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New Prosthetic Knee Gives Amputees a Chance to Return to Front Lines
New developments in the world of prosthetics is giving amputee soldiers the opportunity to get back to the front lines. A sophisticated new prosthetic knee is being fitted on soldiers who have suffered above-the-knee amputations. Military medical officials and researchers have developed a prosthetic knee that features a newly designed microprocessor that is a major advancement from previous models.
Soldiers who suffered massive injuries and wounds in the early part of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan ended up retiring after such injuries. Once they were given a prosthetic and rehabilitated, they were basically unfit to get back to the battlefield. With the newly designed "military grade" prosthetic knee, these highly skilled vets are able to continue serving their country.
This new prosthetic knee, dubbed the "Genium X2", is not meant to force soldiers back to the field. Rather, it's meant to give wounded soldiers who are willing to go back to work the opportunity to do so. It's meant to help these skilled vets break through any limitations that their injuries have bound them to.
Members of the Navy, Marines and even the Army's Golden Knights parachute team have been given the chance to be fitted with such a prosthetic, and also be given the choice to go back to the battlefield after rehabilitation has completed. Such a prosthetic is giving these brave soldiers their freedom back, as well as their quality of life.
Such an advancement not only physically assists these wounded soldiers, but it also provides them with a renewed sense of importance as they realize that they can still do the same job to the same capacity that they were able to do before their injury. It also shows these vets that if they are the victim of such major injuries, they will be well taken care of.
Other service members are given the chance to gain a new-found perspective and heightened level of respect for wounded soldiers when they fight side-by-side with users of the new X2 prosthetic knee.
During the design phase of this new prosthetic, scientists and military medical officials who saw the possibilities through the prototype realized that such a device was needed right away. At first it was considered nearly impossible to design, but through incredible advances and innovations, the new device was finally released.
The new microprocessor featured on the prosthetic knee consists of five sensors – compare that to the original C-leg which only had two. The X2 knee has a great deal of mobility, stability and versatility, thanks to the gyroscopes, hydraulics and accelerators. The knee actually recognizes actions, with the help of multiple sensors. Whether the user wants to stand, sit down or begin walking, the multiple sensors will detect such actions and set the prosthetic in action, without having to use a remote device like previous technology required.
Users have claimed that the X2 feels incredibly natural to walk on, as compared to previous prosthetic models. Without the need to switch settings manually, users can go from walking to running, or vice versa, quite easily. The prototype actually detects such change, and sets the motion in action.
The Genium X2 prosthetic knee comes equipped with a protective cover in cases of accidents or falls that could potentially damage the device.
Users who had previously been fitted with older prosthetics, such as the C-leg and power knee, immediately notice the difference with the new X2. In addition to the C-leg only providing the user with limited range of motion, the power leg would propel users forward while walking, and was quite complicated due the requirement to focus on the knee. With the X2, in contrast, the feeling of movements and the fit itself is much more natural.
Not only does the new Genium X2 prosthetic knee help with mobility and improve independence, it also has a positive effect on rehabilitation. Prior to such an innovative prosthetic, wounded soldiers who suffered dramatically high amputations could barely get up and walk at all due to the degree of the amputation.
Considering the incredible benefits that these new prosthetic knees provide to wounded soldiers, the demand is so high that the company that manufactures them simply cannot keep up with the demand, and are therefore currently on back order.
Regardless of whether or not wounded soldiers decide to go back to the front lines after being given their mobility back, there's no doubt that the new Genium X2 prosthetic knee has dramatically improved the quality of life for wounded vets who suffered lower extremity amputations above the knee.
Developers Working on Fully Functional Prosthetic Arms
Injuries sustained by soldiers at war are not the typical wounds that most average citizens experience. Among the most common are loss of limbs and injuries to the extremities so severe that they require immediate amputation. In order to improve the quality of life after complete healing has taken place, veterans are often fitted for prosthetic limbs. But the prosthetic arms and legs of the past are no match for the incredible advances being made today.
A robotic arm is currently being developed and funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency along with the Department of Veterans Affairs. The idea behind this advanced prosthetic arm is to greatly enhance and improve the functionality for those who have suffered upper extremity amputations. This fully functional arm is said to respond to direct neural control, which mimics the real thing.
It's easy to confuse the idea of a robotic arm with prosthetics featured in science fiction-type movies. People who have seen Terminator movies, for example, might actually forget for a moment that these are not real. The robotic arms being developed, however, are providing users with more capabilities than ever before.
Prosthetics from decades ago didn't have the functionality of the projects being developed today, including the drastically improved usability for wounded vets. This newly developing arm features 10 degrees of movement, which is a drastic improvement from the standard prosthetic arm that only provided two to three degrees of movement. Such an enhancement has greatly improved the usability of such a prosthetic.
This robotic arm also features fingers, wrists and shoulders that move as closely to a real arm as possible. The movements of the robotic arm are combining multiple movements into a single, more fluid motion.
Every part of this robotic arm are moved with electric motors which are controlled by signals that the user sends with a foot-based control. Such a control system is much easier to manipulate, given the new 10 degrees of movement. Previous prosthetics featured myoelectric controls using residual muscles. This was fine with prosthetics that only had two or three degrees of movement, but with an increase in such motions, this control system would be difficult. The foot-based system works much better at providing an adequate level of control, without having to rely on anyone else to do it.
Various grips are also being worked on for this prosthetic. Different grips are required for different functions. For example, the grip mechanics required to hold a drill would be different than that needed to hold a fork. Each finger is able to flex and extend individually in order to accommodate for these variations in grips.
The way that the new robotic arm is attached to the body is also under development. How it is attached makes all the difference in the usability of the prosthetic arm. If the seam part cannot be properly controlled, it won't do much good for the patient's control.
The team of scientists and developers of this new robotic arm are working closely with a number of patients who have been using this new arm system in order to address any issues or complaints that they may have with it. The patients are in close communication with the developers, and continuously inform them of what works with the system, and what doesn't. Ongoing studies continue over the life of the program in an effort to improve the design on an ongoing basis and confirm that every component of the program is right on. Up to this point, the team of developers has over 4,000 hours of use time on various versions of this new prosthetic arm system.
Such experiments and clinical studies give developers the experience needed with individuals who will eventually have to use it. Such clinical studies also provide the patients with a great deal of recommendations about the type of activities they'd like to see the prosthetic allow them to do. Whether it's gripping a drill, holding a cup or carrying a cell phone, all such activities are possible with such advancements in prosthetics for war vets and other patients.
The feedback provided has been very positive to date, with patients being able to finally do the things they love since their injury, such as playing golf, holding a ball or eating at a restaurant with chopsticks. Such an improvement on the quality of life for wounded war vets is exactly what these developers and researchers are pushing for.
Army Dentists Treat Maxillofacial Trauma in Troops
Enemies in combat have been devising increasingly sophisticated weapons that counter the advanced body armor, better helmets and armored vehicles that our soldiers are now equipped with. As such, these improved explosive devices constructed by the enemy have been designed to not only overturn an immensely heavy vehicle, but also increase wounds to still-exposed faces and limbs of soldiers, who may well not have survived such attacks at all without such advancements in armor.
Yet what many troops are left with are devastating facial injuries, leaving military surgeons with incredibly complex wounds to deal with. Today's military faces IED attacks that have crippling effects on our troops, resulting in an increase in face wounds that require immediate treatment as well as long-term follow-up care. Soldiers who have suffered these complex injuries will inevitably require the medical expertise and assistance of a myriad of professionals, including dentists, periodontists and maxillofacial surgeons.
According to experts, there is a distinct correlation between the increased survival rate and the increase in head and dental wounds. Anything from burns, to fractured bones to destroyed jaws have been overwhelming medical units in war-infested zones. With such survival comes clinical cases that need to be dealt with over the long haul.
These clinical cases have changed the face of military maxillofacial dentistry forever. As a result, advances in dental and periodontal procedures have become increasingly sophisticated. First of all, the improved Individual First Aid Kit gives soldiers the ability to provide self-aid and lowers the risk of death on the battlefield – severe hemorrhaging and inadequate airway are two of the leading causes of death.
Maxillofacial dentistry from a military standpoint focuses on issues around the mouth, jaw, and neck. It also includes reconstructive surgery to rebuild parts of the face that have been injured. The advanced dental care that is provided to soldiers, Marine Corps, Navy and Air Force personnel gives them a huge improvement in care in maxillofacial injuries and treatment. 'Combat dentistry' has dramatically evolved over the past 2 decades, with large measures stemming from the 1991 creation of the tri-service science and research group that focuses on developing new procedures and technologies. Such medical advancements significantly reduce lost duty time caused by maxillofacial trauma.
Among many of the improvements in the facial and dentistry fields on war-wounded vets include:
- Reduction in disease-causing dental plaque
- Epidemiology of dental trauma
- Fast diagnostic aids
- Preventive technologies that are field-related
- More convenient dental equipment
- Better sterilization of dental equipment
- Climate-insensitive dental tools
- Improved efficacy of dental testing
- Technologies to decrease mortality from maxillofacial trauma
- Access to adequate disposal of mercury-contaminated water
Issues of dental diseases and trauma, as well as maxillofacial battle wounds, have helped to trail-blaze modern combat dentistry. Improvements have been made in dealing with the risk of contamination from dirt, debris and soiled clothing on wounds.
Professionals from a wide range of scientific fields are brought together to develop a multi-disciplinary study environment with the goal of limiting complications of facial injuries and improve maxillofacial restoration. One such advancement is the new Nomad Pro lightweight digital X-ray. This tool helps military dentists treat soldiers who have severe dental and facial wounds. Considering the fact that there are no walls within medical tents upon which to mount X-ray systems, the hand-held Nomad Pro X-ray system allows the dentist to easily adjust the tool. Touch controls permit the dentist to adjust the settings for each individual tooth, and automatically sets the time required to give out a digital X-ray.
The fact of the matter is, war settings have forced advances in the medical and dental field to exponential degrees. Considering the atypical nature of wounds and medical settings on the battlefield, the scientific world is continuously coming up with newer and better ways to treat wounded troops, including maxillofacial injuries which consistently challenges Army dentists every day.
Latest Medical Technology to TReat and Prevent Infections Among Wounded War Vets
When a medical team has a wounded war soldier rushed into the medical facilities, there are generally a host of severe complications that must be dealt with. One of the issues that must be taken into consideration is the potential for deadly infections. The reality is, the treatment of war-related wounds is highly complicated by the risk of potentially-fatal infections.
There are plenty of ways for troops to develop an infection. IEDs generally have shrapnel in them which exponentially increase the likelihood of developing an infection. The blast of shrapnel, like steel nuts and nails, can deeply embed the bacteria that may surround the shrapnel, planting a seed within the body to begin growing a dangerous infection. Other potent bacteria is often found in soil, which soldiers are highly exposed to on the battlefield.
In such cases, medical teams must often resort to 'debridement' – which is the surgical removal of dead or infected tissue in order to control infection and improve healing. Physicians must ensure that the wound is clean and that all infectious material is thoroughly removed. Considering the major extent of war wounds, this process can be extremely difficult.
Some of the more common and potentially-deadly bacteria that war vets can come across include the following:
Acinetobacter – Also known as 'Acinetobacter baumannii', acinetobacter is a multidrug-resistant bacteria that is generally acquired in a hospital setting. Many soldiers who have returned from Iraq and Afghanistan are frequently showing this bacteria present in their bodies, and experts are attributing the increases in such a bacteria to the rapid transport of troops from one war site to another. Medical teams are having problems with this bacteria, considering its resistance to medication to fight it. Once a wounded soldier enters a medical facility, they are immediately cultured for acinetobacter and put on contact precaution.
Q Fever – This is an infectious disease that is much less common than acinetobacter, but it is very dangerous. Also known as 'Coxiella burnetii', this infection can cause pneumonia and a fever of unknown origin. This can be spread through dust-borne exposure, and can cause endocarditis if not treated. Soldiers returning from Afghanistan are more likely considered for this infection over other areas where war is occurring.
The Innovation of Versajet
Up to this point, dead tissue was removed using a metal scalpel during surgery, as well as electrocautery. Many times viable tissue is sacrificed with such techniques, and not necessarily always successful in removing all the dead tissue necessary. Many times the process will have to be repeated multiple times in order to get to all the dead tissue, causing additional discomfort and cost associated with these multiple procedures.
Recent technological advancements, however, have brought about a new device known as Versajet, which is a high-pressure jet of sterile saline water that is applied to the wounded area. A tiny jet nozzle at the end of the hand piece is held to accurately apply the salt water to the area in question, making it much more accurate than a metal scalpel.
The saline solution is directed into a focused beam, which is collected through an educator port. The wound debris is evacuated by the saline solution and the wound bed is left clean and bacteria-free. Since the beam of saline is directed on a parallel to the surface of the wound, the cutting mechanism is much more precise and controlled, permitting dead tissue to be removed while leaving healthy tissue intact. This is in stark contrast to conventional excise methods where fluid or tools are directed in a perpendicular angle relative to the wound bed, potentially leaving bacteria and debris behind to infect the tissue.
Versajet has given physicians a much better way to deal with and treat these challenging wounds. Infection control is much more feasible with the new Versajet device, which utilizes special silver-based dressings to prevent the occurrence of infection. These dressings speed up the healing process with their anti-microbial properties.
Disruption of soft tissue has a major impact on patients and overwhelms surgical procedures because of their complex nature. Versajet technology can overcome such complexity because of its ability to debride and evacuate bacteria-laden debris all from one specialized tool. This superior modality promotes rapid wound healing, which both requires fewer follow-up surgical procedures and less overall cost.
This innovative device is hoped to provide a shift in the surgical management of complex wounds, improving both the standard of care in war vets and giving medical physicians on site better options to treat their patients. The device has recently been approved by the FDA, and is currently being marketed by Smith and Nephew Advanced Wound Management Division.
Reconstructive Surgery Advances Benefit War Troops
Medical scientists are making leaps and bounds for reconstructing just about every body part for war vets who have suffered severe deformities and injuries, including missing limbs, dramatic skin injuries and even missing ears. All over the country, scientific labs are continuing to develop innovative tools and reconstructive procedures to help those wounded on the battlefield, in addition to citizens who have had the great misfortune of suffering massive injuries from a host of different accidents.
After reviewing some of the latest medical studies and research to identify the progress and extent of innovative reconstructive treatments and surgeries, the results show some amazing and surprising feats conquered in the surgical and bioengineering world.
Constructing New Ears
When one thinks of prosthetics, the idea of arms and legs may initially come to mind. But surprisingly, up to 1,000 troops are in need of an ear at any given time due to horrid injuries suffered on the battlefield. Prosthetics in this situation may not exactly help, as they generally have to be attached to the head by means of a rod or fastener, and don't exactly look natural. After a couple of years, they will most likely wear out, putting them right back to square one.
In an effort to counter this problem, scientists have developed a procedure that matches the patient's ear by using their own cells. Researchers have been working on this type of natural-feeling prosthetic for over 20 years, but have not been able to overcome certain obstacles that have prevented them from making the prosthetic practical and useful. This problem may now have a solution, as scientists at the tissue engineering lab at Massachusetts General Hospital have been working on a prosthetic ear constructed from titanium and covered in collagen.
Using a computer model of the patient's natural ear, the new prosthetic can be crafted to look just like the real thing, with the surrounding collagen giving it its elasticity and strength. Snippets of cartilage taken from inside the patient's nose or from between the ribs is incubated for about two weeks in a lab dish in order to seed and grow natural cartilage. Once the cartilage is ready for implantation, skin grafts are taken in order to cover the cartilage for the prosthetic ear, after which it is fastened into place.
In order to ensure that these types of prosthetics work and can last for many years, this lab has been maintaining lab-grown sheep ears on the animals for 20 weeks, showing that it's highly possible for these prosthetic ears to last a long time on patients. All the technical issues have seemingly been solved according to researchers, who are now ready to get approval for such prosthetics from the FDA to implant these into humans.
From 'Bionic' Arms to Dramatic Transplants
Modern prosthetics have certainly improved the quality of life of the wounded who have suffered a myriad of amputations, including hands, feet, legs, and arms. Yet as advanced as these prosthetics have been over the years, the arms and hands just don't seem to have the same effectiveness as the legs and feet. Many wounded vets have claimed that they would rather give transplants a shot instead.
Considering the constant bombs and blasts that troops are exposed to every day, even face transplants are required. In fact, the government has estimated that about 200 troops might currently be requiring a face transplant. Yet it is estimated that only about 50 to 100 patients will inevitably get one. The reason for such a backlog is that drugs are required for life in order to prevent rejection of such implants. These drugs can have serious side effects, and can even cause cancer.
In an effort to minimize such risks, researchers at John Hopkins University and the University of Pittsburgh have been diligently working on a solution. Dr. W.P Andrew Lee, a plastic surgeon who has worked at both universities, has been leading a team of scientists in hand transplants on five different patients. In order to allow the patients to tolerate their new transplanted hands, they were each given bone marrow taken from their donors. To date, all five of these patients have been doing well with their new hands thanks to such innovation, and one patient doesn't even require anti-rejection medication anymore.
Based on such success with transplanted hands, scientists seem quite confident that face transplants should realize the same level of success. Skin is the main target of the body's rejection of the transplant. To counter this, a special cream with immune-suppressing medicine can be used to counter the effects of skin rejection. If the patient notices any rashes or anything of the sort, they can simply stop the rejection in its tracks by immediately applying such cream.
A number of physicians are currently evaluating troops as candidates for potential face transplants. Many troops have suffered incredible facial deformities from bombs, including losing their jaw, lips, eyes, cheeks, nose and other parts of the face. Such an injury poses a major quality-of-life issue, which these scientists and physicians are trying to improve drastically with successful face transplants.


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Fiat has laid the foundation of its solo run in India by opening 51 exclusive dealerships in the last three months. Nagesh Basavanhalli, the newly appointed MD of Fiat Chrysler India said the firm would more than double the number of dealerships by the end of this year.
Fiat was sharing dealerships with its joint venture partner Tata Motors since 2007 when it re-entered the Indian market. As the joint dealership experiment did not pay off, Fiat has decided to go solo in sales and marketing. All 171 Tata-Fiat joint dealerships were scrapped as the distribution agreement between both the partners ended on March 31.
Basavanhalli said the firm would launch three new models in India this financial year. Fiat is planning to bring the popular SUV brand Jeep from the Chrysler stable this year.
With just two models - Grande Punto in compact car segment and Linea in midsize sedan segment - Fiat commands just 0.7% share in the Indian car market. The company has charted out a plan to expand its market share to 1% this year and 5% by 2016, by when it will launch nine models between Fiat and Jeep brands.
Enrico Atanasio, director, Fiat Group Automobile India (FGAI), who presided over the transition over the last two years, said 16 more new dealerships will come up shortly. FGAI, the national sales company under Fiat Chrysler India, will have a 100-strong work force by December.

subset: commoncrawl


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10 count, GString CC.
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CC means Cotton Core. This format is the 50/50 (cotton/polyester) string by g-string, but perhaps best known as either Type 6 or 8 string.
Safari twist color.
Each unit of purchase is a package with 10 strings.
By buying this product you can collect up to 1 reward points as a voucher of 0,20 €. Your reward points.


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Duffield pulls huge upset
ASHLAND -- Qualify for the AJGA Natural Resource Partners Bluegrass Invitational? Check.
Finish in the top five? Check.
Finish under par? Check.
Nick Duffield, you missed a box.
Champion? Check.
Duffield, a junior at Chesapeake High School, fired a 7-under-par 63 to tie the men's course record Friday and overcome a 5-shot deficit and won the Boys Division in the Bluegrass Junior at Bellefonte Country Club. The Bellefonte member finished at 5-under 205 for 54 holes and two shots ahead of runner-up Fred Allen Meyer of Nicholasville, Ky.
"I putted like I did the last two days. I just hit the ball better," Duffield said in summing up his 7-birdie, no-bogey effort in this his first American Junior Golf Association event.
As news of Duffield's charge made its way around the course, the gallery grew. He said he appreciated the support from friends and club members, especially his mother, Tammy, but he blocked them out and stayed focused on the business at hand.
"I tried not to look. Maybe I did sneak one or two. I didn't want to jinx myself," Duffield said. "Having the members coming to watch is very cool. But I told myself I just had to keep playing how I was playing in order to have a chance for the win.
"I felt confident. I play here and know the shots well. I had to execute and I did."
Duffield, who turned 16 on May 27, made birdies on Nos. 2, 3 and 8 on the front to start the climb.
On the back, he recorded birdies on Nos. 11, 13, 14 and the 18th hole to seal the deal and become the third player to shoot 63 in this AJGA event. The other two were Jack Ferguson in 1998 and Cody Gribble in 2006 on his way to victory. Leigh Ann Hardin holds the course record with a 62. She posted that score on her way to a Girls Division victory in the 1997 Bluegrass Junior.
The closest call to bogey for Duffield was on No. 16 when his 8-iron approach from the left rough flew the green and came to rest just short of the trap that guards the left side of the 18th green. He chipped to 4 feet and made the putt.
Duffield, who came into this event way under the radar in terms of notoriety, departed with a championship trophy, PING bag (which goes to the winner), valuable Scotty Cameron Putter Cover award for lowest round on the final day and exemptions into future AJGA events. Prior to this week, Duffield's claims to fame were rounds of 73 in the 2010 Ohio Division II sectional and district play and tying for 21st in the State Tournament on Ohio State's Scarlet Course. He's also spent time playing on the Top Flite Junior Tour.
"I'm hoping to finish under par and top five in my first AJGA and I'm 2 over after two days," he said. "Everything went right today. This could launch me to bigger and better things. The goal is to keep improving."
Duffield said he had many phone calls to make after the round. One was to Chesapeake High golf coach Terry Kimball, who's in Florida on a family vacation. "I've kept him up to date. I'm sure he'll like this news," Duffield said.
Duffield's been a member at Bellefonte for two years. Now that he can drive a car, he gets to the club more often to practice.
"That's what it takes," he said.
During the round, Duffield's mom was pacing the grounds when she wasn't in a golf cart. She got time off from work at Holzer Clinic in Proctorville to witness her son's finest golf moment to date.
"I've shed my tears," Tammy Duffield said while standing by the scoreboard waiting for the awards ceremony. "I'm equally excited and proud of him. He's a good, all-around kid. He sets a lot of goals himself, more than I did when I was 16."
Come Monday, Duffield and his youth group at Fifth Avenue Baptist Church in Huntington will begin a mission trip to Nicaragua. The group will build a house and work with the Open Hearts Ministry in the Managua area.


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F.E.P. Hulme
A photo of F.E.P. Hulme.
A photo of F.E.P. Hulme.
Pamela Hulme This is F.E.P.Hulme B.1876 in Davidson Co. TN. and lived most of his life in Newbern TN. He was married to Lula Carnell and raised 11 children.
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Original Cablecast Date: 3/19/2009 In this visit to Sunset Park we chat with Paul Mak of the Chinese American Association about how this organization serves the growing Asian-American community and also learn about the Neighborhood Center, a program of The Center for Family Life, with Program Director Amy Latorres. Our host Allyson Lynch stops by Champions Tae Kwon Do for a lesson in this popular martial art form and then we quench our thirst for art at Tabla Rasa Gallery with founders Audrey and Joseph Anastasi.
Brooklyn neighborhoods are full of great stories and Neighborhood Beat was created to tell them. The Neighborhood Beat series strives to introduce "Brooklyn to Brooklyn" by encouraging viewers to become tourists at home. http://www.bricartsmedia.org/bit


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Top Secret: Open Source Study 2 in Vienna
Along with Munich, Vienna is regarded as a forerunner in the field of open source projects in the German-speaking region of Europe. Now it seems, the Capital of Austria is having second thoughts.
Vienna's Wienux Project, just like its neighbors in Munich, was supposed to implement the change from Windows to free software in the city's municipal councils. However, unlike Munich, the change-over in Vienna is a purely voluntary affair, and to date only 1000 of the 32000 administrative PCs actually run on free software. Last year, 700 PCs in Vienna's kindergartens were programmed with Windows Vista because the administration had ordered a language-learning software that can only run on Vista.
That Wienux was initiated at all is partly thanks to the "Study Open Source Software" (STOSS) from 2004. The study (PDF in German language), which analyzed the use and cost of open source software in Viennese city councils, welcomed the implementation of free software and recommended, because of the rapid growth in Linux, a further study in 2006, before deciding the next step.
Now, with the STOSS 2 supposedly completed, the results are being kept secret, despite written confirmation from city councilor Schicker in June 2009 in a letter to Green Party member Marie Ringler, that the results of the study would be made public.
Reasons for the secrecy are, according to press-speaker Martin Schipany, " extremely sensitive details" that "can't be allowed to fall into the hands of the competition." Austria's main public broadcaster ORF has reported that with "competition" Schipany doesn't mean other cities like Munich or Paris, he's referring to rival software.
So for now it remains a mystery exactly what Vienna's councilors are hiding from the public. The fact that open source software is perfectly suitable for use in the city's administration, or the opposite?
Issue 178/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
Mozilla Firefox Blocks Flash
More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
Security Problem in Firefox's NoScript Add-On
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.


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Academic Programs
The Port Angeles School District curriculum standards guide teaching and learning in all of our classrooms in the areas of Career Technical Education, Health and Fitness, Language Arts, Mathematics, Science, Social Studies, Visual and Performing Arts and World Languages.
Curriculum is an evolving process in schools. In 2014-15, the School District is reviewing all curricula to align with Common Core State Standards (CCSS). The information listed here was based on the last set of Washington standards, which were still used through the end of 2013-14. See the CCSS here.
Curriculum Resources
- Career Technical Education
- Health and Fitness
- Language Arts
- Mathematics
- Science
- Social Studies
- Visual and Performing Arts
- World Languages
The district's curriculum standards are based on the Washington State standards, Essential Academic Learning Requirements (EALRs). District curriculum committees have developed grade-level benchmarks to show the developmental progression from kindergarten through twelfth grade for each standard.
The district's Instructional Materials Committee has long been the group assigned the oversight of textbook adoption review, instructional materials review and challenges to instructional materials review.


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A mechanism for storing, retrieving, and querying data items or other information in the form of object instances created from object oriented programming environment.
1. A database system for maintaining a store of one or more object instance collections each of an object oriented class type, comprising:
an object catalog containing for each class type a class specification that includes one or more attributes and member functions;
a database management facility for storing and retrieving the object instances, the database management facility operating to receive a request to retrieve an object instance contained in a one of the object instance collections to first search the object catalog for the corresponding class specification; and
a list of collateral activity associated with at least the one object instance collection, the list identifying at least one collateral activity that is performed when the database management facility operates to retrieve an object instance from the one object instance collection in response to a received request.
2. The database system of
3. The database system of
4. A method of maintaining a database system using object oriented class specifications and object instances, including the steps of:
maintaining a store for containing one or more data collections, each data collection comprising a number data items each represented by an object instance of a particular class type;
maintaining an object catalog that contains a class specification for each data collection, each class specification containing a description of each of the number of data items of such data collection;
providing a database manager operation that, in response to requests therefore, operates to retrieve, replace, or remove data items in the store;
maintaining in the store, and associated with the class specification for at least one of the data collections, a list of collateral activity to be performed for a one of the operations of retrieve, replace, or remove;
receiving at the database manager a request to retrieve, replace, or remove a data item in the one of the data collections;
searching the store for the associated list of collateral activity, and if found, performing the collateral activity;
executing the request at the database manager.
5. An article of manufacture comprising a storage system for maintaining a store containing one or more data collections, each data collection including a number of object instances of a particular class type, each object instance representing a data item, the storage system operating to:
maintain an object catalog that contains a class specification for each data collection, each class specification containing a description of each of the number of data items of the collection;
operate a database manger to, in response to requests therefore, retrieve, replace, or remove data items in the store;
maintain and associate with the class specification for at least one of the data collections a list of collateral activity to be performed for a one of the operations of retrieve, replace, or remove;
perform a predetermined collateral activity identified in the list of collateral activity when the database manager receives a request to perform the one of the operations to retrieve, replace or remove a data item from the one of the data collections.
This application claims the benefit at provisional application No. 60/013,633 filed on Mar. 18, 1996.
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material that is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
The present invention relates to database storage mechanisms for use by a data processing system, and in particular to a database system capable of storing a variety of pieces of information without regard to the specific structure of the information or how it is stored.
Database management systems are often rigidly structured to accept and store pieces of related information in a predefined format. The format, often referred to as the system's schema, is designed to accept the information only in a particular form. If the form of that information changes, the schema must be changed to accommodate the new form; and the prior stored information may also need to be modified to fit the new schema. Neither task is insubstantial.
Also, it is sometimes desirable to associate auxiliary behavior or action to the specific operations of the management mechanism of the database system. For example, suppose the available functions of the management mechanism included "get," "put," and "remove" operations to respectively retrieve (get) specific information, store (put) a piece of information in, or to delete (remove) information from the database system. Also, it may be desirable to associate with a request for a get operation such auxiliary behavior as verifying the authority of the requester, or performing a translation of the information before providing it to the requester. However, should additional behavior or action be needed, beyond that already associated with the system operations, the schema of the database system must be modified to incorporate the new behavior or action, again a task of no small proportion.
Accordingly, it can be seen that a schemeless database system can provide a variety of advantages.
The present invention provides a simple technique for storing data items of varying forms and structures without requiring adherence to any specific schema. The invention accomplishes this technique by employing an object oriented program to create and store object instances of class types pertaining to the particular data item.
The invention utilizes a capability offered by the object oriented programming environment: using instance objects of pre-specified classes to represent variables of a user-defined data type. Broadly, the invention is an information storage system that includes a storage manager, a persistent store (e.g., disk storage or other permanent storage) that is administered by the storage manager, and an object catalog that contains the definitions of what the persistent store can contain in terms of object-oriented class specifications. Data items are kept in the persistent store as object instances of a type specified by information in the object catalog.
The invention is best utilized by a data processing system having some form of local or resident storage memory (e.g., for storing data and instructions), and a persistent store mechanism such as conventional disk storage. The object catalog is structured to contain object-oriented class specifications, defining the different types of data items maintained in the persistent store. Data items of a particular type are stored as a collection of object instances of a class specification contained in the object catalog. Each collection of object instances relate to data items that are of a particular category; for example, savings account data items as opposed to parts inventory data items (which would form another collection of object instances of a type enumerated by a class specification contained in the object category). Each class declaration in the object catalog pertains to one particular collection of data items, and includes the name of the class, its attributes, member functions, and base classes if any. Since the stored object instances may contain both data (attributes) and function, a collection of objects of the same type will correspond to data items of a same type; i.e., the object represents variables of a data type defined by a user. Thus, the system can store multiple collections, each separately defined by a class specification in the object catalog.
In use, a class specification, describing data items of a particular form desired to be stored, is designed and placed in the object catalog. Implementation code for any member functions declared in the class specification will be formed and also stored in the object catalog with the class specification. An instance object of the class type is created for each data item desired to be stored, and put in the persistent store by the storage manager. An application program needing to access data items from a particular collection of objects of a particular type issues a "get" request to the storage manager which first queries the persistent store to find the requested object instances, and returns it to the requesting application. The application may then call any member function that may be specified in the class specification contained in the object catalog to act on the data item (i.e., objection instance). When through, the application returns the object instance to the persistent store by requesting a "put" operation of the storage manager, and return the object instance to the database manager, which returns it to persistent store.
A further embodiment of the invention provides for attaching or otherwise associating collateral behavior to operations of the storage manager, using object-oriented programming techniques in conjunction with the database system of the present invention. According to this further embodiment, class specifiers describing handlers (i.e., code that, when called, will "handle" a certain event) are placed in the object catalog. Object instances of the handler class type are formed and added to the persistent store, using an addhandler operation of the storage manager. The addhandler operation will also associate the handler object instance being stored with storage manager operations on stored object instances of a specific class type. For example, if a "savings" class (for savings accounts) has been specified and placed in the object catalog, object instances of that class will represent savings data type objects for each particular "account" (e.g., Mr. Smith, Mr. Brown, etc.), forming a collection of savings objects stored in the persistent store. Particular operations of the storage manager (get, put, etc.) on the savings object in the persistent store can initiate use of one or more of the handler object instances to call member functions of the handler class to, in turn, launch specific collateral activity. Consider a request to the storage manager to retrieve a savings object instance (data item) by a get operation. Collateral activity associated with the get operation may include verification of the source of the request for the get. Objects of a type different from savings (e.g., objects of an inventory class specification) may have different handler objects associated with the get (or put, or other) operation of the program manager.
It will be apparent to those skilled in this art that the present invention provides advantages not believed present in present day storage systems. First is that data items of different forms may be stored merely by creating a class specifier to describe each form, and then creating and storing an object instance for each data item of each form. Second is that behavior native to data items of a particular form made readily available by the member functions declared in the class specifier for object instances that represent the data items merely by calling the member function to act on the data item.
A further advantage is the ease with which collateral activity can be attached to operations of the storage manager merely by specifying the desired activity by a class activity, adding an object instance of the class to the persistent store, and associating the object instance with a storage manager operation on object instances of a particular type. Removal merely requires deletion of the handler object instance from storage and erasure of the association. Modifications can be effected simply and easily by modifying the handler object instance itself, or by replacing the object with another.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in this art by a reading of the following detailed description which should be taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 broadly and diagrammatically illustrates the major components of the database system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a representation of code, in the C++ language, of a simple class specifier;
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic representation of the content of the object catalog shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic representation of the content of the persistent storage used by the system illustrated in FIG. 1; and
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of the storage manager to obtain an object instance requested by an application.
The present invention is a storage system that operates to store data items in the form of object instances. The storage system is used by application programs running on a central processing system (not shown) having a memory system (not shown) that contains the application programs (or at least the presently executing parts thereof) together with any associated data structures to be made available to application program. The storage system, designated generally with the reference numeral 10 in FIG. 1, is shown as including three major components: a storage 12, an object catalog 14 contained in the storage 12, and a storage manager 20 (which, for efficiency, will reside in the memory of the central processing system). The storage manager 20 has access to and controls both the storage 12 and the object catalog 14. Preferably, the storage 12 is in the form of a persistent store such as, for example, disk storage or other permanent store. The object catalog 14, an object itself, can be maintained in the permanent storage, just as any other object (with handlers if used). Preferably, it is retained in memory of the central processing unit (not shown) for reasons of performance. The object code, also an object itself, resides in permanent storage, but preferably is called into memory for improved performance.
The storage 12 will contain one or more collections of object instances (01, 02, . . . , 0n), each collection being of a type defined by a class specifier found in the object catalog 14. As an example, FIG. 1 illustrates the object catalog 14 as containing two class specifiers: one for a class "savings" and another for a class "inventory." That is, for each collection of object instances, 01, . . . , 0n, there will be a corresponding class specifier or specification contained in the object catalog, together with implementing object code for any member functions that may be declared in the class specification. The object instances kept in the storage 12 each represent a data item. Data items of the same type are represented by object instances forming one of the collections 01, . . . , 0n. The object instances are available to an application program 40 through the aegis of the storage manager 20. Objects may be retrieved, replaced, or deleted from the storage 12 by the application program 40 respectively issuing "get," "put," and "remove" request messages to the storage manager 20. In response, the storage manager 20 will initiate requested "get," "put," or "remove" operation to retrieve a requested object from storage 12 (placing it in memory where it can be used by the requesting application program), or to return an object to the storage 12, or to remove the identified object.
The object catalog 14 will contain, for each collection of object instances (01, 02, . . . , 0n; FIG. 4), code specifying the object class and, for each object class specification, the object code that will implement any member function(s) declared in any class specification. The persistent store further holds "handler lists" that are associated with specific ones of the class specifiers. As will be seen, each handler list delineates the collateral activity to be executed when particular operations of the storage manager 20 are performed or requested on an object instance.
There are other operations performed by the storage manager 20, such as addhandler (which adds an object instance of a handler type to the storage 12). Certain of these other operations are discussed below, and the source code listings for these operations are attached hereto in Appendixes A and B.
FIG. 2 illustrates a simple class specification 22 for the class "savings." The class specification 22 is prepared, and stored in the object catalog 14, together with implementing code 24 (preferable in compiled form) for any of the member functions declared in the specification 22. The class specification 22 is shown as including a floating point attribute ("balance"), a constructor ("savings (0)"), and two member functions ("deposit (floatamt)" and "getbalance (0)"). Although the attribute balance is shown hidden (by the keyword private) so that it is accessible only to the member functions of the class, this is not necessary to the present invention.
The class savings specification 22 is preferably stored in the object catalog 14 in a form easily accessed by the storage manager 20, rather than in an ASCII form which can degrade performance by requiring the storage manager 20 to parse the terms. Accordingly, the class specification is stored in an electronic form.
As has been indicated among the operations performed by the storage manager 20 are a basic three to retrieve or remove a data item (object instance) from storage 12, or to return a data item to storage, in response to requests issued by an application program 40. In addition, collateral activity can be associated with one or another or any of these operations when requested by a particular application, but not when requested by another application. For example, suppose the application program 40 is one that manipulates savings accounts, and accordingly has need to get, put, and/or remove savings type objects (data items) from the storage 12. It may be desired that anytime a savings account application program issues a get request, the request be verified, and other activity implemented before the requested object is supplied the application for a program 40. This collateral activity is implemented by handlers. Thus, for get operations performed by the storage manager 20, there would be a class specification in the object catalog 14 for a "gethandler" that defines and describes the necessary attributes and member functions for performing the desired collateral activity when a get operation is requested of the storage manager 20. An instance of the gethandler class would then be defined and stored in the storage 12 for get operations performed for savings type objects.
Similarly, to associate collateral activity with put operations, a file containing the declaration and implementation of the activity (class "puthandler") would also be contained in the object catalog, and object instances of that class for put operations stored in the storage 12.
A more definitive portrayal of the content of the object catalog 14 is illustrated in FIG. 3. FIG. 3 shows, in addition to the class specifier and implementation code 22, 24 for the class savings specification, the specifier and implementation code 32, 33 for the class inventory specification. The object catalog may also contain additional class specifications, as illustrated by foobar, gethandler, and puthandler specifications 34, 36, 38. Each named class specification contained in the object catalog 14 would, as illustrated, and like the class named savings, include at least a class specifier and implementation code for member functions declared in the class.
FIG. 4 illustrates the handler list 26 associated with the savings class specifier and implementation code 22, 24. Handler lists may be associated with a particular instance of a class, and/or all instances of a class. Thus, there may be a handler list associated with the class savings for each operation requested of the program manager 20 concerning objects in the storage 12 of a type savings; For example, there will be a handler list describing the collateral activity (verification, translation) for any get operations requested of the storage manager seeking savings type objects. There may also be a handler list for put operations for savings objects if there is to be initiation of collateral activity for any put operations requested of the storage manager. Each handler list contains the identity of an object instance of a handler type that, when called, will be executed to produce the desired collateral activity when a get or put operation is requested of the storage manager on a savings object. Since there is a different handler list for each separate storage operation, much more flexibility is achieved as to what collateral activity is initiated.
The collateral activity is performed by calling member functions to act upon object instances, stored in the storage 12, of a handler type. Thus, as with other object instances, or object instance collections, handler type objects must also be defined by a class specification and implementing member function code. Accordingly, the object catalog 14 will also contain the necessary specifiers and associated member function code for the different collateral activity handlers. Illustrated in FIG. 3 are two such specifiers: one for a puthandler class (36) and a second for a gethandler class (38). Depending upon what activity is desired, a single class specifier can be used for one particular storage manager 20 operation for all classes (savings, inventory, etc.); alternatively, single class specifier and implementation code combinations can be used to define a handler object for each storage manager operation on objects of a specific type. When a handler is invoked, it is supplied the name of the object, class specifier, a pointer to the object instance located in memory, and the name of the operation (i.e., requested activity: get, put, remove).
A handler can request that the operation or activity (e.g., get) be aborted. For example, a get operation may have a handler list that identifies three handlers. Those three handlers will be executed in sequence, and control returned to the get operation. However, if one of the handlers, for example, the second in the sequence, encounters an error that would preclude continued processing, that handler can abort the operation, in which case control would return (with an error condition) to the application that called operation.
Turning to FIG. 4, an example of what the storage 12 may contain is illustrated. The object collection 01 is shown as including a number of object instances of type savings such as TOM, DICK, and HARRY. Similarly, the object collection 02 may correspond to the class specification inventory 32 (FIG. 3), and object instances of that class (aa, ab, . . . ) would make up the collection. FIG. 4 also shows that the storage 12 will contain the handler object instances that may be associated with the various classes specified in the object catalog. Thus, for example, the collateral activity for the get and put operations of the storage manager 20 on objects of type savings have their object instances (sav. gethandler, sav. puthandler) maintained in the storage 12. In similar fashion, if there is also collateral activity for get and put operations of the storage manager 12 of (data item) object instances of the inventory class specification, the object instances (e.g., inv. gethandler, and inv. puthandler) for that activity is also kept in the storage 12.
The storage manager 20 is structured to perform, in addition to the get, put and remove operations, other operations such as adding handler object instances to the storage 12. As with other object instances stored in the storage 12, a desired handler class specification and member function implementation are prepared, coded/compiled, and stored in the object catalog 14. Object instances of the handler type are then constructed and added to the storage 12 using an addhandler operation of the storage manager 20. The addhandler operation, in addition to storing the handler object instance in storage 14, will also write the identification of the newly added handler object to the associated handler list of the appropriate class. If no such handler list exists, the addhandler will create one, associate it with the designated class, and add the handler object identification.
For example, assume that whenever the application program 40 issues a get request to the program manager for a get operation on an object of type savings such collateral activity as verification of the authority of the author of the get request is needed. As indicated above, the class specifier and implementing code ("gethandler") for such collateral activity would be prepared and added to the object catalog 14, describing the desired activity—if it does not already exist in the object catalog. The desired object instance (here, of a gethandler type) is prepared and the addhandler operation of the storage manager 20 requested to put the newly created handler object in the storage 12. The request will include an identification of the storage manager operation (get) and object instance of the type savings with which the handler object will be associated. The addhandler operation will, accordingly, write the handler object to the storage 12, and create a gethandler list with the identification of the handler object and write the list to the object catalog 14, associating it with the savings class specifier. If such a list already exists, the addhandler operation will write the handler object identification to that list.
Appendix A, attached hereto, is the source code listing that describes the operation of the storage manager 20 in the C++ language.
Operation of the storage manager 20 is illustrated in FIG. 5 with respect to a request by the application program 40 to "get" an object from storage 12. Continuing with the example discussed above, assume the application program 40 is a savings account program. Savings accounts of individuals are represented by objects (TOM, DICK, . . . , HARRY) of type savings are stored in the storage 14, as illustrated in FIG. 4.
Assume further that any requested get operation of the storage manager 20 is to initiate some collateral activity. Accordingly, a gethandler object (sav.gethandler) for implementing the collateral activity is created and placed in the storage 20—with the identification of that gethandler object added to the (get) handler list of the savings class.
Assume that the savings account application program 40 desires to deposit an amount in a savings account represented by the saving type object TOM in storage 12. Accordingly, the application program 40 will message the storage manager 20 with information describing the desired operation (get), object (TOM). The storage manager 20 will then, referring to FIG. 5, step 50, query the storage 12 for the appropriate object (TOM). If the object exists, the storage manager 20 will retrieve the object. (Actually, a copy of the object is retrieved.) If the query indicates that the object TOM does not exist, step 52 will be exited with an error signal being returned to the application program 40.
The storage manager 20 then queries the storage 12 for the handler list identifying handler objects that are to be involved for get operations on this object instance (i.e., here, TOM). If such a handler list exists, it will be retrieved by the program manager 20, and each of the gethandler objects identified in the list called for execution in turn (steps 56/58). When all gethandler objects have been executed, steps 56/58 are exited in favor of step 60, in which the storage manager passes the copy of the requested object (TOM) to the requester, the application program 40. The application program 40 can then call the "deposit" member function (see FIG. 2) on the TOM object (which is now in the application's memory) by executing the implementing code in the object catalog (also in memory) for that member function. The deposit has now been effected, and the object TOM must now be returned to the storage 12 with the changed content of the attribute balance of the object TOM.
Accordingly, the application program 40 will message the storage manager 20 with a put request, providing the storage manager 20 with the object TOM. (Actually, what is passed by the application program 40 to the storage manager 20 are pointers to the memory space managed by the application program containing the attribute, balance, of the object TOM.)
The storage manager, before returning the object TOM to the storage 12, will perform a puthandler operation which, in turn, will initiate the puthandlers operation to obtain any puthandler list associated with TOM object instance. If such a list exists, the puthandler operation will cause each of the registered puthandlers to execute, after which the object TOM is restored to the storage 12, now modified so that the balance has been increased by the deposit performed by the application program 40.
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- How will my application to the UO be considered?
- When will I receive news about my admission to the UO?
- Do I need to submit letters of recommendation?
- What's the difference between the application essay and a personal statement?
- Is an interview or campus visit necessary?
- What if I do not meet the UO's admission requirements?
- What's the minimum SAT Reasoning Test or ACT score required for admission? Do I need to take SAT Subject Tests exams?
- Does the UO give college credit for Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate exam scores?
- If I was homeschooled, attended an unaccredited high school, or earned a GED, how can I gain admission to the UO?
- Can I defer admission?
- How do I apply for on-campus housing?
- Is the November 1 Early Action deadline binding?
- Are scholarships available from the UO?
- When do I register for my first classes?
- What is tuition equity? How do I become eligible?
- How much does it rain in Eugene?
How will my application to the UO be considered?
To be considered for admission to the UO, you must meet our standard admission requirements. Your application will undergo our comprehensive admission process. If you do not meet the standard admission requirements, explore the options for alternative admission.
When will I receive news about my admission to the UO?
Apply by the November 1 Early Action (or early notification) deadline, and you'll hear from us by December 15. Apply before the regular January 15 deadline, and you'll receive our decision by April. No matter when you apply, you will have until May 1 to make your decision.
Do I need to submit letters of recommendation?
No, but we will review any that you submit. If your GPA is 3.00 or below, letters of recommendation are advised.
What's the difference between the application essay and a personal statement?
The admissions essay is required. A personal statement is not required, but may be submitted to explain any obstacles in your life that hindered your academic performance in high school.
Is an interview or campus visit necessary?
No, but visiting campus is the best way to determine if the UO is the right fit for you and to get a sense of the campus atmosphere. Delivered by current students, campus tours are held five times a day Monday through Friday and once on Saturday. Group-style information sessions, which focus on many common questions and issues, are held directly after the tours. We recommend allotting at least a half-day for the visit, especially if you'd also like to meet advisers or faculty members in specific departments. Portland-based information sessions are available at the White Stag Block. More information on visiting the Eugene campus or Portland center is available on the Campus Visits webpage.
We don't conduct formal interviews in the Office of Admissions, but you are welcome to meet with an admissions counselor for specific questions or issues that you prefer to address one-on-one. We take pre-arranged appointments as well as drop-ins.
What if I do not meet the UO's admission requirements?
First, explore the options for alternative admission. Even if you don't meet the admission requirements, we encourage you to apply and to include a personal statement explaining any circumstances that hindered your academic performance.
What's the minimum SAT Reasoning Test or ACT score required for admission? Do I need to take SAT Subject Tests exams?
You must submit your scores from either the SAT or ACT (with optional writing component) exams. If your high school GPA is 3.00 or above, there is no minimum score. If your GPA is below 3.00, use our alternate admissions chart to find the minimum score needed to be considered for admission. We prefer to receive your test scores directly from the testing center. If your high school includes test scores on its transcripts, that is sufficient for your application, but please indicate on the special circumstances statement that we should look for your scores on your transcript.
SAT Subject Test scores are only required if you graduated from an unaccredited high school or were homeschooled.
Does the UO give college credit for Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate exam scores?
Yes, the UO grants college credit for AP and IB exam scores that meet the university's requirements. You must obtain an official score report from the AP or IB administrators and have it sent directly to the UO.
If I was homeschooled, attended an unaccredited high school, or earned a GED, how can I gain admission to the UO?
Read the requirements for homeschooled applicants. Read the requirements for students from nonaccredited high schools. Read the requirements for applicants with a GED degree.
Can I defer admission?
No. If you do not enroll at the university for the term in which you were admitted, you must submit a new application with updated transcripts to reapply for a different term. Your $50 application fee is good for one academic year (fall through summer terms).
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As soon as you are admitted to the UO (and not before) you'll be able to apply for housing and sign your housing contract online. Space is limited, so apply as soon as possible. More information is available from University Housing.
Is the November 1 Early Action deadline binding?
No. Early Action means that if you apply by November 1 for admission, you will receive a response from the Office of Admissions by December 15. You still have until May 1 to make your decision.
Are scholarships available from the UO?
Yes. Eligible incoming freshmen will be considered for many scholarships including the Summit or Apex and general university scholarships. Financial need may be a factor. To ensure your consideration for all available UO scholarships, you are encouraged to file a Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA) and list the UO (school code 003223). More scholarship information, including specific criteria and award amounts, is available from the Office of Student Financial Aid and Scholarships.The following scholarships require a separate application: Presidential, Stamps, and Diversity Excellence.
When do I register for my first classes?
During orientation you'll learn about degree requirements, meet with your advisor, and register for classes. For students entering in the fall, there are orientation sessions in July and August called IntroDUCKtion. You'll receive information on Freshman Interest Groups (FIGs), Freshman Seminars, and class registration toward the end of your senior year. Students admitted for winter, spring, or summer terms sign up for Mid-Year IntroDUCKtion.
What is tuition equity? How do I become eligible?
The tuition equity law provides that students who meet certain criteria are exempt from nonresident tuition and fees. Read more.
How much does it rain in Eugene?
Normal annual rainfall is 46 inches, which is about the same as Boston, Philadelphia, and New York (not combined!). In Eugene, the rain is concentrated between the months of October and April. Eugenians are accustomed to the rain, and it's common to see people riding bikes and running outside throughout the year. Eugene's climate, with an average temperature of 53 degrees, is one of the city's attractive features. Mild winters, long growing seasons, sunny and dry summers, and few drastic weather changes are characteristic.


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Hey Everyone! Id like any help you can give me and I'm happy to answer any questions to help come up with an answer!!!
So "Rascal" here is a 2 y/o Stud Colt. Im trying to decide if I should cut (geld) him or not. He has Freckles Playboy on his papers and is off the Doc o Lena Line on top (sire) with 100% Blackburn Foundation on bottom (dam).
He has a Blaze, and 3 Stockings and a band around one front leg... with that funny marking on his leg i'm wondering if he will throw color, if he does id like to leave him a stud especially with the blood lines he has, but I don't want to chance breeding him and not throwing color to make him proud cut.
Here are some pictures of him.... and a link to his blood line.
The leg is the right front below the knee
Baby Picture ^^^^^
photo (2).jpg
Recent Pics, he's the red dun
Bloodline link - Blackburn Perty Beau Quarter Horse


text:
Our garden is overflowing with tomatoes right now. One of my favorite recipes to make when I have a bunch of good, homegrown tomatoes is pizza/pasta sauce. This recipe is made to be thicker so that it holds up for pizzas, but it is just as good as a pasta sauce.
- 2 cups fresh seeded Roma tomatoes, seeded and chopped
- 1 Tbsp. Olive oil
- 3 tsp sugar
- 1 Tbsp. basil, oregano, or any combination of herbs you like
- 1/2 teaspoon garlic salt
- 1/8 teaspoon crushed red pepper
- Heat olive oil on medium-low. Stir in herbs, red pepper, and garlic salt and let sit for 20 seconds. This brings out the flavor of the herbs and spices.
- Add tomatoes and sugar, stir, and simmer, uncovered at least 20 minutes (I reduced it for closer to one hour until the sauce was super thick).
- If a thinner sauce is wanted, mash up with a potato masher.
- Better taste is attained if left to sit overnight in the refrigerator.
Linked up at: Pennywise Platter Thursday, Gallery of Favorites, Foodie Friday


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- Infowars - http://www.infowars.com -
John Stossel Year in Review – Top 10 Politicians' Promises Gone Wrong
Posted By aaron On December 21, 2010 @ 5:22 pm In Old Infowars Posts Style,Washington Politics | Comments Disabled
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December 21, 2010
Fox News aired "Politicians' Top 10 Promises Gone Wrong," a one-hour special hosted by John Stossel. The program will examine political promises and their consequences. Topics include 'cash for clunkers,' the minimum wage, credit card reform, and health care reform. [via National Journal]
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The Ten Most Important St. Louis Restaurant Openings of the Aughts #8: Iron Barley (2003)
Iron Barley (2003)
Tom Coghill's laidback -- but decidedly not quiet -- restaurant has enjoyed a recent surge in interest thanks to its appearance on the Food Network's megapopular Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives. It's the rare case when I don't want to kick host Guy Fieri in his Rocky Mountain oysters: Iron Barley deserves publicity for its incredible selection of oak-roasted meats, "sammiches" and cast iron-seared fare. And it demands praise for being a forerunner of one of this decade's best trends: restaurants that sate our love of unassuming neighborhood spots yet offer us something different from and, yes, better than the typical bar menu. Think Blues City Deli, Stellina Pasta Café and the late and much-missed Pitted Olive. It's almost enough to make Fieri's goofy mug tolerable. Almost.
5510 Virginia Avenue; 314-351-4500; website
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Super Comfortable Binding
By Tahoe Scott
from San Jose, CA
About Me Expert
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Comments about Flow M11 Snowboard Bindings 2013:
I've had a couple days on these bindings and love how comfortable they are. They just hug your boots. I paired with K2 Maysis boots and it's not as easy to kick in to the binding as I thought but that would be my only complaint so far.
Bottom Line Yes, I would recommend this to a friend
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Great Set Of Bindings!
By Justin
from Chicago
About Me Intermediate
This was my first set of bindings. I saw a lot of riders on the mountain with these bindings during my "rental days" and was intrigued with how easily these riders got strapped in. After a little research, I found that the binding to look for was the brand Flow. I searched for a great deal on these and found them on this site. They arrived fast and I could not be more pleased with the product so far.


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The left-back is close to making his return to action after suffering a rib injury against Norwich on 6 October but he did not travel to Germany with the squad.
"Jose Mourinho believes tomorrow's game has come just too soon for the left-back and he has remained in the UK," Chelsea said on their website.
Germany forward Andre Schurrle did travel though after he recovered from a leg injury that forced him out of the 4-1 victory over Cardiff on Saturday.
Schurrle scored a hat-trick in Germany's 5-3 World Cup qualifying win over Sweden last week.


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The 26-year-old is flying to the UK this weekend to discuss personal terms and is expected to firm up his move to the Amex by the end of January.
Ulloa began his career in his homeland of Argentina - playing for San Lorenzo, Arsenal and Olimpo before making the move to Spain with Castellon.
Almeria swooped for his services in 2010 and he has rewarded the club since with 48 goals in 102 appearances - finishing top scorer in La Liga's second tier last season with 29 goals.


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A special screening of Salaam Bombay! was held at Cinemax Versova on Saturday to commemorate its 25th anniversary in the presence of director-producer Mira Nair and screenwriter Sooni Taraporevala. Several members of the cast including Raghubir Yadav (Chillum), Hansa Vithal (Manju Golub) and Shaukat Azmi (Brothel madam) were in attendance.
On this occasion, Nair released the new trailer of her latest The Reluctant Fundamentalist which will open in Indian theatres on May 10.
"I began filmmaking with the ideological question of whether art can change the world and then Salaam Bombay! led to the formation of the Salaam Baalak Trust," Nair said about her debut film which won a Camera d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival 1988 and was nominated for an Academy award in 1989.
Nair said she was happy to bring the film back to the young audiences in India.
Nair and Taraporevala also re-released the book "Salaam Bombay!" originally published by Penguin in 1989.


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- Infowars - http://www.infowars.com -
Orson Welles On Police and Government
Posted By kurtnimmoadmin On September 4, 2012 @ 8:03 am In Big Brother,Old Infowars Posts Style,Tile | Comments Disabled
September 4, 2012
This video is part of The Orson Welles Sketchbook, a series of six 15-minute shows for the BBC produced in 1955.
Article printed from Infowars: http://www.infowars.com
URL to article: http://www.infowars.com/orson-welles-on-police-and-government/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2015 Infowars. All rights reserved.


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FILE - Adam Levine, left, and Behati Prinsloo attend the 2014 Vanity Fair Oscar Party, in this Sunday, March 2, 2014 file photo taken in West Hollywood, Calif. Maroon 5 frontman-turned designer Adam Levine said Levine in an interview Thursday April 17, 2014 his lack of fashion training is not a problem. Levine�s Victoria's Secret model fianc� Behati Prinsloo (bay-AHT'-ee PRINS'-lo) lent him a hand. He looked through Prinsloo�s closet for inspiration and the couple collaborated on a few pieces. (Photo by Evan Agostini/Invision/AP, File)
BEVERLY HILLS, Calif. (AP) — Maroon 5 frontman-turned designer Adam Levine says his lack of fashion training is not a problem.
"I don't know how to read music, but I can still play. So I don't really give a (expletive) about formal training or going to school," said Levine in an interview Thursday at an event for his latest Kmart collection. "You don't have to be trained in everything to be good at it."
"The Voice" coach said skepticism of some celebrity designers is warranted, but insisted his collection is not "your average, celebrity-hawked fashion line."
"I didn't want it to just be something that I phoned in," Levine said. "So I was really involved in the process."
The collection, which retails for $30 or less, includes colorful, casual printed T-shirts, mini crop tops, twill and jean shorts and patterned maxi dresses. Levine's menswear line for Kmart launched last fall.
"I kind of know what I like for both men and women. I think that it's a little more difficult and challenging when you're not, it's not something you can conceptualize, or it's not something you can conceive of wearing," he said of designing for the opposite sex. "So I needed to get a little bit of help."
Levine's Victoria's Secret model fiancee Behati Prinsloo lent him a hand. He looked through Prinsloo's closet for inspiration and the couple collaborated on a few pieces.
The clothes are "ideally what you want to see, I guess selfishly, on a lady," he said.
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Wealthy Indonesians Can Own a Pet Tiger Duo For $100,000?!
Sumatran Tigers
Roundup: Year of the Tiger
Yearbook Awards, Tiger Edition?
Rangar, Khan and Domur
Cat Deeley Has the Eye of the Tiger
All You Need Is Love: Dogs Nurse Lions and Tigers to Health
Photos of Doggie Nursing Cubs
Whoa, Mama! Tiger Gives Birth to Six Cuddly Cubs
Six Tiger Cubs
Baby Tiger's Stoked For a Fully Stocked Toy Box
Trend Alert: Animal Farm


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Lyons School
Welcome to Lyons,
where good things happen!
Lyons Avenue School
517.755.1480 Office
Pre-Kindergarten through 3rd grade
School Begins at 8:19 am
School Ends at 3:20 pm
Half Day Dismissal at 11:42 am
Principal - Mr. Terry Baker
517.755.1480 Office
Welcome to Lyons Elementary School located south of Mt. Hope between Cedar Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. Our school is in a quiet residential area and backs up to a city park. We have a big, beautiful playground with a square blacktop area for games, a jungle gym playground set and lots of grassy area for games or just sitting and talking with friends.
Our school is a Pre-Kindergarten through third grade building.
We believe every child can learn if placed in the right environment, and yes, we believe Lyons is exactly the right environment for children to learn both academically and socially! We have high expectations for each and every student enrolled in our school. The instructional staff will include 14 pre-k through third grade classroom teachers, a literacy teacher and one instructional assistant. Art, music, and physical education are incorporated into the classroom.We have an assembly every month for those students who demonstrate good citizenship.
We also have several extracurricular activities for students including Drama Club, Choir, and the Feeling Good Mileage Club.
To visit teacher pages, please click "classes" in the content bar.
Please send comments or questions to:


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888 Casino
888 Holdings has seen record financial results for the fourth quarter and 2012 full-year periods. Reports suggest this increase has been down to demand for their mobile gaming services and also improved performance in Spain and Italy.
888 has seen revenue in the final quarter of 2012 up 7% on the previous year to $97m. This led to the overall full-year revenues to increase by 13% at $376m. Speaking in a trading update the brand has asserted that they have a huge 520,000 active poker and casino players which is an increase of 42,000 from 2011.
The company's chief executive, Brian Mattingley, explained that the brand has experienced and is still experiencing an increase in customer recruitment and therefore increasing revenues from their mobile platforms. Due to further investment in this area he also believes that this is just the beginning of a trend that's set to increase further.
After a few early bumps the brand has also seen success in Europe, with the chief executive again asserting that their success in both Spain and Italy has shown they have an attractive product to offer Europe's gamers. Early reports also suggest that 2013 has started strongly, following the trends set in 2012.
Shares in the company rose by 1% on 4th Feb.


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University of Rochester Medical CenterSchool of Medicine and Dentistry601 Elmwood Ave, Box 611Rochester, NY 14642
Office: (585) 275-1850
Lab: (585) 275-1433
Fax: (585) 276-0190
Molecular Genetics and Physiology of the Response to Environmental Stresses by Oral Bacteria.
Visit Lab Website »
View Research Network »
Research: Molecular Genetics and Physiology of the Response to Stresses by Streptococci and Enterococci.
Read full Research bio »
Showing the 5 most recent journal articles.
32 available »


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Find hotels & motels in Thompson using the list below. Search for the cheapest discounted hotel and motel rates in or near Thompson, CT for your upcoming personal or group travel. Explore the most favored Thompson, Connecticut motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Thompson area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Thompson hotels. Need 5+ Rooms? Secure Thompson Group Hotel DiscountsThe Thompson center point is about 12 miles from Brooklyn Fairgrounds and 13 miles from Old Sturbridge Village.
Thompson Hotels, Motels & Accommodations
Next 20 Thompson Hotels > [1 - 20 of 50]
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In The Cards
Lamar University sports
Posts filtered on Tag
Bob Knight to see son's Lamar team for first time soon
Bob Knight has not seen his son's team play yet this season. "He's asked me to send him some tapes, but I just haven't been fully thrilled about 40 minutes," Pat Knight said Wednesday after Lamar beat Huston-Tillotson 88-59. "You know with him all it takes is one bad minute and I'm going to get […] [Read More]
Lamar makes the most of playing non-D-I schools
We'll know next year if Pat Knight makes good on his promise. For now, he's making the most of the situation. Lamar played Wednesday against a non-NCAA Division I school for the first time this season. The next one is Dec. 31 against Lyon College. Two other non-D-I opponents came in a pair of preseason […] [Read More]


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Natural Stone
Quartz Stone
Contact us and visit soon!
The team at Oates Granite & Monument is looking forward to help you with your project
What to expect & how we do it!
Learn what to expect when we start working with you on your project.
We love stone!
Visit our facility to view and purchase remnants, half-slabs and full slabs!
Don't take our word for it!
Check out what our satisfied customers have been saying about our quality work!
A Photo is worth a 1000 words!
We have 100s of pictures for you to enjoy. Please visit our gallery. Get inspired!
Specializing in the fabrication of Stone & Quartz Countertops and Monuments
601-776-5758 • 108 N Archusa Ave, Quitman, MS 39355
COPYRIGHT 2001-2013 • Oates Granite & Monument • Web Design by Mark Lauzon
We Service: Meridian MS, Hattiesburg MS, Tuscaloosa AL, Jackson MS, Tupelo MS
We been in business for a long time. We have a legacy of happy kitchen countertop customers. We have a trained sales team that gets the job done on time and on budget. When you call to get a quote on your project, a real person actually answers the phone. Our people know how to answer your questions about granite, marble, limestone, travertine, and other types of natural stone. While other stone shops go out of business, we continue to grow. Unlike many granite shops, we will be around to take care of you long into the future.
Yes, we have one of the largest inventory of granite remnants around! We also have remnants and half slabs of Engineered stone, marble, limestone, onyx and of course granite and many other types of stone remnants.
Our extensive experience in commercial and architectural projects gives our team the skill sets needed to work with engineered stone. Visit our commercial gallery for some great examples of our commercial work and know that you can use our fabrication shop with confidence for your next project.
When it comes to removing existing tile or Formica countertops in your kitchen, Our professional installation crews know how to take care of your home. It starts with digital templating, our trained technician will use a digital templating machine to accurately measure your cabinets and walls. This templating machine allows to measure WITHOUT tearing out your existing countertops. The project is then fabricated in our production facility using our state of the art gear to ensure outstanding accuracy and quality of your stone project. We then send out our installation vehicles, they are clean and well maintained. They will not drop oil on your driveway. When our granite installers arrive they mask off the floors and lay down protective matting to insure your home is not damaged or marred during the installation process. We will not be fabricating your kitchen in your drive way! When our team leaves your home they will clean up and make sure you are happy with every detail of your remodeled kitchen or bath. We will treat your home as if it were our own....this is not a job for our team members, it is a profession. We take pride in our granite and marble work.
We have the skill, design knowledge and talent to execute the most demanding stone projects. From contemporary drop apron projects to 3D stonework, our team can get the project accomplished to your specifications. Please feel free to contact us for your next project. Our employees are drug free and have passed background checks. We have the proper safety training and gear to install stonework on your next commercial project. When professionalism, quality and timeliness count....count on us!
Our layout software will enable you to see exactly what your stone is going to look like before it is cut.. Gone are the days of wondering what your granite or marble kitchen seams will look like. You have heard the horror stories about botched installs and granite veins that don't line up at the seam or color miss-matches. Too often granite fabricators use the excuse of "It's natural stone....What did you expect?" We have invested in the stone working technology to make sure you will never need to hear that lame excuse with your installation.
How many inches of overhang can I have on my island with out support? Often fabricators will resort to the simple rule of thumb which is 12 inches. How silly is that? Every stone has different properties and a huge range of strength. Depending on veins, density, thickness etc, the safe amount could very from NOTHING to 18 inches. Should I reinforce the stone with rods? How do I mount granite slabs to walls safely? Our team has the experience and skills needed to help you understand the engineering considerations for your specific granite or marble. Our experience working with granite and marble insures that your product will last a lifetime.
Granite is normally a coarse grained igneous rock that is comprised of quartz, feldspars and micas. The quartz will be be the lighter color minerals with the remaining consisting of feldspars and muscovite. The dark minerals are hornblende or biotite. Granite is by far the most common rock found in the outer crust of the planet. Granite is formed by the cooling of magma in the ground.
Marble is metamorphosed sedimentary carbonate rock. Limestone or dolomite (carbonate rocks) are the typical base minerals. The recrystallization of the carbonate minerals result in Marble. Often the original structure of the carbonate rocks are modified during the metamorphism to render the marble unrecognizable from its original state. The swirling and veins in marble often result from mineral impurities which are in layers in the original limestone or dolomite.
In our industry the term "Granite" is used to describe many stone slabs that are in fact not granite by a geological definition. What does this mean to you? Well not to much as long as your countertops does not etch from common acids or scratch from a knife. It really is a simple test. Simply take a lemon and cut it in half, leave in the stone in question for ten minutes or so. Remove the lemon and look for etching of the surface. If the lemon had no effect, you have passed the first half of this simple test to determine if the stone is acid resistant. The next test is to take a knife and drag it across the stone. Does the stone readily scratch? If not you, are dealing with a Mercantile Granite that is suitable for the abuse that is common in a kitchen. Marbles, Limestones, Onyx, Travertines will not pass the test which is why those materials are more suitable in areas that don't involve cooking.
Around eight years ago the granite slab manufacturing industry began to resin granite, marble, limestone and other stone slabs. The process is incredibly important as it helps seal and strengthen the stone. Resining granite is done after the slabs are cut from the granite blocks. The slabs are pressure washed to remove slurry and open any pores or natural fissures in the stone. The slabs are then dried in an oven. As the slabs leave the oven the slaps are sprayed with a penetrating resin which soaks into the slabs consolidating any fissures and filling the microscopic pores in the stone. The resin is then ground off the face of the slabs leaving the resin in the pores and fissures. The slab is left with a glass like finish that is resistant to stains. Be sure to ask for resined granite slabs when you starting looking for material. Reputable companies only purchase resined granite and marble slabs. Resined slabs are the true engineered stones of the industry.
We like to think so. Unfortunately, it is not actually classified in a way the allows it to get LEEDS points. The two biggest criteria are 1. Does the countertop used recycled material and is it a renewable resource? 2. Was it made within 500 miles from where it was installed? That's a layman's version of LEEDS as it relates to countertops. Let's discuss some other factors that make granite one of the "greenest" choices available to you. First and foremost is countertop life cycle. A properly installed granite countertop will last as long as your home and never needs replacing....it will look as amazing today as it does in twenty years. Second consideration is carbon foot print. The amount of Co2 produced in the extraction of granite is actually very low when compared with man made countertops. Couple that with a product that lasts a life time and you have one very green product. We wont run out of granite any time soon....it's what the crust of the planet is made of.
As the name implies it is a countertop product that is made of quartz and resins. Before granite slabs were resined Engineered stone had one major advantage over its natural counterpart, it was difficult to stain. Now with the advent of resined slabs that advantage is gone. The primary difference is the appearance. Man made products come in a large range of consistent color which do not occur naturally in nature. You often see engineered stone being used in commercial setting or contemporary ones. At the end of the day you have to decide which look is best for your countertops, price may also be a factor. Note: Engineered does not hold up to heat as well as granite.
In most cases the answer is never.....or years and years after it is installed. Sealers are solids that have been emulsified in a solvent. They are designed to penetrate the stone taking the solids with them. When the solvent evaporates (think paint) the molecules lock into the stone and seal it. Combine one good coat of a quality sealer (which we will do for you in our shop) with the resin applied by the factory you will have a very stain resistant top that will be virtually maintenance free. Rarely, if ever will you ever need to seal granite that has been resined and properly sealed. If over time you do see some water absorb then simply reseal. We can help you with this in the unlikely event your countertops need to be resealed. Remember, companies that sell sealers would love you to seal your counters every couple weeks....think about it.
If there is a question you have about granite marble or travertine just call (601) 776-5758 and somebody will be able to help!


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Grey's Anatomy
Jessica Capshaw on Arizona's Fate: "I am Infinitely Delighted That"…
Warning: This article contains spoilers about Grey's Anatomy Season 9, Episode 1: "Going, Going, Gone." If you haven't watched it, turn away now!
Whether or not you like the twist about Arizona's (Jessica Capshaw) missing leg and clear depression on Grey's Anatomy Season 9, at least she's alive, right? That's definitely how Jessica Capshaw feels!
Last night Jessica took to Twitter to expound on her character's fate, saying, "I am infinitely delighted that Arizona lives." She added, "How she lives in this season will certainly be a wild ride. I thank you all for your support."
Are you excited for Arizona's wild ride, or are you afraid it will be too much angst to handle?
Catch the next new episode of Grey's Anatomy on Thursday, October 4 at 10 p.m. ET/PT on ABC.
Source: @JessicaCapshaw
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Now Playing
Connect with Us
KRWG.ORG-The Region's Home Page
10:05 am
Tue November 12, 2013
Lawyers To Again Argue Texas Admissions Case
Attorneys are preparing to again argue in the case of a race-based college admissions plan at the University of Texas.
The case returns Wednesday to a panel of the 5th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Austin after the U.S. Supreme Court sent it back for another look.
The court's 7-1 decision on June 24 left unsettled many basic questions about the use of race in college admissions. Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the court, said the 5th Circuit Court needs to subject the UT admission plan to the highest level of judicial scrutiny.
The case was raised by Abigail Fisher, a white Texan who wasn't offered a spot at UT in 2008. Fisher has since received her undergraduate degree from Louisiana State University.
Information from: Austin American-Statesman, http://www.statesman.com
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.