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text:
A DC to DC power converter in the form of a pulse-width modulator is shown which can sense via an indication of duty cycle how much reserve power is available for loads using the present input voltage. The device is for use at the end of a telephone line where the input voltage power supply impedance can be appreciable. When the reserve power, as detected in the power converter, reaches a minimum critical level, a signal is sent out requesting the voltage supply to increase the available voltage to the power converter.
1. A DC-DC (direct current to direct current) power conversion apparatus for use in a remote terminal of a telephone system which receives power from a voltage source located in a central office, wherein a substantial impedance exists between said power conversion apparatus and said central office, said power conversion apparatus comprising, in combination:
a PWM (pulse-width modulator) apparatus having a variable duty cycle, said PWM apparatus including input voltage supply means for receiving power from said voltage source and supplying a DC input voltage, and converter output means for supplying a converted output voltage to a load;
feedback control means, comprising a part of said PWM apparatus, for maintaining a given regulated DC output voltage at said converter output means over a range of load impedances by varying the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus; and
detecting means, connected to said PWM apparatus, for supplying an output signal indicative of the reserve power available from said PWM apparatus, said reserve power output signal being derived as a function of the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus, said detecting means comprising:
means for measuring the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus; and
means for providing said reserve power output signal when the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus exceeds a threshold level indicating that an increase in the power received from said voltage source is required.
2. The power conversion apparatus as set forth in claim 1 wherein said means for measuring the duty cycle further includes means for comparing the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus with said threshold level, said threshold level representing a minimum reserve power threshold.
3. The power conversion apparatus as set forth in claim 2 wherein said reserve power output signal is provided by said threshold detector when the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus exceeds said minimum reserve power threshold thereby indicating that an increase in the power received from said voltage source is required.
4. A DC-DC (direct current to direct current) power conversion apparatus for use in a remote terminal of a telephone system which receives power from a voltage source located in a central office, wherein a substantial impedance exists between said power conversion apparatus and said central office, said power conversion apparatus comprising, in combination:
a PWM (pulse-width modulator) apparatus having a variable duty cycle, said PWM apparatus including input voltage supply means for receiving power from said voltage source and supplying a DC input voltage, and converter output means for supplying a converted output voltage to a load;
feedback control means, comprising a part of said PWM apparatus, for maintaining a given regulated DC output voltage at said converter output means over a range of input supply voltage by varying the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus; and
detecting means, connected to said PWM apparatus, for supplying an output signal indicative of the reserve power available from said PWM apparatus, said reserve power output signal being derived as a function of the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus, said detecting means comprising:
means for measuring the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus; and
means for providing said reserve power output signal when the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus exceeds a threshold level indicating than an increase in the power received from said voltage source is required.
5. The power conversion apparatus as set forth in claim 4 wherein said means for measuring the duty cycle further includes means for comparing the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus with said threshold level, said threshold level representing a minimum reserve power threshold.
6. The power conversion apparatus as set forth in claim 5 wherein said reserve power output signal is provided by said threshold detector when the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus exceeds said minimum reserve power threshold thereby indicating that an increase in the power received from said voltage source is required.
7. A discontinuous flyback power conversion apparatus for use in a remote terminal of a telephone system which receives power from a voltage source located in a central office, wherein a substantial impedance exists between said external voltage source and said power conversion apparatus, said power conversion apparatus comprising, in combination:
DC (direct current) voltage supply means for receiving power from said voltage source and supplying an input signal which may vary in voltage amplitude;
load impedance output means for connection to a load whose impedance may vary;
a variable duty cycle PWM (pulse-width modulator) apparatus, connected between said DC voltage supply means and said load impedance output means and including control input means for supplying a converted input voltage to a load, said control input means including a power switching element for controlling the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus;
feedback control means, connected to said control input means of said PWM apparatus, for maintaining a given regulated output voltage to said load impedance output means; and
detecting means, connected to said PWM apparatus, for supplying an output signal indicative of the reserve power available from said power conversion apparatus, said reserve power output signal being determined as a function of the duty cycle of said PWM apparatus, said detecting means comprising:
means for detecting an actual pulsed on-time of said power switching element and providing a signal indicative of the duration of said actual pulsed on-time;
means for detecting a maximum available pulsed on-time of said power switching element and providing a signal indicative of the duration of said maximum available on-time;
means for comparing said actual pulsed on-time with said maximum available pulsed on-time of said power switching element and providing a signal representing the difference therebetween in order to derive an unused pulsed on-time of said power switching element;
means for converting said unused pulsed on-time signal to a voltage level;
means for generating a stable reference voltage representing a minimum reserve power threshold; and
a threshold detector for comparing said unused pulsed on-time voltage level with said stable reference voltage, said threshold detector supplying said reserve power output signal when said stable reference voltage is greater than said unused pulsed on-time voltage level thereby indicating that said minimum reserve power threshold has been exceeded and an increase in the power received from said voltage source is required.
This is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 07/654,771 filed on Feb. 13, 1991, now abandoned.
The present invention is generally directed to electronics and more specifically directed to the problem of powering changing load impedances at a remote terminal from a central office terminal. Even more specifically the present invention is concerned with a pulse-width modulator operating in the discontinuous conduction mode for accomplishing the power conversion and wherein a monitoring of the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulator against a reference value can provide an indication of a critically low amount of reserve power in the power converter whereby a request for greater input voltage can be made.
Typically, telephones are all powered from the central office via a voltage supplied over a pair of telephone wires. The service is often referred to as POTS (plain old telephone service) quality lines. The CO (central office) normally supplies a -48 volts in an idle condition (called TALK BATTERY). When there is an incoming call, the CO superimposes an alternating ring signal upon the normal voltage to generate a signaling noise (phone ringing) at the remotely located telephone. The idle signal has specifications such that it is normally 48 volts and can, in some circumstances, be as high as 80 volts. The ringing signal adds additional potential such that the shock hazard under extreme conditions can be substantial and therefore the ring signal has to be interrupted.
It has always been desirable to have all telephones powered from high reliability CO, rather than locally so that telephones remain operational even though electrical power may have failed at the remotely located telephone site.
The introduction of digital signaling to telephones has allowed the capability of multiplexing more than one voice signal on a single pair of POTS quality lines. However, it is extremely desirable for any digital multiplexing approach to not require a change in the customer or CO equipment.
The present invention solves the problems of multiplexing more than one voice signal onto a single POTS line by attaching a COT (central office terminal) unit in the CO which interfaces several POTS lines and an RT (remote terminal) at a location remote from the COT but near a location with a plurality of customers (different telephone numbers). The RT receives power from the COT but detects ringing signals in the form of digital overhead signals on the line and directs a remotely generated ringing signal to a specific customer line. Each customer line may have a number of CPD (customer premise device(s)) such as telephones, faxes, modems, etc. In this application, reserve power is defined as the difference between the power the RT is consuming and the maximum available power. To minimize the amount of voltage applied by the COT, the RT also includes circuitry for detecting the reserve power available in a regulated power conversion unit located within the RT and returns a digital signal back to the COT when the reserve power in the RT falls below a prescribed level whereby the COT can increase the applied voltage to the lines interconnecting the COT and the RT thereby increasing the power available at the RT to supply any added loads or to provide power needed on high resistance POTS quality lines between COT and RT. The power conversion device in one embodiment of the inventive concept used a PWM (pulse-width modulator) which was designed to operate in the discontinuous conduction mode whereby maximum power transfer between the applied voltage to the pulse-width modulator and the output occurred at a 50% duty cycle. With this design, a point between 0% duty cycle, at which there would be no output from the PWM transformer and minimum current in the primary winding and the 50% duty cycle point can be picked as the reserve power call point. This is the point at which there is so little reserve power that a digital signal must be sent back to the COT to raise the input voltage and thus, change the duty cycle in a direction toward 0% which would give the required regulated output voltage called for by a PWM control circuit.
The concept described in this application and claimed by the claims herein is related to co-pending applications assigned to the same assignee as the present invention and filed on the same date. These applications are U.S. applications Ser. Nos. 07/655,677, 07/655 and 07/654,932. The application Ser. No. 07/654,932, while directed to the same general subject matter, comprises a different specification and all subject matter in said application is incorporated herein by reference.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide an improved system for providing power from a COT to remotely located multi-line CPD's via the use of an RT containing a power supply and ring generator thereby allowing the use of digital signals either over the POTS lines or another source such as fiber optics to be received and control the signaling (ringing or forward disconnect) to the CPD's connected to the RT.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the specification and appended claims in conjunction with the drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 comprises a block schematic diagram of a system incorporating the present inventive concept;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the pulse-width modulator power converter portion of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 comprises a set of waveforms used in explaining the operation of FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 comprises a further set of waveforms used in explaining the operation of FIG. 2; and
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram illustrating some of the different configurations of remote terminals and COT's as contemplated within the present inventive concept.
A central office switch 10 is connected by a plurality of leads to a COT (central office terminal) 12. Within COT 12 a small subset of equipment is shown comprising a D channel module 14, two FXO (foreign exchange office) modules 16 and 18, and a block 20 labeled 2B1Q. Also, within block 12 is a transformer 22 and an adjustable DC line feed block 24. A further block, which is an RT (remote terminal), is designated as 26. A pair of POTS quality lines labeled DSL, and numerically designated as 28, interconnect block 12 and block 26. Within block 26 a transformer 30 is connected to leads 28. A set of blocks 32, 34, 36 and 38 represent blocks complementary to 14 through 20 in COT 12. In other words, the signals on the lines supplied to blocks 14, 16 and 18 in the COT 12 are demultiplexed by 2B1Q block 32 into their component parts and distributed to blocks 34, 36 and 38. A remote terminal power conversion block 40 is connected to the transformer 30 as well as being connected to block 32 to supply regulated power thereto. Regulated output power is also supplied from block 40 to a remote terminal ring generator 42 which ring generator receives an input from block 32 via a lead 44 and supplies ring signals via a lead 46 to the POTS lines connected to each of two illustrated CPD's (customer premise devices) shown as telephone 48 and 50. The D channel block 34 also provides an output on a lead 52 for specialized digital equipment. A block 54 represents a switching mechanism for disconnecting the ring generator 42 output from being applied to block 36 when it is desired to ring the appropriate receiving device within telephone 48. A similar switching mechanism 56 provides the same function with respect to telephone 50. In this way, ring generator 42 can supply ringing signals to either of telephones 48 or 50 or both of them simultaneously, and the ringing signal is not applied to blocks 36 and 38. A lead 58 sends a RP (reserve power) signal from the power converter back through block 32 and the lines 28 to the COT 12 via circuitry within block 20 which detects that reserve power within block 40 has reached a critical lower limit. Upon receipt of this digital signal, block 20 supplies a signal to block 24 to increase the voltage supplied from block 24 through the secondary windings of transformer 22, through leads 28 and through the primary windings of transformer 30 to converter 40.
In FIG. 2 a block 60 receives input power from a remote terminal interface transformer such as transformer 30 of FIG. 1. Block 60 prevents the pulsations from the pulse-width modulator of FIG. 2 from returning to the transformer 30 and causing interference with line digital signals. Additionally, block 60 rectifies the incoming signal such that regardless of polarity, a positive signal is supplied to lead 62 and accordingly, to a pulse-width modulator control circuit 64. A negative signal is supplied on lead 66 to the pulse-width modulator control circuit 64 and to one power terminal of a switching transistor (a power FET in one embodiment) generally designated as 68. Switching transistor 68 is also designated as Q1 and has another power terminal connected to one end of a primary winding 70 of a transformer generally designated as 72. The other end of primary winding 70 is connected to lead 62. A first secondary winding of transformer 72 is designated as 74 and has one tap thereof connected to ground 76 and the opposite end connected to a cathode of a rectifier diode 78. The anode of diode 78 is connected to a -talk battery terminal lead 80. A smoothing capacitor 82 is connected between leads 76 and 80. A tap on winding 74 is connected to a cathode of a diode designated as 84 which has its anode connected to a -5 volt lead 86. A smoothing capacitor 88 is connected between lead 76 and lead 86. A synchronous rectifier circuit block 90 is connected to two leads of a further secondary winding 92 which has one end connected to ground 76. A capacitor 94 is connected between an output 96 of synchronous rectifier circuit 90 and ground 76. Lead 96 comprises a +5 volt dc output from the pulse-width modulator control circuit transformer 72. Thus, leads 96, 76, 86 and 80 and the related circuit connections are load impedance outputs for connection to loads whose impedance may vary. A 5 volt monitor circuit is designated as 98 and checks the +5 volt output on lead 96 against an internal reference designated as 100 and supplies a control signal on a lead 102 back to the pulse-width modulator control circuit 64. A synchronous input signal is received from a 2B1Q circuit such as block 32 of FIG. 1 at a clock input of a D flip-flop generally designated as 104. The D flip-flop 104 provides clock signals on an output lead 106 to be applied through a transformer 108 to the pulse-width modulator control circuit 64. Q output signals are supplied on a lead 110 as a NCLK (not clock signal) to a reset input of a further D flip-flop 112. Flip-flop 112 receives output signals from synchronous rectifier circuit 90 on a lead 114 at the clock input thereof. The lead 114 is also referred to as a T (on) signal. A 5 volt supply is connected to the D and S inputs of D flip-flop 112 as well as to the reset and set inputs of D flip-flop 104. The Q output of D flip-flop 112 is divided across two resistors 116 and 118 with resistor 118 being connected to a +5 volt power supply. An intermediate point between resistors 116 and 118 is labeled as 120 and also is indicated as being the voltage V1. This lead 120 is connected to a non-inverting input of an amplifier 122 which has an output labeled 124 and comprises the reserve power lead being returned to the 2B1Q circuit 32 of FIG. 1. In FIG. 1, this lead is labeled as 58. A feedback resistor 126 is shown connected between leads 124 and 120. A V2 internal voltage reference is shown on a lead 128 connected to the inverting input of amplifier 122.
In FIG. 3 a first waveform A shows a relative remote terminal input voltage over a period of time with a discontinuous point partway across the page. This is the voltage between leads 62 and 66 of FIG. 2. Waveform B illustrates the watts consumed by the loads over a period of time so as to illustrate the effects on the other waveforms. A waveform C is representative of the synchronous signal applied to the clock input of D flip-flop 104. Waveform D is representative of the clock signal appearing on lead 106 of FIG. 2. Waveform E represents the waveform appearing on lead 110 in FIG. 2. Waveform F represents the waveform of the signal appearing on lead 114 of FIG. 2. Waveform G represents the waveform of the output signal on the Q output of D flip-flop 112. Waveform H represents the voltage V1 appearing at lead 120 as one input to amplifier 122 with V2 being the reference which causes an output on lead 124 to change when the voltages V1 and V2 change amplitude one relative to the other. Waveform I provides an indication of the changing reserve power lead amplitude.
FIG. 4 provides a representation of relative power delivered to equipment within RT 26 with two different supplied voltages V3 and V4. The horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 4 represents pulse-width modulator input voltage for each of two distinct situations. The first situation is an initial voltage setting where V3 is the voltage applied to a remote terminal and the curve illustrates the power delivered to the RT where the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulator varies from 0% duty cycle at the point illustrated as E. A 50% duty cycle would be at the maximum power transfer point of point A. A power P1 is shown delivered to the unit at a point B on the horizontal curve which, for the purpose of discussion, may represent a 60% duty cycle. As long as the pulse-width modulator operates between points B and E, no output signal is provided on the RP lead 124. However, once the duty cycle of the pulse-width modulator reaches a point as represented by point B on the curve, it is recognized by the circuit that the reserve power left in the circuit is so small that a signal is supplied on RP to induce the central office terminal 12 to supply a higher voltage such as represented in maximum by point F on the curve of voltage V4. Assuming that the load had not changed, the circuit would immediately change to a duty cycle represented by the point G on curve V4 of FIG. 4 wherein the circuit could produce power up to that represented at point D, at which time a further increase in voltage would be required from the central office terminal. This further power at point D is represented by power P2 on the vertical axis.
In FIG. 5 a central office is illustrated by a block 150 and the central office may contain a mixture of equipment such as a COT shelf 152 which supplies signals to a plurality of remote terminals such as 154 and 156. Remote terminal 154 provides data to customer premise devices within a facility designated as 158. Remote terminal 156 provides similar accommodations to building 160. A plurality of further remote terminals (not shown) would be connected to COT shelf 152. A multiplex block 162 is also shown within central office 150 connected by a high data rate set of lines designated as 164 to a remotely located equipment shelter 166. Within shelter 166 there is a multiplexer/demultiplexer block 168 which demultiplexes all the signals received on the set of leads 164 into a plurality of separate analog signals and supplies these to a COT shelf 170. COT shelf 170 is then connected to various remote terminals as illustrated. The RT 172 is shown connected external to building 174, the RT 176 is shown within an equipment room 178 in an office building 180. The significance is that the power for each of these remote terminals and all of the connected customer premise devices for these RT's is supplied from the remotely located equipment shelter 160 which has some reliable source of power. A further MUX 182 within CO 150 is connected to an equipment room 184 within an office building designated as 186 and having some reliable source of power. A COT shelf 188 within the room 184 is then connected to various remote terminals 190 within office building 186 as well as possibly to remote terminals in another office building such as building 192 illustrated with at least one remote terminal 194 designated in the drawing.
The present disclosure covers several concepts. A first of these concepts is how to more efficiently supply power to a remote location. The solution offered by the present invention comprises using a pulse-width modulated power supply at a remote location to convert an incoming variable DC voltage to a regulated voltage output. If the load requires more power than can be provided from the pulse-width modulator with the present input voltage, a digital signal is returned to the central office. At the central office, a detector detects the incoming digital signal and changes the output voltage in response to that digital signal. In this manner, a changeable and remotely located load can be supplied with adequate power without excessive voltage on the lines, thereby reducing the likelihood of shock to personnel that may come in contact with the lines.
A further problem addressed by the present invention is the ability to selectively ring more than one different telephone number CPD (customer premise device) using a single pair of supply wires. This is accomplished by providing digital overhead signals superimposed upon the DC supply voltage and providing a digital signal detector at the remote terminal. The detector can then selectively connect a ring generator signal to a specific customer premise device (one of a plurality of telephone numbers) using individual pairs of signals the remote location to each of the specific customer premise devices such as telephones, faxes, modems, etc. Not only does this provide a safety feature in reducing total voltages to the CPD, it increases utility of existing POTS line (which previously served only one customer) to serve multiple customers using the existing single pair of wires. Although customer premise devices such as intelligent telephones have been developed with digital electronics to allow the connection of more than one telephone to a single pair of wires, the present concept allows the older-type customer premise devices without such advanced electronics to be connected to a single remote terminal incorporating the necessary electronics thereby minimizing the problem of obsolescence of current CPD products.
Referring now to FIG. 1, it will be noted that a COT or central office terminal 12 is shown having an adjustable DC line feed 24 as well as a device for consolidating and encoding multiple incoming signals to a set of multiplexed digital signals for transmission over DSL lines 28 to a remote terminal 26. Initially, a minimal level DC voltage is applied from supply 24 to the lines 28. At remote terminal 26, the remote power converter 40 receives the incoming voltage and converts it to a regulated DC voltage which is shown supplied to the remote ring generator 42 as well as being supplied to block 32. The leads supplying the signal to block 32 are not shown specifically but are rather part of a plurality of leads connected to block 32. A reserve power detector shown as RP DET in block 40 checks the reserve power of the power converter and supplies a signal on lead 58 when this reserve power becomes less than a predetermined amount. The reserve power can be detected by any of many ways and in a flyback discontinuous pulse-width modulated power supply can be ascertained by some measurement related to the duty cycle. In other words, the ON or OFF of the switch 68 shown in FIG. 2 times could be checked against reference levels or the difference in time of one against the other could be used, etc. In any event, the device 32 detects the reserve power signal and returns a digital signal superimposed upon the DC supply voltage over lines 28 to the device 20 which detects the incoming request for additional voltage and supplies this signal to block 24.
While a first embodiment of the inventive concept only increased the incoming voltage in a single step, the concept includes the capability of continually increasing the voltage or increasing it in small steps and further includes the capability of increasing and decreasing the voltage to maintain a small reserve of power at the remote terminal thereby minimizing the voltage (and shock hazard to people) generated at the COT for application to the RT.
The pair of leads 28, in the embodiment shown, also contain multiple digital signals for instructing the remote terminal 26 to supply ringing signals to each one of any different telephone number connected customer premise devices such as 48 and 50. This is accomplished by relays such as 54 and 56 which apply ringing to CPD 48 and 50 while preventing the ringing signal from ring generator 42 from being returned to the individual FXS (foreign exchange subscriber) blocks such as 36 or 38.
The blocks such as 54 detect an off-hook condition of the associated CPD so as to disconnect the signal from the ring generator 42 and connect the CPD such as 48 to the foreign exchange subscriber block 36 and thereby complete the circuit so that signals from CPD 48 are encoded within block 32 and transmitted back over the DSL lines 28 to the encoder/decoder 20 whereby they are transmitted over the appropriate lines such as FXO (foreign exchange office) block 16 to the central office switch 10.
While FIG. 1 is shown with circuitry for the standard ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) format of two 64 kilobit channels and one 16 kilobit D channel, the concept can be used with other formats of circuitry with different encoding techniques so that more than three digital channels can be transmitted on the lines 28. It should also be realized that this concept can be used to supply the voltage on the leads 28 to a plurality of CPD's at the remote terminal site while the user traffic is actually supplie don separate fiber optic lines or other higher capacity lines than would typically be available in a set of POTS lines, as illustrated. This approach allows the powering of customer premise devices at a remote location from a reliable source such as the COT while permitting the increased bandwidth of fiber optic cable or other transmission media to the CPD. This can be viable alternative since the single pair 28 can provide power to supply electronics within a large number of CPD's at a remote site. In such a connection, the overhead signaling could be accomplished on either the POTS lines or on the fiber optic or other user traffic lines.
FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a pulse-width modulator circuit where a variable input voltage is applied through a filter circuit 60 to the winding 70 of a transformer 72. This input DC voltage is shown in FIG. 3, waveform A, as the voltage from leads 62 to 66. The switch 68 is switched ON and OFF from the pulse-width modulator control circuit 64 which is driven by a synchronous input signal shown in FIG. 3 as waveform C. The clock signal on lead 106 is supplied to the pulse-width modulator control circuit 64 and is shown as waveform D. The clock input causes the switch 68 to turn ON, and a signal from monitor 98 causes the switch 68 to turn OFF. The diodes connected to the secondary windings of transformer 72 produce a DC output voltage which is regulated by the feedback from monitor 98. The duty cycle of the pulse-width modulator, as represented by the signal in waveform F, which is output from synchronous rectifier circuit 90 on lead 114, is used to clock the flip-flop 112.the flip-flop is turned OFF by the reset input on lead 110. This pulsating output from the Q output of flip-flop 112 charges capacitor C1 and produces a voltage V1, as illustrated in waveform H of FIG. 3. This waveform is shown as initially remaining high until the load, as shown in waveform B, increases. At this time, the pulse-width modulator is shown attempting to increase the output power with the result that the duty cycle increases resulting in a lowering of voltage V1. At a point illustrated by the changing of amplitude of waveform I where the voltage V2 becomes greater than voltage V1, an output on the RP lead 124 (from logic "1" to logic "0") indicates that an increased voltage is required. This increased voltage is shown on FIG. 3, waveform A, by the increase just prior to the break in the waveform.
A different set of circumstances is shown in the remaining portion of the set of waveforms where, with a constant load, the input voltage has slowly decreased over a period of time due to aging of the lines or for whatever reason the voltage might decrease, such that again the voltage V1 in waveform H becomes less than voltage V2, thereby requesting an increase in input voltage as supplied from the central office terminal.
FIG. 4 illustrates that if the supplied input voltage were V3, that the operation of the pulse-width modulator between zero output power and point B (corresponding to P1) would keep from providing a RP request output on lead 58 of the power converter. However, when the power requirement of the load is increased to just slightly more than P1, a new voltage represented as V4 would be requested on lead 58 and supplied to the circuit 60 (input of converter 40). The new curve shown from zero input voltage to F would represent the power curve and at that point in time, the pulse-width modulator would have the reserve from power P1 up to reserve power P2 before it would again call for additional increased voltage.
As explained before, the first embodiment of the present invention merely requested an increase but the concept allows for continual request changes both up, down and in multiple, discrete steps in accordance with detected reserve power available. By always having some reserve power, the system can cope with the small amount of time lag inherent between noting a requirement for more power, and sending the digital signal back to the control mechanism where it is decoded, and the adjustable DC line feed 24 can supply the additional voltage over the lines 28 to the pulse-width modulator.
It will be realized from general knowledge of telephone systems and the prior information, that the COT 12 would be one of many COT's at a central office switch in a typical application. As mentioned in the Detailed Description, FIG. 5 illustrates multiple situations of this concept used at a remote terminal such as those connected to COT shelf 152 where the remote terminal may be inside or outside buildings such as 158 and 160. The COT shelf could be remote from the central office as shown in block 166 where it is fed by high capacity multiplexed lines and then is connected to various other buildings as remote terminals. As further shown, the COT could comprise part of a shelf in a customer premise where it feeds not only various remote terminals within the customer premise but also feeds other remote terminals in nearby buildings.
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FoodWire: Mathew Rice, Fitz's in Bon Appétit
Categories: Media, Restaurant News & Reviews
Mathew Rice, executive pastry chef at Niche, has a recipe included in the article "Desserts à la Mode." Rice's recipe is for buttermilk cake with lemon- and thyme-glazed pear compote and Greek yogurt ice cream. Photographs of Rice's dessert make up both halves of the article's two-page opening spread (pictured above).
Also in the issue, Fitz's is included in a list of six "top picks" for root beers. The brief article describes Fitz's as having a "classic aroma, bold flavor and a sassafras-like sweetness."
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The English in Love The Intimate Story of an Emotional Revolutionby Langhamer, Claire
Oxford University Press, USA
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Author Biography
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Table of Contents
Part I: Love
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3. Suitability
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Part III: Commitment
7. Making Commitment
8. Happy Ever After?


text: This is a great polish, the shade is really unique, no real dupe out there for this. Because it has glitter in it, it has long staying power although that can make it a bit hard to get off but not any worse than other glitter polishes. If you glop on this polish it can get really thick, but multiple thin layers build up to a black base with magenta, gold, blue and green sparkles.


text:
Religion and Income
"Is Your Religion Your Financial Destiny?" is the headline of an article in Sunday's New York Times magazine that has already been published on the Times Web site. The article reports, "The most affluent of the major religions — including secularism — is Reform Judaism. Sixty-seven percent of Reform Jewish households made more than $75,000 a year at the time the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life collected the data, compared with only 31 percent of the population as a whole. Hindus were second, at 65 percent, and Conservative Jews were third, at 57 percent."
It concludes: "Some of the income differences probably stem from culture. Some faiths place great importance on formal education. But the differences are also self-reinforcing. People who make more money can send their children to better schools, exacerbating the many advantages they have over poorer children. Round and round, the cycle goes. It won't solve itself."
Talk about your unstated assumptions. The assertion seems to be that uneven income distribution by religion is a problem that should somehow be "solved." Maybe the government, or the Times, could just cause everyone to convert to the same religion and "solve" the problem that way. Or make sure that after tax, everyone earns exactly the same amount of income.
The Times article, alas, doesn't seem to link the Pew data, but for those interested, it's here. The survey seems to have included a grand total of 162 Conservative Jews and 220 Hindus, so the margin of sampling error for the income questions (which usually get a higher number of non-responses anyway) is probably so high that the distinctions between "most affluent," "second," and "third" are statistically meaningless. But the Times doesn't get into that, either.
by Ira Stoll | May 11, 2011 at 11:51 pm Related Topics: Education, Religion receive the latest by email: subscribe to the free futureofcapitalism.com mailing list
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A breathing circuit system for ventilating an anaesthetized patient. The system comprises a standard primary circle anaesthetic circuit which itself comprises a one-way inspiratory limb for delivering re-breathed gas and a one-way expiratory limb for accepting expired gas. The breathing circuit system also includes a supplementary respiratory circuit which solely supplies non-rebreathed gas and comprises a source of non-rebreathed, substantially carbon dioxide-free gas, a non-rebreathed fresh gas reservoir for storing fresh gas, a source of non-rebreathed reserve gas containing carbon dioxide, and a gas delivery conduit. Disposed in communication with the inspiratory limb is a non-re-breathing valve, while disposed in communication with both the inspiratory limb and the delivery conduit is a three-way respiratory valve for selectively permitting passage of gas from the inspiratory limb or from the delivery conduit.
1. A breathing circuit system for ventilating an anesthetized patient, the system comprising:
(a) a standard primary circle anaesthetic circuit comprising a one-way inspiratory limb for delivering re-breathed gas and a one-way expiratory limb for accepting expired gas;
(b) a supplementary respiratory circuit for supplying non-rebreathed gas and comprising a source of non-rebreathed substantially carbon dioxide-free gas, a non-rebreathed fresh gas reservoir for storing fresh gas, a source of non-rebreathed reserve gas containing carbon dioxide whose PCO2 value is selectable, and a gas delivery conduit;
(c) a non-rebreathing valve disposed in communication with the inspiratory limb; and
(d) a respiratory valve disposed in communication with both the inspiratory limb and the delivery conduit for selectively permitting passage of gas from the inspiratory limb or from the delivery conduit.
THIS APPLICATION IS A CONTINUATION OF Ser. No. 09/380,705 FILED Sep. 8, 1999 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,354,292, which is a continuation of PCT/CA97/00186 filed Mar. 19, 1999.
(Not Applicable)
The purpose of this invention is to provide a simple breathing circuit that can, for example, be added to a standard circle anaesthetic circuit known to persons skilled in the art to hasten recovery of patients administered vapour anaesthetics prior to an operation.
This invention also relates to the use of the breathing circuit in hastening the recovery of patients who have been administered vapour anaesthetics prior to surgical operation.
This invention also relates to methods of treatment of patients to hasten their recovery from administration of the vapour anaesthetics to them prior to surgical procedures.
Venous blood returns to the heart from the muscles and organs depleted of oxygen (O2) and full of carbon dioxide (CO2). Blood from various parts of the body is mixed in the heart (mixed venous blood) and pumped to the lungs. In the lungs the blood vessels break up into a net of small vessels surrounding tiny lung sacs (alveoli). The net of vessels surrounding the alveoli provides a large surface area for the exchange of gases by diffusion along their concentration gradients. A concentration gradient exists between the partial pressure of CO2(PCO2) in the mixed venous blood (PvCO2) and the alveolar PCO2. The CO2 diffuses into the alveoli from the mixed venous blood from the beginning of inspiration until an equilibrium is reached between the PvCO2 and the alveolar PCO2 at some time during the breath. When the subject exhales, the end of his exhalation is considered to have come from the alveoli and reflect the equilibrium concentration between the capillaries and the alveoli; the PCO2 in this gas is called end-tidal PCO2 (P
When the blood passes the alveoli and is pumped by the heart to the arteries it is known as the arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). The arterial blood has a PCO2 equal to the PCO2 at equilibrium between the capillaries and alveoli. With each breath some CO2 is eliminated and fresh air containing little CO2 (assumed to be O) is inhaled and dilutes the residual alveolar PCO2, establishing a new gradient for CO2 to diffuse out of the mixed venous blood into the alveoli. The rate of breathing, or ventilation (V), usually expressed in L/min, is exactly that required to eliminate the CO2 brought to the lungs and maintain an equilibrium PCO2 (and PaCO2) of approximately 40 mmHg (in normal humans). When one produces more CO2 (e.g. as a result of fever or exercise), more CO2 is produced and carried to the lungs. One then has to breathe harder (hyperventilate) to wash out the extra CO2 from the alveoli, and thus maintain the same equilibrium PaCO2. But if the CO2 production stays normal, and one hyperventilates, then the PaCO2 falls.
It is important to note that not all V contributes to blowing off CO2. Some V goes to the air passages (trachea and bronchi) and alveoli with little blood perfusing them, and thus doesn't contribute to blowing off CO2. That the portion of V that goes well perfused alveoli and paticipates in gas exchange is called the alveolar ventilation (VA).
There are a number of circumstances in therapeutic medicine and research where we want the subject to breath harder but not to exchange his PaCO2 (see Table 1).
Table 1:
Title: Summary of previous studies attempting to maintain constant P
Legend: Method of adjustment of inspired PCO2:M=manual; A=automated. Source of CO2:R=rebreathing; E=external.
CO2 tensions. Can. J. Anaesth. 43 (8):862-6, 1996.
This requires compensating for excess ventilation by inhaling CO2 either from exhaled gas or some external source. The amount of CO2 required to be inhaled needs to be adjusted manually or by an automated servo-controlled mechanism, depending on how fine the control of PaCO2 is required. The input signal is the P
The termination of the anaesthetic effects of intravenously administered drugs depends on metabolism and redistribution. The recovery time from anaesthesia is therefore determined by the drug's pharmacology and cannot be accelerated.
This is not so for inhaled anaesthetic vapours. The uptake and elimination of anaesthetic vapours is predominantly through the lungs. The partial pressure of an anaesthetic vapour in the blood going to the brain is dependent upon the equilibrium of vapour between the blood and the lungs. The concentration of vapour in the lungs in turn is dependent on the concentration of vapour in the inhaled gas, the rate of breathing, and the rate of transfer of gas between the lung and the blood. The newer anaesthetic agents desflurane and sevoflurane have very low blood solubility. Therefore the amount of drug transferred between the lungs and the blood is small and can, for discussion purposes, be ignored. Thus, for a patient waking up from a vapour anaesthetic, the greater the rate of breathing, the more vapour is eliminated from the lungs. However, in anaesthetized patients breathing spontaneously, ventilation is often depressed as a result of combined effects of residual intravenously administered anaesthetic drugs, pain relieving drugs (i.e. narcotics), the effects of surgery, as well as the respiratory depressant effect of the residual anaesthetic vapour itself.
Practically, there has been limited scope for intervention to hasten the process of eliminating vapour from the lung and thus hastening the rate of emergence from the effects of vapour anaesthesia.
1. Artificial Ventilation
Manually or mechanically hyperventilating patients at the end of surgery is generally ineffective in shortening the time of recovery from anaesthesia.
a) High ventilation using the circle anaesthetic circuit results in rebreathing of exhaled gases. These gases contain anaesthetic vapour as well as CO2. The CO2 is eliminated by the CO2 absorber in the circuit, but the exhaled anaesthetic vapour is returned to the patient.
b) The attempts at hyperventilation will result in a decrease in arterial PCO2. The low arterial PCO2 removes the stimulus to breathe, which in turn delays elimination of vapour (and may also prevent adequate oxygenation of the blood). This is seldom practiced.
2. Flushing the Circuit
High fresh gas flows in the circuit are inefficient in washing out the vapour from the circuits. The circle anaesthetic circuits have volumes of approximately 8 L (not counting the patient's lung volume of approximately 2.5 L). At the maximum fresh gas flows on the oxygen flow meter of 10 L/min, it would take about 4 minutes to wash out the anaesthetic vapour from the circuit alone!
3. Stimulate Breathing
In the past, some anaesthetists tried to stimulate the patient's breathing by adding CO2 to the breathing circuit. The rationale was to increase the CO2 concentration in the circuit, stimulate the patient to breath harder until he managed to ventilate off the CO2 and some of the vapour as well. This has largely been abandoned and has been labeled a wasteful and dangerous practice.
a) It is wasteful for the reasons enumerated in 1 a and 1 b (vide supra). As well, the practice is wasteful in that extra CO2 absorbing crystals are consumed.
b) The technique may put a patient at risk if the patient cannot respond to the extra CO2 by increasing their ventilation. They will absorb it and develop a high blood CO2 concentration which can be detrimental. The high CO2 in the patient also causes them a good deal of distress on waking up as it makes them feel like they are not getting enough air to breathe.
4. Increase Ventilation, Keeping PCO2 Constant
To increase ventilation without lowering PCO2 requires adding CO2 to the circuit. This can be supplied from an external source or from the subject's exhaled gas. All the presently described systems depend on a servo-controlled system, or feedback loop to regulate the amount of CO2 supplied to the patient. These devices are complex, cumbersome and expensive. No such device has been reported used for hastening the elimination of anaesthetic vapour during recovery from anaesthesia.
With respect to 4 above, there are considerable limitations of servo-controlled methods, both manual or automatic. These may be discussed as follows:
1. Input Signal
Whereas the parameter that we want to keep constant is the arterial PCO2, feedback systems use the CO2 concentration in the expired gas, the so called end tidal PCO2 (P
2. Gain
If, in an attempt to obtain fine control, the gain in a servo-control system is set too high, the response becomes unstable and may result in oscillation of the control variable. Conversely, if the gain is set too low, compensation lags. Over-damping of the signal results in a the response never reaching the target. To address these problems, servo-controllers require complex algorithms and expensive equipment.
3. Inherent Limitation
Servo-control systems work on the principle of detecting, and subsequently attempting to correct for, changes in P
As is apparent, people have tried to hasten the recovery of patients who have been anaesthetized and have made substantial efforts in this regard. However, they have been, for the most part, as seen above, unsuccessful. The reason for the attempts is that the benefits of faster return to consciousness, the less the need for recovery care and the less risk of nausea and post-operative respiratory complications. Thus the health care system will save substantial dollars. In this regard, the cost to the health care system of operating room and recovery area time is approximately $5.00 (Canadian Dollars) and $2.00 (Canadian Dollars) per minute respectively. The total number of anaesthetics given in North America is approximately 35,000,000/year (3.5 million and about 30 million in the United States), a conservative estimate with as high as about 50,000,000/year. The North American estimate does not include Mexico or countries in Central America. A modest average decrease in recovery time in the operating time and in the recovery room of 5 minutes each can potentially result in billions of dollars savings per year worldwide. In North America alone, the expectation of saving 5 minutes in each of the operating room and recovery area can amount to $1,000,000,000 in savings.
It is therefore an object of this invention to provide an improved breathing circuit or circuit components that can be added to a standard circle anaesthetic circuit to be used to hasten recovery of patients who have been administered vapour anaesthetics.
It is a further object of the invention to provide methods of treatment using the said circuit and the use of the said circuit during the administration of vapour anaesthetics to hasten recovery of the said patients.
Further and other objects of the invention will be realized by those skilled in the art reading the following summary of the invention and detailed description of the embodiment thereof.
According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a new breathing circuit and components thereof that can, for example, be added to a standard circle anaesthetic circuit for hastening the recovery of patients administered vapour anaesthetics.
In accordance with the invention, the said circuit and components thereof, when combined with the general anaesthetic circle circuit cause the administration of carbon dioxide gas to the patient to maintain the same PCO2 in the patient independent of the rate of ventilation (so long as the said rate of ventilation is greater than a control rate of ventilation) but permit the rate of anaesthetic vapour elimination from the lungs of the patient to vary directly as the total ventilation by the patient, whether the patient is breathing normally or is hyperventilating. Thus, the vapour anaesthetic is eliminated from the lungs. However, the carbon dioxide is not eliminated from the lungs at a rate greater than the resting rate of the patient or a predetermined control rate. (The predetermined rate of elimination of CO2 may be set based on the rate of administration of the fresh gas into the circuit as discussed below.)
Thus, according to another aspect of the invention, the simple breathing circuit comprises components which together form the simple circuit and comprise (a) an exit port from which the gases exit from the circuit to the patient, (b) a non-breathing valve which constitutes a one-way valve permitting gases to be delivered to the exit port to be delivered to the patient but which non-breathing valve when the patient breathes into the exit port does not permit the gases to pass the non-rebreathing valve into the portion of the circuit from which the gases are delivered but passes them to ambient or elsewhere, (c) a source of gas (which may be oxygen or air or other gases but does not contain CO2) (air contains physiologically insignificant amounts of CO2) in communication with the non-breathing valve to be delivered through the valve to the patient, (d) a fresh gas reservoir in communication with the source of fresh gas flow for receiving excess gas not breathed by the patient from the source of gas and for storing same and when the patient breathes and withdraws amounts of gas from the source of gas flow also enables the patient to receive gas from the fresh gas reservoir in which the gases have been stored, (e) a reserve gas supply containing CO2 and other gases (usually oxygen) wherein the partial pressure of the CO2 is approximately equal to the partial pressure of the CO2 in the patient's mixed venous blood, for being delivered to the non-rebreathing valve as required by the patient to make up that amount of gas required by the patient when breathing that is not fulfilled from the gases delivered from the source of gas flow and fresh gas reservoir, the said source of gas and fresh gas reservoir and reserve gas supply being disposed on the side of the valve remote from the exit port.
Preferably a pressure relief valve is in communication with the fresh gas reservoir, in the event that the fresh gas reservoir overfills with gas so that the fresh gas reservoir does not break, rupture or become damaged in any way.
The reserve gas supply preferably includes a demand valve regulator so that where the additional gas is required, the demand valve regulator opens the communication of the reserve gas supply to the non-rebreathing valve for delivery of the gas to the non-rebreathing valve and where not required the demand valve regulator is closed and only fresh gas flows from the source of fresh gas and from the fresh gas reservoir to the non-rebreathing valve. The source of fresh gas is set to supply fresh gas (non-CO2-containing gas) at a rate equal to the desired alveolar ventilation for the elimination of CO2.
The basic concept underlying my approach is that when breathing increases, the rate of flow of fresh gas (inspired PCO2=0) from the fresh gas flow contributing to elimination of CO2 is kept constant. The remainder of the gas inhaled by the subject (from the reserve gas supply) has a PCO2 equal to that of mixed venous blood, does not contribute to a CO2 concentration gradient between mixed venous blood and alveolar gas, and thus does not contribute to elimination of CO2. If there is access to mixed venous blood (such as if a catheter is present in the pulmonary artery, the mixed venous PCO2 can be measured directly. If there is no possibility of measuring, then an estimation can be made from P
In effect, the device passively, precisely and continuously matches the amount of CO2 breathed in by the patient to the amount of total breathing, thereby preventing any perturbation of the arterial PCO2. This is opposed to servo-controllers which are always attempting to compensate for changes. Persons skilled in the art, however, may automate the circuit by using a servo-controller or computer to monitor and deliver the amounts from the reserve gas supply.
According to another aspect of the invention, the new simple breathing circuit is used to treat a patient to enable the patient to recover more quickly from, and to hasten the recovery of the patient after, vapour anaesthetic administration.
According to another aspect of the invention, the use of the said circuit is made in the manufacture of a device to hasten the recovery of patients from administration of vapour anaesthetics.
According to another aspect of the invention, the use of said circuit is made to hasten the recovery of patients from vapour anaesthetics administration.
According to another aspect of the invention, a method of treatment of an animal (for example, a person) is provided (such as to enable such animal to recover from vapour anaesthetics administration), the method comprising delivering to a patient gases which do not contain CO2 at a specified rate, and gases containing CO2 to maintain the same PCO2 in the animal independent of the rate of ventilation, at a rate of ventilation of the animal which exceeds the rate of administration of the gases which do not contain CO2.
Therefore, when the rate of ventilation of the animal exceeds the rate of delivery to the animal of non-CO2-containing gases inhaled by the animal, the CO2-containing gases inhaled by the animal maintain the PCO2 in the animal constant.
Thus, with respect to the use of the invention to eliminate anaesthetic vapour from the lungs, the total ventilation of combined gases which includes the CO2-containing, and non-CO2 containing, gases act to eliminate vapour from the lungs.
This circuit and methods of treatment can also be used for any circumstance where one wants to dissociate the minute ventilation from elimination of carbon dioxide such as respiratory muscle training, investigation of the role of pulmonary stretch receptors, tracheobronchial tone, expand the lung to prevent atelectasis, and control of respiration and other uses as would be understood by those skilled in the art.
The circuit and methods of treatment may also be used by deep sea divers and astronauts to eliminate nitrogen from the body. It can also be used to treat carbon monoxide poisoning under normal baric or hyper baric conditions. The fresh gas will contain 100% oxygen, and the reserve gas will contain approximately 6% CO2 and approximately 94% oxygen. Neither the fresh gas nor the reserve gas supply will, in this case, contain nitrogen.
FIG. 1 illustrates schematically the nature of the simple breathing circuit and components which enable the patient to recover more quickly from vapour anaesthetics administration. The said device shown enables the PCO2 to remain constant despite increase in minute ventilation which thereby permits faster elimination of the vapour anaesthetics.
FIG. 2 illustrates schematically portions of a standard circle anaesthetic circuit generally known to persons skilled in the art.
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically the simple breathing circuit in one embodiment added to the portions of the circle anaesthetic circuit shown schematically in FIG. 2, illustrating modifications of the circuit shown schematically in FIG. 1 for use with the generally known circuit shown in FIG. 2. (It would be clear to persons skilled in the art that depending upon the circuit used as the circle anaesthetic circuit, different modifications on the basic circuit shown in FIG. 1 will be made).
FIG. 4A illustrates the structure shown in FIG. 3, now combined with the general structure shown in FIG. 2. (FIG. 3 shows the modifications made specifically to the structure of FIG. 1 to combine it with the structure in FIG. 2 which is now shown in FIG. 4A.)
FIGS. 4B and 4C illustrate schematically close up portions of one portion of the structure shown in FIG. 4A in different positions.
FIG. 5 graphs the V
FIG. 6 graphs traces of airway PCO2 and V
FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8A and 8B graphically depict changes in PaCO2 and P
The circuit (FIG. 1) consists of a non-rebreathing valve (A) connected distally to two ports (C and D). The first port is connected in parallel to a source of fresh gas (E) (which does not contain CO2) and a fresh gas reservoir (F). A one-way pressure relief valve (G) prevents overfilling of the reservoir (F) by venting excess fresh gas. The second port (D) is connected via a one-way valve (H), to a source of gas (containing CO2) whose PCO2 is equal approximately to that of the mixed venous PCO2. We call this the "reserve gas" (I). Non-rebreathing valve A is connected to exit port J (from which the patient breathes).
Functional Analysis of Circuit Maintaining Constant PCO2 with Hyperventilation
When the minute ventilation "V" is less than or equal to the fresh gas flow "FGF" from (E), the subject inhales only fresh gas (non-CO2-containing gas). When V exceeds FGF, the reservoir (F) containing fresh non-CO2-containing gas empties first and the balance of inhaled gas is drawn from the reserve gas (I) which contains CO2. The reserve gas is considered not to participate in CO2 exchange ensuring that the actual ventilation provided is limited by FGF. If the rate of FGF is 5 L/minute and the patient breathes at 5 L/minute or less, then the patient will inhale only non-CO2-containing gas that comes from fresh gas flow sources (E and F). If minute ventilation exceed FGF, the difference between minute ventilation and fresh gas flow is made up from gas from reserve gas (I) which contains CO2 at a concentration that does not provide a gradient for elimination of CO2 in the patient.
Application of Circuit to Anaesthesia Circle Circuit
The Schematic of the Standard Anaesthetic Circle Circuit, Spontaneous Ventilation (FIG. 2)
When the patient exhales, the inspiratory valve (1) closes, the expiratory valve (2) opens and gas flows through the corrugated tubing making up the expiratory limb of the circuit (3) into the rebreathing bag (4). When the rebreathing bag is full, the airway pressure-limiting (APL) valve (5) opens and the balance of expired gas exits through the APL valve into a gas scavenger (not shown). When the patient inhales, the negative pressure in the circuit closes the expiratory valve (2), opens the inspiratory valve (1), and directs gas to flow through the corrugated tube making up the inspiratory limb of the circuit (6). Inspiration draws all of the gas from the fresh gas hose (7) and makes up the balance of the volume of the breath by drawing gas from the rebreathing bag (4). The gas from the rebreathing bag contains expired gas with CO2 in it. This CO2 is extracted as the gas passes through the CO2 absorber (8) and thus is delivered to the patient (P) without CO2, (but still containing exhaled anaesthetic vapour, if any).
Modification of the Circuit (FIG. 3) to Allow Hyperventilation of Patients Under Anaesthesia
The modified circuit consists of
1. a circuit which acts functionally like a standard self inflating bag (such as made by Laerdal) consisting of
a) a non rebreathing valve, such as valve #560200 made by Laerdal, that functions during spontaneous breathing as well as manually assisted breathing (9);
b) an expired gas manifold, such as the Expiratory Deviator #850500, to collect expired gas (10) and direct it to a gas scavenger system (not shown) or to the expiratory limb of the anaesthetic circuit (FIG. 4);
c) a self inflating bag (11) whose entrance is guarded by a one way valve directing gas into the self inflating bag (12).
2. a source of fresh gas, (i.e. not containing vapor) e.g. oxygen or oxygen plus nitrous oxide (13) with a flow meter (22).
3. a manifold (14) with 4 ports:
a) a port (15) for input of fresh gas (13);
b) a port (16) for a fresh gas reservoir bag (17);
c) a port to which is attached a one way inflow valve that opens when the pressure inside the manifold is 5 cm H2O less than atmospheric pressure, such as Livingston Health Care Services catalog part #9005, (18) (assuring that all of the fresh gas is utilized before opening);
d) a bag of gas (19) whose PCO2 is equal approximately to that of the mixed venous PCO2 connected to inflow valve (18) (Alternatively, the valve and gas reservoir bag can be replaced by a demand regulator, such as Lifetronix MX91120012, similar to that used in SCUBA diving, and a cylinder of compressed gas);
e) a port to which is attached a one way outflow valve (20), such as Livingston Health Care Services catalog part #9005, that allows release of gas from the manifold to atmosphere when the pressure in the manifold is greater than 5 cm H2O.
Method of Operation in an Anaesthetic Circuit (FIG. 4A)
The distal end of the nonrebreathing valve (Laerdal type) (9), is attached to the patient.
The proximal port of the nonrebreathing valve is attached to a 3 way respiratory valve (21) which can direct inspiratory gas either from the circle anaesthetic circuit (FIG. 4B) or from the new circuit (FIG. 4C). The expiratory manifold (10) of the self inflating bag's non rebreathing valve is attached to the expiratory limb of the anaesthetic circuit (3). Regardless of the source of inspired gas, exhalation is directed into the expiratory limb of the anaesthetic circuit.
To maximize the elimination of anaesthetic vapour from the patient's lungs, the 3-way respiratory stopcock is turned such that patient inspiration is from the new circuit (FIG. 4C). Thus inspired gas from the very first breath after turning the 3-way valve onward contains no vapour, providing the maximum gradient for anaesthetic vapour elimination.
An increased breathing rate will further enhance the elimination of vapour from the lung. If breathing spontaneously, the patient can be stimulated to increase his minute ventilation by lowering the FGF (22) thereby allowing the PCO2 to rise. Using this approach the PCO2 will rise and plateau independent of the rate of breathing, resulting in a constant breathing stimulus. All of the ventilation is effective in eliminating vapour.
If the patient is undergoing controlled ventilation, he can also be hyperventilated with the self inflating bag (11). In either case, the patient's PCO2 will be determined by the FGF (22). As long as the FGF remains constant the PCO2 will remain constant independent of the minute ventilation.
To illustrate the effectiveness of the circuit we performed a number of tests with respect to humans and dogs. The humans were breathing spontaneously and the dogs were mechanically ventilated.
Human Subjects
After obtaining institutional ethics board approval and informed consent, four healthy subjects aged 19-25 y breathed through the circuit by means of a mouth piece while wearing nose clips. During normal breathing, the FGF was set equal to V by adjusting the FGF such that the bag containing fresh gas just emptied at the end of each inhalation. Subjects were then instructed to breathe maximally ("breathe as hard as you can") for 3 min. Flows were recorded by means of a Pitot tube (Voltek Enterprises, Willowdale Canada) and the signal integrated to obtain volume. CO2 was sampled continuously at the mouthpiece (Medical Gas Analyzer LB-2, Sensormedics Corp., Anaheim, Calif.). Analog signals were digitized at 60 samples·S−1 and recorded using data acquisition software (WINDAQ/200, DATAQ instruments, Inc. Akron Ohio).
Studies in Dogs
Following institutional ethics board approval, 6 mongrel dogs of either sex weighing 20-25 kg were anaesthetized with methohexital (5-7 mg·kg−1 for induction followed by 150-300 mg·kg−1·min−1) and intubated. Adequacy of anaesthetic depth was deduced from the eye lash reflex, lack of spontaneous movements, and stable heart rate and blood pressure. A catheter was placed in the femoral artery for monitoring blood pressure and periodic sampling of blood for gas analysis. The dogs were ventilated with a conventional mechanical piston ventilator (Harvard Apparatus model 618, South Natick, Mass.). For each dog, an inflation volume (V
Because of differences in initial PaCO2s among dogs (reflecting individual sensitivities to CO2, differences in anaesthetic levels, or differences in V
All data are expressed as means ± standard deviation. We tested for significant differences using one- or two-way ANOVA with post hoc analysis where appropriate. A p value less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Human Subjects
FIG. 5 presents the V
FIG. 6 presents traces of airway PCO2 and V
The system minimized decreases in P
Conventional servo-controlled techniques designed to prevent changes in PCO2 with hyperpnea are less affected by changes in CO2 production than the circuit; however, they have other limitations. The assumption that detected changes in P
When CO2 production is constant, the circuit has the theoretical advantage over servo-controlled systems in that it provides passive compensation for changes in V. This minimizes changes in V
When CO2 production increases during hyperventilation, as would occur with increased work of breathing or exercise, my method requires modification. To compensate, additional V
Because spontaneously breathing subjects had such variable V during hyperventilation, compensating for the CO2 production by modifying FGF would have required constant adjustment. We therefore chose to decrease the PCO2 of the reserve as to establish a concentration gradient between the PCO2 of the reserve gas and the PvCO2; when this is constant, V
I therefore have described a simple circuit that disassociates V
While the foregoing provides a detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be understood that this description is illustrative only of the principles of the invention and not limitative. Furthermore, as many changes can be made to the invention without departing from the scope of the invention, it is intended that all material contained herein be interpreted as illustrative of the invention and not in a limiting sense.
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While I was in Perth for Christmas I snagged this pattern in an op-shop for only 50c!! Isn't it great! It's about one size too small for me, but surely it can't be too hard to make it a bit bigger.
The envelope back suggests to make it in "Garbadines, Linens, Piques, Poplins, Denims, Twills". What fabric would you use to make it up?


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The In vitro Fermentation Model (IFM) from Alltech is a support tool to evaluate and troubleshoot dairy rations to maximize feed efficiency and combat ever-rising feed costs. IFM evaluates the energy availability of total mixed rations (TMR).
Dual pool mathematical models are used to evaluate digestion kinetics of the carbohydrate fractions present in the feed. This process also involves a complete proximate analysis of the sample submitted.
Feed samples are incubated using rumen fluid and a buffer system to mimic natural rumen fermentation in an oxygen-free environment. >As digestion progresses, volumes of fermentation gases such as methane and carbon dioxide are continuously monitored using an automated system.
Measurements of fermentation byproducts:
For more information on TMR sampling and submission, please contact your local Alltech Office or use the contact information below.


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Capable column
Q. Dear Capable,
I read with interest your column in YourNews today. I sincerely hope that you address the issues of people with chemical sensitivities. Those of us who have been injured due to toxic exposures to chemicals need ppular recognition of our situations Multiple Chemical Sensitivity(MCS) is an American's with Disability Act(ADA) recognized disability, yet many discount our sensitivities and inabilities to engage in the life we had previous to our toxic exposure. Thank you MB
A. Dear MB,
I sense your frustration that others' misunderstand MCS and don't realize that it is covered by the ADA. Some forms of MCS may be caused due to ventilation and air quality issues; construction; and, remodeling and cleaning issues. Realize that there are numerous products that can be used to accommodate people with limitations. Various accommodations can be found at http://www.jan.wvu.edu/soar.
Q. Dear Capable,
My six-year-old grandson has been diagnosed as autistic. Will you be talking about this kind of disability in the future? Loving Grandma
A. Dear Loving Grandma,
Yes, I will be disussing autism. I can tell your concerned about others' being able to understand what autism is. I'm glad to hear that your grandson has such a loving grandma.
Autistic children have difficulties with social interaction, display problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and display repetitive behavior. Even though their is no cure for autism, symptoms improve with treatment and age. For more information, contact the Autism Society of America at: http://www.autism-society.org.
Q. Dear Capable,
I'm in my 80's now and I use a can to walk. Why do people assume that I can't see, even though I drive and can see 20/20? EF
A. Dear EF,
Society is still not realizing that the population is aging. Ageism, which can include not being taken seriously, is deameaning.
I would ask people directly, why do you ask about my vision? That way they would have to account for their assumption.
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Aug: lg, 1958 w. G. TRulTT' 2,847,948
' coMPosITE RooFING sm!a Filed May 6. 1955 i ATTORNEYS v lNvEN-roR (ALM/A6, M.
United States Patent Ofiee 2,847,948 YPatented Aug. 19, 1958 2,847,948 COMPOSITE ROOFING-STRIP William G. Truitt, Philadelphia, lPa. Application May 6, 1955, Serial`No.-506,579 2 Claims. (Cil. 10S-6) This invention relates to improvements in roofing or siding materials and, `in particular, ,relates to a roofing essentially all metallic.
Another object of the invention .is to kprovide a cornpositejr'oong or siding strip having a base and a protective metallic sheet thereon which projects from one edge of the 4base so that when fafplurality of strips is fixed on a roof, the projected portion of one sheet is sealed with the sheet of an adjacent bottom strip, thereby sealing the base from exposure.
Another object of the invention is to provide a composite roong or siding strip having a base and a protective metallic sheet thereon, the base having a plurality of apertures to assist in fixing the sheath to the base and the base to the surface to be covered.
Another object of the invention is to provide a composite roofing or siding strip having a base and a protective metallic sheath thereon, the base and sheath being pliable so that the strip can be arranged in roll form for transportation and storage.
The preferred manner of constructing the invention will be described in connection with the drawings wherein:
Figure 1 is a perspective View showing a strip of the invention arranged in the form of a roll;
Figure 2 is a cross section of a roofing strip taken along the line 2 2 of Figure 1;
Figure 3 is a fragmentary view partially cut away showing another embodiment of the roofing strip of the invention; and
Figure 4 is a diagrammatic sectional view showing a plurality of strips arranged in a covering assembly on a roof.
In Figure 1 the strip is wound up in the form of a roll R and comprises a base 1 having fixed on the top surface thereof a metallic sheet 2. It will be apparent that when the roll R is unwound so that the strip lies flat, the base is generally rectangular in shape and the length, thereof, i. e., in the direction shown by the arrows 3, is substantially greater than the width as shown by the arrows 4. The metallic sheet is also rectangular in shape and preferably partially covers the top surface of the base l, the lengthwise edge 2a being spaced from the lengthwise edge 5 of the base a distance d in the order of 40 to 50% of the total width of the base. The lengthwise edge 6 of the sheet 2 is spaced from the lengthwise edge-7 fofgthebase to.formfa projected,v portion yl0, which is about-2 or 3% of the tota1-width kof the base 1. The sheet 2, preferably Vcovers the base 1 as between the widthwise edges.
Preferably the base 1 ismade of waterproof or waterresistant-material such 'as jute, glass wool, asbestos, rag, paper pulp fibers or the like,impregnated with a bituminous material such vas tar, asphalt or pitch. This type of base gives firm support forthe metal -sheet and is pliable so that the strip can be wound up in roll form. Where-the ybase isfmade from material other than that suggested, `it is essential that the base be pliable and capable of supporting the metallic strip.
It is preferable that the Vthickness-of the metal sheet used bein the foil class, i. e., '.0025-.005, inch thick, or, `ifnot'in that suggest-ed class, :be of a thickness or have a ductility such that the composite strip can be wound :up vinto .a roll. One metal which particularly satisfies this requirement `is aluminum. In addition, aluminum is npreferred becauseof its ability, when exposed -to the elements, to withstand deterioration and also becausefof its-ability to "resistpenetration of heat intothebuilding during the-summermonths andto conserve heatiinrthe building `during the fall and winter months.
Even though1the metal sheet may be in the foil class, I have vfound vthat where :the `base lis pliable and in the order of %4}," thick, a resilient effect is obtained which, `when'theroof `is 'walked'on, prevents damage to the metal sheet.
The aluminum s'heet'is secured .to the base preferably byfany good'mastic. 1For example, where a waterproof or water-resistant base as mentioned is used, the adhesive may comprise tar, asphalt or pitch. Other adhesives may be used, for example, adhesives having a rubber base with either a water, petroleum or resin vehicle. Other desirable mastics may be of the vegetable gum type such as cotton seed oil gum. Another known way of securing aluminum foil to a base made of material of the kind mentioned herein is to use foil which is pre-bonded on one side with kraft paper, the paper side then being secured to the base.
In Figure 3 I have shown a fragmentary view of a rooing strip which is constructed similarly as described except that the base 1' has a plurality of holes or perforations P extending therethrough. I have found that these perforations assist in strengthening the bond between the aluminum sheet and the base and also in strengthening the bond between the under surface of the -base and the roof surface to which the strip is applied.
In Figure 4 I have shown somewhat diagrammatically the manner in which the strips of the invention are applied to a roof. First, a starter grip 12 (which may be made of the same material as the base 1 mentioned above) is nailed or stapled to the lowermost section of the roof. Then a roll comprising the strip S-l is laid on the starter strip 12 and the section of the roof above the starter strip, this portion of the roof and the starter strip being previously coated (by brush or spray) with a mastic such as mentioned above. The projected portion 13 is pressed down on the mastic to overlap the starter strip. Thus the edge 14 of the base and edge 12 of the starter strip are isolated from the atmosphere. If desired, nails or staples may be applied along the top part of the strip not covered by the sheet, for holding the strip in place. A mastic is then applied along the upper portion of the strip and the roof as between the distance d-1 and then a roll comprising the strip S-2 unwound to the position as shown. For this latter operation, the metal sheet may be provided with a guide line as line l in Figure 1. Nails or staples are applied to the top area of the base and the projected portion is pressed down in the mastic to overlap the metal strip S-1 to seal off the edge 16. Preferably the strip S-2 is arranged on the strip S-1 such that there is an overlap between the base of S-Z and the metal sheet of S-1 as indicated at 17. The strips S-3, S-4 and S-S are applied in the same manner. The other side of the roof is then covered and terminates with the strip S-6. The apex of the roof is then coated with a mastic and a strip S-'l is applied. This sheet 19 which is arranged on the base such that there is an overlap on the opposite edges such as indicated at and 21.
Where the roong operation requires that the ends of two strips be interconnected, I prefer to overlap the ends of such adjacent strips and then cover the exposed portion 0f the base of the top strip with a sealing strip having a construction similar to that of S-7'. The sealing strip is supplied in roll form and preferably is two or three inches in width and cut to required length for the covering operation. The edges of the bases of the composite strips as laid on a roof as above-described are preferably protected from the atmosphere by laying along an edge of the roof a sealing strip such as mentioned above or, alternatively, rigid preformed pieces generally U-shaped in cross section can be used, these latter pieces being nailed to the edge of the roof.
From the foregoing, it will be apparent that the invention provides a composite roofing strip which, when manufactured, can be wound up in the form of a roll and, therefore, easily shipped and stored. From the description in connection with Figure 4, it will also be apparent that this roll-like form is highly conducive to simple and rapid application to a roof and that the collective disposition of the metal sheets presents an essentially latter strip comprises a base 18 and a metal 7 all-metallic surface which makes for long life and good insulating properties.
With regard to the strip S-7 mentioned above, it should be noted in passing that this type of strip is also useful for the covering of a ashing.
I claim:
1. A composite rooting or siding covering comprising: a pliable base which can be wound into roll form and unwound into strip form, the base, when unwound, being of generally lrectangular shape and being of substantially greater length than width; and a metal sheet fixed to one surface of said base, the sheet being pliable whereby it can be wound with the base into roll form and unwound into strip form, the sheet, when unwound, being of generally rectangular shape and substantially covering said surface between the widthwise edges and one lengthwise edge of the sheet being spaced inwardly -from the corresponding lengthwise edge of the base to form an uncovered area on the base and the other lengthwise edge of the sheet being spaced from the other lengthwise edge of the base to form a projected portion.
2. A construction in accordance with claim 1 wherein said metal sheet comprises aluminum foil.
References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 688,302 Grether Dec. 10, 1901 1,449,058 Robinson Mar. 20, 1923 1,551,318 Logan Aug. 25, 1925 1,663,565 Robinson Mar. 27, 1928 1,908,127 Deacon May 9, 1933 2,433,694 Heinning Dec. 30, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS v* 177,886 Switzerland Sept. 16, 1935
Citas de patentes
Citada por
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- Water of Vision
- Item Level 1
- Quest Item
- Unique
Source Edit
This item is provided for the quest [5] Rite of the Winds.
Patch changes Edit
- Patch 4.0.3 (15-Nov-2010): Added.


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Manual labor pull up with loads of brick and iron rods for making modern skyscrapers in a developing country, whilst still existing in past history! Quick pen sketches in sketchbook recording my travel this past summer to Bangladesh. I use these to teach about the different cultures to my students. More fun than than photography sharing
Me encanta tiene un aire a los cuadernos de Leonardo
Wow your comment sounds cool, except I could not understand it! I have to go get it translated- but in the meantime "thanks"?:)
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UPDATE: M5 reopens following serious crash between camper van and car
Posted: December 05, 2012|
The M5 reopened early this morning after collisions on both carriageways.
The motorway was closed until about 01:00am between junctions 28 and 29, causing chaos on Devon roads.
Many experienced traffic on their journey home last night with some taking over an hour to get from Countess Wear to Middlemore.
Related content
UPDATE: The M5 is closed and there is queueing traffic northbound between J29, A30 (Exeter) and J28, A373 (Cullompton Services), because of two accidents. Congestion to J30, A376 (Exeter).
UPDATE: There are reports of another collision on the M5 northbound between J28 and J29. Police advise avoiding the M5 in the area for the time being.
UPDATE: At 1.35pm today emergency services were called the scene of a two vehicle road traffic collision.
Two people were injured as a result of a camper van and a saloon car colliding head on. One of the casualties was freed by the fire service and was then flown to hospital by the air ambulance.
Traffic around the area is very congested with only one lane Northbound being open. The onslip at junction 29 Northbound is closed to traffic.
The casualty is in a serious condition and although police have opened up some of the lanes, the rest may remain closed for a while.
UPDATE: There is a diversion in operation - advice is to leave the M5 at J28 and follow the triangle symbol via the B3181 to rejoin the M5 at J29.
A section of the M5 in Devon has been completely closed following a serious collision between a camper van and a car.
Both the southbound and northbound carriageways of the M5 have been shut near Cullompton after the red Volkswagen Camper van, which is registered to an address in London, and silver Vauxhall Tigra, registered to Exeter, collided at around 1.35pm.
Devon and Cornwall Police said the camper van was travelling northbound when it veered into the central reservation and across onto the southbound carriageway before colliding with the Tigra.
Both drivers of the vehicles have sustained serious injuries and are trapped in the vehicles.
Fire crews are at the scene and are currently trying to free the casualties. The Devon Air Ambulance has landed on the motorway and will take the injured to hospital shortly.
Police said several motorists had stopped at the scene to help after witnessing the collision.
One driver caught in the tailbacks said: "It is awful here.
There are several ambulances on the scene so I think people must be hurt. I counted at least seven police cars.
It is a major incident and I would think we are in for a long wait here. Police are walking between the jammed cars now talking to drivers."
The road is currently closed between Junction 28 (Cullompton Services) and Junction 29 (A30 Exeter).
Police said the motorway is likely to remain closed until at least 2.45pm.


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Michigan State University's $42.5 million Eli and Edythe Broad Art Museum, originally scheduled to open Saturday before glass problems intervened, is still set for a fall inauguration. But no specific date has yet been set.
"There are a few things that demonstrably need to be in place before we pick a firm date," says museum director Michael Rush. "I'm fully confident it will be in the fall, but as to a firm date, we don't have one yet. It could be September or October."
Celebrity architect Zaha Hadid's 47,000-square-foot hyper-modern building — it looks a bit like a sleek space ship that's crash-landed — is mostly finished, and has established a dramatic, hulking presence at Grand River Avenue and Farm Lane on the north edge of the MSU campus.
But some of the enormous glass windows imported from Europe, no two of which are alike, arrived at customs cracked. "So that's what put us behind," says Rush. Once it was clear the building couldn't be finished by the end of the spring term, the opening was pushed off till fall to guarantee maximum student involvement.


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Quick Links
Shop All Jewelry
NL10286 In Stock
Wear a beautiful symbol of power with Eve's Addiction's Vintage Style Sterling Silver Dragonfly Necklace. The necklace highlights a 2 inch tall Dragonfly charm, which is created with vintage style detials. Inside the Dragonflies wings are Sterling Silver circles, while the body of the Dragonfly is so detailed it looks like it could come to live any moment. The vintage style Dragonfly charm dangles from a 16" or 18" popcorn charm and is delivered in an Eve's Addiction gift box.
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Eve's Addiction.com wants you to be a happy customer. We want you to be completely satisfied with the sterling silver jewelry that you receive from us, as we only sell high quality silver and cubic zirconia cz jewelry. We do understand that you may not like your purchase for some reason.
You may return or exchange your jewelry within 60 days of purchase if you are not satisfied with it. The jewelry must be returned in its original condition for a refund or exchange. Engraved, personalized, photo, monogram, name and initial, chocolate and clearance items are not returnable or exchangeable.


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Whether you're a high school student, graduate student, international student, nontraditional student or military service member, now's your chance to discover CMU and put your stamp on the world. More...
Ask us! We're here to help. You'll find mountains of info online plus email addresses and phone numbers if you need to connect with a human. More...
CMU is a diverse and dynamic intellectual community. Make yourself at home, starting with this gateway to campus resources and services for faculty and staff. More...
Welcome to your home for everything maroon and gold. The CMU Alumni Association brings Chippewas together through social media and at events across the country. Catch the Central spirit here. More...
Find out how parents and family can immerse themselves in Central's culture, activities and events, and discover how we support you and your student. More...
We thank you — a member of our local or regional community — for your support and partnership. Come visit. Come be a part of it all. We're here to serve you, too. More...
Position: Associate Professor Department: English Language and Literature Campus Address: Anspach 229 Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
ENG 101, 201, 324, 381, 482, 580, 582, 681, HON 321 HON Study Abroad
Area(s) of Expertise
Children's and Young Adult Literature, Popular Culture, Illustrated Texts (Comics, Graphic Novels & Picture Books), Late-Nineteenth, Twentieth, and Twenty First-Century Literature and Culture, Bakhtinian /Narrative Theory, Walt Whitman Degrees and Universities Ph.D. English, University of Kansas, May 2007Specialties: Children's and Adolescent Literature/ American Literature
M.A. English, Marquette University, May 2002Specialties: British/American Literature
B.S.E. Secondary English Education, Missouri Western State University, May 2000
B.A. Writing-Intensive English Journalism, Marquette University, May 1998 Recent publications
Co-authored with Gretchen Papazian Game On, Hollywood: The Intersection of Video Games and Movies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013. Print.
co- authored withTodd Comer Sexual Ideology in the Works of Alan Moore. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012. Print.
Refereed Articles and Book Chapters
"Manifest Narrativity: Video Games, Movies, and Art and Adaptation," Game On, Hollywood: The Intersection of Video Games and Movies. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2013. 8-19. Print.
"C. S. Lewis' Manifold Mythopoeics: Towards a Reconsideration of Eschatological Time in the Construction of the Post-World Wars Fantasy Novel for Children," New Casebooks – C.S. Lewis: The Chronicles of Narnia Ed. By Lance Wendy and Michelle Abate. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. 90-112. Print.
"The Traumatic Revision of Marvel's Spider-Man: From 1960s Dime-Store Comic Book to Post-9/11 Moody Multi-Billion Dollar Motion Picture Franchise." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 37 (Summer 2012) 188-209. Print.
"Lost in the Revolution: The Polarizing of Alan Moore's Sexual Politics," Sexual Ideology in the Works of Alan Moore. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012. 5-15. Print.
"When 'One Bad Day' Becomes One Dark Knight: Love, Madness and Obsession in the Adaptation of The Killing Joke into Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight," Sexual Ideology in the Works of Alan Moore. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012. 40-51. Print.
"Crooked Appalachia: The Laughter of the Melungeon Witches Contextualized within the Outsider Mythos of Mike Mignola's Hellboy." Comics and the American South. Ed. Brannon Costello and Qiana Whitted. U Mississippi P (2011) 214-241. Print.
Co-authored with Amy
Hume. "The Other Edward: Twilight's Queer Construction of the Vampire as
an Idealized Teenage Boyfriend." Bringing
Light to Twilight: Perspectives on a Pop Culture Phenomenon.
Ed. By Giselle Anatol. NY: Palgrave. 2011 153-68. Print.
"Godey's Lady's Book: Sarah Hale and the Construction of a Sentimental Nationalism" College Literature 37 (Summer 2010) 43-62. Print.
"'Are You There, Reader? It's Me, Margaret': A Reconsideration of Judy Blume's Prose as Sororal Dialogism." Children's Literature Association Quarterly 33 (Fall 2008) 258-279. Print.