text:
photo by: Stefan – SF Intercom
article by: Jeff Watkins
Here's three examples that illustrate the importance of some extra attention to your live show at any stage in a band's development.
It is clear from watching American Idol every year that mass audiences respond well to showmanship. Big name acts like the Flaming Lips and Daft Punk demonstrate year after year how big personalities and big visuals can make great music truly exciting in a live setting. However, it's important to remember that you don't have to fill an arena to take advantage of the benefits that a little showmanship offers. All I mean by showmanship is some extra attention to the planning of a live performance, whether that means lights shows, setlist variations, or practicing for hours at home to work on your on-stage persona. Sometimes it can seem silly to spend a lot of time planning a stage show for 20 people, but the extra effort is worth it. Here's three examples with three bands at differing stages in their development to illustrate how useful a bit of flair can be to help a small band up their live show.
The Still-Trying-To-Make-A-Name-For-Themselves Band
While running sound at a small club, I saw a good amount of young musicians trying to establish an audience. One that caught my attention offers a good example for bands trying to gain an audience.
At this stage in the band's life, the guys hadn't quite gotten to where they needed to be as far as the actual performance of the music. They were out of tune, sloppy and unfocussed. The songs were written well enough, but it was messier than you'd want it. However, they made up for the lack of musicality with some fun stage antics.
They spoke to me before hand and had me shut off all of the lights in the building as they went on. They came on stage wearing glow in the dark gear and threw out glowsticks to the audience, which the audience continued to dance with for the rest of the night. While their music was somewhat forgetful, it wasn't bad and the extra stage antics provided the crowd with an entertaining and (more importantly) memorable night.
This should be kept in mind for bands that are still working on perfecting their performance, but still would like to grow an audience while they do so. Give an audience a fun night to remember and they'll be much more forgiving when it comes to your guitar solo and may even turn into a loyal fan-base.
The Big-Name-Around-Town Band
I ran lights a few times for a band that had been around for a few years, toured occasionally, and had put their first step into the national arena by getting a song on a few TV shows. However, they spent most of their time locally and played a number of shows around town. They didn't have a problem with getting people to hear their music. Plenty around town had heard it. Their problem was retention. How do you keep getting the same people to show up to your shows every time you play, especially when you've got a limited amount of songs to work with?
Their solution was to make sure every show was different and memorable. Sure, they changed the set list up a bit and threw in cover songs. What really separated each performance was a set structure around every concert. For one concert, it was labeled as a coming-home performance after a long tour. The talk of the night was partying, drinking and enjoying being with friends. They hung out late with the crowd and invited people out with them afterwards. At another concert, they went as far as having an actual theme. They billed the concert as Killing Summer, a final one-night blowout before fall began. They had blown up beach balls and inflatable palm trees, opened their set with a ukulele version of one of their songs and had some hula girls in the back at one point.
You don't need to go as far as having theme concerts, but it might be a good practice when playing a number of shows around SF to try to figure out what makes that one concert unique before playing each show. What will people come away with at the end of the night about that one show that they'll actually remember and what will bring them back to the next one.
The Just-Starting-Out Artist
When you're just starting out and writing your first few songs, ensuring a good audience reaction isn't incredibly important. The most important thing is to just get out there and play in front of people. However, a good stage presence can make you a bit more successful and boost your confidence, making you more likely to continue to succeed.
Recently, I went with a friend of mine who was playing his second show ever. He hadn't found band members yet, but wanted to try out some songs. He was nervous, the vocals were a bit shaky at parts and he flubbed some guitar riffs. However, the guy's charismatic. He's the type that loves public speaking and loves showing off his huge personality. He built in some planned comedic interludes between each song, displaying in full force that God-given gift of gab, and people actually seemed much more interested in him than the other acts that night. He may have not been the most technically proficient performer and he hadn't put his songs through the testing period that more mature bands can, but his charisma, energy and comedic timing separated him from the pack and got him some interest. And at that point, that's really all you can hope for.
The statement "showmanship is important" really isn't all that earth-shaking. However, I hope these three examples illustrated how some extra attention to your live show really can help a band at any point in its development. At the early stages, it can gain interest that might give the band members some confidence. If the band members aren't quite up to par when performing live, it gives the audience a little extra and can help separate them from the pack of all the other struggling indie rockers. For those musicians blessed with sheer talent and a base audience who think their music's amazing, a bit of extra attention can give your audience a reason to keep spending their Friday nights paying a cover to see you play. At the very least though, it could be as simple as always remembering to play to your audience, and making adjustments to your set accordingly.
If anyone has any good examples of how showmanship has helped your own live performances or if anyone has any ideas as to how to actually make other's live performances more entertaining to an audience, I'd love to hear them in the comments.


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In Ad Hermans
(ed.), Les dictionnaires specialisés et
l'analyse de la valeur. Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters, 1997, 57-74.
Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, and the Discourse of Dictionaries
de Beaugrande
Dictionaries as Discourse?
The title of this paper may
strike an unaccustomed note in the sense that a dictionary is not typically
conceived to be discourse or a discourse type. Instead, it is widely regarded as
a type of list or listing whose organisational principles differ substantially
from discourse in the everyday sense. The discrepancy recedes, however, if we
define discourse not as an artefact of language based on the model of everyday
conversation, but as any communicative event among participants (see Beaugrande
in preparation). We then shift our focus from dictionary as a tangible artefact
of paper and ink over to the compilation and the use of dictionaries as
communicative occasions occurring under characteristic circumstances.
In view of the social,
intellectual and linguistic importance of dictionaries it might be considered
curious that they have received so little attention in their own right. The
modest statements of principle and method occurring at the beginning of most
commercially published dictionaries are seldom
read by the users, as if there was nothing in any way complicated or problematic
in the achievement which the dictionary represents.
No doubt this widespread
disinterest reflects the folk wisdom that words are relatively reliable and
stable units whose meanings can readily be captured in an orderly list of
definitions. The same folk wisdom would hold that discourses are simply
combinations or series of such units whose significance in turn derives from a
corresponding combination of their meanings as represented by those definitions.
Among the leading discoveries
upon which a whole series of intellectual and scientific trends have converged
since the middle of the 20th century has been the acknowledgement that
relationships of words to meanings, and of texts to significances, is
considerably more elaborate and problematic than this folk-wisdom account could
remotely suggest — the cognitive revolution spanning cognitive psychology,
linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, critical linguistics,
along with social psychology, rhetorical psychology and most of the more
significant trends in literary theory, including Marxism, feminism,
post-structuralism, and deconstruction. Despite their extraordinary diversity,
all of these trends concur that conventional accounts of meaning, ranging from
the philosophies of antiquity up to medieval scholasticism and finally into the
increasingly formalised semantics in our own century have woefully
underestimated the inadequacy of stable correspondences between words and
meanings to account for the phenomena of human communication and interaction. It
is now generally agreed that meanings are not conveyed from person to person by
words and sentences the way that building blocks might be passed along from hand
to hand (or from mouth to ear), but that meanings are actively and jointly
constructed, negotiated, and adjusted during the actual communicative event.
On the face of it, such
assertions might appear quite ominous for the enterprise of dictionary-making.
Inevitably, dictionary-makers are required to abstract, by whatever methods,
across large classes of events and attempt to determine what aspects or elements
of a meaning are sufficiently common or shared as to merit inclusion in a
dictionary definition. Dictionary-makers can either proceed as usual and give no
attention to the intellectual trends I have cited above and to any others of a
similar import; or they can rethink the processes of constructing and using
dictionaries in the light of these recent developments. In this paper, I shall
adopt the latter course using as my frame of reference the domains generally
known as text linguistics and discourse analysis naturally as determined by my
own views as I have attempted to set them down in a large-scale study still in
progress at this time (Beaugrande 1997).
B. From
Conventional Semantics to Discourse Analysis
Historically, discourse
analysis grew out of several disciplines, chiefly linguistics on the one
side and anthropology plus sociology on the other. The two sides differed, not
surprisingly, in the extensive focus to which they placed upon language as
opposed to the other factors involved. On the side of
linguistics, whose preoccupation with language went to the extreme of
attempting to abstract it out of the context of ordinary communication,
discourse analysis was primarily prepared by the methods of fieldwork linguistics. The situation of doing fieldwork naturally
keeps the fieldworker in a continual engagement with the cognitive and social
production of meanings, even when the official goal of the enterprise is still a
description of, say, 'morphology' or 'grammar'. This continual
engagement enables fieldworkers to draw powerful and well-supported conclusions
about the meanings of words or utterances even when the methodology and
theoretical framework for drawing such conclusions has not yet been supplied.
For want of a better term, we can call this data-driven
semantics, in the sense that hypotheses and conclusions about meanings are
continually being generated and tested. Should these be inaccurate, the
fieldworker will soon encounter difficulties in his or her attempts to
participate in the discourse of the community such as being misunderstood, or
giving rise to unintended merriment.
On the other side, we have
what can justly be termed theory-driven
semantics, which works from the top down by postulating an essentially
artificial framework, such as formal logic, purported to supply the wherewithal
for definitions of meaning. Apart from the obvious differences in procedure,
such as the construction of elaborated schemes of "semantic features",
the most important contrast between this method and the ones supported by
fieldwork is that hypotheses and conclusions are not subjected to any similar
social and cognitive testing. Typically, the only source of opposition or
correction comes from other theory-driven semanticists who may or may not be in
sympathy with the theoretical framework but who all share the tendency to argue
on largely intuitive grounds based on their personal assessments of what words
or sentences might mean apart from how they have been observed in realistic
situational contexts. As far as I can discover, this tendency is typical of most
of conventional semantics in the "mainstream linguistics" that has
dominated the agendas of professional journal's conferences departments has been
of the latter type, as indicated for instance by such general surveys as Lyons
The outcome has been
widespread stagnation in which semantics has failed to progress beyond a handful
of stock examples, many of them artificial constructions which would be quite
unlikely to exemplify ordinary communication. In some of these discussions, as I
have shown (Beaugrande 1984), the question of dictionary definitions do surface
but usually not as a central issue on the agenda of semantics. Instead,
semantics has usually raised the prospect of an enterprise with a much more
theoretical and less practical nature than the enterprise of producing
dictionaries. This prospect no doubt reflects the generally top-heavy and
theory-driven character of mainstream linguistics in general but has created an
unfortunate deficit in the potential interactions between semantics and lexicography,
as the discipline of dictionary production has come to be called in pointed
opposition to lexicology, the study
of word meanings as such.
From my own perspective, a
particularly troublesome issue in this regard has been the disinterest of
conventional semantics in the meanings of actual utterance in realistic
communication. Typically, such meanings are treated, if at all, only as rather
vague or indeterminate approximations of the formal semantics ideally
represented by the full precision and determinacy most characteristically
mirrored in the schemes of semantic features. When a well-known linguistics
journal attempted to compile a special issue on 'text-semantics', the only
result was the publication of my own contribution in a regular issue; the editor
informed me that no other publishable results had been submitted. Without having
any further information about the other potential or actual contributors, I
would surmise that the most important obstacle in this as in many other areas
was the widespread notion that a semantics of texts
can be based on semantics of sentences
or even a semantics of words in an
essentially combinatory fashion under the leading principle that the meaning of a text is simply the sum of the meanings of its sentences or
words. This view has proven remarkably persistent despite important research
showing the inadequacy of the accounts using an approach to the whole as the sum
of its parts.
Suppose for the sake of
argument that we adopted a sample text of a limited length and relatively
straightforward character that is without any obvious problems or ambiguity of
the type that would be obvious candidates to defeat precise analysis. And let us
suppose also that by dint of considerable hard work we had compiled an
exhaustive analysis of the meaning of all of its words into some set of semantic
features. What predictions could be safely made about the results? Two seem
readily evident. First, our description would be enormously unwieldy containing large numbers of features that would
be either redundant with respect to other features in the same description such
as the well-known semantic feature "+ animate" that would need to be
respecified each time an animate agent is selected, say as the subject of a
verb; or else would be disturbingly
arbitrary in having no particular generality, of which Fodor and Katz's
"without a mate at breeding time" readily pops to mind as part of the
meaning of "bachelor" when applied to a seal as opposed to a human
being. We would thus have not merely a vast clump of trees with no forest but a
clump with some rather abnormal trees that do not grow anywhere out in nature.
The second prediction would be
that this profusion of data would still be
missing some important aspects of the meaning of the text, such as its
organisation into "themes" or "topics" — i.e., those
semantic control centres which are so important in determining which meanings
are the relevant ones in frequent cases when words or collocations appear which
might have several definitions in an ordinary dictionary.
We should call to mind here
how often conventional semantics has been argued on the basis of isolated
sentences which, from a discourse standpoint, constitute artificial disturbances in communication, such as "the bill is
large" to quote another notorious example from Fodor and Katz (1963). That
conventional semantics should have a pronounced concern for the elimination of
ambiguities is understandable in view of the mainstream linguistic notion of
describing 'language by itself'; but I have yet to see a convincing
demonstration that the heavy mechanics introduced for disambiguating artificial
sentences of this type is a genuine model for comprehension of meanings in
realistic discourse, where people rarely are intending to create artificial
ambiguities, except possibly for humorous effects. The relation of semantic
analysis to human operations of understanding has typically either been left a
moot point, or else glossed over with some optimistic handwaving by claiming
that people really do understand
meanings in the same ways as semantics analyses them, for example by the
so-called 'relevance theory'.
One of the major motivations
for both text linguistics and discourse analysis — more cautiously for the
former movement than for the latter — has been the burgeoning acknowledgement
that a science of text or discourse cannot make much significant headway on the
assumption that the whole is the sum of its parts, whatever these are taken to
be by a particular model. In current parlance, a balance has been sought between
the essentially "bottom-up" mode of description that isolates and
describes individual units and a "top-down" method that postulates
overarching organisational patterns such as the "macro-structures" of
Kintsch and van Dijk (1978). Not surprisingly, the respective contributions of
the bottom-up and the top-down perspectives to the actual production and
comprehension of discourse has remained an issue of lively dispute, with the
linguists typically coming in heavily on the bottom-up side and the cognitive
psychologists and artificial intelligence researchers more on the top-down side.
Along the way, a number of rather surprising findings have fostered some abrupt
shifts. Without going into the more technical details, I will sum up just three
of these findings which appear to me particularly relevant to both the theory
and the practice of lexicography.
first of these comes from cognitive
psychology, namely from unexpected but robust experimental findings on 'priming'
in text reception during reading. A probe item such as a word is held to be primed if its degree of activation in memory is raised above the
inactive state, as if standing at attention and waiting to be called. Primed
items will be consistently recognised and responded to more rapidly than others,
e.g., by pressing a key to signal that it either is or is not an English word (a
'lexical decision task'). Surprisingly, the experiments indicated that when
a word is recognised, all its meanings
are initially activated, not just the relevant one. Yet after a short time the
non-relevant ones are 'deactivated', while the relevant ones raise their
'activation' and 'spread' it to further associates. Suppose you are a
speaker of American English reading a text on a moving computer display
containing this passage:
[1] The
townspeople were amazed to find that all the buildings had collapsed except the
The text suddenly halts at
'mint', and the display gives you a 'target item' to decide if it's a
real word. For a brief interval up to roughly half a second, your response would
probably show priming for both the relevant 'money' and the non-relevant
'candy', but not for the inferable 'earthquake' (what made the
'buildings collapse'). Thereafter, the non-relevant item would lose its
activation while the relevant and the inferable items would gain. Evidently, the
constraints of co-text and context exert their control during this tiny interval
and a series of cycles using excitation and inhibition to regulate the strength
whereby any one word or meaning is associated with the rest, e.g. though a
shared topic.
This finding projects an image
of the brain resembling a dictionary
in the sense that whether a concept is activated or a word is looked up all of
the available meanings become equally accessible, and that in both cases, the
relevant meaning rapidly becomes the centre of attention. But there is also a fundamental
difference, namely that most dictionaries follow methodical principles for
listing meanings in a particular order, whereas non-selective activation of
meanings indicates a principled absence of preferential ordering. However, if we
pass from the activation for individual items over to active network of context,
which is from a psychological standpoint obviously the operational base that
does the rapid sorting of meanings, then it could very well be a contextual
reshuffling of preferences, rather like a dictionary whose definitions are
continually being reordered according to what would be considered more important
or central ones in a discourse domain, such as the discourse of geometry. Though
such a dictionary would be impossible in paper copy, the prospects for an
electronic version functioning in such a modality are no longer unduly remote as
we shall see later on.
The second finding comes from
the field of artificial intelligence, which includes language and language
understanding among its broad spectrum of interests. Unlike linguistic and
semantic theories, a model in artificial intelligence must pass the rigorous
test of functioning in an operational setting, such as accepting a story as
input and then answering questions about it or making a summary. A number of the
complicated formal systems proposed by linguists signally failed this
operational test. However, the question of how far such a program can be said to
understand the meaning of the text it
processes has remained irresolvably controversial. A number of early natural
language programs simply finessed the issue by using superficial rules to
rearrange words into strings that resembled meaningful utterances but which
depended on the comprehension processes of the programs user rather than of the
program itself.
A radical departure from the
usual methods came from an approach known as parallel distributed processing (or 'PDP'). Instead of
manipulating words and phrases or their meanings as whole units this approach
uses network representations whose meaning is determined by the relative
strength of links among nodes. This method has been termed "subsymbolic" in the sense that it operates with units that are
in principle not meanings but elements which are organised to constitute
meanings as they are needed. At least one model of this type has been
constructed and successfully tested for applying a scheme of semantic cases,
namely the 'role assignment model of McClelland and Kawamoto (1986). For a
sample like
[2] The bat broke the window
the 'case frame' competes between
'bat' as Instrument (for
playing cricket) and 'bat as Agent (flying mammal) (1986:305). Context is
searched for evidence to strengthen the trace
of some features and to weaken others, raising the probability of converging on
the correct meaning.
We might see some interesting
parallels between this work and that cited above for cognitive psychology. In
both cases, an active network is postulated to be responsible for the on-line
organisation and construction. Thus, more complex meanings need not be stored
but can be adapted and adjusted to contextual requirements — clearly a
desirable feature for a model of discourse processing and an attractive
framework to reinterpret typical semantic feature schemes in a more dynamic and
realistic mode.
On the other hand, these PDP
models do not bear any particularly suggestive resemblance to dictionaries or
dictionary uses. On the face of it, it seems hard to imagine what a
"subsymbolic" approach to lexicography might look like. Of course,
lexicographers are well aware that meanings can very well be regarded as parts
or components of other meanings although it may be unclear how far this vision
of smaller parts and larger parts is to be understood metaphorically rather than
substantively – an issue of more theoretical than practical significance.
The third development comes
from the domain of large corpus
linguistics, which has emerged from the availability of very large
computer-sorted corpuses of authentic
discourse data. Within linguistics, its most obvious ancestors are fieldwork
and discourse analysis, for which it provides valuable support in enabling more
rapid and convenient surveys of larger ranges of actual data than were possible
with those two earlier approaches. In contrast to the first two developments I
have cited, this one is directly relevant to the concerns of lexicography and is
indeed already well on its way to profoundly transforming it. The success of the
Collins COBUILD English Language
Dictionary is an obvious signal, although the ways in which it differs from
previous approaches to lexicography are less obvious (cf. Sinclair 1992).
One major implication is that
the staid division into 'levels' apart from the lexicon is no longer
strategic. For example, the verb 'brook' is one of the many lexical items
found to have a clearly defined set of constraints on its usage (Sinclair 1994).
Grammatically, it takes negation (usually 'not' just before it or 'no'
just after), and seldom appears with the first or second person singular as the
subject. Semantically, its direct object is a concept associated with
opposition, interference, or delay. Pragmatically, the subject must be in a
position of sufficient authority to carry the performative perlocutionary force
entailed in declaring what it will not 'brook'.
Such data suggest that the
various 'levels' of linguistic description can
be exploited more richly and directly for lexicology and lexicography. An
elegant solution also impends for the perennial problem of deciding which usages
of particular lexical items or collocations of item deserved to count as
representative and hence worthy of inclusion in dictionary definitions.
Researchers have repeatedly discovered that the intuitions even of native
speakers may prove unreliable in the face of actual data. In compensation,
scanning a set of representative data reliably leads to a consensus much more
readily than any of the proposed analyses of meanings into 'semantic
features' or similar schemes, where the lack of consensus has been a
significant obstacle to progress even for seemingly simple cases.
No doubt, this third
development, the emergence of large corpus linguistics has done more than any
others to put lexicography back in the spotlight of language study after it had
been obliged to lead a somewhat shadowy existence along the margins of
conventional linguistics and even of conventional semantics. Today, lexicography
as a practical concern is increasingly driving theoretical deliberations on
topics which had long been considered closed, such as the relative independence
of descriptions in morphology, syntax, and semantics. Most significantly,
semantics may finally be released from the relatively windless enclosure into
which it had been introduced by formalist schemes for analysing meaning
independently of discourse.
C. A 'new
Could a reassessment of
dictionaries as a type of discourse point to a 'new lexicography'? It seems
evident that dictionaries compiled from large corpuses of discourse would be
significantly different from the usual traditional and intuitive methods.
The latter kind always remain at a certain unspecified distance from
utterance data, so that the accuracy of the definitions entails a margin of
uncontrollable variants among lexicographers. Of necessity, these lexicographers
were all significantly influenced by the practice-driven exigencies of their
work rather than by abstract speculations about the nature of particular
meanings. Rather than saying that they were simply not 'theoretically
oriented' at all, it might be more to the point to say that they relied
chiefly on implicit theories specified by their practice but not explicitly
prescribed by authoritative formal research. Just as functional linguists and
ethnomethodologists contend that the discursive practices of participants in
ordinary conversation represent some 'underlying theory' about how language
and discourse operate, so too would the practices of lexicography albeit in a
substantially more disciplined method.
As long as 'mainstream'
linguistics was intent upon circumscribing its boundaries on a plane
sufficiently abstract to be removed from what it regarded as the grainy and
largely adventitious details of ordinary discourse, the relationship between
lexicography and linguistics naturally remained unsettled and the deliberations
by linguists on the nature of the "lexicon" typically proceeded on
quite different assumptions and principles than those which were applied to the
production of dictionaries. To put none to fine a point upon the matter, the
major difference was simply that the linguists were under no pressure to produce
tangible results, but could argue endlessly over finicky problems and handfuls
of artificial examples
Today, the shoe appears to be on the other foot, with
lexicography moving toward the centre of activity and interest, tanks to the
significant advances enabled by large corpuses. In the process, the conventional
linguistic and semantic concept of the "lexicon" is undergoing
energetic reassessment: no longer as a system of abstract rules for arranging
features in matrices in order to generate and describe potential meanings, but a
range of strategies for constructing, adjusting, and negotiating meanings in the
context of human sense-making activities during discourse.
How might we characterise the
'new' dictionary as a type of discourse? The obvious alphabetical procedure
of listing renders it a necessarily episodic discourse type, that is, a
discourse with a multitude of brief episodes whose relation to adjacent episodes
is far less systematic than would be the case in most other types of discourse.
In some cases, a single episode would cover no more than one item plus one
definition; in others it would cover a set of mutually related definitions.
Typically, the cross-references from definition to definition are only
co-incidentally related to the linear ordering of the definitions. Exceptions
would be largely etymological, where one lexical base has yielded several items
having related meanings and also standing proximate in alphabetical sequence,
e.g. 'inherit', 'inheritable',
'inheritance', 'inheritance tax'.
Less obvious is the way that
every definition cross-refers to other items in the dictionary, namely those
which are used to formulate the definition itself. When a dictionaries put into
computer-readable format and indexed as a concordance, as was done at the
computer science department of the University of Texas at Austin in the 1970s,
it became possible to compare the relative frequency with which certain items
figured in the definition of others, with many pages of listings for items like
The syntax or grammar
of dictionary definitions remained for a long time relatively specialised in
respect to other discourse types. In each definition, the head item would be
followed by some notation indicating its pronunciation and some grammatical
information such as supplied by parts of speech scheme. Thereafter, the
definition would be formulated in fragmentary phrasings rather than complete
sentences, many times following conventions quite specific to the dictionary A
passage like 'funicular: of, relating to, or being a funiculus' could come
from no other discourse type than a dictionary (Webster's
Seventh New College Dictionary, p. 339).
As lexicography was
modernized, the conventional solution has been to divide the task of writing
definitions among people whose discourse practice has been gained in various
specialisations, so that their assessments should be more authoritative and
representative than otherwise. But specialist are not necessarily considerate of
non-specialists and may write definitions that require ordinary uses to page
about collecting definitions of the terms e.g., when 'cosecant' is defined
as 'the secant of the complement, or the reciprocal of the sine, of a given
angle or arc' (Webster's Random House
College Dictionary, p. 307).
The most significant
innovation in English lexicography is once again the COBUILD series, which
offers all definitions as complete sentences, typically in a conditional form,
e.g.(Collins COBUILD English Language
Dictionary, p. 815):
[3] If you say 'you've got
to laugh', you are saying that you can see the amusing side of a difficult
situation rather than being sad or angry about it.
[4] If you say someone 'is laughing
all the way to the bank', you mean that they are making a lot of money very
easily and feel very confident.
The motive for this innovation was to
formulate definitions that are expressly similar to ones ordinary people might
give during a conversation, say to a child or a foreigner who is still in the
process of learning the language. This innovation bring dictionary definitions
much closer to ordinary discourse, which is also the source of the corpus data,
than earlier definitions illustrated a moment ago.
What of the semantics
of dictionary discourse? More prominently than conventional linguistic theories
suggest, semantics is omnipresent: special care is expended upon selecting items
that are semantically relevant for
each individual episode. The episodic quality naturally impedes the formation of
topics, themes, or macrostructures. In return, each episode is constructed on
the hypothesis that for any given item a definition can be formulated such that
its total significance will be equivalent to the total significance of that item
in at least one of its representative uses. This hypothesis rests ultimately on
the conception of synonymy, which has long been regarded as one of the most stable and
central conceptions in semantics. One term can be defined by its synonym, e.g.:
'eerie: strange, mysterious; syn [synonym] see weird' (Webster's
Seventh New College Dictionary, p.263)
Yet large corpus data show
that actual synonymy is quite rare in the sense that virtually no two lexical
items collocate in precisely the same
way. Complementarily, the large corpuses show that synonymy might be
strategically replaced by a concept such as 'mutual collocability': the
potential of formulating collocations (in the definition) which suggest
sequences that can collocate in corresponding contexts, e.g.:
[4a] they are laughing all the
way to the bank
[4b] they are making a lot of money
very easily and feel very confident
Admittedly, collocations like [4a]
and [4b] often differ in frequency and
probability,: the collocation to be
defined is more stable, while the collocation of the definition has been made to
The new type of definition
thus has two parts: (1) a statement of the meaning of an item and (2) some
directions for collocating the item; the second part was missing from such
conventional definitions as the one for 'cosecant' cited above. The
traditional demand of some semantic theorists that a synonym supports a
definition only if it could stand in the place of the lexical item in a sentence
(e.g. Wiggins 1971), is no longer relevant here, now that large corpus data have
suggested that any neutral substitutability in context is, at best, a partial
one. For example, 'serious
concern' collocates pejoratively, whereas 'serious consideration'
collocates amelioratively, even though we seem to have the same word
'serious' and two words with similar definitions, 'concern' being
'marked interest or regard' and 'consideration' being 'continuous and
careful thought' (Webster's Collegiate
Dictionary, pp. 172, 178), and 'showing concern' for somebody resembling
'being considerate' of them. But we actually have here two meanings of
'serious': one in such collocations as 'serious problem', i.e.
'grave', and the other in such collocations as 'serious intention' i.e.
By the same token antonymy,
another central concept of conventional semantics, no longer holds any
particular privileged place, but is reassigned a role as an aspect of the
explanatory discursivity taking advantage of the 'dialectical' convention of
defining things in terms of what they are not. For corpus-driven dictionaries,
this convention has only a limited range. For example [5a], though logically
precise, is a poor definition because it assumes you know the because it assumes
you know the meaning of the base item ('tidy'), which would make it
unnecessary to look up 'untidy'; [5b], though logically imprecise, is much
better because it refers to items whose meanings a user might well know:
[5a] something that is untidy
is not tidy
[5b] something that is untidy is
messy and disordered and not neat or well-arranged (Collins COBUILD English Language Dictionary, p. 1604)
We see here what I have long
suspected is a general problem of logical semantics: logical
precision must be paid for by sacrificing usefulness.
The issue of usefulness brings
us to the pragmatics of the discourse
of dictionaries. For conventional dictionaries like those cited in section B,
usefulness was determined by rather diffuse criteria. The ambition was evidently
to attract as wide a range of users as possible, ranging from quite general over
to quite specialised. The specialised definitions were not just written by
specialists but also intended for would-be specialists, e.g. who know what
'secant' and 'sine' mean. Since such definitions are hard on general
users, the lexicographers apparently assume that people tend to stay within
their own fields — hardly the case nowadays.
The new corpus-driven
dictionaries put the problem in a more realistic light:
many words of technical origin in current use have
highly specific meanings which are not really accessible to anyone who does not
know the subject. They are explained, so to speak, within a scientific or
humanistic discipline. If we just wrote out the 'official explanation', our
users would hardly be helped at all. (Collins
COBUILD English Language Dictionary, p. xix)
Three approaches are adopted to
resolve the problem. First, many specialized terms, such as 'cosecant' and
'secant, are too infrequent to make the cut-off that qualifiers an item or
collocation for inclusion. Second, having a corpus as the source ensures that
'the meanings given are the meanings that are actually used in our ordinary
texts and not necessarily what a specialist would say' (ibid.). Third, the
'technical words' that are included 'are explained' 'according to the
way we use them in ordinary English' (ibid, p. xx). The differences between
this outlook and conventional dictionaries can be seen by comparing definitions
like these:
[6a] gyroscope: a wheel or
disc mounted to spin rapidly about an axis and also free to rotate about one or
both of two axes perpendicular to each other and to the axis of spin so that a
rotation of one of the two mutually perpendicular axes results from application
of torque to the other when the wheel is spinning and so that the entire
apparatus offers considerable opposition depending on the angular momentum to
any torque that would change the direction of the axis of spin (Webster's
Seventh New College Dictionary, p. 372)
[6b] A gyroscope is a device that
contains a disc rotating on an axis that can turn freely in any direction, so
that the disc maintains the same position, whatever the position or movement of
the surrounding structure.(Collins COBUILD
English Language Dictionary, p. 699)
[6a] was obviously written by a
specialist so anxious to get all of the mechanical details of construction and
operation just right that result is barely readable. Moreover, other technical
terms create further obstacles. Most people would at least have to look up
'torque', and would find this forbidding definition:
[7] torque: something that produces
or tends to produce rotation and torsion and whose effectiveness is measured by
the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the line of action
of the force to the axis of rotation (ibid. p. 934)
It is utterly unlikely that
most people could plug the definition [7]
into [6a], which is already overloaded, in order to arrive at a reasonably clear
understanding of the meaning of 'gyroscope'. [6b], in contrast, gives us the
salient point, namely the ability to
'turn freely in any direction' on an 'axis' paradoxically enables 'the
disc to maintain the same position' — which [6a] had obscurely portrayed as
'offering considerable opposition' 'to any torque that would change the
Conclusion and outlook
Simplifying somewhat, I have
suggested that the development of lexicography could be described in four stages
that are defined not so much chronologically as methodologically. Traditional
lexicography has been almost entirely practice-driven, albeit close examination
indicates some measure of implicit theories inherent in the practices, e.g.
about the types of sources that should be considered authentic or
representative. As this tradition entered its modern period, increasingly large
and diversified groups of specialists were assembled for a spectrum of
lexicographical domains, noticeably those represented by the more prestigious
sciences, like physics, chemistry, and biology. A noteworthy trait of this
'modernization' is an increasingly stringent stance toward
non-specialists, as documented by definitions of a lexical entry in terms that
are sometimes equally specialized and sometimes even more so.
Another stage might be identified
when 'lexical' issues were gradually registered as concerns for the
interconnected disciplines of modern linguistics and semantics. For reasons I
have suggested, conventional linguistics was generally rather reluctant to
invest significant initiatives in the area of lexicography, but preferred either
to concentrate on morphology and syntax or to construct a rather differently
defined domain of lexicology, whose theoretical groundwork was typically remote
from the practical concerns of lexicography. I have suggested also that many
issues of lexicography were judged too specific to be of general theoretical
interest, especially or the mainstream project of defining 'language by
itself'. An exception to this otherwise arid picture has been the register
studies sponsored by functional linguistics, which raised the interesting notion
of the 'lexicon' being 'the most delicate grammar' (Halliday).
Yet another stage, this one
fairly recent, was inaugurated by the introduction of large computer corpuses of
data as an active base for constructing dictionaries, Because lexicography was
the chief motivation animating the design of such corpuses -- dictionary
publishers provided crucial funding in early stages -- the special needs of
lexicography received much more concentrated attention than they had in the
Stage I described a moment ago. In return, the insights made available by
corpuses have rapidly spilled over the borders of lexicography, proffering
significant impulses for reassessing the design of linguistics or of some future
science of language with a more transdisciplinary cast.
The final stage I would identify
is only emerging now, so that my remarks can best be understood as tentative
proposals or anticipations that would be desirable from the standpoint of text
linguistics and discourse analysis as well as from the standpoint of broad
issues of cognition and communication. I have suggested that lexicographers
should consider how to guide and support the discourse strategies of respective
user-groups as the basis for providing more detailed information about usage.
Some steps have been taken in this direction by signaling which items might be
considered 'formal' or 'informal', 'current' or 'old-fashioned'
and so on. What remains to be done is to identify the relative degrees of
specialization among different terms or indeed, among different uses of the same
term. Only then can user-groups be served who also differ in their degrees of
specialization. An electronic dictionary could be provided on CD-ROM that
automatically reshuffles the order of definitions to suit a user in one
designated special area. This process might resemble the operation of memory, as
recently discovered in cognitive psychology.
Such projects would have a
healthy fall-out on the discursive awareness and discursive practices of groups
of specialists communicating with groups of specialists in other fields or with
general audiences. Terms widely identified as highly specialized in
lexicographical works would surely be handled with more deliberate care in
specialized discourse than would otherwise be the case.
I would see here a significant
opportunity for lexicography to make new contributions to efficient
communication, well beyond the ones already enabled by conventional practices.
It would no longer just be taken for granted that non-specialized users are
obliged to do the work of looking up terminology; instead, terms would be
contextualized and collocated in the discourse to support easy access. At that
point, discourse in society would be much closer to the discourse of
dictionaries such as the COBUILD.
Perhaps the prospects raised for
this final stage might appear unduly sanguine, and the responsibility they
apportion to lexicography a trifle daunting, not to say utopian. I can only
reply that these projects would surely be useful and desirable from a practical
standpoint; and that if our theoretical frameworks or, 'paradigms' (to use
the fashionable term) do not support such projects, then it is time to revise or
replace them. By nature, lexicography is an eminently practical enterprise,
whose theoretical significance is just beginning to receive proper attention. It
will have a prominent role to play during our 'modern' age of accelerating
specialization and diversification, when conventional discourse practices are no
longer adequate. Its new opportunities for a rapprochement with a large corpus
of practices may well be the signal for a new golden age of lexicography.
BEAUGRANDE, R. DE. 1982. The story
of grammars and the grammar of stories, in Journal of Pragmatics, 6,
Linguistics as discourse: A case
study from semantics, in Word, 35, 15-57.
BEAUGRANDE, R. DE. 1997. New
Foundations for a Science of Text and Discourse, Stamford, CT: Ablex.
FODOR, J. and KATZ J. 1963. The
structure of a semantic theory, in Language, 39,170-210.
HALLIDAY, M. 1961. Categories of
a theory of grammar, in Word, 17/3.
KINTSCH, W. 1988. The role of
knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model, in Psychological
Review, 95/2: 163-82.
1978. Strategies
of Discourse Comprehension, New York, Academic.
LYONS, J. 1977. Semantics,
Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
A.. 1986. Mechanisms for sentence
processing, in RUMELHART, D., MCCLELLAND, J. et al. (eds.), Distributed
Parallel Processing: Explorations in the Microstructures of Cognition,
Cambridge, MA, MIT Press, 272- 325.
SINCLAIR, J. McH. 1992. The
automatic analysis of corpora, in SVARTVIK, J. (ed), Directions in Corpus
Linguistics, Berlin, Mouton De Gruyter, 379-397.
SINCLAIR, J. McH. 1994. Large
Corpora are Here to Stay. Lecture on corpus linguistics at the University of
Vienna, June 1994. Available on video from RdB.
TRYON, Ch. 1967. Elementary
College Geometry, New York, Harcourt, Brace & World.
WiGGINS, D. 1971. On
sentence-sense, word-sense, and difference of word-sense, in STEINBERG, D. &
JAK0BOVITs, L. (eds.), Semantics, London: Cambridge University Press, 14-34.


text:
MANHATTAN, Kan. (AP) - Leave it to Bill Snyder, the wizard who turned around the moribund program at Kansas State, to come up the most logical way yet to slow down No. 15 Baylor's high-flying offense.
His plan: Take the first snap and head to the locker room.
The Bears (4-0, 1-0 Big 12) are averaging 779.5 yards per game, an absurd number even in an era of prolific scoring. They've piled up more than 70 points per game, lead the nation in pass offense at more than 430 yards per game and are second in rushing at more than 340 yards.
The Wildcats (2-3, 0-2) will have to slow that down to have any chance of getting back on the winning track after a rough start to conference play.
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Note: Hours are subject to change without notice. Contact the Technology Help Desk at the number above or e-mail address above should there not be someone to assist you when you arrive at the Student Technology Help Desk.
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text:
Manchester cruising crackdown targets Victoria train station toilets
Publish Date: 01/04/2008The cubicles which have for many years been notorious with men who wish to cruise for sex with other men will become the focus of a major campaign to deter cruising from the station.
The BTP operation, which is also aiming to raise awareness of the legal consequences of public sex acts has been launched in co-operation with Manchester City Council, Manchester Public Health Development Service (NHS) and Northern Rail following years of complaints from members of the public and also ahead of a major regeneration plan for the station.
The toilet cubicles were permanently closed in 2005/06 and now the facility only consists of six urinals, but complaints of sexual activity have still increased in recent years.
Plans for the operation include erecting signage in the toilets, which clearly states the consequences of any unacceptable behaviour, installing CCTV, increased police patrols together with placing outreach workers around the area who will also be on hand to explain the situation to men who use the facilities, before BTP enforce a full crackdown, if necessary.
The Lesbian and Gay Foundation (LGF) is one of the organizations that police have been consulting with to inform the community about the developments.
Nathan Perry, LGF's Men's HIV and Sexual Health Officer commented: 'LGF have liaised with the British Transport Police and other agencies and we believe that BTP are aware of the sensitive nature of many cruising activities and should not go out of their way to make life difficult for men who use the toilets.
'It is important that we inform men who use the toilets for such activities that it is no longer a safe space in which to cruise. We would also like to reassure people that the LGF are working closely with BTP to minimize any potential problems.'


text:
Nothing beats homemade salsa. So many flavors exist that never survive the canning process in the store-bought jarred stuff. Even the most expensive brands.
I should note that this salsa is chunky. If you are not a fan of chunky, you could probably blend the salsa a little in a blender. We actually prefer our salsa chunked so we always serve it like this. Plus, it's one less dish to worry about.
Because I'm that lazy...
Rolling the lime on the countertop before you cut it will help you squeeze out more juice. I always just take the lime and press/roll with a back and forth motion for about 30 seconds. The fruit becomes extremely soft and once cut, the juices will flow much better. I've also done this with lemons.
2-3 tomatoes, diced
1 green pepper, diced
large bunch of cilantro (about 1/2 cup minced)
Juice from one lime
2 garlic cloves, minced
1/4 - 1/2 tsp salt
Mix all ingredients together in a bowl and serve with chips.
Eat with chips or just with a spoon. It's that good.


text:
Now Foods, Neptune Krill Oil, 500 mg, 60 Softgels
Items 41-45 of 264 total
« Previous |
| Next »
Can't live without it
1 person found the following review helpful
Posted by Reviewer2852669 on Oct 06, 2009
Yes, this helps with mental clarity, and I feel very different (not good) when I don't take it.
Was this review helpful to you?
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Note: iHerb does not imply any medical claims from this review. Disclaimer.
love it
Posted by Reviewer2371998 on May 25, 2010
I just feel so much better. The hot flashes have slowed up and I just sail throught the day.
Excellent Anti-imflammatory agent.
Posted by Reviewer1103072 on Mar 09, 2010
I take 2 tablets twice daily (plus 1 tablespoon fish oil daily) for my rheumatoid arthritis. NKO has made a hige difference in reduction of swelling and inflammation.
Used for years
Posted by Reviewer1571676 on Mar 12, 2010
Have used various brands of krill. This one seems comparable to others. It wasn't messy or oily the way some can be. I use it primarily for cognitive (memory) support following toxic exposures.
Simply The Best
Posted by Reviewer2556799 on Nov 18, 2010
My wife and I have been using Now Foods, Krill Oil for about a year now. It has lowered my wife's cholesterol so its in a good place and it keeps mine in check as well, I'm 64 and my wife is 58. I changed over from fish oil when I found out that even the best of the fish oils can actually raise your bad cholesterol, not true for everyone but is not unusual.


text:
$19,874 – $21,694 Invoice
21 / 26 MPG City/Hwy
Enter your information and a representative will contact you for this 2011 Ford Transit Connect !
The Ford Transit Connect is a special-purpose, compact panel van originally designed for the European market. Launched in 2002, the Transit Connect arrived in the United States in 2009, after a facelift and refresh. Ford dropped the entry-level XL Wagon model for the 2011 model year, but added a new XLT Premium Wagon variant. Fog lights have been added to all passenger models.
The Transit Connect is offered in four trim levels. There are two van models - designed for commercial customers - and two wagon models that feature second-row seats for passengers. The standard model is the Cargo Van XL, which includes cloth upholstery, air conditioning, dual sliding doors, tilt-and-telescope steering wheel, a two-speaker audio system, 15-inch steel wheels, and more.
The Van XLT is upgraded with full power accessories, keyless entry, cruise control, CD-player, and body-color bumpers, and more. The Wagon XLT, with a 60/40 split-folding second-row seat, gains stability control and fog lights. The Wagon XLT Premium is upgraded with flip-open side windows, storage pockets in the doors, and a four-speaker audio system.
Under the hood is a standard 2.0-liter, four-cylinder, engine rated at 138 horsepower. It is mated to a standard four-speed automatic and a front-wheel drive powertrain. The EPA rates the fuel economy of the 2011 Ford Transit Connect between 21 mpg city, and 26 mpg highway, depending on driveline.
The 2011 Ford Transit Connect Van XL starts with a base price of about $21,500 and tops out with the Wagon XLT Premium model, which starts around $24,000.
|City/Hwy MPG
|4 speed automatic
|136-hp / 2.0L 4-cyl
|4 speed automatic
|136-hp / 2.0L 4-cyl


text:
Candlewood Suites Portland-Airport
Candlewood Suites Portland-Airport
Guests Love Portland, OR Airport Hotel's Location
Situated in Portland, Oregon near the airport, this hotel's welcoming amenities and cozy surroundings provide the convenience of a hotel and the comfort of an apartment. With downtown Portland just a short drive away and Cascade Station shopping center within walking distance, you'll never run out of things to do here at the Candlewood Suites® Hotel Portland - Airport.
Corporate travelers looking for Portland, Oregon airport hotels appreciate our free airport shuttle in addition to the perks like free high-speed Internet access. Guests can count on an easy commute to Boeing, Oregon National Guard and the Honda and Toyota Training Centers. There's a boardroom suitable for on-site meetings of up to eight people.
Patrons of this hotel in Portland, Oregon are only minutes from Portland's city center, which boasts incredible architecture, shopping and fine dining. Other "must see" area attractions include the Portland Saturday Market and the Japanese Gardens. Guests can literally view the entire city from the OHSU's Portland Aerial Tram.
Top-notch amenities like free self-service laundry facilities and a 24-hour Fitness Center ensure convenience for guests. You can grill out in the gazebo or relax with a DVD from our free lending library. We offer Park, Stay and Go Packages, too, which include up to 14 days of free parking at the hotel. While in Portland, Oregon, you can "Consider Us Home."
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- Check In: 3:00 PM
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- Minimum Check-In Age: 21
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- Parking: Free
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Important Update
- On-site Guest Self-Laundry Facilities
- Standard Wireless Internet service is free for all members
- On-site Fitness Center Available
- Outdoor Gazeebo Grill
It's hard to leave your best buddy at home when you're traveling for extended periods, so we provide a pet friendly experience. Restrictions and fees apply.
Whether you are booking suites for a family reunion or suites for your company's training needs, Candlewood Suites hotels can accomodate your group.
Workout whenever you want: Candlewood Gym always has an open door and lots of aerobic and cardio equipment to make it easier to stick to your exercise routine, no sweat.
At Candlewood Suites® hotels, we want you to experience comfort in every sense.
Getting Here
Guest Reviews
Overall Experience
Lots of room and clean rooms
July 16, 2015
The hotel is conveniently located to freeways and it is easy to get around Portland from there. The rooms are clean and roomy. The beds are a bit firm for us and caused shoulder and back pain for several nights. The parking lot is a bit cramped and we found the back lot was a bit better. There should be better shade for parking. The amenities were fine but a bit limited. A shower cap and moisturizer would be nice, they could be made available on request if not supplied with room.
Great access to Portland airport w/ clean room
ByOU parent
July 12, 2015
Arrived after a long day. The front desk staff were greeted me with a freindly smile and got me checked in quickly and efficiently. Within a few minutes I was unwinding in a clean, cool, quiet room watching the game.
The rest of the night went well with a quiet stay and sound sleep.
In the morining I was able to get to the Portland airport within minutes.
Thanks for a great stay. I'll be back!
Clean and comfortable
July 05, 2015
Knowing I was close to the PDX Airport, I was a bit nervous about being able to sleep. I was pleasantly surprised to have very little airplane noise to deal with. The room was larger than I expected, very clean and had ample workspace. Wireless internet was easy to log onto and plenty fast. The staff were all very friendly and asked more than once if there was anything they could do to make my stay more comfortable. I'll definitely stay here any time I need a room in this area.
Great place for travelers
June 25, 2015
Good place to stay. Suites are comfortable. Amenities are adequate. Airport noise is not too bad. Exercise room has adequate equipment


text:
Xavier tips at approximately 7:45 p.m. ET against Lehigh on Sunday.
March 17, 2012
vs. No. 15 Seed Lehigh Univ. Mountain Hawks (27-7)
2012 NCAA Tournament Third Round
Sunday, March 18, 2012 at 7:45 p.m. ET
Greensboro Coliseum (22,400) in Greensboro, N.C.
Third Round Practice Day Photo Gallery | Videos: Locker Room Interviews |
Television: truTV with play-by-play from Jim Nantz and analysis from Clark Kellogg along with sideline reporter Tracy Wolfson. Radio: 55KRC-AM with play-by-play from XU Hall of Famer and former XU standout Joe Sunderman (`79). Analysis will be by Xavier Hall of Famer and XU all-time leading scorer Byron Larkin (`88).
• Xavier is shooting to reach at least the NCAA Tournament Sweet 16 for the fourth time in five years. XU reached the Sweet 16 in 2010 and 2009 and the Elite Eight in 2008.
• Xavier is one of only eight schools that have made at least seven straight NCAA Tournament appearances, including 2012: Duke, Gonzaga, Kansas, Marquette, Michigan State, Texas, Wisconsin and Xavier.
• Xavier is making its 11th NCAA Tournament appearance in the last 12 years, including the Sweet 16 in 2009 and 2010 and the Elite Eight in 2008 and 2004.
• Xavier, 22-12 overall, is coming off a thrilling 67-63 come-from-behind win over Notre Dame on Friday in the NCAA Tournament Second Round. Senior Tu Holloway led Xavier with 25 points, including 17 in the second half. Freshman Dezmine Wellshad 14 points and 11 rebounds. XU trailed by 10 points, 48-38, with under 12 minutes left in the game.
• Xavier, 22-12, has secured its seventh straight 20-win season and its 15th 20-win season in 16 years.
• Xavier leads the Atlantic 10 Conference in 3-point field goal percentage defense (.310) and is second in overall field-goal percentage defense (.401).
• Xavier senior All-American Tu Hollowayleads the team in scoring at 17.3 ppg. (third in the Atlantic 10) and assists at 5.0 apg. (fourth in the A-10). He is the only A-10 player in the top five in the league in both scoring and assists. He also leads the team in steals (eighth in the A-10 at 1.5 spg.) and free throw percentage (second in A-10 at .864).
• Xavier's Tu Hollowayis third on XU's all-time assist list with 545 assists and has dished off 100 or more assists and led the team in assists for three straight seasons. Holloway is now seventh on XU's all-time scoring list with 1,790 career points.
• Xavier senior Kenny Freaseleads the team in rebounding at 6.0 rpg. and is fourth on the team in scoring at 9.5 ppg. Frease is averaging 12.8 ppg. and 7.1 rpg. over the last eight games.
• Xavier's Kenny Freaseis 45th on Xavier's all-time scoring list with 1,060 career points and is tied for 18th on XU's all-time rebounding list with 708 rebounds.
• Xavier junior Mark Lyonsis second on the team in scoring (11th in the A-10) at 15.3 ppg. Lyons, who now has 1,171 career points, is 30th on XU's all-time scoring list.
• Xavier freshman Dezmine Wells, a 2012 A-10 All-Rookie Team selection by the A-10 coaches and 2012 Sporting News A-10 Freshman of the Year, is third on the team in scoring at 10.3 ppg. and in rebounding at 5.1 rpg. Wells recorded his second double-double of the year with 14 points and 11 rebounds vs. Notre Dame on Friday.
• Xavier has graduated each of the last 83 men's basketball players that have played as seniors, a streak which dates back to 1986.


text:
The South Carolina Stingrays might be literally limping into the Kelly Cup playoffs.
South Carolina Stingrays vs. Gwinnett Gladiators
No. 3 Gwinnett Gladiators vs. No. 6 South Carolina StingraysGame 1: April 5 at Gwinnett (7:30 p.m.)Game 2: April 6 at Gwinnett (7:05 p.m.)Game 3: April 10 at South Carolina (7:05 p.m.)Game 4: April 12 at South Carolina (7:05 p.m.)*Game 5: April 13 at South Carolina (7:05 p.m.)*Game 6: April 16 at Gwinnett (7:05 p.m.)*Game 7: April 17 at Gwinnett (7:05 p.m.)*-if necessary
The Stingrays will take on the Gwinnett Gladiators in the best-of-seven Eastern Conference quarterfinal playoff series beginning next weekend.
The series features a 2-3-2 format and begins at The Arena at Gwinnett Center in Duluth, Ga., with Game 1 on Friday (7:35 p.m.) and Game 2 on Saturday (7:05 p.m.).
The Stingrays will be without several key players, including defenseman Ryan McGinnis, who suffered a season-ending knee injury this past Thursday night against Greenville. Defenseman Cam Brodie is also expected to be out of the lineup, suf fight through the injuries and still come out with good results. That's one of the strengths of our team."
Playing defense is another. The Stingrays gave up an ECHL-low 171 goals during the regular season.
The goaltending tandem of Ryan Zapolski, an ECHL first team selection last week, and Jeff Jakaitis, the reigning ECHL goalie of the year, have been a key for the Stingrays all season.
"You build a team from the net out and we think we've got the two best goaltenders in the league in Ryan and Jeff," Carbery said.
"We're going to have to be very solid defensively against Gwinnett. They have three lines that can score. I think their forward group is second to none in our league."
The Stingrays finished the regular season series against the Gladiators with a 6-6-2 record. This is the fifth postseason series between the two teams with the Stingrays holding a 3-1 all-time series record and 9-8 all-time postseason record against their South Division rivals. This is an ECHL record 19th time the Stingrays have made the postseason.
While the Gladiators' roster is littered with familiar faces from the playoff series a year ago, only Andrew Cherniwchan and Damon Kipp are left for the Stingrays.
Since Jan. 20 when South Carolina was in 11th place in the Eastern Conference, the Stingrays have been one of the hottest teams in the ECHL, going 19-5-4 over their final 28 games.
"We've put together a nice little run the last couple of months," said Stingrays captain Kevin Quick, who was a member of Florida Kelly Cup championship last season. "It kind of reminds me of the way we were playing in Florida going into the playoffs."
The series moves to the North Charleston Coliseum for Game 3 on April 10 (7 p.m.) and Game 4 on April 12 (7 p.m.) and, if necessary, Game 5 on April 13 (7 p.m.). The series shifts back to Gwinnett for Game 6 (7 p.m.) on April 16 and Game 7 on April 17 (7 p.m.), if necessary.
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text:
Food Media and News
Hold the Onions, and the Knife... please.
A NY man says he found a knife baked into the bread of his foot long sandwich at Subway. Not a blade, or piece of a knife, a whole knife.
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The second annual Lexington Craft Beer Week kicks off Saturday and runs through May 18 with events planned at breweries, craft beer bars, restaurants, and food trucks. Organized by LexBeerScene.com, a web site focusing on Lexington's craft beer, has a listing of all the tappings and tastings at Lexbeerscene.com/LCBW.php.
■ Festivities begin with breakfast and coffee beers at 8 a.m. at Country Boy Brewing, 436 Chair Avenue. The Kentucky Ale Brew-Off starts at 9 a.m. at Alltech Lexington Brewing & Distilling, 401 Cross Street. The Brew-Off offers home brewers the opportunity to create their best brew for a chance to be produced and distributed for a limited time.
■ West Sixth Brewing and Country Boy Brewing will release their second ever collaboration, Country Western, Volume 2, a bourbon barrel aged brown ale, in the tap rooms at the breweries, as well as in select bars throughout the city. It will be the featured beer at Wednesday's Pint Night at Pazzo's Pizza Pub, 385 South Limestone.
■ The Village Idiot, 307 West Short Street, is hosting a beer dinner featuring West Sixth Brewing beers at 6 p.m. Tuesday. Executive chef Wyatt Sarbacker will prepare a three-course menu paired with a special West Sixth beer. Cost is $45. Call (859) 252-0099 after 4 p.m.
Weekend events
■ After a few days of sunshine and hot temperatures, the forecast is for rain on Saturday. But don't let the inclement weather keep you away from the second annual Kentucky Crawfish Festival at The Red Mile. Large tents will be set up on the grounds and there will be indoor facilities for the event that will feature Cajun and creole fare.
At last year's event, organizers weren't prepared for the 4,000 people who showed up to eat crawfish, but for this event, 5,000 pounds of live crawfish will be boiled, and there will be fried alligator and catfish on the menu. Hours are 4 to 10 p.m. Go to KentuckyCrawfishFestival.com.
■ Grimes Mill Winery, 6707 Grimes Mill Road, is having a Triple Crowns of Wine event from 1 to 5 p.m. Saturday featuring newly bottled reserve malbec. The Troubadours will entertain from 3 to 5 p.m. Call (859) 543-9691 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.


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Every year, vendors and companies watch to see how providers are positioned in Gartner's Magic Quadrants. Gartner has been providing Magic Quadrant analysis for many years in different industry verticals, and although the analysis isn't necessarily the gold standard, it does help those making buying decisions understand each industry a little more clearly.
Since 2009, GoGrid has been in a Gartner Magic Quadrant, and this year we're happy to announce our inclusion in the 2012 Cloud IaaS Magic Quadrant. Instead of analyzing the comments and positioning of the cloud infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) providers, I wanted to take a different approach by focusing on how the Magic Quadrant has evolved over the years in relation to cloud computing, hosting, and IaaS in general.
What's all the "hype" about?
Many of you may be familiar with another Gartner graphic and report called the "Hype Cycle." The Hype Cycle graphically represents the evolution of a new technology from its introduction through its maturity. The Cycle is broken into five distinct "slopes," and looks like this:
- The Technology Trigger phase is where a breakthrough or new technology first begins to garner interest.
- The Peak of Inflated Expectations is the phase where a technology is seen as the solution to all ills. At this point, the technology is pushed to the limit, with some successes and plenty of failures. There's a lot of media, marketing, and PR hype during this phase, as its name implies.
- Once reality sets in, the technology enters the Trough of Disillusionment. In this phase, there isn't as much media interest and there's possibly more criticism than praise.
- As the technology begins to mature and users continue to experiment and innovate, we reach a level of clairvoyance where potential risks and benefits are clearer and there are more solutions that use the technology. This phase is the Slope of Enlightenment.
- When real-world applications appear and are accepted and the value proposition gains traction, the technology hits the Plateau of Productivity, where more widespread adoption occurs. Once the technology reaches this level, it has become established and viable.
Like many transforming technologies before it, cloud computing is working its way through this Hype Cycle roller coaster. Five years ago, the cloud was chugging up the hill to get ready for the ride, and more recently, it's sped down the descent as the technology gained momentum. Where does it stand currently? There are many opinions, of course, but I believe we're enjoying the ride to the Plateau of Productivity.
Hype or magic?
As I reflected on the Hype Cycle ride, I thought about Gartner's analysis of the companies that make up each year's Magic Quadrant (MQ) for cloud, IaaS, and hosting. And it made me wonder how each of the five Gartner MQs related to cloud IaaS might map against a Hype Cycle. The result looks like this:
In June 2009 when the first MQ came out for "cloud" (and the first iterations of cloud infrastructure services), Gartner gave a long, descriptive name to the report: "Magic Quadrant for Web Hosting and Hosted Cloud System Infrastructure (On Demand)." As the industry itself struggled to come up with a definition of cloud computing, Gartner encapsulated the key characteristic in the title, "on demand," rolled in a use case, "web hosting." This report pulled together two types of infrastructure services, traditional web hosting and cloud IaaS, a grouping that would change in the future as we'll see.
In this phase, the cloud was new and supporters had lofty expectations. The first services of Amazon Web Services launched in 2006, GoGrid's first public beta was in early 2008, and many other cloud providers emerged soon afterward. There was a lot of anticipation and excitement around this new technology movement, and it was contagious.
Fast-forward to December 2010 when Gartner released its next cloud and hosting MQ, this time titled "Magic Quadrant for Cloud Infrastructure as a Service and Web Hosting." The industry had had a year to fine-tune the definition of cloud computing, and this MQ reflected that progress, but still lumped cloud IaaS and web hosting together. Cloud infrastructure was beginning to be poked and prodded, tested and deployed, delivering successes and failures as the rough edges were smoothed out. True to form, this phase was moving from the original high expectations to a lower level where the hype wasn't always meeting those expectations.
In December 2011, Gartner did something interesting. It released the "Magic Quadrant for Public Cloud Infrastructure as a Service." Note the word missing from the title: "hosting." This omission was a sign cloud infrastructure as a technology was maturing and offered a viable alternative to traditional web hosting. By this point, the definition of cloud computing had crystallized and cloud IaaS started moving up the Slope of Enlightenment. It's is also important to point out the inclusion of the word "public" modifying "cloud infrastructure as a service" in the title because a plethora of "clouds" were emerging—public, private, hybrid—and "public" was a needed descriptor.
To punctuate the separation of traditional hosting from the "new" IaaS technology, Gartner released a distinct "Magic Quadrant for Managed Hosting" in March 2012 (yes, GoGrid was positioned in this report as well). This bifurcation is represented in my modified Hype Cycle graphic above. Managed hosting has been a stable technology and popular service for many years; however, I believe it's quickly being eclipsed by cloud IaaS. Just take a look at how the keyword phrases "managed hosting" and "cloud computing" compare over the years. Note how "managed hosting" remains relatively flat while "cloud computing" takes off. Interestingly, the search frequency is dying down as cloud becomes established in the Plateau of Productivity.
(Source: Google Trends)
In October of this year, Gartner released its "Magic Quadrant for Cloud Infrastructure as a Service" (which you can download here). Note how the title has, once again, evolved and no longer includes the word "public." This change reflects mainstream media's use of the ubiquitous "cloud" term to encapsulate "everything cloud" and the fact that to the public, there's no distinction because, "It's all in the cloud." My opinion is that Gartner is opting for unification and simplification and has decided to distinguish non-public clouds with further descriptors (e.g., "private").
And then there were…fewer?
There's another interesting insight we can gain from the progression of these Magic Quadrants regarding the number of positioned vendors:
- June 2009 (cloud and hosting) – 16 vendors
- December 2010 (cloud and hosting) – 20 vendors
- December 2011 (cloud only) – 20 vendors
- March 2012 (hosting only) – 17 vendors
- October 2012 (cloud only) – 15 vendors
The number of vendors included in each MQ maps nicely to where the industry was on the Hype Cycle when that report was published. Early on in 2009, the technology was new, there weren't many vendors, and few of them offered cloud (but did provide web hosting). By 2010, there were more cloud and hosting vendors as the industry gained momentum and some providers even started "cloud-washing" their products and services (making them "cloud-like"). In late 2011/early 2012, the report splits because there are simply too many vendors in each space (37, with some overlaps). Then in October 2012 with the cloud/IaaS-only report, the number of vendors providing pure cloud infrastructure dropped off to an established set that had weathered the cloud computing storm.
So how does Gartner view the cloud computing industry on its Hype Cycle? I've included their graphic here so you can see the complexity of this continually evolving technology and formulate your own opinion of where the cloud stands (or floats). You can download/purchase the full "Hype Cycle for Cloud Computing, 2012" report here.
(Image source: Forbes; report source: Gartner)
I'm curious to find out where you think cloud infrastructure as a service sits in your version of the Gartner Hype Cycle. Do you believe the points I've made here are accurate? Or am I just looking at the world through cloud-colored glasses? Leave a comment and let me know.
Michael Sheehan
Latest posts by Michael Sheehan (see all)
- Get Your Game On in the Cloud - June 11, 2013
- How Software Defined Networking Delivers Next-Generation Success - June 5, 2013
- James Gosling to Speak on Innovation at GoGrid Cloud Meetup on 5/22 - May 16, 2013


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Multiplying Decimals (Area Model)
Model the product of two decimals by finding the area of a rectangle. Estimate the area of the rectangle first. Then break the rectangle into several pieces and find the area of each piece (partial product). Add these areas together to find the whole area (product).
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Video:Persian Pistachio Nougatwith Natasha Levitan
Nougat is a Middle Eastern sweet made out of pistachios and flavored with rose water. Learn how to make this yummy Persian pistachio nougat at home.See Transcript
Transcript:Persian Pistachio NougatHi, I'm Natasha Levitan for About.com Food. Today I'm going to show you how to make Persian pistachio nougat.
Persian Pistachio Nougat IngredientsFor this recipe, you'll need:
- 2 cups granulated sugar
- 1 1/2 cups light corn syrup
- 1/4 teaspoon salt
- 1/4 cup water
- 2 eggs
- 1 1/2 teaspoon rose water
- 1 cup toasted pistachios
Beat the Egg WhitesCrack two eggs over a bowl, and separate the whites from the yolks by pouring the contents of the egg from one shell into another.
Keep the egg whites. Place egg whites in a large bowl of a stand mixer, and whisk until they hold stiff peaks.
Make the Sugar MixtureCombine the sugar, corn syrup, salt, and water in a large saucepan over medium-high heat. Stir until the sugar is dissolved, and continue to cook until mixture reaches hard-ball stage (250 degrees).
Add the Mixture to the Egg WhitesWhen sugar syrup has reached 250 degrees, remove it from heat and slowly pour approximately one quarter of the mixture into the stiff egg whites, with the mixer running constantly.
Continue to beat the egg whites until the mixture holds its shape.
Add the Rose Water and PistachiosReturn the saucepan with the remaining sugar syrup to the stove, and continue to cook over medium-high heat until the mixture reaches 300 degrees (hard-crack stage).
With the mixer running, pour the remaining sugar syrup slowly into the egg mixture and continue beating until mixture is thick and stiff.
Add the rose water, and mix it together. Then fold in the nuts and stir until they're combined.
Set the Pistachio NougatOil the bottom and sides of a baking pan. Spoon the nougat into the prepared pan, and press it smoothly and evenly.
Keep it in refrigerator until the nougat is set. Take it out of the mold and cut it into squares. Pistachio nougat is a lovely accompaniment to tea or coffee.
Thanks for watching. To learn more, visit us on the Web at food.about.com.
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The Lowe's website says it is out of stock at all local stores, and won't let me place an order. Useless.
Uh, last I checked, The Crimson White is a student newspaper. No one in their right mind would hold it up to the same journalistic standards as The Tuscaloosa News or any other medium- or large-city daily newspaper, even though the CW staff tries its best to uphold professional standards.
It's sort of like saying, "Everyone in Tuscaloosa knows that Northridge High's football team is nowhere near as good as the Crimson Tide."
Your remarks smack of plain old snarkiness, and little usefulness.
This lady might want to get a new name for this place. There's already a place called "The Game Zone" in Pelham -- unless she also owns that one and is putting in another location, which would be cool, too.
Y'know, buddy, sometimes news outlets run these things just because they're funny and people might get a laugh or two. You DO know what a laugh is, don't you?
In all fairness, eggfoot is right, and the defendant was entitled to have friends and family to support him. And I say that as a friend and co-worker of the victim, who would have been there supporting his family if I hadn't had a work conflict.
Glad to see you're so willing to expand your horizons. Might want to go by a globe or map, one that includes more places than just Daytona, Charlotte, Talladega and Martinsville.
You would be hard-pressed to find an Alabama high school that doesn't have an athletic director. Many times it is the head football coach (that's the default for Jefferson County Schools, to the chagrin of some of those coaches), and I know of one on another county where the principal also serves as the AD. I suspect the AHSAA requires their member schools to have an AD appointed.
I'm startled and amazed to find that the cockfighting industry even has a lobbying group.
I think the Dega and Indy crowds may not be quite as "distinct" as they may think. (That's probably a good thing.) Some smart person my try to sell the two as a package deal. Hello, Gene?
"Juneteenth" is indeed slang, but has been in use for many, many years. It is June 19, the day when slaves in Texas were notified of their freedom in 1865. The date is celebrated as a holiday in more than half the states (Alabama not among them).
Ensley High probably wouldn't do too well -- BECAUSE IT NO LONGER EXISTS. It was merged into Jackson-Olin some time ago. Thanks for keeping up, we have lovely parting gifts for you backstage.
OK, we heard you the first two times, and it still doesn't make any sense.
Everyone involved in Country Crossing knew, or should have known, that the legalities of the project were still in doubt and there was the possibility their initial investment could go for nothing. That's the chance you take. Folks tend to forget that the house does not always win. Casinos do go bust, though rarely because some gambler "broke the bank."
(I'l try to avoid haiku here, BTW.)
You must admit that the spectacle of women screaming "HARD! HAAAAARD! HAAAAAARDER!!!!" at the top of their lungs is rather, um, interesting.
Add this prominent exception: the excellent St. Louis Zoo. Admission is free, though some extra attractions inside charge a fee (and parking costs $10) Went this summer - crowd was huge. Despite free admission, the zoo is extremely well kept. It's also part of a big park that is very popular, and features an outdoor theater ("The Muni"). I'm pretty sure they have a great deal of outside funding, particularly by the Busch family and its various companies.
Gotta say I was pleasantly surprised by my visit to St. Louis. I always thought it wasn't that nice a place. I was wrong.
Whoops! My bad. You're right. Of course, the Gators didn't play Auburn that many times, either. :-)
Most Alabama and Auburn fans have little love lost for Meyer, mainly because of his success against our teams. But I don't think there's any Bammer or Aubie who would want him to go out this way. Our thoughts are with Meyer and his family.
The judges in Walker County recused themselves because the suit was brought by the county sheriff, and they have to work with him as an officer of the court which might be construed as a conflict of interest. The proper move, in my opinion.
The CSX rail hub is actually an improvement over what was there beforehand: a largely abandoned big industrial complex. (For some reason it was never mentioned that I could see, but this is the old Pullman-Standard rail car manufacturing facility that's been closed for years.) Kudos for the developers and city of Bessemer for bringing this in, and believe me it certainly won't hurt the property values there. It might even attract some other industrial users.
But to compare this site to the proposed NS site in McCalla is absurd. The area around the Bessemer site is blighted and crime-ridden. (The school is on the other side of the old Pullman buildings from the CSX site.) But the NS site is mostly in farmland or area that has been converted from farmland into nice housing developments. Big difference.
BB&T stands for Branch Banking & trust. The "Branch" does not refer to a bank branch, but the bank's founder, Adolphus Branch. They are indeed pretty conservative and therefore have a strong balance sheet. They're big in the Carolinas, Kentucky and Tennessee. And now they're bigger in the Southeast. Good corporate citizen, from everything I've heard.


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Oksana2's Mom Answers Activity
my poor lil guy is severly constipated :(
Most recent answer (10/26/2011):
the zantac has helped ALOT!!! he had really bad hickups and would scream everytime we layed him down especially in the evenings and now h...posted by ladyethinol
Vaginal irritation that is not a yeast infection or an STD, has anyone experienced anything similar?
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Good thing you got it worked out! Have a great rest of pregnancy!posted by Oksana2
TO continue pregnancy or not to ?
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Wow-I've read that you decided to keep the twins. Why did the doctor even suggest termination if you have 2 apparently healthy babies? Ma...posted by candlechick1978
I cant take any pain medication, does anyone have advise on how to cure a flu without pain medicine?
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I had a bad case of the flu twice during my pregnancy. The only thing I was advized to do was drink a lot of liquids with vitamin C (lemo...posted by Oksana2


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Geaux Seminoles and Geaux NOLA-area ACC clubs for their amazing efforts in this!
If your sexuality is really not a big deal, then why not keep it quiet? Why do gays feel the need to rub it in everybody's faces? "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" should be expanded to all areas of life, not just the military.
"School officials acknowledged the dilemma they face, hearing angry calls for an explanation but feeling bound by confidentially rules that bar them from discussing what goes on at school board meetings or the terms of Tedesco's departure."
This is what bothers me. Why are these school board meetings confidential? As alumni, parents, students, etc., don't we have a right to know what goes on at these meetings?
(Geaux Cavs!)
When storms and distress are upon us
Dark clouds hide the face of our sun,
We look to thy light to inspire us
Till the fields for the truth is won.
So, Cavaliers, stand firm on your honor
And sing out "De La Salle, lead on!"
"I remember De La Salle was where kids went once they got kicked out of other Catholics schools because it was one of, if not the only Catholic school that accepted kids that had been kicked out of other Catholic schools."
The Christian Brothers' philosophy is to give people a second chance and sometimes a third. That's very biblical and admirable on the surface, but unfortunately that means you get a lot of riff-raff and people who really don't deserve a second chance.
I was recruited to run cross country in college. I know that cross country doesn't bring in money, but I would have been just as much of a varsity athlete as the football players. If the football players had gotten paid, I sure as hell would expect to be paid as well--which is why college athletes will NEVER be paid.
I'm actually still trying to do so. I'm still walking a little slower and speaking a little softer. I can't wait to read these responses. How long is a healthy mourning period when your team loses a playoff game that they really should have won?
So many things wrong with this post. David Stern has made it known that Seattle needs a new arena. If Key Arena was up to NBA standards, then the Supersonics would not have left. And the City of Seattle and State of Washington has made it crystal-clear that they have NO desire to use public funds to build a new arena. It would have to be privately funded, and I simply don't see that happening.
With regards to Anaheim--Los Angeles with THREE NBA franchises? Actually if any team should move, it's the LA Clippers.
The only other city out there with an NBA-quality arena that does not yet have a franchise is Kansas City--and they're already a two-sport town who has trouble supporting the teams they already have.
The Hornets aren't going anywhere.
The Hornets are not going anywhere.
This is GREAT news! I feel like second lining down the street. :-)
Now can I get my money back on the ticket they gave me last year?
I love my Seminoles, but if I could get one in Florida, I'd give up my Florida State license plate. GEAUX NOLES and GEAUX SAINTS!
I expect a heartfelt apology from this S.O.B. delivered on his hands and knees.
Another story where your PDF links don't work.
PLEASE fix these links to the maps--you keep posting them and I'd like to see them, but they haven't been working for the past month or so.
These links haven't been working for the past few days. :-(
Yes, he cost LSU the game, but no need to go crazy about it--it's just a regular season game that didn't really mean all that much in the grand scheme of things.
The same thing happened to my Florida State Seminoles two years ago in the final game of the Super Regional against Wichita State. Some idiot interfered with a fly ball that WOULD have been caught--two pitches later, the same Wichita State batter hit a three-man home run. THANKFULLY, Florida State won the game, but that guy would have rightfully been killed if we had lost.
I like living in Jacksonville, but New Orleans is home. I would have loved seeing Sharper in teal but I will love even more seeing him in black and gold! Go Jaguars and GEAUX SAINTS!
As a New Orleanian who works and sleeps in Jacksonville, I'm kind of tempted to hang out outside the Jaguars' facility in Saints gear and hold up a sign saying "PLEASE re-sign with New Orleans!" :-)
Dress for comfort--not for style!
Technically, driving even ONE mile per hour over the speed limit is illegal as well. Should you get a fine for ticky-tack stuff like that?
My fear is that when cities see what a cash cow to them these cameras are, they will appear everywhere.
You guys who are commenting on this story are the only people I know who wants these cameras.
Big Brother watches you, but Big Brother lacks common sense. During a recent visit home to New Orleans, I got nailed for not stopping all the way before a right turn. NOBODY was around, it was perfectly safe, and I still got nailed. I seriously doubt that a police officer would have even bothered to stop me for that.
I can't believe y'all are defending them.


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