text:
A heating or cooling system, such as an HVAC system, of variable output has a number of control elements and may include a variable speed compressor, a variable speed combustion (induced or forced draft) blower motor; a variable speed circulator blower motor; a variable output gas valve or gas/air premix unit; and a controller specifically developed for variable output applications. The system may utilize a pressure sensor to determine the actual flow of combustion airflow in response to actual space conditions, vary the speed of the inducer blower, and subsequently vary the gas valve output to supply the correct amount of gas to the burner system. A temperature sensor may be located in the discharge air stream of the conditioned air to provide an input signal for the circulator blower.
1. A controller for a fluid conditioning system for the regulation of temperature in conjunction with a thermostat with outputs of ON and OFF signals; comprising:
the controller having a variable output control algorithm which maintains temperature control by operating the fluid conditioning system at a first conditioning rate when the thermostat signal is ON and there is a call for fluid conditioning, and operating the fluid conditioning system at a second conditioning rate, above zero, when the thermostat signal is OFF and there is no call for fluid conditioning.
2. The controller of
3. The controller of
CFR =PFR+Demand_Update_Percent*[Stat(Time On−Time off)/Stat(Time On+Time Off)]−K;
CFR is a commanded firing rate,
PFR is a next previous firing rate,
K is a factor called Air_Off_Delta_Percent used when the thermostat is "Off", and when Stat is "On" K=0, and Air Off_Delta_Percent is a designated percentage of burner operation.
4. The controller of
5. The controller of
6. The controller of
7. The controller of
8. The controller of
9. The controller of
10. The controller of
11. The controller for a fluid conditioning system according to
12. The controller for a variable output fluid conditioning system according to
13. A variable output heating system comprising:
a) a variable speed blower providing air for combustion;
b) a variable fuel supply valve;
c) a thermostat having output of ON and OFF signals;
d) a controller having output to control at least the variable elements of (a) and (b) above, the controller including at least:
i) a control algorithm for determining a desired firing rate,
ii) a lookup table or equation accessible to determine the variable speed of the combustion blower for the desired firing rate,
iii) a means of adjusting the variable speed combustion air blower speed in order to achieve the desired quantity of combustion air for a desired firing rate in (i) above, and
iv) the control algorithm using the output ON and output OFF signal from the thermostat whereby the system operates at a first firing rate when the thermostat signal is ON, and there is a call for heat, and will operate at a second firing rate above zero when the thermostat signal is OFF, and there is no call for heat, to maintain temperature control.
14. The variable output heating system of
15. The variable output heating system of
16. The variable output heating system of
CFR=PFR+Demand_Update_Percent*[Stat(Time On−Time off)/Stat(Time On+Time Off)]−K;
CFR is a commanded firing rate,
PFR is a next previous firing rate,
K is a factor called Air_Off_Delta_Percent used when the thermoStat is "Off", and when Stat is "On" K=0, and Air_Off_Delta_Percent is a Designated % of burner operation.
17. The variable output heating system of
18. The variable output heating system of
19. The variable output heating system of
20. The variable output heating system of
21. The variable output heating system of
22. The variable output heating system of
23. The variable output heating system of
24. A variable output cooling system comprising:
a) a variable output refrigerant compressor;
b) a variable speed transfer blower situated so as to transfer heat from the outdoor coil to the surrounding air;
c) a variable indoor circulating blower;
d) a thermostat with an ON signal and OFF signal;
e) a controller having output for at least the variable elements of (a), (b), and (c) above, the controller including:
i. a control algorithm for determining a desired variable refrigerant compressor output,
ii. means for determining a desired speed of the variable speed transfer blower,
iii. means for determining a desired speed of the variable indoor circulating blower,
iv. the control algorithm using the output ON and output OFF signal from the thermostat whereby the system operates at a first cooling rate when the thermostat signal is ON, and there is a call for heat, and will operate at a second cooling rate above zero when the thermostat signal is OFF, and there is no call for heat, to maintain temperature control.
25. The variable output cooling system of
26. The variable output cooling system of
27. The variable output cooling system of
28. The variable output cooling system of
29. The variable output cooling system of
30. A controller for a variable output fluid conditioning system having an algorithm for determining a fluid conditioning rate based on a thermostat ON/OFF history to establish a minimum ON time for at least a portion of the fluid conditioning system.
31. The controller of
32. The controller of
This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/322,133 filed Sep. 10, 2001.
This is a continuation patent application of U.S. patent application having U.S. Ser. No. 10/236,678, which was filed on 6 Sep. 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,866,202.
1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the control of systems for the heating or cooling of fluids, e.g., air or water. In particular, the present invention relates to provision of systems and techniques for variable operation of such systems.
2) Discussion of the Related Art
In the field of gas burner technology relating to burners such as may be used in furnaces, water heaters, boilers, and the like, it is desirable to control the operation of a burner beyond merely supplying gas and providing air for combustion at a fixed flow rate, and igniting the mixture. Numerous factors must be considered in the construction, placement and operating conditions for a gas burner.
Typically, variably controllable parts of a burner appliance may include the combustion fan also sometimes called the inducer fan, which creates a negative pressure in the combustion area to supply air to the combustion process and create draft to ensure removal of the products of combustion. Terminology in the art will sometimes distinguish a power burner which uses positive pressure, and an induced draft burner which uses negative pressure. A circulator fan may be used to variably control movement of the treated air, such as by blowing over the heat exchanger for the movement of heated air. "Fan", "motor" and "blower" may sometimes be used interchangeably herein in referring to motor driven fans for air movement. Variable fuel valves are known in the art which can modulate, or vary, the supply of fuel to a burner. "Appliance" will be used herein in the sense of a hardware device such as a burner or condenser for heating or cooling, or a larger apparatus such as a furnace or air conditioning unit using such a burner or condenser.
In general it is true that a burner which operates closely to stoichiometric conditions is more efficient than one which is operating, for example, with a large amount of excess air. If the amount of fuel gas and combustion air are known, the actual combustion conditions, relative to stoichiometry, may be defined.
Problems faced by gas burners include performance variations caused by changes in airflow, such as due to fan/blower degradation and flue blockage. Variations in burner performance caused by the aforementioned conditions may result in excessive pollutant production, which in turn may be a health and safety hazard. Some prior art appliances provide a fixed air supply to a burner, and must, therefore, supply enough air to prevent excessive production of deleterious gases such as carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen under ideal operating conditions, and also provide a safety margin to account for incidences such as a blocked stack or an overfire condition (i.e., a significant increase in the firing rate above the rated value) within the appliance. Therefore, a standard appliance is typically designed with an excess air level significantly higher than would be required if changes in firing rate or airflow could be compensated for automatically. The additional safety margin of excess air may result in a significant reduction in appliance efficiency. Accordingly, it would be desirable to more closely control the fuel to air ratio to achieve greater efficiency.
An additional problem that gas burner equipped appliances, such as furnaces, face, is the effect that altitude has upon performance. At higher altitudes, burners receive air that is less dense, and accordingly, has less oxygen. Accordingly, for appliances that are not capable of modifying their operation in response to altitude, such apparatus must be derated for altitudes that are different than a "base" or nominal optimum operating altitude (e.g., sea level). For example, it is typical to derate an appliance, such as a furnace, at a rate of −4% per every 1000 feet of increased altitude. That means that for an appliance having a rating of X BTU/Hr at sea level, the rating may be X*(1−0.04) BTU/Hr at 1000 feet.
Gas burning appliance designs are known in which the supplies of fuel gas, primary combustion air and secondary combustion air (if such is applied) are capable of being physically controlled in finite increments to facilitate safe and efficient operation. However, with prior designs, this is typically achieved through the use of complex mechanical systems, such as a mechanical jackshaft. Known appliances may have the capability to modulate or vary fuel flow over a wide supply range, thus providing a wide range of heating capacity (firing rates) through a single appliance. However the known variable systems are presently very expensive. Modulating fuel capabilities may greatly increase a system's overall efficiency. Two stage systems, i.e., systems capable of operating at two firing rate levels, are available, but are limited in their scope and range of operation due to their inability to precisely control the fuel gas and air mixture at two levels only, and the need for a wide excess-air safety margin.
As stated, a continuously modulating appliance, to be efficient, may require close control of the fuel/air ratio. Though it is possible to directly measure the fuel and airflow rates independently and thereby determine the fuel and air mixture, such a detection system would require expensive sensor systems and be complex and possibly overly costly for most appliance applications of interest. A known system as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,745 may therefore be used.
Various other techniques or systems to increase the efficiency of an air treatment system have been proposed. Variable speed motors for blowers, fans, etc., for air movement have been used to a limited degree but they, alone, do not allow the appliance to vary its output since other components must also be varied to safely modulate a combustion appliance. Further, most commercially available variable speed motors are expensive.
It is also generally true that the more modulation and control capability placed into an appliance system, the greater the cost to supply and maintain sensing and control of that system to achieve the desired efficiency increases. However, the applicants do not believe that a control system for integrating all factors of a variable heating or cooling system has yet been presented which takes full advantage of the efficiencies to be gained from such systems while providing variable control at a reasonable cost and performance level.
The present invention provides an inexpensive system for variable output fluid conditioning, e.g., heating or cooling, or both, equipment through the use of a series of electronically controllable variable output components and economical sensing and control systems. Economical implementation may further be achieved by the use of inexpensive variable speed motor technology as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,783 and patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975, for the control of shaded pole or standard permanent split capacitor (PSC) AC induction motors. U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,783 and patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975, are of common ownership herewith, and are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
In a typical variable output appliance according to the present invention, the system utilizes one or more variable speed motors, a variable output gas valve, and a controller that varies the controlled elements of the appliance to assure safe and efficient operation at all firing rates. While presented in exemplary form as a system for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) of air, the person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that aspects of the present invention may be applied to other fluid heating or cooling appliances or systems beyond these exemplary forms of the invention such as boilers, water heaters, IR heaters, cooking appliances, and the like.
Certain aspects of the present invention may employ a variable fuel supply gas valve, which may be stepped, or preferably, fully modulatable. Certain aspects of the present invention may employ a variable combustion-air supply such as a variable speed combustion fan, which likewise may be stepped or fully modulatable. Certain aspects of the present invention may employ both such variable components. Certain aspects of the present invention may employ variable components in the cooling function, such as stepped or modulatable compressors. Certain aspects of the present invention may further employ variable speed circulators, such as pumps for liquids or circulator fans for air, in conjunction with the other variable components.
In one aspect of the invention, an algorithm, sometimes herein called a "thermostat algorithm", of the controller may respond to a control signal call for appliance operation from any input/output sensing or control unit; such as from an On/Off thermostat, temperature sensor, boiler pressure sensor, analog control input, various proportional control devices, or the like; by determining a demand on the system such as an amount of fuel or fuel/air mixture, herein sometimes collectively referred to as a "firing rate", a rate of cooling compressor operation, or an amount of fluid circulation, from a variable, or modulatable, element controlling such conditions. For example, the controller may set a variable, or modulatable, fuel valve to the correct setting to deliver the desired amount of fuel. The thermostat algorithm may also determine a duty cycle, or time of operation, for the appliance. Based on the desired system demand from, e.g. the firing rate of, the appliance, the controller may determine the proper regulation of the various modulatable elements, e.g., the airflow required from the combustion blower such as by calculation or accessing a lookup table so as to achieve the correct stoichiometry. The speed of the combustion blower, or inducer, fan may be economically and reliably monitored by a differential pressure sensor and the variable speed motor of the combustion blower may be adjusted until the correct pressure (vacuum) is attained. The system may then trim, i.e. fine tune, the stoichiometry by adjusting the airflow, the gas flow, or a combination of both, by means of a closed loop system controlled by the pressure sensor, or further adjusted through a closed loop system as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,745. When a different heating output is commanded, the speed of the combustion blower motor, as well as the electrically modulated gas valve, may be altered and then re-trimmed to achieve the correct stoichiometry at the new firing rate.
Various modulating, i.e. modulatable or variable, fuel valves may be used with aspects of the present invention. Two different types of modulating valves are discussed herein. A modulating pressure feedback valve may be used in applications where it is desirable that a gas valve be pneumatically linked to the combustion blower pressure (vacuum). In this case, the valve directly follows the blower pressure (vacuum) under all operating conditions. A modulating electronically operated valve may be used where it is desirable to apply a variable electronic input signal to the modulating valve.
Various types of burners, e.g., powered burners or induced draft in-shot burners or partial or fully pre-mixed burners, may be suitable for use with aspects of the present invention. In-shot burners are commonly used in most furnaces and small boilers, whereas pre-mix burners are increasingly common where superior emissions characteristics are desired.
A pressure sensor may be used with certain aspects of the present invention, e.g., to measure the differential pressure drop across the heat exchanger in order to determine the optimum characteristics of the combustion, or inducer, fan operation within the heat exchanger.
A variable speed circulator motor according to some aspects of the invention may be controlled through a wide speed range so as to maintain a desired discharge fluid temperature, pressure, or flow for the conditioned fluid, e.g., air. The basic control circuits are the subject of the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,783 and co-pending patent application Ser. No. 60/304,954. To control the discharge air temperature to the conditioned space, a discharge air temperature sensor may be located downstream of the heat exchangers, e.g., either the furnace heat exchanger or the air conditioning coil, or both.
According to further aspects of the present invention, the controller responds to a thermostat and may operate an exemplary system in either of the heating or cooling modes. The controller may interface with the thermostat and limit controls and may perform all sequencing functions for operation of a fluid conditioning appliance while monitoring for operation safety at all times. The controller may operate the igniter, the variable speed combustion blower, the modulating gas valve and the variable speed circulator motor, and in some cases, the stoichiometry of the flame, e.g., in a. Closed Loop Combustion Controller (CLCC) where required by the system. In addition, the controller may also operate the cooling compressor.
Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below and are illustrated in the following Figures, which are to be used as aids to understanding the exemplary embodiments:
The input signal to an electronically modulated fuel valve 31 (
The controller 23, in addition to control of the variable combustion blower 33 and modulating fuel valve 31, may provide control of a variable speed circulator motor 43 through circulator blower driver 51. Feedback control of the variable speed circulator motor 43 may be achieved through input from a temperature sensor 53 or via control algorithms for constant air flow or pressure, as further detailed below.
The controller 23, in addition may perform the following functions of the exemplary air treatment system, including: controlling sequencing of the furnace operation, safe start checks, safety routines and monitoring of limit controls 39; controlling an igniter 36; monitoring a flame sensor 38 through an ignition and flame proving driver 49, providing and/or monitoring a pressure (vacuum) sensor 41 that is used for controlling firing rate; controlling the cooling compressor (not shown), and controlling accessory controls such as electronic air cleaners and the like (not shown), in order to maintain optimum space temperatures.
Modulating, or variable, gas valves may be used with aspects of the present invention. Two different types of modulating valves are discussed herein. A modulating pressure feedback valve as seen in
A modulating electronically operated valve as seen in
The electrically modulating valve of
Pneumatic Tracking System
A pressure sensor is used as a means of providing feedback loop control of the induced draft blower 33. The motor speed is automatically increased or decreased until the desired pressure is achieved. The pressure sensor 41 measures the differential pressure between a reference point (usually atmospheric) and the discharge side of the heat exchanger of the heating appliance. Flow may be defined by the following equation:
The pressure sensor 41, when used in this manner, is able to measure the combustion mass airflow and also compensate for air side variations such as varying vent lengths, flow blockages, altitude, etc. A representative version of such a pressure sensor may be obtained from Honeywell Inc. under the commercial designation CPXL/CPX or CPCL/CPC Micromachined Silicon Pressure sensors.
Thus, through a pressure feedback loop, the combustion blower pressure may be constantly monitored and the speed adjusted to attain the desired pressure because the appliance behaves like a fixed area (e.g. an orifice) which, when multiplied by the (square root of) differential pressure between the entry and exit points and a suitable constant, represents flow. Thus the variable speed combustion blower motor 33 may be controlled to achieve the correct speed for the desired firing rate.
One preferred variable speed combustion blower motor and an appropriate control operation for the motor are the subjects of U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,783 and patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,864,659; both disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference. The variable speed motors of the present invention may be controlled according to those teachings inexpensively and efficiently through a wide speed range in order to provide the correct airflow for the combustion process.
Lightly loaded AC induction motors may closely approach synchronous speed throughout a wide range of voltage input levels. In variable speed applications it is desirable to be able to set the speed regardless of the load requirements. For example, to further control AC induction motors, speed may be sensed by turning off the entire motor very briefly and measuring the duration between two subsequent zero crossings of the decaying generated voltage signal. The motor would be turned off for perhaps two cycles while the speed is determined. Frequency measurement is somewhat simpler to achieve than amplitude measurement using back EMF from the powered windings. This circuit was described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975.
Rather than using a more costly modulating thermostat, aspects of the present invention provide a software based thermostat algorithm 29, or routine, which translates the incoming On-Off thermostat signal into an output signal that is proportional to the system demand. The thermostat algorithm function may monitor the thermostat on/off state, elapsed time, and present and previous duty cycle, or half cycle, times. The controller 23 uses this thermostat algorithm 29 to increase or decrease the firing rate, i.e. the amount of gas supplied, directly for the electronically modulating valve and indirectly for the pressure feedback valve, for the next combustion cycle. Duty cycle, or on time, of the gas supply and speed, i.e. air movement, desired from the inducer blower 33 may also be determined by the algorithm.
The thermostat algorithm 29 generally determines the commanded firing rate (CFR) of the furnace based on the thermostat duty cycle (TDC) and the previous firing rate (PFR) of the furnace.
The thermostat algorithm 29 of the exemplary embodiment is designed to achieve at least the following objectives: to adjust the commanded firing rate to achieve a 50% duty cycle of the thermostat; i.e. having the furnace output control the thermostat, instead of having the thermostat control the furnace output (as is normal); to extend the duty cycle of the burner to 100%; to use the previous firing rate (PFR) and most recent thermostat duty cycle information (ON %) to adjust the firing rate; and to establish a minimum "ON" time to reduce condensation in the appliance.
It will be noted that the commanded firing rates are computed as a percent with 0% representing OFF, 1% representing Low Fire (LF), and 100% representing High Fire (HF). Note that this firing rate scale is different from the more normal firing rate parameters that are expressed in percent of maximum BTUs rated for the appliance (i.e., the present value is using percent of fuel valve adjustment, or what the fuel valve can deliver, rather than a percentage of rated BTU's for the appliance). Note also that in the case of the pressure feedback type modulating valve, the system is actually adjusting, or commanding the inducer air flow in order that the valve may track that pressure (vacuum).
Thermostat Algorithm
The firing rates will be limited to the range AIR_MIN_STAT_ON (50% FR)−AIR_MAX_STAT_ON (80% FR) when the STAT is ON.
The firing rates will be limited to the range of AIR_MIN_STAT_OFF (40% FR)−AIR_MAX_STAT_OFF (60% FR) when the STAT is OFF.
The Firing rate will be maintained at the CFR until BURNER_TIME_IN_SAME_RATE.
The Firing rate will then be adjusted up/down if the STAT is ON/OFF at a rate of 15% per minute.
The circulator blower speed will be adjusted to maintain a plenum temperature of 120-140° F.
For the exemplary HVAC embodiment the presently preferred values for the thermostat algorithm constants set forth above are:
At least three different examples of stoichiometry control, or modulation, as discussed below, may be employed with this system:
Modulating Output Using Modulated Pressure Feedback Gas Valve
The controller 23 may respond to a call for heat by requesting a predetermined firing rate output, e.g., fuel percentage and inducer speed, from the furnace. Based on the desired output, the controller may determine the airflow required from the inducer blower 33 such as by calculation or accessing a lookup table. The speed of the inducer blower fan 33 may be adjusted until the correct pressure (vacuum) is attained. The pressure feedback gas valve 31 (
Modulating Output Using Electrically Modulated Gas Valve
The controller may respond to a call for heat by requesting a predetermined firing rate, i.e. fuel, output from the appliance. Based on the desired output, the controller may also determine the airflow required from the inducer blower. The input signal to the electrically modulated valve 31 (
Closed Loop Combustion Control (CLCC) Using Electrically Modulated Gas Valve
Closed Loop Combustion Control provides a means for accurately controlling fuel/air stoichiometry under all operating conditions using a flame rod as a sensor. The flame rod ionization sensor 38 is an electrode. It is made of a conductive material that is capable of withstanding high temperatures and temperature gradients. Hydrocarbon flames conduct electricity because charged species (ions) are formed in the flame. Thus, placing a voltage between the flame sensor 38 and a grounded surface causes a current flow when a flame closes the circuit. The magnitude of the current (sensor signal) is related to the ion concentration in the flame.
In its most basic and common embodiment, the flame sensor 38 is used in the safety circuit to detect the presence or absence of the flame. In a pre-mixed or partial pre-mixed flame, as discussed below, the ion concentration is a strong function of the fuel/air ratio. Since the peak ion concentration occurs near the stoichiometric fuel/air ratio of 1, the ionization current also peaks at this point. Therefore, the peak sensor signal (current) occurs at, or near, the stoichiometric flame condition where the equivalence ratio=1. The peak sensor signal will vary for different fuels, such as propane.
One method to control the fuel/air ratio is to use a "peak seeking" logic controller. Either the fuel or air may be continuously incremented and/or decremented to maintain maximum ion current. This methodology was disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,971,745.
Closed Loop Combustion Control—Partial Pre-Mix Burner Application
As a further enhancement to the Closed Loop Combustion Control methodology, an alternate burner configuration may be used. For control purposes, it is desirable to operate at the peak of the curve shown in
Referencing the operational states of Table 2 below, the controller 23 conducts certain sequential steps and safety checks according to the described states in order to guarantee safe combustion operation under all operating conditions. Operational states for variable furnace control are maintained by a BURNER_Process subroutine of the controller that is invoked once per line cycle. These operational states provide the basis for all operations. These routines monitor operation in the startup, operational, and shutdown phase of appliance operation. These routines check the performance of the electronic circuits and are fail-safe in the event of single component failures of any type.
A variable speed air circulator motor 43, such as the aforementioned shaded pole or PSC AC induction motors, according to some aspects of the invention, may be controlled through a wide speed range so as to maintain a desired discharge air temperature or flow for the conditioned air. The basic control circuits are the subject of the previously mentioned U.S. Pat. No. 6,329,783 and co-pending patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975. To control the discharge air temperature to the conditioned space, a discharge air temperature sensor 53 may be located within the air stream downstream of the heat exchangers, e.g., either the furnace heat exchanger 25 or the air conditioning coil 55, or both. After a call for heating or cooling, the circulator motor 43 is activated. Once in operation, the motor speed may be controlled to reach and maintain discharge air temperatures within a specified temperature band, say 120° F. to 140° F., regardless of the firing rate of the burner. At the end of the heating cycle the circulator motor 43 may continue to run until a preset temperature, of say 90° F. is reached, at which time the circulator motor 43 may be shut off. A preset delay time could also be used as criteria for circulator motor turnoff.
In some cases it may be desirable to use a constant airflow algorithm to control the circulator motor in order to maintain the duct airflow constant under different operating conditions, such as in zoning applications where dampers are frequently opened or closed. As an option, the constant airflow algorithm may be provided in the controller 23. This algorithm is described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/904,428, entitled "Constant CFM Control Algorithm for an Air Moving System Utilizing a Centrifugal Blower Driven by an Induction Motor."
In some cases it may be desirable to use constant pressure to control the circulator in order to maintain the duct air pressure constant under varying conditions, such as zoning applications where dampers are frequently opened or closed. As an option, the constant pressure algorithm may be provided. This application is described in the aforementioned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/191,975, entitled "Variable Speed Controller For Air Moving Applications Using An AC Induction Motor".
A temperature sensor option may be applied with the circulator motor speed control as shown in
Circulator Algorithm
Through the use of a temperature sensor 53 located downstream of the heating or cooling coil 55, the speed of the circulator fan 43 may be controlled so as to maintain a set discharge temperature.
In the heating mode the fan speed is operated at a speed that:
A single stage thermostat, or other sensing device, and a thermostat algorithm can be used on the cooling cycle as well as the heating cycle. This algorithm may operate a single, multi-stage, or modulatable compressor in a manner so as to determine a demand load for the system and maintain proper conditioned space temperatures. Through the use of a temperature sensor, e.g. 53, located downstream of the cooling coil 55, the speed of the circulator fan 43 may be controlled so as to maintain a set discharge temperature. The temperature set point of the temperature sensor 53 for activating the controller 23 may be adjusted so as to regulate the humidity of the discharge air. Higher fan speeds result in decreased moisture (latent heat) removal, while lower fan speeds result in more moisture removal. The temperature sensor 53 can also be used to control minimum fan speed so as to avoid coil freeze up or excess condensation because of low air flow conditions.
A system has been shown whereby a controller provides an inexpensive means for operating a variable output fluid conditioning appliance system, e.g., heating or cooling equipment for gases or liquids, through the use of a series of variable output components and economical sensing and control systems. It will be appreciated that details of the foregoing embodiments, given for purposes of illustration, are not to be construed as limiting the scope of this invention. Although only a few exemplary embodiments of this invention have been described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that many modifications are possible in the exemplary embodiments without materially departing from the novel teachings and advantages of this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of this invention, which is defined in the following claims and all equivalents thereto. Further, it is recognized that many embodiments may be conceived that do not achieve all of the advantages of some embodiments, particularly of the preferred embodiments, yet the absence of a particular advantage shall not be construed to necessarily mean that such an embodiment is outside the scope of the present invention.
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Baby Boils Treatment – Safe Methods to Treat your Delicate Baby
Boils usually occur due to a bacterial infection. If a single boil occurs somewhere on the baby's skin then it can be effectively controlled by using simple home remedies. However, if you find that boils are widespread and are causing discomfort to the baby then it is essential to consult a pediatrician right away.
If the boils keep recurring then a bacterial culture is the best way to ascertain the actual cause of such boils.
Some of the best ways to tackle boils in babies are as follows:
- The babies should always be given medicine that has been prescribed by a doctor. The recommended dosage should be strictly followed to avoid any complication.
- The baby and the rest of the family should have separate towels. The baby's towel should be washed frequently.
- The place where the baby plays should be disinfected.
- Avoid giving a bath to the baby in a bath-tub to prevent the spread of the infection. A shower is a safe option. Chlorhexidine should be used till a couple of weeks for cleansing.
- Anti-bacterial soaps should be used to wash the baby's clothes.
- Take care so that the baby does not touch the boil. Touching boils is one of the ways by which they can spread to other parts.
- One should give the baby a healthy diet for strengthening the immune system. Weak immunity is one of the reasons why boils occur.
- Once the boil gets ripened and drained honey should be applied over the affected part. Honey is a natural antiseptic that controls the spread of infections.
- To cure recurrent boils Naseptin is usually prescribed by the doctors. This antibiotic is meant to be taken 4 times daily till a period of 10 days.
- Sterilized cotton that has been soaked in warm water should be placed on the boil a few times daily. This helps in ripening the boil.
- Poultices made from bread that has been soaked in hot milk can also help in healing the boils quickly.
The above mentioned precautionary and remedial measures can prevent the spread of the bacterial infection and cure the boils effectively.
Ayurvedic Treatment for Big Boils – Safe and Time-Tested Remedies
Ayurveda is an ancient medical system that employs herbal, dietary and natural therapies to cure several ailments. Ayurvedic treatment for boils is considered to be better than the antibiotic drugs treatment. This is mainly because the latter stands at risk of developing drug-resistant strains of the bacteria that cause boils. Antibiotic drugs can also lead to side-effects.
Some of the effective ayurvedic treatments of big boils are as follows:
- 20ml of an oral liquid named Maha Manjista Quatham is given with an equal quantity of water, twice daily.
- Kanchanara Guggulu is an effective remedy for treating large boils. Two pills should be taken twice daily for best results.
- 250mg of Nityanand Ras should be mixed with a dash of honey. This should be taken thrice daily.
- Steep the triphala powder in a cup of hot water for about 5 minutes and then drink it. This purgation helps in the removal of excess pitta from the hematopoietic or blood-building system. This is one of the causes of boils. One can continue taking triphala even after the boil gets cured as a preventive measure.
- Kaishore Guggul tablets are an excellent remedy for boils. They are quite effective in curing pus filled boils. 2-3 tablets should be taken thrice daily.
- 1-2 Skinelle tablets should be taken 2-3 times daily till 7-10 days to cure the boils.
- Ayurvedic medicine uses turmeric paste to treat boils to fasten draining.
- Half teaspoon of Yakrit Plihantak Churna should be taken thrice daily with warm water.
- If recurrent boils problem occurs due to a history of diabetes in one's family then Diabetes Support Capsules, Madhumehantak Churna and Karela Saar prove to be beneficial.
- Charmardadi Tailam can be used externally to cure large boils.
- A paste made from the Shalmali flower can be applied over the large boils.
- Chandana powder and rose water paste can also be applied topically over the large boils. This paste helps in healing since both its ingredients are of a cooling nature.
These ayurvedic remedies for big boils are time- tested ones. However, if the boils do not respond to these remedies then a one should consult a doctor. This is because boils can also occur due to an undiagnosed ailment which requires a thorough medical examination.
Cystic acne is a severe form of acne vulgaris in which inflamed blemishes may appear on the face or some other part of the skin. It can affect ones self- esteem and can be quite embarrassing. However, it cannot be dangerous in the real sense of the word unless we make it dangerous ourselves. This can happen in the following ways:
- Trying to squeeze the cystic acne can result in permanent scarring of the skin.
- Untreated cystic acne can lead to permanent scar tissues.
- The scars can affect the youngsters psychologically and reduce their self-esteem.
- Meddling with the acne can spread the bacterial infection to other parts as well.
We can prevent the cystic acne from becoming complicated by understanding the nature of the problem and through a proper, timely treatment.
Cystic acne occurs as a result of the over production of sebum which is a waxy substance that keeps the skin lubricated. The bacteria further aggravate the condition by starting an infection.
In order to prevent the cystic acne from becoming dangerous one should treat them with proper care. The following tips may be helpful:
- First and foremost meddling with the cystic acne is strictly forbidden.
- Wash the face twice daily with a mild soap.
- Neem and turmeric paste can help in controlling the cystic acne.
- Aloevera gel can help you in controlling the cystic acne as well. The gel can be applied directly over the infected part.
- Make a paste of aspirin and some water and use it to exfoliate the skin. Rinse it after some time and then apply honey which is a moisturizing and an anti-bacterial agent.
- Make paste by mixing baking soda with a little water. Applying this paste on one's skin helps in removing the extra oil from the skin. This paste can be made more effective for curing cystic acne by mixing a dash of sea salt with it.
- Apple cider vinegar helps in stabilizing the pH balance of the skin. It can be applied over the acne with cotton in a dilute form.
Thus, we find that cystic acne cannot prove to be risky for us if we manage to cure it well.
Armpit boils or skin abscesses are caused by bacterial infections. Since our body is well-equipped with its own defense system these boils wither away naturally after some time. However, if the immunity level of the body is low these boils cannot be controlled effectively. This makes the boils grow in size and severity.
The staph infections that cause boils in our body are contagious. They can spread to different parts of the body and also from one person to another if precautions are not taken. If the staph infection is severe or if there are chances of recurrence, then the antibiotics play a significant role in controlling such severe infections. Antibiotics are drugs specially formulated to control such bacterial infections. Sometimes the underarm boils need to be surgically lanced or drained.
In such cases also there are immense chances of the infection spreading to other parts. This is because during surgical lancing the pus from the boils that contains the infection can spread to other parts of the skin. So antibiotics play an important role in cases where lancing is essential.
Antibiotics treatment is done in the following ways to control the underarm boils menace:
- Topical antibiotics such as tetracycline are applied over the boil to prevent the infection from spreading to other parts of the skin.
- Oral antibiotics such as minocycline can cure boils due to their anti-inflammatory properties.
- After lancing the doctors use glycerin magnesium sulphate for application over the affected parts. In spite of it antibiotics have to be registered as a precautionary measure as such infections stand high chances of spreading.
- If the boils are Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or MRSA then the antibiotic treatment becomes even more essential. Specific antibiotics need to be administered in such cases that can fight with the stubborn bacteria.
Thus, we find that antibiotics are used at every step in curbing the underarm boils in one way or the other. However, antibiotics have some short-comings. Apart from some side-effects, they are ineffective in curing abscesses properly as they cannot penetrate into the walls of the boils.
Hence, we find that antibiotics cannot cure underarms boils all by themselves. For a quick recovery, they need to be used judiciously by combining them with lancing or natural remedies.
A lot of people face the problem of recurrent boils in spite of being healthy. The reason is that such people get boils because of a hereditary problem. They carry the spores of the bacteria which triggers boils right from there birth. Boils can be caused due to genetic transference.
In such a case the bacteria that cause boils on the skin are found on the skin surface or within the nasal chambers in form of large colonies. Such people are known as carriers. They are prone to getting boils themselves. They also make the people living besides them vulnerable to bacterial infections.
Cystic acne usually occurs amongst teenagers because of over production of sebum. In normal conditions the oil glands produce sebum to keep the skin well-moisturized. With the onset of puberty there are several hormonal changes in the body that stimulate the sebaceous glands. This leads to an excessive production of sebum.
The gland's opening gets blocked and this forms a white head. The white head gradually turns into a black head. The bacteria that are present on the skin creep into the black head and start an infection. This forms a boil with pus inside it. Acne can be either mild or severe.
Acne is supposed to be caused due to heredity in some cases.
Acne gets aggravated by rubbing or friction produced by tight clothing, bra straps etc.
Some practical tips that can help in controlling acne boils are as follows:
- The face should be washed twice daily with a mild face wash.
- It should also be washed after exercising or other activities that makes one sweat.
- The skin care, make up and hair care products should be oil free.
- On should stick to a healthy diet and avoid junk as well as processed foods.
- On should not get panicky on seeing acne boil. Instead of squeezing it or meddling with it one should try to cure it in a suitable way. Boils are contagious and squeezing them can spread the bacterial infection to other parts as well.
- Avoid skin-tight clothes.
- A cloth that has been immersed into warm water and then wringed out should be placed over the boils. This helps in bringing the acne boils to a head. Once they ripen they can get drained easily.
The hereditary boils cannot be prevented but natural treatment can surely help in bringing relief.
Appearance of Pus Filled Follicles – A Brief Guide
Pus filled follicles are the boils that occur on the skin due to staph infections. They are medically referred to as skin abscess. These pus-filled pockets can affect the hair follicles. They can also affect the underlying sebaceous tissues if there is a deep-seated infection.
If the boils are mild ones then they do not require any treatment. The only care that is required to be taken is that the boils should not be squeezed of pressed. Doing this in a desperate bid to get rid of them can aggravate the problem. This is because boils infection is caused by the staph bacteria and is highly contagious.
The symptoms of boils include:
- Appearance of tender, itchy red-colored patch.
- A tiny nodule appears gradually grows in size.
- Pus forms in the boil. This becomes evident by the appearance of a white tip on the boil.
- Certain boils lead to swollen lymph glands, red streaks radiating around them or are accompanied by chills and fever. Such boils need immediate medical attention as they indicate the spread of infection. If the boil infection spreads into the bloodstream then septicemia can occur. This is a risky and life-threatening disorder.
Boils can be caused by the following:
- Bacterial intrusion into the skin through cuts bruises etc.
- An ingrown hair.
- Using the towel of an infected person.
- Weak immune system caused by an improper diet.
- Blocking of the oil glands.
- Skin irritation caused by skin-tight clothes.
- Sitting for long durations can cause boils on the buttocks.
- Unhygienic surroundings.
The large boils can be quite irksome. They need some form of treatment as they can be painful. Lancing of boils is a minor surgery that involves an incision, drainage of the pus and dressing up the wound. Some antibiotics can also be prescribed at this stage to control the spread of infection.
The boils get cured easily after they have formed pus. Some boils may take some time in ripening or suppurating. They can be brought to a head quickly by various methods such as:
- Poultices,
- Hot and cold compression.
- Drawing salve.
- Herbal therapy.
Thus, we find that boils are not a complicated problem but they can become one if we meddle with them unnecessarily. Moreover, medical attention should be sought if they do not respond to natural cure.
Adenitis under Armpit – Explore the Facts and its Treatment
Boils can appear on any part of our skin due to staph infections, weak immunity, unhygienic conditions etc. Boils are classified into carbuncles, furuncles, pilonidal cysts etc depending on their location and nature.
Adenitis under armpit is caused by a rare chronic inflammatory skin condition known as hidradenititis suppurativa. It can develop multiple abscesses in the armpits, genitals, bottom and under the breasts in women.
Adenitis under armpit can either be as mild as a black head or as severe as a draining golf-ball sized boil.
This is a chronic skin infection caused by the total blockage of the appocrine hair follicle. The causes for such a blockage have been linked to one's genes and immune disorders.
Apparently the people who suffer from this infection are embarrassed to take medical help. Therefore meager research has been done into finding out more about this problem. The information that we already have is enough in helping us treat this problem if we pay attention to it.
Some facts about adenitis underarm boils are as follows:
- Hidradenititis suppurativa is found to worsen due to stress.
- Hormonal imbalance can also trigger this infection.
- People who smoke a lot and take fatty and junk food are found to be affected by this infection persistently.
- It has been reported that hidradenititis suppurativa aggravates due to use of deodorants.
- There is no specific treatment that has been developed for hidradenititis suppurativa.
However, attempts are made to cure this infection by these methods:
- Antibiotics.
- Systemic steroids to control their inflammatory effect.
- Acitretin can control the infection well. However it is not recommended for use during pregnancy.
- Radiotherapy.
- Many people who suffer from this chronic skin infection are clinically depressed. The medical treatment can cure only the symptoms. However, for uprooting the infection in such cases, the reason for depression which is the root cause, must be eliminated.
- Lancing or incision and drainage of the boils.
- Surgery
- Plastic surgery and skin grafts are done due to poor healing when the infection gets severe.
For a proper diagnosis and treatment it is prudent to visit a dermatologist who is experienced in hydradenitis treatment.
Can Antibiotics Cure Gum Boils?
Gum boils or abscesses are referred to as parulus in the medical jargon. They are points through which the tooth abscess gets drained. They occur when toxins drain out from the head of the root of a tooth which has a dead nerve.
Like other periodontal or around the tooth problems gum boils are also caused due to bacterial infections. Since antibiotics are drugs meant to cure bacterial infections they play an important role in curing gum boils.
The antimicrobial therapy employs chemical, antibacterial agents that kill or inhibit the bacteria that causes gum boils. They use antiseptics to prevent gum boils whereas antibiotics are used to cure gum boils and other gum diseases.
Some highlights of an antibiotics treatment of gum boils are as follows:
- Locally applied antibiotics are applied over the abscess directly. Since the ointment can get washed away by the saliva, some methods have been devised to tackle this problem. Antibiotics are injected into the abscess in a gel form that gets hardened after some time. A string that is soaked with a special antibiotic is also used some times. In this way the antibiotic is released slowly in a week's time.
- Systemic antibiotics are oral pills that affect the whole system or body. This antibiotic gets dissolved in our stomach and is absorbed by the blood stream. It can kill the bacteria in the deepest pockets of the mouth as well as in other parts of the body.
- The doctors take a sample for laboratory testing to find out which type of bacteria has caused the gum boils. After that they prescribe the most suitable antibiotic.
However, there are certain short-comings in the antibiotic treatment for gum boils.
- Antibiotic treatment causes side-effects such as stomach aches, nausea, diarrhea etc.
- Allergic rashes such as itching and rashes are also common.
- Although antibiotics are specially formulated drugs to cure bacteria infections yet medical professionals all over the world are apprehensive about using antibiotics as a routine therapy. This is mainly because antibiotics make the bacteria resistant to them. This results due to its reckless overuse or when the patients do not follow the antibiotic therapy as advised by the doctors.
Therefore, antibiotics are usually avoided in the treatment of gum boils unless required urgently.
Boil Home Remedies – A Cost Effective and Convenient Way to Eradicate Boils Forever
Boils are the outcome of a bacterial infection which has a chance of spreading if not treated properly. Keeping one's skin clean by using anti-bacterial soaps or face wash is imperative to curb the spread of the boils. If timely action is taken, a lot of serious problems can be avoided. Boil home remedies are safe as they do not have any side effect. They cure the boils in a natural way. The ingredients used to treat the boils at home are available easily. The boil home remedies are reliable as they have been used successfully since ages.
Boils or skin abscess are triggered by the bacteria slipping into the skin from the surface through dust particles, splinters etc. People who have a weak immune system are more susceptible to getting boils on the skin. Medicines can also cause boils as a side effects. Certain foods can cause allergies which result in the eruption of boils. Deficiency of certain vitamins also causes boils. Acne boils are caused by clogging of the hair follicles by sebum, a waxy substance produced by the sebaceous glands of the body to keep the skin well greased.
Some of the best boil home remedies are as follows:
- Warm compress is an effective method of treating boils. A cloth is dipped in warm water and placed over the boil. This heat application on the boil increases the blood circulation in the affected region, bringing more white blood cells to the area to kill the bacteria.
- Onion and garlic juice is mixed in an equal proportion and applied over the boil. This helps in accelerating the process of boil formation. The boil forms pus and a head quickly and eventually gets drained and dries up.
- Milk cream also serves the purpose of ripening of the boil. The cream softens the skin on the boil and the boil develops a head or pustule. This is followed by draining and drying, the natural process of curing of the boil.
- Parsley leaves are boiled till they get softened. The boiled parsley is applied over the boil. They help in developing a head which serves as an outlet for the accumulated pus.
- Betel leaves are warmed slightly and then coated with castor oil. The leaf is then placed on the boil and covered. This process has to be repeated till the boil bursts and gets healed.
- Neem is well known for its antiseptic properties. Neem leaves are boiled in water till the water reduces. The water which extracts all the benefits of the neem is applied over the boils for a quick recovery.
- A cup of bitter gourd juice mixed with some lime juice is consumed in the morning on an empty stomach. The bitter gourd kills the bacteria and reduces the severity of the infection.
- Roasted turmeric is mixed with water to form a paste. It is then applied over the boils as a remedy for boils. Turmeric is popular for its anti-septic properties.
- A paste made with cumin seeds is used to cure boils also.
- Boils are formed when the blood is impure and has toxins. A healthy diet including citrus fruits and melon juice, whole grain cereals etc and abstinence from refined food and sugar helps in detoxifying the body. A healthy diet strengthens the body's immune system, thereby preventing the recurrence of boils.
- Honey has anti-bacterial properties due to which it is used in several ways to treat skin problems. To heal boils quickly, honey can be mixed either with oil or wheat germ or applied alone. A tonic prepared by mixing an equal amount of honey, orange juice, cod liver oil and lime juice helps in energizing the body which gets stressed out by the constant pain due to the boils.
Boils can be healed soon if they are not tampered with. Pricking or pressing them can help the spread of the bacteria. The above mentioned simple home remedies can help in eliminating the problem of boils.
Boil Medical Treatment for Immediate Relief with Antibiotics and Lancing
Boils affect the skin of people irrespective of their age. It can occur on any part of the skin. It is an outcome of a bacterial infection which is localized but can spread to other nearby regions or internal organs. In case of a mild infection the boil completes its life cycle within a matter of a few days and disappears without any complication. No treatment is required in such cases as the human body is well equipped with the defense system which swings into action and kills the bacteria quickly.
However, there are some instances where it becomes imperative to consult the general physician and get a boils medical treatment such as:
- When the boil does not show any sign of drying up in spite of all the necessary precautions having been taken to control it.
- When the boil has red streaks radiating around it which is a sign that the infection has spread within the body.
- When the boil grows very big in size and lancing it at home is risky.
- When boils are accompanied with fever, lethargy and chills.
- When boils occur in diabetics.
- When boils tend to recur or tend to spread.
- When the boil is a complicated one such as a carbuncle which is a cluster of boils interconnected with each other and having several pus outlets.
- When the boil problem has become common amongst the family members.
- If they occur in places such as the spine or the rectum.
The doctors do not prescribe any anti-biotic medicine, whether topical or oral before they drain the boils. This is because it is difficult for the medicines to penetrate the boil.
Draining or lancing is an effective boils medical surgery which removes the pus filled in the boil.
The medical professionals lance the boil in the following way:
- The nearby area is cleaned with an anti-septic and numbed by using local anesthesia.
- A sterilized needle or a scalpel is used to prick or make an incision on the boil.
- The pus which oozes out is wiped with cotton or with the help of a tube.
- The area is disinfected once again to prevent the spread of the infection through the pus.
- The wound is cleaned and covered by gauze.
- The patient has to visit the doctor 2-3 times to change the dressing. This is because more pus may trickle out of the wound.
- After a few days the wound gets healed and dries up.
This method is effective and does not leave behind any pits or scars. After the boil has been lanced, the doctors may suggest some antibiotic to control the spread of the infection.
Recurrent boils are cured by vitamin A and E supplements. In case of a severe infection oral antibiotics such as dynapen and Keflex are prescribed. If the bacterial culture shows the infection to be caused by CA-MRSA or the super bug then bactrim and some other sulpha medicines are prescribed. Daptomycin and Teicoplanin are used in MRSA infections which cannot be treated by the glycopeptide, vancomycin.

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Principal Percussion of the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra as of the 2003-04 Season, Adrian Stefanescu was trained both in Romania and the United States, beginning on the piano, then switching to percussion, and for a time, performed as a jazz drummer in his native Romania.
Stefanescu's music studies began at the age of six. Upon graduation from The George Enescu Music Lyceum, he was admitted to the Music University of Bucharest with the highest score. There he studied with Alexandru Matei, previously a percussionist with The National Opera of Bucharest. He received his Bachelor's Degree in 1998 at the top of his class. In 2001, he began a Master's programme at Temple University in Philadelphia, where he studied with Alan Abel, Philadelphia Orchestra's former Associate Principal Percussion.
Stefanescu has performed with such orchestras as The Chamber Orchestra of The National Radio Station, Bucharest University Symphony Orchestra, Delaware Symphony, Lancaster Symphony, The National Orchestral Institute Orchestra, Curtis Institute of Music Orchestra and Temple University Symphony Orchestra. An active chamber musician in Romania, he appeared at The Romanian Athenaeum and The National Radio Symphony Hall, performing Bartok's Sonata for two Pianos and Percussion. A founding member of the Game Percussion Ensemble, Stefanescu has premiered many solo and chamber works by many noted Romanian composers, such as Maia Ciobanu, Liviu Danceanu, Doina Rotaru and Serban Nichifor. He was a featured soloist at the 1998 Festival of New Music in Bucharest and the 1997 Contemporary Music Festival in Bacau.
Awarded First Prize at the inaugural National Contest for Percussion in 1998 in Bucharest, Stefanescu also won the Percussion Mock Audition at the Percussive Arts Society International Convention in Nashville (2001), and was a Finalist of the Orpheus Contemporary Music Contest in Antwerp (1997).
In addition to his life in the orchestra, Stefanescu was very involved in the jazz music scene in Romania. As a jazz drummer, he performed extensively with top Romanian musicians such as Johnny Raducanu, Garbis Dedeian, and Mircea Tiberian. He recorded in the studio, performed on Romanian national television and appeared at many international jazz festivals throughout Romania, Greece, Spain, Poland and Bulgaria.
The Avedis Zildjian Company Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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The Eyeworks festival trailer is made up of 200 silkscreened posters designed by Sonnenzimmer, shot frame-by-frame and animated. Each poster is one frame of the animation.
The festival posters are for sale; please contact us via the festival website.
Eyeworks Festival of Experimental Animation
Saturday, November 6, 2010
247 S. State St, Chicago
Festival directors: Lilli Carré and Alexander Stewart
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At BCS Fitness, we value our clients. Below are some client opinions that we truly appreciate.
"Brad and his team at BCS Fitness have changed my life. One year ago, I reached over 200 lbs for the first time in my life and my self-esteem was at an all-time low. I had constant back pain, my clothes did not fit as comfortably as they once did, and I would come home exhausted after a long day of work. I knew that I needed to make a change and take steps to become a healthier person, not only for me, but also for my family. My wife, who had previously trained with Brad after her pregnancy, suggested I give Brad and his team at BCS Fitness a try. It was the start of a life changing experience. Not only have I lost over 30 lbs, I have more energy during the workday, and I feel great about myself. Brad and his team has helped me understand how to live a healthier more active life. I now workout 3 times a week and I have a better understanding of what nutritional choices are best for my family and me. I cannot say enough about Brad and his TEAM of trainers. They have been supportive and encouraging throughout this program and continually remind each of us that this is a process and results will not come quickly or easily. It does take some work, dedication, a will to change your nutritional habits, but the results and health benefits make this lifestyle choice all worth it. I am so happy and thankful to Brad and his team of trainers in helping me change my life."
Bryan, TX
"In the spring of 2010, my life was running me. Motherhood, my demanding teaching career, the sudden death of my mother all contributed to my exhaustion. My clothes were all too tight, and I weighed as much as I did when I was nine months pregnant. I was unhappy with how I felt, how I looked, and my general lethargy. I knew I had to do something, and I also knew that just joining a gym wasn't going to be enough.
Thankfully, I discovered Brad Tillery's BCS Fitness. I was immediately intrigued by the small group atmosphere. I liked the idea of a set, specific time on my calendar to work out, and I appreciated that the workout included a variety of cardio activities plus a pretty serious strength component. At our first meeting, Brad and I had a very frank and honest discussion about my food habits and my lack of exercise. That first workout was humbling. I had been fooling myself into thinking I was in shape and could eat whatever I wanted. I had settled for mediocrity.
Within about two months, I lost twenty pounds and had to buy new clothes because everything I owned was too big. More importantly, I felt really good for the first time in quite a while. I began running again, slowly at first, but then faster and longer. Over the last two years, I've run four full marathons and several half marathons. I've become the strong, confident woman I always wanted to be. I know that whether it is shoveling a truckload of mulch or coaching my son's soccer team, I have the strength and energy to live life fully.
Being a part of the BCS Fitness family has also truly changed my approach to food. The ongoing food challenges, book studies, and nutritional support revealed to me how much my choices were contributing to my weight and to my energy. I am constantly encouraged and challenged on the food front, and I know that my food choices are crucial to maintaining my fitness.
I love the 12 Week Challenge workouts because they are constantly varied and they are really are challenging. Each week, I'm amazed when the trainers tell us the workout. Surely that's impossible, I often think. And then, an hour later, I'm amazed that I did it! In over two years, I haven't done the same workout twice. Brad and the other trainers are experts at tailoring the exercises to the specific needs of each client. My group consists of a several wonderful women with different fitness goals, and we all encourage and support each other. The camaraderie and friendships that have developed from working out with the same women each week has been a true blessing.
I spent too many years just settling in to aging, to motherhood, to my teaching career without taking the time out to put myself and my fitness as a priority in my life. I'm grateful to BCS Fitness for helping me realize my strengths and live a life full of energy and accomplishment. "
College Station, TX
Having a baby was not only a wonderful, life changing event, but a body changing event as well. I loved every minute of my pregnancy, but as I started packing on the pounds I succumbed to the "inevitable" – being overweight. When my son was about 3 months old and I had the typical postpartum figure, I saw a commercial for Brad's 12 Week Challenge and decided to sign up. My workouts with Brad are always a challenge, and I leave worn out but energized. My son is now 8 months old and I have dropped about 20 pounds of body fat, gained lots of lean muscle, and gone from a size 14 to a size 6. My accomplishments are my trophy, I know that without Brad's help I would not have lost weight. Brad has changed my entire outlook on nutrition and exercise and I now know that being in shape is a choice. I now know that nothing tastes as good as being healthy feels.
College Station, TX
I just turned 57 years old and I am in the best shape of my life thanks to Brad and the 12-Week Challenge. In fact, I am signing up for the next session. I can't tell you how many times I have signed on with gyms, classes, and even a personal trainer to try to convince myself to exercise. Thanks to Brad's inspiration and encouragement, I have been working out consistently for the first time ever- and I actually look forward to it. For me, it isn't a matter of losing weight, but just wanting to look and feel better. I have some pretty bad problems with my lower back, so I rely heavily on Brad's instruction and my back is getting stronger. The best part is that I actually have some muscles now- I guess it really is never too late. My arms are now shapely enough that I have begun to wear sleeveless tops for the first time since I turned 40 — and people have started to comment on the difference. It feels great to have broken the curse of signing up and never showing up! Thanks, Brad.
College Station, TX


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Cast: Cuba Gooding, Jr., Kimberly Elise, Aunjanue Ellis, Ele Bardha.
Originally broadcast on television in 2009.
Based on the book of the same title by Benjamin Carson.
Features: Behind the scenes of "Gifted hands," Triumph and inspiration : the story of Dr. Ben Carson.
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Ben Carson overcomes poverty, prejudice, and his own temper to become a successful and renowned brain surgeon.
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Dell Panerai convertible tablet hits the FCC
We don't have much to go on here, but today a previously unannounced Dell convertible tablet notebook made an appearance on the FCC. The device is referred to as the "Panerai" in FCC filings, although we're not sure if this code name has anything to do with the Panerai brand of watches.
You can see the bottom of the Panerai above, as published in FCC label location photos. Additional information from SAR test reports confirm that the device has both laptop and tablet modes, suggesting that this is indeed a convertible tablet.
Other than that, we don't have much else to report. The Panerai passed through the FCC thanks to a filing by Intel for a Centrino Wireless-N card, so little information about the tablet itself is detailed in FCC filings.


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The 2011 VH1 Do Something! Awards air this Thursday, August 18 at 9 p.m. ET. We've already shown you what everyone was wearing on the blue carpet tonight, but we have yet to pass along any of our sartorial assessments of who wore what. So, if your name is Tyra Banks, Adam Lambert, Zach Levi, Demi Lovato, Victoria Justice, Kim Kardashian, Amy Poehler, Charity Shea, Dax Shephard or Olivia Wilde, take a deep breath: You're either on our Best or Worst Dressed list for this year's Do Something! Awards. With that in mind, we'd like to pass along our fond "Congratulations! or sincere "Better luck next time!" to all of our finalists.
2011 Do Something! Awards: Who Wore What On The Red Carpet [PHOTOS]
Dozens of celebrities, including Justin Bieber, Kim Kardashian, Victoria Justice and Adam Lambert, gathered in Los Angeles on Sunday night for the annual Do Something! Awards, an event in which they were able to honor their peers and some of the most devoted young people in the country committed to social change.
The award show, hosted by Jane Lynch and featuring musical performances from Demi Lovato, Foster The People and OneRepublic featuring B.o.B, is taping tonight at the Hollywood Palladium, but will air on VH1 this Thursday, August 18 at 9 p.m. ET/PT. However, you don't have to wait that long to catch a glimpse of all the celebs in attendance who walked the blue carpet tonight —and a few shots of rehearsals, too!— in our gallery below.
Behind The Music Sneak Preview: Ricky Martin's Fight For Equality
With specials focused on the lives and careers of music industry powerhouses like Adam Lambert, Missy Elliott, Mary J. Blige, it's been quite an outstanding season of Behind The Music thus far. That hot streak continues this weekend with the premiere of Behind The Music: Ricky Martin (which, sadly, is the last episode of this season).
In this special sneak preview from the show that debuts this Sunday, August 14, at 10 p.m. ET/PT, international superstar Ricky Martin finally seems to be at peace. After having to deal with gossipmongers trying to reveal secrets about his sexuality ever since he rose to fame as a member of Menudo, he's now living his life openly and honestly. He's been in a steady relationship with Puerto Rican financier Carlos Gonzalez, which has helped give him the strength to lead the fight for equality on both the sexual and cultural fronts. "Who wants to feel like a second class citizen?", he explains. "That's why I say about equality, 'I don't want more rights than you. I want the same. That's all.'"
Simon Cowell Tells Radar His Side Of Cheryl Cole X Factor Story
Never let it be said that Simon Cowell doesn't have canny timing. It's been nearly a month since the first television promo for Fox's The X Factor premiered during the MLB All-Star Game, but over a month until the show itself premieres on September 21. With auditions taped but under wraps, the show is out of the news. So what better timing for Cowell to come forward with his version of the judges' table drama that led to the replacement of Cheryl Cole with Nicole Scherzinger? His is certainly a story we want to hear.
The one thing about which Cowell isn't entirely forthcoming is the exact reason why Cole was let go from the American version of the UK singing competition. (To be fair, this may be for legal reasons.) He merely explains, "After two cities [of US X Factor auditions], I offered her the job back in the UK, [as a replacement for the Fox gig,] which initially she accepted. And then unfortunately when it went public the negotiations fell apart." Cowell's stated rationale?that she'd be "more comfortable doing the UK show than the American show," does little to contradict rumors that Cole's Geordie accent had tested poorly with American audiences. (So much for airing Geordie Shore in the United States, MTV UK.)
As for the delay in announcing Scherzinger (who Cowell says has been a "revelation") as a replacement? Cowell claims that when an agreement about the UK X Factor could not be reached, he generously gave Cole the "chance to come back to America," which she declined (possibly because she'd be getting paid anyway). "I am sorry for the way it worked out as we were incredibly close," Cowell said. "She is still grumpy with me." We're not too worried on Cowell's behalf; we suspect he's had lots of experience dealing with people who are "grumpy" with him.
Simon Cowell Opens Up About Cheryl Cole X Factor Firing [Radar via Rolling Stone]
Behind The Music Sneak Preview: Adam Lambert Opens Up About The "Deep Secret" Of His Sexuality
The latest episode of Behind The Music will focus on the life and times of the one, the only Adam Lambert. Last week, we shared with you a clip from the show where Adam discussed his American Idol experience, particularly as it related to his struggle to keep his sexual orientation under wraps (as directed by Idol's producers).
And with the debut of Behind The Music: Adam Lambert now just three days away—it premieres this Sunday, August 7, at 10 p.m. ET/PT—we've got another sneak to share with you. In the video above, Adam discusses the early stages of when he "realized that I was probably not the same as the other boys.? This was around the time that he was 12, and he confesses that "to me, it was a deep secret … I didn?t know how my parents would react, and I didn?t know what that would be like, and I think, at at that age, it was something that I was ashamed of because it was so different." For Glamberts the world over, this is a special not-to-be missed.
Adam Lambert on VH1's 'Behind the Music': His struggle with his sexuality [EW]
MTV Memories: MTV Bets $50,000 That Their Audience Will Watch Music Videos
I never really had much patience for the tired gripe that "MTV doesn't play videos anymore." After all, the complaint was already a chestnut before I started watching MTV, and yet in my early years of exposure to the channel, I scarcely had trouble finding videos. My family lived in a condo complex in Stratford, CT that, until 1996, had the most basic cable service possible, which somehow meant no MTV. So a decade and a half after the channel's debut, I was experiencing the channel the way that those nearly a generation before me had: curiously and furiously seeking out the channel at my friends' houses. I remember racing home after school the day that our condo's cable package was going to be expanded to include MTV, and watching hours of videos after school, starting with "Bulls on Parade" by Rage Against the Machine.
Sure, there was plenty of MTV original programming, as there always had been. Some of it was reality television and some was not. Some of it was great and some of it was not. But I quickly adapted to the schedule of the network, and could find what felt like twelve hours' worth of videos on some weekend days. This was the beginning of a second golden age for music videos; Hype Williams gave jiggy rap its signature proto-Michael Bay sheen. Big-budget action sagas like Mariah Carey's "Honey" coexisted with Michel Gondry art-dreams like "Everlong." And this was without even delving into 120 Minutes. All of this was pop, and it all coexisted. Jess Harvell analyzes this, in so many words, in a piece on Beavis and Butthead for Sound of the City (which, incidentally, is the only venue not in-house that's actually given MTV's entire history a fair shake for this anniversary).
Read more…
MTV Memories: 30 Of The Most Memorable Moments In MTV History
As we near the end of our celebration of MTV's 30 birthday, we figured it would be apropos to look back at thirty of the moments that defined the channel. Now, we easily could've listed 30,000 reasons why we love our MTV, but we'll just have to wait until MTV's 30,000th birthday to publish that list. For now, enjoy this cornucopia of memorable reality shows, groundbreaking music videos, hilarious interviews, jaw-dropping moments of violence, and celebrity beef.
30) Kurt Loder Prevents A Full-On Brawl Between Madonna and Courtney Love
The scene: The 1995 Video Music Awards. During a post-show interview with the unflappable Kurt Loder, Madonna gets pelted with a compact thrown by the Queen of Grunge, Courtney Love. (Heroin-fueled) hilarity and awkwardness ensues.
29) "Paint The Mutha Pink"
This memorable promo for a 1984 MTV contest was pegged to the release of John Cougar Mellencamp's album, Uh Huh, which featured the eighties heartland anthem "Pink Houses." The grand prize winner received a house in Bloomington, Indiana (Mellencamp's hometown), which came with a special paint job: Pink.
28) Totally Pauly
Hey buhhh-deeee, don't go weezin' all the juice! After landing a gig as a VJ in 1989, Pauly Shore went from being an unknown stand-up to a major motion picture star inside of two years.
MTV Memories: How YO! MTV Raps First Made Hip Hop Mainstream
With MTV officially celebrating its 30th birthday today, music nostalgia is in the air. But for each music fan, the initial introduction to MTV's music programming was unique and personal, and likely rouses up flashbulb memories to this very day. Speaking only for myself, that initiation process started with YO! MTV Raps.
After being on the air for almost seven years, MTV first aired YO! in April of 1988. While other television outlets like BET were showcasing African-American culture at the time, MTV, quite frankly, wasn't really in the business of having black artists' videos on the channel. And hip hop, specifically, was certainly not yet used as a vehicle of pop culture; if it wasn't an indisputable, mainstream force like Michael Jackson, you probably wouldn't see African-American artists on-air besides an occasional crossover video from Run DMC and Jazzy Jeff. Unless you witnessed hip hop music and culture bubbling within New York City's five boroughs or other domestic regional pockets first hand (or watched Video Music Box), the genre probably hadn't really made its way into your world yet.
From it's inception, YO! MTV Raps curated an balance of hip hop via in-the-moment self-exploration. Since hosts Fab 5 Freddy, Doctor Dr? and Ed Lover didn't have quite enough content to populate the show's segments at first, videos from other genres like reggae, funk, R&B and soul were peppered-in to help hip hop's still-developing definition expand its scope. From that fundamental, harmonious and educational coexistence came more of the same, and soon light-hearted videos like Digital Underground's "Doowutchalike" and "Humpty Dance" were seamlessly airing beside Public Enemy's political anthem "Fight The Power" and sonically dynamic "Passin' Me By" from The Pharcyde, and the South's sexually-charged posse 2 Live Crew were showcased just as much as funky artists from Queens like A Tribe Called Quest. Additionally, lyrically savvy Juice Crew member Big Daddy Kane would spin alongside the West Coast's gangster juggernaut N.W.A., and strong female voices like Queen Latifah, MC Lyte and Roxanne Shant?: all women who didn't need to sell sex to survive.
MTV Memories: Nirvana Spaces Out On Headbanger's Ball
When Nirvana first appeared on MTV's Headbanger's Ball in the fall of 1991, they weren't yet the cultural phenomenon they would become just a few months later. At the time, the word "grunge" had not yet percolated in the mainstream, and Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic were just two-thirds a well-regarded (if little known) band from Seattle, not international superstars nor rock icons. So, it's little surprise that Headbanger's Ball host Riki Rachtman –whose allegiances to the LA hair metal scene made him "the enemy" for these Seattle upstarts– treated them as curios rather than the megastars they would eventually become. And who can blame him, really, with Kurt Cobain all but refusing to engage in conversation and dressed in a ridiculous yellow ball gown?
You can catch highlights from the early days of MTV during this, the 30th anniversary of the channel?s launch, all weekend long on VH1 Classic.
MTV Memories: Jimmy The Cab Driver Gets Ironic (Don't Cha Think?)
When television viewers changed their dials to MTV in the eighties and nineties, the omnipresence of music videos and wildly eclectic original shows weren't the only way that the network differentiated itself from the competition. During the era on the network that predated its current reality-show-centric slate, the network had a proclivity for interstitial experimentation. Not quite "programming" (at least, in the "traditional" sense of the word) and not quite commercials, MTV often aired short burst entertainment in the form of animated films (think Bill Plympton), proto-animated GIFs (all of those bizarre MTV logo treatments) and outlets for outrageous original characters, like Denis Leary and Jimmy The Cab Driver.
Long before Jimmy Fallon and Rachel Dratch debuted their Boston Teens characters on SNL, actor Donal Logue brought his comically exaggerated Southie accent and unique perspectives on the music video medium to MTV's airwaves. There were over 40 of these spots produced, most of which can be found in this Jimmy The Cab Driver playlist. However, the one we picked out show's Jimmy parodying Alanis Morisette's iconic video for "Ironic" (which, we should note, won the VMA in 1996 for Best Female Video), mainly because the image of Jimmy in pigtails is now permanently stuck in our brain, and we feel it's only fair if we stick it in yours, too.
You can catch highlights from the early days of MTV during this, the 30th anniversary of the channel's launch, all weekend long on VH1 Classic.


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Latino Life
Elaine Ayala comments on Latino news, cultura y más.
Monthly Archive for May, 2007
Friday nights in Austin
San Antonio native Jacenda Burkett dreamed of a dream job, and now she has it. The movie and celebrity makeup artist with deep Mexican-American roots in the Alamo City is living in Austin these days to be closer to her job — as key makeup artist for NBC's acclaimed drama "Friday Night Lights." Jacenda Burkett. […] [Read More]
Lots of traffic for E-museum
Looks like George Cisneros is getting more business than he imagined. After this morning's story on "Boxeo," his site at unimos-sa.com has tried to stay online, but is having trouble staying there. He thinks it's because e-traffic to his E-museum of the West Side is backed up all the way to the North Side. Cisneros […] [Read More]
E-museum's first photograph
George Cisneros found this weathered, hand-tinted wedding picture in the trash. (Click on photo to enlarge) He still doesn't know the names of this distinguished looking couple all dressed up for the most important day of their lives. But he's hoping that someone will step forward with their names and story. That continues to be […] [Read More]
Vicente Fox speaks his mind
The former president of Mexico was forceful, energetic and ready with opinions for the print, radio and television journalists gathered for the 2007 Hispanic Media Awards in San Antonio Thursday night. There also was a Clintonesque coupledom in the arrival of Vicente Fox Quesada and his wife Marta Sahagun. They looked fresh, powerful and at […] [Read More]
Eric Alva's whole new world
Retired Marine Staff Sgt. Eric Alva has found another way to rehabilitate himself. Underwater. Alva, the first battle casualty of the Iraq war, lost his right leg after stepping on a land mine on March 21, 2003. The San Antonian won many awards and commendations, including the Purple Heart. But what he wanted was to […] [Read More]
Worms, fungus and pedals, oh my
(Courtesy Photo) Some prehispanic foods may not sound mouth-watering, but those who have tasted huitlacoche, for example, have feasted on a delicacy shared by ancient people of the Americas. Huitlacoche is the fungus that grows on corn. It looks like black seed and often is served in dishes such as tamales, even salads. And it's […] [Read More]
La cocina unites us
(Courtesy Photo) Foodies and others interested in making the Alamo City known for far more than Tex-Mex cuisine welcomed news that the Culinary Institute of America's third campus will be in San Antonio. Those behind the Center for Foods of the Americas at the Pearl Brewery long have seen the potential of San Antonio as […] [Read More]
Latino TV shows down to zero?
George Lopez sounds angry — and for good reason. The comedian and star of "The George Lopez Show" got news over the weekend that ABC is canceling his show. George Lopez The reason, according to the network, is poor ratings. The reason, according to Lopez, is money. Because Warner Bros. Television, not ABC Television Studios, […] [Read More]
Celebrating the Tejanos
Jose Antonio Navarro Rudi Rodriguez wants you to get as familiar with Tejano History Month as you may be of National Hispanic Heritage Month. The latter, Sept. 15 to Oct. 15, is a time for U.S. Latinos to celebrate their diverse histories and heritages. Tejano History Month in September is a newer statewide celebration of […] [Read More]
Sosa goes to the Smithsonian
San Antonio artist Kathy Sosa's newest works, a collection of 20 paintings of women wearing huipiles, the colorful, hand-woven blouses made by Latin American women, is heading to the Smithsonian Latino Center this summer. It's a part of a celebration called "Mexico at the Smithsonian." Each year, the center selects a Latin American country to […] [Read More]
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Now Foods, Bio-Curcumin Phytosome, 60 Vcaps
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Now Foods, Bio-Curcumin Phytosome, 60 Vcaps
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Expiration Date
The length of time for the expiration date or "best used before" date depends on the type of product, as well as the brand.
Perishable items (such as flax oils or certain probiotics) generally have shorter expiration dates. Although our warehouse is fully air-conditioned, these more fragile items are put in cold storage (freezer or refrigeration unit) for maximum freshness.
Our receiving department does its best to verify and then enter the correct expiration dates for all incoming products. However, discrepancies do occur from time to time. This being said, the exceptionally high turnover at iHerb ensures that our inventory is among the freshest in the industry.
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The Shipping Weight includes the product, protective packaging material and the actual shipping box. In addition, the Shipping Weight may be adjusted for the Dimensional Weight (e.g. length, width & height) of a package. It is important to note that certain types of products (e.g. glass containers, liquids, fragile, refrigerated or ice packed) will often require protective packaging material. As such, these products will reflect a higher Shipping Weight compared to the unprotected product.
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Total: $25.34
Combo Discount: -$2.00
Together: $23.34
Product Overview
Curcumin, the active polyphenolic extract of Turmeric Root, is one of the best scientifically investigated plant compounds. However, Curcumin's health-supporting properties depend on limited oral absorption. NOW Bio-Curcumin Phytosome is a patented Curcumin complexed with phosphatidylcholine that clinically demonstrates increased absorption and bioavailability, as compared to standard Curcumin extracts. Clinical studies also show that Bio-Curcumin Phytosome provides potent antioxidant activity, can support a balanced inflammatory response, and can promote healthy joint mobility and flexibility.
As a dietary supplement, take 1 Vcap 1 to 3 times daily, preferably with food.
Rice flour, cellulose powder, cellulose (capsule), magnesium stearate (vegetable source) and silica.
Contains soy derivative. Contains no sugar, salt, yeast, wheat, gluten, milk, egg, shellfish or preservatives.
Do not eat freshness packet. Keep in bottle.
Store in a cool, dry place. Please recycle.
Caution: If you are pregnant/lactating or have any history of liver, gall bladder or gastrointestinal problems, please consult a health practitioner prior to use. Keep out of reach of children.
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Community Charter School in Buffalo has lost its yearlong battle to stay open.
State Supreme Court Justice John A. Michalek ruled Thursday in favor of the state Education Department to close the school because of poor student performance.
The judge dismissed the charter school's lawsuit against the state and lifted his preliminary injunction, which had allowed the school to remain open this school year after the Board of Regents refused to renew the school's charter last April.


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Teddy is the now the Mistress and what does being The Mistress entail? Reviewing of course! This episode, Something Naughty!
Screams from the Netherworld of fandom. Diamanda Hagan, reviews movies and rants about them online.
Discover the best in original web series.
© 2014 Blip Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Career Resource Library
boston college career center
The Career Resource Library offers a wealth of print and electronic resources for Boston College students and alumni.
Online Resources
Boston College students have 24/7 access to a variety of databases through the Career Center. For a full list of databases and to access the login information, please log into EagleLink and look for the password sheet in the Document Library, or contact the librarian.
Located in the garden level of the Career Center, the Career Resource Library contains hundreds of books and other publications to help you research majors, occupations, employers, jobs, internships, international opportunities, volunteer opportunities, graduate programs, and scholarships. You can view our entire print catalog online through LibraryThing.
The Library subscribes to periodicals that can be helpful in the job search, including The Boston Business Journal, Fortune Magazine, Business Week, and The Chronicle of Higher Education.
While you're in the Career Resource Library, you're welcome to use one of our computers to access the Internet, create a resume, explore job opportunities, and research companies and organizations. You can print black-and-white pages without charge, and you have access to a photocopier and document scanner.
Contact Us
The Career Resource Library is open during regular Career Center hours. To reach Peter Cochrane, the librarian, email firstname.lastname@example.com or call (617) 552-3430.


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Go Online to Check All Deer, Elk, Turkey
All deer, all elk, and all turkeys must be reported online at wildlifedepartment.com within 24 hours of leaving the hunt area (or checked by an authorized Department employee, when available). The E-Check website will generate a number on a carcass tag that can be printed and attached to the harvest. If a printer is unavailable, the number may be written on a field tag and attached to the harvest. This number must remain with the carcass to its final destination or through processing and/or storage at commercial processing or storage facilities.
E-check offers hunters a more convenient way to report their harvest to Department biologists, who use the information to make the best management decisions. No longer must deer, elk and turkey hunters take their harvested game to a physical check station for reporting, although some locations will offer E-Check as a service to hunters.
Physical checking will continue for bear and antelope harvests.
Deer Processors
Deer hunters can find a list of deer processing sites online at wildlifedepartment.com. Many deer processors participate in the Hunters Against Hunger program, which allows hunters who legally harvest a deer during any deer season to donate the meat to feed hungry Oklahomans.
To access E-Check or to see a list of deer processors, scan the QR codes with a smartphone.
Hunter Orange (Daylight Fluorescent orange)
All hunters participating in any antelope, bear, deer or elk season using a firearm (muzzleloader or gun) must wear both a head covering and an outer garment above the waistline, both totaling at least 400 square inches of hunter orange that are clearly visible while in the field. Camouflage hunter orange is legal as long as there are at least 400 square inches of hunter orange.
Antelope, bear, deer or elk hunters using archery equipment during any antelope, bear, deer or elk firearms (muzzleloader or gun) season in any open hunting area (zone, county, or area) must conspicuously wear either a head covering or an outer garment above the waistline consisting of hunter orange. Camouflage hunter orange is legal.
All other hunters, except those hunting waterfowl, crow or crane, or while hunting furbearing animals at night, must wear either a head covering or upper garment of hunter orange clothing while hunting during any antelope, bear, deer or elk firearms (muzzleloader or gun) season in any open hunting area (zone, county or area). Camouflage hunter orange is legal.
Regulations in red are new this year.
Purple text indicates an important note.