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Sarek National Park
|Sarek National Park
|Sareks nationalpark
IUCN category II (national park)
The mountain Pierikpakte in the Äpar massif
|Norrbotten County, Sweden
|67°17′N 17°42′E / 67.283°N 17.700°ECoordinates: 67°17′N 17°42′E / 67.283°N 17.700°E
|1,970 km2 (760 sq mi)[1]
|Governing body
Sarek National Park (Swedish: Sareks nationalpark) is a national park in the Jokkmokk Municipality of Lapland province, northern Sweden. It borders two other national parks: Stora Sjöfallet and Padjelanta. Sarek is popular with hikers and mountaineers but is not appropriate for beginners.
The national park is roughly circular with an average diameter of about 50 kilometres (31.07 mi). It has no marked trails, no accommodations, and only two bridges aside from those in the vicinity of its borders. The area is among the most rainy in Sweden, making hiking dependent on weather conditions. It is also not uncommon to encounter streams that are turbulent and dangerous to wade across without proper experience.
The delta of the Rapa River is considered one of Europe's prettiest, and the summit of mount Skierffe offers an overlook of this ice-covered glacial trough valley.
Most notably, the national park houses a number of mountains of over 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). Six of Sweden's 13 peaks over 2,000 metres are located inside the boundaries of the national park. The second highest mountain in Sweden, Sarektjåkkå is located in the park, whilst the massif Ahkka is located just outside. When it is included in geographical Sarek, the number of 2,000 metre peaks within the Sarek mountain area is eight. The park also houses around 200 peaks that reach 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) or higher. Due to the long trek, the mountains are seldom climbed.
At 1,800 metres above sea-level lies the Pårte observatory, built in the early 1900s due to the efforts of Axel Hamberg. The construction material had to be carried up manually.
There are around 100 glaciers in Sarek National Park. Together with a few other national parks in Sweden, Sarek National Park is the oldest national park in Europe (1909–1910).
- 1 Place names
- 2 Geography
- 3 Geology
- 4 Wildlife
- 5 Tourism
- 6 History
- 7 Management and regulation
- 8 References
- 9 External links
Place names[edit]
In Sarek National Park, as in the majority of Lapland, a large number of place names originate in the Sami languages.[3] These languages have several variations and their written forms have changed over time, which explains how some placenames don't quite match up across different sources.[4]
The most common Swedish placenames in the park are tjåkkå, where tjåkko means "mountain", vagge (valley), jåkkå or jåkko (stream), lako (plateau), ätno (river),[5] for example the Rapa River or Rapaätno.
Location and borders[edit]
Sarek National Park is situated in the commune of Jokkmokk, 50 km (31.07 mi) from the Norwegian border in the county of Norrbotten, and the extreme north of Sweden. It is also located north of the Arctic Circle.
The park covers 1,977 square kilometres (763 sq mi) and borders the national parks Padjelanta (to the west) and Stora Sjöfallet (to the north), covering a total area of around 5,500 km2 (2,124 sq mi). There are also a lot of nature reserves nearby.
Sarek National Park is the most mountainous region of Sweden and in no other part of the country is it so easy to form an impression of alpine countryside.[6] In this park, 19 summits are higher than 1,900 m (6,200 ft),[7] and in particular the 2nd tallest summit in Sweden after Kebnekaise - Sarektjåkkå reaches a height of 2,089 m (6,854 ft).[8] The lowest height of the park is found in the southwest, near Lake Rittakjaure, at 477 m (1,565 ft).[7]
The park is formed from three types of relief, and sometimes they are difficult to tell apart: large valleys, massive mountains, and high plateaux.[9] The largest valley of the park, which is also the most famous, is Rapadalen.[10] This valley takes up 40 km2 (15 sq mi)[11] of the park, including several branches, the most important of which are Sarvesvagge, which climbs as far as Padjelanta,[12] Kuopervagge — taking up nearly 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) — and Ruotesvagge, surrounded by numerous glaciers, including those of Mount Sarektjåkkå.[13] Among the other notable valleys not part of the Rapadalen network, Kukkesvagge forms the north-eastern frontier of the park,[13] and Njåtsosvagge is situated near the southern border.[9] The largest plateau is Ivarlako, to the east of the bulk of Pårte, with an altitude from 660–850 m (2,170–2,790 ft).[14] To the west of Pårte, the plateau Luottolako covers an area of 45 km2 (17 sq mi) and has an even higher altitude of between 1,200–1,400 m (3,900–4,600 ft).[14] Finally, interspersed between the valleys and the plateaux, we find massive mountains, often with several summits: the principal ones are Sarektjåkkå (highest point: Stortoppen, 2,089 m or 6,854 ft), Pårte (Pårtetjåkkå, 2,005 m or 6,578 ft), Piellorieppe (Kåtokkaskatjåkkå, 1,978 m or 6,490 ft), Ålkatj (Akkatjåkko, 1,974 m or 6,476 ft), Äpar (1,914 m or 6,280 ft), Skårki (1,842 m or 6,043 ft) and Ruotes (1,804 m or 5,919 ft).
|Climate data for Ritsem
|Daily mean °C (°F)
|Source: Swedish institute of metrology and hydrology (SMHI)[15] · [16]
|The landscapes of Rapa River
The park's main river is the Rapa River. It originates in the glaciers of Sarektjåkkå and runs down the Rapa Valley as far as Lake Laitaure, thus leaving the park.[11] It then rejoins the Lesser Lule River which becomes a tributary of the Lule River at its confluence.[11] This river is fed by thirty glaciers, which contribute to a significant flow: it is the specific flow, that is to say the ratio between the average flow and the drainage basin, the most important in Sweden.[17] The flow fluctuates strongly by season, with an average of 100 m3⋅s-1 in July and around 4 m3⋅s-1 in winter, giving an annual average flow of around 30 m3⋅s-1.[18] The Rapaätno also transports an important quantity of sediment: in one summers day, it can carry between 5,000 and 10,000 tons of sediment. This amount is only a few tons in winter, which giving a total of 180.000 tons over the whole year.[19] The sediment explains the grey-green colour of the river and the formation of immense deltas.[17] An important delta is formed at the confluence of the Rapaätno with its principal tributary, the river Sarvesjokk.[11]
Just before the confluence, the river braids for nearly 10 km (6.2 mi), forming a zone called Rapaselet.[20] The most famous of the deltas – truly an emblem of the park – is the Laitaure delta (Laitauredeltat), which the river forms as it runs into Lake Laitaure.[11] The other important rivers correspond to the principal valleys listed above, mostly making up the drainage basin of Lesser Lule River. But the rivers in the north part of the park flow into Lake Akkajaure, in the Stora Sjöfallet National Park, hence forming part of the hydrographic network of Lule älv.[17]
The park also contains several lakes.[21] The principal is the Alkajaure (altitude 751 m or 2,464 ft) on the border with Padjelanta park, and the Pierikjaure (altitude 820 m or 2,690 ft) near Stora Sjöfallet National Park.[22]
The Sarek National Park forms part of the Scandinavian Mountains, reminiscent of the Caledonian Chain,[7] the origin of the mountains of Scotland, Ireland, Greenland and Svalbard.[23] The Caledonian orogeny was formed by the collision of the Laurentia and Baltica plates between 450 and 250 million years ago, with the disappearance by subduction of the Iapetus Ocean.[24] This happened just before the formation of the chain and was caused by the appearance of a rift which finally led to the creation of the Atlantic Ocean.[24] The chain, once split open, continued to erode until it formed a peneplain.[25]
From around 60 million years ago, both the Scandinavian and the North-American sections suffered a tectonic uplift.[26] The causes of this are unclear and several hypotheses have been proposed.[26] One of the theories is the influence of the Iceland hotspot which could have raised the crust.[26] Another hypothesis is the isostasy related to glaciations.[26] In any of those cases, the uplift allowed the ancient chain to rise several thousand metres.[25]
The erosion of the chain rejuvenated and was then subjected to a new period of glacial erosion.[25] It was 15 million years ago, the Quaternary period was beginning and with it an important glacial advance.[27] The glaciers began to grow and invade the valleys, then little by little they unified to form an ice sheet which completely covered the region.[27] Several further glaciations then followed, forming the current landscape, with glacial valleys, cirques, nunataks etc.[28] The amount to which the chain submitted to the erosion depended strongly on the nature of the terrain, which explains the diversity in the topography. So the topography of Sarek, like that of Kebnekaise, is divided into strongly pronounced zones, in particular the two neighbouring national parks. This is mainly due to the existence of diabase and diorite dikes which were more resistant to erosion.[29] Effectively, the park is divided into a swarm of dikes dating from 608 million years ago, which probably correspond to the first appearance of the rift during the formation of the Iapetus ocean.[30] These dikes respresent intrusions into Sarektjåkkå nappe, composed of sediments probably deposited in the basin of the rift.[31]
The park consists of over 100 glaciers, which makes it one of the most important concentrations in the country. The glaciers are relatively small, with the largest being Pårtejekna in Pårte at 11 km2 (4.2 sq mi). However, some of the others are relatively large for Sweden, as the largest Swedish glacier is Stuorrajekna in Sulitelma (in the south of Padjelanta) measures a mere 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi).[28]
Their evolution, in particular that of the glacier Mikka (8 km2 or 3.1 sq mi)[32] may have been studied since the end of the 19th century, thanks to the work of Axel Hamberg, who dates from that century.[33] The other glaciers have a similar evolution: between 1883 and 1895 they were mostly receding, then advanced a little between 1900 and 1916, then started another retreat.[34] They then stabilised or grew, which is interpreted as being caused by the increase in winter precipitation related to global warming, compensating for the effect of the raised summer temperatures.[35] The glaciers have retreated with a particularly rapid rhythm during the years of the 21st century.[36]
According to its WWF classification, Sarek Park is situated in the Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands ecoregion, with a small part inside the Scandinavian and Russian taiga.[37] It is not the richest site in the country nor the region in terms of flora and fauna.[38] This is mainly explained by the fact that most of the park, with the exception of the south and south-east,[7] is situated above the growth-limit of conifers,[38] which is at an altitude of around 500 m (1,600 ft) in that region.[39] Similarly, unlike a large part of the region, Sarek Park has few vast lakes or swamps.[38] In total, around 380 species of vascular plants are found in the park,[40] 182 species of vertebrates, 24 mammals, 142 birds, 2 reptiles, 2 amphibians and 12 fish.[38] Among these species, many are on the red list of endangered species in Sweden, notably the large carnivores.
The vegetation follows a fairly strict altitudinal zonation, based on the climate, and implying a similar zonation of fauna, although this is often less strict.[38]
Montane level[edit]
The montane zones are relatively rare in the park, as its upper limit is situated around 500 m lower than the northern irelands. The flora of this zone is constituted by primary forests of conifers, principally the Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), but also has the Norway spruce (Picea abies). The pines can attain a great height, particularly those around Lake Rittak, in the south of the park. The undergrowth is mostly covered with mosses and lichens, in particular reindeer lichen, and also with Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea).
These forests are a privileged habitat for numerous species of animals. Among the large carnivores, the brown bear (Ursus arctos) is particularly frequent in the park and in the neighbouring Stora Sjöfallet. The bear also ventures into the subalpine region too fairly often. The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), classed as an endangered species in Sweden, is also found around the lakes of Rittak and Laitaure, but also goes to the subalpine forests of Rapa Valley. The red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is relatively frequent, and little by little is extending its territory towards the higher zones, so it competes with the Arctic fox, (Vulpes lagopus). In terms of small mammals, the pine marten (Martes martes), the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) and the stoat (Mustela erminea) are very frequent, but the ermine also lives easily on the higher regions too. The herbivores include a very large number of moose (Alces alces) as the forests and humid zones provide them with a lot of food.[41] They often grow to an impressive size in the park, with enormous antlers.[42]
In terms of birds, there are a number of owls, such as the Ural owl, and woodpeckers, particularly the Eurasian three-toed woodpecker.[43] The Siberian tit is also very common, as are the fieldfare, the song thrush and the redwing. Reptiles and amphibians, such as the viviparous lizard, the common frog and the common European viper, are also mostly found in the forests.[44] The vipers of the Rittak region frequently reach remarkable sizes.[44]
Subalpine level[edit]
The subalpine region mostly consists of old-growth birch forests.[45] These forests are particularly exceptional in terms of density and richness, making it possible for a lot of mountain sediment to be torn off and deposited in the watercourses.[46] This is particularly true in the Rapa Valley.[46] In general, the transition between the conifer forests and the birch ones is more or less continuous, with birches present in the coniferous forests in a proportion that grows with altitude until the conifers have completely disappeared.[47] The size of the trees also diminishes as the altitude increases.[48] The maximum height that the forests reach — and hence the tree line varies greatly throughout the park, from 600 m (2,000 ft) in the Tjoulta valley to over 800 m (2,600 ft) in the Rapa Valley.[21]
The birch forests also contain other tree species. The populations of rowan, grey alder, trembling poplar and hackberry are relatively big.[46] The alpine blue-sow-thistle is very widespread in this level and is the preferred food of the bears.[46] Garden angelica is also present, and it grows to around two or three metres tall.[46] Many other plants at level also grow to relatively exceptional sizes.[49]
The border between the birch and coniferous forests is relatively fuzzy, with many of the animal species listed above also present in the subalpine region.[50] Some small mammals are found more frequently here than in the coniferous forests, in particular several rodents such as the common shrew, the field vole, but also the reindeer.[51] The latter was domesticated by the Sami people in the park and can be found at this altitude in the spring, moving up to the alpine region for the summer.[51] Brown bears are very common in the valleys of Tjoulta and Rapadalen.[52] However, the great quantity and variety of birds is what makes this level so rich.[53] The willow warbler, the common redpoll, the brambling, the yellow wagtail, the northern wheatear and the bluethroat are characteristic of the birch forests.[53] The willow ptarmigan is also more common in this environment.[54] You can also see raptors here, such as the merlin and the rough-legged buzzard, which often nest in the cliffs.[53] The gyrfalcon and the golden eagle normally prefer lower altitudes, but nevertheless they are also found in the park.[55]
Alpine level[edit]
The alpine level is itself divided into several narrower levels.[56] The first sublevel is mostly heathland, with many alder shrubs, mosses and lichens, and frequently dense mats of crowberries.[56] Different types of heath can be found. For example there is one type mostly composed of a mix of alpine clubmoss and alpine bearberry.[57] Cushion pink and Pedicularis lapponica bring autumn colour to the heaths, which are otherwise fairly monotone.[57] In the chalky soils of this sublevel, the vegetation is very rich and forms prairies with mountain avens as the characteristic species, and also purple saxifrage, velvetbells, alpine pussytoes and alpine veronica.[57] As you climb in altitude, the dwarf willow and other lichens become more prominent, forming a second level.[58] Progressively the plants thin out, and above 1,500 m (4,900 ft) there are only 18 types of plant present.[59]
There are three rare mammals who live in this level. The wolverine has a vast territory, reaching as far as the coniferous forests in winter, but the alpine level is their main territory.[60] They mostly eat carrion, but they do also eat live creatures, and prey on small rodents, birds and insects.[60] It is labelled as an endangered species in Sweden with a 2000 estimate of 360 individuals in the country.[61] The Arctic fox is a critically endangered species in Sweden, with only 50 animals in the whole country.[62] They dig extensive networks of tunnels above the tree-line, with several families inhabiting the same sett.[60] Finally, the park is one of the last refuges of the gray wolf,[60] also critically endangered in Sweden.[63] Only one wolf was found in the whole of Sweden during 1974-1974, and that one lived in this park.[64] Although their population is now growing,[65] they haven't yet achieved a fixed population in the park.[66]
In addition to these three mammals, Norwegian lemmings have also been found in the park.[67] This population is extremely variable in number, with massive spikes in some years, immediately followed by a very rapid decline. This phenomenon is not completely understood; it appears that favourable weather and therefore a surplus of food are responsible for the sudden population growths, but the reason for the decline is less obvious, although it is certain that contagious diseases play some role.[67] These cycles also influence the animals who prey on the lemmings.[67]
Many birds of this altitude are associated with the humid zones. However, this zone has its own characteristic species, namely the rock ptarmigan,[67] the snowy owl, the shore lark, the meadow pipit, the snow bunting[68] and the Lapland longspur.[69]
Humid zone[edit]
Although the park does not have the vast marshes and lakes characteristic of the rest of the region, water is nevertheless present everywhere here. The humid zones are extremely rich and show a great diversity of flora and fauna. The stratification of vegetation is just as valid in the humid zones. In the montane region, the humid soils are covered with flowers such as the northern Labrador tea, cottonsedge, the Goldilocks buttercup, St Olaf's candlestick, common selfheal and common marsh-bedstraw.[70] At the subalpine level, the humid prairies are mainly composed of mats of Globe-flower, kingcup and twoflower violet.[46] Finally, in the alpine region we see many subalpine plants and also Pedicularis sceptrum-carolinum,[57] but the richness of the vegetation decreases with altitude.
The humid zones of the park are well known for the rich diversity of birds. The common crane, the wood sandpiper and the short-eared owl are found at the lower altitudes,[43] while the Eurasian teal, the Eurasian widgeon, the greater scaup, the red-breasted merganser, the sedge warbler and the reed bunting are common in the Laitaure delta and around Pårekjaure Lake.[54]
Further up, Vardojaure Lake is very rich in birds with a number of ducks, and also the European golden plover, characteristic of the alpine level and also found in the humid zones.[71] Låotakjaure Lake, on the border with Padjelanta, is interesting from an ornithological point of view.[72] Other rare species are present too, such as the lesser white-fronted goose, the great snipe, the red-throated pipit, the long-tailed duck and the bar-tailed godwit.[72] Finally the Luottolako Plateau is also considered to be interesting, with the most important concentration of purple sandpipers anywhere in Sweden.[73]
The Arctic char, the trout and the common minnow are found in the park's lakes, rivers and streams.[50][55]
Sarek National Park is a mainly high-alpine area with almost no special accommodation for tourists.[74]
Hiking trails[edit]
Kungsleden (The King's Trail) passes through the eastern part of the park, from Saltoluokta to Kvikkjokk. There are no cabins actually within the park, but Pårte, Aktse and Sitojaure cabins are just outside the park and they are easy to get to from Saltoluokta and Kvikkjokk.
Padjelantaleden (The Padjelanta Trail), which stretches from Kvikkjokk to Akkajaure, skirts the park on its western edge at Tarraluoppal, where the Tarraluoppal cabin is just on the border of the park.
Natural hazards[edit]
The lack of shelter combined with the shifting weather and rough terrain require hikers to have considerable experience to explore the area safely.
Fording streams[edit]
Very few bridges are available inside the park and crossing streams (jokk in Sami) and rivers (ätno in Sami) can be very dangerous for the ill equipped or inexperienced. Warm weather will increase the water levels, due to increased melting of the glaciers. Wading is often easier and safer early in the morning due to this.[74]
There is only one ford across the Rapaätno south of the Smaila Moot, at Tielmaskaite. The ford is only passable when the waterlevel is low enough, and is fairly long. It is not recommended for the unexperienced to try this ford without guide.
The glacier jokk from Pårtejekna, Kåtokjåhkå, is unfordable. To pass it, use the bridge (67°09′25.9″N 17°51′20.9″E / 67.157194°N 17.855806°E) or move upstream until you can pass over the glacier. The later alternative requires experience in glacier crossing.
Sarek in the winter[edit]
The lack of marked trails and accommodations makes it very difficult for tourists to pass through the area in the winter, unless they are very experienced and well equipped. The steep valley sides also create a high avalanche risk.[74]
Places of interest[edit]
Aktse is an old farm settlement on the Kungsleden trail, roughly 1.3 km outside the park limit.
In 1788 a chapel was erected at Alkavare (67°20′32.7″N 17°12′55.3″E / 67.342417°N 17.215361°E) to serve the Sami that were herding reindeer in the area during the summer. The walls of the building were dry set from local stone and the roof was made from timber, transported from Kvikkjokk, 60 km (37 mi) away. Originally, service was held every summer on June 25. It took the minister from Kvikkjokk three days to reach the chapel, and three days to get back. It was deserted in the mid-19th century but was renovated in 1961 and is still active. It now belongs to Jokkmokk parish of the Swedish Church, and a church service is held there every summer during the month of July.[75]
The Smaila Moot[edit]
Just above the canyon formed by Smailajåkk as it descends toward Rapaätno there is a cabin for the National Park Service (67°22′38″N 17°38′42″E / 67.37722°N 17.64500°E). There is also a bridge over the Smailajåkk canyon which allows hikers to cross the stream safely. The bridge is removed every winter and put back in the spring, after the spring flood. The cabin is not open to hikers, but there is an emergency shelter as well as an emergency telephone and an outhouse there. The presence of the bridge and the fact that three of the major valleys of the park (Routesvagge, Rapavagge and Koupervagge) converge here has given it the name the 'Smaila Moot'. If you do not meet other hikers anywhere else, you will probably meet them here. This is also one of the best locations to start an attempt on the top of Sarektjåkkå (2,089 m or 6,854 ft), via Mikkajekna glacier.
Pastavagge (Basstavágge in Lule Sami Orthography) is a narrow valley, forming a pass, running from Pielavalta (Bielavallda) towards the east, terminating north of Rinim on the shores of lake Sitojaure (Sijddojávrre). The trekking distance from Pielvalta to Rinim is roughly 18 km.[76] As there is a boat connection[77] between Rinim and the Sitojaure cabins on the King's Trail, Pastavagge is an often used route to and from the interior of Sarek. The altitude difference between the eastern entrance of the valley and the highest level of the pass is about 750 metres. This, together with the high-alpine terrain and the multiple fordings required along the way, usually requires hikers to set aside at least a full day for the passage.
The Sami people[edit]
The region's first inhabitants arrived with the retreat of the inland seas 8,000 years ago.[78] They were probably the ancestors of the Samis, a nomadic people who lived in Northern Scandinavia.[78] Initially they were hunter-gatherers, living off reindeer in particular.[79] For these people, the mountains often had religious connotations, and several were Sieidi (places of worship).[80] They often made sacrifices (e.g. of antlers) in these places.[80] One of the most important Sieidi was situated at the foot of Mount Skierfe (1,179), at the entrance to the Rapa Valley.[80] The Samis from the whole region converged on this point for ceremonies.[80] Mount Apär was itself considered to be the home of demons and legend tells of an illegitimate child's ghost inside it.[81]
Despite their hunter-gatherer way of life, the Samis kept some domesticated reindeer with them. Among other things, they were used for transport and milk.[66] Towards the end of the 17th century, the number of domesticated reindeer increased, and the Samis began to organise their travelling around the need for reindeer pasture. Little by little, hunting the reindeer gave way to farming them.[66] In the mountains the Samis gradually developed a system of transhumance (movement between fixed summer and winter pastures).[66] In effect they spent their winters in the park's plains, moving up towards the mountains in summer, principally Padjelanta.[82] Sarek was mainly used as a corridor, although certain prairies (Skarja and Peilavalta in particular) were used for pasture.[82] They built some huts (kåta) in the park to use during their long journeys, which could last for several weeks.[83] Little by little, they left the reindeer to graze naturally, and stopped following the herds in the same way.[66]
Sarek and the Swedes[edit]
When the Sami territory was taken over by the Swedish crown, the Sami had to pay the same taxes as the other Swedes.[84] In the 17th century the Sami were evangelized by the Swedes, who often built churches and markets in locations where the Sami typically passed the winter.[84]
The Swedes considered the mountains to be frightening and dangerous so they did not explore them.[85] So, when the first ore deposits were discovered in the region, the Swedes attempted to persuade the Sami to prospect for other ores in the mountains, in particular silver.[86] But in general, the Sami did not dare to reveal information to the Swedes because they did not want to incur the disapproval of their fellow Sami.[86] In effect, such a discovery was likely to mean that the Sami would be forced into near-slavery, working the mines and transporting the minerals.[86] The Alkavare deposit was an exception, revealed by an extremely poor Sami, who then became very badly viewed by his tribe.[86] Anyway, the exploitation of the mine began in 1672, but it was never profitable and was abandoned in 1702.[86] A few people tried to reopen the mine but without success.[86] The ruins of two buildings and a little chapel are visible nearby.[86]
The first Swede to really explore the mountains was Carl von Linné in his Lapland expedition in 1732.[85] Then many years later, in 1870, Gustaf Wilhelm Bucht mapped the region.[87] Shortly after, the Frenchman Charles Rabot became the first man to reach the summit of Sarektjåkkå, in 1881.[87] The 1890s marked the start of systematic scientific expeditions.[88] In particular, Axel Hamberg, who had participated in the expedition to Greenland with Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, began his study of the region in 1895.[88] He studied the park, in particular the glaciers, until his death in 1931.[88] He created a very high quality map and constructed five cabins in the park to help him study it.[88] Axel Hamburg's work was particularly important for widespread public recognition of the park.[88]
The 1872 creation of the world's first national park in Yellowstone[89] started a universal momentum for the protection of nature. In Sweden, the polar explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld became the first to propose using the new concept to protect Swedish nature.[90] Axel Hamburg, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld and others grouped together to plead for the creation of the country's first national parks, and in particular Sarek.[90] They convinced the Swedish botanist and MP Karl Starbäck from Uppsala University to raise the question in parliament.[90] The proposition was accepted in May 1909, and the first nine national parks were created.[90] These were actually the first in Europe, not just in Sweden. Among others they included Sarek and its neighbour Stora Sjöfallet.[91] The official reason given for creating the park was to "preserve a high mountain landscape in its natural state".[92]
In the middle of the 20th century, with the massive developments in hydroelectricity in Sweden, the big rivers of the north of the country were frequently dotted with dams.[93] These barrages also reached the national parks; Stora Sjöfallet National Park was cut by nearly a third of its area with the creation of a dam in 1919.[89] But in 1961 an accord was signed called the "Sarek peace" (freden i Sarek), which prevented hydroelectric developments in Sarek and also in certain rivers, called national rivers.[94] It also created Padjelanta National Park.[94]
In 1982, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) mentioned a vast zone including Sarek National Park in its tentative list of natural sites to be classified as World Heritage Sites by UNESCO.[95] Sweden proposed that part of this zone, the Sjaunja nature reserve, should go onto the list, and in 1990 the IUCN recommended an extension to the proposed area.[95] In 1996, Sarek Park was classed as a World Heritage Site together with the neighbouring areas of Padjelanta, Stora Sjöfallet, Sjaunja and Stubba nature reserves, Muddus National Park and three adjacent zones, making a total of 9,400 km2 (3,600 sq mi). The whole area was added a mixed site (of cultural and natural value) called the Laponian area.[79] The park also became part of the Natura 2000 network.[96] The addition to the World Heritage list allowed the park to have its first protection plan. The plan was written with elaborate consultation with the Sami, who had not been consulted on the creation of the park.[97] The WWF paid for this process.[97]
The 2007 Environmental Protection Agency plan for the national parks includes a plan to expand Sarek to include the missing area of the Laitaure Delta and the Tjuoltadalen Valley to the south of the park.[98] This extension had already been proposed in the 1989 plan, but the situation had changed with the World Heritage designation as the proposed extension would make up a sizable part of the Laponian Region.[98]
History of tourism[edit]
Sarek National Park figures in the Swedish spirit as one of the most beautiful landscapes of their country. The enthusiasm was fired by Axel Hamberg's book on the park, presenting Sarek as the joy of the Swedish Lapland.[99]
The Swedish Tourist Association (STF) was created in 1885. The following year in 1886 they mentioned Sarek as a potential tourist site.[100] However, the number of tourists did not exceed a few dozen.[100] In 1900, the association studied the possibility of creating a big hiking trail crossing the Lapland mountains, between Abisko and Kvikkjokk.[101] The initial proposal passed through the park, with a marked trail, a boat crossing of the Rapaselet and a mountain hut beside the river · .[99][101] The project was abandoned and the STF concentrated mostly on Kebnekaise and Sylarna.[99] The path (Kungsleden) was built, but only touching the park on the eastern extremity.[1]
In 1946, Dag Hammarskjöld popularised the expression "vår sista stora vildmark" (our last great wilderness).[93] Dag Hammarskjöld advocated growing tourism in the park that took care not to damage the environment.[93] Edvin Nilsson's 1970 book on the park improved its reputation, increasing the number of tourists from two or three hundred in the 1960s to 2000 in 1971.[102] This sudden success caused several problems such as the temporary overcrowding of certain paths in the Rapa Valley which were unable to cope as channels for the sudden rush of tourists.[102]
Management and regulation[edit]
The general case[edit]
As for the majority of the Swedish national parks, the management and administration of the park is divided between the Swedish environment protection agency and the county council (Länsstyrelsen).[103] The Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of proposing new national parks in consultation with the county and municipality council. The creation of each new park requires a parliamentary vote.[103] The land is then bought by the state through the intermediary of the Environmental Protection Agency.[103] The rest of the park's management is done by the county council. This is Norrbotten in Sarek's case.
The park rules are relatively strict, to preserve the park in its near-pristine condition. So fishing, hunting, picking and any other activity that could damage the wildlife are all forbidden, with the exception of picking berries and edible mushrooms.[104] Similarly, no motorised vehicles are allowed in the park.[104]
The Sami exception[edit]
The Sami benefit from several relaxations in the above laws. Since 1977 the Sami people have been recognised by Sweden as an indigenous people and a minority group, which implies that the people and their way of life are protected by law.[105] So the Sami have the right to farm reindeer in the park.[104] Also, because the park is situated on territory belonging to the Sami villages of Sirkas, Jåhkågaskka and Tuorpons, the Sami who are legal residents of those villages are allowed to pasture their reindeer in the park too.[106] In carrying out these activities, the Sami have the right to use motorised vehicles such as snowmobiles or helicopters.[104]
These rights do conflict with the protection of the wildlife. For example, sometimes carnivores attack the Sami reindeer, which led in 2007 to the slaughter of a wolf,[107] a protected species and very endangered in Sweden. Similarly, snowmobile use and grazing cause damage to the park's indigenous vegetation. This shows the importance of including all affected parties while drawing up the protection legislation, including the Sami and the scientists.
- ^ a b "Sarek National Park". Naturvårdsverket. Retrieved 2009-02-26.[dead link][dead link]
- ^ "Sarek National Park". http://www.swedishepa.se. Swedish Environmental Agency. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 8
- ^ "Samiska ortnamn" (in Swedish). Institut for språk och folkminnen. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, pp. 131–133
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 10
- ^ a b c d Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 11
- ^ "Sarek National Park". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 97
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 102
- ^ a b c d e Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 99
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 106
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 110
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 112
- ^ "Normalvärden för temperatur för 1961-1990". SMHI. Retrieved 26 October 2011. : station 17793 (Ritsem A)
- ^ "Normalvärden för nederbörd för 1961-1990". SMHI. Retrieved 26 October 2011. : station 17793 (Ritsem A)
- ^ a b c Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 30
- ^ Axelsson, Valter (1967), "The Laitaure Delta: A Study of Deltaic Morphology and Processes", Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 49 (1): 1–127, doi:10.2307/520865
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 31
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 100
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 21
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 29
- ^ "Calédoniennes chaînes". Encyclopædia universalis (in French). Retrieved 28 October 2011.
- ^ a b Søren B. Nielsen, Kerry Gallagher, Callum Leighton, Niels Balling, Lasse Svenningsen, Bo Holm Jacobsen, Erik Thomsen, Ole B. Nielsen, Claus Heilmann-Clausen, David L. Egholm, Michael A. Summerfield, Ole Rønø Clausen, Jan A. Piotrowski, Marianne R. Thorsen, Mads Huuse, Niels Abrahamsen, Chris King, Holger Lykke-Andersen (2009), "The evolution of western Scandinavian topography: A review of Neogene uplift versus the ICE (isostasy–climate–erosion) hypothesis", Journal of Geodynamics 47: 72–95, doi:10.1016/j.jog.2008.09.001
- ^ a b c Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 12
- ^ a b c d Japsen, Peter; Chalmers, James A. (2000), "Neogene uplift and tectonics around the North Atlantic: overview", Global and Planetary Change 24: 165–173, doi:10.1016/s0921-8181(00)00006-0
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 13
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 57
- ^ Andréasson, Per-Gunnar; Gee, David G. (1989), "Bedrock Geology and Morphology of the Tarfala Area, Kebnekaise Mts., Swedish Caledonides", Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 71: 235–239, doi:10.2307/521393
- ^ Svenningsen, O.M. (2001), "Onset of seafloor spreading in the Iapetus Ocean at 608 Ma: precise age of the Sarek Dyke Swarm, northern Swedish Caledonides", Precambrian Research 110: 241–254, doi:10.1016/s0301-9268(01)00189-9
- ^ Svenningsen, O.M. (1995), "Extensional deformation along the Late Precambrian-Cambrian Baltoscandian passive margin : the Sarektjåkkå nappe, Swedish Caledonides", Geol Rundsch 84: 649–664, doi:10.1007/s005310050031
- ^ Abrahamsson 1993, p. 56
- ^ Abrahamsson 1993, p. 29
- ^ Karlén, Wibjörn; Denton, George H. (1975), "Holocene glacial variations in Sarek National Park, northern Sweden", Boreas 5: 25–56, doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1976.tb00329.x
- ^ Holmlund, Per; Karlén, Wibjörn; Grudd, Håkan (1996), "Fifty Years of Mass Balance and Glacier Front Observations at the Tarfala Research Station", Geografiska Annaler. Series A, Physical Geography 78: 105, doi:10.2307/520972
- ^ Baltscheffsky, Susanna (30 August 2008). "Sareks glaciärer försvinner fort". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish).
- ^ "Protected Area : Sarek". Global Species. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
- ^ a b c d e Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 53
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 20
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 33
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 64
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 65
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 67
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 68
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 36
- ^ a b c d e f Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 37
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 34
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 41
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 38
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 69
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 70
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 71
- ^ a b c Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 72
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 73
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 77
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 42
- ^ a b c d Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 43
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 46
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 47
- ^ a b c d Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 87
- ^ Naturvårdsverket (2000). "Åtgärdsprogram för bevarande av Järv" (PDF) (in Swedish).
- ^ Naturvårdsverket (2008). "Åtgärdsprogram för fjällräv 2008–2012" (PDF) (in Swedish).
- ^ Naturvårdsverket (2003). "Åtgärdsprogram för bevarande av Varg" (PDF) (in Swedish).
- ^ "Utsettning av ulv i Norge og Sverige" (PDF). Rovdur (in Norwegian). Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ Ericsson, Göran; Heberlein, Thomas A. (2003). "Attitudes of hunters, locals, and the general public in Sweden now that the wolves are back" 111. Biological Conservation. pp. 149–159.
- ^ a b c d e "Strategiska frågor för utveckling av Världsarvet Laponia" (PDF). Laponia (in Swedish). Retrieved 29 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d Curry-Lindahl 1968, pp. 88–91
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 95
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 85
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 35
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 78
- ^ a b Curry-Lindahl 1968, pp. 79–81
- ^ Curry-Lindahl 1968, p. 93
- ^ a b c "Naturvårdsverket". Retrieved 20 February 2012.
- ^ "Alkavare Kapell".
- ^ "Lantmäteriet". 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2016-03-16. Check date values in:
- ^ "Swedish Tourist Association". 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-03-16.
- ^ a b Kihlberg 1997, p. 30
- ^ a b "Région de Laponie". Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO (in French and English). Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d Kihlberg 1997, pp. 31–32
- ^ Kihlberg 1997, p. 34
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 14
- ^ Abrahamsson 1993, p. 23
- ^ a b "Historia i Laponia" (PDF). Laponia (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 26
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Alkavare Silver Mine…". Laplandica. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 27
- ^ a b c d e Abrahamsson 1993, pp. 28–29
- ^ a b Grundsten, Claes (2010). Max Ström, ed. National parks of Sweden. Stockholm. ISBN 978-91-7126-160-1.
- ^ a b c d "Allting om Jokkmokk" (PDF). Jokkmokks kommun (in Swedish). Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Les parcs nationaux dans le monde". Parcs nationaux (in French). Retrieved 31 October 2011.
- ^ "Förordning om ändring i nationalparksförordningen (1987:938)" (PDF). Lagbocken (in Swedish). Retrieved 25 January 2012.
- ^ a b c Abrahamsson 1993, p. 39
- ^ a b "Energifrågan". Nationalencyklopedin (in Swedish). Retrieved 7 November 2011.
- ^ a b "World heritage nomination — IUCN summary, the lapponian area (Sweden)" (PDF). Patrimoine mondial. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ "Bevarandeplan Natura 2000 Sarek SE0820185" (PDF). Länsstyrelsen i Norrbotten (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Samverkan om Laponia får WWF-pris". Naturvårdsverket (in Swedish). Retrieved 1 November 2011.
- ^ a b Naturvårdsverket (2007). Nationalparksplan för Sverige - Utkast och remissversion (PDF) (in Swedish).
- ^ a b c Abrahamsson 1993, p. 37
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 35
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 36
- ^ a b Abrahamsson 1993, p. 40
- ^ a b c "Nationalparksförordning (1987:938)". Notisum (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 September 2011.
- ^ a b c d "Förslag till nya föreskrifter för nationalparkerna/suoddjimpárkajda Sarek Stora Sjöfallet/Stuor Muorkke Muddus/Muttos Padjelanta/ Badjelánnda och luonndoreserváhtajda/naturreservaten Sjávnja/Sjaunja Stubbá/Stubba" (PDF). Naturvårdsverket (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Diskriminering av samer – samers rättigheter ur ett diskrimineringsperspektiv". Sametinget (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ "Sarek". Länsstyrelsen i Norrbotten (in Swedish). Retrieved 2 October 2011.
- ^ "Varg som rivit renar i Sarek skjuten". Norran. 2007.
- Abrahamsson, Tore (1993), Bonnier Alba, ed., Detta är Sarek: [vandringar, bestigningar, geologi, fauna, flora] (in Swedish), Stockholm, ISBN 91-34-51134-2
- Curry-Lindahl, Kai (1968), Rabén & Sjögren, ed., Sarek, Stora Sjöfallet, Padjelanta: three national parks in Swedish Lapland, Stockholm
- Kihlberg, Kurt (1997), Nordkalotten, ed., Laponia : Europas sista vildmark : Lapplands världsarv = Laponia : the last wilderness in Europe : Lapland's World Heritage Site (in English and Swedish), Rosvik, ISBN 91-972178-8-3
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sarek National Park.
- Sweden's National Parks: Sarek National Park from the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
- Trekking Sarek National Park


text:
- Willamette
- Athletics
- News Archive
- 2006
- September
- Willamette Defeats Sammamish Rowing Association in Mixed Eight Event at Row for the Cure
Rowing | Sunday, September 17, 2006
Willamette Defeats Sammamish Rowing Association in Mixed Eight Event at Row for the Cure
PORTLAND, ORE. The Willamette University crew team defeated Sammamish Rowing Association to win the gold medal in the Open/Collegiate Mixed Eight event at the 2006 Row for the Cure in Portland, Ore. In conjunction with the Race for the Cure and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, the Row for the Cure played host to 22 rowing clubs from Oregon and Washington to help raise approximately $30,000 for the fight against breast cancer.
The Willamette Mixed Eight crew included coxswain Rebecca Ralston, Laura Jones, Kimber Grady, Jacob Wicks, Randall Cass, Dan Warren, Greg Henselman, Megan Meidinger, and Ashley San Blise. Willamette finished the 5,000-meter race with a time of 20:20.05, almost one minute ahead of Sammamish, which recorded a time of 21.06.11.
The Bearcats sat in second behind Sammamish going into the 2,000-meter mark, but the crew executed a succinct 180-degree turn at the halfway point to pull ahead of its competitors. The final 2,000-meters were a battle through downtown Portland with Willamette coming home with the gold medal.

subset: commoncrawl


text: Firehouse Sweets is a locally run business specializing in custom Cake Balls, Cake Pops, Cakes, and Cupcakes for all occasions. Firehouse Sweets also offers brownies and blondies, with more sweet treats coming soon! Firehouse Sweets is the perfect addition to any Wedding, Anniversary, Birthday, Holiday, Work Party, or just because you love desserts!


text:
The 33,000-man surge of U.S. forces into Afghanistan has achieved the goal set for it, and it will end on schedule at the end of the month, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said. Story
U.S. and Turkish leaders have a similar view of events in Syria and agreed to work together on that and other regional issues, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff said. Story
The insider threat will not lessen the coalition's resolve to accomplish its objectives in Afghanistan, Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey said. Story
The paving stones on the Road of Lions leading to Mustafa Kemal Ataturk's mausoleum are purposely placed about three inches apart so those who approach it have to think about where they are. Story
Army Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, wants service members and veterans to consider what using the uniform for partisan politics does to the trust Americans have in their military. Story
Dempsey Visits Turkish Defense Leaders in Ankara, Turkey
Turkey, Romania


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text: In 1977, residents of South Minneapolis mobilized to fight the expansion of adult entertainment businesses along Lake Street. In 1983, after years of unsuccessful protest, these activists sought help from nationally-known feminist theorists Catherine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin. MacKinnon and Dworkin wrote a controversial amendment to the city's expansive civil rights ordinance that banned pornography as a violation of women's civil rights.


text:
TV-out problem
2 Attachment(s)
I am having trouble getting tv-out to work. I have a Dell Inspiron 8200 Laptop with the 1600x1200 UXGA display. The graphics chip is a GeForce 440 Go. The driver is 5336. Everything works fine when it's just the laptop display connected, but when I plug the dongle for the tv-out connection, X crashes. The tv-out settings were made by Yanc, if that helps. What I am trying to do is have the lcd display and a television display a clone of each other. It would be nice to have the lcd display at 1600x1200 and the tv at 640x480, but I don't know if that is possible. At this point, I would settle for restarting the X server with the tv-out cable plugged in and it changes the resolution on both to 640x480, or 800x600 (I think the tv can handle it). Attached is my config file and the error log file, although it may not show the errors because when I start X without the tv-out cable plugged in (as I did now to get X running to type this) it works fine.
Any help is appriciated! :)
Re: TV-out problem
> What I am trying to do is have the lcd display and a television
> display a clone of each other.
That's what i'm trying to do as well, seems it's not possible with my geforce3 because it doesn't support "twinview" ................. :( :( :( The only form of tv-out this piece of junk is able to come up with, is -only- a desktop on the tv, and a blank pc screen, and that crashes the entire system (can't even login from the network) when i try to exit or switch consoles.
So far this "official support" message board has been zero help, after posting several questions on the issue.
Re: TV-out problem
I don't know if this will help or not but I was having X crash when changing resolutionn etc. To fix this I added Option "NvAgp" "1". Still I can't help with the TV out as its broken on my FX5700 with any driver.
1 Attachment(s)
Alright, after some more googleing, i found a config file that works. Here's how it works: When you want regular lcd at high res, start the x server without the video dongle connected. When you want tv-out, plug the dongle in, log out of K, then when you get to the graphical logon, press "control-alt-backspace" to restart the X server. That should make the switch. Both the lcd and the tv will be at 800x600.
See my specs above, if you have the same setup, you may want to just replace this file with yours. However, always make backups of the config file!!! Before you make a change, do something like this to make a copy:
$ cp /etc/X11/XF86Config-4 /etc/X11/XF86Config-4.backup
Then if X fails completely, just run
$ mv /etc/X11/XF86Config-4.backup XF86Config-4
and your old configuration will be put back
I hope this helps!
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text:
VIDEO: Meet the Lady Lion Newcomers - Kaliyah Mitchell
Aug 30, 2013
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. - We continue to countdown the days until practice officially opens for the Lady Lions and unveil the third of our eight videos in the "Meet the Newcomers" series. Our third newcomer is a combo player that starred at Stephenson High School in Georgia, let's meet Kaliyah Mitchell.
The Dekalb County Player of the Year as a senior, Mitchell poured in 18 points, grabbed nine rebounds and averaged better than four steals per game during her final prep season. She earned All-State, All-Region 6-5A and was an All-Metro pick while helping SHS to a 25-6 overall record in 2012-13.
The incoming class includes eight total newcomers, seven freshman and one transfer, and we will release them in the following order;
Aug. 20 - Infiniti Alston


text:
Friday, January 15, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
WINDER The Barrow County Sheriff's Office joined a handful of Georgia agencies recently as recipients of grant money meant to increase safety on area roadways.The Georgia Governor's Office of Highway Safety awarded the Barrow department $43,000 as part of the H.E.A.T. Highway Enforcement of Aggressive Traffic program. A special H.E.A.T. unit in Barrow will develop and implement strategies to reduces traffic crashes, injuries and fatalities, officials said. Primary points of focus will be speeding and impaired drivers, as well as those who neglect to wear seat belts, said GOHS director Bob Dallas. Statewide, the latest round of H.E.A.T. grants total more than $3 million and will fund 21 specialized traffic units, Dallas said. The program is designed to serve Georgia jurisdictions with the highest rates of crashes, injuries and deaths. Impaired driving-related crashed killed 416 people in Georgia in 2008. Nearly 1,500 fatalities in 2007 were related to vehicle crashes, Dallas said. The Winder-based agency joined 10 other departments across Georgia in receiving grant monies. City departments in Atlanta and Duluth, as well as DeKalb County police, were also named as recipients.
More like this story
- Barrow Sheriff's Office earns $43K grant ( January 15, 2010 )
- State awards Barrow highway safety initiative $73K ( January 3, 2012 )
- Winder police corporal to coordinate traffic network ( July 29, 2007 )
- Police get early start on DUI crackdown ( June 21, 2009 )
- Police to be out in full force ( May 26, 2006 )


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So, 'kin Hell Fest 2014 is over, and what an absolutely crazy weekend.
There's going to be a massive stack of pictures and videos coming back from it, we'll be putting together a huge gallery on here and our Facebook page once we've collated a load of it.
Unfortunately the weekend didn't sell as well as hoped, we ended up around 200 weekend tickets short of covering all the costs. That may not sound like all that many people, but it equates to a huge amount. Especially the Saturday and Sunday we expected a fair amount more to come for the day. All we can focus on now are the crippling debts to clear up post-festival madness. Already posted up is the remainder of the merch we had from both the Yorkshire Riffer and 'kin Hell Fest events, (shirts, posters, patches), as well as our huge six hour compilation and a donate link in case you feel like you can help us out, even just a little.
The upshot of this is that we won't be able to carry on with 'kin Hell Fest, certainly not in the format it has been, and I personally am going to be unable to carry on putting on, promoting, helping with gigs in any form, other than any I am actually playing myself (No Fucks Given, Sloth Hammer, keep an eye out!).
Whilst it was an incredible time, and a huge learning curve, the fall out is overwhelming and life altering for the worse. I'd like to take this opportunity though to thank absolutely everyone involved:-
the core team who did not stop running around and dealing with things incredibly during the run up and the festival itself, they did themselves so proud;
the two venues who were both incredibly accommodating and helpful;
those who helped during the course of the festival, even if it was just jumping on the door or in the cloakroom at any point, or those who helped with money at times of desperation; all the bands who played, an incredible amount of riffs were supplied!;
anyone who shared the event or gave out flyers in the run up;
every single person who came along and had a watch and a mosh. You made it into one of the craziest weekends of the year, and, despite the monstrous debts left in its wake, you all made it a total pleasure and already, with the donations and help that has followed, it serves as a reminder why I and we have done all of this. Fingers crossed we can fix it all as soon as possible.
If you can help in any way, please click on our shop page (on the image are some of the items you can buy), it's all appreciated.


text:
Alexicom Elements Child Home (F) SymbolStix
Alexicom Elements Child Home (F) SymbolStix by Alexicom Tech LLC
DescriptionA collection of linked augmentative communication pages for a child in the home environment. Includes pages for eating, drinking, feelings, needs, getting dressed, washing up, sensory toys, favorites, books, songs, people games, and much more. This version uses SymbolStix symbols. (We offer this product in several versions with different symbol sets.)
Age: Child
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Voice: Girl (AT&T Natural Voice w/ pitch shift)
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Symbol set: SymbolStix
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Add an unlimited number of speaking, linking pages
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iCloud data backup (optional)
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Supports RJ Cooper and AbleNet switches
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text:
Favorite Office Time Wasters
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We suggest the police start looking for him on Tatooine.
Tip o' the tam to Greg A. and John T. for the tip[Read More]
Impatient driver gets what she deserves
Every morning, Shena Hardin, 32, would decide she didn't have time to wait for one particular bus as it stopped to pick up a disabled child. So she repeatedly drove on the sidewalk to get around the bus. See what happened when the driver contacted police. [Read More]
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One-Adam 12, One-Adam 12. See the man. And bring a leash. [Read More]


text:
County issues $8 million bond
County Commission has issued a near $8 million bond to pay for its first installment on a new youth sports facility in Gatlinburg, an expansion of the minimum security wing of the jail and upgrades to the planned Lincoln Memorial University satellite facility in Sevierville.
The county entered into a memorandum of understanding on the youth sports facility recently with the City of Gatlinburg, saying it will pay 30 percent of the $20 million cost on a complex that include nine soccer fields and an indoor gym complex.
The project is expected to attract tournaments from around the region, and officials believe it will immediately start bringing in hundreds of thousand of dollars in annual revenues.
"I think the county thinks we're going to get a substation return on investment," County Mayor Larry Waters said.
The county will use $2 million from the bond to make its initial payment on the project. It will pay an additional $1 million each year from 2016 to 2019.
Another $4 million is set aside for an expansion of the minimum security wing of the Sevier County Jail.
That wing was designed with an expansion in mind when it was first built. The plans call for the addition of 128 beds this time, which will take it to the full size included in the original loans.
Waters said population at the facility has averaged 100 prisoners higher than its current capacity in recent months, meaning the facility will already be near capacity when it is completed.
While the county is issuing bonds for $7.75 million total, Waters said he hopes the total cost of the jail expansion will be closer to $3.5 million.
The remaining money will be used for work including a $1 million for upgrades to plans for the Lincoln Memorial University facility planned for construction near the King Family Library. The county has already issued a $4.5 million bond for that project, but officials on both sides recently discussed the proposed improvements. The school is expected to pay enough rent to cover the county's debt service on the facility.


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Maddon knows Myers will be OK
Maddon knows Myers will be OK
Manager moves past RF's 'mental mistake'
Manager moves past RF's 'mental mistake'
Wil Myers still has some adjustments to make when it comes to playing in loud places.
But his manager, Joe Maddon, thinks the Tampa Bay Rays rookie right fielder will be just fine after his defensive miscue in Game 1 of the AL Division Series led directly to a game-winning Red Sox rally.
"(Friday), listen, that was a mental mistake," Maddon said before yesterday's 7-4 Game 2 loss to the Sox at Fenway Park. "That wasn't a lack of hustle; that was a mental mistake in a ballpark, in a relatively big game, and he was confused."
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Price Of Success?
Sean O'Hair, 22, has the PGA Tour card he and his dad wanted so much--but now they don't have each other
Many pros take some detours to get to the PGA Tour, but 22-year-old Sean O'Hair, who made his rookie debut last week at the Sony Open, describes his journey as downright "twisted." He is not talking about traveling curvy highways, either, although in a grow-up-fast adolescence directed by a domineering dad intent to see his son on tour, he did plenty of that, too.
O'Hair finished in a tie for fourth at qualifying school finals last month to earn his card and stands as the second-youngest player on tour in 2005. Yet the numbers on his birth certificate are belied by those on his internal odometer, given that O'Hair has logged more than 200,000 miles traveling around golf's minor leagues since turning pro after his junior year of high school. Then again, that distance pales compared to the chasm between O'Hair and his father, Marc, whose relationship with his only son is characterized as dysfunctional by some and alarming by others.
Sure, O'Hair made it to the big leagues at an age when top college stars are just getting their spikes dirty as professionals, but at what price? "It's not the happiest of stories, but it's a good ending," Sean says of his six years as a struggling pro. "Somehow, some way, I pulled it off." His PGA Tour career got off to a respectable start as O'Hair made the cut and finished T-72 at the Sony.
Peeling away the layers of the O'Hair saga is golf's equivalent to skinning an onion: It makes some folks tear up, and the smell lingers. "The reality of it is, it's going to haunt him for a while," says O'Hair's attorney and agent, Michael Troiani, "sort of like Vijay Singh has had to deal with the scorecard issue and John Daly has had to deal with his problems."
O'Hair was one of the nation's top junior players, a star in the American Junior Golf Association, when he turned pro at 17, one calendar year before fellow teens and future PGA Tour card-holders Ty Tryon and Kevin Na. With little, if any, fanfare on Sept. 9, 1999, O'Hair became the first prominent American male in years to turn pro as a high-school student.
As much for his turbulent background as his talent, Sean is no longer under the radar. Marc O'Hair, 52, signed management contracts with his son, says he invested $2 million in his boy's professional future and subjected Sean to a physical and psychological regimen that would make most drill sergeants blush. Sean broke free in 2002 and has not spoken to his father since a perfunctory greeting at Sean's wedding more than two years ago.
For the father who drove his son so hard, the acrimony burns like a knife in the back. "I'm an iron-asshole bastard who made all of his money the hard way, through my own sweat," says Marc, who lives with his wife, Brenda, and 15-year-old daughter, K.D., in Lakeland, Fla. "I invested everything I had in his golf game. I was floored when my flesh and blood, my own son, told me to shove it."
Few others, though, were surprised that push came to shove. The roots of the rancorous tale began when Marc O'Hair sold his stake in the family shutter business in Lubbock, Texas, for $2.75 million and ultimately moved to Florida and enrolled Sean, then 15, at the David Leadbetter Golf Academy in Bradenton, Fla. The father and son quickly distinguished themselves among the school's many prodigies and prospects—not necessarily for the right reasons, however.
"Behind every great kid, there's usually a domineering senior citizen," says Gary Gilchrist, an instructor at the Leadbetter Academy during Sean's tenure. "Good or bad, they always seem to be there. But somewhere, somebody has to draw the line."
- Keywords:
- steve elling,
- sean o'hair,
- pga tour,
- tour card,
- father


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Dist::Zilla::PluginBundle::Git - all git plugins in one go
version 2.023
In your dist.ini:
[@Git] changelog = Changes ; this is the default allow_dirty = dist.ini ; see Git::Check... allow_dirty = Changes ; ... and Git::Commit commit_msg = v%v%n%n%c ; see Git::Commit tag_format = %v ; see Git::Tag tag_message = %v ; see Git::Tag push_to = origin ; see Git::Push
This is a plugin bundle to load all git plugins. It is equivalent to:
[Git::Check] [Git::Commit] [Git::Tag] [Git::Push]
The options are passed through to the plugins.
Jerome Quelin
This software is copyright (c) 2009 by Jerome Quelin.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.


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Maysville Factory to Close
By Misty Maynard, Ledger Independent
By the end of next week, Welco Technologies could be closed. Maysville-Mason County Industrial Authority Director Gene Weaver confirmed the company, which has set and bypassed several deadlines for closing, is "supposed" to close at the end of the month. "Little by little they've been moving stuff off," Weaver said. Also, the company, which employed approximately 40 employees during its peak employment in Maysville, has gradually been laying off employees, Weaver said.


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I find it SAD and IGNORANT that people in this forum repeatedly refer to the "War On Terror". First of all, the war on terror is not the war on Islam. If the concern is the she might have been concealing a bomb, she probably would not have been concealing it under her jihab any more than you or I would conceal a bomb under a ballcap. No matter what name we call prejudice and intolerance by, they are still prejudice and intolerance. Not all Muslims are terrorists and not all terrorists are Muslims. Need I remind you of Timothy McVeigh or Eric Robert Rudolph just to name a couple.
Hopefully the Saints will sign Gay. One quick question: If the coaches are so high on Usama Young, why does this kid never get the chance to play? Although he's young and still alittle raw by NFL standards, he give the Saints a better chance the "Chasin' David"


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The University of Oklahoma Libraries congratulates the OU student body for the successful completion of another semester of learning. This month's display University of Oklahoma 119 Years of Tradition is a celebration of this achievement. The display demonstrates the many facets of the University and what it means to be a Sooner. For more information on resources related to the University of Oklahoma, please visit the OU website, Our Sooner Heritage site, or Ask Us!.
The University of Oklahoma Libraries | 401 West Brooks Street, Norman, OK 73019 | (405)325-4142


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Daniel Aitken
Online content producer
Phone: (626) 544-0778
Recent articles
Space exploration
Are we there yet? New Horizons spacecraft reaches Pluto in historic 10-year trip
After traveling for almost 10 years and more than 3 billion miles, the New Horizons spacecraft made its closest approach to dwarf-planet Pluto on Tuesday, July 14, 2015, beaming back a photo with our closest look yet at what used to be the 9th planet in our solar system.Trouble viewing this story? View
Graduation ceremonies
Graduation 2015: Flintridge Preparatory School's class of 2015 celebrates
Flintridge Preparatory School's class of 2015 celebrated finishing high school at a graduation ceremony at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium on Sunday, May 31, 2015.Viewing on mobile? Go here.
How much California State University presidents spend on travel
How much does the CSU spend to send presidents to conferences, lobbying efforts and global networking to attract donor dollars for schools?We have compiled those numbers for one year for all 23 CSU campuses. The following information on California State University presidents' travel was put together from travel expense reports for all 23 CSU presidents between July 2013 and June 2014. The figures reflect the total expenses for a trip that was paid for by the university...
Graduation ceremonies
Graduation 2015: La Cañada High School class of 2015 celebrates
La Cañada High School's Class of 2015 celebrated finishing high school at a graduation ceremony at La Cañada High School in La Cañada on Friday May 29, 2015.Viewing on mobile? Go here.
These 6 before and after photos show the Colby Fire's impact
The Colby Fire burned 1,952 acres in January 2014, mostly on the south-facing slopes of the San Gabriel Mountain foothills above Azusa and Glendora. It damaged eight structures and destroyed 15, including four homes on North Glendora Avenue, according to post fire assessments. Since then the landscape in the area has changed as hillsides regrow but some destroyed homes remain as reminders of personal and historical...
These 8 photos show Rose Parade floats before and after decoration
This interactive shows how several Rose Parade floats looked during a road test prior to being decorated and how they look the day before the 2015 Rose Parade.Trouble viewing this interactive? View before and after shots of Rose Parade floats directly.• Read More: Complete coverage of the 2015...
These 9 before and after photos show the impact of California's drought
In these before-and-after images, full water levels are visible around Lake Oroville in Oroville, California and Folsom Lake in El Folsom, California on July 20, 2011 and low water levels are visible on August 19, 2014.As the severe drought in California continues for a third straight year, water levels in the state's lakes and reservoirs are reaching historic lows. Lake Oroville is currently at 32 percent of its total 3,537,577 acre feet.
Space exploration
Neil deGrasse Tyson, Felicia Day narrate video love letter to Mars Curiosity Rover
Just in time for the Curiosity Rover's two-year anniversary on Mars, Caltech has released a video on YouTube telling the story of the rover's journey to, and on, the Red Planet.The video, "Our Curiosity," is narrated by Neil deGrasse Tyson and Felicia Day, with an original score from Austin Wintory."We didn't just send a robot to Mars. We sent the most essential, most valuable, most human piece of...


text: Formed in 2010 at the Church of the Good Shepherd on Chicago's South Side, The Good Shepherds are a gospel group comprised of one tenor and two baritones, all classically trained with divergent music tastes. They're performing with piano accompaniment at 2:30 p.m. Sunday as part of the latest installment of Sounds of the South Loop at Second Presbyterian Church. Tickets are $15 in advance and $18 at the door, with discounts for students and seniors.


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This dissertation studies (1) general weighted Monte Carlo (WMC) techniques, (2) the connection between the weighted Monte Carlo and a least-squares regression method for pricing American options, and (3) convergence results for regression-based methods.
We analyze a class of simulation estimators that are weighted averages of independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) replications in which the weights are chosen to constrain the weighted averages of auxiliary variables that serve as controls. These estimators are referred to as WMC estimators for which we give large sample properties. Depending on whether the weighted averages of the controls are constrained to their population means or some other values, we distinguish two cases: the unbiased and the biased. In the unbiased case, the objective of WMC is variance reduction. While in the biased case, the purpose is to correct for model error. In this case, different objectives will lead WMC estimators to converge to different values, corresponding to different ways to adjust or correct a model.
A particular example of a WMC estimator is the linear control variate estimator which has an alternative interpretation as the fitted value on the regression line at the population means of the controls. This observation motivates us to examine the connection between the WMC technique in Broadie et al. [8] and the least-squares regression method in Tsitsiklis and Van Roy [39] for pricing American options. Under certain conditions, we show that the WMC technique is equivalent to a least-squares method and will lead to a less-dispersed estimator.
At last, we give convergence results for approximate continuation values in the setting where the number of paths generated and the number of basis functions for regression increase together. In particular, we consider the underlying process being either Brownian motion or geometric Brownian motion, and regress continuation values against polynomials. We show that the number of paths must grow exponentially with the number of basis functions to ensure convergence to the correct value in the Brownian motion setting, and much faster in the geometric Brownian motion setting.


text: Watch a video Watch a video review from one of our experts Front Photos (1) Video View larger Grado PS500 Professional Series on-ear headphones Item #: 786PS500 Low Stock 4 Reviews Was:$595.00 Price Break:-$50.00 Your price: $545.00 Earn up to 545 Rewards points Add to Cart Free Shipping Lifetime Tech Support + Add to wishlist + Email me alerts for this product View all associated offers Need help? 1.888.955.6000 Email Chat Ask an expert advisor No pressure, no commission — just lots of good advice from our highly trained staff. Crutchfield Rewards By buying this product you'll earn up to 545 Rewards points. When you sign up for a Crutchfield account, you'll be enrolled in Crutchfield Rewards. You'll earn one point for every dollar you spend on gear from us. You can turn your points into Rewards Cards that you can use toward future purchases. You can sign up for an account now, or after you complete your purchase (you'll get credit for the points either way). Sign up for a Crutchfield account


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Themis Computer
47200 Bayside Parkway
Fremont, California 94538
(510) 252-0870
Web Home Page:
President and Chief Executive Officer:
William Kehret
Vice President, Sales and Marketing:
Callum MacDonald
Director of Marketing Communications and AFCEA Contact :
David Forbes
Business Focus:
Themis provides systems manufacturers and end users with modern, best-of-breed computing resources. Package and performance scale from small-form, factor-embedded servers to bladed servers. Themis works closely with its customers to optimize computing solutions that are easy to integrate; inexpensive to own and operate; achieve the correct balance between standard commercial technology and rugged environments; and optimize space, weight and performance.
Products/ Services:
Board-level computers, CoolShell bladed servers, rack-mountable RES servers, mission and payload systems, RuggedStore storage appliances.
Business Categories:
Computer Graphics
Rugged Systems
Small Business Status:
Small Business
NAICS Industry:


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Monthly Archives: July 2010
Bele Chere in Asheville, NC
July 27, 2010
>This past weekend saw the 31st Bele Chere Festival in Asheville. More importantly it was the first Bele Chere for James and me at the Carolina Bed & Breakfast. Bele Chere was envisioned as a means to bring people and … Continue reading
Southern Highland Craft Guild: Meet the People
July 19, 2010
>This weekend the Southern Highland Craft Guild held its annual crafts fair in Asheville, NC. Even though it was a busy weekend at the Carolina Bed & Breakfast, James and I made an extra effort to get there so we … Continue reading
>Staying Cool in Asheville,North Carolina
July 8, 2010
>I'm not going to lie to you, it's hot here in Asheville. Of course because we are in the mountains it's probably not as hot here as it is where you are, but it is hot. The compensation is that … Continue reading


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Here is some perspective on the worldview of an incoming college freshman, born in 1994.
Make sure to add your own in the comments. As usual, remember to click on the captions.
[nggallery id=6975]
Here is some perspective on the worldview of an incoming college freshman, born in 1994.
Make sure to add your own in the comments. As usual, remember to click on the captions.
[nggallery id=6975]
Beloit didn't vet their list very well…Robert DeNiro as Vito Corleone?????
C'mon, SOME of those kids are using payphones to score drugs.
Wow the Kurt Cobain one really hit me.
I think they have recollection of the September 11 attacks, they would have been around 7 years old when it happened, it's something so huge that a seven year old would not forget it, and they're families were probably glued to the televisions for a week following every update. With years of follow up images, documentaries and movies about it it's unlikely they would be able to forget it. I'm guessing it will get into children born after 1996 or 1997 before you get kids who have no recollection of the September 11 attacks.
I agree; 18 year old would remember. My 16-year-old remembers clearly and certainly own memories have been reinforced by the discussion and coverage that has followed over many years.
It may have been more interesting to include Britney Spears as opposed to Eminem, the perception of her is dramatically different for this cohort versus somebody who is just 5-7 years older… washed up druggie vs. teenage phenom
Mike J, De Niro played a young Vito Corleone in The Godfather II.
Uh, yes. A young Vito Corleone, an immigrant to the US, was played by Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II.
De Niro won an Oscar for the role.
This annual list is always very interesting but this year's list seems "less verified" than in the past, e.g., payphones still exist. Also, most people's earliest memories are from around age four, maybe five – by seven years old, they'd easily remember 9/11. "They watch television eveywhere but on a television." – please…
Both my boys know about Deniro other than Meet the Fockers. They are 18 and 15 and Goodfellas is one of their favorite movies.
I try to get them to watch as much of my generations stuff as I can.
The Times Union photos/ captions were SO much more relevant and emblematic of generational differences. I always love Beloit College's list but their examples will not hit home for many people (I don't even get the Simba or Pulp Fiction references. And was Martin Lawrence even that much of an icon???) Overreaching perhaps?
Me, I mostly object to the fact that they didn't add "Travis Bickle" to "Vito Corleone" and "Jimmy Conway."
don't understand the Star Wars
I coach Pop Warner football. This year I have an 8 year old team, in previous years the kids were 11-12. I'm only 31, and the year I felt old was the year that I asked the kids if they knew what "The Goonies" or "Back to the Future" were. They looked at me like I had two heads.
crap. wheres my fiber. i was a junior in high school in '94…
Nelson Mandella had already been out of prison for 4 years. Rain Main was 6 years old. Mark david Chapman had already been in jail 14 years for the murder of john lennon. The Cosby show was already on Nick at Night. (i think?)
When you say "Clinton, the politician," for them you must mean Hillary.


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The Space Shuttle legacy in pictures
- By Sebastian Anthony on July 22, 2011 at 8:13 am
- Comment
This is the Houston Mission Control Center, a few minutes before the launch of Columbia on mission STS-107, the mission that would end with Columbia's destruction upon re-entry to the Earth's atmosphere. Launches are controlled from Kennedy Space Center until the rocket clears the tower, and then control shifts to Houston. This is the same control room that used for most NASA launches since Apollo 8 (including Apollo 11!)


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Rocky Mountain Research Station Publications
RMRS Online Publication - Journal
Articles, External Publications, and Special Reports
Preparing for climate change: Forestry and assisted migration
Williams, Mary I.; Dumroese, R. Kasten. 2013. Preparing for climate change: Forestry and assisted migration. Journal of Forestry. 111(4): 287-297.
doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.13-016
Although plants have moved across the landscape in response to changing climate for millennia, projections of contemporary climate change suggest that forest tree species and populations will need to migrate faster than their natural ability. Therefore, climate change adaptation strategies, such as assisted migration, have gained attention since 2007. Effective implementation of assisted migration can only occur if target transfer guidelines are developed because our current seed transfer guidelines, established to guide the movement of plant materials, lack inherent spatial and temporal dynamics associated with climate change. This limitation restrains reforestation practitioners from making decisions about assisted migration. Lack of operating procedures, uncertainties about future climate conditions, risks associated with moving plants outside their current ranges, and existing policies have hampered formal actions in forest management and conservation. We review the current thinking on assisted migration of forest tree species and provide information that could facilitate implementation.
Keywords: assisted migration, climate change, forest management, seed transfer, seed zones
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PDF File Size: 340 K
Title: RMRS Other
Publications: Preparing for climate change: Forestry and assisted
Electronic Publish Date: September 6, 2013
Last Update: September 6, 2013
RMRS Publications | Order a publication | Contact Us


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Events & What's Happening
Northwest Corvette Association – ENDLESS SUMMER CRUISE-IN
Northwest Corvette Association Presents the 30th Annual ENDLESS SUMMER CRUISE-IN Free to the Public August 16th 9:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Enter your Truck, Car, and Motorcycle to win a trophy. Free viewing of cars scheduled for "The Museum"! Alan Webb Chevrolet will have the New Corvette on display 106.7 the Eagle Radio station […]
See Chevs On Two Guys Garage!
We will be featured on MAVTV's Two Guys Garage on June 20th at 2:00pm and 5:00pm ET, and if you miss this episode, it will be airing 16 more times. We've provided them with new bumpers, a grille, and many other accessories for the truck pictured here. So tune in to see what other Chevs […]