text:
There are some days where you just can't win. Anthony Weiner has been having that day, with some rare exceptions, for the past two years.
Tuesday night brought one hell of a turn to Weiner's car-crash-on-repeat last few weeks of campaigning. The Tuesday day wasn't too great either, and it provides some helpful background here. On Tuesday morning, The New York Daily News ran a cover story by former Weiner mayoral campaign intern Olivia Nuzzi that served as an embarrassing expose. It revealed, by name, one staffer who was only "here because of Huma" because of her ties to Hillary Rodham Clinton. Nuzzi also writes that "there were a lot of short resumes around the office."
Weiner's campaign was obviously not too pleased. And here is where things went silly.
In a pretty massive scoop, Talking Points Memo's Hunter Walker wound up on the receiving end of a mind-blowing rant from Weiner's communications director, Barbara Morgan, about Nuzzi. Following The New York Times' lead, we won't be printing most of what she said. But this is too good not to cover up with asterisks and let your mind connect the dots:
F*****g slutbag. Nice f*****g glamour shot on the cover of the Daily News. Man, see if you ever get a job in this town again.
As Patrick Ruffini pointed out last night, the term "slutbag" has gone absolutely bonkers on Twitter since the story was released around 9 p.m.
When Business Insider e-mailed Morgan last night to ask if she intended her comments to be on the record, she responded with "NO NO NO NO NO." Which is a lot of nos. But TPM maintains the conversation was on the record, and that there was never any agreement that it not be so. And, really, even if it was off the record, that is still some seriously weird stuff to say to a reporter.
Morgan has issued a full apology for the remarks and says that she has personally apologized to Nuzzi.
In any event, what we're left with now is another jaw-dropping mess for the Weiner campaign to deal with, all while living with bottoming out poll numbers. It also leaves us with the term "slutbag." Which in German translates to "sluttaschen" (a ten-gallon hat tip to New York Times' Jacob Harris for that).
And lastly, it leaves us with the strong conviction that New York City mayoral campaigns are far more fun than they should be.


text:
I'm thinking wouldn't this costume be Angela? Oh well. Doesn't matter. The Women's Sexy Jack Sparrow Costume is a fantastic costume for an belle buccaneer, curtsying corsair, pretty pirate, or sexy swashbuckler. As the star of the Pirates of the Caribbean tetrology, it's only natural that both men and women would want to dress as Captain Jack Sparrow (formerly of the Black Pearl).
And what's not to like? He's a fumbling, fun-loving, entirely untrustworthy freebooter, which is most all of us can ever hope to be. The Womens Sexy Jack Sparrow Costume comes with a dress, a pettiskirt, a bandana, and boot covers.
Available in Sizes:
Juniors 7-9, Small, Medium and Large
Item Includes:
Dress with attached Belt, Petticoat, Bandanna and Boot Covers
Pictured items not included:
Toy sword
Care Instructions:
Do Not Wash. Do Not Bleach. Do Not Tumble Dry. Spot Clean W/Damp Cloth. Cool Iron If Needed. Do Not Dry Clean.
Your rating was successfully saved, and is pending approval. Thank you!
Your rating was successfully deleted.
Be the first to write a review
This product has no customer reviews.
Size Chart For:

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Home Future StudentsCurrent StudentsFaculty & StaffPatientsAlumni
A-Z Index | Find a Health Care Provider
Contact Us | Maps and Parking
We need your email!!!
The Department of Medicine newsletter is going all electronic soon.
Please fill out this online form and never miss an issue.
News Archive
© The Regents of the University of Colorado, a body corporate. All rights reserved.
All trademarks are registered property of the University. Used by permission only.


text:
Tanu Sankalia is Associate Professor and Program Director of the interdisciplinary program in Urban Studies at the University of San Francisco where he teaches courses in urban planning and design, architectural and urban history, and architectural design.
Prof. Sankalia's research interests cover areas of
architecture and urbanism from the local context of the San
Francisco Bay Area to the global perspective of India. Current projects include a co-edited volume of essays, Urban Reinventions:
San Francisco's Treasure Island, forthcoming from the
University of Hawaii Press, which examines future plans for
Treasure Island in the context of global, large-scale land
development, and against the backdrop of the island's
seventy-year urban history; a book manuscript
called The Urban Unseen, which explores the historical,
theoretical and design themes related to interstitial spaces in San
Francisco's historic urban fabric; and, Mumbai-Caracas: Urban Spaces and Subjects in the Global South, which is an attempt to bridge cultures across Latin America and South Asia around shared experiences of urban space and modernity. Other research projects are related to the planning and urban design of public spaces in India.
Prof. Sankalia is co-founder of the University of San Francisco
faculty reading group El Circulo, which meets every week
to read and discuss critical theory.
Bachelor of Architecture, School of Architecture, CEPT University, Ahmedabad, IndiaMaster of Urban Design, University of California, Berkeley
Program Director, Urban Studies
Urban Reinventions: San Francisco's Treasure
Island, Lynne Horiuchi and Tanu Sankalia (Eds.), University of
Hawaii Press, Forthcoming 2015
The Median Picnic: Street Design, Urban Informality and Public Space Enforcement, Journal of Urban Design, Vol. 19. No.4, 473-495, 2014
Perception and Exploration of Interstitial Space: Slots in
San Francisco, book chapter in, Terrain Vague: Interstices
at the Edge of the Pale, Manuela Mariani and Patrick Barron
Eds. Routledge. p.77-85, 2014
Wish Images for Twentieth Century (American) Cities,
Review Essay, Journal of Urban History, 39 (2), 348-356, 2013
The Optical Unconscious: Interstitial Space in San
Francisco, Nordic Journal of Architecture, Vol. 1, p. 90-95,
Excavating Minutia: Identity, Memory and Interstitial Space
in San Francisco, 99th Association of Collegiate Schools of
Architecture (ACSA) Conference Proceedings, Alberto Perez-Gomez,
Anne Cormier and Annie Pedret, Eds. ACSA Press, Washington DC, p.
550 - 561, 2011
From Facade to Interstitial Space: Reframing San
Francisco's Victorian Residential Architecture,
Working Paper Series, Center for Environmental Design Research,
International Association for the Study of Traditional Environments
(IASTE), Series Ed: Nezar AlSayyad, Vol. 213, p.25-80, 2009
University of San Francisco
College of Arts and Sciences
2130 Fulton Street
San Francisco, CA 94117


text:
Debate continued to swirl around the St. Marys Area School District's 2013 school year start date at Monday's meeting of the Board of Directors, resulting in a 5-4 vote in favor of the earlier option of Aug. 21, 2013.
In an effort to update the city's human resource program, Nancy Hess of Hummelstown-based NJ Hess and Associates presented a proposal to members of City Council recently detailing the development of the program.
JOHNSONBURG – Johnsonburg Police Chief Bryan Parana reported on the recent arrest of a Ridgway man charged with robbing a Johnsonburg bank during a council meeting held Monday afternoon.
Following the introduction of Governor Tom Corbett's proposed $28.4 billion state spending plan for 2013-2014 educators like St. Marys Area School District Superintendent Ann Kearney are contending that the individual allocations are inadequate when considering the increased costs associated with maintaining the district's day to day operations.
Two Purple Heart award recipients were honored at the St. Marys Servicemen's Burial Detail annual banquet held Saturday evening at the Bavarian Hills.
Donald Goetz and Ralph Samick received special recognition from the detail for their service. St. Marys Burial Servicemen's Burial Detail Sergeant-in-Charge Tom Price explained that this portion of the program was established a few years ago to honor area Purple Heart veterans.
The St. Marys Area Lady Dutch basketball team closed out their regular season with a 42-37 victory over the Johnsonburg Ramettes Monday night at the SMAHS Dutch Oven on Senior Night.
RIDGWAY - Jury selection was held and a trial date set for a Ridgway man charged with growing marijuana at his Long Level Road property.
The number of Confirmation candidates assisting with this year's Valentine's Day Ball at Pinecrest Manor may have been down, but the turnout from Pinecrest residents was very high as it was "a packed house" of "over 100 residents" for the annual event, according to Confirmation Facilitator Kathy Reuscher.
SMA hosts Johnsonburg tonight. The St. Marys Area Lady Dutch basketball team used a strong second half to come from behind to defeat the Elk County Catholic Lady Crusaders by a 32-26 score Saturday night at the SMAHS Dutch Oven.
The St. Marys Area gymnastics squad competed in the Central Pa. Gymnastics League championships Saturday at the Bellefonte Area High School.


text:
MADRAS — An executive of Ford Motor Co.'s Indian unit says in a published report that the automaker sees a diversified product lineup as key to gaining a dominant position in the market here. Ford already makes the Escort locally and will begin selling its latest model, the Ikon, here in November (see WAI — Oct. '99, p.1), targeting about 20,000 sales. The Ikon is Ford's first attempt at designing a car especially for the Indian market. New offerings could include a small car and/or a ...
Premium Content (PAID Subscription Required)
"Printer-friendly" is part of the paid WardsAuto Premium content. You must log in with Premium credentials in order to access this article. Premium paid subscribers also gain access to:
All of WardsAuto's reliable, in-depth industry reporting and analysis
Hundreds of downloadable data tables including:
• Global sales and production data by country
• U.S. model-line inventory data
• Engine and equipment installation rates
• WardsAuto's North America Plant by Platform forecast
• Product Cycle chart
• Interrelationships among major OEMs
•Medium- andheavy-duty truck volumes
•Historical data and much more!
For WardsAuto.com pricing and subscription information please contact
LisaWilliamson by email: firstname.lastname@example.com or phone: (248) 799-2642
Current subscribers, please login or CLICK for support information.


text:
Comment Re:The Cloud is Ruining Home Automation (Score 0) 90
An update pipeline, backed by a company with a good development methodology, is the best insurance against long-standing unplugged security holes. Look at all of the terrible, abandoned consumer routers full of security holes, for instance.
That said, before many folks are willing to such companies and their products into our homes, they need to earn our trust.
You *do* have ultimate control. You can elect to not buy the product, go with a competitor, or use an entirely different class of product entirely.


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Leslie
"I was given this recipe when touring a home in our community that was presented in full period costume and celebration for the Christmas holiday. In 1821 a German settler brought to the area the first tree for decorating, presented the traditional Yule Log ceremony and offered Wassail Punch."
Hmm. None of these ingredients are on sale today.
Show ingredients on sale
Sort stores by
Save money at local stores when ingredients are on sale!
Watch video tips and tricks
1 tablespoon
whole cloves
cinnamon sticks
3 tablespoons
chopped crystallized ginger
3 3/4 cups
white sugar
2 quarts
2 quarts
orange juice
2 cups
lemon juice
1 gallon
apple cider
SUPERB !! We have two evening services at our church on Christmas eve, and I made this for my fellow choir members to sooth our throats between services. It was a tremendous hit, and I've been advised to make it part of our tradition. I was afraid it would make too much, but every bit was GONE.
NB...this recipe makes 2 gallons
It was a good recipe but I think that the combination of the lemon & the orange make it too bitter.
20 Ratings
Loved Loved Loved It. I used ground ginger due to the cost of crystalized ginger. Also used apple juice due to availability.I used 64 ouces of apple juice and 1 teaspoon each of ground ginger and nutmeg about 1 1/2 tablespoons of whole cloves and substituted brown sugar for white. I also adjusted the juices accordingly using 3 cups of Orange Juice and 3/4 c lemon juice, 3 cinnamon sticks.
I have been making this German favorite for over 30 years and I love it! The only thing I do differently is I cut the lemon juice to just one cup instead of two. I also make sure to use Apple CIDER not Apple juice. Apple Cider gives it a richer flavor and it holds up when heated better. Love the way my home smells when I make this during the holidays. Don't forget to try it with your favorite rum or brandy for a nice night cap. :)
Overall, very good wassail! I've made this a couple of time and I find the lemon juice to be overpowering. I now decrease the amount of lemon juice and add pomagrante juice. It gives a nice kick to the flavor. I also use ground ginger instead of crystallized and it works just fine.
Very good! This is almost exactly like my favorite Wassail, the only difference being the omission of cardamom in this recipe. I toss in a few whole green cardamom pods with the other spices. (Sorry for being inexact - the number depends on the amount of Wassail and the size and freshness of the pods... and personal taste. Try 1 or 2 if you are not accustomed to the flavor of cardamom.)
DO use real oranges and lemons (not juice concentrates) - the fresh juices make all the difference in the world. Worth the work of all of that squeezing :-)
Very tasty and what an aroma! Makes a ton...next time I will make less and also use less sugar - I found the natural sugars in the cider, oj and lemon juice to be very sweet, so adding all that additional sugar was too much. But a very tasty combination of flavors. This definitely makes my holiday drink list.
I've made this for Christmas parties, and folks really like it. It's delicious and so nice, because it's a very warm punch when it's cold outside! I just keep it simmering on the stove during a party.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Wassail Punch I
Serving Size: 1/48 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 48
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 128
Calories from Fat: < 1
With our 2,700+ chicken breast recipes, you'll never serve the same old chicken again.
The firm, juicy texture of zucchini make them a perfect side to toss on the grill.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
A refreshing, delicious fruit punch with ginger ale and orange sherbet.
See how to make a lemony, light, and refreshing punch.
See how to make a bright, tangy refresher for summer or the holidays.


text:
On News 88.9 KNPR
On Classical 89.7
1289 S. Torrey Pines Dr.
Las Vegas, NV 89146
Main Number: 1-702-258-9895
Toll Free: 1-888-258-9895
an member station
The Senate confirmation hearings of John Roberts to become Chief Justice of the United States are set to start. Senator Richard Bryan traces some of the Nevada connections to the Supreme Court.
You can purchase a copy of Frank Wright's book of Nevada Yesterdays essays. It will benefit the Frank Wright Memorial Fund and Nevada Yesterdays on News 88.9 KNPR.
Add some items to your playlist to play them.


text:
Backbeat: Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Pre-CMA Party Celebrates New Signing Randy Houser, Jason Aldean, Ex-Bartenders Thompson Square
From left: Carson James, Leigh Adams, Denny Brown, Jason Aldean, Jon Loba, and Rick Shedd pose with Aldeans double platinum plaque at the Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records 2nd annual CMA pre-party at the Hard Rock Cafe in Nashville. (Photo by Frederick Breedon IV/Getty Images)
Revelers at the Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records second annual pre-CMA Party got a pleasant surprise when Randy Houser took the stage at Nashville's Hard Rock Café as the newest member of the roster.
"The sense of family that Benny and the entire label bring to the table is something that I really needed in my life," Houser told Billboard.biz of label owner Benny Brown and staff. "A lot of times in this music business we get wiped away in just business and this really feels like family to me. That sense of family is something that's really important to me right now and they put off that vibe. [Thompson Square's] Keifer and Shawna told me 'If that's what you're looking for, then this is where you want to be.'"
Previously signed to Universal South, where he scored a top ten hit with "Boots On," Houser is just getting started on new album. "I've been writing it and we're going to start recording," he says. "There are a few candidates [for producer]. I'm feeling people out to see who I feel most comfortable with, but that's still something we have to figure out."
In addition to Houser, the event featured performances by newcomer Dustin Lynch, James Wesley and husband/wife duo Thompson Square. Jason Aldean was on hand to receive a double platinum plaque for his "My Kinda Party" album. "A few weeks ago, Jason went around Nashville handing out these double platinum plaques. Guess who hasn't gotten one yet?" Brown told the crowd as he welcomed Aldean to the stage. "He kept saying, 'When do I get mine?' I said, 'When we have that platinum party,' so I guess this will have to be called our double platinum party."
Aldean thanked Brown, the Broken Bow staff and radio. "Let's do it again on the next record, which we just started recording," he said.
Off stage, Aldean shared his thoughts on the CMAs with Billboard.biz, acknowledging the show has been an important part of his career trajectory. "The CMAs have had a huge impact," he says. "You have millions of people watching the show and you have a chance to go out and make a ton of fans that night. One performance can do that. Last year our performance with Kelly [Clarkson on "Don't You Wanna Stay"] was the first standing ovation I've ever gotten from the industry crowd in my career. It just goes to show you the show can break a career wide open if it's done right. You just never know. Everybody is always trying to have the best performance of the night and you never know where its gonna come from. That's part of the beauty of it."
Earlier in the day, Aldean performed a free concert in downtown Nashville to promote the AMC television series "Hell on Wheels."
How does he deal with the rigorous demands of his CMA Week schedule? "I try to get as much sleep as I can get," he says. "It's fun. A lot of times you just start to run on adrenaline, but I try to get a lot of sleep and that's my key."
During the evening, Brown and his wife Carolyn, were presented a special plaque celebrating the label's success with 2005's Most Played Song of the Year, Craig Morgan's "That's Why I Love About Sunday;" Aldean's 2009 hit "She's Country" and Thompson Square's No. 1 "Are You Gonna Kiss Me Or Not."
The evening's performances got underway with a three-song set by Lynch. "Getting to share the stage with Thompson Square, Jason Aldean, James Wesley and Randy Houser tonight is awesome," said Lynch who has been out on a radio tour, setting up his debut single "Cowboys and Angels," which he co-wrote with Tim Nichols.
"[Senior VP] John Loba is the guy who found me and brought me in," Lynch says of inking a deal with Broken Bow. "The energy and the vibe of what they do as a label and the success they are having with Jason is unmatchable. It's home. I feel like they are my family."
The Broken Bow/ Stoney Creek Records fete served as a nice warm up for CMA's big night, attracting a diverse crowd that included Fitzgerald Hartley Management's Nick Hartley, Billboard's Silvio Pietroluongo, singer/songwriter (and Dolly's sister) Stella Parton, Spalding Entertainment's Chris Parr, ASCAP creative manager Robert Filhart, songwriter Anthony Smith, fresh from Monday's night SESAC Song of the Year win for penning the Chris Young hit "Tomorrow," and RED Distribution's senior VP product development Alan Becker and RED president Bob Morelli.
"I never thought we'd be in the mainstream country music business, being on the indie side of things," Becker told Billboard.biz. "We're very grateful to be working with Broken Bow Records."
RED began distributing Broken Bow in 2003 before the label's initial success with Craig Morgan. "When we met Benny Brown, the owner, we saw in him the fierce determination we saw in a lot of independent labels that have been very successful with us and we connected on that level," says Becker. "It was that passion he had that turned us on."
"We planned it all the way," Brown told Billboard.biz of the company's success. Looking forward to tonight's CMA Awards, Brown is bullish on Aldean's chances to collect a prize or two. "There's no one more deserving than Jason to get male vocalist and I think our chances are real good to get vocal performance of the year [for the Aldean/Kelly Clarkson duet "Don't You Wanna Stay"]. And there's no one more deserving for entertainer of the year too."
The evening concluded with a high-energy set from Thompson Square, who received a plaque celebrating "Are You Gonna Kiss Me" as the most played song of 2011. "We feel very blessed and very humbled by the whole process," Keifer Thompson told Billboard.biz after their performance. "We're happy to be in the game and to be recognized by our peers but more than anything else, we're happy that we're able to do this together."
"For the past year, at least once a day, we've looked at each other and said, 'Can you believe this is really happening?'" Shawna adds.
After the Hard Rock bash wound down, Thompson Square planned to make another stop at The Wheel, one of the honky tonks on Nashville's famed Broadway. "We bartended there two years ago for about six months or so," says Keifer. "We love that place. They are really nice people. They gave us a job when no one else would. We like to be loyal to people who are loyal to us."
Shawna and Keifer Thompson of Thompson Square receive a plaque for most played song of 2011, "Are You Gonna Kiss Me or Not." (Photo by Frederick Breedon IV/Getty Images)
(L-R) Rick Shedd, Benny Brown, Randy Houser, Jon Loba, Nick Hartley, and April Rider pose together after announcing Randy Houser's signing with Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records at the Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records 2nd annual CMA pre-party in Nashville, Tennessee. (Photo by Frederick Breedon IV/Getty Images)
From left: Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records newest signing Randy Houser performing. (Frederick Breedon IV/Getty Images)
Carolyn Brown and Benny Brown at the Broken Bow/Stoney Creek Records 2nd annual CMA pre-party at the Hard Rock Cafe Nashville (Photo: Beth Gwinn/FilmMagic)


text:
MESSENGER Mission News
September 24, 2003
A High-Tech Rain Coat
Spacecraft designers usually have to worry about solar storms, micrometeorites and extreme temperatures. Last week the MESSENGER team prepared to protect the spacecraft from an entirely different sort of storm - Hurricane Isabel.
The team was at work several days before Isabel even came ashore, clearing loose items from the roof of the Applied Physics Laboratory's Kershner Space Building; checking the lightning-protection system of pointed wires that cover the roof; testing and fueling the building's emergency generators; and checking drains to make sure rain water wouldn't back up into MESSENGER's clean room. Finally, as then-Tropical Storm Isabel approached Maryland on September 18, the team placed a scrim cloth cover over MESSENGER to protect against potential drips from above and unplugged its connections to outside power sources - just to make sure a lightning surge wouldn't reach the spacecraft's electronics.
Fortunately, the APL facility suffered no storm damage and the " rain coat" was not needed. The MESSENGER team was back to work on the spacecraft by 7 a.m. on September 19.


text:
Group Name:
Schenectady, NY 12304
To lose 50 pounds and then another 50!!
Hey do you want or need to lose around 100 pounds? Lets share and motivate each other. This is a hard road to travel. Let's do this together.
Last posted:
Friday, June 13, 2014, 11:39 PM
Other Info:
I am 51 and need to lose 100 pounds. I have high blood pressure and am at risk for a heart attack and stroke - neither of which I want! I am looking for support and encouragement.
Members profiles:
Work at home editor, with a very sedentary job. Trying to learn to like exercise! :-)
30 year old, single female fresh out of grad school. I put on weight throughout grad school...lack of sleep and good nutrition (that snack at 4am to get me through etc) probably! I'm looking to get healthy, not just lose weight.
41, single female. Been overweight most of my life. Ready to finally take charge of my life & find the real me that has been hidden under all the weight.
I been overweight all my life, even while in the military i had to be taped to stayed in it, and after i left the Army and married things went got worse. The weight is holding me down, low confidence, can't get my dream job, dusty wardrobe, and most importantly its starting to affect my health. I will loose 100 pounds and you are my witness.
- our sponsor -


text:
You are here:
Tourism Australia is a statutory authority of the Australian Government, which promotes Australia as a tourism destination internationally and domestically and delivers research and forecasts for the sector.
Visit www.australia.com for practical travel information you need, including visas, customs, duty-free shopping, and insurance.
Visit a selection of Austrade's local websites:
Austrade makes no warranty, express or implied as to the fitness for a particular purpose, or assumes any legal liability for the accuracy or usefulness of any information contained in this document. Any consequential loss or damage suffered as a result of reliance on this information is the sole responsibility of the user.


text:
SECURITIES INDUSTRY ASSN. v. BOARD OF GOVERNORS
- 1980-1989
Legal provision: 12 U.S.C. 1843
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger: We will hear arguments next in Securities Industry Association against the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.
Mr. Weidner, you may proceed whenever you are ready.
James B. Weidner: Mr. Chief Justice, may it please the Court.
This case involves an admittedly unprecedented order of the Federal Reserve Board, reversing 50 years of administrative understanding, and industry understanding permitting bank affiliates, for the first time in half a century--
Unidentified Justice: How can it be unprecedented if you reverse something?
James B. Weidner: --Unprecedented in terms of reversing the understanding, but not unprecedented in terms of reversing a prior administrative ruling.
Involved are two statutes fundamental to the governing of the banking industry, and financial services industry in this country, the Bank Holding Company Act and the Glass-Steagall Act.
In this case, directly contrary to congressional intent, in our view, the Board of Governors, affirmed by the Second Circuit, turned two narrow exceptions in the statutes into broad authorizations instead.
We believe that the decision below should be reversed for two reasons.
First, the Bank Holding Company Act requires that any bank affiliate, which is not a bank, be involved in a business that is so closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto.
That has been interpreted and requires that that business be closely related in the sense of being... of having a direct and significant connection to banking, and not similar... not simply being related to it in the sense of being functionally similar, which is what the Board found.
Secondly, we believe that the Glass-Steagall Act prevents any affiliation of a bank with an entity that is principally engaged in the public securities business, and that is the business in which the affiliate here involved is here involved.
Briefly, the facts are these: In early 1982, the BankAmerica Corporation, owner of BankAmerica, one of the largest banks in the world, applied to the Federal Reserve Board for permission to acquire the Charles Schwab Corporation.
Schwab is the owner of one of the largest, if not the largest discount brokers in the United States.
The SIA, our client, opposed the application and requested a hearing.
The Federal Reserve Board ordered a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge.
The Law Judge ruled in favor of the proposed acquisition.
The Second Circuit affirmed.
If I may, let me first address the Bank Holding Company Act.
That Act was passed in 1956 to further the basic congressional purpose of separating banking from commerce in general.
By that Act, Congress said that banks will not evade that separation through the structure of a bank holding company, and said that a bank holding company could not acquire a non-banking subsidiary unless... a very narrow exception... that subsidiary's business was so closely related to the business of banking to be a proper incident thereto.
The Board of Governors interpreted that statute for the next decade as requiring a direct and significant connection between the proposed activity of the subsidiary and the activity of the bank holding company itself.
In 1969, the Board asked Congress to amend the statute to loosen up the standard.
They found it to be too restrictive.
What they proposed was that the closely related standard be changed to read "functionally related", and that the phase "the business of" be deleted from the phrase
"closely related to the business of banking. "
The House and the Senate both passed bills, which in fact did substitute "functionally related" for "closely related", but there were significant differences between those bills.
One of the most significant differences was that the House said: We will put functionally related in, but we are also going to have what became known as a laundry list of prohibited activities that in no case will be deemed closely related to banking.
The result was a conference committee, of course, and what can only be described as a legislative Donnybrook.
Clearly there was a battle in the Conference Committee as to which view would prevail.
In fact, the compromise was reached only after a virtual stalemate.
The obvious deal that was cut was this:
The Conference agreed to leave out "the business of" from the "business of banking", but in return for that, and in return for the House members deleting their laundry list of prohibited activities, the proposed functionally related test was out and the original "closely related" language was left in the statute.
A review of the legislative history makes clear... It is a little bit difficult to discern all of the ramifications of what happened, but one thing, I believe, is absolutely clear from the legislative history, and that is that Congress did not substitute "functionally related" for "closely related" in the statute.
The Congressional Report... The Conference Committee Report makes clear that the Board was given greater flexibility in the sense that by deleting "the business of" from the statute, no longer did a connection a connection have to be shown between the specific holding company and the proposed activity, but that a direct and significant connection continued to be required between banking in general and the proposed activity.
That is the connection that could not be found here.
The specific business that is at issue is execution of securities trade for the public.
That is a business that banks have not been in for the last 50 years.
It was not on the basis that banks generally have been in the business that the Board found, or could find this acquisition to be permissible.
Instead, the Board found it permissible because, in its view, the activities involved here were functionally similar to other activities performed by banks, so that at least some banks were well-equipped to perform them.
I suggest what has happened is that the Board... This is not a mere matter of interpretation.
The Board has in fact put back in the statute exactly the language that the Congress refused to accept.
We have a Board, in effect, amendment of statute directly contrary to legislative intent.
It is not simply that it is contrary to legislative intent, but I suggest, if anything, "functionally similar" is even broader than "functionally related".
For example, if all that is necessary to be shown is that the bank, or at least some banks have the capacity to perform some activity and, therefore, it is closely related.
Banks have the capacity and do execute wire transfers.
Then why couldn't it be argued that they should be able to go into the telecommunications business, and that is not a farfetched example.
The American Bankers Association... this is in our brief... has in fact asked the Federal Reserve Board to approve, as a bank affiliate activity, telecommunication services.
It seems to me that the next thing we are going to hear is that because banks have dispensed toaster and calculators to get depositors to put money in the bank, then they can go into the retail toaster business.
In a more serious vein, I really do believe that this is virtually a limitless standard.
The Board has pointed to this Court's decision in what we have called ICI-2 as authority for its standard.
But the fact it, the activity involved there, investment advice to a closed and mutual fund, was an activity that banks had done for 50 years.
Indeed, this Court specifically said that in looking at future applications, the Board was to assure that the bank affiliate did not exceed bank's traditional fiduciary functions.
In this case, however, there is no doubt that securities execution is not a traditional banking function.
Unidentified Justice: Although it is for customers.
James B. Weidner: I am sorry.
Unidentified Justice: It certainly is for customers of the bank.
James B. Weidner: Securities execution?
Unidentified Justice: Sure.
James B. Weidner: No, Justice O'Connor, I don't believe that it is.
To the extent that banks have had an involvement in "brokerage" over the years, their involvement has simply been to accommodate orders of bank customers to sell stock or securities.
But in doing that, they have uniformly forwarded the orders to brokers for execution.
There is a significant difference here because a broker who executes a trade puts his net capital on the line every time he does that.
In other words, whether it is one time a day or 100,000 times a day, each time that trade executed that broker has got to come up with the securities or cash to make good in the trade.
If his customer doesn't have it, the broker has got to come up with the money or the securities.
It is for that reason... Turning to Glass-Steagall just for a moment, because I think it does respond to your question, although it is not in the Bank Holding Company Act.
The Glass-Steagall Act was amended, and I will return to this, to limit bank securities activities to purchasing and selling, without recourse upon the order and for the account of customers.
The question is what does "without recourse" mean?
This Court addressed... In its technical sense, it means without endorsement or guarantee.
But this Court addressed that specific requirement in the Awotin case, and expressly flatly held that without recourse, in this context, in this statute, its predecessor, is not limited solely to endorsement and guarantee because it would make any sense in terms of trading and securities, which are not typically endorsed or guaranteed.
Certainly stock is not endorsed or guaranteed.
It said it had a broader meaning.
Then the question is, what is the analogous liability that a broker might face to a third party, if it is not endorsement or guarantee?
The analogous liability is exactly the risk of customer fails.
The broker has got to come up with the securities or stock to the third person if his customer doesn't.
It is exactly that kind of liability which we believe Congress expressly legislated against in the Glass-Steagall Act.
The way that a bank or a broker can accomplish avoiding that liability, and many brokers do, is acting as a forwarding broker, that is to say, the broker gets a securities order, forwards it to an executing broker on a so-called fully disclosed basis... that is disclosing the name of the customer to the executing broker... who then deals directly with the customer, account statements, confirmations, and the like.
There is no recourse against the bank.
In fact, I should point out... this is something that has happened since our reply brief was filed on the same day... the Comptroller of Currency, in a proposed rulemaking reported at 49 Federal Register 15089, has proposed regulations to deal with bank securities activities.
One of the things that the Comptroller said in that regulation a week ago was that no bank will conduct a securities business in-house, except on a fully disclosed basis, that is to say, forwarding the orders to brokers for execution, which is what banks have done on an incidental accommodation basis for years, and that, I suggest, is what the Comptroller understands "without recourse" means in the statute.
To return to where we started, no, I don't believe that banks have been in the business of executing securities orders for the public at any point until they were allowed to be affiliated with Schwab only two years ago.
Unidentified Justice: Are you saying under the new proposed regulation that the activity considered here would be made invalid?
James B. Weidner: It could be performed, but only in a separate subsidiary.
The bank itself could not perform it, that is correct.
If I may turn--
Unidentified Justice: This case involves a separate subsidiary, does it not?
James B. Weidner: --This clearly does involve a separate subsidiary, that is right, but in terms of viewing--
Unidentified Justice: So the new regulation would not counteract this particular situation?
James B. Weidner: --No, it would not, and I didn't mean to imply that it would.
If I did, I certainly didn't mean to.
It had direct relevance because a question, turning now to the Glass-Steagall Act, is exactly what did Congress mean to prohibit in that Act.
In our view, without going to the background of the Glass-Steagall Act, of course, it was a reaction to the crash of '29 and the economic chaos and bank failures that followed.
In our view, Congress meant to prevent banks from doing certain securities activities entirely, and from affiliating with entities who are principally in those securities activities.
The question, then, is what were banks prevented from doing and how does that relate to their affiliates.
Perhaps I could step back just brief to 1927, because the story really start there with the McFadden Act.
In 1927, Congress passed the McFadden Act, which for the first time authorized banks to deal in securities.
Significantly, it authorized banks to deal only in investment securities, that is; low risk debt securities.
At no point had Congress authorized banks to deal in stock.
The only thing that banks were doing at that time was, on an informal basis, accommodating customers who may have inherited some stock, or whatever, by passing along those orders to a broker for execution.
By 1933, after the chaos had occurred, Congress, in effect, realized that it had made a mistake, and in the Glass-Steagall Act withdrew the securities powers that it had granted in the McFadden Act of 1927, and said that banks shall not deal in investment securities, except to the limited extent of purchasing and selling, without recourse, upon the order and for the account of their customers.
I won't return to "without recourse", but it seems to us from the face of it that it is clear that that language meant that a customer... that a bank was merely to pass a customer's orders along for execution.
But there really can't be much doubt about what was done, in our view, because immediately after the Glass-Steagall Act passed, the Comptroller of Currency, who is responsible, of course, for all national banks, said: Look, wait a minute.
I think that you may have gone too far, because if you read that proviso, the exception to dealing literally, it says that a bank may accommodate only orders in investment securities, not stock, and said the Comptroller, that is pretty important in rural areas where a bank may be the only financial institution in miles.
There isn't a brokerage house on the corner.
Won't you clarify your intent, in effect, he said, and make it clear that banks can continue to accommodate on this informal basis orders and stock, as well.
He proposed legislation.
In 1934, both the House and Senate passed bills that incorporated it, but it floundered on the last day of the session.
The Comptroller then issued a rulemaking interpretation that said, in effect, in my view Congress didn't mean to prevent accommodating orders on stock.
I am going to permit it and return to Congress, in effect, next year to get it expressly permitted.
But, said the Comptroller in that ruling, this does not mean banks may do a brokerage business.
That was in July 1934.
In August, I believe it was, or September 1934, the Federal Reserve Board ruled similarly and specifically quoted the Comptroller's language.
In 1934, the Comptroller did return to Congress, testified that in his view this was necessary to expand this exception, and made clear that it was only on an accommodation basis, and convinced Congress to expand the statute to include purchasing and selling, without recourse, on the orders, securities and stock.
Under this Court's precedent, in Zuber against Allen, it seems to me that that history itself should be controlling, if there were ambiguity, we don't think there is, as to what Congress intended in the exception in Section 16 for accommodating stock orders.
The Comptroller proposed the legislation.
He testified directly before the Congressional Committees that were considering it, what his view was, and Congress enacted what he proposed.
The respondents say, wait a minute, in 1933, the Congressional Reports that accompanied the initial Glass-Steagall Act said,
"Banks shall be permitted, to the same extent heretofore, to deal in securities. "
therefore that shows that they were permitted to be public stockbrokers.
But let's look at what happened.
Banks had not been permitted prior to 1933 to broker stock, or prior to any date to broker stock.
They had been permitted only to deal in investment securities.
The Comptroller made that clear, he made clear what he had in mind, that is an accommodation provision limitation during 1934 and 1935.
The 35 Amendment that added stock... expanded the exception to add stock, was specifically characterized as a technical amendment intended to make no substantive changes in the law.
If respondents are correct that what Congress intended to do was to permit banks to be public stock brokers, it would necessarily mean that in 1935, when Congress passed a technical, non-substantive amendment to a statute, the Glass-Steagall Act, otherwise meant broadly to prohibit securities activities for banks, it authorized, for the only time in 200 years, banks to become public stockbrokers.
I suggest that simply doesn't make common sense, let alone legislative history sense.
Unidentified Justice: I thought that we were dealing here with a bank affiliate, not the bank itself.
I also thought that the prohibition in Section 16, on its face, applied to banks and not the affiliates.
James B. Weidner: Justice O'Connor, we clearly are dealing with a bank affiliate, and let me turn to Section 20, which deals specifically with them.
Let me say this that in our view the structure and the history of the Glass-Steagall make it clear that what Congress had in mind was, given... remember that when this was passed, given the crash and the 2,000 banks that failed in the interim, to get banks out of the securities business, and it did it by prohibiting certain activities entirely for banks, and prohibiting them principally for their affiliates.
There is no history, although this is in effect what we believe the Board and the Second Circuit have held, no history, legislative or statutory, that suggests that the Board has discretion to authorize bank affiliates to engage principally in what banks can't engage in at all.
That we believe is what has happened.
I might contrast Section 20 with Section 32 that has to do with interlocks.
Section 20 has to do with bank affiliations.
Section 32 did vest the Board with exemptive authority over certain circumstances.
Let me turn to Section 20.
As I said, that statute... that section has to do with bank affiliations, part of the Glass-Steagall Act, and provides that a bank may not be affiliated with any entity
"engaged principally in the issue, floatation, underwriting, public sale, distribution. "
and so on.
I will come back to the language.
In our view, that language covers the waterfront in terms of activities, including public brokerage.
It says, "public sale".
It is a remedial statute.
The statute should be construed broadly, and indeed every time this Court has assessed the Glass-Steagall Act, it has said that its provisions are indeed to be read as remedial provisions, broadly.
What the government... the respondents say is, now wait, public brokerage wasn't covered by that because... Let me turn to the Second Circuit first.
The Second Circuit said, it is not covered because the terms apply only to principal activities, as opposed to agency activities.
Underwriting, for example, they said, is a principal activity, and so on, so brokerage is out.
But the fact is that underwriting certainly encompasses, and the Board doesn't dispute, best effort underwriting.
That is an agency, not a principal activity.
And there is no reason why a public sale couldn't equally well be an agency as well as a principal activity.
The Board, apparently recognizing the problem in the Second Circuit opinion in that respect, doesn't support it here.
They have a different view.
Their view is that those terms concern themselves only with new issues of stock or the introduction of large blocks of stock to the public.
In other words, public offerings.
The problem with that interpretation is what they are saying in essence is that it covers only primary distributions of stock... the first time stock is made available to the public.
If that is the case, they have just eliminated half of the securities industry from the statute.
The entire secondary market where stocks are traded once they are out in public hands.
If that is the case, and that is necessarily what they are saying, that means not only could bank affiliates principally be stockbrokers, but they could be dealers, that is, trading for their own account.
They can even be market-makers.
Even the Federal Reserve Board has said in its amended Reg Y that dealing is not a permitted activity.
One further thing, I think, bears upon Section 20 to contrast it with Section 32, the interlock provision, which as of 1935 used the same phrase as Section 20.
Its predecessor language... the predecessor in '32 as enacted in 1933... said, purchasing, selling, and negotiating, not issuance, floatation, and so on.
That amendment was also a technical, non-substantive amendment.
If, as the Board says, the statutory phrase now means only underwriting, then necessarily Section 32 must have meant the same thing in 1933 when it was initially passed.
Then the statute falls apart, because Section 16, which we talked about before relating to agency activities, uses the terms "purchasing and selling", clearly relating to agency activity.
In other words, I think if you look at the statute as a whole, there is only one construction that makes sense and it makes sense in terms of the general congressional intent as well, that is, and if I may let me read Section 20 in its entirety,
"May not affiliate with an entity principally engaged in the issue, floatation, underwriting, public sale, or distribution at wholesale or retail, or through syndicate participation of stocks, bonds, debentures, notes, or other securities. "
I suggest that what Congress had in mind was covering the waterfront.
It meant to prevent principal engaging at all activities, whether they are principal or agent, in all markets, whether primary or secondary, and in all securities, whether they are equity or debt.
I think any other construction of that statutory phrase throws this language out of kilter and, I respectfully suggest, congressional intent out the window.
In summary, we believe that the Federal Reserve Board, affirmed by the Second Circuit, was incorrect.
Schwab is unquestionably principally engaged in the execution of securities trades for the public, the public securities brokerage business.
They have reached that conclusion by turning very narrow exceptions, "closely related" in the Bank Holding Company Act, "purchase and sale" in the Glass-Steagall Act, into broad authorizations instead, never intended by Congress.
In effect, they are trying to turn the clock back to 1927, when Congress had permitted... even further, to permit dealings in stock.
I suggest that if the legislative clock is to be turned back, that is a policy decision of enormous consequences that should be addressed by Congress only, and in fact Congress is right now looking in an omnibus fashion to the financial services industry to see if and, if so, how that industry should be restructured.
I believe the decision below should be reversed.
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger: Mr. Phillips.
Carter G. Phillips: Mr. Chief Justice, and may it please the Court.
At issue in this case is the Federal Reserve Board's determination, made on the basis of an exhaustive administrative record, that the business of executing securities transactions on exchanges is closely related to banking as to be a proper incident thereto, and that such brokerage activities are not prohibited to bank holding companies or their subsidiaries by the Glass-Steagall Act.
In that regard, it is probably worthwhile to emphasize once more, as Justice O'Connor did with her question, to remember that this case concerns only a bank holding company and its subsidiary.
It does not involve the bank and, therefore, precisely what banks are permitted to do, and have engaged in, in the past is not directly controlling on the outcome of this case.
Contrary to petitioner's general assertion--
Unidentified Justice: Is that the same inquiry under the Bank Holding Company Act?
Carter G. Phillips: --Is what, I am sorry, I don't understand.
Unidentified Justice: What did you just say?
Carter G. Phillips: What I am suggesting is that the question of what a bank may do under Section 16 does not control what a bank holding company or its subsidiaries can do under Section 20.
There is very different language.
Unidentified Justice: It is not supposed to engage in non-banking activities, is it?
Carter G. Phillips: Under the Bank... Yes, it... well, it has to be an activity that is closely related to banking, but it doesn't have to be an activity that is banking.
Indeed, this Court said as much in the ICI II decision.
Unidentified Justice: You think that it doesn't have to be an activity that a bank ever engaged in?
Carter G. Phillips: It may not have to be an activity that it is precisely engaged in, no.
But I think that if it is so closely related to banking that a bank would be perfectly well suited to engage in that form of activity that that would be fine.
Especially if, as in this case, the reason why banks are not engaged in that activity are not so much dependent on the law as they are on the financial events that gave rise to the problem in the first instance.
I think that it is important to understand what the Board did here to place it in context.
In the 1970s, the Securities and Exchange Commission unfixed the fees that brokers charge... can charge on their... for executing transactions on the stock exchanges.
This pro-consumer decision led directly to the creation a new form of financial opportunity from this discount brokerage, a firm such as Schwab emerged.
Prior to that time, it was generally not possible to offer fewer services for a lesser fee.
In the early 1980s, BankAmerica, realizing what an opportunity this presented, made an application to the Federal Reserve Board to acquire the Charles Schwab Discount Brokerage firm.
The Board published notice of the proposed acquisition and solicited comments from the public.
You may regard it as probably worthwhile, and this will also reemphasize again that this case involves bank holding companies.
It is important to note that the Securities and Exchange Commission expressly passed judgment on this particular issue, and did not oppose the acquisition of Schwab by BankAmerica's Holding Company.
Unidentified Justice: Neither did the Comptroller.
Carter G. Phillips: The Comptroller did not oppose either.
In fact, the Comptroller very vigorously affirmed that decision, frankly.
It is common for the Board to issue a 4(c)(8) order based solely on these sorts of written comment, but in this case they went the extra step and set the matter down for an extensive hearing in order to examine this new form of commercial opportunity.
First the Administrative Law Judge, and then the Board, thoroughly analyzed the history of brokerage activities undertaken by banks, compared them with the specific business of Schwab.
Both the Administrative Law Judge and the Board invoked the standards that had been applied for the last ten years regarding what is closely related to business, those standards coming in the D.C. Circuit's 1975 Courier case.
Both found that banks generally provide services that are operationally and functionally so similar to the proposed services as to equip them particularly well to provide that service.
Both the Administrative Law Judge and the Board then engaged in the proper incident analysis and concluded that the public benefits greatly outweighed any detriments that might arise.
It is our view that procedurally and substantively, the Board's action were precisely what Congress envisioned when it rejected the House's attempt to narrowly constrain the Board's discretion in dealing with the what is closely related to banking by bank holding companies.
That determination is left to the experience and the expertise of the Federal Reserve Board, and it has made a judgment in this case as to what businesses can properly be integrated under the umbrella of a bank holding company.
This Court has consistently said that it would respect that kind of judgment made in this complex financial arena.
Petitioners challenge that the Board's decision is based solely on a semantics fortuity.
Congress, in 1970, did reject a mere functional relationship test.
This Court has already recognized that the purpose of that change is very vague, and it is not clear precisely what Congress intended by its actions in 1970.
From this, petitioner infers that the Board is precluded from ever analyzing these problems in terms of functional relationships.
The problem with the argument is that the decision in this case did not turn on mere functional relationship.
The Board found that banks have traditionally purchased and sold securities as agent for their customers.
In over-the-counter markets, the Board found that banks oftentimes perform the entire function of the purchase and sale of securities.
Unidentified Justice: Do you think that they have often acted exactly like a broker?
Carter G. Phillips: That is precisely what the finding of the Administrative Law Judge were, that they have the same computer operations, they have the same training personnel, and they engage in exactly the same kinds of judgments.
Unidentified Justice: What about with the same legal effect?
Carter G. Phillips: In terms of... In terms of effecting a purchase and sale of security, there is no difference.
With regard to the "without recourse" issue that the petitioner places so much emphasis on, it seems to us quite clear that the Congress did not intent to preclude banks from transmitting brokerage exchange... brokerage transactions in a way that they had to designate who the customer was in order to avoid liability of the bank.
As far as we know, banks have historically collected large quantities of orders and just shipped them off, without setting out exactly who the customers are.
Unidentified Justice: You don't think they have always... You don't think that they have always submitted them to a broker?
Carter G. Phillips: On the exchanges, they have always transmitted them to a broker.
Unidentified Justice: They won't have to now, will they?
Carter G. Phillips: No, Your Honor, they won't have to now.
Unidentified Justice: That is somewhat of a change, isn't it?
Carter G. Phillips: It is true that it is somewhat of a change with regard to the exchanges, but the basic... but the bottom-line is that it is still an activity.
This Court's inquiry should be limited to the issue of whether or not the Board has stated a connection between the proposed activity and what banks traditionally do, and whether it is rational to conclude that that connection is a close one.
Unidentified Justice: I thought our inquiry would be whether what the Board did is contrary to what Congress intended to do by the relevant statutes.
Carter G. Phillips: Of course, that is the ultimate inquiry, but Congress... Congress delegated to the Board discretion to make judgments, to employ its expertise in deciding what activities are closely related to banking.
Unidentified Justice: You wouldn't suggest that the Board could authorize a bank to engage in underwriting, would you?
Carter G. Phillips: No, Your Honor, of course, not.
Unidentified Justice: The argument right here is that Congress didn't intend a bank to engage in brokering.
Carter G. Phillips: But there is not one word in the legislative history to suggest that Congress had any concern about mere brokerage activities by banks.
The entire debates in 1933 and again in 1956 relate to the problems of market, market collapse of large issues of securities.
There is no reference in any of that history to the mere execution of a brokerage transaction, and there is no reason for any concern, because banks did not fail in the late 1920s and 1930s... in the early 1930s because they executed transactions on securities exchanges.
Banks failed because they engaged in investment banking practices where purchased large quantities of securities and those securities went bad.
That is precisely what Congress prohibited, not anything related to the simple execution of transactions.
Indeed, Congress expressly allows banks, under Section 16, to purchase and sell securities as agents for their customers.
Under the Glass-Steagall Act, it seems to us that, notwithstanding petitioner's repeated reliance on Section 16, that the only relevant provision is Section 20.
Section 16, by its terms, relates only to national banks.
Section 21, also relied upon by petition, only relates to the receipt of deposits, and it is undisputed that Schwab nor BankAmerica do not receive deposits, and neither has the bank.
Therefore, it makes meaningless, the plain meaning role, to argue, as petitioner does, that the restrictions imposed under those provisions should be borrowed and applied willy-nilly to the activities of a bank holding company that has its own specific set or provisions to deal with.
And that provision is Section 20... Section 20, by its terms, prohibits bank affiliates from underwriting, distributing, issuing, publicly selling, or floating blocks of securities.
That is not an across-the-board condemnation of all securities activities.
That is a condemnation of public marketing activities.
If Congress had intended to preclude bank affiliates from engaging in brokerage activities, it would surely have said that brokerage activities are not permissible, or at least it would have used the term
"purchase and sale of securities as agent. "
just the commonly understood definition of brokerage functions.
Congress did none of those things.
Instead, it drafted the language in a way that makes it unmistakably clear that it is intended to deal solely with underwriting.
This Court recognized as much in the Agnew decision.
In characterizing the meaning of the identical language in Section 32 of the Act, this Court repeatedly described it as involving nothing but underwriting.
Similarly, that interpretation of Section 32, as not embracing brokerage... mere brokerage activity, was adopted by the Federal Reserve Board in the 1930s and has remained unchanged since that time.
Unidentified Justice: Mr. Phillips, are you aware of any bank, other than J. P. Morgan, which at the time of the adoption of the Glass-Steagall Act, actually had a seat on the exchange and kept it?
Carter G. Phillips: My understanding is that there were six banks at that time--
Unidentified Justice: Six.
Carter G. Phillips: --that maintained seats on the exchanges.
The reason, of course--
Unidentified Justice: Did they continue to keep their seats, other than Morgan, and use them to execute orders for customers?
Carter G. Phillips: --Unfortunately, the record doesn't reflect what those banks did, because that didn't seem to be a major issue in the administrative process.
But we do know, in the New York Times Articles that discussed those investments, those banking operations that went to commercial banking as opposed to investment banking, that they prominently stated that they were keeping their seats on the exchanges, and one can only assume that they would have only made that a matter of serious concern if they planned to use those seats.
So as far as we know, some banks did undertake to act in that way.
Unidentified Justice: And were not challenged under Section 16 by the Comptroller, or anyone else for executing orders?
Carter G. Phillips: As far as we know there was never any challenge, and petitioner has not presented us with any evidence to indicate that there has ever been any challenge.
Unidentified Justice: Under the Comptroller's ruling, until lately, a bank couldn't do this itself, could it?
Carter G. Phillips: Yes, Your Honor, that is correct.
Until 1957, it could only do it without profit.
Then after... and then most recently now, it can do it in any situation.
Unidentified Justice: That ruling was rather old, wasn't it?
Carter G. Phillips: That ruling did derive initially from the immediate aftermath of the Glass-Steagall Act.
Unidentified Justice: When did the Comptroller overturn that decision?
Carter G. Phillips: He began to erode that decision in 1957, soon after the Bank Holding Company Act.
Unidentified Justice: When did he specifically overturn that prior ruling?
Carter G. Phillips: In 1982, I believe it was.
At that time, he explained that it was his view that the earlier interpretation was not predicated on anything in the language of Section 16, but appeared by all accounts to be nothing more than a very conservative reaction to the problems of problem failures.
Unidentified Justice: He didn't need to admit that he was wrong, in the first place, it is just that either his prior ruling... either one of them, his prior ruling or this one, were correct.
Carter G. Phillips: True, they both can be regarded... They both unquestionably reasonable interpretations of the plain meaning of the language.
In deciding which of the provisions to apply in this case, this Court has twice rejected efforts to incorporate standards from one section in Glass-Steagall and apply to other activities.
In Agnew, this Court concluded that different qualifying phrases used in the provisions mark a distinction this Court should not obliterate.
Similarly, in ICI II, the Court held that the Act's structure reveals that congressional intent to treat banks separately from their affiliate and to impose a less stringent standard on bank holding companies.
Adherence to those principles requires the conclusion that this case can and should be resolved completely by reference to Section 20 of the Glass-Steagall Act.
By strongly urging the Court to limits its inquiry to Section 20, we do not, however, mean to imply that we shy away from scrutiny by this Court under Sections 16 or 21, by their terms they simply do not apply.
But if, as petitioner seems all too often to assume, this case involved a national bank, our submission would be no different.
Like their affiliates, national banks are prohibited from underwriting securities, but they are expressly authorized, as one of their many delegated powers, to purchase and sell securities on behalf of their customers as agent, and not for their own accounts.
In other words, banks would appear to be able to serve as a broker.
This grant of power was intended in 1933 to ratify preexisting practices of banks, and as we explained in some detail in our brief, it is clear that banks did engage in the purchase and sale of stock, and other securities, for customers prior to that time, and that is all that Congress meant to ratify.
The division Congress made in the Glass-Steagall Act was between investment banking activities that carry a tremendous risk of loss if the market shifts.
It did not intend to illuminate the rather minimal potential for liability, or was not worried about the potential... minimal potential liability of a broker having to cover for a customer who happens to place an order.
It may be, as petitioner suggested today, that brokerage firms place their entire assets at their disposal when they execute an order, but the record in this case reflects that less than 1 percent of all of the transactions executed by the Schwab brokerage firm... less than 1 percent involves situations where the customer fails to satisfy his own order or his own request.
Accordingly, this is not a significant problem, and it is certainly not a problem Congress made any specific reference in anything in 1933 or 1935.
Congress could not foresee in 1933 the discount brokerage activities would some day be profitable.
It seems to us quite clear from the language that it adopted, allowing for agency actions on the part of bank in executing... in the purchase and sale of securities that it would clearly have upheld and permitted the banks to engage in the kinds of activities that Schwab undertakes here.
It seems to us that that interpretation, as I just mentioned to Justice White, is a reasonable one, and that is where this Court's inquiry should stop.
So long as the Comptroller's newest interpretation is reasonable, it is entitled to deference by this Court.
Petitioner conjures up the horrors of the bank failures of the 1930s and hints that the Board's decision here is based on arguments presented in connection with the regulatory and legislative decisions of the mid-1920s that led to that financial disaster.
But the Federal Reserve Board has not turned the clock back to 1927, nor created an environment of serious bank failure.
The Board has instead adjusted to the financial events of the 1970s and the 1980s, and acting faithfully to the congressional scheme created to allow substantial, but not unbridled, expansion of the business of banking.
It has presented a thorough and reasonable explanation for its approval of BankAmerica's application in this case.
It is petitioner and the securities firms whom it represents who seek to stop the financial clock from moving beyond the events of the 1970s, when that industry as so structured that competition was severely limited, and the only role for a bank on the exchanges was to serve as an intermediary between the bank's customer and the broker, with the latter receiving the fee, but without any risk of competition.
Those times are gone, and the securities industry must recognize that banks, and of particular significance to this case, bank holding companies and their affiliates are legitimate competitors in that discrete area of securities activity concerning the purchase and sale of stock as agent.
This change is not the product of regulatory fiat, but rather a reasonable application of the plain meaning of the statutes Congress adopted, and empowered the Board to use its expertise to enforce.
It is, therefore, not the Board's action that "should be legislated by Congress", as petitioner puts it, but rather petitioner's efforts to overturn the orderly decision of the Board that should be submitted to Congress for reevaluation.
The Administrative Law Judge, the Federal Reserve Board, and the Second Circuit have all unanimously and correctly held that the discount brokerage activities are a legitimate part of the business of banking, which Congress did not intend to prohibit by Glass-Steagall.
Accordingly, the judgment of the Court of Appeals should be affirmed.
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger: Mr. Weidner, do you have anything further?
James B. Weidner: If I may, several brief points.
Justice O'Connor, if I could respond briefly to the question of the Morgan Bank and Brown Brothers Harriman.
So far as we know, there are... there were two banks that were on the exchange, and two kept their seats, but I don't think we can draw from that an inference that it was proper.
First of all, remember the Comptroller specifically prohibited them from engaging in public securities brokerage, so it is unlikely that they did.
Second, there is no evidence that they did.
Third, there is a perfectly good economic reason why they would have retained their seats, even though they couldn't be public securities brokers, simply this, there are a lot of floor traders, or there were a lot of floor traders who had an exchange seat simply because when there were fixed commissions, if they traded on the floor themselves, they didn't have to pay any commission.
If, as an exchange member, they used the privilege of using a floor broker there, you only have pay 10 percent of the commission.
So that, for example, for trust accounts and the like, it would make eminently good sense for Brown Brothers to have someone stay on the exchange when they weren't engaged in the public brokering of securities.
Let me turn then briefly to the Comptroller's recent interpretation or reinterpretation.
I suggest that any indication that the Comptroller thought, in 1934 and 1935, he was convincing Congress to allow banks to become public stock brokers, just is simply illogical.
If it is true that it was important that banks, like all other corporations, couldn't be exchange members, only partnerships could be to avoid limited liability, then why was the Comptroller trying to convince Congress to allow banks to become public stock brokers when they couldn't do it?
Well, maybe it was because he wanted them to trade in the over-the-counter market where they don't have to be exchange members.
If that was his motive, then why did he issue a regulation immediately after the statute was amended specifically prohibiting them from being public stock brokers.
It just doesn't make any sense.
Moreover, something that I didn't mention, but I think bears mention, is in 1934 Congress was considering the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 to govern public stock brokers.
They excepted banks from the definition of broker in the '34 Act.
Why would they do that if they thought banks could be public stockbrokers?
Unidentified Justice: What year did you mention?
James B. Weidner: 1934, Mr. Chief Justice.
Unidentified Justice: Haven't a lot of financial arrangements changed?
James B. Weidner: Since then?
Unidentified Justice: Since then, in the '40.
James B. Weidner: They have indeed.
Although in this area, the Securities and Exchange Commission has restated its views only within the last six months that in its view, and in our view, the legislative history supports it, as they believe it has, banks were excluded from the brokerage definition in the '34 Act because Congress understood that they could not engage in public stock brokerage because of the Glass-Steagall Act.
Unidentified Justice: What is the SEC's position now on this?
James B. Weidner: That they cannot.
Unidentified Justice: On this problem?
James B. Weidner: Excuse me.
That because they have no jurisdiction over the banking laws, they can't very handily change the banking laws.
But they have proposed a rule that would require banks that publicly solicit a brokerage business to register as brokers, because in their view the exception in the statute was never meant to permit banks to be the only brokers that were unregulated by the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Unidentified Justice: So you think that it was just a little turf gathering that they supported this application before--
James B. Weidner: Justice White, that is one of the things I wanted to mention.
I must say that to say the SEC supported this application is taking a fairly wide literary liberty.
Unidentified Justice: --What will happen is that they will have many more applications for licenses.
James B. Weidner: It is certainly true that they did not oppose it, but they... their submission was in about as hedged language as it could be.
It said something to the effect, and this is in the Joint Appendix on appeal in the Second Circuit, while the spirit, if not the letter of Section 20 would appear to prohibit the banks becoming brokers, nevertheless that is something over which the Federal Reserve Board has jurisdiction.
Unidentified Justice: Did they there say that if this rule is approved, the banks would have to be licensed?
James B. Weidner: No, Justice White, they didn't, but I think--
Unidentified Justice: But they now assert it?
James B. Weidner: --They do.
I think it is helpful to recall that when this proceeding started at the beginning of 1982 there was no bank in the public securities brokerage business.
By the end of 1982, every banking authority or financial institutions authority in the country authorized their institutions to go in the business.
Things have changed enormously in the last two years.
The SEC is trying to do what it can, but it seems to me that this underscores why a policy decision of this sort should not be done by piecemeal administration.
What has happened is, you have the Federal Reserve Board act, now the SEC has got to react to propose regulations, and then we have the Comptroller reacting to the SEC's reaction.
It is a game of administrative billiards, where the next "carem" shot is going to come from.
I'm quite serious.
This is a policy decision of enormous significance, and what we have seen happen is exactly what is going to happen as administrators preempt what should be a congressional and was a congressional judgment, and try to change the congressional intent.
With respectfully request that the decision below be reversed.
Chief Justice Warren E. Burger: Thank you, gentlemen, the case is submitted.


text:
Tier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur) visa
Cardiff University is delighted to be able to support our graduates with the new Tier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur) visa.
What is the Tier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur) visa?
This UKBA scheme is open to non-EEA graduates who have outstanding business idea to put into practice in the UK. Cardiff University has been allocated a set of General Endorsements which can be allocated from the 6 April 2014 until 5 April 2015.
How to apply for endorsement from Cardiff University
For more information on the Tier 1 Graduate Entrepreneur please click here. You can also visit the UKBA website by following the link.
When you should apply
There are four deadlines this year for applications for a Tier 1 (Graduate Entrepreneur) visa:
- 30 September
- 31 October
- 28 November
- 30 January
You are advised to apply at least three months before your current visa expires.
If you are interested or would like to know more, please contact Student Enterprise email@example.com
For more information please contact Cardiff University Enterprise at email@example.com


text:
Codeswarm visualization of commits to Ripple since Jan 5, 2010. (bg music "La Tombeau de Couperin - Fugue" by Maurice Ravel)
Loading more stuff…
Hmm…it looks like things are taking a while to load. Try again?
TM + © 2015 Vimeo, LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with k in NYC.
Your content preferences apply to any Vimeo videos you view. Learn more about content preferences in our FAQ.