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An apparatus for reproducing a digitally encoded signal. The apparatus comprises a decoding means for decoding the digitally encoded signal to form a specific picture. A memory means is coupled to the decoding means for storing the specific picture. A control means is controllably coupled to the memory means, wherein a first mode the control means controls the memory means for storing a frame of the specific picture and responsive to a second mode the control means controls the memory means for storing only one field of the specific picture.
1. An apparatus for reproducing a digitally encoded signal from a medium, comprising:
a decoder responsive to said digitally encoded signal for decoding a specific picture;
a memory coupled to said decoder for storing said specific picture; and,
a controller for said memory for storing in a first mode a top field and a bottom field comprising said specific picture and in a second mode for storing only one of said top and bottom fields comprising said specific picture.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said first mode represents a forward reproduction mode.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said second mode represents a reverse reproduction mode.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said second mode said memory stores only said bottom field of said specific picture.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said digitally encoded signal includes a predicted picture and in said second mode said decoder decodes said predicted picture responsive to said only one of said top and bottom fields comprising said specific picture.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said digitally encoded signal includes groups of pictures and during said second mode said memory stores only one field of top and bottom fields comprising a specific picture from a preceding group of pictures.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein said specific picture is an intra coded picture.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, additionally comprising a means coupled to said controller for storing a sequence to control operation in a reverse reproduction mode.
9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said control sequence controls said memory means for storing only one field of a plurality of predetermined pictures from a preceding group of pictures.
10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein said sequence controls acquisition of said digitally encoded signal from said medium and controls storage of a top field and a bottom field decoded from a plurality of specific pictures reproduced from said medium such that for some specific pictures of said plurality, both top and bottom fields are stored and for other specific pictures of said plurality only one field is stored.
11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein said second control sequence is specific to a predetermined reverse trick play speed.
12. A method for reverse reproduction of a digitally encoded signal recorded on a medium, said digitally encoded signal being representative of a plurality of groups of pictures, each group of said plurality of groups including at least one I type picture and at least one P type picture, said method comprising the steps of:
a) storing a single field of said I type picture from a first group of pictures of said plurality of groups of pictures;
b) storing a single field of an I type picture decoded from a second group of pictures preceding said first group of pictures of said plurality of groups of pictures;
c) storing a single field of a first P type picture decoded from said second group of pictures preceding said first group of pictures;
d) storing a single field of a second P type picture decoded from said second group of pictures preceding said first group of pictures; and,
e) decoding a field of a third P type picture recovered from said second group of pictures preceding said first group of pictures.
13. The method of claim 12, additionally comprising:
step a) displaying said field of said I type picture;
step b) displaying said field of said I type picture decoded from said second group of pictures;
step c) displaying said field of said first P type picture;
step d) displaying said field of said second P type picture; and,
step e) displaying said field of said third P type picture.
14. The method of claim 12, wherein step a) additionally comprises:
transducing said I type picture from said medium.
15. The method of claim 12, wherein step c) additionally comprises:
transducing said first P type picture from said medium and decoding said first P type picture with a predictor from said single field of said I type picture from said second group of pictures.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein step d) additionally comprises:
transducing a second P type picture from said medium and decoding said second P type picture with a predictor from said single field of said first P type picture from said second group of pictures.
This invention relates to MPEG encoded signal decoding, and in particular to the reproduction and decoding of such signals from a medium in a reverse direction.
The introduction of disks recorded with digitally compressed audio and video signals, for example, utilizing MPEG compression protocols, offers the consumer sound and picture quality virtually indistinguishable from the original material. However, consumer users will expect such digital video disks or DVDs to offer features similar to those of their analog video cassette recorder or VCR. For example, a VCR may reproduce in either forward or reverse directions at speeds other than the recorded speed. Such non-standard speed playback features are also known as trick play modes. The provision of trick play features are less easily provided with MPEG encoded video signals due to the hierarchical nature of the compression which forms pictures into groups having varying degrees of compression. These groups are termed groups of pictures or GOPs, and require decoding in sequence. A detailed description of the MPEG 2 standard is published as ISO/IEC Standard 13818-2. However, in simple terms, an MPEG 2 signal stream may comprise three types of pictures having varying degrees of content compression. An intra-coded frame or I frame has the least compression of the three types and may be decoded without reference to any other frame. A predicted frame or P frame is compressed with reference to a preceding I or P frame and achieves greater degree of compression than an intra-coded frame. The third type of MPEG frame, termed a bi-directionally coded or B frame, may be compressed based on predictions from either preceding or succeeding frames. Bi-directionally coded frames have the greatest degree of compression. The three types of MPEG frames are arranged in groups of pictures or GOPs. Since only intra-coded frames are decodable without reference to any other frame, each GOP may only be decoded following the decoding of the I frame. The first predicted frame or P frame, may be decoded and stored based on modification of the stored, preceding I frame. Subsequent P frames may be predicted from the stored preceding P frame. Finally, bi-directionally coded or B frames may be decoded by means of predictions from preceding and or succeeding frames, for example, stored I and P frames.
In accordance with the inventive arrangement an apparatus reproduces from a medium, a digitally encoded signal and processing therefrom a plurality of groups of pictures, wherein each group contains a specific picture. The apparatus comprises a decoding means for decoding the plurality of groups of pictures to form a specific picture. A memory means coupled to the decoding means for storing the specific picture. A control means responsive to user commands and controllably coupled to the memory means, wherein responsive to a first user selection the control means controls the memory means for storing a frame of the specific picture and responsive to a second user selection the control means controls the memory means for storing only one field of the specific picture.
FIG. 1A illustrates an MPEG 2 group of pictures.
FIG. 1B illustrates recorded groups of pictures, during replay and reverse trick play at three times speed.
FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram of a digital video disk player illustrating functional partitioning.
FIG. 3 illustrates a sequence for decoding, storing and outputting pictures in a reverse direction at three times play speed.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary digital video disk player including inventive arrangements.
FIGS. 5A-D illustrate an inventive allocation of two frame buffer memories to facilitate play and reverse trick play operating modes.
FIG. 6 illustrates functional steps for determining block type.
FIG. 7 is a chart depicting an inventive arrangement employing four field buffer memories to facilitate reverse trick play reproduction at three times normal speed.
FIG. 8A illustrates recorded groups of pictures during normal replay and reverse trick play at six times speed.
FIG. 8B is a chart showing an inventive method which facilitates reverse trick play reproduction at six times normal speed with an arrangement of four field buffer memories.
An MPEG 2 signal may comprise three types of pictures arranged in groups of pictures or GOPs. The group of pictures may, for example, contain 12 frames arranged as illustrated in FIG. 1A. An intra-coded frame, depicted as I, may be decoded without reference to any other frame and each group of pictures may only be decoded following decoding of the I frame. The first predicted frame or P frame, may be decoded and stored based on modification of the stored, preceding I frame. Subsequent P frames may be constructed based on prediction from the stored preceding P frame. The prediction of P frames is indicated in FIG. 1A by the curved, solid arrow head lines. Finally, bi-directionally coded or B frames may be decoded by means of predictions from preceding and or succeeding frames, for example, stored I and P frames. Decoding of B frames by predictions from adjacent stored frames is depicted in FIG. 1A by the curved, dotted arrow head lines.
The hierarchical nature of the coded frames comprising MPEG groups of pictures necessitates that each group of pictures or GOP is decoded in the forward direction. Thus reverse playback modes may be provided by effectively jumping back to an earlier, preceding I frame and then decoding in a forward direction through that GOP. The decoded frames are stored in frame buffer memories and read out in reverse of the decoding order to achieve the desired reverse program sequence.
In FIG. 1B play back in a forward direction at normal play speed is illustrated by the broken straight arrow head line. At a time prior to time t0, a reverse three times speed, mode trick play mode is selected, and initiated at time t0 where I-frame I(25) is decoded and displayed. As previously described the next frame required for reverse trick play decoding is I-frame I(13), thus the transducer is moved, as indicated by arrow J1 to acquire frame I(13). The signal recovery and decoding then follows the sequence indicated in FIG. 1B by arrows J1, to acquire I(13), J2, to acquire P(16), J3 to P(19), J4 to P(22) . . . Jn.
FIG. 2 illustrates a sequence for decoding, storing and outputting the frames depicted in FIG. 1B. The sequence facilitates reverse replay at three times play speed without constraint on the number of frame buffers used. As described previously, the coded relationship existing within each GOP necessitates that each group of pictures is decoded in a forward direction starting from an I-frame or picture. Thus, reverse mode features may be provided by effectively jumping back to an earlier, or preceding I frame and then decoding in a forward direction through that GOP. The decoded frames are stored in frame buffer memories for subsequent read out in reverse order. In FIG. 2 the sequence is initiated at the START block, with a forward play mode initiated at block 100. Decoding and output signal generation is not charted for the forward play mode at block 100. At block 200 a reverse three times play speed mode is selected and followed, at block 210, by the decoding of an intra coded picture I(N). Decoded picture I(N) is stored in a frame buffer at block 310, which is read out at a rate appropriate for the generation of a standard output signal, for example NTSC or PAL, at block 380. Following the decoding of picture I(N), the next preceding I picture I(N-1) is obtained and decoded at block 220 and stored in a second frame buffer at block 320. Output signal generation proceeds to block 381, essentially independent of the decoding and storing sequences, and repeats picture I(N) stored at block 310. Following picture I(N-1) decoding, the first P picture P(N-3) of GOP B is decoded at block 230 and stored in a third frame buffer at block 330. The output signal generation proceeds to block 382, and repeats picture I(N) stored at block 310. Following decoding at block 230 a second P picture P(N-2) of GOP B is decoded at block 240 and stored at block 340 in a fourth frame buffer. The third P picture P(N-1) is decoded at block 250 and stored in a fifth frame buffer at block 350.
Having completed decoding and storing GOB B, the portrayal of reverse scene motion is initiated at block 383 which outputs P picture P(N-1) from frame buffer block 350. The next output picture P(N-2) is read from frame buffer block 340 and is output at block 384. Concurrently, the next preceding I picture I(N-2) of GOP A is obtained, decoded at block 260 and stored at block 360. Possibly picture I(N-2) may be stored in the first frame buffer (block 310) since frame I(N) has been displayed and is no longer required. Following block 260, P picture P(N-6) is decoded at block 270 and stored in frame buffer block 370 which may be, for example the fifth buffer. At output block 385 the next picture P(N-3), is read from frame buffer block 330 and output. The reverse portrayal of GOP B is completed with picture I(N-1) from block 320 which is output at block 386. The next output picture P(N-4) is derived from GOP A and is output at block 387. Clearly the decoding and storage of GOP A has proceed, (indicated by the broken arrow head lines) independently and concurrently with the cyclically repetitive generation of output pictures.
The reverse play sequence of exemplary FIG. 2 illustrates the use of five frame buffers (blocks 310-350) to achieve reverse replay at three times play speed. However, the provision of such memory capacity to facilitate reverse reproduction may represent an unnecessary manufacturing cost which may be advantageously avoided by various inventive arrangements employing two frame buffer memories.
A simplified digital video disk player is shown in FIG. 3 with functional partitions to illustrate differing temporal occurrences, and data delivery rates existing within the player. Functional block 1 includes the disk, optical pick up, drive mechanism, disk and optical pick up servo systems and playback signal processing system. Functional block 2 includes an MPEG decoder, mechanical buffer and frame memories. The mechanical or track buffer is a digital memory which provides buffer storage of the transduced data signals processed from the disk mechanism of the player front end. Thus the MPEG decoder is temporally decoupled from an intermittent, and higher data delivery rate from a disk rotated at greater than nominal speed. As described previously, MPEG decoding is facilitated by the frame buffer memory which is written to and read from, as required by the control block. The DVD player may be required to generate, for example, an NTSC or PAL encoded output signal which is facilitated by cyclical reading, (functional block 3), of the frame buffer memory. Thus an exemplary NTSC output picture may be generated by repetitive readout of the frame buffer memory as illustrated in blocks 380-389 of FIG. 2. The simplified partitioning shown in FIG. 3 illustrates the intermittent and temporally separate operations occurring during DVD replay.
FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary block diagram of a digital video disk player. Block 10 depicts a deck which may accept a digitally recorded disk 14 for rotation by a motor 12. A digital signal is recorded on disk 14 as a spiral track containing pits with respective pit lengths determined by an {fraction (8/16)} modulation coding responsive to respective signal data bits. The record on disk 14 is read by pick up 15 which gathers reflected laser illumination. The reflected laser light is collected by a photo detector or opto pick-up device. An imaging device, for example a lens or mirror, which form part of pick-up 15, is servo controlled and driven by motor 11 to follow the recorded track. Different parts of the recording may be accessed by rapidly repositioning the imaging device. Servo controlled motors 11 and 12 are driven by integrated circuit drive amplifier 20. Pick up 15 is coupled to an opto preamplifier, block 30, which includes drive circuitry for the laser illuminator. A preamplifier provides amplification and equalization of the reflected signal output from the opto pick-up device. The amplified and equalized replay signal from opto preamplifier 30 is coupled to a channel processor block 40 where the replay signal is employed to synchronize a phase locked loop which is utilized to demodulate {fraction (8/16)} modulation code employed for recording. The demodulated replay data is error corrected by means of Reed Solomon product coding which was included with the data prior to {fraction (8/16)} modulation and recording. Thus, the error corrected data signal bitstream is coupled to a bit stream, track, or mechanical buffer memory 60A. Buffer memory 60A is used to store sufficient data such that when decoded, data lost during repositioning of imaging device 15 on disk 14 is invisible. Thus buffer memory 60A allows the viewer to perceive the final output image stream as continuous or seamless, without discontinuities. Bitstream buffer memory 60A may, for example, form part of a large memory block having a capacity of, for example, 16 megabytes. Such an exemplary 16 megabyte memory block may, for example be further partitioned to form frame buffers 60C and 60D which provide storage for two decoded image frames. Prior to decoding the compressed video bit stream may be stored in buffer 60B, with an audio bit stream and other data stored in buffers 60E and 60F respectively. The channel processor (40) also provides control of reading and writing to bitstream buffer 60A. Data may be intermittently written to the bitstream buffer, as a consequence of changes in replay track addresses, for example, resulting from trick play operation, user defined replay video content such as a "Directors cut", parental guidance selection, or even user selectable alternative shot angles. To facilitate more rapid access and recovery of the recorded signal, disk 14 may be rotated at an increased speed resulting in the transduced bitstream being intermittent and having a higher bit rate. This higher speed, intermittently delivered bitstream may be effectively smoothed by writing to buffer 60A and reading out for MPEG decoding at a lower more constant rate.
The channel processor block 40 is also coupled to a servo control integrated circuit, depicted as block 50, which provides drive and control signals for servo motors 11 and 12. Motor 12 rotates disk 14 and may provide servo controlled rotation at a plurality of speeds. The positioning of opto pickup block 15 is servo controlled by motor 11, which in addition, may be controlled to rapidly reposition or jump to another track location on the disk surface.
The digital video disk player is controlled by a central processing unit or CPU, element 510 of block 500, which accepts the reproduced bitstream and error flags from channel IC 40, and provides control instructions to servo IC 50. In addition CPU 510 accepts user control commands from user interface 90, and MPEG decoder control functions from the MPEG decoder element 530 of block 500. A system buffer block 80 is addressed by and provides data to CPU 510. For example, buffer 80 may comprise both RAM and PROM memory locations. The RAM may be used to store descrambling or decryption information, bitstream and frame buffer memory management data, and navigation data extracted from the replayed bitstream. The PROM may, for example contain, pickup jump algorithms for trick play at a selection of speeds in forward and reverse directions.
The MPEG encoded bitstream is coupled from CPU 510 for separation or demultiplexing to separate audio, video and control information from the encoded bitstream. The demultiplexing may be performed in hardware or by software controlled by CPU 510. Separated compressed video bits are stored in bit buffer 60B and separated compressed audio bits are stored in buffer 60E. Certain decoded frames from each group of pictures are written to frame buffers 60C and 60D for subsequent use in deriving other frames of each GOP. Frame buffers 60C and 60D have a storage capacity of two video frames and during trick play operation are advantageously addressed to store fields from four pictures, as will be more fully described. Separated audio packets are stored in buffer 60E which is read out and coupled for audio decoding in block 110. Following MPEG or AC3 audio decoding a digitized audio signal results which is coupled to an audio post processor 130 for digital to analog conversion and generation of various base band audio signal outputs. A digital video output is coupled from decoder 100 to encoder 120 which provides digital to analog conversion and generates a baseband video components and encoded video signals.
To avoid the buffer memory requirements depicted in FIG. 3, an inventive method of frame buffer allocation is employed and is described with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. In FIG. 5 frame buffers 60C and 60D may be advantageously controlled to provide frame storage and display capabilities for I and P pictures in a forward play mode, and for reverse trick play modes be reconfigured to provide storage of single fields from four different decoded pictures. Thus, by addressing the frame buffers as field memories, the number of decoded pictures which may be stored is doubled. Frame buffers 60C and 60D are depicted in FIG. 5 as play mode frame buffers 1 and 2, and are illustrated with partial arrays of exemplary raster lines. During reverse trick play operation the exemplary raster lines may be alternately addressed to provide storage of single fields from four decoded pictures. An exemplary first or top field is depicted with diagonal shading, with an exemplary second or bottom field shown unshaded. The reconfiguration of frame buffers 60B and 60C to provide storage of four fields assumes an ability to write an individual field of memory without effecting the other field stored within the same frame buffer. Alternatively frame buffers 1 and 2, may be facilitated by blocks of random access memory with addressing controlled to provide storage of either 2 frames or individual fields from four different decoded pictures. The advantageous control to provide of storage of fields rather than frames during trick play operation may result in decreased vertical spatial resolution for certain decoded pictures.
The storage of decoded fields rather than frames may, for certain encoding predictions, require that the motion vectors, which point to the prediction source, be modified or changed to avoid spurious picture generation. Such spurious or erroneous picture generation may result if a motion vector points to a preceding prediction source, for example a field, which was not selected for storage in one of the four field buffers. The erroneous picture results because the information stored at the motion vector address is from a field which may be widely temporally separated from the information selected as a predictor during encoding. For example, FIG. 5B depicts field memories 1, 2, 3, and 4 with their respective contents during the period of output fields 4 to 10, and erroneous picture formation may be considered with reference to FIG. 7. During output field period 4, picture P(19) is to be decoded with the prediction derived from a single field of picture P(16), stored in field buffer 2. However, the motion vectors generated during MPEG encoding to describe the formation of picture P(19) from picture P(16) may point to the non-stored and discarded field of P(16). Since the single field of picture P(16) is stored adjacent to a single field of picture I(25) the motion vector requires modification to avoid erroneously pointing to a field from a widely temporally spaced picture.
The need for motion vector modification may be determined within the MPEG decoder where a motion vector flag, motion_vertical_field_select is tested for matching or parity with the predetermined stored field type, for example top or bottom field. If the field pointed to by the vector and the stored prediction field are mismatched the motion vector is modified. In a first modification method (1), an exemplary system is assumed where only bottom fields are selected for storage and the current macro-block uses frame prediction. A motion vector is represented by two components x and y, where x represents a horizontal value and y represents a vertical value. Each motion vector has a maximum value of 12 bits. To prevent a mis-match the vertical component y of the MV is changed by setting bit 0, or LSB and bit 1 to zero. Setting bit 0 to zero results in the deletion of a � pixel vertical interpolation offset. Setting bit 1 to zero ensures that the bottom field of the macro_block being decoded is predicted from the stored, exemplary bottom, prediction field, regardless of the encoded determination.
In the exemplary system storing bottom fields only, if the current macro-block employs field prediction and the motion_vertical_field_select flag=0, then prediction is to be derived from the top field. Hence to derive prediction from the bottom field requires that the flag is reset such that motion_vertical_field_select=1, then the motion vector may be used as is.
A second method (2) may be used in the exemplary system, when the stored predictor field and the field pointed to by the motion vector are mis-matched. In this second method the read address of the predictor memory is modified to repeat each line of predictions as it is read from memory.
Motion vectors may be modified in a third method (3), which employs arithmetic scaling of the motion vector horizontal and vertical components x and y. FIG. 5C illustrates a series of pictures where a macro-block MB4 is to be decoded using motion vectors (x4,y4), in the bottom field of picture 4, and must be decoded with prediction from the stored bottom field of picture 1. If macro-block MB4 is field predicted and the motion_vertical_field_select flag=0, indicating prediction from the top field and, since only the bottom field of picture 1 is stored, the motion vector must be modified. The modified motion vector may be calculated for prediction from the bottom field by scaling in proportion to the temporal differences between the respective fields. This scaling method assumes that image motion between fields was linear. The scaling calculation is as follows where (x,y) represent the transmitted motion vector and (x′,y′) the modified value;
For example, in FIG. 5C there are two B-frames between the current field and the prediction field thus,
Having scaled the transmitted motion vector to produce MVs (x′,y′) the motion_vertical_field_select flag is set to 1. If the exemplary macro-block MB4, had been frame predicted then method (1) is simpler to implement, and since there is no temporal difference between predictions from top or bottom fields, the resulting image may be substantially free of visible image impairments.
In a fourth method (4), motion vectors (x4,y4) for the exemplary macro-block MB4 may be modified, subject to certain constraints, by substitution of MVs from a preceding macro-block of the field currently decoding. FIG. 5D illustrates the macro-blocks which adjoin exemplary macro-block MB4. If field prediction is used for exemplary macro-block MB4 and the motion vector for constructing MB4 points to the previous top field, then the motion vector from macro-block MB2 may be used if MB2 was coded using motion compensation. However, if macro-block MB2 was frame_predicted then its vertical motion vector component must be divided by 2. In addition, if macro-block MB2 was field_predicted its motion vector may only be used if the bottom field of macro-block MB2 was predicted from a bottom field of the previous frame. Macro-block MB3 may also provide a substitute motion vector for macro-block MB4 providing it was coded using motion compensation. Hence, if MV substitution is permissible, the motion_vertical_field_select flag is set to 1. These substitution methods of motion vector modification within the current picture are computationally simple to implement and simulation indicates usefulness in reducing the visibility of block distortion in scene areas with low spatial frequency content.
The need to modify a motion vector may be readily determined as described previously by comparison between the stored predictor field and the field pointed to by the motion vector. However, determination of, or selection between the modification methods to be employed may be facilitated adaptively during replay on a macro_block basis. Such adaptive determination of MV modification method may be provided by monitoring the status of headers within the MPEG bit stream. For example, an indication of the material origin may be obtained from frame_rate_value present in the sequence header. For example, a frame rate of 24 fps indicates that the material is of film origin. Thus with film origination and frame based prediction, the first method (1) may be employed to produce images largely free of visual impairments. Such largely error free performance results because, although the modified motion vector now points to the wrong field, top or bottom, the actual object or image element to be constructed may be spatially mislocated by a raster line pitch or less. For example, in picture 1 of FIG. 5C during time period t1, if macro_block MB1 is derived from film, its position during time period t2 has changed by a raster line pitch or less because both top and bottom fields were derived from a common image, resulting from a single temporal event. Hence image displacement due to inter field motion cannot exist.
A further adaptive control indicator for MV modification may utilize a sequence_extension located within the sequence_header of the MPEG video bit stream. The sequence_extension contains a progressive_sequence flag which, if set to 1 indicates that the original source material was progressively scanned. Thus this encoded indication of a progressively scanned image source may be employed to select method 1, or 2 for motion vector modification. However, detection of an interlaced image source, ie. progressive_sequence flag set to 0, may direct the modification choice to method 3 or method 4. For example, in picture 1 of FIG. 5C during time period t1, if the macro_block located by MB1 is derived from a television camera, its position at time period t2 may have changed considerably more than a raster line pitch, as depicted by the arrow showing its movement to a new position located by MB2. In a TV camera, and especially one with CCD imagers, top and bottom fields are likely to be exposed separately, possibly having exposure periods of less than one field, thus guaranteeing that any motion within the scene will be visibly different between top and bottom fields.
Methods 1 and 2 are simple to implement and probably most useful in scene areas of low spatial frequency content, for example, the sky. Although method 4 appears the simplest form of modification, freedom from visible impairments may be achieved only when adjacent macro_blocks contain similar image content. In addition method 4 may only be employed following evaluation of the adjacent macro_block type. Although method 3 is more computationally complex than the other methods, simulated results indicate that fewer prediction errors are visible when compared with method 4 on scenes with moderate to high spatial frequency content.
A further method for adaptive control may be based on content similarly within adjoining or adjacent macro_blocks. Adaptive selection of motion vector modification may be derived from classification of the spatial frequency content represented by the discrete cosine transform coefficients within each macro_block of intra coded pictures For example, adjoining macro_blocks MB2 and MB3 of FIG. 5D may be analyzed for spatial frequency content by grouping coefficients representing energy occurring horizontally, vertically and diagonally within each macro_block. An average high frequency content is calculated for each direction, together with a ratio of minimum to maximum values for each direction. The average high frequency content values may be used to separate macro_blocks into groups representing high and low content of spatial frequencies. The high content group may be further classified to form either texture or edge macro_blocks. For example, a texture, or second type macro_block, may be representative of an image of a grill or repetitive pattern which yields a rich source of high frequency content. An edge or third type macro_block, although having significant content of high spatial frequency components, the content may be representative of an image containing an edge transition and thus may not be present in more than one block direction. Classification may be performed by comparison of the calculated average parameter values against threshold values, for example, a macro_block may be classified as smooth or first type, if the average high frequency content for each direction is less than predetermined threshold values. A texture, or second type macro_block, may be identified if the average high frequency content for each direction is greater than the predetermined threshold values, the minimum content value for each direction is greater than a second predetermined value, and the ratio of minimum to maximum content values for each direction exceed a third threshold value. Macro_blocks which fail classification as either smooth or texture may be identified as edge or third type macro_blocks.
FIG. 6 is an exemplary flow chart depicting one method for characterizing the spatial frequency content of each macro_block. In FIG. 6, a method is shown where DCT coefficient values are analyzed, as described previously, by means of a parallel processing operation. However, such processing may well be performed in a sequential manner with the results of each directional analysis stored temporarily prior to block type classification. As described previously, the results of threshold processing at steps 215, 255 and 275 are combined at steps 220, 260 and 280 respectively to generate the macro_block classification types which are then stored for subsequent use to adaptively determine selection of motion vector modification method. For example, if either macro_blocks, for example MB2, MB3 of FIG. 5D, of the predictor field adjacent to the target, or currently, decoding macro_block are classified as smooth then MV modification methods 1 or 4 may be employed. If the adjacent macro_blocks are classified as edge blocks then methods 1, 2 or 3 may be selected. Texture classified adjacent blocks may cause the selection of either methods 1 or 2.
During MPEG encoding motion vectors may be derived from the temporally nearest anchor I or P picture. If macro_block MB4 in P-picture 4 of FIG. 5C is considered, prediction will be derived from I-picture 1. If I-picture 1 originated on film there will be little difference between predictions from the image or fields occurring at time t1 and time t2. However, if the original picture source was an interlaced scanning CCD camera, considerable differences may exist between fields at times t1 and t2. Thus, with reference to macro-block MB4, an encoder prediction is statistically more likely to be derived from picture 1 time t2 since this bottom field picture is, for example, approximately 1/60 second closer temporally to picture 4, occurring at time t8. In addition, since motion may occur and be captured between times t1 and t2 of picture 1, the picture occurring during at time t2 has a higher probability of matching or providing a better basis for derivation for macro-block MB4. Thus, if decoder memory size is constrained to store only single field predictors then, in view of the forgoing observation, selection of bottom fields for storage offers a greater probability that encoded motion vectors will be derived from a preceding bottom field. For example, macro-block MB4 has a greater probability of prediction from picture 1 time t2 than time t1. Thus the selection of only bottom fields for storage may greatly reduce or largely obviate the need to modify motion vector values when storing single fields as predictors.
In a further method, spurious picture decoding in trick modes may be avoided by advantageously encoding disks to facilitate trick mode reproduction. For example, during MPEG encoding motion vector generation may be constrained to only one field, namely the single field which is stored during trick play operation. Obviously such an encoding constraint on motion vector generation requires a similar constraint in the decoder which must store the same field. The constraint of motion vector generation to a single field in film derived material may not result in reduced compression efficiency, for example, as represented by a reduction in program minutes on a disk. However, with TV originated material, where significant motion may exist between interlaced fields, such a single field constraint on motion vector generation may result in some loss of program length per disk as a result of less efficient compression. A loss of program length or compression efficiency may be advantageously avoided by separately encoding sets of motion vectors specifically for use during trick play operation. This extra, or redundantly encoded data requires disk space, however, since these trick play motion vectors enable decoding at temporal rates greater than normal play speed they represent a proportionately smaller amount of data. For example, at three times play speed the number of trick play motion vectors is at least one third that of play speed operation. In addition, as described earlier, such trick play motion vectors would be generated only when the encoder selects prediction from a non-stored field, thus further reducing the amount data to be redundantly recorded. In addition, three times speed trick play motion vectors may be advantageously employed at other trick play speeds, for example at six times speed.
Decoders for MPEG signal streams have been proposed which have sufficient processing speed to decode an entire frame during the period of one field. In addition such decoders may employ only two frame buffers to facilitate decoding in the forward direction, for example, at normal play speed. In such decoders two reference pictures or frames, for example I or P, may be stored from which B-frames may be decoded. Thus, to enable B-frame decoding a with only two frame memories requires that the decoder construct the B-frame within a TV field period. Such decoding of B-frames without storage is also known as "decoding on the fly" and this decoding capability assumed in the following example. Furthermore, if computational complexity is considered during MPEG decoding, of the three types of MPEG frames, B-frame decoding represents the greatest processing task. Hence, since it is assumed that B-frames may be decoded within a field interval and without storage, it will be further assumed that I and P frames may also be decoded within a field period.
FIG. 7 is a chart which illustrates a trick play mode operating in the reverse direction at three times play speed. The chart illustrates an advantageous utilization of an MPEG decoder and two frame buffer memories organized to store individual fields from four decoded MPEG frames. The exemplary chart has columns which represent MPEG coded I-frames or pictures and P frames or pictures. The I and P pictures comprise groups of pictures or GOPs A, B and C In this example only I frames and P frames are decoded, hence only these are illustrated. FIG. 7 depicts a sequence of 25 encoded pictures, with the picture number indicated in parentheses. The decoder requirements will be explained in more detail later. The chart shown in FIG. 7 illustrates trick play reproduction at 3 times play speed in reverse for a video sequence with a 12 frame GOP structure for example, IBBPBBPBBPBB. It is assumed that the video was recorded at a film frame rate of 24 frames/second. Thus, since exemplary FIG. 7 illustrates operation at 3 times play speed, 10 output fields must be generated and displayed for each GOP in order to produce an NTSC standard TV frame rate of nominally 30 frames per second. Chart columns represent I and P pictures in two consecutive GOPs and are listed in forward display order from left to right. The far right column indicates the output field number. The vertical axis of the chart represents time in units of field periods.
The symbols used in FIG. 7 are as follows:
The notation of an uppercase D in a box signifies that the picture at the head of the column containing the box is decoded during the period of the field represented by the row containing that box.
The notation D>i, where i may be 1, 2, 3, or 4, signifies that one field of the picture being decoded is written into field buffer i and the other decoded field is discarded, (field buffers 1, 2, 3, and 4 are shown in FIG. 5).
The notation D>i,j, where i,j may be either 1,2 or 3,4 signifies that both two fields of the picture being decoded are written into field buffers i and j.
The notation Pi, where i may be 1, 2, 3, or 4 indicates that the predictions for both fields of the picture being decoded are obtained from field buffer i.
The notation Pi,j, where i,j may be either 1,2 or 3,4, indicates that the predictions are obtained from field buffers i and j.
The notation di within a box indicates that a field from the picture represented by the column containing that box, was stored in field buffer i and is displayed during the field period represented by the row containing that box.
With reference to FIG. 7, the exemplary reverse decoding process is initiated at picture I(25), time t0 and is designated output field period 1. Picture I(25) is decoded and written into field buffers 1 and 2. Also during field period 1, one field of picture I(25) is displayed. If the decoder is not capable of concurrently decoding, displaying, and writing a field to memory, the display operation may be delayed by 1/60 second or 1 field. The capability of decoding a field, displaying it, and writing it to memory within the same field period is not required at any other time during this exemplary reverse replay mode. During output field period 2, picture I(13) is decoded and written into field buffers 3 and 4, while the second field of picture I(25) is displayed. To obtain picture I(13) the transducer is repositioned to the preceding GOP and data is recovered from the disk. This data representing I(13) is stored in the track or mechanical buffer until required by the MPEG decoder. In the following description it will be assumed that pictures required for decoding have been recovered from the disk and buffered as previously described. During output field period 3, a field from picture I(25) which was stored in field buffer 1 is displayed. Concurrently picture P(16) is decoded, one field of which is written into field buffer 2 and the other field is discarded. The predictors for decoding picture P(16) are obtained from field buffers 3 and 4. During output field period 4, picture P(19) is decoded. One field from picture P(19) is written into field buffer 4 and the other field is discarded. Concurrently with decoding frame P(19), a field from picture I(25), from field buffer 1, is displayed for a final time.
Picture P(19) must be decoded with predictors derived from the single field of picture P(16), stored in field buffer 2. However, the motion vectors generated during MPEG encoding which describe the formation of picture P(19) from picture P(16) may point to the discarded field of P(16). Thus, since each frame buffer may contain fields from widely temporally spaced pictures, the motion vector may require modification, as previously described, to avoid the reconstruction of a largely erroneous picture. FIG. 5B depicts the contents of field buffers 1 to 4 during output fields 4 to 10 (of FIG. 7) and illustrates pictures having a wide temporal spacing. Spurious picture decoding may be avoided during reverse trick play by modifying the motion vectors to provide predictions specific to the stored field of the preceding reference picture, for example frame P(16) of FIG. 7. The various methods described previously may be adaptively selected whenever a discarded field is selected as a predictor.
During output field period 5, picture P(22) is decoded using the single field from P(19), stored in buffer 4 for prediction. As described, the motion vectors may require adaptation. One field of picture P(22) is displayed as it is decoded. In output field period 6, picture P(22) is decoded for a second time by repeating the P(22) bitstream by manipulation of the read address of bitstream buffer 60A. During picture P(22) decoding, one field is coupled for display and neither field is stored. During output field periods 7 through 10, fields from pictures P(19) and P(16), stored in field buffers 4 and 2 respectively, are displayed. At some time after output field period 7 the transducer is repositioned to read picture I(1) which stored in bitstream buffer 60A. However, at field period 11, frame buffer 2 becomes available and I(1) of the next preceding GOP (A) is decoded and written into field buffers 1 and 2. Output field 11 is derived and displayed from picture I(13), stored in field buffer 3. The process described above is then repeated to decode the remainder of GOP (A).
Reverse trick play at six times play speed is illustrated in FIG. 8A. A recorded sequence of slightly more than two groups of pictures is shown with I and P frames, or pictures, indicated at the top edge and B frames shown towards the bottom. As previously described the pictures within each GOP must be decoded in sequence starting from the I picture, for example I(1), I(13) or I(25). Hence, to produce reverse image motion requires a control sequence which jumps back and plays forward to recover and store the constituent pictures of each GOP, which are then read out in reverse order. In this exemplary trick play sequence only I and P pictures are decoded. The jump back and play forward sequence for six times reverse play back is depicted starting at time t0 which may be arranged to be an I picture. Arrow J1 is shown pointing from picture I(25) to picture I(13) which represents the next preceding I frame. Picture I(13) is decoded and the result stored. Arrow J2 jumps forward in the GOP sequence from picture I(13) to picture P(16) which is decoded using I(13) as the predictor. The decoded result from picture P(16) is stored to provide a predictor for picture P(19) which is located by arrow J3. Thus, having decoded and stored picture P(19) reverse playback may commence as shown in the display sequence where the stored pictures are read out in reverse of the stored order. It will be noted that, although picture P(16) was stored to provide a predictor, it is not required in the six times play speed display sequence. Having decoded, stored and outputted GOP B, arrow Jn jumps back to the next preceding group of pictures (GOP A) and points to picture I(1). The method described above is repeated yielding the reverse picture display sequence shown in FIG. 8A.
The chart illustrated in FIG. 8B shows a method which utilizes four field stores to facilitate reverse trick play at six times normal speed. The chart columns represent I and P pictures in consecutive 12 frame GOPs (A, B and C of FIG. 8A), listed in forward display order from left to right. The right side column indicates output field number. The vertical axis of the chart represents time in units of field periods. The chart symbols have the same meaning as described for FIG. 7 and the decoder has the same properties as previously discussed.
In FIG. 8B reverse trick play is initiated at picture I(25) of GOP C. Picture I(25) is decoded and stored in field memories 1 and 2 and concurrently one field is displayed as output field 1. At output field 2 the other stored field from decoded picture I(25) is displayed. During the period of output field 2, the transducer is repositioned from the track containing picture I(25) to the track containing picture I(13) of the preceding GOP (B), which is transduced and stored in exemplary track buffer 60A. The use of track buffer permits a temporal disconnection between replay signal transduction and picture data read out for decoding. Hence obtaining a picture may represent either track or buffer readout. Picture I(13) is decoded and stored in field memories 3 and 4. However, output field 3, which represents the last use of picture I(25), is read from field memory 1. Concurrently with the display of output field 3, picture P(16) is obtained and decoded using both fields of picture I(13) as a predictors. A only one field from decoded picture P(16) is stored in field memory 2 the other is discarded. At output field 4 the advantageous decoding property is employed where concurrently, picture P(19) is obtained and decoded by prediction from the single stored field of picture P(16), and a single field from picture P(19) is output as field 4. Output field 5 is obtained by reading memory 2, which contains the single field of picture P(16). During output field 5, picture P(1) of GOP A is obtained, decoded and stored in field memories 1 and 2.
At output field 6 one field of picture I(13) is read from memory 3, and output as field 6. During output field 6, picture P(4) is obtained, decoded and stored in memory 4, using predictions from both fields of picture I(1). Output field 7 is derived by reading the other field of picture P(13) from memory 4. During output field 7, picture P(7) is obtained, decoded and stored in memory 2 with prediction from the stored field of picture P(4). At output field 8, the advantageous decoding property is repeated where concurrently picture P(10) is obtained, decoded with prediction from picture P(7), and output to form output field 8. Output field 9 is read from field memory 2 which contains the single field of picture P(7), and output field 10 is obtained from memory 4 which contains picture P(4). Output fields 11 and 12 are read from field memories 1 and 2 respectively which contain decoded picture P(1).
Patent Citations
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text:
Olivia is 9 months and will not take a sippy or bottle I want to wean her at 11 months so my Ped said to start taking some feeding away and giving her a sippy or bottle of breast milk to get he rready she will not take it. Help I am going insane. Please give me ideas and pointers.
She will not take a Sippy or Bottle HELP
i have been goignt hrought he smae thing! i ahve also ONLY nursed her so she never took bottles or sippy cups. i finally tried to feed her in a normal cup and it worked! i am plannign to keep giving her water and juice to her in normal cups (continue tryignt new sippy cups) and then when she turns one slowly cut down on nursing. this way she will be used to normal cups (atleast) when i wean her.
Try straw sippy cups. Not sure if it due to nursing, but my DD is an ace at the straw cups and loves them. She took to it immediately, unlike the traditionals which she played with and tried dumping. Plus they aren't half as messy as traditional.
KAT ~ 2 girls: Naya '03, Aubrey '06, now a boy! Logan: May 28/09!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Capitalism: Derailed, Dumbed-Down or Deceased?
by Rob Kirby, Kirby Analytics. November 19, 2007
When the Berlin Wall fell back in November 1989, many in the west looked upon the event as being symbolic of the triumph of Capitalism over Communism. Remember the warm and fuzzy feeling?
Our collective attention, albeit for a brief moment, was redirected toward the great debate of how the peace dividend would be spent.
The peace dividend is a political slogan popularized by US President George H.W. Bush and UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in the early 1990s, purporting to describe the economic benefit of a decrease in defense spending.
With the United States mired in conflict[s] throughout the Middle East, some of you might now be wondering if indeed there ever really was a "peace dividend."
If we take a cursory look at "official government numbers" [see below], we can empirically see that YES, there has been a discernable peace dividend with the defense budget dropping from the 6 – 8% range to the high 3% range of GDP:
Source: The Heritage Foundation
Or has there?
The Beauty of Off-Balance Sheet Accounting
What the little picture above does not show is how much of the current Middle East conflict[s] are being financed;
A significant chunk of Federal spending is so far "Off Balance Sheet" that it would make the CFO of Enron blush. Its not just the war in Iraq funded via special legislation; The other major expense is FEMA. This "Emergency" spending on an ad hoc basis makes the deficit appear smaller than it really is.
What this really means, folks, is that the real defense budget, like Consumer Price Inflation [CPI] is MUCH LARGER than official statistics would have us believe.
But why would anyone want to deceive us?
To answer this question, I direct your attention to none other than rep. Ron Paul (R), currently running for the nomination to be the Republican Party's candidate for President of the United States of America (from a speech delivered in the House of Representatives on July 9, 2002):
"It is now commonplace and politically correct to blame what is referred to as the excesses of capitalism for the economic problems we face, and especially for the Wall Street fraud that dominates the business news. Politicians are having a field day with demagoguing the issue while, of course, failing to address the fraud and deceit found in the budgetary shenanigans of the federal government - for which they are directly responsible. Instead, it gives the Keynesian crowd that run the show a chance to attack free markets and ignore the issue of sound money."
So, just who are these "Keynesians" who seem to be such ardent proponents of unsound money, anyway?
Well, let's just say that they are not capitalists. As Dr. Paul points out,
"Capitalism should not be condemned, since we haven't had capitalism. A system of capitalism presumes sound money, not fiat money manipulated by a central bank. Capitalism cherishes voluntary contracts and interest rates that are determined by savings, not credit creation by a central bank. It's not capitalism when the system is plagued with incomprehensible rules regarding mergers, acquisitions, and stock sales, along with wage controls, price controls, protectionism, corporate subsidies, international management of trade, complex and punishing corporate taxes, privileged government contracts to the military-industrial complex, and a foreign policy controlled by corporate interests and overseas investments. Add to this centralized federal mismanagement of farming, education, medicine, insurance, banking and welfare. This is not capitalism!"
So, if we're to believe Dr. Paul, it seems that "core" to where we find ourselves economically speaking is unbridled credit creation [fiat currency] and fiat money's chief advocate – Central Banking.
But doesn't Central Banking and Capitalism go hand-in-hand?
The answer is a resounding no!
To wrap one's mind around this fact, they need look no further than the words and thought of Edward Mandell House, chief advisor of President Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921:
House was a Marxist whose goal was to socialize the Untied States. In 1912, House wrote the book "Philip Dru: Administrator" in which he stated that he was working for "Socialism as dreamed of by Karl Marx." In this book, House laid out a plan for the conquest of America, telling how both the Democratic and Republican Parties would be controlled, and be used as instruments in the creation of a socialistic government. And he asked for the establishment of a state-controlled central bank, which were both proposed in "The Communist Manifesto". And it was in 1913, during the very first year of the House-dominated Wilson Administration, that both of these proposals became law. The Federal Reserve Act was passed, which brought into power a private central bank to create the money of the United States, taking this power away from the united States Congress. And the 16th Amendment to the United States Constitution, the graduated income tax as proposed by Karl Marx, was also ratified.
You see folks, Central Banking is, and always has been, a key tenet of Communism — not Capitalism.
This is reality.
Now I ask you all; is it really any wonder that in a world increasingly dominated and controlled by the tentacles of Central Banking [i.e. the Federal Reserve] – that American jobs have been systematically outsourced, currency, institutions and Constitution debased, all seemingly to the benefit of a Communist country – China?
Makes you wonder what would have happened if the good guys had lost the Cold War, eh?
Today's Market
Overseas equities began the week on a sour note with Japan's Nikkei Index falling 112 points to close at 15,042. North American markets did not fare well either with the DOW off 217.90 to 12,958.90, the NASDAQ falling 43.86 to 2,593.38 and the S & P giving up 25.45 to 1,433.35. NYMEX crude oil futures gained .94 to end the day at 94.78 per barrel.
Interest rates were sharply lower with the benchmark 5 yr. bond falling 12 basis points to 3.56% while the 10 yr. bond eased 8 basis points to 4.07%.
On foreign exchange markets the U.S. Dollar Index gave up .03 to end the day at 75.81.
The precious metals complex was pummeled with COMEX gold futures losing 8.90 to 778.00 per ounce while COMEX silver futures lost .31 to 14.22 per ounce. The XAU lost 8.54 to 164.13 while the HUI gave up 13.82 to 398.22.
On tap for tomorrow, at 8:30 a.m. Oct. Building Permit data is due, expected 1210K vs. 1261K. Also at 8:30 a.m. Oct. Housing Starts data is due, expected 1200K vs. 1191K. Then at 2:00 p.m. FOMC is due to release the minutes from their Oct. 31 meeting on interest rates.
Wishing you all a pleasant evening and a very happy Thanksgiving!
Rob Kirby
© 2007 Rob Kirby
Contact Information
Rob Kirby | Proprietor, Kirby Analytics Newsletter - Proprietary Macroeconomic Research
Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Observations | FSU Editorials | E-mail


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You must earn 10,000 points to post other members' whiteboard
You're in the position you were a week ago. I'm back to where I was 46 days ago. Grrrrrummmp!
Thanks for your post! :) Hope you're having a great week!
Congratulations on posting for 1200 consecutive
days, that's real commitment. May 2014 bring you and yours peace and joy. .YB.
Congratulations on having the perseverance to post for 1,200 consecutive days. Have a Wonderful 2014! Warren :)
Congratulations on reaching 1200 consecutive days! ~Jim
Wishing you and your family all the warmth this Holiday Season has to offer. Have a wonderful Christmas and a Happy New Year filled with peace and joy. Robert
Hey Good Buddy, Have a safe Holiday season, Merry Christmas and Happy New year. keep up the good work. It good to have long time friends
From my home to yours, wishing you a very Merry Christmas and Happy New Year!
Congratulations on posting for 1100 days consecutively. that's dedication, YB Shep
Thank you, I see you made it a while back, congrats!


text:
TouchlessTM Fulfillment
IAM Robotics has created a breakthrough in distribution center automation. Our TouchlessTM piece picking technology enables machines to see and pick items within your existing warehouse infrastructure. The result is a quantum leap in productivity and reliability for your business without expensive and time consuming installation.
System Benefits
- Fast, accurate, WMS-directed piece picking
- Reliable order fulfillment day in, day out
- Lower capital investment than traditional automation
- Flexibility to use and change your infrastructure
- Maintain operations through low-effort installation
Robots can do what you do now, plus:
- Verify correct slotting – You know something is out of place before shipping.
- Automatic tracking – You can to keep accurate records of each pick.
- Continuous operation – Your facility can work round the clock.
Attention Visionaries:
We'll integrate and support the fast robots. The revolutionary applications are all you:
Pharmaceuticals, Health and Beauty Distribution
Our solution works best for small products in solid containers. Over-the-counter goods and prescription drugs are just the right size, shape and weight for robotic piece picking. Up to 90% of the goods in your warehouse can work with our system. This means that most of your inventory can take advantage of low-cost automation.
Third Party Logistics (3PL)
Operational reliability is critical for your customers and your business thrives on efficiency. Within such a large industry its hard to move the needle in your favor. Intelligent automated manipulation is a game-changer that allows you to directly address your biggest costs. Be one of the first to gain this strategic advantage.
Store Pickup
Consider this, retail stores are distribution centers where the customers do the picking for free. Americans spend about one hour each week grocery shopping. If all that time had to be paid for it would cost well over 100 billion dollars per year. Give your customers their time back and let our robots pick most of their order at a price everyone can afford. Items picked from the store are ready in hours not days.


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"A good therapist can help you to change. I work with a variety of clients--adult women and men, teens, gay and straight couples--to help people change what isn't working in their lives. And I try to do so with a large dose of humor and compassion. But I'm not the right therapist for everyone. Consider coming in for an initial session to see if we might work well together.
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"Integrate and discover the blocks that are standing in your way of experiencing joy, freedom and connected relationships. Learn how somatic psychotherapy can increase sense of self through the examination of cognitive processes, bodily sensations and the bi-directional relationship of our body-mind connection. Whether you are stuggling with the specific symptoms of a trauma or seeking to expand your capacity to cope with overwhelm and stress, I believe that you have an innate capacity for healing. To learn more about my process and the ways in which we would work together, please visit my website, www.onsomaticground.com
(512) 402-6757
Verified by Psychology Today
Audrey Parker Gonzalez
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, MSSW, LCSW, RYT
"Therapy provides a safe place for clients to gain a sense of empowerment in their ability to attain mutuality, respect, hope, empathy, intimacy, and communication with self and others. I work with adults, adolescents, children, couples and families to treat various challenges and their effects on social, occupational and academic functioning. My psychodynamic treatment focuses on developing intimacy with self and other in the context of relationship, inclusive of multicultural implications for women's issues, men's issues, racial issues, and socioeconomic issues. I believe that as people discover their authentic selves through self acceptance, they become more capable of finding happiness.
(512) 417-2292
Verified by Psychology Today
Andrea M Zeddies
Psychologist, PhD
"I maintain a part-time private practice in Austin specializing in autism evaluations and assessment of developmental disabilities, aptitude, learning disabilities, sensory processing disorder, and behavioral disorders. I also provide parent consultations and conduct mothers' support groups. I have worked closely with People's Community Clinic, Austin Independent School District, Austin-Travis County MHMR, and the Developmental Assessment Program at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, as well as providing consultation services for pediatricians and family practice physicians in the Austin community.
(512) 337-4658
Verified by Psychology Today
Nancy Willbern
Counselor, PhD
"'Ring the bells that still can ring; forget your perfect offering; there is a crack in everything; it's how the light gets in.' (Leonard Cohen) When clients come in with cracks in their lives, I am committed to pointing towards the light. I love my job. Although I am educated and experienced in classical psychotherapeutic theory and practice, I have a spiritual foundation to my work. I encourage my clients to connect to an inner, Loving Wisdom -- and I am committed to doing the same. It is through that connection that we both are healed.
(512) 649-0429
Verified by Psychology Today
John Williams
Clinical Social Work/Therapist, LCSW
"I believe in the basic goodness of man kind and the client's right to self-determination. We are all doing the best we can. Sometimes experiences from the past affect our present and we need help in clarifying the differences, accepting our past and our present self. You deserve to live your life fully present.
(512) 354-7938
Verified by Psychology Today
Anne Delisle Dorman
Counselor, LPC
"Over the years I have come to enjoy working with a variety of clients. I work with children ages 2 through adolescence utilizing play therapy as one of my modalities. I also see adults for individual issues including anxiety, depression, parenting, and relationship issues. My practice includes working with couples assisting them in recognizing the problem cycles that get created and hopefully learning to build intimacy and connection. Since I work with children, families are a part of my practice as well-I see each individual as an integral part of the whole.
(512) 309-0915
Verified by Psychology Today
Cynthia Benton
Psychiatrist, MD
"Cynthia Benton, M.D. provides psychopharmacology and/or psychotherapy services for adult patients in her private practice in Austin, Texas. She completed medical school at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas and completed her residency in psychiatry at the University of California at San Francisco. She is board certified in General Adult Psychiatry by the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. She has served as adjunct clinical faculty at both the University of California at San Francisco and at the Austin Medical Education Programs.
(512) 843-7026
Verified by Psychology Today
Nancy K Brown
Counselor, MAHS, LPC-S
"Are you looking for more clarity in your life? Are you caught in a cycle of stress and sadness, distraction and restlessness? You *can* feel better! Together,we can identify and clarify old, unhelpful thoughts & behaviors.Through identifying assumptions and core beliefs, you learn new resources to cope in more useful and adaptive ways to achieve a more satisfying life. I utilize mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), a problem solving, present-centered approach. As an artist, I understand that the inclusion of creative therapies can promote a whole-person approach. With 20+ years experience in Human Resources, I also bring a real-world perspective.
(512) 772-3931
Verified by Psychology Today
Michael Hegener
Counselor, MA, LPC, CGP, FAGPA
"In 16 years of practicing psychotherapy, I have heard people describe many reasons for seeking help. In essence all of these people are expressing two essential needs: getting to know themselves better and a desire to have better relationships. I believe that psychotherapy helps people to achieve these goals by deepening their emotional awareness and their knowledge about effectively getting their needs met in relationships with others, both personal and professional. As people learn more about their emotional needs, they become more alive. This aliveness then brings vitality into their interactions with others and those relationships become more resilient and satisfying
(512) 368-7200
Verified by Psychology Today
Austin Counseling Connection, PLLC
Clinical Social Work/Therapist
"The ideal client is a client who comes to therapy with a strong desire to create growth. This client can be struggling with anxiety, depression, relational challenges, stress of various types, grief and loss, or simply wishing to understand their own process better. Therapy is a process that enlists the mutual trust and respect of the client and the therapist to create new perspective and new experiences to heal old wounds and patterns.
(512) 861-2868
Verified by Psychology Today
JoAnn Ponder
Psychologist, PhD
"I'm JoAnn Ponder, psychologist in private practice. I earned my Ph.D. in educational psychology in 1998, but started practicing with my M.A. in 1977. I have over 30 years of experience in working with children and adults in inpatient and outpatient treatment. I've had postgraduate training in play therapy, sandplay, infant-parent intervention, family/couples therapy, and child/adult psychoanalysis. Research has demonstrated that early experiences with significant others affect brain structure; foster individuation, self-esteem, and emotional regulation; and serve as templates for subsequent interpersonal relationships.
(361) 433-5958
Verified by Psychology Today
Cerece Rosenthal
Psychologist, PsyD
"Our lives are made vibrant through our relationships and connections with others. In times of stress, depression, anxiety/fear, relationships become strained, self-esteem suffers and daily life becomes difficult and overwhelming. Therapy can provide a healing relationship where you can learn, change and gain new perspectives on yourself and your difficulties. We will collaborate to create a safe environment where powerful change can happen through a non-judgmental working relationship that offers healing, support and growth. By asking questions, compassionately challenging perceptions and providing guidance, my goal is to help you gain new insight to find your own solutions.
(512) 337-1015
Not enough Therapists to choose from?
Try expanding your search for Therapists in Del Valle to a larger area (e.g. Travis County, Texas)
How can I tell if a therapist is right for me?
Therapists in Del Valle have broad skills and are able to work with a wide range of issues.
For example, if you're seeking a marriage counselor in Del Valle you'll find that most therapists are trained in marriage counseling or couples counseling in Del Valle and couples therapy. And they welcome families for family counseling in Del Valle or family therapy in Del Valle.
What method of therapy is right for me?
When it comes to treatment methods, there's no "right way". A couples counselor or a family counselor may use different treatment methods depending on the one that works best for you.
How to use my insurance?
Many therapists accept health insurance. Check to see if your insurance is covered. Feel free to discuss this when you contact the therapist.


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Teaching Kids About Tornadoes and Helping Others
Tuesday, May 21st, 2013
Chances are if you've been keeping up with the news about the tornado damage following yesterday's twister that caused widespread devastation in Moore, Oklahoma, your kids are probably asking questions about tornadoes. It's a great time to seize upon the teachable moment for a science lesson about tornadoes and to talk about ways your family might be able to help those affected.
What is a tornado? The definition of what a tornado is should depend on the age of your child. According to Weather WizKids, a tornado is a "violent rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground." Younger children need simple explanations with concrete examples so illustrate this by rotating a household funnel. National Geographic Kids has an easy to understand video for kids called Forces of Nature: Tornadoes 101. Older children will want more in-depth information and may have questions about tornado-related vocabulary that can be answered through the glossary of tornado terms on EnchantedLearning.com.
Are there different types of tornadoes? Yes, there various kinds and shapes of tornadoes. Tornadoes can also appear to be different colors! The different or kinds of tornadoes and their cousins are described on The Weather Channel Kids! and pictures of some types of tornadoes can be found on ThinkQuest.org.
How does it form? Tornadoes form in complex weather conditions, usually when two large air masses of varying temperatures collide. RiaNovosti has a great graphic showing tornado formation but younger ages will probably understand the animation of formation and destruction of a tornado on ThinkQuest.org.
What's more dangerous? A hurricane or a tornado? According to Scholastic.com, hurricanes take days to develop whereas tornadoes tend to develop quickly but it's hard to determine which is more dangerous.
Will a tornado hit where we live? It depends. According to National Earth Science Teachers Association's Windows to the Universe site, 75% of tornadoes happen in the United States. Most of these occur in the Great Plains, a place that weather watchers call "Tornado Alley." Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana comprise Tornado Alley and while tornadoes are common in these states, it does not mean that they can't occur in other states.
Are we safe? It's always a good idea to make sure everyone in your family knows your emergency plan for any disaster that could strike. The Federal Emergency Management Agency's Ready.gov page on tornadoes has information about how to prepare before a tornado, what to do if your area is under a tornado warning, and what to do after. Ready.gov's Family Emergency Plan is a free, printable PDF that can be filled out so family member's names, healthcare information, etc. is in one place and easiy accessible.
How can we help? Not only is a great time to teach your kids about tornadoes and review your family emergency plan, but it's an excellent time to reinforce charitable acts by figuring out how you can help. Type A Parents' How to Help the Oklahoma Tornado Victims by Kelby Carr shares ways families can offer assistance. Talk as a family and choose a method that works well for you or come up with a strategy to raise money for those affected.
Tornado about to make damage via ShutterstockAdd a Comment
Tags: charitable acts, helping others, natural disasters, tornadoes | Categories: Education, Must Read, Tech Savvy Parents, Website


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Latest Headlines
Royster and Mac lead PSU past Michigan
Posted on 31 Oct 2010 by Stephanie Geosits.
There is joy in Happy Valley. After sputtering and struggling all season, Evan Royster finally put up a huge game and fill-in quarterback Matt McGloin (or Mac as Joe Paterno calls him) made a case for no longer being a backup. Royster ran for 150 yards and two touchdowns, while McGloin threw for 250 yards and a TD. More to the point, Paterno said his team "didn't do anything silly out the...
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Tough Road Ahead: SU-WVU Preview
Posted on 20 Oct 2010 by Beth Ann Clyde.
The bad news: After a sobering 45-14 loss to Pittsburgh last weekend, Syracuse must travel to Morgantown to face the toast of the Big East, #20/20 West Virginia. The good news: For the second week in a row, no one in Orange got injured. I'm not sure if this is good news or bad news, but this means the same guys that were on the field against Pitt and USF will be back for Saturday's matchu...
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Steelers eat Brownies!
Posted on 18 Oct 2010 by Chris Palisin.
Only got halfway to the 56 points I predicted… but I really did that to spark some opinions… Bang boom! On a perfect autumn day, Ben Roethlisberger was not, but he did convert three touchdown passes against the Cleveland Browns in a 28-10 victory for the Steelers. Nice, not perfect, and that was good news for one of his best targets. "I didn't really want him to be flawless com...
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CMU-Miami Ohio preview
Posted on 14 Oct 2010 by Steve Schwanda.
CMU has lost three games in a row and are in major need of a win. This week they welcome the Redhawks on Miami of Ohio in to town for homecoming at CMU. Some good news for CMU in this game is CMU has won their last five homecoming games, they have won 18 games in a row against MAC teams from Ohio and are also 18-1 in their last 19 games against teams from the MAC East. That's the good news. The...
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Notre Dame Football: Rudolph done for year
Posted on 12 Oct 2010 by Jordan Lauterbach.
Bad, bad, bad, bad news for the Notre Dame passing game. Here's the South Bend Tribune piece…. KYLE RUDOLPH OUT FOR THE SEASON This is a blow for the passing game, no doubt. It appeared that Rudolph was just hitting his stride too. Although it's never good to loose a player like Rudolph, I think the impact will be noticed on the stat sheet more then the field. Theo Riddick had replaced...
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Oilers' new era begins tonight!
Posted on 7 Oct 2010 by Scott Pattison.
The Edmonton Oilers' future begins tonight! All of the negative headlines – who won't come to E-town, who's desperate to get out of Dodge, Sheldon Souray's $9M predicament – are history. The "good news story" that Oilers' GM Steve Tambellini has been attempting to write is supposed to begin tonight, when the new, young, Taylor Hall-led Oilers, open a new chapter on their down-...
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Eagles to Start Vick Sunday Against Jacksonville (Until Further Notice?)
Posted on 21 Sep 2010 by Christopher Rowe.
Michael Vick will start for the Eagles Sunday against Jacksonville. WHAT??? Yes you read that correctly. Andy Reid has reversed field as quickly as Michael Vick did against Detroit. Vick, not Kevin Kolb, is now the Eagles' starting quarterback. A poor first half against Green Bay – with a questionable game plan – a concussion and six sparking quarters from Vick is all it took for Kolb ...
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Hockey news and notes/links for your Friday
Posted on 17 Sep 2010 by Mark Jasper.
Here are a couple of hockey stories for your Friday as NHL camps get set to open up. Some IIHF and NCAA news mixed in with NHL news. IIHF will introduce an expanded world championship format at the 2012 tournament. More on this story below. http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/olyhockey/news/story?id=5583243 Brendan Morrison is vying a spot with the team he made the most noise with during his NHL ...
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Everybody Now…It's a Hard Knocks Life For Us"
Posted on 11 Aug 2009 by Daryl Miller.
Bengals Open Camp Under the Spotlight The Cincinnati Bengals' fan base has long compared the trials and tribulations surrounding the team to television, whether it be a soap opera or at times a situation comedy, the team hasn't strayed far from its share of drama. Now the men in stripes who are vying for a spot on the 2009-2010 roster have gone documentary as they hope to convey...


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Comebacker Clock Stopper in Churchill Return
Clock Stopper has been installed as the 2-1 favorite in a field of seven older sprinters, but Stewart knows the race is far from a walkover.
"It's a tough race," he said. "Are you sure it's not the Aristides?"
The opposition in Clock Stopper's comeback includes stakes veterans Mountain General, winner of last year's Aristides Handicap (gr. III) at Churchill Downs, Strength and Honor and Discreet Hero. But Stewart likes the way that Clock Stopper has been moving through his morning drills and expects a good effort in his first race since a victory in Keeneland's Perryville Stakes on Oct. 9.
"He's been training solid," he said. "We're excited about getting him back."
Stewart believes that Clock Stopper was on his way to being a top-notch sprinter when he went to the sidelines and sees no reason why he cannot continue on that path through the summer and fall.
"He hasn't shown me any signs of regression," Stewart said. "The races will be the tale of the tape."
It was disappointing enough for Stewart to see Clock Stopper's campaign come to a halt just before the Breeders' Cup Sprint. But it became even more so after Padua Stable and Joseph and John Iracane's Cajun Beat, who had beaten Clock Stopper by three-quarters of a length in the Kentucky Cup Sprint (gr. III) at Turfway Park in September, rolled to an upset win in the Sprint on Breeders' Cup Day.
"He was on top of his game," said Stewart. "It'll probably take a couple of races to get back to that level. But if all goes well, he'll come back and we'll be in good shape."
Clock Stopper brings a career record of 4-3-0 in nine races into Thursday's return to racing. He has amassed earnings of $189,361 in his career.
Copyright © 2015 The Blood-Horse, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Newest Entry
Complete Archives
I'm James Hague, a recovering programmer who has been designing video games since the 1980s. This is Why You Spent All that Time Learning to Program and The Pure Tech Side is the Dark Side are good places to start.
twitter @dadgumjames
Where are the comments?
The Nostalgia Trap
I used to maintain a site about 8-bit game programmers and the games they created. To be fair, I still update the "database" now and then, but changes are few and far between, and I stopped posting news blurbs five years ago.
There's a huge amount of information on that site. Clearly I was passionate--or at least obsessive--about it, and for a long time, too. When I learned to program in the 1980s, I saw game design as a new outlet for creativity, a new art form. Here were these people without artistic backgrounds, who weren't professional developers, buying home computers and making these new experiences out of essentially nothing. I wanted to document that period. I wanted to communicate with those people and find out what drove them.
(In 2002, D.B. Weiss wrote a novel called Lucky Wander Boy. It followed the story of someone who attempted to catalog every video game ever made. Amusingly, I received a promotional copy.)
That's why I started the site. A better question is "Why did I stop?"
Partly it was because I answered the questions that I had. I was in contact with a hundred or more designers of 8-bit computer games, and I learned their stories. But mostly I needed to move on, to not be spending so much time looking to the past.
Nostalgia is is intensely personal. I was a teenage game designer seeing hundreds of previously unimagined new creations for the Apple II and Atari 800 and Commodore 64 come into existence, and I have fond memories of those years. Other people wax nostalgic about VAX system administration, about summer afternoons with cartridges for the Nintendo Entertainment System, about early mainframe games like Rogue or Hack played on a clunky green terminal, or of the glory days of shareware in the early 1990s. Some people pine for the heyday of MS-DOS development--of cycling the power after every crash--or writing programs in QBASIC.
But don't mistake wistful nostalgia for "how things ought to be."
Just because you used to love the endless string of platformers for a long-dead game system doesn't mean that recreating them for the iPhone is a worthy endeavor. Just because you get a warm and fuzzy feeling when recalling thirty year-old UNIX command-line programs is different than putting them on a pedestal as model for how to design tools. That doesn't mean you shouldn't learn from the past and avoid repeating expensive mistakes. Just don't get trapped by thinking that older software or technologies are superior because they happened to be entangled with more carefree periods in your life.
The future is much more interesting.


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|Extended Stay Deluxe Ellicott City properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Extended Stay Deluxe hotel prices in Ellicott City, MD for your personal or business trip. We list the best Extended Stay Deluxe Ellicott City hotels & motels so you can review the Ellicott City Extended Stay Deluxe hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Sea Turtle Hatchlings Released On Kuta Beach
Foreign tourists are given the sea turtle hatchlings during a release... News PhotoAnimal,Bali,Environmental Issues,Event,Hatchling,Horizontal,Human Interest,Indonesia,Kuta,Releasing,Sea Turtle,Tourism,TouristPhotographer SayogaCollection: Getty Images News 2013 SayogaKUTA, INDONESIA - APRIL 09: Foreign tourists are given the sea turtle hatchlings during a release program by the Bali Sea Turtle Society on April 9, 2013 in Kuta, Bali, Indonesia. The sea hatchlings release program is part of the turtle conservation effort which has been taking place at Kuta Beach since 2002. (Photo by Sayoga/Getty Images)


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If you plan on carrying it for CCW purposes I'd go with the Mark III. The finish is much more durable. You can replace the plastic grips with wood or rubber. Both are very nice pistols.
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Caravaggios Rome 1600 - 1630
written by Rossella Vodret
Skira | ISBN 9788857213873
Hardback – 904 pages
Member's price: $108.00
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
The works of Caravaggio and his followers and contemporaries in early 17th-century Rome. Caravaggio eclipsed all other artists of his time. But just who were these fellow travellers? Bringing together 200 paintings from world collections, Rome in Caravaggio's Day is the first work to reconstruct the connective tissue of the Eternal City where the great genius lived and worked. In the period between 1595 and 1635, Rome was a crucible in which artists of different backgrounds, cultures, and tongues worked side by side exchanging techniques, experiences, styles, and iconographies. In the space of a few years, they swept away the late mannerist stereotypes and ushered in the most extraordinary artistic renewal ever witnessed in Rome. The results would be felt all over Europe throughout the seventeenth century. The catalog relates this poorly known story to a broad audience, rendering justice and visibility to talented artists who had the "misfortune" of living in Rome in the early decades of the 1600s and have languished into modern times in the shadow of the incredibly popular Caravaggio.


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You ever watch porn on the internet? Ha ha! Joke. I know you do. You ever see an actress and be like, "that's Kate from Lost (or The Hobbit)!"? I have.Read More
Ashley Sky is famous across the net. Mainly because of the shapes, textures, and form of every inch her perfect body from her hair follicles down to her toes. Anyway, she's in some SUPER sexy commercials. Wow.Read More
Welcome to the first of our Instagram series! One of the absolute hottest babes on Instagram (anywhere, actually) is Bryanna Holly.Read More
Another hot look at Playboy TV's All Night Party Girls. Those girls can party!Read More
What is it with British babes and big tits?! Is the secret to gorgeous women fish, chips, and ale? Whatever it is, I'd like her to take a personal tour of my Big Ben.Read More
Raquel Pomplun, a 25-year old Latina beauty with a subtle yet lively voice and a girl-next-door smile. And the body of well, perfection. Here's a video of her photo shoot.Read More
Justene Jaro is a gorgeous woman born in the Phillipines (Tacloban) on November 17th 1983.Read More
What a hot look at the show "69 Sexy Things"! Now that's my kind of travel show.Read More


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Web Design | Graphic Design | Logo Design | WordPress | Joomla | SEO | Print | Magento | Ecommerce
Hello, we are The Graphic Studio UK – We are a creative design studio, we are the beating heart of the south when it comes to design. My name is Joss and I am the director, I have over 10+ years in the design industry. Starting out from a bedroom Gra


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Posted at: 07/02/2013 9:54 PM
Updated at: 07/03/2013 8:45 AM
Two teenagers are recovering at Strong Hospital Tuesday night after they were shot on the city's northeast side.
The shooting happened on Trust Street off of Portland Avenue just before 7 p.m.
Rochester Police say two teens, one male and one female, were each shot one time with a pellet gun. They were taken to Strong Hospital with what police are saying are minor injuries.
Police do not have a suspect in custody. They are also still investigating what led to the shooting.