text:
So Sad It's Over (Twilight Saga)
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After a year of waiting, it came and went way too quickly.
This is our tradition each year. Jordan, my mom, and I buy our tickets and see the first showing of whatever installment of the Twilight Saga is released. We've done it as a family since New Moon.
I'm Team Edward. Jordan is Team Jacob.
Jordan and I were ready for Breaking Dawn Part Two
Last night
if you've been living under a rock was the first showing of the last movie in the Twilight Saga. We bought our tickets as soon as we could and then waited, and waited, and waited some more.
Then it was time, finally. We got ready, went to the theater, and we waited some more.
Twi-Mom, Twi-Grandma, Twi-Teen
Then the lights went down, the previews rolled, and finally, it started.
Probably not supposed to take pictures in the theater
I laughed, I cried,
I drooled, I cringed, I waved my arms saying no no no!, and then I cried again. (No spoilers from me, I promise.)
It was over.
It wasn't just the movies being over that made me weepy. This was something I had done with my kid for years, something we had also shared with my mom. A tradition was coming to an end. A night out each year for just the three of us. With 4 kids (me) and 11 grandchildren (my mom) moments like those don't arise very often.
Maybe there will be a fun series that comes out as each of my other kids hits that age where I feel ok in letting them go see a midnight premier (with me). I hope so. I won't ever forget Twilight because of those times with Jordan and my mom.
Goodbye Edward and Bella. We loved you.
Goodbye Jacob. Jordan rooted for you.
Goodbye Alice. Who will I get my hair inspiration from next time I decide I need to chop my hair off?
Goodbye sparkly vampires.
It's a good thing my husband gets me and my humor
I feel a Twilight DVD marathon being needed around here.
Who else hit opening night? Did you get all weepy and sappy too?
Have a great day!
P.S. How long until Twilight on Ice comes out?
Liked that? Read these:


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This is epic. Hardcore gamer James Howell is working on an English translation of SEGAGAGA. I found this scrumptious piece of news while searching for an image of SEGA's new senior VP of sales: Brad Wildes.
You can read his most recent post about the translation here. Drop him a line on his blog and let him know that you'd love to see this project see the light of day!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
Introduction to Computersby Shelly, Gary B.; Freund, Steven M.; Vermaat, Misty E.
Course Technology
Questions About This Book?
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Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
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Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the 8th edition with a publication date of 6/18/2010.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
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Related Products
The perfect coverage of essential computer concepts. Topics include hardware, software, communications, networks, the Internet, and covers information on how to purchase computers for personal use.
Table of Contents
|What Is a Computer?
|What Does a Computer Do?
|Why Is a Computer so Powerful?
|How Does a Computer Know What to Do?
|What are the Components of a Computer?
|Input Devices
|System Unit
|Output Devices
|Storage Devices
|Communications Devices
|Computer Software
|Networks and the Internet
|How to Purchase a Personal Computer
|How to Purchase a Desktop Computer
|How to Purchase a Notebook Computer
|How to Purchase a Tablet PC
|How to Purchase a Personal Mobile Device
|Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Animation created by Jennifer E. Fairman, CMI, FAMI. Animation shows the differences between Type A and Type B dissections and Static versus Dynamic obstruction in Type B dissections.
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text: This is an excellent and very important interview. The situation in Syria is extremely bad and that it may very well or likely lead to Israel finally attacking or warring on Iran is very worrisome. And the scariest part about that is Pepe Escobar saying that this has a serious probability of happening within the next few months or in 2013.


text:
16-bit 4-channel 250MSPS A/D board designed for demanding applications
Ultraview Corporation announces a 16-bit 4-channel 250MSPS A/D board for very demanding uses, where repetitive signals on multiple time-aligned channels need to be observed with high SNR, such as NMR, RADAR, ultrasound, time-of-flight imaging, spectroscopy, communications systems and antenna testing and other critical applications.
Based on a hardware averaging engine with near-zero dead-time, implemented in the board's XilinxTM FPGA, the ULTRADYNE16-250Mx2AVE-8GB-50T/155T and ULTRADYNE16-250x4AVE-8GB-50T/155T can each average repetitive signal strings up to 1 million times with record lengths to 16384 samples (-50T model) and 262144-samples (-155T model) uninterruptedly. The precise repetitive summing of each new string of samples onto a running 32-bit average can be triggered by any one of three software-selectable triggering mechanisms:
A TTL input, with selectable –/+ slope, causes waveforms to be acquired or added to a running average, software slider-adjustable level on the incoming signal waveform on any of the 4 channels, with + or – slope, enabling scope-like triggering, with pre-trigger, on a given place on a repeating waveform, Heterodyning trigger input which means triggering will occur on the difference frequency between this input and the sampling clock frequency. This is useful for time-of-flight imaging systems, RADAR and pulsed spectroscopy systems, in which transmit or stimulus waveforms are repeated M-times/second and the A/D samples data at a rate of N samples per sec. The result is that the ULTRADYNE16 will automatically acquire and/or average complete waveforms that repeat M minus N times per second.
In addition to their averaging and unique triggering modes, which include pre-triggering capability, all Ultradyne16-250 models are also high dynamic range general purpose high speed data acquisition boards, each with 8GB of memory, large channel counts, and continuous transfers to the host system at up to 1.4 GB/sec. Mike Ingle, principal hardware architect, states: "The precise time alignment of acquisition all channels to within one sample period, the 32-bit averaging engine, the flexible triggering modes including novel heterodyne trigger, the selectable pre-trigger memory, and the selective recording with fiducial start/stop indicators, make the Ultradyne16 uniquely suited for scientific and other demanding applications"
All models include Windows 7/8 driver packages, as well as comprehensive LabVIEWTM control panel (see figure 2) for Windows. 64-bit Linux 6.2 drivers and command line user programs are also included. Andy Leung, who wrote the LabVIEWTM VI, states: "We included a very simple, yet powerful real-time, adjustable triggering menu and customizable display interface, which allows easy panning and zooming, to examine fine details on extremely sharp, low-noise averaged waveforms in the time and/or frequency domain on a single graph. Our project allows for continuous and single-shot acquisition, as well as the ability to view previously acquired data."
Figure 1 shows a 4-channel version of board. Figure 3 illustrates the LabVIEW screen display of an Ultradyne16-250x2 fed by a Furaxa Libove-Chacko microwave sampler/pulser TDR spectrometer, displaying the reflection spectrum of microwave bowtie antenna excited by a repeating 15 picosecond 250 million pulse/second train without averaging turned on. Note that the spectrum over 13GHz is not visible, as it is "under water" due to it being under the noise floor at scale of 20 on the display, due to the 80dB dynamic range of the sampler/pulser.
Then, with averaging turned on the acquisition of same signal from 40GHz antenna now shows a vastly increased dynamic range (noise floor down by 40dB at -20 on the display), with usable SNR to now display spectral content all the way to 40GHz. Less than a second of hardware averaging in the Ultradyne 16, has tripled the usable spectral sensitivity of the instrument, and increased the dynamic range to 120dB.
Ultraview Corporation


text:
The New School >
Eugene Lang College > Academics > Advising > Juniors > Declaring Your Major/Minor
Supporting Lang
Contact Admission
Declaring Your Major/Minor
As juniors, you should have already declared an academic Area of Study at Lang. Now you should clarify the particular requirements for that program and determine which requirements have not been satisfied yet. You should also ensure the area of study is appropriate based on your academic passions, post-graduate plans, and personal interests. To explore all these connections, we encourage you to speak with an advisor, the chair of the Area of Study, and/or a faculty member teaching in the area.
As a reminder, requirements are based somewhat on the date of your declaration. If you earned fewer than 45 credits at the time of declaration, you should fulfill all the requirements in effect then. If you instead earned 45 credits or more, you are allowed to fulfill either the requirements in effect at the time of declaration or the requirements in effect at the time you matriculated here. This pertains to Areas of Study where the curriculum has changed during the time of your enrollment.
You can declare online. For additional information about the curricular requirements for each Area of Study, see each program of study for specific academic requirements or schedule an appointment with the junior class advisor.


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What is an ectopic pregnancy?
Ectopic pregnancy is the development of an embryo outside the uterus, or womb. Development may occur in a fallopian tube, the site through which the egg travels to the uterus in a healthy pregnancy. Other sites for ectopic pregnancies include the ovary, cervix, and within the abdomen.
Ectopic pregnancies are caused by an obstruction hindering the normal movement of the egg after fertilization along the path from the fallopian tubes to the womb. Reasons for this blockage include a physical obstruction brought on by scarring from previous ectopic pregnancies or inflammation of the fallopian tubes (salpingitis) or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), an infection of a woman's reproductive organs. This accounts for 98% of all ectopic pregnancies. Other potential causes of ectopic pregnancy include congenital fallopian tube defects, endometriosis, pelvic scarring from previous surgeries – including caesarean section, or a ruptured appendix.
Ectopic pregnancies occur in one of 40 to one of every 100 pregnancies (1.0-2.5% incidence). There is seasonal variation with increased frequency in June and December although the reasons are unclear. They can occur in women who have had tubal litigation (their fallopian tubes tied), but are more likely to occur two to three years following the procedure (Source: NIH).
Rupture of an ectopic pregnancy can lead to shock, a potentially life-threatening condition.Seek immediate medical care (call 911) if you, or someone you are with, have serious symptoms such as bleeding, fainting, intense rectal pressure, shoulder pain, or severe lower abdominal pain during pregnancy or when pregnancy is suspected.
If you suspect you may be pregnant, seek prompt medical care.
What are the symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy?
Symptoms of ectopic pregnancies involve the reproductive system and may mimic symptoms of menstrual cramping and bleeding.
Common symptoms of an ectopic pregnancySymptoms range from mild to severe, if there has been a rupture. Symptoms include:
- Abdominal pain or cramping
- Abdominal, pelvic, or Read more about ectopic pregnancysymptoms
What causes an ectopic pregnancy?
Ectopic pregnancy is caused by an obstacle blocking the path of the fertilized egg from the fallopian tubes to the uterus (womb), where it normally implants. Instead, the egg remains in the fallopian tube or at another location outside of the uterus.
Causes of an ectopic pregnancyCauses of ectopic pregnancy include the following:
- Congenital fal... Read more about ectopic pregnancycauses
How is an ectopic pregnancy treated?
To diagnose an ectopic pregnancy, your health care provider will perform diagnostic tests, including checking your levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the hormone measured in a pregnancy test. Low levels of hCG and progesterone may indicate that a pregnancy is not developing normally.
Once the diagnosis is confirmed, treatment will involve ending the pregnancy. Pregnancy... Read more about ectopic pregnancytreatments


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U.S. News & World Report may still be the 800-pound gorilla of college rankings. But with a formula that rarely changes, the latest edition — out Wednesday — looks pretty much the same as a decade ago, with very few exceptions.
More interesting are a pair of newer players to the rankings game. Both have shortcomings, but both produce a top-colleges list that looks somewhat different from the magazine's (where Princeton and Harvard share the top spot, just like last year). And neither relies on information provided by the colleges themselves; more and more schools have been caught fudging the numbers they give to U.S. News.
More broadly, the new players offer data intriguing even to those who don't buy the idea that colleges can be ranked like their football teams.


text:
A method for acidizing a subterranean formation wherein a specific foam is used to block flow through the higher-permeable zones of the formation while the acid is being injected therein. The foam is generated from a surfactant solution comprised of a blend of surfactants comprised of a nonionic primary surfactant (e.g. ethoxylated alcohol or polyglycosides) a cationic co-surfactant (e.g. fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride). A polymer (e.g. polysaccharides or partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) may be added to the surfactant solution to enhance the foam mobility reduction and a co-solvent (e.g. polyol) may be added if necessary to maintain the surfactant/polymer complex in solution.
1. A method for acidizing a subterranean formation comprising:
injecting a foam into said formation to block flow through the higher-permeable zones of the formation, said foam being generated from a surfactant solution comprised of a nonionic primary surfactant and a cationic co-surfactant; and
injecting an acid into said formation after said foam has been injected into said formation.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein said nonionic primary surfactant is selected from the group of alkyl ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl polyglycosides.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said cationic co-surfactant is quaternary ammonium chloride.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the concentration of said nonionic primary surfactant in said surfactant solution is within the range of from about 0.1% to about 2%, by weight.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the concentration of said cationic co-surfactant in said surfactant solution is from about 5 to about 20 times less the concentration of said nonionic primary surfactant.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said surfactant solution includes:
a polymer selected from the group of negatively-charged polysaccharides and partially hydrolized polyacrylamides.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein polysaccharides is selected from the group of xanthan gum, guar gum and their derivatives.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the concentration of said polymer in said surfactant solution is from about 175 to about 1600 ppm.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said surfactant solution includes:
a co-solvent selected from the group of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof in a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein said surfactant solution includes:
a 2 wt % ammonium chloride brine.
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates a method for altering the flow profile of a subterranean formation during acid stimulation and in one of its aspects relates to a method using a specific foam formulation to block flow through the more permeable channels of a formation during the injection of an acid into the formation.
2. Background Art
Often a near-wellbore region of a subterranean formation is damaged during the drilling and/or completion of a well through the formation or after a prolonged well operation. Such damage, if remained untreated, may result in a substantial loss in the productivity/injectivity of fluids out from or into the damaged formation. One method which has been used for treating such regions to improve the permeability of the damaged region involves stimulating the damaged region with a concentrated acid solution (e.g. a 15% hydrochloric acid solution, an aqueous mixture of hydrochloric and hydrofluoric acids, or the like).
Unfortunately, when the acid solution is injected into the formation, fractures and/or high-permeability zones adjacent to or within the damaged region may draw the acid away from the less-permeable damaged region, thereby substantially reducing the efficiency of the acidization operation. Therefore, to insure that a substantial amount of the acid solution will flow into the less-permeable damaged region, it may be necessary to temporarily alter the flow profile through the formation by blocking any substantial flow through the more-permeable channels in the formation before and during the injection of the acid into the damaged region.
Typically, the flow profile of a formation is altered by injecting a blocking agent into the formation prior to or along with the acid wherein the blocking agent takes the path of least resistance and flows into the more-permeable zones of the formation. The blocking agent sets up in these more-permeable zones to block further flow therethrough which, in turn, forces the following acid into the areas of the formation which are to be treated, i.e. the lower-permeable zones of the damaged region.
While several types of blocking agents (e.g. resin, gels, etc. ) have been proposed for this purpose, one of the more commonly-used blocking agents is one which is collectively referred to as "foam". For a foam to be fully effective as a blocking agent, it must have the following characteristics:
First, the foam must be "acid-resistant". That is, the foam must be stable in the presence of a high-concentration acid (e.g. 15% hydrochloric acid). That is, if the foam collapses upon contact with the acid, the flow passages in the higher-permeable zones will no longer be blocked by the foam whereby the injected acid will merely invade these higher-permeable zones rather than being forced into the lower-permeable zones as required for a fully successful acidizing operation.
Second, the foam must be "oil-resistant". That is, the foam must be stable in the presence of crude oil where the crude oil is near or at relatively high, residual saturations (e.g. less than 30%) since residual crude oil is always present even in well-swept zones of the formation being treated; although it may be at lower saturations. Third, the foam must be capable of producing a stiff foam that is substantially less mobile (e.g. at least 100 times) than gas in order to block the flow of the acid.
Lastly, the foam must maintain its flow-blocking capabilities (i.e. stiffness) during the injection period of the acid after which time, the foam should inherently break down to once again allow flow through the higher-permeable zones. Foams endowed with these properties will effectively restrict flow into the higher-permeable channels near the wellbore, thus diverting most of the acid into the lower-permeable zones where it is most needed.
A wide range of different types of surfactants have been proposed for generating foams which, in turn, have been proposed for use as blocking agents in the acidizing of a subterranean formation. These surfactants include anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and nonionic surfactants, in increasing order of performance. Anionic surfactants are adversely affected by the presence of crude oils and severely deteriorate in the presence of strong acids such as hydrochloric acid. Cationic surfactants are moderately good foamers in the presence of acid, but produce unstable foams in the presence of crude oils. The same is true of amphoteric surfactants. Nonionic surfactants foam well initially but the life of these foams in the presence of acids and crude oils remains too short for acidizing operations.
The present invention provides a method for acidizing a subterranean formation wherein a specific foam is used to block flow through the higher-permeable zones of the formation while the acid is being injected therein. More specifically, the present invention uses foams generated from formulations which produce foams which are (1) stable in the presence of a high-concentration acid--e.g. 15% hydrochloric acid; (2) stable in the presence of crude oil near the residual saturation of the formation--typically less than 30%; (3) capable of producing a stiff foam that is at least 100 times less mobile than gas; and (4) effectively broken down at the end of the acidizing operation to allow back-flow from the formation.
In accordance with the present invention, a surfactant solution comprising a blend of surfactants and a brine is used to generate the foam used in the invention. The blend of surfactants is comprised of a nonionic surfactant (e.g. ethoxylated alcohol or polyglycosides) which give high foam and insensitivity to acid and a fluorinated cationic surfactant (e.g. fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride) which gives good oil resistance. The concentration of the primary surfactant in the surfactant solution is from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % while the concentration of the co-surfactant is from about 5 to about 20 less than that of the primary surfactant.
A polymer (e.g. polysaccharides or partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) may be added to the surfactant solution in concentrations of from about 175 to about 1600 ppm to enhance the foam mobility reduction beyond that of the surfactants alone. Further, a co-solvent (e.g. polyol) may be added to the surfactant solution if necessary to maintain the surfactant/polymer complex in solution.
In carrying the acidizing method of the present invention, the foam generated from the surfactant solution is injected into the formation where it flows into the higher-permeable zones of the formation to block further flow therethrough. Next, an acid (e.g. 15% hydrochloric acid) is injected and is diverted by the foam into the lower-permeable zones of the formation where it is needed.
The actual operation and apparent advantages of the present invention will be better understood by referring to the following graphs in which like letters identify like foams in the various graphs and in which:
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the foaminess and foam stability of various foams formulated from certain commercial surfactants and comparing these foams to those formulated in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the foaminess and foam stability of various foams formulated from branched and linear nonionic surfactants and comparing these foams to a foam formulated in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the foaminess and foam stability of various foams formulated from branched alkyl ethoxylate surfactants and comparing these foams to a foam formulated in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a graph showing the foaminess and foam stability of various foams formulated from alkyl phenol ethoxylate surfactants and comparing these foams to a foam formulated in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the effects that different mixing periods between the foaming solution and acid have on the volumes of a foam formulated in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a graph showing the effects that different mixing times have on the volumes of a different foam formulated in accordance with the present invention.
Damage to the near-wellbore region of a formation may be caused during the drilling and/or completion of the well which transverses that formation or after prolonged well operation. As used herein, "well" refers to any well which may be used in the production of fluids from or the injection of fluids into a subterranean formation. The damage to the near-wellbore region normally results in a substantial loss in the productivity/injectivity of the well.
One method for treating such damaged regions involves injecting a concentrated acid (typically a 15% hydrochloric acid solution, etc.) into the damaged region to restore at least some of its lost permeability. However, fractures or higher-permeable zones within or adjacent to the damaged region can divert the flow of acid away from the damaged region. To prevent the acid from merely flowing into the higher-permeable zones of the region to be treated, a blocking agent (i.e. "foam") is injected prior to or with the acid. The foam flows into the higher-permeable zones to block further flow therethrough thereby forcing the following acid solution into the lower-permeable zones to be acidized.
The foam and acid solution can be injected into the formation in various sequences. One such sequence is disclosed in the Society of Petroleum Engineers' paper SPE 24660 by A. H. Zhou and W. R. Rossen and entitled: "Applying Fractional-Flow Theory to Foams for Diversion in Matrix Acidization", which was presented in Washington, DC, Oct. 4-7, 1992. The disclosed sequence is basically injecting (1) a brine slug (e.g. 1-2% ammonium chloride); (2) a surfactant preflush to satisfy the adsorption sites within the formation; (3) the selected foam; and (4) finally the acid slug.
The surfactant preflush places a large amount of surfactant into the higher-permeable zones to stabilize the subsequent foam slug in these zones. The acid slug that follows the foam is thus diverted into the lower-permeable zones where the foam is less stable due to (a) the lower surfactant concentrations (i.e. less injected and more adsorbed) and (b) the higher capillary pressures (less stable foam).
The foam used in this injection sequence should be resistive to both the acid and to the particular residual oil that is in the formation. Also, the "foam mobility reduction" must be from several hundreds to as high as several thousands for the selected foam to effectively divert fluids such as the acid solution; with "foam mobility reduction" being defined as the ratio of the mobility of foam to that of gas at the same gas flow rate and residual oil saturation, determined during gas injection into a surfactant solution while generating the foam. While a foam generated from a single surfactant may yield a mobility reduction up to 100-200 in the absence of crude oil, it usually falls way short when crude oil is present. Further, the foam used must last during the period of acid injection (a typical acid job lasts from 1 to 4 hours) and then collapse, on its own, to facilitate back-flow into the wellbore.
The present invention involves a method for acidizing a subterranean formation having a sequence of steps similar to that described above but one which uses a specially-formulated foam to block flow of the acid into the more permeable zones of the formation during the injection of the acid solution. Basically, each foam formulation in accordance with the present invention is a blend or mixture of a nonionic primary surfactant and a fluorinated cationic co-surfactant aqueous solution that produces a high foam which, in turn, is resistant to acid and crude oil over the length of a typical acidization job in the field.
The mixture of the nonionic surfactant and the fluorinated cationic co-surfactant together form mixed aggregates (micelies) which are positively charged in acid. If necessary, a polymer may be added to enhance the foam mobility reductions. Also, a co-solvent may be used to further stabilize the foam, and to adjust the micellar charge density for optimal surfactant/polymer interaction.
As will be explained in detail below, the nonionic primary surfactant used in the foam of the present invention is preferably selected from the group of alkyl ethoxylated alcohols and alkyl polyglycosides and forms from about 0.1% to about 2% (preferably from about 0.5 to 1.0%) by weight of the surfactant solution. The cationic surfactant fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride and is used in quantities from 5 to 20 times less that the quantity of the primary surfactant. That is, the co-surfactant has a concentration range from 0.005 to 0.2% by weight in the surfactant mixture. The bulk of the aqueous surfactant solution is water (e.g. a 1-2% ammonium chloride brine).
The polymer, if used, is preferably selected from the group of negatively-charged polysaccharides (e.g. Xanthan gum, Guar gum and their derivatives) and partially hydrolized polyacrylamides with a concentration within the range of about 175 to 1600 ppm (0.0175% to 0.16% by weight) of the surfactant solution. Where a co-solvent is added, any suitable solvent can be used (e.g. isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof) in a concentration of from about 0.5% to about 2% by weight.
In arriving at the present invention, several experiments were conducted to analyze the relative performance of foams generated with various known surfactants and to compare the results of those experiments with foams formed from the surfactant mixtures of the present invention. In each of these experiments, a uniform sample of 7 grams of a particular surfactant solution (1% gross concentration in 15% hydrochloric acid HCl and a 2% ammonium chloride brine) were place with 3 grams of crude oil inside a 25-ml graduated cylinder.
Each sample was pre-heated to the experimental temperature of 150° F. and then capped and sealed with a heat-shrink tape to maintain atmospheric pressure within the cylinder. The samples (a set of four per run) were first slowly tumbled end-over-end for mixing periods of one hour, 4 hours, or 24 hours to fully equilibrate the components in the two liquid phases without foaming the surfactant solution. To produce foam, the samples were then simultaneously and vigorously shaken by a mechanical shaker for 30 seconds at a constant vertical stroke length and RPMs. The initial foam volume and foam decay were recorded with a time-lapse video camera.
Most of the tested, commercially-available surfactants proposed for use in acidizing operations performed poorly in the presence of 15% HCl and crude oil. The following discusses the results of these experiments in more detail.
For a surfactant to function as the primary surfactant of the primary surfactant of the present surfactant mixture, it must be capable of making a large volume of foam which will remain active in a strong acid--typically a 15% HCl and/or hydrofluoric acid HF. Several different types of surfactants were tested with the following results:
1. Anionic Surfactants:
Typically, an anionic surfactant such as an alkyl sodium sulfonate (a commercial anionic surfactant) proved to work poorly in the presence of crude oil. A strong acid such as HCl further deteriotated the performance of this type surfactant as the sulfonates became poorly dissociated thereby gaining in further oil-solubility. The foam tests (see curve "M" in FIG. 1) showed that the initial foam height is very low (0.5 ml) and the foam life is very short (1 minute or less).
Adding a few ethylene oxide EO groups to the alkyl chain of an anionic surfactant improved its performance only slightly; i.e. still a low initial foam height (2.5 ml) and a short foam life (2-3 minutes)--see curve "L" in FIG. 1. Compared to the purely anionic surfactants above, this "combination" surfactant (i.e. anionic and nonionic functionalities) foams better in acid initially but this foam collapses rapidly.
A longer commercially-available, alkyl ethoxylated sulfate C12 EO4 sulfate worked better overall--see curve "K" in FIG. 1--producing a medium foam initial height (7.5 ml) and a moderate foam life (10-20 minutes). Initially, the water-solubility due to the EO linkages appears to help produce a good foam, even though the sulfate group may not be dissociated. However, this foam collapses rapidly.
Overall, anionic surfactants were found not to be the best type of surfactant for acid foam because of poor dissociation in HCl; i.e. sulfonic acid is oil-soluble. EO linkages in the chain of "combination" surfactants improves the short-term performance somewhat compared to pure anionics, but long-term performance remains poor, possibly due to acid attack on the sulfate group or other part(s) of the surfactant backbone.
2. Cationic and Amphoteric Surfactants:
A typical commercially-available cationic surfactant, e.g. alkyl ammonium chloride, worked moderately well as a primary surfactant--see curve "I" in FIG. 1--in that it produced a moderate foam height (5.5 ml) and a short foam life (1-2 minutes). Acid protonates the cationic groups and makes the surfactants highly charged, thus improving their brine-solubility. These types of surfactants can therefore be good foamers if there is no oil present.
With oil, however, the positively-charged surfactant can react strongly with the negatively-charged or polar species in the oil to produce water-insoluble complexes that will reside in the oil; thus, the poor foam stability of cationic surfactants in the presence of acid and many crude oils. Note: the fluorinated cationic surfactants will be discussed below in relation to the co-surfactant to be used in the present invention.
Amphoteric surfactants tend to behave the same way in strong acid, but to a lesser extent. The results of the experiments confirmed this behavior in that they produced foams having a good initial foam height (9.5 ml) and good foam life (10-20 minutes)--see curve "C" in FIG. 1.
3. Nonionic Surfactants
A nonionic surfactant with a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance ("HLB") should provide a better foam in 2% ammonium chloride and 15% HCl than the previous considered surfactants because the functonal group responsible for water-solubility are not strongly affected by acids. The optimal HLB depends on the brine salinity, type of crude oil and temperature.
Results from experiments conducted at 150° F. with a particular crude oil (i.e. Saddlerochit crude) revealed that within a HLB range of 14 to 18, the initial foam height is generally more sensitive to the surfactant backbone structure than to the HLB. FIG. 2 compares the effect of the HLB change on branched alkyl ethoxylates C12 EOx. As the HLB decreases from 16 1 to 14 (see curves "O" and "N", respectively on FIG. 2), the initial foam height remains essentially unchanged while the foam life improves slightly. With branched C13 EOx, the foam initial height increases only slightly from 10.5 to 11.5 ml when the HLB decreases from less than 15.7 to over 18 (see curves "R" through "U", respectively, in FIG. 3).
At the same time, the foam life increases from 10 minutes to about 20 minutes. Likewise, all linear C9 0EOx (see curves "W", "X" and "Y" on FIG. 4) yielded about the same initial foam heights (i.e. from 8.5 to 9 ml) regardless of their HLB's (i.e. 15 to 17.2, respectively). Further, the ultimate foam life with these linear C9 0EOx decreased roughly from 20 to 10 minutes as the HLB increases. This trend has been observed with ionic surfactants where the increase in hydrophilicity reduces the foam stability.
In contrast, two surfactants with similar HLB's can have significantly different initial foam heights depending on their structures. For example, as the backbone changes from linear C12 EOx without a ring and a HLB of 16.9 (see curve "P" in FIG. 2) to a linear C9 0EOx with a ring and a similar HLB of 17.2 (see curve "Q" in FIG. 2), the foam initial height improved from 7 ml to about 9 ml at about the same HLB. Similarly, the branched C12 EOx having a HLB of 16.1 (see curve "V" in FIG. 4) has a significantly higher foam initially (i.e. 12 ml) than the height (i.e. 8.5 ml) of C9 0EOx (see curve "X" in FIG. 4).
As a first rule, the surfactant alkyl chain or tail should contain fewer than 14 carbons to minimize solubility in oil. A hydrocarbon tail containing 12 to 13 carbon atoms (benzene ring equivalent to 3.5 carbons) is preferred for use at 75° to 200° F., with 15% HCl, 2% ammonium chloride brine and most crude oils.
Second, the surfactant tail should also preferably be branched. Branching sterically hinders the micellization--i.e. the packing of the branched "tail" within the curved interface of a micelle--more than the aggregation at the planar gas-water interface. Consequently, the surface tension, which depends on the monomer density at the gas-water interface, can reach a lower value with the higher surfactant density. This lower tension reduces the energy needed to foam, leading to higher foam height initially.
Third, for a given brine/HCl/oil system and a temperature, a range of HLB between 12 to 20 is suitable; the preferred range for most acid, brine, and temperature is 14 to 16. The lower end of the HLB range yields slightly more foam initially and a longer foam life than the higher end.
Finally, the overall concentration of this primary surfactant in the final surfactant solution must be large enough to ensure low dynamic surface tensions during foam generation. For most surfactants, a concentration range of from about 0.25% to about 2%, by weight, is suitable, with the preferred range being from about 0.5 wt % to about 1 wt %.
The results of the experiments support these concentrations. For example, 1 wt % of a branched alkyl ethoxylated alcohol of the type C12 EOx (see curves "N" and "O" in FIG. 2) or C13 EOx (curves "R" and "S" in FIG. 3) with an HLB between 14 and 16 yielded by far the most foam initially (about 12 ml vs. 9 ml or less for other surfactants) and as good a foam life (about 10-20 minutes) as any other single surfactant.
Alkyl polyglycosides ("APG") with an HLB of 13.6 (curve "E" in FIG. 1) yielded about the same amount of initial foam volume and foam life as a linear alkyl ethoxylated alcohol (curve "G" in FIG. 1) after one hour of equilibration time; these being the primary surfactants selected for use in the surfactant solution of the present invention.. Surprisingly, a slightly lower HLB of 13.1 (curve "D" in FIG. 1) appears to perform much better. Also, the HLB of the best APG appears relatively low, compared to that of the alkyl ethoxylates, suggesting the dominant role of structure. So, simple tests may be conducted for a specific system to ensure selection of the optimal surfactant to be used in a particular application.
The APG surfactant appeared to decompose after a long contact time with 15% HCl (i.e. 24 hours), thus losing most of its foam stability (see FIG. 5). Therefore, for a short acid job (i.e. 4 hours or less) at a low temperature, this surfactant may be a better choice than an alkyl ethoxylated alcohol which can leave a very strong foam to interfere with the clean-up procedure. The APG's also have a lower toxicity than the alkyl ethoxylated alcohols, and biodegrade much more quickly.
To summarize, the primary surfactant used for forming the present surfactant solution is a nonionic surfactant selected from the group of alkyl ethoxylated alcohol and alkyl polyglycosides and is present in the concentration range from about 0.25% to 2%, by weight.
In the present invention, the co-surfactant is a fluronated cationic surfactant which performs two important functions: (1) to increase foam stability in the present of crude oil and, (2) if a polymer (to be discussed below) is added, to improve foam mobility reduction through interaction with the polymer. The fluorinated cationic co-surfactant (i.e. fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride) of the present invention works moderately well by itself (curve "J" in FIG. 1) producing a low initial foam height (i.e. 2.5 ml) but a very long foam life (>60 minutes although the foam bubbles are extremely thin) in the presence of a crude oil. HCl protonates these fluorinated cationic surfactants.
However, the fluorocarbon moiety dramatically reduces the oil solubility and provides much lower surface tensions than the alkyl chain. Thus, while the initial foam height is low because of partial surfactant loss in oil, this foam is long lasting because of the ultra-low surface tension, which promotes lamella stability in the presence of crude oil. Increasing the surfactant concentration from 1 wt % (curve "J" of FIG. 1) to 1.75 wt % (curve "H") increases the foam initial height. Unfortunately, however, the cost of using this much flurocarbon surfactant is prohibitive in acidizing operations. Therefore, the flurocarbon surfactants are more optimally used as co-surfactants at much lower concentrations to provide oil stability and long life to the less-expensive, primary surfactants.
When a polymer is used in the present surfactant solution, the hydrophilic moiety, or head, of the co-surfactant must be cationic in order to interact with the polymer. This cationic surfactant will form mixed micelles with the primary nonionic surfactant. The cationic heads of the co-surfactant provide surface charges to the micelles, which are attracted to the oppositely charged segments of the polymer chain.
The micellar charge density may be adjusted by varying the ratio of nonionic to cationic surfactant NI/CI in the bulk to induce interaction with polymer in 2% ammonium chloride brine and 15% HCl. Zwitterionic surfactant may also be used, although the electrical interactions with the polymer may be weaker and less predictable.
Without any polymer being added, a weight ratio of nonionic to cationic surfactant of from 5-1 to about 20-1 (i.e. from about 0.0125 wt % to about 0.4 wt % of the gross surfactant solution ) is suitable, depending on the level of oil saturation with higher saturations requiring more co-surfactant (i.e. fluorocarbon). The preferred ratio of primary surfactant to co-surfactant is about 10 to 1 (from about 0.025 wt % to about 0.2 wt %).
When a polymer is added, the ratio of NI/CI is used to adjust the micelle surface charge density and control the surfactant-polymer interactions. For a fixed level of cationic/nonionic surfactant and polymer, the maximum NI/CI ratio may be determined experimentally by increasing the proportion of cationic suractant until the surfactant/polymer complex is formed and precipitated out of solution. This establishes the highest NI/CI ratio. A NI/CI ratio of 10 to 1 is a good starting point for generating foams for most acidizing operations. Conversely, for a fixed polymer level and NI/CI ratio, the appropriate surfactant level may be determined by adding an increasing amount of the surfactnat mixture which has a fixed NI/CI. In both cases, excess surfactant, polymer, or an addition of a co-solvent (discussed below) can resolubilize the complex into the aqueous solution.
Most foams generated from surfactants alone can yield a mobility reduction up to a few hundred fold. To reach a higher mobility reduction and better vertical conformance for the acid, a polymer must be added. Many natural and synthetic polymers carry nonionic functional groups and negative electrical charges that can interact with positively charged micelles to form aggregates. The polymers should have a molecular weight between 1 and 5 million to provide both high viscosity and good injectively. The nonionic functional groups provide water solubility without extreme sensitivity to pH changes.
Negatively-charged polysaccharides (e.g. Xanthan gum, guar gum and its derivatives), and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides may be used with micelles with a slight positive charge (cationic flurocarbon-nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant). The polymer concentration depends on the level of mobility reduction required. A range of from about 175 to about 1600 ppm polymer (i.e. from about 0.0175 wt % to about 0.16 wt %) is recommended. The optimal range depends on the level of mobility reduction desired.
An excess of surfactant or polymer maintains the surfactant/polymer complex in solution. However, a less expensive approach is to use a weak amphiphile as a co-solvent to solubilize the complexes. Suitable co-solvents can be selected from the group of isopropyl alcohol, ethanol, methanol, glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, or combinations thereof. The co-solvent may be used to disperse the polymer as slurry, which facilitate subsequent dissolution and hydration in water and reduces the chance of making "fish eyes".
The co-solvent also stabilizes foam, and reduces the freezing point of the foaming solution. A concentration range of 0.5 to 2%, by weight, is recommended.
The following specific examples describes foams which were formulated in accordance with the present invention for use in particular applications; i.e. foams which are stable in the presence of 15% HCl, 2% ammonium chloride, and 30% Saddlerochit crude oil:
1. Foam Formulation with Branched Alkyl Ethoxylate
A branched nonionic surfactant ("TERGITOL TMN 10" or Trimethyl nonylpolyethyleneglycol ether, branched C12 EO10, manufactured by Union Carbide) having a HLB of 16.1 was selected as the primary surfactant in a gross weight concentration of 0.1%. A gross concentration of 0.5 wt % is near the optimum for foam initial height and foam life.
A concentration of 0.05 wt % of gross cationic co-surfactant (i.e. a fluorinated quaternary ammonium chloride such as "FLUORAD FC-754", manufactured by 3-M Company) was mixed with the primary surfactant and the brine to form the surfactant solution. The resulting formulation (curve "Blend B" in FIG. 2) yielded a foam about as high as that of a foam using the primary surfactant alone (curve "O" in FIG. 2) but it extended the foam life in the present of crude oil at 150° F. from 10 minutes to several hours (compare curves "Blend B" and "O" in FIG. 2).
With or without a polymer, a co-solvent (e.g. polyol) may be added within the range of from about 0.65 wt % to about 2 wt %. Mixing varying amounts of the co-surfactant with a fixed amount of the primary surfactant formed charged mixed-micelles. A fixed amount of polymer established the co-surfactant concentration at which the surfactant/polymer complex precipitates for a given brine/temperature system. This is the maximum concentration of a co-surfactant which to be used with a particular concentration of a polymer.
A surfactant solution in accordance with the present invention was formulated which was comprised of 0.45 wt % gross primary surfactant ("TMN 10"), 0.05 wt % gross co-surfactant ("FC-754"), and 0.65 wt % polyol (glycerol)--a total of 1.15 wt % gross chemicals with the remainder of the aqueous surfactant solution comprising a 2% ammonium chloride brine--produced an excellent foam; (i.e. "Blend B" in FIG. 6). When the equilibration time was extended from 1 hour to 24 hours to simulate the end of a long acid job, this formulation still produced high initial foam and retained a foam life exceeding 100 minutes (FIG. 6). Such formulations appear highly useful in high-temperature acid jobs.
2. Foam Formulated with Polyglycosides
A surfactant solution was formulated in accordance with the present invention using an mixture of alkyl polyglycosides APG (i.e. APG 300 Cn H2n+1 O(C6 H10 O5 Ox H wherein n=9 to 11; x=1.8 and APG 225 n=8 to 10; x=1.4, both manufactured by Henkel) which produced a HLB of about 13, comparable to an HLB of 13.1 for APG325, which was tested alone. Blending 0.35 wt % gross of this APG mixture with 0.05 wt % of gross co-surfactant (i.e. "FLUORAD FC-754") and 0.85 wt % polyol (i.e. glycerol)--a total of 1.25 wt % gross chemicals with the remainder of the aqueous surfactant solution comprising a 2% ammonium chloride brine)--produced an excellent foam; "Blend A" in FIG. 5. This formulation produced a similar foam initial height and foam life (beyond 4 hours) as the did "Blend B" in FIG. 6. However, "Blend A" lost nearly all of its effectiveness after 24 hours of contact with acid (FIG. 5). This weaker foam helps the backflow of chemicals in short acid jobs at low temperatures.
In order to increase the foam mobility reduction, an anionic polymer (e.g. a polysaccharide having a molecular weight of about 4 million such as "FLOCON 4800C" Xanthan gum, manufactured by Pfizer) may be added to either the surfactant solution formulated with an alkyl ethoxylate or the surfactant solution formulated with polyglycosides. The polymer may be added in amounts of from about 175 to about 500 ppm to provide the high mobility reduction needed at the above surfactant concentrations of from about 0.35 wt % to about 0.45 wt %. If necessary, the polymer concentration may be further increased by increasing the concentration of surfactant/co-surfactant/co-solvent proportionally.
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Viola is the name of three artists: 1) Viola is a finnish indie rock band that have been playing their dramatic, melancholic and bittersweet, yet hopeful pop music since the turn of the millennium. More information about Viola at their website, www.pophurts.com / www.violamusicclub.com. 2) Viola is an italian singer, Violante Placido (she is also an actress, daughter of Michele Placido). Her music is pop-rock, taking elements by Beatles, Suzanne Vega.
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2014-2015 Undergraduate Catalog
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The student may select courses in music history, theory, literature, performance study or ensemble participation to complete the 21 Required Major Credits. A maximum of 7 credits of performance and ensemble participation may apply toward meeting the elective requirements.
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text: Assalamualaikum & Hello everyone, My name is Faiza Zarif (Cook With Faiza). I am here to help my brothers and sisters with all sorts of Pakistani and Indian cooking recipes by uploading 7 to 8 videos per week. I very much believe in eating healthy recipes; therefore, my channel has a range of delicious healthy recipes to healthy dessert recipes. Not just this, I know how children are very fussy and choose to pick certain foods as I also have children and deal with this nearly everyday; hence, I also upload Children's healthy recipes for mothers that want to make their children try something new daily.


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Overview of noun matrimony
The noun matrimony has 2 senses? (first 1 from tagged texts)
1. (1) marriage, matrimony, union, spousal relationship, wedlock
(the state of being a married couple voluntarily joined for life (or until divorce); "a long and happy marriage"; "God bless this union")
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(the ceremony or sacrament of marriage)


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George S Christian
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George Christian is an Adjunct Professor of English. He is a Plan II graduate of UT, where he also earned his law degree, M.A. in English, and Ph.D. in English. He is working on a second Ph.D. in Modern European History. A practicing lawyer who has taught British Literature for five years, he specializes in the nineteenth-century English novel. He has published numerous articles on Victorian novels by Carlyle, Dickens, Trollope, Hardy, and Gissing. Current research interests include: the relationship of law and literature in the nineteenth-century English novel and the history of Scotland during the French Revolution.


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Originally a 17th-century coaching inn, the property has been extended offers a modern, large, airy bar and restaurant with a selection of good quality bedrooms equipped for the modern day traveller. ...More about The Ragged Cot
This attractive property, built around a 17th-century Cotswold house, has been sympathetically converted and extended to become a pleasant and friendly hotel. The bedrooms, including a four-poster roo...More about The Royal George Hotel
The Bradley is a boutique town house in the centre of Regency Cheltenham, just a few minutes' stroll from the local shops and the town centre. Bedrooms and bathrooms offer plenty of quality and comfor...More about The Bradley
This establishment was a cider house in the 17th century, and guests today will find that roaring log fires, locally brewed ales and traditional, home-cooked food are all on offer. The comfortable, we...More about The Crown Inn
Modern, budget hotel offering comfortable accommodation in bright and practical bedrooms. Breakfast is self-service and dinner is available in the restaurant. ...More about Ibis Gloucester
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Updated: 06/10/2012 9:43 PM KSTP.com By: Jay Kolls
The Center for Medicaid Services is the fourth federal investigation into Medicaid and the four HMOs that run Minnesota's Medicaid program. CMS joins the U.S. Justice Department, the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House of Representatives in investigating Minnesota's $4 billion-a-year Medicaid program.
The feds are trying to figure out of the four HMOs conspired with the Minnesota Department of Human Services to artificially inflate Medicaid costs to illegally obtain federal matching dollars. Rep. Michele Bachmann, (R), 6th District, tells 5 EYEWITNESS NEWS that the fourth investigation reveals there is something "highly suspect" about Minnesota's Medicaid program. Bachmann is authoring legislation that will require every HMO in the country to be audited before they can receive any Medicaid money.
Bachmann also says it is time Congress bring the four HMOs out to Washington, put them under oath, and make them testify about how they administer the Medicaid program. The four HMOs are Medica, U-Care, Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Minnesota and HealthPartners. Bachmann says she now has support from two of her Minnesota colleauges in the House. She says Democrats Keith Ellison and Betty McCollum support her legislation.


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verb clas·si·fy \ˈkla-sə-ˌfī\
: to arrange (people or things) into groups based on ways that they are alike
: to consider (someone or something) as belonging to a particular group
Full Definition of CLASSIFY
transitive verb
: to arrange in classes <classifying books according to subject matter>
: to assign (as a document) to a category
— clas·si·fi·able \ˌkla-sə-ˈfī-ə-bəl\ adjective
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Examples of CLASSIFY
- Students will be learning about the ways scientists classify animals.
- The online system can classify books by subject.
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- assort, break down, categorize, class, codify, compartment, compartmentalize, digest, distinguish, distribute, grade, group, peg, place, range, rank, relegate, separate, sort, type
CLASSIFYING Defined for Kids
verb clas·si·fy \ˈkla-sə-ˌfī\
Definition of CLASSIFY for Kids
: to arrange in groups based on similarities <Our librarians classify books by subject.>
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transitive verb clas·si·fy \ˈklas-ə-ˌfī\
Medical Definition of CLASSIFY
: to arrange in classes that have systematic relations usually founded on common properties <how would you classify these animals>
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What is leg burning sensation?
Leg burning sensation can result from a number of causes, including damage to nerves in the legs from exposure to extreme heat or cold or to toxic substances. Leg burning sensation might also result from a circulation problem that impairs blood flow to the legs, a leg injury, or intense exercise. Another possible cause of leg burning sensation is meralgia paresthetica, which is pain in the outer thigh due to compression of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, one of the main nerves within the thigh. Chronic conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, can also cause the sensation of burning in the legs.
Learn More About Leg Burning Sensation
Alternatively, leg burning sensation may be caused by peripheral neuropathy, a disorder in which the peripheral nerves that relay signals between the body and the brain and spinal cord lose function. Peripheral neuropathy can be due to a number of specific diseases and disorders, including alcoholism, diabetes, and Guillain-Barre syndrome, an autoimmune nerve disorder. In some cases, peripheral neuropathy has no known cause.
A burning feeling may be the only symptom experienced or it may be accompanied by tingling (paresthesia) and numbness. The duration and course of leg burning sensation can vary widely, depending on the underlying condition. Leg burning sensation caused by injury often has a sudden onset, while leg burning sensation resulting from peripheral neuropathy develops slowly and persists or worsens over time.
Seek immediate medical care (call 911) ifasudden leg burning sensation is accompanied by numbness or weakness on one side of your body; a change in level of consciousness or alertness, such as passing out or unresponsiveness; or the worst headache of your life, as these can be signs of stroke. Also, if your leg burning sensation is a result of a severe burn, seek immediate medical care (call 911).
If your leg burning sensation is persistent or causes you concern, seek prompt medical care.
What other symptoms might occur with leg burning sensation?
Leg burning sensation may accompany other symptoms, which vary depending on the underlying disease, disorder or condition. Symptoms that frequently affect the legs also involve other body systems.
Leg symptoms that may occur along with leg burning sensationLeg burning sensation may accompany other symptoms affecting the legs including:
- Bleeding... Read more about leg burning sensationsymptoms
What causes leg burning sensation?
Leg burning sensation can be caused by nerve or skin damage in the legs and surrounding tissues. Burns from chemicals or extreme heat, as well as exposure to poisonous substances, may damage the nerves in the skin, resulting in a sensation of leg burning.
Damage to the peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy) can also cause a leg burning sensation. Peripheral neuropathy may be du... Read more about leg burning sensationcauses


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Augmentative communication app Speak For Yourself pulled from iTunes store at patent plaintiff request
June 13, 2012 | 8:26 pm
By Chris Meadows
A few months ago I wrote about the patent situation surrounding an app called "Speak For Yourself" that allows autistic and otherwise nonverbal people to communicate with others. A couple of companies who make much more expensive AAC (augmentative and alternative communication) devices are suing the makers of Speak For Yourself for infringing 100 of their patents.
Dana Nieder, mother of a four-year-old nonverbal child named Maya, has updated her blog to note that thanks to the app, Maya's communication skills with the app have improved dramatically over just a few weeks. But she also notes that, as of Monday, Apple had removed Speak For Yourself from the iTunes store after the plaintiffs in the patent lawsuit asked it to. The removal was not ordered by the court—the companies had not even asked the court for such an order. But Apple pulled it anyway.
While the app still exists on Dana's iPad, the removal means that it can no longer be updated through the app store, and changes to Apple's operating system could break it permanently if its creators can't push out an updated version.
And there's another threat, too, perhaps a more sinister one. What would happen if PRC/SCS contacted Apple and asked them to remotely delete the copies of Speak for Yourself that were already purchased, citing that the app was (allegedly) illegally infringing upon their patents, and stating that they wanted it entirely removed from existence? Prior to last week, I would have (naively) thought that such an aggressive move, harmful to hundreds of innocent nonverbal children, would have been unfathomable. Now, it appears to be a real concern. Prior to last week I would have (naively) thought that even if such a request was made, Apple would never comply without a court injunction forcing them to do so. Now, it appears that they very well might.
As I mentioned in the last article, the patent claim does appear to be legitimate. It's unfortunate that these companies don't have any plans for iPad apps of their own, and that Speak For Yourself seems to be the only app or device Maya has been able to make work for herself. It's not clear that this situation is going to have a happy ending for people who use the plucky little program.
(Also covered on Time.)
The rumored new iPad mini 4: Another example of the competition between books and other media?
Toddler Tablet Time Bad? Maybe Not
Neil Young pulls all his music from streaming services
Making the Switch from Laptop to Tablet
Morning Links: What Is a Book? Pebble Time Review
It seems that the inconvenience of constitutionally guaranteed due process has been successfully neutralized. Something is very wrong when all you have to do is assert wrongdoing and your competitor is expelled from retailers shelves.
Apple's behaving like a real stinker here. It could have insisted on a court order and then used its cadre of lawyers to delay that order long enough to give every parent who might want the app to get it. And if it looked like the decision might go the wrong way, Apple could have rendered the decision 'moot' by pulling the app, conveniently avoiding the chance of a court order that might have forced it to yank the app off iPads.
This is yet another illustration of why leaving patent law to patent lawyers, as we have done in recent decades, is a Most Bad Idea. We used to have a ban on business method patents (i.e. Amazon's one-click purchasing). We don't any more. Patent lawyers make buckets of money getting and squabbling over those patents. These patents on methods that help children, are even worse. It should be completely and utterly impossible to patent methods for teaching or working with disabled children.
Keep in mind that the governing factor in copyright and patent law is the public interest. The Constitution specifically states that. No public interest is served by forcing the parents of disabled children to forgo something useful for their child.
Perhaps those who're technical gifted can set up an underground organization to jailbreak iPads and install this app for those who need it. And the parents, in appreciation, could donate the cost of the app (perhaps anonymously) to Speak for Yourself's legal defense. That'd be a win-win for everyone but the jerks who're suing.
And Apple, with roughly $100 billion in the bank, could make up for this 'stinker' behavior by funding the Speak for Yourself's legal team. That'd make it very clear that, having decided to market iPads as educational devices, they intend to protect those who make those sorts of apps. These are 'rich' corporations. They're typically parents with high expenses and tight budgets.
–Michael W. Perry, editor of Eugenics and Other Evils by G. K. Chesterton
This may be yet another example of why the foes of constitutional protections favor privatization. On private property and in private business, due process needn't be observed as it must in public and publicly regulated areas.
The legal penalties for copyright infringement are:
Infringer pays the actual dollar amount of damages and profits.
The law provides a range from $200 to $150,000 for each work infringed.
Infringer pays for all attorneys fees and court costs.
The Court can issue an injunction to stop the infringing acts.
The Court can impound the illegal works.
The infringer can go to jail.
Somebody's in trouble!
permission is needed in order to use the work. It is always a good idea to request the permission in writing and to retain all the documents associated with the request.
Pay attention to the law and you won't have to pay attorneys — most of the time.


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IRB Forms for Committee Members
Review Dates and Deadlines for the 2014-2015 Academic Year:
IRB Proposal submissions and applications are accepted anytime; however, there is a monthly deadline associated with their review(s). The monthly deadline for review(s) is the 7th of the month during the academic year. Application submissions received past the 7th of the month will be reviewed beginning on the 7th of the subsequent month. For example, application received between September 7th and October 7h will be reviewed starting October 7th. Application received between October 8th and November 7th would begin the review process starting November 7th. This monthly pattern would follow for other months in the academic year.
Summer reviews will be done using a similar timeframe, but will be dependent upon the type of proposal. Generally, exempt and expedited reviews can be evaluated over the summer, whereas full board reviews cannot. Full board review proposals received in the summer will be reviewed in the fall semester.
Properly completed proposals generally take 1-2 weeks to approve (if exempt or expedited), or 3-4 weeks to approve (if full board) after the monthly deadline (i.e., the 7th of each month).
Please contact Garrett Strosser if you have questions about this process.
PDF forms should be downloaded and opened with Adobe Reader unless using Internet Explorer.
Instructions for downloading IRB forms
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The Internet Blowhard's Favorite Phrase
Oct 02, 2012
Commentary by Stephen Downes
This is an engaging read about the phrase "correlation does not imply causation." The phrase, of course, is the conversation-stopper of the internet age, useful any time you want to stop someone from making a claim based on the data. What's missing in the article is consideration of the question of how we do show causation - for after all, if all the data shows is correlation, how do we conclude that any causes exist?Total: 293
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Video:How to Make Crepes Suzettewith Jill Johnson
Crepes Suzette are a classic French treat. Here's a delicious recipe for Crepes Suzette.See Transcript
Transcript:How to Make Crepes SuzetteHi, I'm Jill Johnson and I want to show you how to make a Crepes Suzette on About.com. There are two steps to this recipe: making the crepes and flambéing them in an orange sugar sauce.
The legend of this delicious dessert is that it was created by the mistake of a 14-year-old assistant waiter Henri Charpentier who, in 1894 while making a dessert for the Prince of Wales, accidentally caught the cordials in the chafing dish on fire – and the result tasted great!
Ingredients for Crepes Suzette CrepesTo make about 12 10" crepes, which is enough to serve four, you will need:
- 4 large eggs
- 1/2 cup whole milk
- 1/4 cups heavy cream
- 1/4 teaspoon vanilla
- 1/2 cup flour
- 1/8 cup confectioners sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon orange zest (which is the grated peel)
- 1 tablespoon unsalted butter melted
Instructions for CrepesPut all the ingredients, except the melted butter in a blender and mix until smooth. Then brush a 10-inch nonstick skillet with some of the butter and heat over medium high heat until hot.
Pour in a little less than 1/4 cup of the batter immediately moving the skillet to coat the bottom. And don't worry if they not perfectly round. You will fold them later covering any imperfections.
Cook until the top is just set. The underside will be golden, somewhere around 30 seconds or so. You may have to sacrifice the first couple of crepes as the pan gets to the correct temperature.
Loosen the edge of the crepe with a heatproof rubber spatula. And along with your fingertips flip the crepe and cook for another 10 to 15 seconds.
Fold the crepe in half, and fold again to form a triangle. Transfer to a plate and continue making crepes brushing the skillet each time.
Ingredients for Crepes Suzette SauceNow let's make the Crepe Suzette. You will need:
- 1 stick unsalted butter
- 2 cups granulated sugar
- 1/2 teaspoon vanilla
- 5 ounces of Grand Marnier (in all)
- 1 teaspoon of orange zest
- 1 teaspoon of lemon zest
Make the Crepes Suzette SauceTo make the sauce, melt the butter in a large frying pan. when it begins to bubble, pour in 3 ounces of the Grand Marnier. When the mixture is warm, carefully light it on fire using a long lighter or by tilting the pan on the gas burner. When the fire goes out, add the vanilla and sugar and the zests.
Then place the folded crepes into the sauce. Turn them, and add the remaining 2 ounces of Grand Marnier and light them again. When the fire dies down, they are ready to serve. Garnish with thin strips of orange zest or other fresh fruit such as raspberries.
That's it. Be sure to look for more helpful tips and recipes on About.com.
About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the User Agreement.


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Erin Keane
Erin Keane covers Louisville's vibrant arts and humanities scene for WFPL. She also offers commentary on the latest in pop culture news for WFPK's The Weekly Feed. A former newspaper theater critic and arts writer, she has lived in Louisville since 1994 and is a graduate of the Kentucky Governor's School for the Arts, Bellarmine University's communications program and Spalding University's graduate creative writing program.


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Madonna is not here for your second hand smoke. During her outdoor concert in Santiago, Chile on Wednesday Madge had a few choice words for the cigarette puffers once she caught a whiff of the smoke.
Scenario: You're in Chile and a huge Madonna fan. You've paid a nice price for tickets to stand watching her perform songs that will end up on YouTube the same night. But IT'S MADONNA! The day of the show the overcast in the sky is killing your vibe. You hope the rain holds out, but don't bother dressing super cute just in case. You arrive at the outdoor venue only to be cursed by the weather gods with a downpour of rain. You're still excited because IT'S MADONNA. To ease your annoyance with the weather conditions you pull out a cigarette. Puff, puff.
You're pulling away on your tobacco stick and feel great watching Madonna. Puff, puff. The smoke reaches Madonna's mega-star nostrils. Now she's pissed. "If you're going to smoke cigarettes, I'm not doing a show." Your favorite artist, whom you're standing in the rain to watch perform, has just threatened to cancel the show over a few smokers who, uh, have the right to smoke. Outside. "You don't care about me? I don't care about you. All right? Are we going to play that game? I'm not kidding. I can't sing if you smoke—Entiendes? You're looking right at me and smoking cigarettes, like I'm a stupid f—- idiot."
Your favorite artist has just went HAM over cigarette smoke. There's an awkward silence. You try to process how you feel about this tantrum. The smoke disappears and the show goes on. The only thing that remains is the ever lasting memory of Madonna going off on fans like they spit in her Kabbalah water.
Madonna Threatens to Cancel Concert Over Smoking Fans [VIBE]
[Photo: Getty Images]


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The Frank Patrick Total Commitment Award has only been in existence since 1995 but already has been presented to many notable Nittany Lion juniors who display a total commitment to academic pursuits, off-season preparation, in-season commitment and community service. Named for the long-time Penn State assistant coach, Jeff Hartings, Wally Richardson, Mike McQueary, Courtney Brown, Justin Kurpeikis, Zack Mills, Bryan Scott, Jeremy Boone, Josh Hull and Brett Brackett are among the previous recipients. This past spring, the coaching staff selected linebacker Chris Colasanti to join this distinctive list, along with tight end Andrew Szczerba. A physical, strong and intelligent player, Colasanti is looking forward to preseason camp and an opportunity to earn a starting assignment at "Linebacker U." He did not play in the first two games of the 2009 campaign as the coaching staff considered a redshirt season, but early-season injuries to Navorro Bowman and Sean Lee brought the hard-hitting and instinctive linebacker back to the field against Temple. The coaching staff is counting on the talented and experienced Colasanti to continue to provide consistently productive play for the defense and special teams. A two-time first-team all-state selection at Brother Rice HS, he finished spring drills atop the depth chart at middle linebacker. The agile, intense and hard-working Colasanti was one of two true freshmen to play for the Nittany Lions in 2007. An outstanding student-athlete, Colasanti is one of the squad's most active members in community service. Colasanti had a 3.58 cumulative grade-point average after the spring and will be another Nittany Lion with strong credentials for ESPN The Magazine Academic All-America® consideration. He has earned Dean's List recognition in five of his initial six semesters and is a two-time Academic All-Big Ten selection. He spent a portion of his summer as an intern at Penn State Orthopaedics.
Colasanti did not play in the first two games as the coaching staff considered a redshirt season, but early-season injuries to Navorro Bowman and Sean Lee brought him back to the field. Playing in the final 11 contests, he made 18 total tackles (nine solo), serving as the top reserve at middle linebacker. Colasanti made a career-high six stops against Eastern lllinois, including his first career sack. He also made solo stops in the wins at Michigan and Northwestern. Colasanti added three important stops in the 19-17 Capital One Bowl victory over LSU. Colasanti was on the field for 196 snaps, led by 28 against Ohio State and 26 in the win at Michigan.
2008 Sophomore Season
2007 Freshman Season
High School
Colasanti's 2008 Game-by-Game


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My colleague Graham Dunn has secured an update from Arinc about its new on-board Internet service, branded Oi, which will utilize Inmarsat's new higher bandwidth SwiftBroadband aeronautical service, and allow passengers to acces a mixture of cached and live web content via their laptops.
Here are the key points from Graham's story:
1) Arinc expects the first commercial aircraft equipped to support Oi to be fitted before the end of the year and first services to begin in the first quarter of next year.
2) While not able to disclose customer names, Arinc's director of aviation solutions for Europe, Middle East and Asia, Andy Hubbard says the firm is making "good progress" on its on-board Internet product.
3) Hubbard says first deployment of the service in the business aviation market could be even earlier.
4) Hubbard says Arinc's main focus is on the laptop solution, while Arinc/Telenor joint venture AeroMobile is mainly focused on handheld devices connectivity. "We both have core capabilities and solutions," he explains.
As we know, AeroMobile is seeing growing customer take-up of its service on board launch customer Emirates (32 aircraft and counting).
I recently spoke to both AeroMobile and Emirates about the carrier's current mobile connectivity, and its future SwiftBroadband plans. AeroMobile suspects Emirates will be the first of its customers to move to SwiftBroadband. Emirates vice-president for passenger communications Patrick Brannelly says the airline hopes to offer data and e-mail services by the end of the year.
BUT, will Emirates offer Oi to passengers? Last year at the Interiors Expo in Hamburg, IFE reporter extraordinaire Brendan Gallagher hinted at just that, saying Emirates' A380 would make the perfect platform for Oi. And indeed it would.