled in the art utilizing conventional vacuum techniques.
It will be understood that the various aspects of the present invention are set forth in the appended claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Query: McCullers
3/3/2014 1:04:38
John Speight
1308 Colonial Ave NW
Wilson, NC 27896-1416
Was the Matthew MCCULLERS listed on your site from Wake County related to the SPEIGHT family of Wake County, NC? He was one of the executors for the Jan.8, 1809 will of William SPEIGHT of Wake Co. Thanks and have a wonderful day!
If you have information on the above persons, or access to relevant records, feel free to leave a REPLY below.


text:
Need help? Check out our Support site, then
Back to WordPress.com Forums
- Member Since
- September 9, 2006 (8 years)
- Website
- http://BG_log.wordpress.com/
User Activity
Recent Replies
- Keeping post at top of page User last replied: 8 years ago. Most recent reply: 8 years ago
Threads Started
No more topics posted.


text:
Our Acclaimed Wines
United States
Graffigna Centenario
Made from Argentina's flagship variety, this intense, complex wine was the most awarded Malbec of 2007-2008. Moreover, the 2008 vintage received 90 points from Robert Parker.
Blend: 100% Malbec
Deep red with purple hues. Complex dark berry aromas highlighted with delicate black pepper and toasted notes. Well-integrated tannins, round velvety body with a long, persistent finish.FOOD PAIRING
Grilled seasoned beef, lamb, duck, regional Argentine dishes: empanadas, locro, carbonada, cheeses.TECHNICAL DATA
Blend: 100% Malbec
Growing area: San Juan, Argentina
Harvest: 2007 – 2008 – 2009
Aging: 12 months (85% French oak, 15% American oak)
Suggested service temperature: 59Âş F - 62Âş F


text:
Aircel, India's leading mobile operator, part of Maxis Communications Berhad, Malaysia, has awarded Ericsson (NASDAQ: ERIC) a contract to roll out a 3G/HSPA network across six out of its 13 circles or geographic market areas. These six circles currently serve more than 100 million subscribers and Ericsson will be Aircel's largest partner for 3G implementation. Aircel will offer its customers services such as video telephony, mobile broadband, mobile TV, video on demand and others including music downloads, video tones, instant messaging and online gaming.
For many people, broadband has changed from being "nice to have" to being an absolute necessity in modern-day life – for conducting business, managing a household or as a means of entertainment. Likewise, the mobile phone has become one of the main tools for nearly 5 billion people in the world to communicate. Along with mobile broadband, it enables whole new ways of keeping in touch, accessing services and working on the move.
Sandip Das, CEO of Maxis says, "Ericsson and Maxis, have a long history of infrastructure partnership starting up from 2G through to 3G and possibly future technologies, across our subsidiaries and allied companies operating in Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. We respect them and look forward to their continued support to our group's commitment to providing quality networks and advanced services to our customers".