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An Official Website of the Commonwealth of Kentucky
After political calm had been restored there was a reorganization of the Guard and an updating of the armaments. In 1903 Congress enacted a Militia law that was similar to that which Kentucky had already adopted. The new law embraced all males from 18 to 45 and divided them into organized militia of the State; the remainder was considered to be the inactive Militia subject to call. As part of this reorganization 200 men were assigned to each congressional representative and the President of the United States was given the power to call up the State's Guard when he deemed it necessary. The purpose of this act was to add uniformity to the various State Guard organizations. In compliance with this act the Federal government made an annual appropriation of $1 million to each state for purposes of maintaining its military force.
In sum, the provisions of the bill, essentially a compromise, eliminated once and for all time the archaic Militia Act of 1792. It divided American male citizenry into two classes: the National Guard (Organized Militia), and the Reserve Militia, in which were lumped all other male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45. National Guard organization, armament, and discipline were to be identical with those of the Regular Army. Federal pay was granted for summer training camps and other activities, including joint maneuvers with the Regulars; drill and instruction periods were to take place at least twenty-four times a year. Regular officers were to be provided as inspectors-instructors. As to the Reserve Militia, this legal function at least perpetuated the original colonial concept of universal military obligations.
Meanwhile, a number of other things of interest to the Guard had also occurred. During 1908 a Division of Militia Affairs was created in the War Department. At first the Division was under the supervision of the Secretary of War. As a General Staff unit it supervised and transacted all business relating to the organized Militia, including assignment of Regular Army instructors and inspectors, except when in the Federal service. The Adjutant General of the Army formerly handled these activities. This unit would later become the National Guard Bureau.
Also in 1908, by an amendment to the Dick Bill, Congress lifted both the nine-month limitation on Federal Militia service and the restriction forbidding National Guard service outside the continental limits of the United States. However, it was apparent that the Guard, despite the goodwill of its uniformed membership, was still limping. A report by the Secretary of War in 1910, an analysis drawn by the Army War College and supported by statistical data, submitted on order from Congress, summed up the Guard's deficiencies: inadequate strength, insufficient arms reserve, and lack of combat balance of forces. Its pessimistic conclusion stated that "It is apparent that we are almost wholly unprepared for war. The things we need will take the longest to supply."
From 1905 through 1908 farmers formed an organization in Kentucky known as The Planter's Protective Association whereby tobacco was pooled in order to obtain better prices. Those who would not subscribe to this organization often incurred the wrath of the so-called "Night Riders" who were known for their violent measures. Almost every company of the Kentucky State Guard saw active service in order to curb the numerous hostile acts that were associated with these "Night Riders." The Black Patch in the Black Patch War was a slang term for Western Kentucky where "black" tobacco was grown.
The period between the passage of the Dick Bill and the entry of the United States into World War I might well be called the heyday of the peacetime National Guard. The majority of units were housed in comfortable armories whose drill floors accommodated not only military training but also the social functions that had become part of the club-like atmosphere. Wives, sweethearts and friends crowded the dance floor on these occasions, while even the weekly drill sessions had their social side, for families and friends gathered in the galleries to watch.
Most of the mounted outfits, cavalry, field artillery, and signal corps, all of whom prided themselves on their horsemanship, performed weekly in tanbark rings in a horse show--rodeo atmosphere. Guests thrilled at Roman riding: men standing on two- or three-horse teams. They gasped when limber bareback riders dismounted at the gallop to leap up again, sometimes spanning the broad backs of several animals. They cheered when opposing teams played mounted basketball or wrestled one another. Agile troopers swung slashing sabers at leather heads atop posts or, going full tilt, speared tent pegs with lances. A few cavalry units boasted polo teams, the mounts provided by well-to-do members. Highlights of the field artillery drills were, of course, the mounted battery maneuvers where guns, limbers, and caissons rolled on the tanbark in a medley of thudding hooves and spinning wheels.
1774 - 1824
1875 - 1924
1925 - 1974
1975 - Present


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Updated: 08/10/2014 5:26 PM |
Created: 08/10/2014 11:02 AM
By: Elizabeth Reed, KOB.com
Albuquerque police are still searching for the man suspected of killing his ex-girlfriend and injuring three others in a shooting outside an auto detailing shop in northeast Albuquerque on Friday.
APD released a new photo of Marcos Delgado, 46, on Sunday. He has brown eyes and is six-feet-two-inches tall and 285 pounds.
People who spot Delgado are asked to call APD at (505)-242-2677 immediately. He is considered armed and dangerous.
Delgado's black Dodge Charger was recovered Saturday afternoon on Tokay Road NE. At this time, police do not know his whereabouts or if he has acquired another vehicle.
KOB welcomes a lively and courteous discussion as long as you follow the rules of conduct set forth in our Terms of Use. Comments are not pre-screened before they post. You agree that anything you post may be used, along with your name and profile picture, in accordance with our Privacy Policy and the license you have granted pursuant to our Terms of Use.
|Dispatcher who hung up on 911 caller has license suspended
|BCFD responding to tire fire on Swanson compound west of Albuquerque
|NM champion sumo wrestler swimming 20 miles across Navajo Lake in 24 hours
|SWAT teams working to get barricaded man out of Kirtland home
|New details on what led up to chase, standoff with carjacking suspects


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Tree Faces
Carving Whimsical Cottonwood Tree Bark HousesCarving Whimsical Cottonwood Tree Bark Houses: In-the-Round Part 2. Kathy Overcash Bring out the door and window Image detail for -Wood carving Tree Spirit carved in a Pine Knot makes a great gift for
Tree Wood Spirit Carving Sculpture Forest Face Knot Head Wizard Gnome
Wood Carving & Turning – ArboristSite.com
From transferring the carving pattern to preparing the wood and evaluating the various levels of depth, every cut of the carving process is carefully illustrated and Basswood:Great craftwood for carving, folkart & chipcarving, available 1/8
wood carved faces | eBay – Electronics, Cars, Fashion
Find great deals on eBay for wood carved faces and panasonic electric kp 100. Shop with confidence. Masters of the Chainsawis a limited group of the nation's top professional chainsaw
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Tree To Treasure Wood Carvings – Face Carving Rules
My name is Russell Scott from ScottCarvings.com. I will teach you how I carve a Santa face in wood. This is a beginning wood carving class. You will see Woodcarving Message Board Welcome to the Woodcarving Illustrated Message Board, an online wood carving forum community where you can join thousands of carvers
Wood Carved Totem Stock Photography – Image: 4982462
Carving Father ChristmasWe will also be carving the entire figure as opposed to only the face. Wood Mineral spirits Deft semi-gloss clear spray Materials Chainsaw carvings from Michigan Chainsaw Carver Jim Barnes, On Site Stump Carving , Commissioned Orders , Tree carver , Performing at Fairs , Festivals , Events
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HOW TO CARVE A FACE His teaching method takes the mystery out of carving a face and when you take your completed project home you will have a useful tool to help you Wood carving is a hobby that's been around for decades. Some people do it for enjoyment, others make complex or simple carvings, furniture or signs to earn a living
Name Carved
Wood Carving the Santa Face part1 – YouTube
Carving faces from wood is an enjoyable pastime for carvers of all experience and skill levels. Beginners can acquire the necessary skills required to fashion a face BLOCK HEAD ( WOOD CARVING ). 662 likes 97 talking about this.
Wood Carving Designs: 02/01/2010 – 03/01/2010
Carving Wood Bark | Carving Wood
The latest news and reviews about tree faces also known as forest faces. Add personality and fun to your yard by adding a tree face to one of your trees. In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3 mm (1/8 inch), that typically are glued onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board
Carving the Old Man of the Mountains or Wood Spirit
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Wood carving our Quality Cottonwood Bark from British Columbia, Canada Our hand-selected pieces fo cottonwood bark for woodcarving are just what you Basswood:Great craftwood for carving, folkart & chipcarving, available 1/8
: An ent, a tree character, carved into the trunk of a living tree
Wood veneer – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A quick step by step carving of a Ugly Face. This is a close up view. I tried to show it closer to show the detail. Wood Carving & Turning – Discuss wood carving & turning in this forum
Hand carved BAMBOO face carvings are carved from solid tropical bamboo
wood spirit carving | eBay – Electronics, Cars, Fashion
Rules For Carving Faces by Gene Graham. When I talk with other people about carving faces I try to explain to them about the "rules" for carving faces. Wooden Face Carvings, You Can Buy Various High Quality Wooden Face Carvings Products from Global Wooden Face Carvings Suppliers and Wooden Face Carvings Manufacturers In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood, usually thinner than 3 mm (1/8 inch), that typically are glued onto core panels (typically, wood, particle board
Cottonwood stump, picked it up in Blue Mesa Lake in Colorado


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Learning to submit: A woman, a man, three small dogs, one Big Dog, a new medium puppy, an old cat, fish, chickens, two mostly grown up kids, their assorted rag-tag friends, our ancient house, our overgrown yard, our sad garden, and our changing lives as we convert to the agrarian lifestyle and grow closer to God. Update: we 've moved but are not in our permanent home. We are Foothills Folk no more. The house, garden and animals are gone for now, but we remain together in love and in the Lord.
What is agrarianism? Agrarianism is a religious, social and political philosophy which stresses the viewpoint that a rural or semi-rural lifestyle, most especially agricultural pursuits such as farming or ranching, leads to a fuller, happier, cleaner, and more sustainable way of life for both individuals and society as a whole.
Our family are Agrarian Separatists; we believe in separating from the urban culture and living rural lifestyles. That does not mean we are tech-phobes; tech helps us maintain contact with the rest of the world.


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PAT concert to feature musical variety
A variety of music ranging from the contemporary band sound to Renaissance inspiration will be performed by the Antelope Valley College Symphonic Band and Concert Band in a 7:30 p.m. Friday, March 30 concert at the college Performing Arts Theatre, 3041 W. Ave. K, Lancaster.
Under the direction of Dr. Berkeley Price, the bands will perform selections that should appeal to a broad range of musical tastes, including romantic orchestral world, American military march, and the movie/television industry.
Tickets are $5 for students/seniors and AVC employees with ID, and $10 for
adults. Tickets may be purchased at the theater box office two hours prior to the concert.
Upon request three days before the event, reasonable accommodation will be provided to facilitate the participation of covered individuals with disabilities. Call (661) 722-6360 (voice/relay).


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[UPDATE: See below]
For months, you could buy all sorts of "birther" gear: bumper stickers, posters, mugs, clothing (for you, your infant, or your dog). Now, in a textb00k example of political jiu-jitsu, the Obama 2012 campaign is cashing in on the movement with a mug of their own.
It features an image of the president's birth certificate on one side. On the other is a photograph of a smiling Barack Obama, over the words: "Made in the USA."
In an e-mail fundraising blast, the Obama for America campaign says "If the facts can't make these ridiculous smears go away, we can at least have a little fun with it."
And raise some money at the same time — an irony that, for birthers, will be hard to swallow.
UPDATE – May 19
Several readers have pointed out that the Obama "Made in the USA" motif is also available as a T-Shirt. No word yet on onesies or chiweenie hoodies.


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Prize for Peace
The 2013 Nobel Prize for Peace was awarded to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), a small independent agency that was based in The Hague and operated in cooperation with the United Nations. The agency was established in 1997 to implement the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which banned the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. The activities of the OPCW were conducted by three main bodies: the Executive Council, which administered the daily activities of the OPCW; the Technical Secretariat, which was charged with verifying states' compliance with the convention; and the Conference of the States Parties, which was the highest decision-making body of the organization. In the 15 years since its founding, the OPCW had conducted some 5,000 inspections in more than 80 countries and inventoried 100% of the world's declared chemical weapons.
The Nobel Prize for Peace was announced as the OPCW was undertaking operations in Syria, where a civil war between the government troops of Pres. Bashar al-Assad and rebel forces had been raging for two years. In August 2013 an attack using the nerve gas sarin killed more than 1,000 Syrian civilians, including many children. It was generally believed that the attack had been carried out by government forces, although the Assad regime denied this. Under the threat of a retaliatory air strike by the U.S. and France, the UN passed a resolution calling on Syria to destroy its chemical weapons, and the Assad government agreed to comply. It was the first time that the OPCW had operated in a war zone, with its work made particularly difficult by the fact that some chemical weapons sites were located in areas under rebel control.
By 2013 a total of 190 countries were members of the CWC. Only Angola, Egypt, North Korea, and South Sudan had failed to take steps to join, and Israel and Myanmar (Burma) had signed the convention but not yet ratified the treaty. Syria became a member in October 2013. By 2013 the CWC covered 98% of the world's population, with more than 80% of all chemical weapons having been destroyed. The largest remaining stockpiles of chemical weapons were held by the U.S. and Russia, and the OPCW estimated that by 2013 only about 90% of the U.S. and 70% of the Russian weapons had been destroyed; both countries had missed 2012 deadlines to complete their work. The OPCW also estimated that only 51% of Libya's stockpile had been destroyed.
As had been true with a number of decisions made by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, the announcement that the OPCW would receive the 2013 prize was met with a certain skepticism. Critics noted that the number of people killed by sarin in Syria (about 1,000) was dwarfed by the 100,000 or more who had been killed by conventional weapons. Nonetheless, there was widespread agreement that in its relatively short life, the OPCW had been highly effective in its mission. The agency had brought the world closer to the goal of eliminating chemical weapons, and for this alone it was worthy of receiving the Nobel Prize for Peace.


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Mapna MD1
MAPNA Power Plants Construction & Development Co.
Commissioned Projects
Guarantee Period Projects
Under Construction Projects
Future Projects
Mapna Group's successful performance in Arak and Montazer Ghaem projects provided Iran Power Development Company with the incentive to assign to Mapna Company, construction of the 30 Gas Turbines Project Contract worth over Euro 1 billion. The contract which was in fact targeted transfer of know-how for the manufacture of power plant equipment on the other hand and improving the quality of engineering design and management on the other, provided the bedrock for Mapna Company to set up and incorporate various companies such as Tuga, etc. within this realm of industry and through launching of a unit under "30 Gas Turbines " staff this division with qualified and competent manpower required for the job. Pursuant to the communication of the Contract, a number of power plant projects and development contracts were also included to the missions of the Gas Turbines Project of which mention can be made in the following order :
• Development of Kerman Units (addendum to the 30 GTs contract out of Islamic Development Bank's credits).
• The 6 units Hormogzan power plant project (addendum to the 30 turbine project contract signed with IPDC).
• Development of Shirvan units (2 units contract signed with IPDC).
Since 30 GTs Project proved to be success and relying on the farsighted strategies of senior managers of Mapna Company together with the utilization of world-class patterns led the way for the reorganization of Mapna and revision of the organizational structure and hence, Mapna Group came into existence as a parent company and initiated to incorporate a variety of specialized EPC companies such as launch of Mapna Power Plant Construction and Development Company (Mapn-MD1) in June 2004.
Check Your email
Visit Intranet
No.15 Africa Ave., (South of HAGANI Crossroads), Tehran, IRAN
Tel :
+98 21 82980000
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+98 21 82980001
Fax :
+98 21 8298 6623
email :
All Rights Reserved 2009 to MAPNA MD1.


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Walsh Holds Commencement for 2013 Summer and Fall Graduates
What's New, 2013-12-16
Massillon Municipal Court Judge Edward J. Elum and the Sisters of the Congregation of the Divine Spirit were awarded distinguished service medals at the Walsh University commencement ceremony held December 15, 2014.
The Honorable Judge Edward J. Elum, who has served the Massillon Municipal Court since 1995, was the keynote speaker at the Walsh University Commencement Ceremony held in the Gaetano M. Cecchini Family Health and Wellness Complex. "Now that you have graduated in the Walsh tradition and mission of creating leaders through service to others, go forth and make your communities better than you found them," Elum advised the graduates.
Over two hundred and seventy-four summer and fall graduates were awarded their respective degrees at the formal Commencement Ceremony. Commencement Sunday activities also included the Baccalaureate Mass at 10 am, in Cecchini Center Alumni Arena. A reception for graduates and their families was held directly following Baccalaureate in the Auxiliary Gym of the Cecchini Center.
During the Commencement Ceremony, Judge Elum and the Sisters of the Congregation of the Divine Spirit were honored with the Distinguished Service Medal. The Distinguished Service Medal is awarded to those who have rendered distinguished professional or voluntary service to others within the national, regional or local Walsh University community. Those who are awarded this honor reflect the University's steadfast commitment to the strength of noble character.
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Walsh University is not affiliated with Walsh College
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Posts Tagged «gamma rays»
Left-handed, intergalactic-scale magnetic field supports antimatter theory May 18, 2015 at 12:00 pm
Using recent data from NASA's Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope, scientists have now found evidence for the left-handed galactic-scale magnetic fields that are predicted to exist by current theories for the scarcity of antimatter.
You'll be amazed at how these government researchers turned your smartphone's camera into a radiation dose meter January 13, 2014 at 9:52 am
Government researchers have written an Android app that lets your phone's camera act as a gamma radiation detector. We're not talking about the same quality of detection as a commercial detector or dosimeter, but if you spend a lot of time in planes, or you live in an area with high levels of natural background radiation (granite, limestone, high altitude), you might soon use your smartphone as a cheap, fairly accurate gamma radiation detector. Such a smartphone app could be a huge boon for emergency services who are first on the scene at a radiation leak and aren't equipped with the correct radiation gear, too.
NASA's Swift discovers 100,000 super-massive black holes, in its spare time December 17, 2013 at 1:26 pm
NASA's orbiting gamma ray mission has spent eight years collecting incidental X-ray data, and now scientists think the know what it means.
Birth of black hole witnessed, marking watershed moment for astronomy November 26, 2013 at 9:19 am
This week, a momentous event occurred somewhere in the universe, and thanks to advanced technology, scientists were able to capture it in all its glory.


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Time to check in on our RADar, with Diablo 3 Inferno difficulty, Civilization V: Gods & Kings, and the wonderful world of Lego and snap-together mini-creations!
Alex, Dan, and Jeff reveal the rad things they've been doing in their free time in On My Radar. This time, Alex has been pounding away against the minions of hell in Diablo 3's Inferno difficulty, Dan has found the stress-reducing joys of made-to-order Lego construction, and Jeff is sucked back into Civilization V, due to the new expansion, Gods & Kings.
The Totally Rad Show is the summer blockbuster of geek news shows. Every week, hosts Alex Albrecht, Dan Trachtenberg, and Jeff Cannata rip into the world of movies, video games, tv, comics, and more and pull out what's rad.


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The adventure of outdoor travel is no longer considered a normal part of life for a majority of the country's population. Yet buried deep inside all of us there remains a desire to tackle the challenges that such adventures once provided.
Recreation, which comes from the Latin 'recraere,' means to regenerate or refresh. In some way, water-based recreation causes us to revert to a slower pace and it returns us to a gentler place. Aristotle considered contemplation to be the greatest form of recreation. He believed contemplation was a luxury achieved only during the leisure hours.
In some inexplicable manner, water sooths the human soul, it relaxes us and engenders camaraderie. Naturally, water makes us refreshingly civil, as it should, since nearly two thirds of the human body consists of water.
For some odd reason, water makes us friendly. On the lakes, boaters always wave to each other in passing, even if they don't know each other. It is a happy medium. Oddly, the folks who regularly wave to each other on the lake all summer would never dare to make eye contact while in the intimate confines of an elevator.
On the water, we naturally look after each other. If someone appears stranded, and the cover is removed from their motor, boaters will flock to their aid like ants to a picnic.
On the water we are all equal, sharing a precious natural resource and enjoying good times. Yet the same folks who were willing to help others on the lake will be ready to duke it out back at the dock as they jockey for position in the parking lot. It's difficult to understand how friendly waves can change so quickly into a one-finger salute, but I've watched it happen time and again as soon as our feet meet pavement. It is difficult to understand why a return to civilization causes people to become instantly uncivil and toss common courtesy out the window.
Joe Hackett is a guide and sportsman residing in Ray Brook. Contact him at email@example.com.
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Fit in S.A.
Jessica Belasco on the latest on local fitness news, upcoming races, gym openings and how San Antonio residents are getting in shape.
Monthly Archive for March, 2009
Meet Ron Fletcher, do Pilates, fight cancer, all at the same time
(Express-News File Photo) Aída Zorrilla teaches a Pilates class at Studio A. Studio A: Pilates and Spectrum Athletic Clubs will hold two sessions of Fletcher Pilates on March 7 to celebrate the "Power of Pilates Changing Lives" and raise money in the fight against leukemia and lymphoma. Ron Fletcher, protégé of Joseph and Clara Pilates […] [Read More]
There are lots of ways to help during MS Awareness Week
(Express-News File Photo) Participants in the 2008 Valero Bike the Beach line up to start the final day of cycling. It's National MS Awareness Week, and the Lone Star Chapter of the National Multiple Sclerosis Society has lots of ways for you to contribute to the cause. [Read More]
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WRRI Research
WRRI supports research that addresses water resource issues that are a priority in NC. Funding for our annual call for proposals comes from USGS 104(B) funds, the Urban Water Consortium (UWC), the UWC Stormwater Group, and occasionally other funds. Faculty of senior colleges and universities in NC are eligible to apply for research funding. Graduate and undergraduate student support is often provided through this funding, and researchers often partner with local municipalities and agencies when submitting research proposals.
WRRI seeks to communicate the results of the research projects it funds by publishing research reports and by inviting researchers and students to participate in WRRI's annual research conference.
If you are interested in receiving notification about research opportunities, please and request to be added to water research listserv. Note that in order to be added to this listserv, you must be a faculty member associated with a NC college or university, or staff at a college or university who works in Sponsored Programs, Contracts & Grants, or a similar department.


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Fairland's Wireman will run for Wildcats
PROCTORVILLE, Ohio -- Fairland High School's Raine Wireman will continue his track and cross country career at the University of Kentucky.
Wireman will start in the fall as a walk-on for Wildcats coach Edrick Floreal. Academic grants and an ROTC scholarship will cover his tuition.
"I'll be running against the best now," Wireman said as he looked ahead to competition on the Southeastern Conference level. "That's only going to help me get better."
Wireman lettered for four years in track and cross country for Fairland coach Chuck Wentz.
He wrapped up his career in June in the Ohio Division II state meet at Ohio State's Jesse Owens Stadium in Columbus. He placed eighth in the 1600 (4:21.03). He also ran a leg on the 4x800 relay team for the Dragons.
Wireman said he'll increase his training levels as he prepares to head to Lexington in mid-August. He'll focus on strength, flexibility and speed areas.
"I know I'm going to be pushed," said Wireman, who plans to major in civil engineering. "The times have to come down."
Wireman also had an interest in Iowa State. On Saturday, the Cyclones hired Martin Smith as their new coach, so Wireman suddenly became UK bound.
In college, cross country races are either 8K or 10K. Wireman said he's not sure what his distance specialty will be in track.
"I'm excited for him," Wentz said. "The training we've put him through over the years, there's been a true progression. He's ready to step up."
Wireman is familiar with one of UK's recruits. Buffalo High's Dylan Rich from Putnam County finished his career as one of the top distance runners in the state. He won four events and was high-point scorer in Class AA at the West Virginia High School Track Championships in Charleston. He also won the 800 and mile in the Heart of the Bluegrass meet in the spring. Kentucky was the host.
"The goal is to give kids the opportunity to do something," Wentz said. "Whatever they do with it is up to them."
Wireman is one of five Fairland track/cross country athletes who signed with colleges this year. Megan Ashton, Sydney Petitt and Logan Rowe are headed to Shawnee State University in Portsmouth, Ohio. Mariah Chaffin is going to West Virginia Wesleyan.


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4 Parks near Mount Dora, Florida
Sorrento, Florida 6.59 miles E
Mount Dora, Florida (352) 383-4003
Sites: 94 | Latest Rate: $35.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jun 2014 - $35.00
We stayed here for 3 nights while visiting family nearby. The staff was very friendly and accommodating to our needs. Mostly long term residents who are friendly and invited us to join them in their activities. Sites were level and wide enough to easily accommodate our big rig. We would stay here again. - Laura from Florida
Mount Dora, Florida (map) |
Sites: 30? | Latest Rate: $20.00 | 1 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Jan 2008 - $20.00
This Pseudo-RV campground is located at the Mt. Dora Renninger's Antique Market. They have 3 antique extravaganzas during the year as well as other special events. I am not sure if they offer RV sites during other events, but they do during the extravaganzas. The have electric hook-up and "Shared" water, which means you need to bring a splitter, but they do have some if you need or your neighbor might already have one in use. They have a campground manager who is not too bad at making sure that everyone finds their way to their site and fixes problems should they arise. Some of the sites are close, but they seem to have plenty of room in some of the other areas in the back. Most of the sites are shaded with large oak trees. There are no regular bathrooms in the RV area, but they did have trash cans and porta-potties. There is no sewage hook-ups but they do have a free dump station. The sites are close walking distance to the event grounds and was very nice to stay and go all three days to the antique extravaganza. When I made reservations they said that it was a three night minimum and since it was about $60 for Thursday, Friday & Saturday night and could stay in place until Sunday evening, I didn't mind the 3 day min..it is a good deal even if you only needed 2 nights. Again I don't know what other times of the year that they allow camping, but you can call the main office to find out. - MPD334
Mount Dora, Florida (map) | (352) 383-1993
Sites: 15 | Latest Rate: $23.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
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Feb 2015 - $23.00
This is a small county park, but located between two lakes. We had to pay the no-discount price of $23 for not being seniors or county residents. It is a secure area with the park staff making rounds every hour, and coded keypad gates after hours. You can get 25 pieces of firewood for $10, a great deal. Most of the campsites have a waterfront view. The pads are concrete and flat. All sites have a patio with picnic table, BBQ grill, and fire pit with benches. The sites themselves have guardrails with reflective dots on the ends so you could even park at night. The bathhouse was clean and they even put up a rack of magazines and book exchange station. The shower stalls were clean. Pets are allowed here on a leash. The tall trees provide a lot of shade. This is a well-taken care of park and we loved it. The reservation system is to book your date of stay only, then it's first-come first-serve when you arrive, whatever site is available. We were able to take our pick arriving on Sunday after the weekend campers left. Check-out is comfortably at 2pm. We will definitely come back. - Sara C.
Mar 2014 - $17.00
This is a hidden gem. Beautiful large roomy sites with nice grills, picnic table, and a fire pit with benches. Bathhouse was sparkling clean. Located at the end of a dead end road and very quiet. Gated with security code for nighttime access. - KathyAndJimB
Feb 2014 - $17.00
Rate reflects senior non-county resident. We love this campground. There are no bad sites, just some better than others. Of course, the lake front sites are the best. The facilities are well maintained. There are nice nature trails; one has a very nice boardwalk as part of it. We saw many, many different types of birds, including eagles. The sunsets over Lake Carlton are just breathtaking. Downtown Mount Dora is very close. We ate at Fiesta Grande Mexican restaurant there and it was very good. There is a Publix's just a few miles from the campground on 441. - judeebug
Mount Dora, Florida (map) | (352) 223-3306
Sites: 137 | Latest Rate: $32.00 | 5 Reviews
|Clean Restrooms:
|Clean Showers:
Sep 2013 - $32.00
Very tidy and well maintained RV park in Belen Eustis and the lovely Mount Dora. Extremely welcoming and friendly manager and owners too - who dropped off local newspapers daily to me (unasked) as they knew I was a 'Brit' looking to buy a home/business in the US. The only tiny criticisms I have are that the Wi-Fi is very weak even in the recreation room and camp office - and the access was never on in the recreation room although I expect it is during the snowbird season when the campground is close to full occupancy by travelers and snowbirds. Would definitely stay here again! - Leo Millward
May 2013 - $30.00
We have already said in January that we will come back. Now we are here-and it is even better than in January. Many snowbirds have left the area and it's wonderfully quiet here. What remains is the friendliness of the managers to us - have received a friendly welcome - as before. Finally, we have forgotten to mention that the entire campground is very clean and well maintained, as well as the the pool and shower rooms -and access to the lake. We will definitely come back in the winter. There is no beautiful and better place where everything is all around: nature, peace, shopping and the price. - usa
Jan 2013 - $30.00
In this RV park there are 95% of permanent residents, half are full timer. Very nice people. It's quiet. Trees provide shade. There is access to the lake. Canoe free. In the club house, there are various activities: bingo, card games, sometimes with live music, dance, and other entertainment. There are two computers with internet access. You can borrow books and videos. Wi-Fi on the plots without problems and free. Heated pool. Full hook up with other words, it is all there. Walmart and other big stores 2 miles. We have for a week paid the weekly rate of $ 30. The owner is very nice and totally helpful. One should inquire prior to arrival by phone, whether sites are available. We have already booked May again. - usa


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May 9, 2014
CONWAY, Ark. – Ryan Creech was the star for the Lamar track team on Friday as the junior out of Cork, Ireland, closed out the first day of the Southland Outdoor Championships with a second-place finish in the 10,000 meter run at Bill Stephens Track on the campus of the University of Central Arkansas.
Creech, winner of the 5,000 meter title during indoor season, ran much of the opening first half of the race within the lead pack before beginning to methodically pick off runner after runner ahead of him. By the time that Creech passed Ryan Holroyd of McNeese State in the race's last 1,200 meters, catching up to ultimate winner Nicholas Guerra was too tall a task, and he went on to finish the race with a time of 31:19.94.
"I hadn't competed in the five weeks leading up to tonight, and I'd actually rate the feeling I have now as better than winning indoors," revealed Creech. "I think, tactically, this was probably the best race I've ever ran. When it got a bit hurried at 5K, I knew that the pace was too hot for me, and [LU distance coach] Darren [Gauson] told me they were bluffing and weren't going to hold it. I was starting to get a little worried when I fell back to sixth, but I was able to start passing them a bit later."
Ash Harrell, who was running in his last race as a Cardinal, finished 18th in 34:21.49. The Englishman, who missed much of track season due to injuries, was named Southland Cross Country Newcomer of the Year en route to qualifying for nationals last fall.
On the women's side, Belinda Aguilar was the top finisher in the 10,000, placing seventh in 38:09.23. Angela LaBorde was the second to cross the line, coming in 10th at 39:50.03. Nora-Beth Saunders and Kaitlynn Warren were 12th and 13th, respectively, at 40:20.81 and 40:30.97.
The Cards will continue action at the Southland Championships on Saturday before concluding Sunday afternoon.


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The order that animals feed on other plants and animals is called a food chain.
Do you think you can put a food chain together?
Click below to give it a try and learn why every animal within a food chain is so important.
What is bioaccumulation?
Bioaccumulation is the increase in concentration of a substance in living organisms as they take in contaminated air, water, or food.
As bigger animals eat smaller animals, the level of contamination in the food is added to the level of contamination already in their body.
Bioaccumulation is a problem in the north because of higher concentrations of toxic pollution.
Also, northern animals have a lot of fat to keep them warm, toxins accumulate mostly in fat


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Cleveland man indicted on 150 child porn counts now charged with kidnapping, gross sexual imposition
Task force searched Darin Casper's house in May
CLEVELAND - A man already facing 150 counts of child pornography has now been charged with kidnapping.
Back in May, 49-year-old Darin Casper, of Cleveland, was indicted on 146 counts of illegal use of a minor in nudity-oriented material or performance, three counts of pandering sexually-oriented matter involving a minor and one count of possessing criminal tools.
On Tuesday, Casper was charged with more than a dozen counts of gross sexual imposition and four counts of kidnapping, according to court documents.
Authorities said 10 children were unknowingly videotaped and six children were touched by Casper that he took to an Ohio camp ground. Task force members were able to interview the victims after Casper was in custody, leading to the second round of indictments.
Casper will appear in court on Thursday for a pretrial hearing on the original case, and then on Friday, he is scheduled for an arraignment on the new charges.
"For years, Casper has perpetuated the victimization of children by downloading, creating, and sharing these pornographic images. Today's indictment continues the fight against sick minded Internet predators," Cuyahoga County Bill Mason said in May.
Mason said Casper's child porn collection was actually discovered by the Utah Attorney General's Office. When the Ohio Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force searched Casper's house on Baltic Avenue, they seized computers, CDs, cell phones digital cameras containing 1,500 child porn images and videos, Mason said.


text:
Dr. Luis Kishon
Medical Director
Dr. Luis Kishon
Medical Director
VCA Palm Beach County Animal Hospital offers local compassionate health care for your pet.
Our caring team of doctors, technicians and receptionists offer you a wonderful, "you're-part-of-the-family" feeling at every visit.
Our convenient hours make it easy for us to accommodate your needs.
There are many preventive measures you can take to prevent problems for your pet that are common to the local area. Mosquitoes are a huge concern due to the year-round warm weather here in south Florida. They carry heartworm disease, and can infect even inside pets if they are not protected on a monthly basis with heartworm prevention. The large amount of rain that occurs in south Florida is a contributor to intestinal parasites, which can be brought in by the dirt on your shoes. Again, monthly heartworm preventative can help protect your pet from the most common of these parasites. Monthly flea and tick prevention is also recommended...See More
New to VCA?Try a Free First Exam
Our services don't end at our hospital doors. As a member of the VCA family, our veterinarians have access to extensive medical resources, not the least of which is the VCA knowledge base, which allows our doctors to tap into the collected knowledge of over 2,000 VCA veterinarians.
And if your pet ever needs truly advanced veterinary care, VCA Specialty Hospitals are ready to help. These twenty-eight clinics provide state-of-the-art care in orthopedic surgery, physical therapy, advanced oncology, and even such cutting-edge treatments as stem cell therapy.
Here at VCA Palm Beach County Animal Hospital, we have a wonderful and compassionate staff. We all work together to offer you not just a visit to your veternarian, but an extraordinary experience.
are overweight or obese,* and often
their owners don't realize the danger.
* Association for Pet Obesity Prevention
Bring love and laughter into your life by adopting from a local pet shelter. Our Healthy Start Exam gives expert quality care to your newly adopted friend. Now that deserves a smile..Learn More About Pet Adoption


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|85 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 12/02/09
It is better to learn it today than to suffer for it tomorrow
Originally posted by tupodawg999
I for one am NOT an animal and I enjoy my solo time. To state that because Im human I must group is interesting, and why must solo content be at odds with multi? Give desingers some credit. They have the ability to keep each side content.
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Apprentice Member
Joined: 8/07/08
Originally posted by Aerowyn
+1 to this.
I started playing MMOs when i was 19 yo, that's 15 years ago. Now i have 2 kids, a wife, a full-time job... but i still like MMOs, and i look for solo friendly MMOs. I still enjoy being able to chat with people, make new friends, join a guild, etc. In my regular 2-hours gaming session, i have to go afk 3-4 times 'cause wife or kids need me for something, sometimes in a hurry. I think it was the 4th time i had to go afk in a rush while killing a boss and after hearing the screams of rage some of my party-mates, i decided to stop grouping. See, i always play the tank class...
Novice Member
Joined: 12/02/09
It is better to learn it today than to suffer for it tomorrow
Originally posted by Wizardry
I really hope your not serious. Just because a game is Multi Player Online does not imply that you Must group. It just means that there are many people playing at the same time making the game a vibrent changing theme.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 10/26/07
Some people like to feel and play like a hermit, something they might not be able to realize in their real life. As for the "why not play a singel player then" argument: being a hermit is meaningless if there's nothing to hide from. Also, playing like a hermit doesn't mean no interaction with other players at all, just limited... Personally, I prefer playing such kind of hermit roles in a game that "encourages" (but doesn't "force", that's a difference!) team play so that solo play is an extra challenge there.
and to the quoting above: baseball is baseball and mmorpgs are mmorpgs. Simple like that. mmorpgs are no sport games, hence the "rpg" in its name.
Elite Member
Joined: 4/06/11
The only reasons I tend to solo often in MMORPGs:
* Quest syncronization. I have lots of RealID friends in WoW - I'd love to quest with them. Problem is, we're on different quests. One of us usually has done the chain the others working on... so that leaves one person questing and getting decent EXP, the second getting crap.
* "LF1-4M for <Group Quest>. Taking 10-30 minutes to find a group for a group quest is boring as shit. No thank you. If it's a group quest I can't solo, I'll give a random general question one try, then move on. 9 out of 10 times, the Group Quest is not done.
I'd say if Quest syncronization became an non-issue, or LFG technology could be applied to grouping/questing AND grouping/questing reaped greater rewards, I would be all over it.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 12/10/08
"To state that because Im human I must group is interesting"
I didn't say that. I said social === sticky.
What this means is the more an mmo can find a compromise between the downsides of other people and the upsides of other people the more successful it will be (in terms of longevity).
Originally posted by abottemiller
What are you then? a Vegtable or Mineral? Humans ARE animals, albiet very complicated ones and just like every other type of animal our evolution is going to have some impact on our preferences and behaviors as a species.
I don't believe the poster was trying to tell you what your individual preferences must be, he was just making a generalization about human behavior as a whole as it relates to liesure activities. Human beings, like it or not, have evolved as herd animals which means social interaction is an important part of our psyche which is why such activities play a large role in our lives (in general). As opposed to, say, your house-cat which would be perfectly content with never seeing another cat it's entire life (because it evolved as a solitary predator) human beings or monkies which are deprived significant social interaction grow deeply depressed, disturbed, even to the point of going insane. It's just something hard wired into us. That is not to say that you can't have some time or activities in which you prefer to be alone (we all have a degree of that too), it's just that things which involve social activity tend to resonate strongly with us in general.
Which is why it seems odd to some of us that there has been a trend away from that in MMO's.
In terms of designers being able to keep both groupers and soloers content....if that were true, there wouldn't be so many of us groupers complaining here that we aren't content. Do you think we are lying about our own feelings? Most of the people posting here that grouping (or social play) is working just fine in todays MMO's are ones with a very strong prefernce for solo play...so not in a very good position to judge how the other side feels. You'll find very few posters here who actualy express a strong preference for grouping/social play saying "everythings ok"...most are expressing the opposite view.
I don't deride designers abilities but the fact it's not nearly as simple or easy to put together a game design that significantly satisfies both groupers and soloers well. Think about trying to design a play space that allows people to play golf and baseball in the same space at the same time without either group interfering with the others play and with a limited budget and resources to get it done. That's what you are asking of designers.....it's not really that simple of a task is it?.....and it's just one of the many interelated aspects of the design that they have to address. It's really not much of a surprise to me at all that one side ends up getting sacrified in favor of the other.
I think a big part of what's happaned with MMO's and also possibly explaining part of the "solofication" trend is the breakdown and minimization of COMMUNITY.
Coming to MMO's from MUDS that point is really driven home to me.
In MUDS community and your interaction with it was REALLY IMPORTANT and the rulesets and designs reinforced that.
Who you were MATTERED. The things you did MATTERED...to other players and to the community as a whole. Your actions had signifigant consequences both to you and to the community as a whole. Bad behavior could have very serious consequences to you. It could cause you to lose a certain kind of unspoken "social currency" that was harder to earn and more precious then gold or gear. At the same time exceptional behavior had rewards far beyond anything that appeared on your character sheet.
The entire game as structured and designed around these assumptions and supporting them. I think alot of this bled into the design and gameplay of the early MMO's, many of which were often labeled as "Graphical MUDS". Developers were familiar with these paradigms of the MUD because many had played in or had working experience with them themselves. Many of the initial playerbase had also migrated from or played MUDS. So much of what existed within them was reflected in these early games. They had a little bit of the "small village" atmosphere that MUDS had. Somewhere along the way this gradualy started to change...until the "small village" had morphed into a large faceless city that lost it's sense of community.
I think that may be part of what happaned with the increasing trend toward socialization. It became less desirable to players because it was less rewarding both tangibly and emotionaly. It didn't matter that YOU were there or what YOU did because those had little consequences beyond the immediate rewards. You were easly interchangable with faceless fighter #557. The same held true for negative behavior, the consequences for it became far less significant so those with an inclination toward it persisted...many because they had never been taught otherwise. The games had lost thier sense of community...so participation in social based activites was less desirable.
Some I think try to recapture a bit of that with Guilds...but even there that's problematic because the game systems don't really reinforce the interdepency and one can easly slip from Guild to Guild.
I think if a game really wants to appeal to those of us who like and miss that "small village" feel, it's going to have to drasticaly change it's character. It will need to create actual villages and towns, pockets of civilization in a vast wilderness where players can spend a significant portion of thier careers...not just breeze through in 45 minutes before they move onto the next quest hub...and it's designs are going to have to be based around the idea of interdependance. Players who are on thier own should still have some things that they can do solo, as it was in the MUDS, because there will always be times when you can't or don't want (for some reason) to go out with others...but it shouldn't be the core game-play of the game.
It would be a risky proposition...because it's a large departure of what most of todays MMO players and designers are used to seeing. However, I think it has some inherent appeal because human beings ARE inherently social animals and they like to do social things. Maybe it'll even draw in a different crowd then typical plays MMO's....there are plenty of folks that have interest in online social venues (facebook, linked-in, etc).
Novice Member
Joined: 12/02/09
It is better to learn it today than to suffer for it tomorrow
Originally posted by GrumpyMel2
This ought to be fun, I do NOT believe in evolution and think that using such a theory to explain my behavior will not work.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 1/31/12
I can say that I am not an animal too, I am more advanced then animal and I don't have any plans to degrade to animal level.
There is a big diference, where you want to group-up and forced to group-up.
In todays gameworld you get penalized for grouping-up with friends or screwed-over if grouped-up with the wrong people.
GW2 is actualy made grouping-up possible without penalties and reward is personal not depended.
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/17/09
Is there a working definition of "MMO" that includes a requirement to group up?
Novice Member
Joined: 8/21/09
Originally posted by GrumpyMel2
Excellent post, thank you. I must admit I often stop watching a thread once it grows much beyond the first page because for some reason it seems to often degenerate into pointless bickering (just my opinion, of course). It's a shame, because I'm sure I often miss posts worth reading, like this one.
It's heartening to read an excellent article, which I found thought-provoking, and then to see some posts which further encourage a bit of thinking.
You make a very interesting and valid point, I think. Would love to hear from other players of MUDS, too. I didn't actually play them, although my son does with friends at univesity, and much prefers that to online gaming these days.
"This ought to be fun, I do NOT believe in evolution and think that using such a theory to explain my behavior will not work"
No problem then. You've simply indicated that there is no point in our continuing this line of discussion....since the basic apriori assumptions that would form the basis for a usefull discussion of that aspect of the posters statement are not commonly shared between us thus we are at an impasse.
We'll simply have to agree to disagree. Have a good day.
Thank you. I generaly find Victor's articles insightfull as well, even if they are sometimes purposefully provacative, taking the Devils Advocate position.
It's rather difficult to articulate the experience provided by a quality MUD to those who haven't experienced it first hand. I'm glad I was able to offer some insight in that regard.
Joined: 3/06/09
Poacher killer.
Originally posted by abottemiller
It's ok, evolution is not something you believe in. It's something that you either understand or do not. Some crazy info; there is actually more proof of the theory of evolution than the theory of gravity.
And yes, you are very much an animal, lol. You can pretend to be something else just the same as I can pretend to be an Astronaut. In the end however, I am most likely not leaving Earth anytime soon.
Good luck.
"Mr. Rothstein, your people never will understand... the way it works out here. You're all just our guests. But you act like you're at home. Let me tell you something, partner. You ain't home. But that's where we're gonna send you if it harelips the governor." - Pat Webb
Novice Member
Joined: 8/01/09
"Every man takes the limits of his own field of vision for the limits of the world."
I like mmos that offer both. Five days a week I can only play about one hour at a time and I don't want to waste any of it looking for a group. On weekends I have more time and can do group stuff. This trend is good in my view because I can play the same game all week.
Novice Member
Joined: 5/19/10
I personally prefer solo play but I think that a MMO should be balanced and solo and group friendly like for instance Champions online and Rusty Hearts. If you need to be in a group all the time and search for other players, that's pretty exousting...
Advanced Member
Joined: 8/22/09
Go Outside!!
I mostly solo because I do not want to be responsible for anothers gameplay.
I do group with people I know and am always active in a guild.
I am by nature a fixer, I feel the need to "fix" your armour, "fix" your gold amount, "fix" your game experience.
I also hate to be somewhere at a certain time to do a specific thing.
Life is Short, Read a Book.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 7/15/08
Originally posted by gravesworn
It seems like alot of people like to have other people around, people to sell to and buy from, maybe even chat with some, but not to play with in a group.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 7/18/10
Veni, Vidi, Converti
It's a lot harder and possibly more risky to develop a mmo that is successful on the social interactions as well as the mechanics of gameplay: Therefore adding the solo, is definitely a safer design option for player enjoyment and for financial success. There must be a ton of variables on how players organize logging in and out of mmos and net immigration/emmigration between an old to a new mmo or other games. there was a good article on devs using analytics to predict when types of players would leave an mmo and they got really accurate results so they could use these on eg new players, 3 month players, vets to lure them back. Solo has got to be important way of easing players into spending time online in a low key way?
Probably a niche mmo has more chance of an community developing that then allows the design to build off that real life basis?


text:
A method for determining whether the relative position of electrodes used by a neurostimulation system has changed within a patient comprises determining the amplitude of a field potential at each of at least one of the electrodes, determining if a change in each of the determined electric field amplitudes has occurred, and analyzing the change in each of the determined electric field amplitudes to determine whether a change in the relative position of the electrodes has occurred. Another method comprises measuring a first monopolar impedance between a first electrode and a reference electrode, measuring a second monopolar impedance between second electrode and the reference electrode, measuring a bipolar impedance between the first and second electrodes, and estimating an amplitude of a field potential at the second electrode based on the first and second monopolar impedances and the bipolar impedance.
1. A method of performing a medical procedure using a plurality of electrodes implanted within a patient, comprising:
measuring a first monopolar electrical impedance between a first one of the electrodes and a return or reference electrode;
measuring a second monopolar electrical impedance between each of at least one of the electrodes and the return or reference electrode;
measuring a bipolar electrical impedance between the first one of the electrodes and each of the at least one electrode;
determining the amplitude of a field potential at each of at least one of the electrodes based on the measured first monopolar electrical impedance, each of the second monopolar electrical impedances, and each of the measured bipolar electrical impedances; and
determining the relative positions of the electrodes based on each of the determined field potential amplitudes.
2. The method of
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4. The method of
determining if a change in each of the determined field potential amplitudes has occurred; and
analyzing the change in each of the determined field potential amplitudes to determine whether a change in the relative position of the electrodes has occurred.
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wherein the entireties of the leads are implanted within the tissue of the patient.
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18. A method for performing a medical procedure using a plurality of electrodes implanted within a patient, comprising:
measuring a first monopolar impedance between a first one of the electrodes and a return or reference electrode;
measuring a second monopolar impedance between a second one of the electrodes and the return or reference electrode;
measuring a bipolar impedance between the first electrode and the second electrode; and
estimating an amplitude of a field potential at the second electrode based on the first and second monopolar impedances and the bipolar impedance.
19. The method of
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27. A method for performing a medical procedure using a plurality of electrodes implanted within a patient, comprising:
performing two of the following: (1) measuring a first monopolar impedance between a first one of the electrodes and a return or reference electrode, and measuring a second monopolar impedance between a second one of the electrodes and the return or reference electrode; (2) measuring a bipolar impedance between the first electrode and the second electrode; and (3) measuring a field potential at the second electrode; and
estimating a remaining one of the (1) first and second monopolar impedances; (2) the bipolar impedance; and (3) the field potential based on the performance of the two measurements.
28. The method of
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/343,007, filed Jan. 30, 2006, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/310,202, filed Dec. 3, 2002 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,993,384), which application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/338,331, filed Dec. 4, 2001, each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to neurostimulation systems, such as a spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system, and more particularly to a method for determining the relative position and orientation of electrodes on a neurostimulation lead or leads used with such a system.
In SCS systems, positioning of the leads is critical to the success of the therapy. During surgery, the physician places the leads in a very careful manner in order to locate the electrodes proximal to neural elements that are the target of the stimulation. During and after placement, stimulation energy is delivered to verify that the leads are indeed stimulating the appropriate neural elements.
However, if the leads happen to shift position, the targeted neural elements may no longer be appropriately stimulated. At best, this can require electrical reprogramming to restore therapy or, at worst, surgical revision, where a second surgery is required and the leads must be manually readjusted. In the first case, the physician may have only a suspicion that a lead has shifted position, based on patient reporting of paresthesia, which is not foolproof. Also, attempting to reprogram the leads based on paresthesia locations can be challenging.
What is needed is a more objective technique for verifying the position of the leads.
Prior art approaches for determining the lead position are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,486,835; 4,539,640; and 5,184,624, which patents are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention addresses the above and other needs by providing a cross-check technique for verifying the position of the electrodes of the implanted leads. A first technique involves the use of interelectrode impedance. A second technique involves measured field potentials. A third technique involves estimated field potentials. Any of these techniques advantageously allows the relative orientation of one electrode on an implanted lead to other electrodes on the implanted lead or adjacent implanted leads in the spinal column or other body/tissue location to be readily determined. Such techniques are useful not only for reprogramming, but also to estimate if the shifted orientation of the electrodes is sufficiently large so as to make electrical reprogramming a waste of time, thereby suggesting that surgery may need to be performed for repositioning.
At present, the correct lead position may only be determined by X-ray or fluoroscopy. Disadvantageously, X-ray and fluoroscopy require expensive equipment, significant time, and appropriate medical facilities, most of which are not readily available. The general process for fitting a neurostimulation patient, i.e., a spinal cord stimulation patient, is described, e.g., in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,052,624; 6,393,325; in published international patent application WO 02/09808 A1 (published 7 Feb. 2002); and in U.S. patent application (assigned to the same assignee as the present application) Ser. No. 09/626,010, filed Jul. 26, 2000; and Ser. No. 09/740,339, filed Dec. 18, 2000, which patents, publication, and applications are incorporated herein by reference.
As indicated in those documents, prior to fitting a patient with the certain types of neurostimulation leads, the relative orientation of the electrodes on the implanted leads should be known in order to allow appropriate navigation of the stimulation energy. At present, a determination of the relative orientation typically requires that a fluoroscope or X-ray image of the implanted leads be present at the time of patient setup with the system programmer. Disadvantageously, however, such images may not always be available. Moreover, between the time of implant and follow-up visits, the leads may have shifted and the fluoroscope image may no longer be valid. This can result in poor patient outcomes due to inappropriate or unexpected stimulation effects during fitting.
Hence, it is seen that there is a need for the cross-check techniques provided by the present invention, which techniques can be used to verify the position of the leads at numerous times during the lifetime of the implanted leads, e.g., during initial implantation and programming, during follow-up visits, throughout the trial period, and during subsequent reprogramming sessions.
Other and further aspects and features of the invention will be evident from reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, which are intended to illustrate, not limit, the invention.
The drawings illustrate the design and utility of preferred embodiments of the present invention, in which similar elements are referred to by common reference numerals. In order to better appreciate how the above-recited and other advantages and objects of the present inventions are obtained, a more particular description of the present inventions briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
At the outset, it is noted that the present invention may be used with an implantable pulse generator (IPG), radio frequency (RF) transmitter, or similar electrical stimulator, that may be used as a component of numerous different types of stimulation systems. The description that follows relates to a spinal cord stimulation (SCS) system. However, it is to be understood that while the invention lends itself well to applications in SCS, the invention, in its broadest aspects, may not be so limited. Rather, the invention may be used with any type of implantable electrical circuitry used to stimulate tissue. For example, the present invention may be used as part of a pacemaker, a defibrillator, a cochlear stimulator, a retinal stimulator, a stimulator configured to produce coordinated limb movement, a cortical stimulator, a deep brain stimulator, a peripheral nerve stimulator, or in any other neural stimulator configured to treat urinary incontinence, sleep apnea, shoulder sublaxation, etc.
The embodiments described herein use: (1) interelectrode impedance; (2) actual field potentials; or (3) estimated field potentials to determine the relative orientation of one electrode on an implanted lead to other electrodes on the implanted lead or adjacent implanted leads in the spinal column or other body/tissue location.
Before describing the three techniques, any of which may be used, it will be helpful to first briefly provide an overview of a representative neurostimulation system of the type in which these techniques may be used. A representative neurostimulation system is illustrated in
Each of the electrodes of each lead 20 or 30 are electrically connected through respective wires, embedded or carried within a body of the lead, to an implantable pulse generator (IPG) 40. The wires connected to the electrodes E1, E2, E3, . . . E8 of lead 20, for example, may be characterized as a bundle of wires 22 that are electrically connected with the IPG 40. Similarly, the wires connected to the electrodes E9, E10, E11, . . . E16 of lead 30 may be characterized as a bundle of wires 32 that are electrically connected with the IPG 40. Through these wires, carried within the respective leads 20 or 30, the IPG is able to direct electrical stimulation to selected electrodes of each lead.
When a given electrode is selected to receive an electrical stimulus, it is (for purposes of the present invention) said to be "activated". When an electrode is not selected to receive an electrical stimulus, it is said to be "non-activated". Electrical stimulation must always occur between two or more electrodes (so that the electrical current associated with the stimulus has a path from the IPG to the tissue to be stimulated, and a return path from the tissue to the IPG). The case of the IPG may function, in some modes of operation, as a return electrode ER. Monopolar stimulation occurs when a selected one or more of the electrodes of one of the leads 20 or 30 is activated with a common polarity (anode or cathode), and the return electrode ER is activated at the opposite polarity. Bipolar stimulation occurs when two of the electrodes of the leads 20 or 30 are activated, e.g., when electrode E3 of lead 20 is activated as an anode at the same time that electrode E11 of lead 30 is activated as a cathode. Tripolar stimulation occurs when three of the electrodes of the leads 20 or 30 are activated, e.g., when electrodes E4 and E5 of lead 20 are activated as an anode at the same time that electrode E13 of lead 30 is activated as a cathode. In general, multipolar stimulation occurs when multiple electrodes of the leads 20 or 30 are activated, but the IPG case is not used as a return electrode.
The IPG 40 is typically programmed, or controlled, through the use of an external (non-implanted) programmer 60. The external programmer 60 is coupled to the IPG 40 through a suitable communications link, represented in
Turning next to
Thus, for example, and as depicted in
If a second lead, also having n electrodes, is positioned adjacent the first lead, each electrode is similarly connected to a dual current source. For example, electrode E(n+1) is connected to a dual current source that produces a current of +I(n+1) or −I(n+1) through electrode E(n+1) when such (n+1)th current source is enabled. In like manner, all of the electrodes of the second lead are connected to respective dual current sources. There are thus 2n dual current sources that are respectively connected to each of the 2n electrodes of the first and second leads (n electrodes on each lead). Alternative embodiments (not shown) may employ less than 2n dual current sources connected to 2n electrodes through a suitable multiplexer circuit.
A programmable current control circuit 44 is also provided within the IPG 40 that controls, i.e., turns on or enables, at specified times, a selected current source to operate as either a cathode or an anode to source or sink a current having a desired amplitude. The control circuit 44 also disables, or turns off, selected current sources, as controlled by programmed control data received from the external programmer, or otherwise resident within the IPG. The control circuit 44 further includes the ability to measure the electrode voltage, EV1, EV2, EV3, . . . EVn, . . . EV(2n), appearing at the output of each dual current source 42, whether the electrode is activated or non-activated. This effectively allows the electrode voltage, or electric field at the electrode, to be measured, which in turn facilitates impedance or field potential measurements to be made, which measurements are used in carrying out various steps of the invention as described below.
Thus, in operation, and as illustrated in
After the time period T1, it is common to switch the polarities of the electrodes during a second time period T2. During T2, the electrodes E1 and E2 are activated as cathodes, so that they both sink current, and electrode E(n+2) is activated as an anode, so that it sources a current equal in amplitude to the current that is sunk by electrodes E1 and E2. In this manner, a biphasic stimulation pulse 46 is produced that is characterized by a first pulse (during time period T1) of one polarity, followed by a second pulse immediately or shortly thereafter (during time period T2) of the opposite polarity. The electrical charge associated with the first pulse is made so that it is equal to the charge associated with the second pulse, thereby maintaining charge balance during the stimulation. Maintaining charge balance when stimulating living tissue is generally considered an important component of a stimulation regime. Charge balance is commonly achieved in a biphasic pulse 46 by making the amplitude of the first pulse during time T1 equal to the amplitude of the second pulse during time period T2, where T1 equals T2. However, charge balance may also be achieved using other combinations of pulse duration and amplitude, e.g., by making the amplitude of the second pulse equal to ˝ the amplitude of the first pulse, while making the time period T2 equal to twice the time period T1.
Next, with respect to
The control circuit 44′, or other circuitry within the IPG 40′, further includes the ability to measure the electrode current, EI1, EI2, EI3, . . . EIn, . . . EI(2n), flowing to or from its respective electrode, whether the electrode is activated or non-activated, and the electrode voltage, EV1, EV2, EV3, . . . EVn, . . . EV(2n), appearing at the output of each non-activated dual voltage source 42′. These measurements facilitate impedance and electric field measurements or calculations to be made, which measurements are used in carrying out various steps of the invention as described below.
A programmable voltage control circuit 44′ controls each of the dual voltage sources 42′, specifying the amplitude, polarity, and duration of the voltage that is applied to its respective terminal. Typically, stimulation is achieved by applying a biphasic stimulation pulse 46′ to the selected electrodes, wherein a voltage of a first polarity and amplitude is applied during time period T3, followed by a voltage of the opposite polarity and amplitude during time period T4. The biphasic stimulation pulse 46′ may be applied between any two or more electrodes.
It should be noted that the functional block diagrams of
With the descriptions of
First, the interelectrode impedance technique for determining relative electrode positions for multipolar leads of a neurostimulation system will be explained in connection with
The first factor (part a) makes up the majority of the measurement, due to the higher and non-uniform current densities near the electrode surface. However, the second factor (part b), where the current density is more uniform, has a roughly linear relationship to distance between the two electrodes, due to the definition of resistance. Resistance, R, is defined as R=(resistivity)×(distance)/cross-sectional area. The second factor (part b) is used by the interelectrode impedance technique embodiment of the invention to determine the relative spacing between electrodes and to determine the relative orientation of the leads.
By way of example, one first-order, simple embodiment of the invention is as follows: if two multipolar leads are placed in the spinal column, see
The monopolar impedances are used to "correct" the bipolar impedances for the first factor of bulk impedance, the strongly-weighted impedance near the electrode. The corrected bipolar impedances are then used to develop an impedance "map" between the electrodes. This map reveals the relative orientation of the leads. To illustrate, a sample correction formula is as follows: (distance between two electrodes e1 & e2)≈(measured bipolar impedance between two electrodes e1 & e2)+(2*offset)−(monopolar Z for electrode e1)−(monopolar Z for electrode e2), where offset=an estimate of the impedance in the monopolar impedance measurement that is NOT due to the tissue near the electrode.
After the bipolar impedances are corrected by the above formula, the relative orientation of the leads may be inferred by the relative minima of the impedance values. Where the corrected bipolar impedance between two electrodes is a minimum relative to other electrodes on an opposing array, those electrodes are relatively adjacent. This information may then be loaded into a programmer, which can then provide a graphic display of the assumed relative lead positions. Such data and/or display might then be compared with previously measured or entered and stored graphics, indicating earlier orientations. Such comparison can thus help the physician/clinician to track the lead orientation to determine appropriate programming, reprogramming, or need for surgical revision. Also, for some programming systems, the present invention may be used to automatically setup the appropriate navigation tables for steering multiple lead systems.
The simple interelectrode impedance technique described above may be enhanced by making more accurate corrections using the appropriate field equations to calculate the monopolar and bipolar impedance of the electrodes. Also, other geometric methods may be employed using the improved "distance impedance" values to improve the mapping of the electrode orientations.
Next, the actual field measurement technique for determining relative electrode positions for multipolar leads of a neurostimulation system will be explained in connection with
By way of example of this field potential measurement technique, consider
Two combinations of anodes/cathodes are used to deliver current to the leads of the dual quadrapolar leads 21 and 31. The first technique is monopolar; that is, current delivered or sourced from one electrode (the cathode) and sunk to the return electrode ER (the anode). Thus, for each active monopolar combination, there are seven non-active electrodes on which the field potential may be measured. The second technique is flanked tripolar stimulation; that is, current delivered between two anodes and one cathode, with the cathode being flanked on each side by an anode.
In both the monopolar stimulation and the tripolar stimulation, a constant current is delivered to each electrode implanted in the patient's body while the field potential is measured on all other electrodes NOT involved in sinking/sourcing current. The constant current may be set to a subperception level, or to another suitable level that is comfortable for the patient.
The field potentials for the monopolar stimulation are plotted on the same chart in
The field potentials for the tripolar stimulation are plotted on the same chart in
Hence, it is seen that by measuring the field potential of the non-active electrodes, when active electrodes are stimulated at constant current levels, e.g., subperception levels, the relative orientation of the neurostimulation leads may be determined. Once known, the relative orientation may be used to perform any one or more of a variety of corrective actions, as will be described in further detail below.
Next, the estimated field potential technique for determining relative electrode positions for multipolar leads of a neurostimulation system will be explained in connection with
As illustrated in
Referring now to
Notably, while this equation has been presented herein to estimate a field potential Φc for the purpose of determining the migration of electrical leads or electrodes, any one of the monopolar impedances between two electrodes and a return electrode, the bipolar impedance between the two electrodes, and the field potential at one of the two electrodes can be estimated by actually measuring the remaining two of the monopolar impedances, bipolar impedance, and field potential to solve the equation for the estimated parameter. Thus, instead of measuring all three of these parameters, only two of them need to be actually measured, while the remaining parameter can be estimated.
While estimation of field potentials from monopolar and multipolar impedance measurements (or estimation of a multipolar impedance using field potentials and monopolar impedance; or estimation of a monopolar impedance using field potentials and multipolar impedance) has been illustrated with a simple two-contact (plus distant return for monopolar measurements) system, it is noted that many monopolar and multipolar combinations with two or more electrodes could be used to estimate field potentials (or impedances) given the linearity and reciprocity associated with the solution method.
For example, referring now to
Assuming that field potentials Φa−Φf are initially unknown, there may be a variety of ways to estimate the field potentials Φa−Φf using linear supposition. For example, the field potentials Φa−Φf can be estimated by configuring the electrodes E1-E3 in three configuration (1 tripolar configuration, 1 bipolar configuration, and 1 monopolar configuration).
Assume for the tripolar configuration that unit values of +0.5, −1.0, and +0.5 are respectively applied to electrodes E1-E3, then the respective monopolar field potentials m1-m3 on electrodes E1-E3 will be will m1 =0.5Φa+0.5Φf−Φd; m2=−Φb+0.5Φe+0.5Φd; and m3=0.5Φc+0.5Φf−Φe. Assume for the bipolar configuration that unit values of +1.0 and −1.0 are respectively applied to electrodes E1 and E2, then the respective monopolar field potentials m4 and m5 on electrodes E1 and E2 will be will m4=Φa−Φd; and m5=Φd−Φb. Assume for the monopolar configuration that a unit value of −1.0 is applied to electrode E3, then a monopolar field potential m6 on electrode E3 will be −Φc.
Based on the field potential measurements m1-m6, the six unknown field potentials Φa−Φf can be solved using common algebraic techniques or linear algebraic techniques, as follows:
Referring to
For each case, the actual and estimated field potentials were then plotted together, as shown in
Next, with reference to
The amplitudes of the acquired electrical parameters are then saved (block 86), and the stored electrical parameter data is compared to previously-saved electrical parameter data for the same electrodes (block 88). The previously-saved electrical parameter data may have been obtained during initial implantation of the leads, or during the last visit (several weeks or months ago) to the doctor. Or, the previously-saved electrical parameter data may have been obtained just a new hours or minutes ago at a time when the patient's body had assumed a different posture position. Regardless of when the previously-saved electrical parameter data was obtained, the purpose of the comparison performed at block 88 is to determine if the relative position of the leads has changed, which change in position would also have caused a relative change in the position of the electrodes carried on the leads. Such determination may be made by analyzing the electrical parameter data (block 90) as described above in connection with
The magnitude of the difference in the compared electrical parameter data may advantageously provide a relative measure of how far the lead has shifted or moved since the last electrical parameter data was obtained. If a determination has been made that the leads (electrodes) have not shifted relative to each other (block 90), the process returns to block 84. Advantageously, if a determination has been made that the leads (electrodes) have shifted relative to each other (block 90), appropriate correction action may be taken, as needed (block 92). The corrective action taken at block 92 may include, for example, simply tracking the lead migration over time, so that other corrective action, e.g., surgery to reposition the leads, can be taken when necessary. Even if new surgery to reposition the leads is not needed, simply mapping the lead migration overtime will enable reprogramming of the stimuli parameters as needed so that a desired effect can be obtained regardless of the lead movement.
The corrective action may further include setting up stimulation configurations and parameters for providing nominal stimulation suitable for the electrodes in their new relative positions. For example, the amplitude of the stimulus applied to one electrode may be decreased if it is determined that the electrode has migrated closer to another stimulating electrode of the same polarity during stimulation, thereby preserving approximately the same stimulation effect for the patient. Alternatively, the amplitude of the stimulus applied to the electrode may be increased if the electrode has migrated closer to a stimulating electrode of the opposite polarity. Such amplitude adjustments may be made manually or automatically, depending on the mode of operation of the neurostimulation system.
Yet another corrective action that may be taken at block 92 is to adjust the distribution of the stimuli to a new location through navigation. Navigation, as described in the previously referenced patent documents, involves electronically shifting the stimulus current from one group of electrodes to another so as to shift or move the location where the patient feels the most beneficial paresthesia, and/or receives the most benefit. Such navigation allows the neurostimulation system to be quickly "fitted" to a given patient. Fitting the neurostimulation system to the patient is necessary after the system is first implanted, and may also be necessary whenever the leads (electrodes) have moved. The neurostimulation system provides a relatively easy way to determine whether such lead movement has occurred, and thereby whether a refitting is or may be necessary.
Yet additional corrective action that may be taken at block 92 in response to a determination that lead migration or postural changes have occurred includes manually or automatically adjusting the stimulation energy to a previously-defined optimal field potential.
It is thus seen that the present invention uses a measure or estimation of impedance or electric field to determine relative lead positions for multipolar leads in a multi-lead configuration of a neurostimulation system, e.g., a spinal cord stimulation system. It is also seen that the neurostimulation system uses impedance or electric field measurements or estimations to determine relative lead positions, which impedance or electric field measurement estimations may be used as an automated or assistive method for setting up a programmer for navigation, other programming, or diagnostic evaluations in spinal cord (or other neural) stimulation. It is additionally seen that the neurostimulation system may be directed to the storing of impedance or electric field maps to chronically track relative lead positions in a programmer linked to a database, along with other patient data.
Although particular embodiments of the present inventions have been shown and described, it will be understood that it is not intended to limit the present inventions to the preferred embodiments, and it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present inventions. Thus, the present inventions are intended to cover alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the present inventions as defined by the claims.
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Goodtaste Houston!
Good wine, good food, great fun with Tanji Patton
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Local Foods' Best Selling Sandwich Recipe
Summer and sandwiches–a perfect pairing. We recently featured some of our fave sandwiches on Goodtaste.tv, the best of the best and over-the-top sandwiches that put plain old ham and cheese to shame. You'll find a week's worth to serve up for supper or a hearty lunch. So, if you're game, grab your calendar and let […] [Read More]


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Will F. Denney(1860-1908) Sings Tick Tack Tocking Of The Clocking On Her Stocking 1901
a youtube clip of a 1901 recording...
Ok, so I was intrigued enough to go googling around to see what this referred to. The clocking was a decorative embroidery from the ankle to knee area of the stocking, which would normally be covered by the lady's long skirts and only seen by her intimates. A nice picture is here...http://www.stylebubble.co.uk/style_bubble/2006/07/clocking_your_s.html.
Thanks, Shawn,
I knew what clocking was...because stockings till have that...it was the rhyming that got me...
...but that article is fascinating!
Hi Bill,
I don't understand what the song is referring to, but the antique phonograph is absolutely beautiful. It is one that could have easily been in Abraham Lincoln's home, or in the farm houses during the time of the Orphan Trains. My neighbor had one like that in their basement which ironically used either metal or bamboo needles. Now we make lovely things out of longer metal and bamboo needles. :)
I don't understand it either, Mark...but i love the vintage sound...and the pure history of it!


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SAN ANTONIO - Come Thanksgiving, you might want to skip that second slice of pumpkin pie.
Some retailers, including Walmart, will open their doors to Black Friday crowds earlier than ever.
Walmart will launch the first of its Black Friday sales events at 8 p.m. Thanksgiving. That's two hours earlier than last year.
Sears, which opened at 4 a.m. last year, will also open its stores at 8 p.m. Thanksgiving and, like Walmart, stagger Black Friday deals overnight and into Friday.
"It would have to be something pretty awesome for me to go out after Thanksgiving dinner," said shopper Gina Woodley, who confessed she's hit the stores at midnight in years past. "I have to admit, I have done it."
Black Friday shopping encroaching on Thursday is enough to give some holiday traditionalists heartburn.
"I think it should be a day of family, instead of being out shopping," Brenda Cordero said.
But for others, like Esmy Aguilar, the door-busting, bargain-hunting chaos of Black Friday is part of their tradition.
"It's part of the festivities, something we would look forward to doing, part of the fun," Aguilar said.
In advance of the shop-'til-you-drop kickoff, many retailers' ads are leaking earlier than ever to websites dedicated to Black Friday.
Walmart's ad revealed deep discounts on electronics like a $399 iPad which includes a $75 store gift card, as well as a $149 X-Box bundle and $6 sweat shirts and slippers.
Websites like www.BlackFriday.com, www.BFads.net and www.Fatwallet.com have posted several retailers' ads, including Macy's, Sears, the Home Depot and more.
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Nestled in a relaxing setting only 5minutes away from EddeSands resort, with a breathtaking Mediterranean Sea view, éL'Hotel boasts 28 charming rooms overlooking the Byblos Citadel.
From éL'Hotel you can stroll along towards the historical Old Souk of Byblos, indulge in the fresh waters of the Mediterranean Sea, splash into the many pools of Edde Sands resort, or simply pamper your senses at Edde Sands' Tropical Spa.
Suitable for families, groups, or individuals, the bed and breakfast Hotel is composed of:
- 8 Sea View Junior Suites
- 12 Sea View Rooms
- 8 Court Yard Rooms.
éL'Hotel provides its clients a free shuttle service to and from EddeSands resort, 24 hours quality room service, free access to the resort, WiFi internet service, satellite TV, and a safety box.


text:
High into air are the great New York buildings lifted by a ray whose source no telescope can find.
nd decided to send carefully worded cables to all four.
In a few hours he received answers to them:
From Japan: "Sitsumi does not care to communicate." There was a world of cold hostility in the words, Jeter thought, and Eyer agreed with him.
From China came the strangest message of all:
"Wang, Liao and Yung have been cut off from world for past four months, conducting confidential research in Gobi laboratories. Impossible to communicate because area in which laboratories situated in Japanese hands and surrounded by cordon of guards."
Jeter and Eyer stared at each other when the cable had been read and digested.
"Queer, isn't it?" said Eyer.
Jeter didn't answer. That preoccupied expression was on his face, that distant look which no man could erase from his face by any interruption until Jeter had finished his train of thought.
"Queer," thought Jeter, "that Sitsumi should be so snooty and the three Chinese totally unavailable."
* * * * *


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