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A large capacity ATM switch includes a space switch core connecting input buffer modules and output buffer modules by way of high speed links. Upon request from an input buffer module, the space switch core sets up a connection to a desired output module. Data are sent in a burst consisting of a train of ATM cells of any arbitrary number. As the data are sent in trains of more than one ATM cell, the connection control of the core can be made to operate at a much slower speed. Electro-optical arrangements of the space switch core are described as embodiments.
1. A large capacity ATM switch for switching data between input ports and output ports in a variable length train containing a variable number of digital cells, each input and output port handling one or more channels and each digital cell comprising a fixed number of bytes and including a cell header containing a channel indication therein, comprising:
each input port having an input buffer for separately storing trains of digital cells destined for output ports in response to each cell header and further having an input buffer control for monitoring the fill state of the input buffer and sending a connection request through a control link to a switch core device, the connection request indicating the number of cells in one of the trains stored in the input buffer;
the switch core device, in response to the connection request from one or more input buffers, for making and breaking high speed data link connections between the input ports and the output ports at desired times and indicating by way of the control link to each input buffer when to send the train of digital cells stored therein; and
each output port delivering the digital cells received from the switch core device to any of the channels indicated by the channel indication in the cell header of each digital cell.
2. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 1 wherein each output port further includes an output buffer and a header reader reading every cell header containing a channel indication so that cells are stored separately in the output buffer according to the channel indication of each cell.
3. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 2 wherein the control link comprises a request bus and a grant bus, and both the input and output ports include multiplexers to scan both buses.
4. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 2 wherein the switch core is a crossconnect which establishes physically the high speed data link connections among the input ports and the output ports.
5. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 4 wherein each of the high speed data link connections is an optical link and 5 Gbit/s or higher in capacity.
6. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 5 wherein each input port contains a serial-to-parallel converter for converting serial input in each channel to parallel digital cells and a multiplexer for multiplexing the parallel cells from one or more channels, which parallel digital cells are to be stored in the input buffers, and each output port contains a parallel-to-serial converter for converting parallel digital cells stored in the output buffer into serial output and a demultiplexer for demultiplexing the serial output to one or more channels.
7. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 6 wherein the switch is an N�N switch, N being a positive integer, and the crossconnect comprises 1-to-N optical splitters, N�N optical shuffle and N-to-1 optical selectors.
8. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 7 wherein the optical shuffle comprises a bundle of fiber optics, one fiber optic path for each possible connection between the input ports and output ports.
9. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 7 wherein each of the optical selectors comprises N photodiodes optically connected to the optical shuffle and an electrical control means for selecting the signal from one of the N photodiodes in response to the connection requests from N input buffers.
10. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 5 wherein the crossconnect is an optical crosspoint.
11. The large capacity ATM switch according to claim 4 wherein:
the high speed data link connection is an optical link which is wavelength division multiplexed with the control link, the control link comprising a request bus and a grant bus; and
both the input and output ports include multiplexers to scan both buses.
12. A method of switching data in ATM mode between input ports and output ports in a variable length train containing a variable number of digital cells, each input and output port handling one or more channels and each digital cell comprising a fixed number of bytes and including a cell header containing a channel indication therein, comprising steps of:
in response to each cell header separately storing, at an input buffer of each input port, trains of digital cells destined for output ports;
monitoring the fill state of the input buffer and sending a connection request through a control link to a switch core device, the connection request indicating the number of cells in one of the trains stored in the input buffer;
at the switch core device, in response to the connection request from one or more input buffers, making and breaking high speed data link connections between the input ports and the output ports at desired times and indicating by way of the control link to each input buffer when to send the train of digital cells stored therein; and
each output port delivering the digital cells received from the switch core device to any of the channels indicated by the channel indication in the header of each digital cell.
13. The method of switching data in ATM mode between input ports and output ports in a variable length train of digital cells, according to claim 12, comprising further steps of each output port reading every cell header containing a channel indication, and storing separately the cells received from the switch core means according to the channel indication in the header of each cell.
14. The method of switching data in ATM mode between input ports and output ports in a variable length train of digital cells, according to claim 13, comprising further steps of each input port sending a train of digital cells in optical signals, the switch core means making and breaking high speed data links for the optical signals.
15. The method of switching data in ATM mode between input ports and output ports in a variable length train of digital cells, according to claim 14, comprising further steps of each input port sending a train of digital cells and the connection request in wavelength division multiplexed optical signals.
The present invention relates generally to large capacity ATM switches. In particular, it is directed to ATM switches in which high speed links connect input/output buffers and a space switch core, and connections are set up through the space switch core whenever trains of cells are to be transmitted between the input and output buffers.
High capacity fiber transmission already provides the technical means to move very large amounts of data from node to node at reasonable cost. Broadband access systems are based on systems such as fiber to the home, fiber to the curb, coaxial cable, or wireless, and will serve to connect subscribers to local access nodes. As the number of asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) broadband subscribers grows, and total network traffic volume increases, the construction of an efficient access and tandem network will require very large ATM switches with aggregate capacities in the 100's to 1000's of gigabits per second (Gbit/s).
Innovations in network architecture may lead to a more distributed network of a larger number of smaller nodes, but the geographic clustering of traffic in cities and communities, the shrinking cost of collecting a large bandwidth over ring, tree, or star access networks, and the operational economics of fewer, larger sites is likely to continue to favor the concentration of traffic into exchanges serving 10,000 to 100,000 subscribers. Similarly, fewer but larger tandem switches will be more economical. Local and tandem exchanges capable of switching 5,000 to 80,000 Erlang of voice traffic are already common today. Extending from this existing telephone network capacity and assuming that traffic patterns and communities of interest do not change substantially, a simple estimate of switch sizes would be 0.4 to 5 Gbit/s at 64 kbit/s.
Traffic demand and average bit rates of terminals in the broadband network are less predictable. Average peak hour demand may range from a few 100 kbit/s to 10 Mbit/s or more per subscriber, depending upon the offered service. For example, digital video-on-demand, using MPEG2, could easily generate a network demand of 5 or 10 Mbit/s per household (the bottleneck in this scenario appears to be the video server capacity).
It would require a gross switching capacity of one Terabit/s to handle the aggregate demand of a 100,000 subscriber head end switch. Similarly, millions of already existing home computers could transfer data over a broadband network at peak rates well in excess of 10 Mbit/s, if such a network were offered economically.
Today, ATM switches which address both the data and the evolving multi-media market are being offered. These switches have capacities ranging from less than 600 Mbit/s to a few 10's of Gbit/s. The task of switching much larger amounts of point to multi-point or point-to-point traffic efficiently will have to be solved in future.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,999, issued Jun. 30, 1992 (Munter et al), an ATM switch is described in which output segregated input buffers are operated on real-time by crosspoint selection circuits implementing a combined buffer fill/age algorithm.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,536, issued Aug. 31, 1993 (Grimble et al), a timeslot utilization means is provided in an ATM switch for scheduling the earliest possible connection between an input port and output ports.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,975, issued Jul. 14, 1992 (Akata), a timeslot scheduling unit in an ATM switch prevents the packets from collision in a space division switching unit. Each packet buffer unit at each port writes packets sequentially but reads out randomly in the timeslots assigned by the timeslot scheduling unit so that the throughput of the space division switching unit is improved.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,157,654, issued Oct. 20, 1992 (Cisneros), a contention resolution technique for a large ATM switch is described. It utilizes cell address look-ahead in conjunction with parallel planes of self-routing cross-points, staggered time phased contention resolution and shared memory based input and output modules.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,956,839, issued Sep. 11, 1990 (Torii et al), an ATM switch includes ATM line terminating units and a self-routing space switch.
The overall architecture of the switches of the present invention is based loosely on a space switch crosspoint, input and output buffers and substantially high speed links connecting them. None of the above patents is concerned with packet switches in which a train of one or more ATM cells are transmitted by way of high speed links through a space crosspoint in one burst.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a large capacity ATM switch.
It is another object of the invention to provide a large capacity ATM switch which includes input and output buffer modules and a space switch core.
It is yet a further object of the invention to provide a large capacity ATM switch which uses a burst mode of switching.
Briefly stated, the invention is directed to a high capacity ATM switch for switching data between input ports and output ports in a variable length train of digital cells, each input and output port handling one or more channels and each cell comprising a fixed number of bytes and including a channel indication therein. The switch includes an input buffer at each input port for separately storing trains of digital cells destined for output ports and for sending a connection request through a control link to switch core means. In response to the connection request from one or more input buffers, the switch core means makes and breaks high speed data link connections between the input ports and the output ports at desired times and indicates by way of the control link to each input buffer when to send the train of digital cells stored therein. The switch also includes an output buffer at each output port which separately stores cells of bytes received from the switch core means and destined to the channel in response to the channel indication of each cell.
According to another aspect, the invention is directed to a method of switching data in ATM mode between input ports and output ports in a variable length train of digital cells, each input and output port handling one or more channels and each cell comprising a fixed number of bytes and including a channel indication therein. The method comprises steps of separately storing, at an input buffer of each input port, trains of digital cells destined for output ports and sending a connection request through a control link to a switch core. The method further includes steps of the switch core means, in response to the connection request from one or more input buffers, making and breaking high speed data link connections between the input ports and the output ports at desired times and indicating by way of the control link to each input buffer when to send the train of digital cells stored therein. The method also includes a step of separately storing, at an output buffer of each output port, cells of bytes received from the switch core means and destined to the channel in response to the channel indication of each cell.
The invention will be further understood from the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a known expansion scheme;
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an ATM switch using a novel expansion scheme according to the invention;
FIG. 3 shows basic components of the ATM switch according to the invention;
FIGS. 4-7 show various parts of the ATM switch of one embodiment of the invention in more detail;
FIG. 8 shows a hardware arrangement of the space switch core of the invention;
FIG. 9 shows schematically an optical shuffle according to one embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of an optical data selector according to one embodiment;
FIG. 11 shows the common core control mechanism in block diagram;
FIG. 12 in a schematic illustration of a distributed core control mechanism;
FIG. 13 shows a further embodiment of the invention in which a WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) technique is used for sending data and control streams through a single fiber optic; and
FIGS. 14 and 15 are graphs showing delay distribution and burst length distribution respectively.
In the simplest form, an ATM switch comprises a switch core, peripheral units with transmission interfaces, and a software control structure running on embedded and/or external CPUs. According to the invention, a large capacity ATM switch is created by expanding this architecture by inserting independent buffered satellite switches between groups of lower speed access peripherals and the switch core. FIG. 1 illustrates a widely utilized three stage expansion scheme for a large capacity switch. For example, a 100 Gbit/s capacity switch can be constructed by using thirty 10 Gbit/s switches in three stages, with 1 Gbit/s links connecting them together. A total of 200 links are required. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a novel expansion scheme which is used to construct the large capacity ATM switch of the invention. Each buffered switch can be considered as a stand-alone switch and a large switch is created by tying together a cluster of smaller switches using very high speed (e.g. 10 Gbit/s) trunks. In this scheme, the middle stage of the three stage expansion scheme is replaced by a space switch core with no buffering. The space switch core sets up connections but, instead of processing one ATM cell at a time as in the scheme of FIG. 1, each outer stage switch transmits a train of more than one ATM cell at a time through the space switch core. The space switch core control can be operated at a slower speed. Twenty smaller switches and 20 links are required to construct a switch of the same capacity as the one shown in FIG. 1. This expanded architecture is analogous to the known scheme of building a large network by trunking many smaller switches to a higher speed switch with one major difference, which is that in the switch architecture the satellite switches share the control of the switch core. This novel switch architecture lends itself well to the use of high speed electro-optical technology to drastically reduce switch complexity compared to electronic-only solutions. It avoids the need for electronics operating above 10 Gbit/s with its attendant high power consumption. It makes use of peripheral buffers that are based on smaller capacity ATM switches that are developed for other applications.
FIG. 3 shows schematically the basic components of the N port ATM switch (e.g. N=16) according to the invention. The switch 10 is shown in the unfolded configuration and includes N input buffer modules 12, N output buffer modules 14, and an N port space switch core 16. Each input buffer module consists of a cell RAM 18, a multiplexer 20 and a S/P (serial-to-parallel) converter and multiplexer 22. A buffer control 24 is also shown. Likewise, in each output buffer module, there are a cell RAM 26, a multiplexer 28 and P/S (parallel-to-serial) converter and multiplexer 30. A space switch core 16 connects the input and output modules under the control of a core controller 32. It should of course be noted that ordinarily an input buffer module and an output buffer module are located at a port and therefore the cell RAM at each buffer module can be made of a single memory with a time divided buffer control circuit serving both functions.
The switch carries ATM cells transparently from the input buffer modules to the appropriate output buffer modules through the space switch core via the data link 34. The input buffer module receives incoming traffic in ATM cells and logically segregates them into FIFOs (pages) according to port destination, and then delivers a train of cells from the selected FIFO (page) to the space switch through the data link. Cells can also be prioritized also for different services if needed. Cell routing information which is inherent in ATM header VCI/VPI fields is translated into switch specific port address information in the input buffer modules and prepended to the standard 53-byte cells. Since there are no cell buffers in the space switch core, transmission into the space switch core from the individual buffer modules is coordinated in such a way that cells do not collide at the space switch core outputs. This is achieved by using a common hardware controller circuit (core controller) 32 which receives status information (e.g. a connection request) from the input buffer modules. The status information (e.g. a connection request) indicates that a connection is requested to the output port and the input buffer contains an indicated number of cells destined for that output port. When requested by input buffer modules, the core controller sets up crosspoint connections in the space switch core and sends control information (e.g. a connection grant) back to the input buffer modules to schedule the transmission of cells therefrom. This control information is passed through the control links 36 which are both functionally and physically separate from the data links. Synchronization between control and data links ensures the establishment and holding of connections in the space switch core in time with the passage of the indicated number of a train of cells.
Shown in the following figures is one preferred embodiment of the invention which uses links of 10 Gbit/s speed and a non-blocking space switch crosspoint, using electro-optical components. This inventive concept can of course be applied to an all optical crosspoint switch.
FIG. 4 illustrates the input buffer module at input port A. Ports are bidirectional and hereinafter are labeled port A to port P. Referring to the figure, data at lower speed links from the access peripherals (channels 1-n) 50 are converted from serial to parallel ATM cells at a converter 52 and then multiplexed at a multiplexer 54 into a single parallel cell bus 56. The attached switch routing tags are read and cells are stored in a cell RAM 58 under the control of the buffer control circuit 60 according to the destination port identified by the switch routing tags. The stored ATM cells are transmitted serially through a data link 64 to a switch core (shown in detail in FIG. 5) by a multiplexer 66.
The switch routing tags contain a field which identifies the output buffer module. The buffer control circuit 60 uses this information to place the cell into the section of RAM assigned to the destination and to send a request for connection message to the space switch core over the control link 62.
The input buffer module comprises a single or dual RAM with a cell wide data bus (busses). The buffer control circuit assigns available RAM cell locations to incoming cells, from a list (FIFO) of free locations. For each non-idle cell received and stored in the cell RAM, a FIFO manager 68 of the buffer control circuit 60 determines the intended space-switch port destination from a routing tag generated from the ATM header. With N=16 such possible destinations, the buffer control circuit maintains N lists (FIFOs) of location identifiers, in which the location of arriving cells is stored. This serves to organize the RAM into N logical cell FIFOs, stored in dynamically sized pages of the RAM. Many other configurations of the cell RAM are possible, such as a separate FIFO for each destination port or a common memory for all the ports. It is also preferable in practice that cells can be prioritized. For this purpose, the cell RAM can be configured to store cells according to their priority.
When it is time to retrieve cells to be sent to the space switch core, the location FIFO for the particular destination port provides a sequence of RAM locations from which to send a train of cells. With priority handling capability, cells with high priority may be read before low priority cells. As cells are sent to the space switch core, their previous locations become available again and can be added back into the free list of the FIFO. Unlike the common memory switch in which the output bus is time divided into X lower speed tributary time slots, one timeslot per port, and these time slots are served in strict round robin sequence, one cell per output port, the output scheduler 70 of the buffer control circuit in FIG. 4 selects a train of cells for the same destination port. The input side of the input buffer module may be time divided (commutated) over a number of lower speed tributary links from the transport peripherals, just like a common memory switch.
The FIFO manager 68 is directly responsive to the routing tags of cells (which in turn are derived from ATM cell headers) received in each cell cycle, in a very similar manner as the FIFO manager of a common memory switch. The only difference is that here the division into N pages or FIFOs is according to destination ports, i.e. ports on the space switch output.
Referring to FIG. 5, according to one embodiment, the space switch core 72 includes an optical shuffle 74, 16 1:16 optical splitters 76, and 16 opto-electrical data selectors 78. The optical shuffle distributes data cells from one input port to all 16 output ports, and the optoelectrical data selector at an output port chooses one desired input under control of the core controller 80. The core controller receives all request messages on control links 62, arbitrates between them, and returns grant messages when the appropriate connection is set up. The switch core of the preferred embodiment will be described in more detail hereinafter.
The input buffer control 60 (FIG. 4) receives a corresponding grant some time after the request was sent. In the meantime, additional ATM cells for the same port destination may have arrived. Thus, when the grant message arrives, several ATM cells can be sent in a single train over the current connection. Therefore, given a large enough cell RAM, the core control can be arbitrarily slow in processing requests and granting connections for the transmission of trains of ATM cells. This simply results in longer bursts and longer waiting times. The algorithm, of course, runs fast enough to avoid exceeding the permissible delay for the switched traffic. Buffer space in the cell RAMs is also dimensioned appropriately to hold the waiting cells without overflowing.
As mentioned above, control and data links are separate and synchronization between them enables the use of the burst mode of switching in that
(a) a connection is set up for a duration much longer than one cell period;
(b) a sufficient guard time between cell trains, of the order of one or two cell periods is allowed; and
(c) matching of fiber (cable) length, WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing), or other suitable means is employed to provide a predictable limit on time skew between each control link and its associated data links.
Bursts of ATM cells are then transmitted serially through the space switch core to output buffer modules. FIGS. 6 and 7 depict such a module at output port A. In FIG. 6, serial cell trains destined to port A are received through the data link. They are converted back to parallel ATM cells and demultiplexed at demultiplexer 82 according to the destination channel indicated in the ATM cell header to be stored separately in cell RAM 86 for each destination channel. If necessary, a parallel-to-serial converter 88 converts data and sends the data to a peripheral at an appropriate speed.
One example protocol, as seen by the buffer control logic, is described below.
For each cell that is stored in buffer page [i] of N, the value of [i] is sent to the core controller over the control link. The core controller accumulates that information. As a result, it eventually sets up a space switch connection for [i], and simultaneously sends a command to the buffer to release the corresponding batch of cells. At the time the connection can be established, perhaps M cells for destination [i] may have been reported and accumulated. The cells in the cell RAM can be counted by a simple counter and a simple counter value M can be sent to the core control circuit. When the command "send M cells from buffer [i]" is received by the buffer output scheduler, it will start to transmit cells from [i] on the high speed link to the space switch core until M cells are sent or the FIFO is empty. It will then send idle cells until a new command is received from the space switch core.
FIG. 8 shows in detail the space switch core in a single rack unit and includes 16 port cards 90, and core common equipment 92. Connections are identified by circled numbers. The set of 16 port cards, each with a 1:16 optical splitter 94 and a 16:1 electro-optical selector 96, effectively provides a 16�16 crosspoint. The core common equipment contains the passive 256�256 optical shuffle interconnect 98 and a common controller circuit 100. Many optical arrangements can be used to shuffle a plurality of optical inputs among a plurality of optical outputs, e.g. a fiber optic bundle etc. FIG. 9 illustrates an alternative arrangement of the optical shuffle. The electrical bus between the port cards and the common controller circuit forms the control bus 102.
Referring to FIG. 9, one embodiment of the optical shuffle is shown connected to the optical splitters. Each of the 16 horizontal slabs 110 forms a planar 1:16 splitter which converts the single fiber input of one port into parallel ribbons 112 of 16 fibers each. Each ribbon is connected back to the optical selectors of each port card. In this arrangement, the optical data inputs on a data link are each split (replicated optically) 16 ways and connected to the optical shuffle. Each selector has 16 optical inputs and receives all data inputs from all the port cards.
The inherent optical attenuation of a 1:16 splitter is 12 dB. Excess loss of 2 or more dB will be caused by non-ideal geometries and imperfections in manufacturing. Splitter loss is of concern in the overall optical budget.
This optical arrangement provides the necessary shuffle and crossover of the entire switch bandwidth in an efficient, compact and low cost way and permits both the high speed of the optical signal to keep the number of signal paths low, and the ability to route densely packed optical paths without mutual interference.
Referring to FIG. 10, the electro-optical selector is a hybrid assembly on a silicon substrate with 16 optical inputs 120, one optical output 122, and a 4-bit electronic control input 124. The optical fibers are physically attached in grooves etched into the silicon which provide accurate alignment to a PIN diode array 126. The PIN diodes are standard high speed diodes and are fabricated as arrays on 250 μm spacing to match the spacing of the fibers. The diodes are bonded across to the GaAs device which contains amplifiers 128 and selection circuitry 130, driven by a clocked or non-clocked 4-bit control input. The switch control signal chooses one electrical signal, which corresponds to one of 16 optical inputs, to pass to a laser driver circuit 132 which further amplifies and drives the separately packaged laser 134. An output fiber 122 is coupled to the laser 134. If necessary, the selected data signal is reclocked at a data reclock 136 before leaving the GaAs device. Reclocking may be necessary to reduce edge noise, but without it the circuit would handle a wider range of bit rates.
FIG. 11 illustrates schematically the space core control. Briefly summarized, the purpose of the core control is to receive buffer reports from the input buffers and set the space core connection configuration accordingly. The core control also sends this same information back to the input buffers to trigger (grant) the release of the ATM bursts that will match the connection setup. This task is accomplished with a state machine in the common core control chip (CCCC) 150 through the control bus 152 which is able to absorb a peak of 16 connection requests per cell period, that is, one from each input buffer, and issue at least one connection setup and one grant per cell period. The raw information that must be processed by the core controller is 16�5=80 bits wide at 25 MHz, resulting in several bits of control output, also at 25 MHz. CCCC can be made in a single VLSI but pinout and bus rates can be traded off, up to 100 MHz, to optimize cost.
At each port, there is a per-port control interface chip (PIC) 154 which communicates with the CCCC via control bus 152. Control information is exchanged with the input buffer through RLIC (Receive Line Interface Chip) and TLIC (Transmit Line Interface Chip). Data pass through the data selector under the control of the PIC. The PIC isolates the control links from the CCCC to filter the buffer report information and removes all redundant information from the stream of request messages. It keeps track of whether a request has been queued in the CCCC and keeps updated on the current buffer fill of each of the ATM queues in the input buffer. As a control bus interface, it allows a narrow bus to distribute the CCCC output signals, i.e. the XY addresses of the current connection set-up. The PIC reads this information on the control bus and drives its associated data bus selector. At each input buffer, only the first request of each kind is passed on to the CCCC until a connection is made to grant the request. Subsequent requests to the same destination are counted in the PIC, and are later determined for the size of the burst that will be granted to the input buffer.
The operation of the core control is described here in more detail. The PIC receives buffer requests consisting of destination port id (4 bits significant), and current buffer fill (8 or more bits). It ignores null requests and stores the current buffer fill in a 16 register file. Further, there is a 16 by 1 bit flag register to store whether there is an outstanding request to the CCCC. Upon receipt of a buffer request, and if there is no outstanding request, that request (id only) is transmitted to the CCCC over the control bus (functionally shown by arrows 156), and the flag is set. When the CCCC assigns a connection, the PIC receives this indication over the control bus, clears the request flag, and sends a buffer grant message back to the input buffer through TLIC; this message contains the destination port id, and a copy of the current buffer fill, as stored in the PIC register file.
The CCCC may receive up to 16 new buffer requests per cell tick (common chip processing cycle), but as it will only grant 1 or n per cycle, it will reach an equilibrium of receiving 1 or n per cycle as well. In the CCCC, each new request is put at the end of an internal queue of requests which is a list of all outstanding requests in sequence, with the oldest request at the head. Since there are up to 256 possible connections, the maximum size queue is 256. This queue is processed as fast as feasible to satisfy connection requests, i.e. 1 or n per cell tick. To satisfy a request, at each cell tick the queue is scanned backwards from the head until a request is found for which both the source and the destination are free. A CAM (Content Addressable Memory) implementation of the queue scans this asynchronously and very rapidly. When the connection is to be made, the corresponding request is then granted back to the PIC on the source card which PIC will copy the current buffer fill to a counter and ultimately to the requesting buffer, along with the accumulated count, to enable a burst of specified size. A record (flag registers) of both source and destination busy status is updated. On the destination card, the PIC sets the data selector. The counter on the source card is decremented by 1 for each cell tick. When it reaches 0, the agreed number of cells have been transmitted and the connection can be broken, i.e. the associated source and destination port busy flags in the CCCC must be cleared. This event can occur simultaneously in all PICs, and is reported back to the CCCC via the control bus or dedicated (1 per PlC) lines. The counters could also be located in the CCCC, requiring that the buffer fill value is reported from PlC to CCCC when the connection is set up.
FIG. 12 shows the core control mechanism according to another embodiment of the invention. Unlike the common core control which has been described thus far, in this implementation, control is distributed to all the ports and is communicated through two sets of buses (grant bus and request bus). The figure shows a pair of port control circuits 160 and 162 exchanging control through request bus 164 and grant bus 166. As stated earlier, the buffer control keeps track of the status of input FIFO for each destination port and generates status information for each destination. This information is transmitted to port control circuit 160 over the control link. In addition to a register file which stores the actual cell count per port (not shown), a single bit per port is set for each destination which has an outstanding request and is shown in the figure as FIFO notEmpty bits 168, indicating that FIFOs have data to send to their assigned destinations. A multiplexer 170 scans FIFO notEmpty bits and sends connection requests to its assigned request bus segment if it is not busy with a connection as shown by a source busy block 172. One port drives only one assigned bus segment but all the ports monitor all the segments by scanning with multiplexer 174. If the destination is determined as not busy at 176, the destination port latches the address at 178, sends a 4-bit control signal to the space switch selector and returns a connection grant to the requesting port through its assigned segment of the grant bus. The requesting port receives the grant on the segment of the bus by scanning at multiplexer 180 and will recognize from which port the grant is received. If the requesting port is not busy with any other port, the destination address is latched at 182 and is sent to the buffer control for data transmission. During the subsequent data transfer, source 160 will not place another request on bus 164, and destination 162 will not respond to any requests until the predetermined count of cells has been transferred as monitored by a counter 184. The source status from the source busy block 172 on the source 160 is transmitted on a release bus (not shown). This bus is scanned by the destination 162 to determine when the predetermined count of cells have been transmitted. It should be noted that this is a simplified description to illustrate the concept of the invention. To achieve high performance (short idle time between successive connections), it is necessary to account for transmission delays on links by pre-computing (pipelining) control information to arrive just in time. This aspect of the control system is easily dealt with by someone skilled in the art. It should be noted that the delay in processing has negligible effect on throughput as the system deals with trains of cells over time spans similar in magnitude to the link delays.
FIG. 13 shows another embodiment of the invention in which WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) is used for transmission of the control and data streams through a single optical fiber, avoiding the problem of time skew between them. British Patent Application Serial No. 9410544.2, filed on May 26, 1994, entitled "Switched Optical Interconnect" by the present inventor as a coinventor describes one way of WDM implementation for increasing the capacity of an ATM switch.
In another implementation, when a connection is taken down it may be desirable to force the same port to wait for a predetermined cell period before it is allowed to send the next connection request for the same destination. This forced wait will prevent one port from hogging the link.
The frequency distribution charts in FIGS. 14 and 15 illustrate the simulated behavior of the first algorithm described for one simple case of 70% occupancy of all links, random (Poisson) traffic, with two idle cells forced inserted after every burst
The delay distribution in FIG. 14 exhibits a characteristic square shape which is a result of the burst connection model: the last cell in a connection burst has to wait the shortest time, and the waiting time of the cells in the burst is, on the average, evenly distributed between the shortest (almost zero) and the longest service time of the request queue (about 26.0 microseconds here). The algorithm is designed to minimize not the average, but the maximum cell delay under heavy traffic.
In FIG. 15, the duration (burst length) of each connection is distributed around a mean of 0.77 μsec in the same simulation. Note the small abnormality near 0 which is due to the fact that during a connection period between ports A and B there is a certain small probability that A has registered another request for B. At that time, under heavy load, there is a larger than average probability that the connection A-B is the only free connection available immediately. This then results in a connection burst of a single cell, or very few cells. The forced wait scheme described above cures this small anomaly.
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Contact: Luis Arévalo, Executive Director
Calle Circunvalación No. 120, Colonia San Benito, San Salvador
Phone: 2510-0100
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Web: http://www.speak.com.sv
For eight years, Speak has been the provider of comprehensive language solutions for many leading companies, offering English classes as well as interpretation and translation services. Our team of professionals translates legal and business documents, and our editors review all material prior to delivery. Our interpreters have vast experience in the field, and they'll make sure your event is a complete success.


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By Ian GrahamEmerging Media, Defense Media Activity
WASHINGTON, Nov. 16, 2010 When Frank "Irish" Healey was in Vietnam, he was a walking dead man. At least that's what infamous Radio Hanoi broadcaster "Hanoi Hannah" said of Healey and his fellow Marines in the 1st Battalion, 9th Marines.
The unit became known as the "Walking Dead" because it took heavy casualties in a particularly hot combat zone near the demilitarized zone, where the North Vietnamese army was coming across the border into South Vietnam.
"She said we're 'already walking dead men and they don't know it,' so that's where the name came from," Healey said.
The Barnegat, N.J., native said he hadn't expected that Marines would face such heavy combat in Vietnam. In 1964, when he followed two friends to enlist in the Corps, Vietnam was an advisory mission. They knew things were going on there, he said, but it wasn't a full-blown war.
Healey followed a long family tradition of service in enlisting: his father and all of his uncles were veterans of World War II or Korea.
"To be a Marine was to join the best," he said. "I was brought up learning about their valor in World War II and Korea, and that was where I was going to go. If I was going to go, I was going to go with the best."
He spent two years in Europe aboard the USS Springfield, touring the Mediterranean, before he volunteered to go to Vietnam with the 1-9th Marines in February 1967. They were looking for troops to send to the combat zone, and Healey said he knew it was his obligation to go.
The Marines he met there would end up being an integral part of Healey's life, even after combat. He still regularly attends 1-9th reunions and is close with many of the Marines with whom he served in Delta Company.
"They're like brothers to me –- they're family," Healey said. "We lived together, we fought together, we bled together, and unfortunately, some of them died with us."
During one particularly vicious battle near An Hoa, Delta Company took serious fire. A helicopter came, against orders, to pick up some wounded Marines, though it ended up getting shot down a short distance away.
A UPI photographer, Frank Johnston, happened to be on the chopper, and stayed with Healey and the other Marines as they rallied around the fallen aircraft, eventually taking refuge in an abandoned church. Johnson's photographs of the scene found their way to the pages of Life magazine and numerous newspapers, magazines and books about the war in Vietnam.
The pictures, depicting exhausted, injured Marines fresh off the battlefield, defined an era for the Corps. While Healey said he appreciates that he's a part of that history, he added that it doesn't matter that it's him and his company on the film.
"It's great –- but the point isn't who's in the picture," he said. "Every one of us was in that picture. We were tight, we were close, and we shared everything we had. Every Marine and corpsman was in that photograph."
Healey left active duty in 1968 and served two more years as a reservist. In 1970, he accepted a discharge as sergeant, but his story with the Marine Corps doesn't end there. His son enlisted in the Corps, and he went to Camp Lejeune, N.C., prior to deploying to Saudi Arabia with the 2nd Marine Division. Then-Maj. Gen. William Keys was the commander of that division -– some years prior, he had been a company commander with the 1-9th in Vietnam.
Healey said he made a phone call, unbeknownst to his son. At first reluctant -- and impeded by his noncommissioned officers, who assumed he was being insolent -- the junior Healey eventually made contact with Keys.
"A two-star general went out and found a private first class and had him over for dinner about a dozen times before the Gulf War started," Healey said. "My son came home and said, 'Dad, I walked in with PFC chevrons on and dirty utilities, with colonels sitting around. A general walked in, took one look at me and said, 'You're a Healey, I know it.' He took me into his office, gave me a cold bottle of water, sat down, and talked to me like a father for an hour and a half.'"
"That's a veteran," he added. "We're a family."
Healey said his best advice to servicemembers now is the same he shared with his son upon enlisting: "Learn everything you can."
"Whatever you train in, train hard, and train well. Know your job, and know two to three jobs above you," Healey said. "Because if you're in combat, and you'll have to take over when people get killed or get wounded, you're going to have to know that job and know it well to survive and make sure your friends survive."
("Veterans' Reflections" is a collection of stories of men and women who served their country in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, and the present-day conflicts. They will be posted throughout November in honor of Veterans Day.)
Article is closed to new comments.
The opinions expressed in the following comments do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
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Radha Kunj - Lakeside Garden
The perfect setting for an evening walk, Radha Kunj is a beautiful garden that could well be one of the serene places in the ashram. With exotic flora, unending greenery, sparkling fountains, a lake, lily ponds, a waterfall and an earthy pathway, Radha Kunj is a tribute to the well known original garden in Vrindavan.
Founded in 1981 by Sri Sri Ravi Shankar,The Art of Living is an educational and humanitarian movement engaged in stress-management and service initiatives. Read More


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Welcome to SUNY Ulster and our newly redesigned Web site. Whether you are a prospective student, alumnus, area businessperson, parent, family member, local resident or friend of our college, we've designed this site so it's easy to find the information that is important to you.
Please browse these pages and explore our many credit and non-credit offerings. As you do, imagine participating in a music or arts program, joining in a book discussion or hearing a poetry reading, seeing a theater production or art exhibit, playing a sport or cheering your Senator's team to victory, or receiving business advice or training that makes your dreams reality.
Come visit us. The best way to truly try out the fit of a college is by coming for a campus visit. And we invite you to try us on for size anytime. Contact our Admissions Office to set up an appointment, or just stop by at your convenience.
If you're like me, you won't want to leave. I've been on the staff of SUNY Ulster for more than 40 years now and have served in many roles, including Director of Student Activities, head of Development and Advancement programs, Chief Academic Officer, and Vice President and Dean of Faculty, before being appointed President in 2001. The SUNY Ulster community has become my family, and I'm sure you'll feel the same way after spending some time here.
SUNY Ulster is committed to your success. We want your experience with us to be satisfying and rewarding. Connect with us through Facebook and Twitter and visit back for the latest news and information.
I look forward to seeing you here! Please say hello when you're on campus and let me know if I can help you achieve your goals.
Dr. Donald C. Katt
President's Office: Clinton 229
(845) 687-5050


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Gear Review
New Favorite
Got a pair of these bibs and I love them. Size up though. I wear Large in Pearl Izumi and an XL in these fits great. The fabric is luxurious. The straps don't chafe my tender parts. The chamois disappears yet does the job. Already ordered a second pair.
View More Details on Gore Bike Wear Oxygen Bib Shorts - Men's


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Photo Contest » Austin – 2011
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Core Principles Ethics, respect, diversity and equality are the core principles around which we should all strive to lead our professional and personal lives. The ACUA strongly encourages all professional organizations to promote ethical principles, non-discrimination and anti-harassment …Reserve Your Sponsorship for the 2017 Calendar
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The purpose of Open Door Baptist Missions is to promote the work of Christ in regions that have been closed to the gospel or that presently have little or no gospel witness. We strive to accomplish this task while the Lord has set before us an open door (Revelation 3:8). This is done through the collective support of local churches.
We stand ready to help fundamental, Bible-believing churches place their missionary candidates on the field of God's call. It is our desire to give the Gospel to those who have never heard.
We endeavor to partner with those who are already laboring in the harvest fields and help train those who will be the leaders of tomorrow.
Monthly Missionary Updates
►.Kristi Colas has purchased an apartment near Paris, France. In mid-May she was involved in a music ministry for 3 different ladies' meetings across France. In July she will spend several days in Turkey with some nationals from a restricted-access Central Asian country to assist them with their church music. She is meeting with a French woman for an evangelistic Bible study who is hungry for the Gospel.
► En Khan & Lun Kham continue to reach out to the people of Myanmar. En Khan teaches and trains students in the local Bible college. He regularly takes trips to teach, follow-up, & encourage church planters, leaders, & teachers in restricted-access countries. Pray for these men & women to be faithful amidst opposition. In May he received an honorary doctorate degree from Bob Jones University.
From the Director
This is the time of year when we attend ceremonies and send cards/gifts to commemorate graduates. These students have worked hard and persevered to write assignments, endure exams, and complete their courses of study. While graduation honors and celebrates great accomplishment, it also signals a transition from one stage of life to the next. Missionaries also labor purposefully to make disciples of Christ and train leaders, striving for ministry graduation when churches and ministries are ready to stand on their own. When missionaries successfully pass the baton of leadership to national leaders who then further and advance the ministries, it is something to celebrate and praise the Lord. Every one of your prayers, gifts, and notes of encouragement makes a difference in planting churches and graduating them.
David A. Smith, Director


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Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
Stand by for the lead story in the current Army Times, which details some pretty brutal hazing by NCOs. Will post it later.
Actually, a crime was committed, acc. to Politico: "Back in 2005, under pressure from human trafficking opponents, (Pres. George) Bush issued an executive order making 'patronizing a prostitute' a crime under the Uniform Code of Military Justice."
Total brain cramp. What a stupid mistake. Fixed now.
You're the third person to ask that, so it tells me I should have devoted another sentence to the fateful shot. If you follow the link to the 2009 story in the Medford Mail-Tribune, there's more detail about the moment when Knapp, who was a sniper, peered through a hole and fired at a Rebel, who collapsed with blood streaming from his eye. And we know they were both there at the same time.
I wish we could read their correspondence, so we could see how they confirmed it themselves.
Thanks for that. Powerful.
Thank you, Nobsvet.
The media didn't conduct this study, nor publish it; The Army's Public Health Command did.
Since there's been such a strong reaction, I wanted to say that I had never heard about these medals, but if you read the DoD's own description of what they're for, it's for exactly such situations as these. But strangely, a civilian police advisor working for the military is more likely to get one when wounded than when killed.
Follow the link in the story for the full list of criteria, but here's the first paragraph: "1. Purpose: The Secretary of Defense Medal for the Defense of Freedom (DFM) is established to acknowledge civilian employees of the Department of Defense (DoD) who are killed or wounded in the line of duty. The medal symbolizes the extraordinary fidelity and essential service of the Department's civilian workforce who are an integral part of DoD and who contribute to the preservation of national security."
Army Ranger SSG Jared Hagerman killed himself after he was scheduled for his ninth deployment.
USAF Chief Master Sgt. William W. Turner deployed nine times to Iraq or Afghanistan
Tim Falke retired from the Navy after nine deployments.
SFC Ronald Grider was killed on his ninth deployment.
Here's a sentence from an Austin American-Statesman article: "Trent of Scott & White has treated soldiers who have done as many as nine deployments."
You'll find Internet search engines useful, from time to time.
On my machines, there seems to be a formatting glitch that keeps this from playing. If you're having trouble seeing it, please visit the 142nd Fighter Wing website, where it is hosted:
Yes, this is written for the Sunday paper, so "tonight" means Sunday. Thanks, Archie.
Welcome home.
Thanks for the comment.
Thank you, sir. All the best to you and Michelle.
I had to google to see what you were talking about. I wouldn't wish hell on anybody, but that is a pretty shocking opinion.
And a fashionably made-over hawk, at that.
A fair question. Yes, just looking for a security camera image in our archives and settled on this one. I think the accompanying story was about someone who plowed through a chain-link fence.
Yes, that's U.S. policy. Not Israel's.
More or less. It's hard to find a photo to illustrate that hasn't been built. This was taken last year at the Seneca mill in Eugene.
Just to be clear, Artem was commenting on the reaction he saw in San Diego, a Navy town if ever there was one. He hasn't been back to Oregon yet.


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© 2011 First Baptist Church, Jefferson City, TN
|Stephen Ministry
|Ministries - Stephen Ministry
There Is No Need to Struggle Alone!
Everyone goes through difficult times. Having someone to care, to listen to share God's love with you can help you get through the confusion, stress, or loneliness you may be experiencing. God does not intend for you to struggle alone.
"Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest."
Matthew 11:28
|Last Updated on Wednesday, 13 February 2013 16:53
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wow sorry for postin 3 times, i clicked post once....... sorry
yes. i have a d2pro and i used a backup of twilight princess .with the newest version of the hbc and the new twilight beta2 copy. homebrew installed fine . then ir an into a problem loading wads. but downgradeing to 3.2u fixed the WAD issue. I followed normal tutorial on installing the hbc from wiibrew site.
^-----------Since the C64 Days!!!
yes. I installed all the apps on the Emperorofcanada tutorial. I dont really need the gamma channel to load dvd since i have a mod chip. but i installed everything he suggested just for the heck of it. I like messing around with software and hacks
^-----------Since the C64 Days!!!
dude spend some time in the tutorials fourm im sure theres something there that will help you to answer your question.


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By Donna MilesAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Jan. 8, 2009 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates is pleased by "great progress" in improving care and support for wounded warriors, but believes these developments "are still not good enough" and plans to implement more, Pentagon Press Secretary Geoff Morrell said today.
Morrell said the Jan. 20 administration change won't deflect Gates' focus on key initiatives he championed during the current administration. These include getting more mine-resistant, ambush-protected vehicles and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities to warfighters and overhauling the acquisition and procurement system.
But particularly high on his radar screen, Morrell said, is improved care for wounded warriors. Problems at Walter Reed Army Medical Center arose just months after Gates assumed his post in December 2007, and he ordered an all-out overhaul of the system.
"I think you will see this take even more of the secretary's time in the coming year -- years, whatever it ends up being -- than even it has over the past couple of years," Morrell said. "And I can tell you, it's occupied a significant portion of his time."
Gates "is not done in that realm," Morrell said. "He has many more things he wishes to accomplish. He thinks we've made great progress but … [believes it is] still not good enough. And so look for more in that realm."
Another top Gates priority – getting more MRAPs to the combat theater – will continue into the next administration with an emphasis on getting more of the vehicles to Afghanistan, Morrell said. About 1,100 MRAPs are currently in Afghanistan, and more of these as well as the new, lighter models are likely to be needed in the future, he said.
Gates moved the MRAP program into high gear, creating the first major equipment procurement to go from concept to industrial production in less than a year.
The MRAP program "is now almost an institutionalized program," Morrell said. "And in fact, we have nearly built all the MRAPs that have been identified as needed."
Similarly, Morrell said, the ISR effort will remain a top priority, although he conceded that with Gates' emphasis, it already has become "pretty well institutionalized."
Gates announced in April that he had created a task force to give the ISR issue the same emphasis as the MRAP program.
"My concern is that our services are still not moving aggressively in wartime to provide resources needed now on the battlefield," the secretary said during an April speech to Air War College students. "While we have doubled this capability in recent months, it is still not good enough."
That's changing, Morrell said. "There are now people who appreciate, as the secretary does, how important this is to our warfighters," he said. "And so I think they are committed to seeing his vision through to reality."
Gates will continue his efforts to improve defense acquisition and procurement while dealing with major budget issues, Morrell said.
The next defense budget will go to Capitol Hill shortly after the Obama administration takes office. Other issues on the horizon include the Quadrennial Defense Review, a new National Defense Strategy and a new nuclear posture statement.
"So there are a lot of budget and policy matters that are going to eat up a lot of his time, but have the potential to really impact the direction of this department for years to come," Morrell said. "I think you'll see, in the first several months of this administration, a great deal of the secretary's time devoted to dealing with those issues."


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Lakewood, N.J., Sept. 7, 2012—Georgian Court University and Cooking with Nonna, the popular online resource and cooking show that features authentic Italian cuisine and culture, are working together to encourage healthy eating and celebrate the importance of family.
Faculty and graduate students from GCU's M.A. in Holistic Health Studies program will soon provide additional health and nutrition content for www.cookingwithnonna.com, the site where host Rossella Rago focuses on Italian cooking and the extraordinary influence of Italian grandmothers, or nonne. Ms. Rago, who comes from a long line of foodies, was the 2010 winner of Food Network's "24 Hour Restaurant Battle: Battle Italiano."
Cooking with Nonna, which has been in production since 2009, will draw on the university's expertise to reinterpret classic Italian recipes provided by grandmothers—many of them from New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania—who appear on the show.
"It is a great honor to partner with Georgian Court University and its holistic health program in fostering my mission to raise awareness of the many great-tasting and healthy recipes that have been hiding in plain sight in the traditions and customs of our grandmas," says Ms. Rago.
"In partnership with GCU, I would like to adapt many of these grandmas' classic dishes to meet the needs of my fans who have dietary restrictions resulting from diabetes, high cholesterol, or other conditions, but still want to enjoy some of Grandma's traditional home cooking," she says. "As we work together to educate the public on better eating habits, it is my hope that we can contribute to the prevention of these ailments in our community."
Ultimately, holistic health is all about exploring the various dimensions of wellness, according to Sachiko Komagata, Ph.D., chair of the GCU Department of Holistic Health and Exercise Science. "Promoting health consciousness and wellness is critical to making the most of the mind-body-spirit connection. Together, GCU and Cooking with Nonna will do just that."
About Georgian Court UniversityFounded in 1908 and sponsored by the Sisters of Mercy, Georgian Court University is a comprehensive university with a strong liberal arts core and a special concern for women. A forward-thinking university that supports diversity and academic excellence, Georgian Court serves more than 2,500 students of all faiths and backgrounds in undergraduate and graduate programs, including its new fully online master's programs in holistic health and homeland security. Georgian Court's main campus is located at 900 Lakewood Avenue, Lakewood, N.J., on the picturesque former George Jay Gould estate, now named a National Historic Landmark. Georgian Court also offers classes at its site at One Woodbridge Center in Woodbridge and at Coastal Communiversity in Wall.
About Cooking with NonnaThe Cooking with Nonna Web site is an entity owned and operated by BaciTV, LLC. The site was initially launched in 2008 with the aim of preserving the oldest Italian cuisine tradition held dearly by Italian Nonne from every region of Italy. In recent years, the public's fascination with cooking has created a proliferation of video programs that have raised the interest in nutrition to an entirely new level. Cooking with Nonna celebrates the contributions of grandmothers—nonne—who have passed down their recipes for generations. The show creates a forum to grandmothers of the world to appear online and share their traditions.
# # #
Tuesday, Aug 4Graduate Information Sessions
Wednesday, Aug 12Summer Visit Days
Monday – Friday and selected Saturdays throughout the year
Campus Tours


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I know what you're thinking not another free-to-play team-based shooter for the PC. Shooters are a dime a dozen now a days and it takes a certain style and swagger to rise above all the rest. Loadout has all that and an arsenal of weapons to back it up. I'm not kidding either they have a weapon crafting system that makes other shooters pale in comparison, literally millions of combinations. If that wasn't enough the game has a rather intense, gory, comical, rip-roaring action packed game-play that will keep you hook for hours on end.
The game's developers,Edge of Reality, are far from new kids on the block. They have done contract work as well as porting games to console like Dragon Age: Origins,Mass Effect and the Sims 3 to name a few. Loadout is Edge of Reality's first original title and I must say they are off to one hell of a start.
Do yourself a favor and head over to the official site to sign up for the beta. Best part is you don't have to wait for an invite just continue to download the client.
[ SOURCE: Loadout ]


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Is the Frost Mage ever going to be competitive in PVE? (I know it is within about 10% but it's still the lowest DPS spec in the game at the moment)
Ghostcrawler answered:
Part of why we are changing talents in 5.0 is to let every spec have a shot at getting good utility. This means we can abandon the current (and tired) model where some specs (Frost, Subtlety especially) have to trade off dps because they have good control / survivability / escape. The biggest difference between Frost, Fire and Arcane in 5.0 will be which spells (including procs and other mechanics) you use to do damage.
Lylandra asked:
Hey there, since the arcane mage playstyle is a bit simplicistic nowadays (one button spam in burn phase and two button use in conserve phae) can we hope to see other, more engaging ways of spell interaction? Would it, for example, be possible to get a resource system out of arcane blast stacks or can we get more spells into our rotation?
Celestalon answered:
Arcane Mages' rotation (or lack-there-of, depending upon your point of view) is something we have plans for in 5.0. We still want mana management to be a major part of their gameplay, but we want to mix up their rotation a bit beyond that. Additionally, their rotation being entirely immobile is debilitating for them at times. We're currently planning to include Arcane Barrage in their PvE rotation, so that they at least have an instant GCD that allows them to move small distances without losing DPS. Arcane Missiles while moving is something that we've considered several times, but currently aren't planning to use (that may change though).
Avantha asked:
You mentioned at Blizzcon that all mages will be getting Living Bomb. How will this along with talented Scorch be balanced so that it is not too powerful for fire and too underpowered for other specs? Because certain spells like Arcane Blast and Frostbolt will be only available to their respective spec, does this mean the specialization bonuses such as your fire spells do X% increased damage are being removed and the extra damage worked into the spell itself, so that cross spec spells such as Living Bomb do the same amount of damage no matter which spec you are in?
Ghostcrawler answered:
Mages don't really need their +fire, +frost or +arcane specializations in 5.0 because only Fire mages will have Fireball. So Fire mages won't do more damage with LB or Scorch. They will still feel like Fire mages though because of Fireball, Ignite, Combustion and Hot Streak.
Guest asked:
Why did you pick Blast Wave, Dragon's Breath, and Slow as the level 90 mage talents? Most every other class has gotten new skills at 90. Why put spells we mages get a lower levels at 90?
Xelnath answered:
You know, that's an excellent point - we've heard from several people that Mages could use a few more new talents. We'll take a look.
Hoffs asked:
I love ring of frost AND Cone of Cold, why will i have to choose ?
Ghostcrawler answered:
We think choosing between two powerful things is a lot more fun and interesting than choosing between a no-brainer and pile of poo. In this case specifically, we thought that mages and Frost in general have too many CC abilities and we didn't want to keep adding more and more with every expansion. But if you have to choose which CC you want, then it gives us the design space to keep adding potentially interesting alternatives.


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We apologize but we are unable to process online orders at this time as we are building a better PetSupermarket.com. To purchase any of our products, please visit one of our retail locations or visit our Amazon store here. You can find your nearest Pet Supermarket by using our Store Locator
Tetramin Granules 1.20 oz by Tetra
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These small, slow sinking granules are designed to reach the smaller fish in your community aquarium with the same nutritious benefits as TetraMin flakes. TetraMin Granules are enriched with vitamin C. Also great for Bettas.


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The Top Ten Dishes of 2009 #4: "Papasan Roll" at Miso on Meramec
Categories: Restaurant News & Reviews, Top Ten Dishes 2009
The "Papasan Roll" is the standout of new chef's Eliott Harris' menu. Inside is a straightforward combination of cucumber, avocado and snow-crab meat. Draped atop the rice outside the roll is a piece of striped bass. (The most underrated sushi fish, in my estimation: It possesses a lovely ocean flavor without being at all fishy.) Atop the striped bass is a sliver of raw jalapeño and a red-chile aioli. The top of the dish is lightly seared, imparting a subtle but enticing aroma as your server presents it. The contrast in textures between the jalapeño, the soft fish and the unctuous avocado is wonderful. The avocado and cucumber offer a cooling antidote for the jalapeño's heat, while the crab and bass anchor the roll with the perfect balance of sweet and savory.
-- "Sea Change," June 18, 2009
Miso on Meramec
16 North Meramec Avenue, Clayton
314-863-7778; website
Sponsor Content


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All commercial eel fishers that harvest American eel Anguilla rostrata from the freshwaters of the state of Florida are required to have an American Eel Permit, as well as a commercial fishing license. Reporting of American eel harvest is a mandatory requirement of the permit. Please go to the American Eel Permit article to download a permit application form.
Please refer to Chapter 68A-23.015 of the Florida Administrative Code (http://fac.dos.state.fl.us) for regulatory information.
Eel life stages, in order:
Glass eels: transparent juvenile eels that migrate into brackish water from the ocean. In Florida waters, these eels are usually between 1.5- and 2.5-inches in length.
Elvers: glass eels become pigmented as they remain in brackish water or move into fresh waters. In Florida these eels, now known as elvers, are usually between 3-and 9-inches in length and are green-brown in color.
Yellow eels: as elvers grow larger, they transform into sexually immature adults known as yellow eels. They have a yellow-green to olive-brown color. It is at this life stage the eel is often captured in Florida's commercial eel pot fishery.
Silver eels: sexually mature adult eels that are silver in color. They have a thicker skin, a fattened body, and enlarged eyes. These eels migrate out to sea in the fall to reproduce.
Do you want to know more about American eels? Visit the Freshwater Commercial Fisheries section and the Freshwater Fisheries Management section.
FWC Facts:Snook are ambush feeders, often hiding behind bridge pilings, rocks and other submerged structures to surprise their prey.
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The Yankees' latest dynasty is over.
After a long, anticlimactic offseason the Yankees will open the regular season Monday against the Red Sox, without the customary "murderer's row" lineup that opposing pitchers have dreaded for years.
The team will also begin anew without the same win-it-all expectations that have defined the club ever since their latest reign began, which included five World Series titles, following the strike of '94. These are the same expectations that have been met season after season, thanks to an aggressive front office/owner combination that made sure it happened—at any cost.
But despite the obvious need for several roster upgrades these past few months, whether due to temporary injury or not, there were no new shiny offseason free agent purchases (especially the nine-digit kind) to behold. Past acquisitions like Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Chuck Knoblach, David Cone, Hideki Irabu, Roger Clemens, Mike Mussina, and Hideki Matsui now seem like a thing of the past. A very successful past at that.
With Mark Teixeira now out indefinitely (and possibly the entire season) New York has brought in a combination of relative unknowns in Juan Rivera and Lyle Overbay to compete for time. To fill in for three-time MVP Alex Rodriguez, the team signed the respectable but aging Kevin Youkilis. And with Curtis Granderson down the Yankees scrambled to acquire the once-dangerous Vernon Wells.
My, how times have changed. Could it get worse?
A look at their upcoming payroll reveals more potential problems.
For one thing their best player, Robinson Cano, who is owed $15 million this year, is set to become a free agent in the offseason. Should the suddenly fiscally-responsible Yankees value his continuing services the bidding will begin in the $25 million per year range for at least six seasons, maybe seven.
And while Rivera, Pettite, Youkilis, and Kuroda, are all in the final year of their contracts, which will clear roughly $49 million off the books, the Yankees' farm system is not in good enough shape to immediately replace all of them with the same quality of player. Which means they'll have to go back to the free agency bin, the same one that was largely ignored this past offseason, to find suitable replacements.While A-Rod, and his franchise-crippling contract (which runs for another five years and $114 million) could be back later this season, his once-great production is probably lost for good.
What does this all add up to? Best case scenario has A-Rod, Jeter, and Teixeira all returning later this season to full strength and the Yankees compete for, but fall short of the wild card. Worst case scenario has the Bombers laboring near the bottom of the division for the duration of the season, netting them a high draft pick and the rebuilding starts in the June 2014 draft—just the way it started some 20 years ago. Welcome to the new era.
The Epoch Times publishes in 35 countries and in 21 languages. Subscribe to our e-newsletter.


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Every chef's go-to kitchen utensil, these sleek, stainless steel tongs feature a convenient locking mechanism, and add a fresh colorful update with bright orange, heavy-duty silicone. Set of two.


text: Healthy Recipes Orange Spinach Salad Recipe E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now! Quick Info: Servings Quick Meal Contains Nuts Vegetarian Heart-Healthy Nutritional Info (Per serving): Calories: 146, Saturated Fat: 1g, Sodium: 220mg, Dietary Fiber: 4g, Total Fat: 11g, Carbs: 13g, Cholesterol: 0mg, Protein: 2g Carb Choices: 1 Recipe Source: Prep Time: 3 mins Total Time: 3 mins Ingredients 6 cup(s) spinach, baby, washed and dried 11 ounce(s) mandarin oranges, canned juice pack, drained 4 tablespoon vinaigrette, raspberry, fat-free 1/2 cup(s) nuts, pecans, chopped Preparation 1. Gently toss together spinach leaves, oranges, and raspberry vinaigrette. 2. Top with chopped pecans. Enjoy. E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now!


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Stars of Brazil
by Judy Cantor-Navas | August 30, 2013
Brazil is a big country with big stars, whose fans regularly reach a boiling point at their frequent live shows all over the country. Singer Ivete Sangalo, whose celebratory performances make it feel like it's Carnival all year round, is so popular she qualifies as a national hero. Many Americans may have never heard of Gusttavo Lima, Luan Santana or Gaby Amarantos, but their concert audiences are massive, their YouTube views are in the millions and their record sales keep them ensconced on the Brazilian charts. Michel Teló gave the world a taste of Brazilian music's infectious 21st century sound when his 2008 song "Ai Se Eu Te Pego" went to No. 1 in countries around the world, propelled by its popularity with soccer stars. Like Teló, whose runaway hit was a fusion of sertenejo country music and pop, Brazil's top artists regularly mix regional Brazilian rhythms with an international sound. Listen to this playlist and discover the music of today's Brazilian superstars.


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As of Thursday, May 17, 2012
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
GREENVILLE, S.C. (AP) — Days after giving birth to twins, a South Carolina mother has been hospitalized for what doctors say is a rare flesh-eating infection.
Friends of Lana Kuykendall said on NBC's "Today" show Thursday that the 36-year-old mother noticed a spot on the back of her left leg after giving birth to twins last week.
Krissy Davison says Kuykendall first thought she had a blood clot. But the infection known as necrotizing fasciitis began to spread and the young mother has undergone four surgeries. Friends and family are caring for her babies.
Meanwhile, a Georgia graduate student is fighting the same type of infection. Doctors say Aimee Copeland lost a leg and could lose all her fingers from the infection that spread days after she suffered a deep cut while zip-lining.
More like this story
- Snellville woman with flesh-eating bug communicating ( May 14, 2012 )
- Aimee Copeland makes strides in physical therapy ( July 30, 2012 )
- Aimee Copeland leaves hospital ( July 2, 2012 )
- Company to build home addition for Aimee Copeland ( July 11, 2012 )
- Snellville woman battling flesh-eating bacteria speaks ( May 28, 2012 )


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ST. LOUIS — Mike Quade is getting some heat for the first time in his brief tenure as Cubs manager, just as his predecessors were criticized when things went wrong.
"That goes with the territory," Quade said. "Whatever heat comes, bring it on. I meant what I said a while ago. It has been frustrating and all the rest of it. But you believe in yourself, you believe in your guys, you believe they'll come out and give you a good effort every night. And that's all you can do.


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- Belkin logos are registered trademarks of Belkin. All others trademarks and copyrights mentioned herein are the property of their respective owners.


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Real Housewives of New Jersey
Top 4 RHoNJ Tweets of the Week: December 29
If there's one thing The Real Housewives of New Jersey love to do, it's run their yappers ... and we love to LOL at their random rants. Thank you, Twitter!
Check out our roundup of the top tweets of the week.
1. Jacqueline Laurita: "Someone sent me over a shot of a Buttery Nipple. I'm going for it! Screw the water. Lol! http://www.keek.com/!t44Maab "
'Tis the season!
2. Caroline Manzo: "been cleaning all day - chocolate frozen yogurt w/chocolate sprinkles, chocolate chips & whipped cream would make me very happy right now."
Pretty sure that would make everyone happy right now ...
3. Melissa Gorga: "Gino just walked up to me and asked ... "Is Jesus the boss or Santa?" I love this kid.."
If Joe Gorga is playing Santa, then we know the answer.
4. Jacqueline: "Somehow there was a Christmas Twix candy bar stuck 2 my ass. Stocking stuffer must have fallen out of its wrapper. Don't care, I'm going to bed."
Sweet cheeks Jacqueline!


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This Cable-Conduit Pipe Cover Kit fits 1 1/2" NPT &
2" NPT, 2" Tubing, 1"x 1" Square Tubing, and Premier Elliptical
Tubing. It includes four 12 sections and two 2 sections, which fit easily over
a variety of tubing or pipe to conceal cables and/or conduit alongside columns,
rather than inside. The CPC kit saves time during installation and provides
an aesthetically pleasing look. It features:
Here for Assembly Instructions!
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By the 17th century, the well-known astronomer Johann Kepler observed that the Fibonacci numbers are commonly found in plants. For example, a white lily is a one petal flower, euphorbia have 2 petals, trillium have 3, columbine have 5, bloodroot have 8, black-eyed Susan have 13 and Shasta daisies have 21. Do those numbers sound familiar? Other daisies might have 34 or 55 petals and larger sunflowers often have 89 or 144 petals. Later, in 1790, Bonnet first noted that the scales of pinecones and pineapples contain families of interlaced spirals, one winding clockwise and the other, counterclockwise. The same spirals appear in the heads of daisies and sunflowers. Depending on the species, the pairs of spirals number 21 and 34, 34 and 55, 55 and 89, or actually any two adjacent Fibonacci numbers.
This phenomenon is common throughout the plant world, but why? Understanding why was a multidisciplinary effort. Several ideas were proposed over the years, many based on the notion of natural selection. For example, the observed arrangement of spirals could provide dense packing of seeds, maximizing offspring, or perhaps the arrangement of leaves and petals allows sunlight to nourish as many as possible. The key is to determine how Fibonacci numbers promote the survival of mature plants. A daisy whose flower has 22 spirals going in one direction and 33 in the other should have about the same chance of producing viable seeds as one whose flower has 21 spirals in one direction and 34 in the other. Yet the first case is virtually unheard of while the second is quite common.
To understand we need to examine plant growth more closely. Consider the schematic diagram of the sneezewort plant . At each growth level both the number of branches and the number of leaves is a Fibonacci number.
Plants tend to grow from a single central apex. Emerging from the apex, small bumps called primordia appear. These primordia will eventually become leaves, petals, sepals or the like. They grow outward in spirals. By 1837, the pioneer crystallographer Auguste Bravais and his brother Louis observed that successive primordia make an angle of about 137.5°, as seen from the apex. This angle is supplementary to 360°/Ø (about 222.5°). Is it mere coincidence that the Golden Ratio, Ø, is involved?
In 1992, Douady and Couder from the Laboratory of Statistical Physics in Paris offered an important breakthrough. They developed a laboratory model of plant growth. According to their model, the dynamics of plant growth can account for the Fibonacci numbers. The model shows that the angle at which the primordia move away from the apex determines the spiral. If the angle is a rational fraction of 360°, then there is no spiral. Primordia would line up and, consequently, leaves and petals would eventually block the light of their predecessors. Irrational multiples of 360° create spirals that never result in overlapping leaves or petals. It makes sense that the least overlap would come from some irrational multiple of 360°, and it does! In particular, Ø is the irrational number with the simplest expression as a continued fraction.
The Douady-Couder model shows that spirals at this angle create the most efficient packing, expending the least amount of plant energy. Remember that quotients of successive Fibonacci numbers approach Ø. These quotients most closely approximate Ø. Thus, the number of spirals coming from the apex would have to be a Fibonacci number. The particular one depends only on the size of the primordia, that is, how many primordia fit around the apex before they overlap and join an existing spiral.


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- Attorney General Brad D. Schimel
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The Office of the Attorney General is unable to guarantee the accuracy of this translation and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information resulting from the translation application tool.
Please consult with a translator for accuracy if you are relying on the translation or are using this site for official business.Contact the Department of Justice
MADISON - At the request of the Richland County Sheriff's Department the Wisconsin Department of Justice Division of Criminal Investigation is investigating the fatal shooting of 51 year old Douglas A. Lisney in the Town of Akan in rural Richland County on Monday, July 13.
Based on the investigation to date, on Monday, July 13 at approximately 4:55 p.m. Richland County deputies responded to a request for assistance with a subject, subsequently identified as Mr. Lisney. Mr. Lisney was allegedly armed, intoxicated, and had physically assaulted a child.
Deputies responded to the scene and during the course of their investigation had contact with Mr. Lisney. A confrontation ensued between deputies and Lisney that resulted in the fatal shooting of Lisney.
Special Agents from the Eau Claire and Madison DCI field offices are working in cooperation with the Richland County Sheriff's Department in the investigation of the officer involved shooting that resulted in the death of Mr. Lisney. The State Crime Lab assisted in the processing of the scene.
Special Agents are conducting interviews of individuals that were present at the scene as well as associates of Mr. Lisney.
An autopsy was conducted on Tuesday, July 14 and the results of the autopsy are pending.
Once the investigation is completed, the investigative reports will be referred to the Richland County District Attorney for review.
The deputies are cooperating fully with the investigation.


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July 27, 2015
It is not the way you want to start your day.
Several College Station residents woke up Thursday to find their vehicles had been broken into.
Police say 13 vehicle burglaries were reported overnight.
Most happened in south College Station on Purple Martin Cove, Starling Drive, Lorikeet Court, and Bridle Trails Court. Police say mostly families live in that area.
Crooks got away with electronic items; like navigation devices, stereos and iPods.
The College Station Police Department say it usually works two or three vehicle burglaries per night. Police also say they are starting to see burglars target residential neighborhoods instead of apartment complexes.
Police remind you not to leave any valuables in your vehicle, especially in plain sight.
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How to keep an open bottle of wine fresh
In this month's issue
Always wish that bottle of wine could last longer? Matt Skinner outlines 5 ways to savour that last drop.
Knowing how to store leftover wine can be tricky, and how long it will stay fresh will all depend on what it is, where it's from, and how much is left inside the bottle. But wine preservation is one area where most of us fall down on mass. And while looking in other peoples fridges isn't something I make a habit out of, the fear of finding a half drunk bottle covered with tin foil, cling film, or worse still – nothing at all - is about as bad for me as it gets. O.k., so I admit I am a little bit pedantic about things like this, but if making a couple of minor changes to how you seal an open bottle means getting an extra day or so out of your wine, then you should get pedantic about it too.
An ever-expanding accessories market means there are a million and one different options available to you, and for what its worth I've had a go at most of them. Rubber seals, vacuum pumps, nitrogen - even Mum's tin foil & rubber band method - and you know what? Most, not all, but most do much the same thing as simply shoving a cork back in the top of the bottle. I kid you not. Should you find yourself scratching your head and wondering what to do with half a bottle of wine – besides drinking it - here are some ideas.
Vacuum pumps work to remove as much of the excess oxygen from an opened bottle of wine as possible prior to creating an airtight seal. They're great for infrequent use. A rubber stopper is simply placed into the open bottle and a hand pump is used to suck out remaining air. But while these pumps are great at removing trapped air, they can also remove much of a wine's aroma.
Spring-loaded stoppers are most commonly used in the preservation of Champagne and other sparkling wines. They don't remove trapped air, but rather create pressure in order to retain bubbles. They're a pretty simple, yet effective device and a much better alternative to a spoon! Similarly, you can also get stoppers for still wine, which do much the same job as simply re-applying the cork.
As extreme as it sounds, spraying compressed nitrogen into an open bottle of wine bottle should in theory help to preserve its contents. How it works is that the nitrogen spray will displace any remaining oxygen before settling to form an air-tight blanket over the wine protecting it from air. Requiring no movement or pumping, this method is also one of the gentlest forms of wine preservation. The reality all depends on how high tech your equipment is.
Yes, simply decanting what's left of your wine into a smaller bottle will help to keep it fresh for longer. How much longer will all depend on what it is, but by reducing the oxygen to wine ratio you will significantly slow down the process of oxidation. Soft drink bottles are often good here. Make sure they have been properly rinsed with hot water (no detergent!) and that they have an airtight lid.
First Choice Liquor
Taste.com.au - November 2012
Matt Skinner


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The Script Workshop
Scriptwriting for television from industry professionals
Here at The Script Workshop we know our Slaters from our Sopranos, our Casualties from our Misfits, our Whos from our whodunits.
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Our courses and reading services are offered by practitioners in the television industry and designed to give you top insider knowledge and prepare you for the demands and expectations of a career in writing for television.


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Reserving group travel? Save with Danville Group Rates
Attractions + Things To See in Danville


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