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A novel clay pigment, the manufacture thereof and the use of the pigment in the production of dull and matte-finish coated printing papers. The novel clay pigment comprises a mixture of a coarse-size fraction of naturally-occurring kaolin clay containing a substantial proportion of kaolinite booklets in the particle size range of 2 to 5 μm equivalent spherical diameter (e.s.d.) and mechanically delaminated kaolin platelets in the particle size range of 2 to 10 μm e.s.d.
1. A method for producing matte-finish clay-coated printing paper which comprises forming an aqueous slurry of a pigment comprising a mixture of (a) a minor percentage of mechanically delaminated particles of kaolin clay which are larger than 2 μm and finer than 10 μm and (b) a major weight percentage of a coarse-size fraction of naturally-occurring kaolin clay which has not undergone delamination and wherein substantially all of the particles are finer than 10 μm, from 40% to 60% by weight are finer than 2 μm and the particles larger than 2 μm are composed of kaolinite stacks preponderantly in the size range of 2 μm to 5 μm, mixing said slurry with an aqueous paper coating adhesive to form a coating composition, applying the coating composition to paper and drying the paper thus coated without calendering the paper.
2. A method for producing dull-finish clay-coated printing paper which comprises forming an aqueous slurry of a pigment comprising a mixture of (a) a minor weight percentage of mechanically delaminated particles of kaolin clay which are larger than 2 μm and finer than 10 μm and (b) a major weight percentage of a coarse-size fraction of naturally-occurring kaolin clay which has not undergone delamination and wherein substantially all of the particles are finer than 10 μm, from 40% to 60% by weight are finer than 2 μm and the particles larger than 2 μm are composed of kaolinite stacks preponderantly in the size range of 2 μm to 5 μm, mixing said slurry with an aqueous paper coating adhesive to form a paper coating composition, applying the coating composition to paper, drying the paper thus coated and supercalendering the coated paper.
3. A low gloss coated printing paper having improved optical and printing properties, said printing paper comprising paper and a smooth coating thereon of adhesive-bound clay particles, said clay particles comprising (a) from 5 to 30 parts by weight of mechanically delaminated particles of kaolin clay, the particles of which range in size from 2 μm to 10 μm and are predominantly in the size range of 2 μm to 5 μm and (b) from 95 to 70 parts by weight of a coarse particle-size fraction of kaolin clay which has not undergone mechanical delamination, said course-size fraction being essentially free from particles coarser than 10 μm and containing from about 88% to 94% by weight of particles finer than 5 μm and from about 40% to 60% finer than 2 μm.
4. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein said mixture of clay particles contains from 45% to 60% by weight of particles finer than 2 μm.
5. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein the delaminated clay component (a) has a particle size distribution in weight percent as follows: 90-100% finer than 10 μm; 60-90% finer than 5 μm; 0-25% finer than 2 μm.
6. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein the undelaminated clay component (b) has a particle size distribution in weight percent as follows: 98-100% finer than 10 μm; 89-92% finer than 5 μm; 45-60% finer than 2 μm.
7. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein the total mixture of kaolin clay particles has a particle size distribution in weight percent as follows: 96-100% finer than 10 μm; 88-92% finer than 5 μm; 45-60% finer than 2 μm; and 20-30% finer than 1 μm.
8. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein the total mixture of kaolin clay particles has a particle size distribution in weight percent as follows: 100% finer than 15 μm; 88% finer than 5 μm; and 52% finer than 2 μm.
9. The printing paper of claim 3 which has a gloss in the range of 0 to 15% (TAPPI, 75°).
10. The printing paper of claim 9 wherein said paper is uncalendered.
11. The printing paper of claim 3 which has a gloss in the range of about 20% to 35% (TAPPI, 75°).
12. The printing paper of claim 11 wherein said paper is calendered.
13. The printing paper of claim 3 wherein said aqueous paper coating adhesive is selected from known adhesives which minimize ink set-off in the coated printing paper.
14. The printing paper of claim 13 wherein said adhesive is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl acetate latexes, styrene-butadiene latexes and mixtures thereof with starch or protein.
15. The printing paper of claim 3 further containing a starch.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 931,544, filed Aug. 7, 1978, which in turn is a continuation of Ser. No. 832,727 filed Sept. 12, 1977, abandoned which in turn is a division of Ser. No. 587,606 filed June 17, 1975, abandoned.
This invention relates generally to clay pigments useful in the production of coated printing paper. In particular, this invention is concerned with a novel kaolin clay pigment composition adapted for use in the production of coated printing papers having dull and matte finishes.
A wide variety of coated printing papers is produced commercially. Such papers are prepared by coating suitable basestock with a pigmented coating composition. The coating composition is frequently called a "coating color." Among the principal properties of paper which are affected by applying the coating are smoothness, ink receptivity and gloss.
In recent years most of the coated paper has been used for advertising matter, periodicals, etc. This type of paper usually has a high gloss, i.e., paper having a TAPPI (75°) gloss of 50% or above. The glossy finish is desired to emphasize contrasts in half-tone prints and to satisfy aesthetic demands. Fine particle size kaolin clay, e.g., clay that is at least 80% by weight finer than 2 μm, e.s.d., is usually the main or sole constituent of the pigment employed in the production of high-gloss coated printing paper. A coating color containing the fine particle size clay pigment is applied to suitable base paper. The coated paper is dried and subjected to super-calendering. Such calendering serves to produce a smooth surface which responds well to printing. Calendering also serves to develop the desired high-gloss finish.
There is an increasing demand for coated printing papers which have a lower gloss-finish than the present glossy sheets. These lower-gloss sheets are of two general types. One is a dull-finish sheet. Dull-finish is generally defined as a paper which has a TAPPI (75°) gloss in the range of about 20% to 35%. Presently available dull-finish printing paper is obtained by using a blend of a calcium carbonate pigment, usually a precipitated grade, with a conventional coating grade of kaolin clay, e.g., kaolin clay that is about 80% by weight finer than 2 μm. Coating is followed by a finishing operation which is usually a light calendering operation. This necessitates the use of highly specialized calendering techniques and/or equipment. The finishing operation is used to increase the smoothness of the surface of the sheet to facilitate printing. The degree of calendering is less than that which would produce optimum printing smoothness. Consequently, special quality paper basestocks are usually used in the production of dull-finish printing paper. The second type of low-gloss paper is so-called "matte" finish paper. Matte coated paper has a TAPPI gloss in the range of 0 to 15% and receives no calendering. Special basestocks are used to prepare matte-finish paper. It has been reported that the pigments used are similar to those employed in the production of conventional coated printing paper.
The prior art pigments capable of producing dull and matte-finish sheets are detrimental to one or more characteristics of the sheet. Generally, available dull and matte-finish coated paper lacks the printing properties of clay-coated glossy sheets. The most serious deficiencies of available dull and matte sheets, when compared to high gloss coated paper, are ink mottle, low surface smoothness and inadequate ink holdout (inadequate gloss of the printed image and excessive ink strike-in). Low surface smoothness and inadequate ink holdout are most severe in the case of matte-finish sheets which are not calendered and thus are not smoothed during manufacture.
It is well known that the particle size of pigments has a great effect on functional properties. It has long been recognized that in the case of kaolin clay coating pigments, the greater the amount of particles finer than 2 μm (e.s.d.) in the clay, the smoother and glossier the coating. This has been explained by the fact that particles of kaolin finer than 2 μm are basically different from kaolin particles larger than 2 μm. The 2 μm particle size is the approximate cutoff point below which kaolinite particles in a naturally occurring kaolin clay exist as thin individual crystalline plates. Above this cutoff point the kaolinite particles exist as bonded stacked aggregates of platelets (so-called "stacks" or "booklets") or, in some cases, long, worm-like assemblies of platelets.
Conventional kaolin clay crudes used as sources of pigment grades of kaolin clay contain about 40% to 60% by weight of particles finer than 2 μm after removal of grit and coarse impurities. The degritted clays are too coarse for use in the production of high-gloss paper. Conventional practice is to remove a preselected proportion of plus 2 μm particles from the finer clay particles. This is accomplished by forming the crude clay into a dispersed aqueous pulp, removing gross impurities by means such as screening, and then hydraulically fractionating the clay to remove a desired proportion of clay particles larger than 2 μm. The fractionation is usually carried out in a centrifuge in commercial operation. The overflow product from the centrifuge is a suspension having a higher percentage of finer particles than the starting clay. After bleaching (and possibly other beneficiation), the fine size fraction is sold as a paper coating pigment. When the centrifugation is controlled so as to produce a fine size fraction in which at least 90% of the particles are finer than 2 μm, the pigment is sold as a No. 1 grade. No. 2 grades are about 80% finer than 2 μm. The No. 1 grades have a higher content of platelets finer than 2 μm than do No. 2 grades. Hence, the No. 1 grades yield glossier coatings than the coarser No. 2 grades under equal calendering conditions. The underflow from the centrifuges is a coarse-size fraction of clay. Typically the underflows contain about 20% to 40% by weight of particles finer than 2 μm. Thus the underflows are composed predominantly of kaolinite stacks or booklets. Coarse-size fractions of kaolin clay crudes, exemplified by the commercial product supplied under the trade name of "NoKarb," are used to a limited extent as fillers. Frequently a portion of, or even the entire, coarse fraction is discarded because of limited demand for such clays.
It is well known that the coarse particle size fractions of kaolin clay produce low-gloss finishes when coated on paper. British Pat. No. 1,210,319 to William Windle reports results of coating paper basestock with various coarse kaolin clays. These clays contained from 10% to 25% of particles larger than 10 micrometers. At least 50% by weight of the particles in the coarse clays were 2 μm and larger. The patent shows that the sheets had gloss values of 16% to 25% (TAPPI 75°) after light calendering. The gloss values varied with the binder system and the particle size of the clay. Data in the patent indicate that all sheets coated with coarse clays were deficient in printing properties unless a specific type of calcium carbonate pigment was mixed with the coarse clay.
It is also known that when a coarse clay, such as used for filling paper, is coated on paper which is then calendered sufficiently to provide adequate smoothness for printing, the gloss values are higher than those acceptable for dull-finish paper. Without calendering, the coated sheets are too rough for use in printing.
In recent years, some of the coarse particle-size fractions of kaolin crudes have been used as feed material in the production of mechanically delaminated kaolin pigments. A suspension of a coarse particle size fraction of a kaolin crude is agitated with grinding media such as sand, plastic pellets or glass microballoons until the booklets in the feed clay are cleaved and delaminated platelets are produced. Similar results are obtained when a paste of the clay is extruded under high pressure ("superstrusion"). After the kaolinite booklets are delaminated, the suspension of clay is fractionated. A fine size fraction containing the artificially produced platelets with dimensions of 2 μm (e.s.d.) and finer is recovered. The fine size fraction is used as a paper coating pigment. It is recognized that paper coated with the fine mechanically delaminated platelets has very high gloss. Most commercial grades of fine particle size mechanically delaminated clays are sold under tradenames which include the term "sheen" in recognition of the high glossing potential of these clays. Coarse-size fractions of mechanically delaminated clays are usually discarded after recovery of the desired minus 2 μm coating fraction.
It has been proposed to delaminate kaolin stacks in a sand grinder or a "super extruder," remove the particles smaller than 2 μm, and again subject the particles greater than 2 μm to a second delamination of greater intensity and duration, followed by removal of particles minus 2 μm and finer and recovery of the remaining thin platelets predominantly in the size range of 2 to 10 μm. The resulting delaminated kaolin clay product had disclosed utility as a filler for resins, as an extender in low-sheen paints and for cosmetic powder applications. Reference is made to U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,806 to Andrew Torok and Thomas F. Walsh. It has also been proposed (U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,662 to Sanford C. Lyons) to "superstrude" (extrude under high pressure) a coarse-size fraction of a kaolin crude, fractionate the product and recover a product composed predominantly of large delaminated kaolin particle (predominantly in the range of 2 to 10 μm (e.s.d.). The large superstruded platelets have disclosed utility in the production of ultra-high-gloss coated paper. According to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,662, the large superstruded platelets provide high ink absorptivity in coatings as measured by the well-known "K&N" ink test. Thus, the patent suggests that the large superstruded platelets be mixed with other clays to produce coated sheets of any desired degree of ink absorptivity.
Insofar as we are aware, knowledge of the prior art as to the effects of size and structure of clay particles on paper coating properties has not resulted in the availability of clay pigments useful in the production of either dull or matte-finish coated paper having printing properties comparable to that of commercial, glossy, coated paper.
The instant invention is based on the concept of controlling particle shape as well as particle size and particle-size distribution to provide a unique clay composition useful as the principal pigment in the production of dull and matte-finish coated paper having printing and optical properties comparable to those of high quality glossy paper.
Briefly stated, one aspect of the present invention relates to a novel coating clay pigment. The novel pigment comprises a mixture of kaolinite booklets with a smaller amount of delaminated kaolinite platelets, wherein the particles of the booklets are predominantly in the size range of 2 to 5 μm (e.s.d.) and are substantially free from particles larger than 10 μm, e.s.d., and the platelets are predominantly in the size range of 2 to 10 μm, e.s.d., preferably in the size range of 2 to 5 μm, e.s.d. The mixture of naturally-occurring kaolinite booklets and large artificially produced kaolinite platelets is associated with a restricted content of naturally-occurring or artificially created kaolinite particles that are finer than 2 μm, e.s.d. Preferably, the content of particles that are smaller than 2 μm, e.s.d., is in the range of about 40% to 60%, based on the weight of the clay composition.
One aspect of the invention relates to the use of the novel clay product of the invention as a coating pigment in the production of matte and dull-finish printing paper by means of a single-pass coating application utilizing conventional coating technology. Coating compositions of the invention contain as essential ingredients the novel pigment of the invention, adhesive and water. These coating compositions dry to a matte film (gloss of 0 to 15%, TAPPI, 75°). The coated matte-finish paper has a surface that is remarkably smooth considering the fact that the paper does not undergo calendering. The printing smoothness of the matte-finish sheets is comparable to that of the highest quality dull-finish sheets presently available. When the matte paper is supercalendered (conventionally) to gloss values in the dull-finish range, the printing smoothness of the dull-finish paper is exceptionally high, sometimes exceeding that of highly finished, glossy enamel paper. Conventional inks may be used to print dull and matte-finish papers prepared with the pigment of the invention. Contrary to the teachings of the prior art that large delaminated kaolin platelets contribute to high ink absorptivity (high "K&N" ink test values), the printed sheets containing our novel pigment tend to have high ink holdout.
Still another aspect of the invention involves the production of the pigment of the invention from one or more coarse-size fractions of kaolin clay which normally have limited commercial value. Both constituents of the pigment of the invention are obtained from coarse particle-size fractions of kaolin clay. The booklets of clay in the 2 to 5 μm e.s.d. particle-size range may be obtained by centrifuging or otherwise hydraulically classifying a coarse-size fraction of a kaolin clay crude to remove most particles larger than 5 μm from the coarse-size fraction of the crude clay. The large delaminated platelets are obtained by delaminating clay stacks in a coarse-size fraction of kaolin clay by known means, such as sand grinding, fractionating to recover the plus 2 μm e.s.d. fraction, subjecting the plus 2 μm fraction to further mechanical delamination unless the clay stacks were already well-delaminated in the initial delamination treatment, and further fractionating to remove particles larger than 10 μm, e.s.d.
Unless otherwise indicated, all particle sizes in the micrometer size range that are set forth in the specification and claims refer to values obtained by conventional Casagrande sedimentation method using 2.58 g./cm3 as the value for relative density of clay particles. Those familiar with clay minerals will recognize that the diameter of well-delaminated kaolinite platelets as measured by microscopic techniques will differ from diameters computed from sedimentation rates.
Advantageously, the components of the pigment composition of the invention are produced from such by-products as the coarse-size fractions of kaolin clay that constitute the underflow streams when degritted kaolin clay crudes are fractionated in centrifuges to recover a No. 1 or No. 2 clay (fine particle-size fraction) in the overflow streams. To produce the component containing undelaminated booklets in the particle size range of 2 to 5 μe.s.d., (so-called "-5 μm undelaminated clay"), such underflow is diluted with water to a solids level suitable for further fractionation in a centrifuge, e.g., a solids level in the range of about 20% to 30% by weight. The centrifuge is operated at a speed and flow rate calculated so as to reject the desired amount of particles larger than 5 μm. The overflow from the centrifuge rejecting the +5 μm particles is recovered. The recovered fraction is acidified in a conventional manner to facilitate flocculation and water is decanted from the settled, flocculated suspension to produce a thickened suspension having a solids content suitable for bleaching (e.g., 10% to 30% solids).
The so-called "+2 μm delaminated clay" may be obtained from the same coarse-size fraction of clay used as the starting material to produce the -5 μm undelaminated clay. It may be advantageous to use a coarser clay as the starting material (a coarse size fraction containing a higher percentage of particles +2 μm and larger) in producing the +2 μm delaminated clay. Means for delaminating booklets or stacks of kaolin clay are well known in the art. Preferred are those methods which use a particulate grinding medium such as sand or glass microballoons. Incorporated by reference are the disclosures in the following patents relative to the delamination of coarse-size fractions of kaolin clay with sand or other particulate grinding media.
______________________________________U. S. 3,075,710 I. L. Feld et al.U. S. 3,097,801 J. B. DukeU. S. 3,171,118 F. A. Gunn et al.U. S. 3,615,806 A. Torock et al.U. S. 3,743,190 J. B. Whitley______________________________________
After the clay stacks are delaminated by agitating the slurry of coarse clay with the selected grinding medium, the slip of clay is fractionated at 2 μm (e.s.d.) to remove particles 2 μm and finer. A centrifuge is preferred for commercial operation. Sedimentation may be used for test or bench-scale testing. The +2 μm fraction is recovered. The clay in the +2 μm fraction may be from 0 to 25% finer than 2 μm e.s.d. Typically the delaminated clay is from 10% to 20% by weight finer than 2 μm. In some cases the clay stacks in the +2 m fraction are sufficiently delaminated for blending with the -5 μm undelaminated cut. In the event that a preponderating amount of the +2 μm particles are not delaminated, the +2 μm fraction of partially delaminated clay should undergo further delamination one or more times as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,806, until most of the particles, e.g., 80% to 90%, are delaminated. Simple microscopic observation can be used to estimate the degree of delamination. Undelaminated kaolinite stacks can be distinguished from thin delaminated kaolin platelets by microscopic techniques known in the clay industry. After fractionating a slurry of well-delaminated platelets to remove particles finer than 2 μm, the +2 μm fraction is further fractionated to remove particles larger than 10 μm. If desired, the delaminated clay can be fractionated at a finer particle size, e.g., 7 to 9 μm or as fine as 5 μm. The glossing potential of the delaminated clay increases undesirably as the cutoff point is shifted towards smaller particle sizes. Thus, it is preferable to cut delaminated clay at 8 to 10 μm rather than 5 μm. Furthermore, fractionation of the delaminated clay at about 5 μm rather than 8 to 10 μm results in a greater loss of valuable clay. If desired, the delaminated clay may be fractionated to remove excessively large platelets before the clay is fractionated to remove particles 2 μm and finer.
The slurry of fractionated delaminated clay can be blended with the slurry of -5 μm undelaminated clay and the mixture flocculated by adding acid and/or alum, followed by bleaching, filtration, drying and pulverization. Alternatively, the filter cake can be redispersed and spray dried. If desired, the components of the clay mixture can be separately bleached, filtered, dried and pulverized or the filter cake can be spray dried.
In a vatiation of the processing scheme, the components can be fractionated simultaneously to remove particles larger than 5 μm. In carrying out this embodiment of the invention, a slurry of well-delaminated coarse clay is fractionated to remove minus 2 μm particles (e.g., 0 to 25% minus 2 μm), blended with conventional coarse filler clay (e.g., clay that is 20% to 40% minus 2 μm and is 50% to 75% plus 5 μm) and a slurry of the mixture of clays is centrifuged to remove delaminated and undelaminated particles larger than 5 μm. A fraction that is at least 85% by weight (preferably about 90% by weight) finer than 5 μm and 40% to 50% finer than 2 μm is recovered as an overflow from the centrifuge. The recovered product is thickened if necessary, bleached, filtered, dried and pulverized in conventional manner.
The +2 μm delaminated platelets are employed in amount within the range of 5 to 30 parts by weight to 95 to 70 parts by weight of the -5 μm fraction of coarse undelaminated kaolin clay. Presently preferred are mixtures containing about 15 parts by weight of +2 μm platelets to 85 parts by weight of -5 μm fraction of coarse undelaminated clay. When an insufficient proportion of +2 μm delaminated platelets are present in the mixture, the coated sheets lack the desired smoothness and the printed sheets may be prone to exhibit mottle. On the other hand, aqueous slurries of the pigment tend to become increasingly dilatant as the proportion of delaminated clay increases.
Following in table form are particle size distributions for typical components of the pigment of the invention and for the pigment of the invention. For the sake of simplicity, the components are identified in the table as "-5 μm undelaminated" and "+2 μm delaminated." Also given in the table are typical particle-size distributions for suitable starting clay.
______________________________________TYPICAL PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS,.sup.(1)MICROMETER, e.s.d. Weight Percent, Finer Than -20 -10 μm μm -5 μm -2 μm -1 μm______________________________________Starting clay.sup.(2) 95-100 75-90 50-75 15-55 10-50-5 μmundelaminated clay 100 98-100 89-92 45-60 20-30+2 μmdelaminated clay 100 90-100 60-90 0-25 0-5Mixture of 100 96-100 88-92 45-60 20-30delaminatedand undelaminatedclay______________________________________ .sup.(1) All sizes refer to values obtained by conventional sedimentation method .sup.(2) Coarse particle size fraction of kaolin clay, e.g., filler grade
The clay pigment of the invention may be utilized in conventional manner to produce coating colors. For example, the clay can be slurried at about 68% to 70% solids with water containing a suitable amount of clay dispersant, such as tetrasodium pyrophosphate. Conventional clay binders (adhesives) may be used in producing coating formulations. Criteria for selecting clay binders and binder levels are known to those in the paper coating art. The effect of binder level on coating gloss is known in the art. For example, higher binder levels lower the coating gloss. An objective of the invention is to minimize gloss. Hence binders should be selected with this in mind. It is also known that the binder system affects printability, e.g., ink holdout and set-off. Depending on the printing ink that is used, a binder which minimizes ink set-off may be preferred. Recommended binders include, by way of example, polyvinyl acetate latexes, styrene-butadiene latexes and mixtures thereof with starch or protein.
Conventional paper basestock and coating equipment such as the basestock and equipment for making enamel-finish sheets may be employed in practicing the invention. As shown in the illustrative examples, matte-finish coated sheets are produced without calendering. Dull-finish sheets can be obtained by supercalendering the dried sheets in a conventional manner.
The following examples are given to illustrate further the practice of the invention. The example illustrates the production of a representative pigment of the invention and the use of the pigment in the production of dull and matte-finish printing papers.
The starting clay for the production of this constituent of the pigment was a commercial bleached filler grade ("NoKarb") of kaolin clay. The "NoKarb" was obtained by centrifuging a degritted soft Georgia kaolin crude in a Bird centrifuge and removing a fine coating clay in the overflow stream. The coarse-size fraction contained in the underflow stream was recovered. The underflow was bleached with zinc hydrosulfite and screened through a 325 mesh screen. The particle size of the resulting "NoKarb" filler clay was as follows: 96% by weight finer than 20 μm; 78% finer than 10 μm; 50% minus 5 μm; 20% minus 2 μm; 10% minus 0.6 μm. In effect, the NoKarb clay used to prepare the -5 μm fraction was a polydisperse clay material containing about 80% by weight of +2 μm kaolinite booklets and 20% by weight of minus 2 μm kaolinite platelets.
To prepare the dry NoKarb clay for fractionation to remove +5 μm particles, the dry clay was mixed with water to form a 65% solids slurry. The water contained tetrasodium pyrophosphate dispersant at an addition level of 0.45% based on the weight of the clay. The slurry of NoKarb was diluted with water to 30% solids and charged to a Bird centrifuge operated at a speed of 750 r.p.m. (corresponding to a gravity level of 50). Feed rate was 0.5 gallons per minute. The overflow product containing the -5 μm fraction of the NoKarb was recovered at about 14% solids and represented about 33% by weight of the NoKarb feed clay. The -5 μm fraction was flocced by adding a 25% solution of alum in amount sufficient to reduce the pH of the clay slurry to 4.5. Sulfuric acid was then added to reduce pH to 2.8. The flocced material was filtered, washed, dried at about 180° F. and pulverized in a Fitz mill through a 0.033 inch screen.
The -5 μm fraction of NoKarb obtained by this processing had the following particle size distribution: 100% minus 15 μm; 98% minus 10 μm; 95% minus 7.5 μm; 92% minus 5 μm; 74% minus 3 μm; 59% minus 2 μm; 50% minus 1.5 μm; 32% minus 0.6 μm. Thus, the -5 μm fraction of NoKarb was composed of about 40% by weight of booklets larger than 2 micrometers, of which a predominating amount (about 80% by weight) were in the range of 2 to 5 μm. About 60% by weight was composed of fine platelets (minus 2 μm particles).
The starting material used to prepare the coarse delaminated clay constituent of the pigment was a coarse-size fraction of a degritted soft Georgia kaolin crude. The coarse-size fraction of kaolin was obtained by centrifuging degritted crude in a Bird centrifuge to remove the minus 2 μm coating clay fraction, substantially as described under part A. The underflow was passed through a drag box to remove oversized particles. To prepare the slurry of coarse particle size of undelaminated clay for delamination, the slurry was dispersed in water at about 30% solids with tetrasodium pyrophosphate in amount of 0.1% based on the clay. The clay booklets were delaminated by passing the dispersed slurry of coarse clay into a commercial sand grinding mill ("Red Head®"). The grinding medium was 20/40 mesh sand. The clay slurry was passed through the mill at a flow rate (2 g.p.m.) selected to result in a high degree of delamination with minimal generation of additional minus 2 μm particles. The discharge from the grinding mill was 100% finer than 20 μm; 95% finer than 10 μm; 84% finer than 5 μm; and 58% finer than 2 μm.
Oversized and undersized particles were then removed from the slip of delaminated clay by controlled sedimentation. To prepare the slip of delaminated clay for sedimentation, the solids were reduced to 10% and soda ash was added to increase pH to 8.5. Sodium silicate was then added to pH 9.0. Initially the slip of delaminated clay was fractionated by multiple sedimentation to remove particles 2 μm and finer. The coarse sedimented fraction of delaminated clay platelets was recovered and processed to remove particles larger than 9 μm. To remove the large particles, the recovered coarse and fraction was slurried in water at about 10% solids and pH was adjusted to 9.0 with sodium silicate. The dispersed slip was fractionated at 9 μm by multiple sedimentation. The +2 μm to 9 μm fraction of delaminated clay platelets was separated from the sedimented plus 9 μm particles. The slip of delaminated clay was flocced to pH of 3.0 with sulfuric acid, filtered and washed.
As determined by sedimentation, the recovered +2 μm to 9 μm delaminated clay product was 100% finer than 20 μm; 90% finter than 10 μm; 83% finer than 7 μm; 69% finer than 5 μm; 50% finer than 3.9 μm; 20% finer than 2.0 μm and 10% finer than 1.5 μm. In other words, the product was composed predominantly of delaminated platelets in the size range of 2 to 10 μm (as determined by sedimentation). Under a microscope, most of the particles seemed to be in the range of 3 to 5 micrometers. The product is referred to as the "+2 μm delaminated fraction".
The washed and filtered delaminated clay from part B was reslurried in water and a sufficient amount of the -5 μm fraction of NoKarb clay from part A was added to the slurry to bring the weight ratio of -5 μm NoKarb clay to +2 μm delaminated clay to 85/15. The slurry was diluted with water to 25% solids, flocced with sulfuric acid to pH 2.8 and bleached with sodium hydrosulfite. The slurry was filtered, washed, dried and pulverized in a Fitz mill with a 0.033 inch screen. The bleached product had a brightness of 83.5% (G.E. block brightness). The particle size distribution of the mixture was as follows: 100% minus 15 μm; 96% minus 8 μm; 88% minus 5 μm; 70% minus 3 μm; 52% minus 2 μm; 42% minus 1.5 μm; 33% minus 1.0 μm; 22% minus 0.5 μm and 10% minus 0.2 μm.
The experimental pigment from part C (85% by weight -5 μm coarse fraction and 15% by weight +2 μm delaminated platelets) was dispersed in water at 68.1% solids. Tetrasodium pyrophosphate (0.25% based on pigment weight) was used as the dispersant. The resulting suspension and a pH of 6.1.
A coating color suitable for an offset paper (Formula A) was prepared by mixing one portion of the 68% solids pigment slurry with starch ("Penford Gum 280") and styrene butadiene ("Dow 620" latex), using 10 parts by weight starch, 6 parts by weight "Dow 620" to 100 parts by weight of clay pigment. To improve runability, calcium stearate ("Nopcote" C104) was added in amount of 0.5 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of clay pigment. Sodium hydroxide was added to the composition to adjust pH to 7.0. The coating color was at 57.8% solids.
Another portion of the pigment slurry was formulated into a 57.8% solids coating color containing a different binder system (Formula B). Formula B contained 8.5 parts by weight Penford Gum 280, 8.5 parts by weight Dow 636 latex and 0.5 parts by weight "Nopcote" C104 per 100 parts by weight of clay.
Rheological properties of the clay-water slurry and starch-latex coating colors are reported in Table I.
TABLE I______________________________________CLAY-WATER AND COATING COLOR VISCOSITIESClay-Water Viscosity______________________________________Solids, % 68.1TSPP, % 0.25Brookfield Viscosity, Spindle No. 310 r.p.m., cps 15020 r.p.m., cps 100100 r.p.m., cps 140Hercules End Point, r.p.m./16 dyne-cm. × 105 325______________________________________Coating Color Viscosities Formula A Formula B______________________________________Brookfield Viscosity, Spindle No. 510 r.p.m., cps 5100 4300100 r.p.m., cps 1600 1300Hercules End Point, 31.0 31.6dyne-cm. × 105 /2200 r.p.m.______________________________________
Coating color formulations A and B were separately blade-coated on one side of commercial paper basestock ("Starflex") at cost weights of about 7.7 lbs./3300 ft.2. The basestock used had a basis weight of 59 lbs./3300 ft.2. A Keegan coater was employed. A portion of the dried coated sheets was evaluated for use as matte-finish printing paper. Other portions of the dried sheets were supercalendered two or three nips at room temperature under a load of 500 lbs. per lineal inch. The dull and matte-finish sheets were evaluated by tests well known in the industry to determine whether the sheets met criteria for dull and matte-finish printing papers. The tests used to measure gloss, opacity, brightness and K&N ink holdout are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,850,653 to William E. Zentz, Jr. Printing roughness was measured by the "Printing Solids Roughness Index" (PSRI) test described in a publication of Adam F. Kaliski, "TAPPI," Vol. 56, No. 11, November 1973. It will be noted that printing roughness is reported in units of micrometers. Printing smoothness varies inversely with PSRI values. In other words, the lower the Printing Solids Roughness Index, the smoother the paper.
Results for matte-finish coated sheets appear in Table II. Table III summarizes results for dull-finish coated sheets. Properties of selected commercial matte-finish and dull-finish sheets are also reported in the tables for purposes of comparison.
The results, summarized in Tables II and III, indicate that acceptable matte and dull-finish printing papers were obtained with both coating for formulations using the experimental pigment and that the sheets were generally at least as good as the commercial matte and dull-finish sheets. The matte-finish sheets produced with the pigment of the invention (Table II) were generally comparable in gloss, brightness and pick to the commercial sheets. Opacity was lower, but at acceptable levels. The dull-finish sheets produced with the pigment of the invention (Table III) were slightly higher in gloss than the commercial dull sheets and lower in brightness and opacity. The printing smoothness (inverse of PSRI) of the matte-finish sheets (Table III) was superior to that of the commercial matte sheets.
TABLE II______________________________________MATTE-FINISH COATED SHEET PROPERTIES Commercial Formula A Formula B Matte Sheet*______________________________________Coat Weight 7.7 ± 0.1 lbs./3300 ft.2 ** not available75° Gloss, % 9 10 11Elrepho Brightness, % 81.4 81.3 80.6Opacity, % 92.5 92.2 95.8IGT Pick, VVP 134 142 144K&N .increment. % 26 21 33Printing EvaluationWedge Prints - HoldfastHalftone Ink PSRI, μm 3.6 3.7 4.1______________________________________ *coated two sides, 70 lbs./3300 ft.2 basis weight **coated one side, 59 lbs./3300 ft.2 basis weight REMARK: Brightness, opacity and IGT of the experimental and commercial sheets are not directly crosscomparable because of a major basisweight difference favoring the commercial sheet.
TABLE III______________________________________DULL-FINISH COATED SHEET PROPERTIES Commercial Formula A Formula B Dull Sheet*______________________________________Coat Weight 7.7 ± 0.1 lbs./3300 ft.2 ** not availableSupercalenderedRoom Temp.,500 p.l.i., No. of nips 3 2 not available75° Gloss 29 32 26Elrepho Brightness, % 80.9 80.7 84.4Opacity, % 92.2 91.7 96.1IGT Pick, VVP 112 118 150K&N, .increment. % 23 17 32Printing EvaluationWedge Prints - HoldfastHalftone Ink PSRI, μm 2.3 2.5 3.2______________________________________ *coated two sides, 84 lbs./3300 ft.2 basis weight **coated one side, 59 lbs./3300 ft.2 basis weight REMARK: The same as in Table II
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40 CFR 409.50 - Applicability; description of the Florida and Texas raw cane sugar processing subcategory.
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The provisions of this subpart are applicable to discharges resulting from the processing of sugar cane into a raw sugar product for those cane sugar factories located in the states of Florida and Texas.
Title 40 published on 2014-07-01
no entries appear in the Federal Register after this date.

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The Delaware County Search and Rescue Team is comprised of Sheriff's Deputies and Volunteers. The members of this team are trained in search and rescue techniques. Members volunteer both their time and personally owned equipment such as airplanes, four wheel all terrain vehicles, snow mobiles to mount searches whenever necessary. This community-based team offers an invaluable service to Delaware County.
Delaware County Sheriff
100 W. Washington St.
Muncie, Indiana 47305
Office: 765.747.7885
Dispatch: 765.747.7878
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SOUTH BEND, Ind. — Brian VanGorder is in his eighth first year as a defensive coordinator, so he's pretty well-versed at getting to know a new group of players.
The former defensive coordinator at Grand Valley State, Central Florida, Central Michigan, Western Illinois, Georgia, Auburn and with the NFL's Atlanta Falcons quickly earned the respect and trust of his players not because of his extensive coaching background, but because he made an effort to get to know them as soon as he got on campus.
"It wasn't hey, I'm a new coach, I want you to come talk to me so I can learn your name," safety Matthias Farley said. "It was really genuine. He wanted to know about your family, where you're from."
Fifth-year senior captain Austin Collinsworth said he spent about an hour chatting with VanGorder in January and was quickly won over, too.
"I like this guy," Collinsworth recalled thinking. "I can play football for this guy."
[MORE: VanGorder's defense has Notre Dame offense feeling ready]
Having his players buy into him has been critical given VanGorder is implementing a different scheme than what was run under Bob Diaco, now UConn's head coach. Not only is Notre Dame going to run a base 4-3 defense, but VanGorder's scheme calls for more aggressive play.
For the front seven, two-gapping has been de-emphasized for beating the guy across you and getting into the backfield. Players will be flying in and out of sub packages and rushing the quarterback more. Expect more deflected passes and forced fumbles, too.
Diaco's disciplined, bend-but-don't-break scheme may not have worked with the inexperienced, smaller players filling out Notre Dame's defensive depth chart this year. In that sense, VanGorder's arrival came at the right time.
"The system that we were in was awesome. We won a lot of games with that system, we were 21-5 over the last two years," secondary coach Kerry Cooks said. "There was nothing wrong with the system and the philosophy that we had. The system right now allows these guys to be flexible and be more aggressive, which I think young kids by nature is part of their mentality."
It may have been easy no matter what for the younger players to buy into VanGorder's scheme, but for the guys with experience having a good, trusting relationship was key. A few veterans changed positions and roles under VanGorder: Sheldon Day moved from defensive end to defensive tackle, Jaylon Smith is playing inside-out instead of outside-in and Farley will see work at as a nickel back.
Farley said the relationship he has with VanGorder — which he said was built "overnight" — helped make the switch a lot smoother.
[RELATED: VanGorder's defense has Notre Dame offense feeling ready]
"I think the trust came from him being him," Farley said. "I don't think it was anything that had to do with his previous career coaching. Right when he got here, everyone got behind him.
"He's a very easy person to get along with on and off the field and he makes his expectations very clear and his mission very clear. I think that's, when somebody does that and they're consistent with it day in and day out, they have the same approach, there's no wavering from it."
Still, even with players buying into his system VanGorder knows the Year 1 switchover to a new defense isn't always smooth. There are bound to be mistakes, but so long as the right foundation is in place, he's confident in his defense's chances of succeeding.
And at the least, the foundation in terms of a relationship with his players is in place.
"The first year is hard. It's a hard transition," VanGorder said. "I've done it plenty of times. We go back and we all understand the fundamentals, they need to be in place for sure. There's going to be a lot of growth throughout the season.
"I can't wait to see the guys. The first game they go into it, they have new coordinators. We've all got a great challenge, we've all got to be on point and ready to adjust. Let's see how we all handle that."


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Bahawalpur Board came into being in 1977 when it was separated from Multan Board and the Government of Punjab approved it's sanction as a separate board. Since then it is the main education governing body in the Bwp division and all the students belonging to it's jurisdictions have to register with the board to appear in the 9th,10th,matric,inter, fa, fsc examinations conducted by board. The official website to of Bise Bahawalpur Board is www.bisebwp.edu.pk.
Matric class is comprises of two parts, ssc part 1 2, each takes one year, usually the part 2 papers are commenced early in March, while the part 1 are scheduled later in the mid of the said month. Board issues the secondary school certificate to all the candidates who appear in any exam operated by bisebwp. The result of tenth class is issued in the month of August, while for ninth class it is declared in the start of September.
Bise Bahawalpur Board Result 2014 www.bisebwp.edu.pk
- Bise Bahawalpur Board www.bisebwp.edu.pk
- Bise Bahawalpur Board 10th Class Result 2014
- Bise Bahawalpur Board Inter Part 2 Result 2014
- Bise Bahawalpur Board Matric Result 2014
- Bise Bahawalpur Board SSC Result 2014
Presently there is not any fixed date issued by board about when the matric result 2012 will be declared, so you are advised to have patience, and stay in touch with this page to receive all updates, once the board issues the result you can check the same at this page without any delay.
If you have any confusions or questions, use below comment box to get assistance from us. You feedback and suggestions are most welcomed.


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University Public Affairs is your feet on the ground, keeping you abreast of news on and around campus at Virginia Commonwealth University. Whether it's groundbreaking research, student success or what alumni are up to, this is where you'll find the latest information.
For a look back at news over the past five years, visit our searchable archives.
Read more »
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The depth chart at running back for Kentucky football was fully utilized last season, even if that wasn't the original intention of the staff. Despite several injuries last year, it was the depth at the position that kept a struggling offense afloat.
Josh Clemons, a true freshman at the time, incurred the most devastating injury last season when he needed season-ending knee surgery to repair a torn meniscus. That came on the heels of Raymond Sanders returning from surgery himself. What once looked like a potential bright spot on the offense was seeing the spotlight diminishing.
That's when CoShik Williams saw his first crack of daylight, an opportunity to get back on the field and showcase his abilities to his teammates, staff, and the fans.
"It was a big adrenaline rush," said Williams. "You can't really explain it. You're right out there in Commonwealth (Stadium), see all those fans looking at you, it's like a feeling you can't really explain. It's a dream come true. I'm just blessed I finally got the chance to show people what I can do."
It was a long time coming for the now redshirt senior. He had been hampered by injuries earlier in his career that kept him from seeing more playing time. Williams, who stands at 5-foot-9, has bulked up to 190 pounds this offseason in an effort to stay healthy and add an element of power to his game.
"It really took a lot of patience and hoping and waiting," said Williams. "When it finally came years later, it felt good to finally get it, like I said, it's just a feeling you can't explain. I just had to go out there and show the coaches I could play, that I knew the right plays, that I had speed, that I had power, that it wasn't just size. Back then, in the first game I played I was 178, so I gained a couple pounds and now I feel good."
Running backs coach Steve Pardue could not have been happier for Williams. Pardue arrived to Kentucky last season to see Williams' breakout year, but Williams was unsure whether or not his time would come. That patience and waiting that Williams exhibited came with a lot of frustration and disappointment internally. Constant encouragement from Pardue helped Williams stay focused for when his time would come.
"When I first got here last year, he wasn't in the top couple and didn't play in a couple games and really got discouraged," said Pardue. "And I kept telling him you're going to get your chance. Just keep fighting and you'll get your chance. He's what you hope in life happens to people that when they get their opportunity, they seize the moment."
Williams had several moments in his nine games at tailback. In fact, he ended up leading all Kentucky rushers with 486 yards and three touchdowns including a career-high 148-yard performance against Jacksonville State.
After tasting success and prolonged playing time last season, Williams has his eyes set on keeping the starting role. And while he figures to get a majority, or at least his fair share of carries, the coaching staff has stated that the running back position will be by committee, words that no starting running back wants to hear.
"I just feel like I'm in this position for a reason," said Williams. "I'm just going to have to keep doing what I do and stay at the top of the running back position. Whatever happens happens from there. But right now, my mindset is to keep my position."
As was the case last season, and one of the main reasons why Kentucky was able to make strides in the offense down the stretch, an abundance of depth at the running back position could go a long way for this year's offensive attack. Except this season, the depth is even deeper.
At running back, Kentucky returns three upperclassmen to their stable in Williams, Raymond Sanders and Jonathan George. Clemons will be back in the mix once his knee returns to 100 percent. But what really gives this group its depth and versatility is an impressive duo of freshmen in Justin Taylor and Dyshawn Mobley. Both players have impressed so far in fall camp, so much so that Pardue is intent on having all six running backs ready to play September 2 against Louisville.
Though Williams may not be willing to surrender the top spot on the depth chart that he's worked so hard for in his four years at Kentucky, the running-back-by-committee approach will definitely keep him fresh and help preserve his longevity throughout the season.
Williams' fellow running back Raymond Sanders appreciates Williams' desire to the best running back of the bunch, but the competition will ultimately make the collective group stronger.
"I like that idea," said Sanders. "Everyone wants to be the number one guy, and if you didn't want to be the number one guy, I wouldn't want him to be in the room with me. That's not pushing me to make me better and that's not pushing him to be his best. Everyone wants to be the number one guy, but we all know that we can come out and treat it like you are the starter and make sure you know everything."
Sanders also looks at the running back plans as a way to give his best efforts 100 percent of the time, knowing that if a player is winded, someone else is going to be able to step in and not miss a beat.
"I think it is the best way," said Sanders. "When your legs are fresh, it's easier for you to run and to play hard. You know you've got guys behind you where you can get a rest. You don't have to worry that he's not going to bring the same intensity, not going to bring the same production."
Pardue has been pleased with what he has seen from his upperclassmen. They have been great role models on and off the field for the younger backs and provided invaluable leadership.
"(Williams) and (Sanders) have done a really good job of setting the tone for our running backs and Jonathan George is right there with him," said Pardue. "Not only just our running backs, but our whole football team. They've been heavily involved with special teams and trying to work really hard and bring energy level. They take a lot of pride in saying they're the hardest-working guys."
Williams, Sanders and George have seen it all during their time at Kentucky. They've enjoyed success and suffered through the pains of last year. With both victory and defeat fresh in their minds, they've been able to rally together to become a leading unit of the football team.
"Years in the past, we were young guys, and we had (Derrick) Locke," said Sanders. "He was the one guy leading us. But now that we've grown together and we've learned together, we've been down and we try to come up together. Now, we have more leadership. It's better leading with three guys instead of just one because some guys here are different, some guys bring energy different."
And whether it was out of necessity or a natural occurrence is a moot point. Several leaders from last year's team graduated and have moved on. So players had to step up to fill the void. Williams feels like he's one of them. The guys before him had always helped move his career along, now he hopes to give back to the younger guys what he's learned over his first four years at UK.
"I feel like being a senior, I can finally help guys and teach guys. When I had guys teaching me, it made a big difference. I mean the way I played and the way you learned things and take in different things, so it plays a big role in it."
While using six running backs is the plan at the start of the season, even the best of plans can go awry. While Williams never wished for his teammates to get hurt, it was for the reason that he emerged as a capable back in the SEC. Pardue believes all of his backs are reliable, and potentially one play away from seizing and opportunity of their own.
"You're always one chinstrap buckle from being in the game and it could be the play of the game," said Pardue. "The other day, all of a sudden we have two guys banged up and I'm thinking I'm good at six and now I'm down to four. I talk to the trainer, one guys a little bit of a groin irritation, then I only have three. So what happens then? I've learned my lesson. Six is my goal to have at the tailback position."


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Psychology of selling: The first 8 minutes, Pt. 2
By Michael Lovas
This article details how to use simple psychology to help people say yes to you in order to prove your credibility and relevance.
Today, we're going to look at the next steps in how to use very simple psychology to help people say yes to you. Why is this info important? Because this is how you prove your credibility and relevance to people.
The first thing you need to know is what's going on inside your prospect's head. What are her expectations or beliefs about you in four areas:
- Your organization
- Your industry
- Your profession as a sales person
- You as a person
The point here is that any communication with any prospect must focus on that prospect. Your possibility of gaining a new client goes down with each second your focus is diverted from her.
The second thing you need to understand is that people do not like being put into a box. That makes them feel trapped. Sadly, sales people do this all the time.
It happens when you jump to the solution before the prospect has finished expressing the problem. If you jump in before she's finished, you are dragging her into a trap we call the solution box. As soon as you do that, you are taking the focus off of helping the prospect. What is the natural conclusion a prospect will come to? That your focus has shifted to helping yourself.
The third thing to understand is the objective. If you're selling high value products and services, your objective is not to make a sale. The relationship and subsequent introductions are far more valuable than merely one sale. So, your objective is to solidify the relationship. How can you do that? Our research over many years has shown a clear path or procedure of objectives:
- Show yourself as being safe
- Establish trust
- Make a strong personal connection
- Prove that you are a resource to help the client think through tough questions
- Cause that client to reflect on and think about your conversation through the next 24 hours
The questions rule
Actually, there is a hard and fast rule about questions — listen. Listen to the answers.
With that in mind, questions are the most effective tool you can use to accomplish the objectives above.
Ah, but which questions? Because communication styles, circumstances and life experiences differ from person to person, it's not easy to know what questions to ask. We know more than most people about questions, but we can't give you the perfect questions. Why? Read through the following steps and you'll understand why. The questioning process
Step 1 — Start by making a simple statement. This statement sets the context for the conversation. The person who sets the context controls the conversation; you want to be that person. That statement might be: "You know, the _______ industry is really confusing."
Step 2 — Ask a simple short-answer question related to the opening statement. This question allows the prospect to engage easily with you. That question might be: "Has anyone ever explained to you why it's so confusing?"
Step 3 — Listen. This is perhaps the most difficult part of the process because it requires you to do something you might not be good at, yet. Listen. By listening to the answers, you glean information that: 1) you can base other follow-up questions on, and 2) you can use to demonstrate your credibility and relevance.
Step 4 — Ask a follow-up question. These questions are different. They're unscripted and based entirely on the answer the prospect just gave you. Think of these follow-up questions as helping hands guiding the client through a process of situational thinking.
For example, let's say the prospect's answer to your short question is, "No. I've always wondered why it's so confusing." When you listen to that answer, you can recognize: 1) the person does not understand the industry, 2) she is curious about why it's confusing, and 3) no one else has successfully simplified it for her.
You could then ask this follow-up question: "Would you like for me to make it simple for you?"
Why does this approach work?
The main reason this works is because by following this simple process, you gain opportunities to demonstrate your credibility and relevance. Additionally, you're not forcing the prospect into a solution box. Instead, you're demonstrating that you know how to listen, and that you honestly want to hear what she has to say.
Your reward. As you can tell, credibility and relevance are important to my work. I've been researching and teaching producers how to improve it since 1991. To help you increase your credibility, just copy this paragraph from ProducersWeb and message me on the site and I will send you our paper: "The Credibility Process."


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Help our school earn $5,000!
Libery Mutual directions - Tennis
Ambridge Area High School is participating in the Liberty Mutual Responsible Sports Community Grants program. The program runs now through May 31st. Liberty Mutual will award $5,000 to six schools. The schools that take the top six spots in terms of participation will win.
To participate, go to the responsible sports community grants page, complete the online quiz, and credit Ambridge Area High School.
Not a parent or coach? No problem. Anyone who supports our organization can take the parent quiz. Coaches can take both quizzes and earn two credits for Ambridge.
Each quiz contains 10 multiple choice questions. You can prepare for the quiz by reading the on-line coursework, or click on Take the Quiz immediately to test your knowledge. Retake the quiz until you succeed. There is no record of or penalty for failing a quiz.
After you pass a quiz you will be asked to submit your quiz for credit. If this is the first time you have logged onto the site, you will need to provide your name and email address. Next you will be asked to credit your point to your sports organization. Enter the following information:
Org Name: Ambridge Area High School
City: Ambridge
In the drop down box, select PA
Press the Go button and the credit button next to Ambridge Area High School
An email will be sent to the email address you provided earlier. Sign in to your email, open up the email you received from the responsible sports program and click on Verify Now. You will be returned to the Liberty Mutual site. Click on continue to fan page. On the right hand side of the page you should see a My Certifications box. There should be a green circle with a check mark next to the certification(s) that you earned. Click on VIEW PDF to view the certificate.
Click on Spread the Word if you would like to have an email sent to your email contacts on behalf of Ambridge Area High School. The more people that participate, the greater our chance of earning $5,000!
Randy Cosgrove is the Administrator for this program. Please send an email to email@example.com if you have any questions.
Thank you for supporting our high school!


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Welcome. We hope you are able to find what you are looking for, whether it is help for yourself or a loved one, or just information about Mental Health and Substance Use.
MAILAdministrationEric Martin Pavilion643-2334 Trent StreetVictoria, BC V8R 4Z3PHONE(250) 370-8175FAX(250) 370-8578
EXECUTIVE DIRECTORCheryl Damstetter
EXECUTIVE MEDICAL DIRECTORDr. Richard Crow
DIRECTOR, OPERATIONSKelly Reid
DIRECTOR, TERTIARY AND STRATEGICKeva Glynn
MEDICAL DIRECTOR Dr. Abraham Rudnick
If you are in a situation that involves immediate risk of harm to self or others, please call 911.
24 Hour Crisis Lines
Help and Information Lines
Find a Physician
HealthLink BC
Other Helpful Web Resources
Mental Health and Substance Use Wellness Day May 7, 2015 (PDF)
New Mobile App: #BoosterBuddy is a mental health app designed by youth for youth. Download for free!
Renewed approach to health service delivery for hard to reach populations
Mental Health and Substance Use Operating Themes and Priorities for 2012-2015 (pdf)
Review of the Island Health Substance Use Services System (PDF)___________________
Camosun College is Offering Mental Health and Addictions Courses (PDF)___________________


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- 13
- people in the U.S. have this name View Scott Bleier on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Although this was in use as a personal name both before and after the Norman Conquest, modern use in most cases almost certainly represents a transferred use of the surname. This originated as a byname for someone from Scotland or, within Scotland itself, for a member of the Gaelic-speaking people who originally came from Ireland. The given name is now often chosen by parents conscious of their Scottish ancestry and heritage, but it is also used more widely.
|40th in the U.S.
German and Jewish (Ashkenazic): occupational name for a lead miner or lead worker, from a derivative of Middle High German blī 'lead'. Compare Bley.
|24,124th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Scot, Scotty, Scotti, Scoti, Scottie, Scoot, Scottee
Blair, Bleich, Bleiler, Bleicher, Bleil, Bleile, Bleichner, Bleigh, Bleiweiss, Blei


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|Science News
Earliest Evolution of Vision Genes Discovered
'Opsin' genes found in aquatic relatives of corals, jellyfish, sea anemones
David Plachetzki/UCSB
Credit: David Plachetzki/UCSBBy peering deep into evolutionary history, scientists have discovered the origins of photosensitivity in animals: vision genes called opsins that first appeared in the aquatic animal species Hydra magnipapillata.
The hydras have no eyes or light-receptive organs, but they have the genetic pathways to be able to sense light.
The findings are published in this week's issue of the scientific journal PLoS ONE.
The biologists--David Plachetzki and Todd Oakley of the University of California at Santa Barbara--are the first to look at light receptive genes in cnidarians (corals, jellyfish and sea anemones), of which hydras are members.
Hydras are found in most freshwater ponds, lakes and streams in temperate and tropical regions, and are predatory animals that feed on small aquatic invertebrates.
The scientists speculate that hydras use light sensitivity in order to find prey. The hydras have opsin proteins all over their bodies, but the proteins are concentrated in the mouth area.
"Because we don't find opsins in earlier branching animals like sponges, we can put a date on the evolution of light sensitivity in animals," said Plachetzki. "We now have a time frame for the evolution of animal light sensitivity. We know its precursors existed roughly 600 million years ago."
"These results are significant to advancing our understanding of the early evolution of sight in animals, and show how simple genetic changes can produce visual pigments that begin the pathway to the evolution of sight," said Jerry Cook, program director in NSF's division of environmental biology, which funded the research.
Oakley said that there are only a handful of cases where scientists have documented the very specific mutational events that have given rise to new features during evolution.
"We show very clearly that these changes in a particular duplicated gene, opsin, allowed the new genes to interact with different proteins in new ways," he said. "Today, these different interactions underlie the genetic machinery of vision."
Scientist Bernie Degnan of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Australia, provided bioinformatics tools to complete the study. The Hydra magnipapillata genome project is conducted by the Institute for Genomic Research, part of the J. Craig Venter Institute.
Source: NSF
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2 Day Canyoneering Class
We offer a two day technical canyoneering class about two hours from Phoenix, Arizona, in the pristine wilderness of the Sierra Ancha. We are located on the North side of Roosevelt Lake.
This class is intended to provide you with the foundational skills necessary to begin exploring the technical canyons of Arizona and the Colorado Plateau. It is suitable for singles, couples, families and groups interested in the spectacular world that we discover in the canyon environment.
We spend the night camping in a beautiful pine forest, and our guides will provide all meals, snacks, and drinks. Also included is all technical equipment necessary for this course, in addition to any camping supplies that you may need for a pleasant night outdoors.
We meet you onsite at the canyons on day 1, and begin with instruction on canyon ratings, map reading/orienteering, group management, sequencing and spotting. The second half of the day will be spent teaching rappelling skills. We will also cover ropes and equipment, proper technique for rappelling, how to add friction to your rappel, tying off on rappel, as well as wet disconnecting. The second day we will begin with knots, and then apply these knots into basic anchor building concepts. The second part of that day will be spent assessing and creating anchors utilizing previously learned skills.
This class can be offered year-round for groups of four or more privately. If less than four, Please Call for availability
- - Trip includes all guides, equipment, camping equipment, meals, drinks, snacks, and tax
- - $395 / Person
- - Discounts available for groups of 4+
- - Please Call for availability
Click here to sign up for the CenterFocus Newsletter and get the inside story regarding trip discounts, helpful travel information and tips on hiking in the Grand Canyon and Sedona areas, as well as canyoneering and rock climbing.


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Party Smarty at HMNS!
You're busy. Why not let us help you and scratch one thing off your to-do list: planning the perfect birthday bash for your budding scientist.
The Party Smarty birthday party program (ages 11 and younger) at HMNS is your one-stop-shop for party planning - from selecting a theme and deciding on décor to securing activities and entertainment, we've got you covered.
Summer Special!
Book any birthday party for June, July, or August and receive $50 off!
Party Smarty - Birthdays with a little Brain Power!


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Posted: Sunday, July 7, 2013 1:20 PM
3 Doors Down Tickets Gilford NH Meadowbrook US Cellular PavilionSee 3 Doors Down & Daughtry in Gilford NH at Meadowbrook with tickets from the MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange.
July 9, 2013.
Please use this link to view available tickets: 3 Doors Down Tickets Gilford NH Meadowbrook US Cellular Pavilion.
Discount code BPDC on checkout takes $5.00 off any order of $150.00 or more.
The MyCityRocks Ticket Exchange often has exceptionally good deals for people looking for premium seats and suites, and tickets for sold-out events. Cheap and discount tickets are sometimes available. The prices for tickets listed in the Ticket Exchange are specified by each individual seller, and not by MyCityRocks, and may be more or less than the original face value of the ticket.
Follow this link for more 3 Doors Down dates:
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Latino Life
Elaine Ayala comments on Latino news, cultura y más.
Posts filtered on Tag
The minimum wage, Labor Day and Secretary Perez
'Fighting like heck to raise the minimum wage," says Perez [Read More]
Latino leaders to grade Congress on immigration reform
After delivering 12.5 million Latino voters to the polls, Latino leaders are asking for comprehensive immigration reform legislation out of Congress now. [Read More]
Deportation protests focus on Obama top Hispanic rep
Presente.org is targeting official's defense of deportation statistics, it says are inaccurate. [Read More]
Obama turns in highest deportation numbers
Secure Communities data analyzed by two U.S. law schools. [Read More]
Latino professor to receive National Medal of Science
Rice University's Tapia is known for his research in numerical optimization methods. [Read More]
S.A. Tejano center reps will attend White House forum
Interior Secretary will host White House forum on Latino contributions. [Read More]
Latinos most underrepresented in federal workforce
President Obama orders four-year diversity plan due out in November. [Read More]
Protests zero-in on Obama's deportation record
The Obama administration has deported 1 million immigrants since taking office. [Read More]
Obama taps Cigarroa, Romo for commission
President Obama appointed two Texans to serve on the Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics. [Read More]
Obama campaign needs a better Spanish translator
San Antonio businessman George Kauss finds a lot lacking in the translation servicers employed by Obama's re-election campaign. [Read More]
Show More


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There is something you need to let go of, something that has become a burden. What that something is only you know for sure but now is the time to get rid of it. You will feel an incredible sense of release.
or email firstname.lastname@example.com
July 24, 2013 | 4:00am
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Comment Re:No. (Score 1) 1486 1486
Historically, we can demonstrate the existence of Jesus, due to the historical events of Pontius Pillate and Ceaser and other shit happening around that time lining up, and something about some annoying beggar-preacher that they executed.
Oh puh-leeze. The evidence for a real Jesus is slim at best. http://www.nobeliefs.com/exist.htm
Comment The problem is special access for Google. (Score 1) 234 234
Comment Re:Another philosophy taken too far (Score 1) 792 792
This bears repeating. RMS is quite clear that "free software" has nothing to do with the price. It means that you have the right to use the software and modify it, or have it modified, as you wish.
Lots of people are paid to create "free software." If there is a demand, software will be created. Just because no programmer has an personal interest in making your mom's quilting program, does not mean that your mom, or Bob's Quilting Supplies, Ltd. will not pay a programmer to create it.
Selling or giving software to someone, but retaining control on what they can do with it (like stopping them from modifying it) is a social evil.
Comment Re:Kettle, meet pot, pot, meet kettle (Score 2) 453 453
>>No, the insanity here is that Google and Mozilla refuse to use the codecs installed in the operating system that you've already paid royalties for (if they require royalties to be paid) and that automatically take advantage of hardware acceleration and any other features the OS offers for media playback.
Funny, I don't recall paying anyone for my GNU/Linux operating system...
Comment As a terrorist, I would love it! (Score 1) 309 309
Comment Re:Hmm (Score 1) 779 779
Comment I'll bet it will become cross-browser. (Score 1) 225 225
Comment Re:Slashdaughters, let us avoid... (Score 1) 414 414
Slashdaughters, let us avoid the tendency to take the focused ruling in a specific legal case and spread it over our most elaborate paranoid fantasies.
People, and that includes people like you, will start shoplifting, then start looting, then start shooting. Monsanto employees will be doing the same thing, too. Nobody will have much use for any kind of intellectual-property horseshit when their real property starts going up in flames.
Good troll!
Comment Egad. Use intelligent defaults. (Score 5, Insightful) 287 287
Comment Re:Story is from The Sun (Score 3, Insightful) 572 572
Do you read these things at all? This study does nothing to further your assertion that "Fox [is] the most balanced in straight reporting".
The study covered *only* 2008 Election stories during the prime time evening news shows for a period of 3 1/2 months in late 2007.
The methodology was to look for "positive" and "negative" comments about candidates. Suppose we had a story about a serial killer. By this methodology, if the news program called him a thug twice, and a blessing once, then we'd have an "unbalanced" news report which was 66% negative and 33% positive.
(Interesting to note that by these measures, the Fox news was close to 50+/50- for democratic candidates, but the others averaged 47+/53- for those democratic candidates.)
If you wish to learn more, go to SourceWatch.com (http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php?title=Center_for_Media_and_Public_Affairs) and find out who funds the Center for Media and Public Affairs (http://www.cmpa.com/). At the time of the report, the president of the CMPA, S. Robert Lichter, was a paid Fox News contributor.
Comment Re:Personally Identifiable Information (Score 1) 175 175
What really scares me is when advertisers know stuff about me that *I* don't even know. Like the fact that I will need Viagra tomorrow, or that I am about to receive a million dollars from my Nigerian uncle.


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23 February 2010
Wah Joo Seng has a wide range brands, providing different categories of hoses and couplings. These brands are international and promises reliability and quality for your needs.
Brand Launch
From The Hose Connection to Flexibility Fits, Wah Joo Seng presents a brand new company to serve its customers and suppliers better. Our staff are flexible in finding a solution fit for our customers, be it from any industries that they come from.


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Latest posts by Osama Khalid
9 February 2014
Campaign to Demand Saudi Nationality Gender Equality
A campaign aimed at enabling the children of Saudi women to be granted the Saudi nationality is currently underway, writes Osama Khalid
4 February 2014
Saudi King Outlaws Religious Groups
The Saudi monarch outlawed Saudis from fighting in other countries and belonging to religious and extremist groups. Netizens react to the new royal decree.
16 December 2013
Saudi Arabia Passes Criticized "Anti-Terrorism Law"
Calling for political reform in Saudi Arabia is now considered terrorism, according to a new law which came into effect today.
15 December 2013
Saudi Political Dissident to Be Flogged, Judge Rules
Saudi human rights activist Umar al-Saed has been sentenced to four years in prison and 300 lashes for his peaceful activism, in a secret trial.
8 December 2013
Infinite Detention Legalized in Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia just approved a law which allows judges to detain people indefinitely in a country where activists claim up to 30,000 people are held without trial.
30 November 2013
Campaign to Nominate Saudi Activist For Nobel Peace Prize
Saudis are taking to their keyboards to drum up support to nominate imprisoned Saudi human rights defender Dr Abdullah al-Hamid for the Nobel Peace Prize 2014.
21 November 2013
Saudi Prisoner Interview Raises Controversy Over Arbitrary Detainment
A controversy over the issue of arbitrary detainment rose after the popular Saudi TV show MBC 8 PM ran an interview with Waleed al-Sunani. Find out why.
27 October 2013
Massive Saudi Police Presence on the Day for Women Driving
Traffic police stopped Saudi women from defying a ban on driving. This action spells out the Kingdom's official position on driving, long blamed on a traditional society.
23 October 2013
Saudi Women Gear Up To Defy Driving Ban
Saudi women are planning to defy a ban on driving on October 26. Many have already started driving, filming themselves doing so and sharing the footage online.
22 October 2013
Saudi Prisoners' Children Put Into Solitary Confinement
Relatives of prisoners, including children, who were denied from meeting their loved ones during Eid Al Adha, are now being detained in Saudi Arabia, after staging an "illegal" protest.


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Gear Review
Hadley Hammer
Function and Style
These are the perfect women's glasses, both for wearing around casually as well as taking them into the outdoors. I beat mine up and they are still in amazing condition. Every person who buys them seems to look great, regardless of face size.
View More Details on Smith Aura Polarized Sunglasses


text: Red Pine Industries, Inc. was founded in 1987 to provide safe efficient solutions for our clients environmental needs. We work with each of our clients to find solutions for environmental challenges. We take great pride in delivering a project on time and on budget while adhering to strict safety standards.


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From today's paper:
July 31 — Cheap Trick
(kings of power-pop!)
Aug. 1 — Kip Moore
(country, younger edition)
Aug. 2 — Aaron Tippin
(country, older edition)
Aug. 3 — Kansas
(classic rock, my wayward son)
Tickets will be free and available all over Central Oregon, but you must pay admission to the fair to go to the show. Find more info at www.expo.deschutes.org, and of course we'll have more in GO! Magazine as the fair gets closer.
Tags: Aaron Tippin, Cheap Trick, Deschutes County fair, Kansas, Kip Moore


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Nature's Way, Cranberry, Standardized, 120 Tablets
Items 1-4 of 4 total
Posted by Reviewer3139568 on Nov 29, 2007
Was this review helpful to you?
Report Abuse
Note: iHerb does not imply any medical claims from this review. Disclaimer.
Urinary tract protection.
Posted by Reviewer2364344 on Sep 04, 2009
So far so good. This is much easier thank drinking juice every day.
Tablets versus capsules
Posted by Reviewer1497314 on Feb 07, 2012
I find these tablets quite hard to swallow. I think I'll try the capsules next time. Otherwise the results are good.
Posted by 5736107780901347069 on Dec 15, 2013


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Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
This is what happens when teams don't have depth. Top teams don't have to thrust an unproven sophomore into the most important position on the defense. I was paying special attention to Spruill last week and he was absolutely horrible. Play the TV tape back. His name was hardly mentioned because he was not in on many plays. This is the single biggest difference between this year's defense and last year's.
This is one of the most ludicrous and stupid columns I have ever read about any subject. Who the hell is Syracuse, haughty , perfect Syracuse, to render moral jugement on another university? The trustees at Penn State took swift action to begin the cleansing. What Sandusky allegedly did, no matter the terrible gravity, can't wipe out the tens of thousands good, decent people who attended PSU and have taught there.
Heck, what Catholic priests have done all over the world to thousands of children makes the Penn State situatiion an anthill compared to Mt. Everest. Why doesn't Syracuse just refuse to play any of the Catholic schools in the Big East. Then Syracuse can really make a statement.
Shame on you, Bud, for stooping so low. If you have so much trouble finding materials for a column, find another line of work.
If you say Syracuse deserved to lose, you are correct. They made so many horrible decisions with and without the ball during this game it was ridiculous.
On the other hand, in the Big Dance, the object is simply to win and advance. Just about every team that wins the NC has one game when they were on the ropes. When we won in 2003, our game was in the 2nd round ( forget the opponent) when we were down about 16-18 in the first half.
That being said, if 'Cuse doesn't get called for over and back, it gives us one more possession and gives Marquette one less possession. Pretty big difference with less than one minute to go. Had we scored, game end game could have been completely different with Syracuse winning.
Please do some preparation when you write. Syracuse can play 12 games in 2011. If they already have 3 ooc games, that leaves room for 2 more, not one more.
just write the damn article. everyone thinks they are Howard Cossell.
You are close- It was Floyd's first HOME game. The team opened at Boston College the week before. Floyd scored 5 touchdowns. You are correct, IMO, about being in the HOF had he not played with Denver. He was as good if not better than Csonka in the pros. Big difference as to which team received more pub.


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Safari 5: Slowing down/crashing
Hey guys,
I got Safari 5 when it came out but I just cant use it, whenever I do it slows my Mac down so bad it sometimes even freezes. I cant scroll down a page smoothly its really jumpy and it gets even worse until it just freezes. Sometimes it will just get really slow and ill get fed up and close it or sometimes it freezes the whole OS and I have to switch it off by holding the power button. I now use Chrome instead cus it doesnt do that to me and no other web browser has done until Safari 5.
Ive also looked for software updates but nothing is available.
Any ideas?
How about some specs on which version of OS X you're running, the model and year of your Mac? Next question: Do you have a backup? Time Machine?
I dont have a backup but I reformatted Macintosh HD a few weeks ago.
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Under the cloak of darkness someone stole 33 of Barron Keefer's cows from his farm on Quarry Road in Antrim Township as well as his property on Stonebridge Road in Franklin County. "This is all my livelihood. I'm very upset about it. I'm trying to not get too emotional" said Keefer.
However with roughly $50 thousand dollars worth of cattle and tools missing, it's hard for Keefer not to get mad. As for a motive, he's got his suspicions. "Beef prices, or cow prices is at an all time high. About twenty of these were all pregnant with a calf" said Keefer.
Investigators think whomever is responsible pulled a trailer close to the barns where the heifers were and loaded them inside. Now it's about finding them. "We've been able to garner some information on possible suspects and leads in the case that we're actively following up on" said Pennsylvania State Trooper Melissa Lewis.
No arrests have been made and investigators' main fear is that the cows are going to be sold at auction or slaughtered, which would prevent them from ever being recovered. They've contacted live stock auctions throughout the area telling them to be on the look out.
In the meantime Keefer said he's taking extra security measures including putting padlocks on his gates, however he still isn't sleeping soundly. "Are they done with me? Are they not done with me? I hope they don't come back. I can't afford to much more of a loss like this" said Keefer.
If you have any information about Barron Keefer's stolen cows contact the Pennsylvania State Police.


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Posted at: 02/22/2013 1:17 PM
Wood Library will be open regular hours this weekend but on a limited basis as the library sustained water damage after a sprinkler system pipe burst earlier this week.
Library patrons will still be bale to visit the ground and second floor including the Bill Rayburn Children's Library and the artwork currently on display in the Ewing Family Community Room. The main floor will be partially open to the public.
Library officials say they will be able to check out materials from some collections, but not all.
Postponed programs:
- Make a Heart Pendant class
- Creature Feature
For the latest information on upcoming programs and activities, click here.


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Bachelor of Arts
Media Arts
Continuing students only
Continuing students wishing to complete this major sequence must contact the Arts course adviser at the Burwood campus on telephone 03 9244 3909/3910.
Note: From 2005, Stream A: The Contemporary Image has been retitled as the major sequence in Photography. Similarly, Stream B: Screen Studies has been retitled as the major sequence in Film and Video.


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In this novel, tough, sexy and professional Nikki Heat carries a passion for justice as she leads one of New York City's top homicide squads. She's hit with an unexpected challenge when the commissioner assigns a superstar reporter, Jameson Rook, to ride along with her to research an article on New York City's finest.Edition/Copyright: 09
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My purpose for providing information on this site is to equip the consumer with all the information they would need to make a decision on whether or not to buy these products.
I have spent many hours researching all the products on this website in the hopes of helping consumers to better understand these products and to make wise purchasing decisions.
I welcome you to my site.
Dax Radder †JMJ


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|MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 2013 | 7:30pm
|MAX WEINREICH FELLOWSHIP LECTURE | East European Jewish Studies; Professor Bernard Choseed Memorial Fellowship & Natalie and Mendel Racolin Memorial Fellowship
This program has passed. There will be no video or audio available for this event.
Jason Lustig, UCLA
Admission: Free
RSVP Required: yivo.org/reservations | 212.294.6140
In 1892, historian Simon Dubnow appealed to the Jews of Eastern Europe to send him personal documents and testimonies before all traces of the Jewish past disappeared. That same year, the American Jewish Historical Society was established to collect and publish historical material related to the history of Jews in the United States. These two projects were halfway around the world from one another, but had a great deal in common; they represent the opening act of a century of archival institution-building, which included the YIVO Institute. Jason Lustig's dissertation traces the history of the modern Jewish archive and its impact on the writing of Jewish history, as well as the role archives played in the events they sought to document. His lecture will focus on the creation of YIVO's archives and YIVO's role in the "documentary imperative" in 20th century Jewish history.
Jason Lustig is a doctoral candidate in modern Jewish history at the UCLA Department of History. He is interested in the history of Jewish historiography, specifically the development of modern Jewish archives, which is the topic of his dissertation, entitled "Making History: The Proliferation and Impact of Modern Archives forJewish History." Jason earned an M.A. in Near Eastern and Judaic Studies from Brandeis University.
Venue: YIVO Institute at the Center for Jewish History | 15 West 16th Street - NYC view map
For directions and parking information, click here.
All public programs are wheelchair accessible. A limited number of assistive listening devices are available for deaf and hard of hearing individuals upon request.


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Hands on with Garmin Pilot My-Cast for iPhone and iPad
Garmin may be best known for their driving navigation apps and devices, but they also have Pilot My-Cast, an iPhone and iPad app for pilots to plan their flights by not only mapping out their route, but checking the weather by overlaying real-time data and maps including radar, clouds, and lightning. The UI is designed very nicely and is meant to be a quick and simple reference for general, corporate, and commercial pilots.
We got a closer look at Macworld 2012.
Garmin Pilot My-Cast is an aviation-centric weather and flight planning application designed specifically for general aviation, corporate and commercial pilots. Pilot My-Cast allows subscribers to view comprehensive weather information for your route or airport of interest. With Pilot My-Cast, you can quickly see how the weather will impact your flight by overlaying numerous real-time data including: Radar, visible and infrared clouds, AIRMETs, SIGMETs and lightning on a map with your flight displayed. Pilot My-Cast also features the AOPA Airport Directory along with the ability to file a flight plan and much more. Features:
- Designed by pilots specifically for the iPad, iPhone and iPod Touch
- Maps include: Animated radar, AIRMETs/SIGMETs, Lightning, PiREPs, METARs/TAFs, Winds Aloft, TFRs, Infrared and Visible Satellite and Prog Charts
- Extensive text products include: METARs, TAFs, Winds Aloft, PiREPs, AIRMETs, SIGMETs, Area Forecasts and NOTAMs
- Dynamic weather overlays with your route displayed on map
- AOPA Airport Directory
- Flight plan filing via DUAT(s)
- Comprehensive weather data direct from the National Weather Service and Environment Canada
Once the 30 day free trial expires, Garmin Pilot My-Cast Aviation Weather and Flight Planning requires a $9.99 monthly subscription.
Have an app you'd love to see featured on iMore? Email us at email@example.com, tell us about your app (include an iTunes link), and we'll take a look.
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Hands on with Garmin Pilot My-Cast for iPhone and iPad
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iPhone nano might be too small to type on without the need for a stylus.
Patent Watch: Apple Preparing for iPhone Nano?
First came the iPod, then came the iPod Nano. Well, okay, there was the intermediary Mini, but that's neither here nor there. Eventually -- and currently -- there was -- and is -- the Nano. So it should come as no surprise that ever since Steve Jobs dropped the iPhone bomb back at Macworld 2007, people (and analysts, who may still technically be people?) have been predicting an iPhone Nano.
And now some Apple patents have been revealed which may just bring it a few technical hurdles closer to being!
In a nutshell, it covers a method for making an iPhone-style touchscreen out of "sensor panel substrate called polyethylene terephthalate (PET)". It's directed towards an iPod Classic style device, although an example phone is also detailed, but in our iPhone world, we're imagining it might also one day find its way into an iPhone Nano as well...
Check the read link for a much more in depth rundown...
p class="read">Read
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Patent Watch: Apple Preparing for iPhone Nano?
buck buck
This is a great device because the iphone is a huge brick. The masses will love a smaller phone which will eventually replace the larger heavier unneccessary iphone classic. Lets face it...we always go smaller with electronics....Even a Motorola Razor is tiny compared to the huge brick phone...i mean iphone..


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Radius Style Wood Bookcases Standard Construction by Norsons
Norson's Classic Series is the ultimate 3/4" thick radius edge bookcase. These genuine wood veneer bookcases feature hardwood radius edge accents and are furniture finished on all visible surfaces, including both sides of the back panel which permits the bookcase to be used as a room divider. Solid wood core construction provides extra heavy, durable shelving. All bookcases are 36"W x 12"D and have 1" centers on all adjustable shelves. Each bookcase has a fixed bottom shelf. The Classic Series Radius Edge boockase offers Old World craftsmanship combined with today's technology.
Other Features
- Assembly required
- Shelves are 36"W x 12"D
- Shelves adjust on 1" centers
- Each bookcase has a fixed bottom shelf
- 100 lb. Weight capacity per shelf
- Bookcases have finished backs
- Veneer finish options: Medium Oak or Mahogany
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This 1951 Mercury Convertible has a 255 C.I. Flat Head V8 w/ Dual Down Draft Carbs, Merc-O-Matic Automatic Transmission, Dana 44 Rear w/ 3.23:1... More
1955 Mercury Custom The Mercury proved to be a huge success for the Ford Motor Company, and for 1955, there were more changes made that... More
1950 Mercury Custom For Sale or Trade About Motorland For sale or trade. We welcome trade offers for other vintage cars and trucks. Easy financing available!... More
1956 Mercury Custom 2dr Post - 75% original paint. Original V8 engine and automatic transmission. Excellent original interior. Wide white tires. Drive or show... More
Frank Nicodemus Castle Cadillac is presenting for sale: Chopped Top - Car is frame off - solid straight car Air Conditioning 351 Windsor engine, .030over w/272Crane cam Edelbrock... More
The Mercury brand was born with a single-vehicle line as an answer to the competitors who had started before Mercury's inception year of 1939.... More
Custom Car Craftsman Rick Dore is an icon in the world of custom cars. And this car, one of his breathtaking creations, started life... More
1949 Mercury "Lead-Sled" Drop Dead Beautiful New "Candy Brandywine" Oxblood Red Leather Interior, 350 cu.in. 350 Hp V8 Engine, 3-Speed Manual/OD 3-on-the-Tree, Ice Cold Air Conditioned! AM/FM... More


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See what Cameron MacNeil suggests for a reader in Winnipeg who has $5,000 to spend on a new look for her living room.
Submit your own photos and questions to our Ask A Designer™ section.
Paterson 48" media console in white, Tempo velvet pillows, Crate and Barrel; Dash & Albert woven cotton rugs in Blue Heron Stripe and Monty, Elte; paint colours: Hush (AF-95), Pashmina (AF-100), Wenge (AF-180), all Benjamin Moore Affinity Collection; Linley linen drapery fabrics (93S5031, 33S5031, 34S5031), Joanne Fabrics; Herringbone Drape, Pottery Barn.