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What You Should Know
|Star Rating
|2 or More Patented Ingredients
|Less Than $5 Shipping
|Trial Offer
|Rejuval Skin (2014 Editors Choice)
|Facial Toner
|IQ Derma
|Meaningful Beauty
|Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum
Dermika is a Polish skin care product manufacturer started in 1994, and they produce extensive lines of skin care and spa products. Dermika develops its products with the co-operation of scientific institutes such as the Warsaw Technical School, Warsaw Medical Academy, and the Cosmetology and Healthcare Academy. According to Dermika's website, all of its products are researched and dermatologically tested before coming to market. The company has won over 50 awards since its inception.
The Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum is one of Dermika's signature products in its Retinol 2010 line. The Retinol 2010 products are specifically formulated for mature skin and, according to Dermika's website, they react differently depending on the skin's needs. The more mature the skin, the stronger the product will work. The Dermika website lists active ingredients for the Retinol 2010 line but does not specify whether the ingredients are in all products in the line Including the Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum, or just some. There is no full ingredient listing available. Dermika products cannot be purchased from the website and there does not appear to be a money-back guarantee. There are also no product samples or trial sizes offered.
Product Details
The Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum could contain some of the active ingredients listed for the Retinol 2010 product line. The main active ingredient is Retinol ESDS. Retinol is an animal-based source of Vitamin A, so is not appropriate for vegans. The ESDS stands for Epidermal Skin Delivery System, which appears to be a proprietary form of retinol. According to Dermika, retinol aids in cellular regeneration, increases collagen, and improves the external structure of the epidermis. Dermika does not provide any details or clinical studies supporting the effectiveness of retinol on the skin. Most independent studies show the benefit of retinol when taken internally, but few studies could be found on retinol when applied topically.
Also listed as an active ingredient in Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum is amaranthus seed oil, which is rich in squalane. Squalane is found in many higher-quality anti-wrinkle formulations and has been clinically proven to moisturize skin deeply and to reduce wrinkles and fine lines. There is no indication that Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum contains peptides, powerful anti-wrinkle and cell regeneration ingredients found in many higher-quality products. There is not a full listing of ingredients in the Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum so it is impossible to determine whether the product contains any lower-quality "filler" ingredients. It is also difficult for those with chemical sensitivities and allergies to assess whether this product is appropriate for them.
The Good
- May contain squalane, known to be effective in wrinkle reduction.
- Company tests all of its products before bringing them to market.
- Contains retinol which may improve skin elasticity and regeneration.
The Bad
- Cannot purchase Dermika products directly from the manufacturer.
- No money-back guarantee or product samples offered.
- Full list of ingredients for the Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum is not disclosed.
- No links to clinical studies supporting the effectiveness of the product or its active ingredients.
The Bottom Line
The Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum is formulated specifically for wrinkle and fine line reduction. However, the company does not provide enough information for the consumer to be able to determine the product's effectiveness prior to purchasing. Some of the active ingredients in the Dermika products are known to improve aging skin, but without a full list of ingredients, those with allergies should seek another product. If you purchase Dermika Anti-Wrinkle Eye Serum and you are not happy with it, you will likely be stuck with the entire jar.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Mother Nature cut Lollapalooza concertgoers a break for the third and final day of music/debauchery, delivering bright sunshine and a breeze. The stinkier-by-the-minute mud pits lingered, though, and the filth-lovers of the crowd wasted no time jumping right in. It was a day of dream fulfillment, surprise cameos, and of course, plenty of ear candy.
Outasight stopped by VH1 in a jovial post-show mood. He kindly took the time to chat with VH1 News' Janell Snowden. Stay tuned for the interview!


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A method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor is disclosed. The method comprises charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than one of a maximum and rated voltage for the capacitor. The method also comprises providing an open circuit condition and allowing the capacitor to at least partially discharge through leakage current.
1. An apparatus for reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor for an implantable medical device, the wet-tantalum capacitor having a hydrated anodic deposit, the apparatus comprising:
a means for charging the capacitor at a voltage that is no more than seventy-five percent of a rated voltage for the capacitor such that reformation occurs through dehydration of the anodic deposit; and
a means for providing a condition by which the capacitor is discharged.
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16. A method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor for an implantable medical device, comprising:
charging the capacitor at a voltage that is less than approximately seventy-five percent of a rated voltage for the capacitor for an amount of time sufficient to reform the capacitor; and
providing an open circuit condition and allowing the capacitor to at least partially discharge through leakage current.
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26. A method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor for an implantable medical device where the wet-tantalum capacitor includes a hydrated anodic deposit, comprising:
holding the capacitor at a voltage that is less than approximately seventy-five percent of a rated voltage for the capacitor such that the anodic deposit is dehydrated and the capacitor is reformed; and
discharging the capacitor through a non-therapeutic load.
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34. A method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor for an implantable medical device, the wet-tantalum capacitor including an anodic oxide phosphate deposit, the method comprising:
applying an electric field across the capacitor dielectric at a voltage that is less than seventy-five percent of a rated voltage for the capacitor for a sufficient amount of time to reform the capacitor through dehydration of the anodic oxide phosphate deposit.
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This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/261,066, entitled "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MAINTAINING ENERGY STORAGE IN AN ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICE", filed Sep. 30, 2002, and which is herein incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to the field of capacitors. More specifically, the present invention relates to wet-tantalum capacitors for use in medical devices (e.g., implantable medical devices (IMDs)) or other types of devices.
Since their earliest inception, there has been significant advancement in body-implantable electronic medical devices. Today, these implantable devices include therapeutic and diagnostic devices, such as pacemakers, cardioverters, defibrillators, neural stimulators, drug administering devices, among others for alleviating the adverse effects of various health ailments. Conventional implantable medical devices are also vastly more sophisticated and complex than their predecessors, and are therefore capable of performing considerably more complex tasks for reducing the effects of the health ailments they were designed to treat.
Usually, body-implantable medical devices rely on battery power to perform their therapeutic and/or diagnostic tasks. The battery supplies power to the electrical components of the implantable medical device, and also typically provides power to a capacitor of, for example, a defibrillator device, which stores the energy supplied thereto from the battery. The capacitor typically includes an anode, a cathode, and a fluid electrolyte disposed between the anode and cathode. The various types of materials used for the anode, cathode, and electrolyte may have an impact on the capacitor's ability to store energy from the battery, and the rate at which the energy is stored prior to discharging the capacitor. Importantly, the materials may also affect the volume of the device. Smaller defibrillator devices, which in turn require smaller capacitors, will typically enhance the patient's comfort.
Typically, in an implantable medical device, the capacitor is used to deliver therapeutic electric signals to the patient's heart in response to the device receiving abnormal feedback signals from the heart. The therapeutic electric signals delivered to the patient's heart may vary somewhat in intensity depending on the patients' physiology and the details of the implant. Typically, the therapeutic electric pulse energy delivered to the heart is on the order of 30 J for a single defibrillation pulse. The energy stored in the capacitor has to be somewhat larger due to losses along the delivery path during the release of the energy.
The capacitor, therefore, plays a vital role in the implantable defibrillator device for if the energy supplied from the battery is not stored in a timely manner within the capacitor prior to its therapeutic discharge or if the energy is not released in a timely manner during its therapeutic delivery, the capacitor may not be able to deliver sufficient energy to the patient's heart at a critical point in time when deemed necessary by the implantable medical device. As a result, the performance of the medical device may be adversely affected by the capacitor's inability to adequately and/or quickly store the energy supplied by the battery.
Wet-tantalum capacitors use tantalum and tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) instead of the conventional aluminum and aluminum oxide in aluminum electrolytic capacitors. Wet-tantalum capacitors typically include a tantalum metal anode, a tantalum oxide dielectric combined with a liquid electrolyte that is sandwiched between the anode and a cathode. The cathode may be a tantalum metal using a Ta2O5 dielectric or other material, for example, RuO2.
An exemplary wet-tantalum capacitor may comprise a tantalum metal anode, Ta2O5 dielectric, a liquid electrolyte, and a cathode of material other than tantalum, for example, RuO2. Capacitors of this description are known in the trade as hybrid capacitors, with some versions having tantalum cases and others having polypropylene cases. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,982,609; 5,469,325; 5,737,181; and 5,754,394.
Exemplary specifications for the wet-tantalum capacitors are 185 volts surge, 60 microamp leakage current at 175 volts, 90 microamp leakage current at 185 volts, an AC capacitance of 490 microfarads, and equivalent series resistance (ESR) of 1.2 Ohms. Capacitors meeting these specifications or having similar construction are manufactured by Wilson Greatbatch Technologies of Clarence, N.Y. or Evans Capacitor Company of East Providence, R.I.
A maintenance issue exists for wet-tantalum capacitors, which is that their charging efficiency degrades over long periods of inactivity. The degraded charging efficiency stems from hydration of either the tantalum-oxide dielectric and/or hydration of a sparingly soluble phosphate that is deposited within the interstices of the anode during formation of the anodic oxide. This hydration problem leads to degraded charging efficiency and thereby requires the device battery to expend more energy to charge the capacitor for future use in providing therapy.
Previous attempts at solving the problem of deformation require that the capacitor be charged to a voltage at or near the rated voltage of the capacitor for a period of time and then discharging either through a non-therapeutic load or through leakage currents. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,283,985, Harguth, et al. state they have discovered the need for reforming wet-tantalum capacitors in an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and describe a method for doing so, albeit contrary to and without the advantages of the methods and apparatuses described herein.
Accordingly, there is a need for an efficient reformation method and apparatus for wet-tantalum capacitors. Further, there is a need for a method and apparatus for reforming wet-tantalum capacitors which require reduced amounts of energy from a power source. Further still, there is a need for wet-tantalum capacitors which provide improved reformation properties when compared with conventional wet-tantalum capacitor reformation techniques. Yet further still, there is a need for a method and apparatus for reforming wet-tantalum capacitors which addresses the underlying mechanisms that lead to the degradation of wet-tantalum capacitor performance.
It would be desirable to provide a system and/or method that provides one or more of these or other advantageous features. Other features and advantages will be made apparent from the present specification. The teachings disclosed extend to those embodiments which fall within the scope of the appended claims, regardless of whether they accomplish one or more of the aforementioned needs.
An exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor. The method comprises charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than one of a maximum and rated voltage for the capacitor. The method also comprises providing an open circuit condition and allowing the capacitor to at least partially discharge through leakage current.
Another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor. The method comprises charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than a rated voltage for the capacitor. The method also comprises discharging the capacitor through a non-therapeutic load.
Yet another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor. The method comprises applying an electric field across the capacitor dielectric. The method also comprises causing dehydration of an anodic oxide phosphate deposit.
Yet still another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a method of reducing the size of an implantable cardiac defibrillator. The method comprises reducing the size of the battery powering the defibrillator, by reducing power requirements in reforming the capacitor, wherein reforming the capacitor is accomplished by, charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than a rated voltage for the capacitor, and providing a condition by which the capacitor is discharged.
Yet still another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to an implantable cardiac device. The implantable cardiac device includes a processing device for controlling the implantable cardiac device. The processing device comprises a processor, a power source, and a capacitor device including at least one wet-tantalum capacitor, the device coupled to the power source wherein the processor carries out instructions to charge the at least one wet-tantalum capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than a rated voltage for the at least one wet-tantalum capacitor and to discharge the at least one wet-tantalum capacitor by at least one of opening the circuit to allow for current leakage and/or providing a path for a non-therapeutic discharge.
Yet still another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to a program storage device readable by a machine, tangibly embodying a program of instructions executable by the machine to perform method steps for reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor. The method comprises charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than a rated voltage for the capacitor. The method also comprises providing a condition by which the capacitor is discharged.
Yet still another exemplary embodiment of the invention relates to an apparatus for reforming a wet-tantalum capacitor. The apparatus comprises a means for charging the capacitor to a voltage that is substantially less than a rated voltage for the capacitor. The apparatus also comprises a means for providing a condition by which the capacitor is discharged.
Alternative examples and other exemplary embodiments relate to other features and combination of features as may be generally recited in the claims.
The invention will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals refer to like elements, in which:
Before describing in detail the particular improved system and method, it should be observed that the invention includes, but is not limited to a novel structural combination of conventional electronic processing components and circuits, and not in the particular detailed configurations thereof. Accordingly, the structure, methods, functions, control and arrangement of conventional components and circuits have, for the most part, been illustrated in the drawings by readily understandable block representations and schematic diagrams, in order not to obscure the disclosure with structural details which will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the description herein. Further, the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments depicted in the exemplary diagrams, but should be construed in accordance with the language in the claims.
Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described below. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual implementation are described in this specification. It will of course be appreciated that in the development of any such actual embodiment, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developers' specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which will vary from one implementation to another. Moreover, it will be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time-consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure.
The invention can be implemented in any implantable medical device (IMD) requiring a transformer for providing a therapy and/or monitoring function such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,094,597, herein incorporated by reference. The invention will be described in relation to an ICD operating system design, but it is not intended that the invention be limited to that particular application when it can be advantageously implemented in other ICD systems and in other IMDs.
Such ICD typically are formed having a housing that is hermetically sealed and, therefore, is impervious to body fluids, and a connector header for making electrical and mechanical connection with one or more leads bearing pacing, sensing and cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes adapted to be located in or around selected chambers of the heart. The housing is typically formed of a suitable, body-compatible material approved for medical use, such as titanium and is shaped physiologically so as to avoid sharp edges which might lead to tissue necrosis following implantation. Typically, the housing is formed having major opposed or parallel surfaces joined together by sides enclosing an interior housing chamber or cavity and having electrical feed-throughs extending therethrough and into the connector header. The housing cavity receives the battery(s) and the high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) electronic circuitry which can comprise ICs, hybrid circuits and discrete components, e.g., but not limited to, the step-up transformer and the high voltage output capacitor(s). Although, there is no particular preferred embodiment of such an ICD,
The cardioversion/defibrillation leads 14, 16 and 18 bear relatively large surface area cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes 30, 32 and 26, respectively that are located in, on or about the heart 12. Cardioversion/defibrillation lead 14 extends subcutaneously and terminates distally in a subcutaneous electrode 30, which is intended to be mounted subcutaneously in the region of the left chest. Cardioversion/defibrillation lead 16 extends transvenously and terminates distally in an elongated coil CS electrode 32 which is located in the coronary sinus and great vein region of the heart 12 and extends around the heart from a point within the opening of the coronary sinus to a point in the vicinity of the left atrial appendage. Ventricular cardioversion/defibrillation lead 18 extends transvenously and is provided with an elongated electrode coil 26 which is located in the right ventricular chamber of the heart 12. Cardioversion/defibrillation therapeutic discharges can be applied between selected cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes.
The ICD 10 preferably further incorporates atrial and/or ventricular EGM sensing capabilities for detecting atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias and optionally providing therapy for atrial and/or ventricular arrhythmias. Ventricular lead 18 also includes a ventricular pace/sense electrode 34 which takes the form of a helical coil which is screwed into the myocardial tissue of the right ventricle. Lead 18 may also include an additional pace/sense electrode 28 for near field ventricular EGM sensing or a surface electrode on the ICD 10 may be paired with the helical coil electrode 34 for far field ventricular EGM sensing. Additional near field and/or far field atrial EGM sensing and atrial pacing capabilities can be provided using atrial pace/sense electrode pairs on the atrial lead 16 and/or the IPG 10. The invention is also believed workable in the context of multiple lead and electrode systems appropriate for the treatment of the patient's arrhythmias.
In the system illustrated, ventricular cardiac pacing pulses are delivered between helical pace/sense electrode 34 and ring electrode 28. Pace/sense electrodes 28 and 34 are also employed to sense EGM signals characteristic of ventricular contractions. As illustrated, it is anticipated that the right ventricular cardioversion/defibrillation electrode 26 will serve as the common electrode during sequential and simultaneous pulse multiple electrode defibrillation regimens. For example, during a simultaneous pulse defibrillation regimen, high voltage therapeutic discharges would simultaneously be delivered between cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes 26 and 30 and between cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes 26 and 32. During sequential pulse defibrillation, it is envisioned that high voltage therapeutic discharges would be delivered sequentially between cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes 30 and 26 and between coronary sinus cardioversion/defibrillation electrode 32 and right ventricular cardioversion/defibrillation electrode 26. Single pulse, two electrode defibrillation pulse regimens may be also provided, typically between right ventricular cardioversion/defibrillation electrode 26 and coronary sinus cardioversion/defibrillation electrode 32. Alternatively, single pulses may be delivered between cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes 28 and 30. The particular interconnection of the cardioversion/defibrillation on electrodes to the ICD will depend somewhat on which specific cardioversion/defibrillation pulse regimen is employed.
The exemplary prior art ICD system 101 of
The LV ICs and hybrid circuits powered by supply voltage VDD (and other regulated voltages generated by LV power supply 68 in certain instances) comprise at least the illustrated microcomputer 42, the control and logic circuitry 44, and the pace/sense circuitry 78, and may include other circuits, e.g., a system clock, power-on-reset circuitry, telemetry circuitry, physiologic and activity sensing circuitry etc. The LV supply voltage VDD is also applied to the HV charging circuit 64 to power the DC-DC conversion switching circuits and to the HV output circuit 40 to power operation of certain circuitry therein.
As illustrated, the ICD system 101 is controlled by the operation of the microcomputer 42 and control circuitry 44 following an operating program stored in ROM and RAM which performs all necessary computational and control functions. Microcomputer 42 is linked to control circuitry 44 by means of a bi-directional data/control bus 46 and further interrupt and signal lines (not shown), and thereby controls operation of the HV output circuitry 40 and the HV charging circuitry 64. Pace/sense circuitry 78 awakens microcomputer 42 to perform any necessary mathematical calculations, to perform tachycardia and fibrillation detection procedures and to update the time intervals controlled by the timers in pace/sense circuitry 78 and control circuitry 44 upon receipt of a reprogramming command or on the occurrence of signals indicative of delivery of cardiac pacing pulses or the sensing of selected features of the EGM characteristic of cardiac contractions. The basic operation of such a system in the context of an implantable pacemaker/cardioverter/defibrillator may correspond to any of the systems known to the art, and in more particular may correspond generally to those illustrated in the above-incorporated '006, '253, and '441 patents for example.
Pace/sense circuitry 78 includes an R-wave sense amplifier according to the prior art as described in the above-incorporated '588 patent. Pace/sense circuitry 78 also includes a pulse generator for generating cardiac pacing pulses, which may also correspond to any known cardiac pacemaker output circuitry and includes timing circuitry for defining ventricular pacing intervals, refractory intervals and blanking intervals, under control of microcomputer 42 via control/data bus 86. Control signals triggering generation of cardiac pacing pulses by pace/sense circuitry 78 and signals indicative of the occurrence of R-waves from pace/sense circuitry 78 are communicated to control circuitry 44 by means of a bidirectional data bus 80. Pace/sense circuitry 78 is also coupled to ventricular pace/sense electrodes 28 and 34, illustrated in
In this illustrated embodiment, the HV output circuitry 40 is coupled to the output capacitor bank 38, including capacitors C1 and C2, and is programmable for delivering biphasic cardioversion/defibrillation shocks to selected cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes. The output capacitors C1 and C2 are coupled to secondary windings 105 and 109 of step-up transformer 103 by means of the diodes 115 and 117. The primary winding 119 of step-up transformer 103 is coupled to the HV charging circuitry 64. The HV charging circuitry 64 is controlled by the CHDR signal on line 66 supplied by control circuitry 44 when a malignant arrhythmia subject to cardioversion/defibrillation therapy is detected. The output capacitors C1 and C2 are charged by oscillations of the high frequency, HV transformer 103 in the manner disclosed in detail in the above-incorporate '588 patent. The CSP and CSN voltage across the capacitor bank 38 is monitored and applied via the VCAP signal on line 54 to the control circuitry which detects the point when the VCAP signal level matches the programmed energy level of the cardioversion/defibrillation high voltage therapeutic discharge to be delivered. When that condition is satisfied, the control circuitry 44 terminates the CHDR signal and commences the operations to deliver the biphasic cardioversion/defibrillation shock to the selected cardioversion/defibrillation electrodes.
Turning now to
The cathode 310 is coupled via an electrical connection to a cathode lead 320 that extends through the inner surface 307 and an outer surface 308 of the container 305. The cathode lead 320 is electrically isolated from the container 305 by a feed-through 312. In one embodiment, the feed-through 312 may be constructed of a glass insulator that seals the cathode lead 320 to the container 305 while maintaining electrical isolation between the cathode lead 320 and the container 305. The feed-through 312, in addition to electrically isolating the cathode lead 320 from the container 305, substantially prevents material, such as a fluid electrolyte, for example, from leaking out of the container 305. The feed-through 312 also substantially prevents foreign substances from entering into the container 305, thus reducing the likelihood of contamination of the container's 305 internal components.
The capacitor 205 is further configured with an anode 315 that is disposed within the container 305. In one embodiment, the anode 315 may be constructed of tantalum. It will be appreciated, however, that the anode 315 may alternatively be constructed of other valve metal materials, such as aluminum, niobium, zirconium, titanium, and alloys including these metals, as well as oxides of these metals. It will also be appreciated that these aforementioned examples of materials used for the anode 315 are not exhaustive. Accordingly, various other conductive materials may be used for the anode 315 in addition to the examples provided above without departing from the scope of the present invention.
The anode 315 is electrically coupled to an anode lead 325 that passes through the inner and outer surfaces 307, 308 of the container 305 via a feed-through 330. The feed-through 330, which may be similar in construction to the feed-through 312 (as previously discussed), electrically isolates the anode lead 325 from the container 305 in substantially the same manner that the feed-through 312 electrically isolates the cathode lead 320 from the container 305.
The container 305 is filled with a fluid electrolyte 340, which is disposed between and in contact with the anode 315 and the cathode 310 of the capacitor 205. The electrolyte 340 provides a current path between the anode 315 and the cathode 310. In accordance with one embodiment, the electrolyte 340 may include a water and glycol ether mixture, phosphoric acid, etc. The selection of the particular electrolyte 340 may depend on the reactivity of the electrolyte 340 with the materials used for the anode 315 and the cathode 310. For example, a sulfuric acid solution used as the electrolyte may be desirable when the anode 315 is composed of tantalum.
The operation of the switch 108 is controlled by a charge controller 122 via a signal applied to a line 124. When the charge controller 122 directs the switch 108 to close, current flows through the primary winding 106, thereby storing energy in the primary winding. When charge controller 122 directs the switch 108 to open, the current flowing through the primary winding 106 is interrupted, causing a transient fly-back current to be induced on a secondary winding 112 of the step-up transformer 107. The transient current in the secondary winding 112 is rectified by a diode 114 and applied to the terminals of a high-voltage (energy storage capacitor 116). By cyclically opening and closing the switch 108, currents induced in the secondary winding 112 charge the high-voltage energy storage capacitor 116.
A form of pulse width modulation may be used to govern the cycle in which the switch 108 is opened and closed. Depending on design considerations, "pure" pulse width modulation technology or pulse frequency modulation are suitable for use. In an exemplary embodiment, a hybrid of pure pulse width modulation and pulse frequency modulation is used.
To monitor the charge on the capacitor 116, the charge controller 122 receives a signal over a line 121 from voltage-reducing circuitry 123 that is connected to the capacitor 116. Voltage-reducing circuitry 123 supplies a reduced voltage signal over line 121 in ratio to the voltage charge on capacitor 116, thus enabling the charge controller 122 to determine the degree to which capacitor 116 is charged. Alternatively, the feedback from voltage-reducing circuitry 123 may be directed to a microprocessor 154 after undergoing appropriate analog-to-digital signal conversion. The microprocessor 154 can issue commands to the charge controller 122 via line 156 to control the operation of the charge controller. Defibrillation therapy control circuitry (not shown) connected to the capacitor 116 selectively discharges the capacitor 116 over a pair of lines 118 and 120 and delivers defibrillation therapy to a patient.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the switch 108 described above may be implemented using a number of types of solid state devices. Due to the large amount of electrical current that may flow through the switch 108, it is preferred that a transistor be configured to operate as the switch 108. In that case, a "closed" switch refers to a state wherein the transistor allows current to flow through it while an "open" switch refers to a state in which the transistor does not permit current to flow. In many applications, a field effect transistor is suitable for use as the switch 108, wherein the drain and source terminals of the transistor are connected between the primary winding 106 and the current-sense transformer 110, respectively, while the gate terminal is connected to line 124. Depending on the signal applied to the line 124, the switch 108 may permit or interrupt the flow of current through the primary winding 106. The charge controller 122 controls the amount of current flowing through the primary winding 106, and thus controls the rate at which the capacitor 116 is charged, by controlling the cycles in which the switch 108 opens and closes.
Referring now to
In an exemplary embodiment, capacitors 570 may be an array of wet-tantalum capacitors, possibly, but not limited to, 3 or 4 such wet-tantalum capacitors. According to an exemplary embodiment, each wet-tantalum capacitor includes a metal anode, tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) dielectric, a liquid electrolyte, and a cathode material.
Referring now to
In general, the reformation process is automatically initiated by the microprocessing device of the IMD. Alternatively, the reformation process may be triggered manually by a clinician, or alternatively, may be triggered remotely through a remote information processing control and communication system.
After a reformation charge cycle, which may be initiated through a slow charging process, has been initiated, a therapeutic discharge cycle may be required during the charging or during other portions of the reformation process. If a therapeutic discharge cycle is initiated, the therapeutic discharge cycle takes precedence over the reformation process and is initiated and carried out to completion or to termination, whichever result is commanded by the microprocessing device. If the therapeutic discharge cycle is initiated, the reformation process may then be delayed or possibly may be reset according to logic within the microprocessing device.
In a particular exemplary embodiment, the charging of the capacitor may be controlled to be charged at a predetermined or closed-loop controlled rate during reformation. The capacitors may be charged at a slow charging rate, compared with the charging rate for therapeutic discharge. The charging rate may be on the order of minutes, hours, or days. Further, the capacitors may be charged to substantially less than the rated voltage. For example, it may be desirable to charge the capacitors to less than 90% of rated voltage or less than 90% of maximum voltage. In another exemplary embodiment, it may be desirable to charge the capacitors to some quantity less than 90% of the rated voltage, for example, it may be desirable to charge the capacitors to any of a range of values under 75% of rated voltage (e.g., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 50%, etc.). By charging the capacitors to substantially less than the rated voltage or the maximum voltage, the life of the battery is preserved while the efficiency of the reform is believed to be as good or better than prior reformation techniques.
Further, in an exemplary embodiment, the battery may be made smaller if it is not necessary to charge the capacitors all the way to the rated voltage during reformation. Accordingly, space savings in the implantable device, or other device, using the capacitor or capacitor bank result. Once the capacitor is charged to less than the rated voltage (step 620), the capacitor is held at charge for a predetermined period (step 630). According to an exemplary embodiment, the reformation discharge cycle is initiated immediately after the charging cycle without a holding period. According to other exemplary embodiments, the holding cycle may be a relatively long or relatively short holding cycle on the order of minutes, hours, or days. For example, it may be desirable to hold the charge of the capacitor for 24 hours. During the holding cycle, it also may be desirable to use a top-off circuit and/or process in which the level to which the capacitor was charged initially is held at a constant level during the holding cycle. Absent the top-off circuit, the voltage would drop during the holding period due to leakage currents. Such top-off circuits are well known in the art, however, have not heretofore been applied to the apparatus and method described herein. After the capacitor has been held at charge for a predetermined period (step 630), a condition for reformation discharge is provided (step 640). The discharge may be done through any of a variety of techniques, including discharging through non-therapeutic channels such as but not limited to through a resistance (including a resistor or other resistive load, impedance, etc.). Further, the capacitor may be discharged through an open circuit bleed, that is, through natural leakage current in the system. Typically, if the discharge is through a non-therapeutic load, the discharge may occur relatively rapidly, however, if the discharge is through leakage current, the leakage current will occur over a prolonged period depending on the characteristics of the system.
In an exemplary embodiment, the capacitor is reformed periodically on a schedule, for example, every month, every three months, every six months, etc., or the performance of the capacitor is monitored and the capacitor is reformed according to the sensed condition of the capacitor.
Based on experimental investigations, the deformation mechanism in wet-tantalum capacitors is the result of hydration of either the Ta2O5 dielectric and/or of a sparingly soluble phosphate deposited within the interstices of the anode during the formation of the anodic oxide. When the capacitor is "fully formed", the phosphate exists in a dehydrated state. As the capacitor rests at open circuit, hydration of the phosphate makes it more conductive, allowing electrical access to more Ta2O5 surface area. This increases the amount of energy required to charge the capacitor relative to that for a fully formed capacitor.
Reformation of the capacitor, therefore, requires dehydration of the deposit. The dehydration process is assisted by the application of an electric field. The electric field required to provide the dehydration process is relatively low compared to that applied when the capacitor is charged to a high voltage relative to its rated voltage or its maximum-energy voltage. Accordingly, the reformation process, as described above, may be achieved at relatively low voltages. Preferably, the dehydration process, because it is very slow, requires voltage be applied to the capacitors for an extended period. Some benefit may be achieved by applying voltage to the capacitor for several seconds, however, progressively greater reformation is achieved when applying the voltage for greater periods of time, such as minutes, hours, or days. For example, the table provided below shows how providing different reformation voltage levels and discharge techniques produces differing results.
The improved processes discussed above produce results having certain advantages. Because the capacitor is charged to a relatively low voltage, there is little or no damage to the capacitor, and the capacitor does not exhibit a decrease in service life. Also, because the amount of battery energy expended reforming the capacitor is roughly proportional to the square of the voltage to which the capacitor is charged, the process of reforming at substantially less than the rated voltage consumes much less battery capacity, thereby extending the life of the implantable device, or allowing its size to be reduced. In a typical ICD, the potential longevity increase would be approximately one (1) year, while the potential volume savings may be approximately one (1) cubic centimeter.
A variety of processes may be used depending on the capacitors used to provide these benefits, among others. For example, manual or automatic reformation may be carried out by rapidly or slowly charging the capacitors to a voltage which is not high relative to its rated voltage or maximum-energy voltage. A manual or automatic reformation may be provided for wet-tantalum capacitors by charging them to a voltage which is not high relative to the rated voltage or maximum-energy voltage and holding the capacitor at that voltage for a time before discharging it through a non-therapeutic load. A manual or automatic reformation process for wet-tantalum capacitors may be provided by charging the capacitors to a voltage which is not high relative to their rated voltages or maximum-energy voltages and holding the capacitors at that voltage for a time before allowing them to discharge through internal leakage. Manual or automatic reformation of wet-tantalum capacitors may be provided by charging them to a voltage which is not high relative to their rated voltages or maximum-energy voltages and allowing the capacitors to discharge through internal leakage. Manual or automatic reformation of wet-tantalum capacitors may be provided by charging them to a voltage which is not high relative to their rated voltages or maximum-energy voltages and allowing the capacitor to discharge during internal leakage for a time before discharging them through a non-therapeutic load.
The reformation process described above may be used for a variety of devices not limited to implantable medical devices. The reformation techniques described may be applied to any of a variety of wet-tantalum capacitors used in any electronic devices such as for military applications including munitions, automated external defibrillators (AEDs), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,999,852, herein incorporated by reference, photo-flashes, or any other devices in which wet-tantalum capacitors could be applied. Consequently, this invention is not limited to implantable medical devices, but rather extends to any device which utilizes a capacitor requiring reformation. Further, the processes described above may be applicable to other types of capacitors not limited to wet-tantalum capacitors, but other types of capacitors in which the dielectric used and/or phosphate residue deposited within the interstices of the anode during formation of the anodic oxide may become hydrated over time and the application of an electric field may cause dehydration of the dielectric and/or the phosphate and, therefore, provide reformation of the capacitor.
As utilized herein, the terms "approximately," "about," "substantially", and similar terms are intended to have a broad meaning in harmony with the common and accepted usage by those of ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter of this disclosure pertains. It should be understood by those of skill in the art who review this disclosure that these terms are intended to allow a description of certain features described and claimed without restricting the scope of these features to the precise numerical ranges provided. Accordingly, these terms should be interpreted as indicating that insubstantial or inconsequential modifications or alterations of the subject matter described and claimed are considered to be within the scope of the invention as recited in the appended claims.
While the detailed drawings, specific examples and particular formulations given describe preferred and exemplary embodiments, they serve the purpose of illustration only. The inventions disclosed are not limited to the specific forms shown. For example, the methods may be performed in any of a variety of sequence of steps. The hardware and software configurations shown and described may differ depending on the chosen performance characteristics and physical characteristics of the medical devices. For example, the type of medical device or processor used may differ. The systems and methods depicted and described are not limited to the precise details and conditions disclosed. Furthermore, other substitutions, modifications, changes, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of the exemplary embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention as expressed in the appended claims.
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BRICs Meet SARCs: Tencent, Digital Sky Technologies and Naspers
- Posted by bbishop
- on April 13th, 2010
By now we are all familiar with the concept of the BRICs (Brazil, Russia, India, and China) as four nations whose "combined economies could eclipse the combined economies of the current richest countries of the world" by 2050.
Today China's largest Internet firm Tencent announced a $300m investment into Russia's Digital Sky Technologies Limited (DST). DST is the most powerful Russian Internet firm, and has investments across Eastern Europe as well as in Facebook and Zynga in the US. South Africa's Naspers owns 35% of Tencent, is an active investor in digital media in many emerging markets, and shares investments (including Mail.ru) and partnerships with DST in Russia and Eastern Europe.
Are we now seeing the emergence of a global Internet power bloc along the lines of the BRICs, one that, if we want to be facile, perhaps we can call the SARCs?
DST is now fairly well known in the US after its investments in Facebook and Zynga. Hong Kong-listedTencent, with a market capitalization larger than Yahoo's and Ebay's, is beginning to get the recognition it deserves as one of the top Internet firms in the world. Naspers, which may be one of the most succesful corporate media investors in history, is still under appreciated in the United States. At Tencent's current market capitalization of around $38 Billion (approximately 295B Hong Kong Dollars), Naspers' $32 million investment in Tencent in 2001 is worth $13.3 Billion.
So what is Tencent getting with this investment? In the release Tencent President Martin Lau said:
"We are excited to enter into a long-term strategic partnership with DST, a key global Internet player and a leader in Russian-speaking Internet markets. The investment allows us to benefit from the fast-growing Internet market in Russia, as well as to leverage our technical and operational know-how to strengthen the leadership position of DST and explore new business opportunities in the Russian-speaking Internet markets."
I think it is also worth noting that DST, through its stake in Mail.ru, has a huge presence in online gaming, one of Tencent's primary growth engines. According to DST's corporate web site:
Astrum Online Entertainment, now a part of Mail.ru, is the largest developer and operator of MMO games in Russia operating more than 30 MMO game titles. Nival Online, Nikita.Online, IT Territory, TimeZero and DJ Games operate under the Astrum umbrella.
The investment in DST may also lead to Tencent co-investing with DST in deals in the US and around the world. Tencent has done smaller investments abroad–Riot Games and Outspark in the US, VinaGame in Vietnam, Naspers' MIH India–but given Tencent's size and cash balance (After the DST investment Tencent still has approximately $1.5B in cash) those deals are relatively tiny. The new partnership with DST could help bring Tencent into the first tier of global digital media investing, and the huge pools of capital DST, Tencent and Naspers control should make entrepreneurs the world over drool.
Note: Those of you who see the hand of Goldman Sachs everywhere might appreciate that according to the Financial Times "DST Global's backers include Goldman Sachs, US hedge fund Tiger Global and Alisher Usmanov, the Russian investor." Two of DST's top partners are also Goldman Sachs alums. Goldman appears to be proving once again that they are just smarter and earlier than everyone else.
UPDATE: I neglected to mention that Martin Lau, President of Tencent, is also a former Goldman Sachs executive.
Please tell me what you think in the comments.
The information in this blog post represents my own opinions and does not contain a recommendation for any particular security or investment. I or my affiliates may hold positions or other interests in securities mentioned in the Blog, please see my Disclaimer page for my full disclaimer.blog comments powered by Disqus
Bill Bishop is an American living in Beijing. He is bilingual and has experience working in both US and China. In 1997 he co-founded CBS MarketWatch and stayed until the sale in 2004 to Dow Jones. He was never a journalist, and instead worked in several business roles over the years, the last as head of the MarketWatch consumer Internet business. More »
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ProjectsProject: RGA Headquarters
RGA Headquarters Balances Focus Work With Knowledge-Sharing
Project: Prebys Cardiovascular Institute
New Prebys Cardiovascular Institute Advances Legacy of Innovation
Project: Ballard Spahr Law Offices
Collaborative, Open Office Design Will Be Prototype For Law Firm Ballard Spahr
Project: 400 SW Sixth Ave., Cascade Building
Two Portland, Ore., Buildings Earn LEED Certification
Project: Froedtert Sports and Spine Center
Part 1: Innovative Thinking, Partnering Drive Planning For New Orthopedic Center
Part 2: Ambulatory Care Center Taps Lean Design Principles
Project: CSL Building
Center for Sustainable Landscapes Building First to Achieve WELL Platinum Certification
Project: NAS Headquarters
Part 1: Historic Preservation Meets Green Design At National Academy Of Science
Part 2: With BIM, Historic Landmark Gets Sustainable Renovation
Project: AETNA Building
Aetna Building in Phoenix Earns LEED Silver
Project: Zipcar Headquarters
Zipcar Aims For Collaborative Community In New Headquarters
Project: Agnes Irwin School
Agnes Irwin School Expansion Requires "Disciplined and Precise Thinking"
Project: 1 and 5 Independence Way
Office Building Renovations Aim To Reposition "Stale" Properties
Project: 300 North LaSalle
Chicago Office Tower Earns LEED Platinum
Project: Extension Center, Leon County, Fla.
Net-Zero Building Saves More Than Energy For Leon County, Fla.
Project: Chase Tower
Part 1: Chicago High-Rise Finds Better Option Than Free Cooling
Part 2: With In-house Data Center, Heat Recovery Is Efficient Solution
Project: Hangar 2
Former Air Force Hanger Hosts Community-Shared BIPV System
Project: Jordan, Pershing Elementary Schools
Sustainability Delivers Hard Savings, Soft Benefits to Jordan, Pershing Elementary Schools
Project: UC Merced SSM Building
UC Merced Earns 11th LEED Certification, 2nd Platinum
Project: Alabama Laboratories
At the University of Alabama, New Laboratories Are Designed For Collaboration
Project: Metropolitan Square
Metropolitan Square Earns LEED-EBOM Gold
Project: 255 Alhambra Circle
Tenant Engagement, Energy Efficiency Lead To LEED Gold for 255 Alhambra Circle
Project: Viterbo University School of Nursing
Part 1: New School of Nursing Facility Uses State-Of-The-Art Sustainable Strategies
Part 2: Chilled Beam System Among LEED, Sustainable Strategies
Project: 1350 I St. N.W.
High Level Challenge: Chilled Water Plant Replacement In High-Rise Office Penthouse
Project: InterContinental Miami
Part 1: 19 Story Digital Art Installation Transforms Exterior of Intercontinental Miami
Part 2: Exterior Lighting Design Presents Challenges
Project: Truxal Library
A Community College Library for the 21st Century
Project: Pioneer Investments Office
Office Project Offers Lessons In Master Planning For Collaborative Work
Project: SFWMD Lab
Part 1: LEED Certified Lab Offers Lessons In Efficiency, Project Management
Part 2: Laboratory Construction Project Management Strategies Prove Effective
Project: Martin Luther King, Jr. Federal Building
Part 1: GSA Rehabilitates Historic King Federal Building in Atlanta
Part 2: Green Strategies in a Historic Preservation Project: King Federal Building in Atlanta
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Part 1: Office Renovation for Architecture Firm Achieves LEED Platinum
Part 2: Green Features Reduce Energy Consumption 58 Percent
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Part 1: Food Court Renovation Aims to Make Allen Center More Appealing to Tenants
Part 2: Food Court Renovations: Lessons Learned
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Office Building Earns Dual-Platinum LEED Certification
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Part 2: Cost Savings and Green Features at NAU Health and Learning Center
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New Mexico Fire Station Uses PPA To Go Solar
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Part 1: Unical Aviation, Inc.: Transforming a Non-descript Warehouse Into a First-class Workplace
Part 2: Designers Focus on Color, Style for Interior
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A Modern Approach To Patient Care
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Part 2: Work on California State Office Buildings 8 and 9 Goes Beyond Green
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Part 1: BIM Helps Save Time, Make Better Choices for Science Building
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The Citadel Center: Chicago Green
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Part 1: Historic College Campus Gets Second Life
Part 2: Adaptive Reuse, Not Historical Preservation
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Part 1: Retail REIT Installs PVs With Power Purchase Agreement
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Green Science Teaching Center Meets Challenges of Landmark Site
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Meet the Roncalli and Angelini families, a vibrant cast of colorful characters who navigate tricky family dynamics with hilarity and brio, from magical Manhattan to the picturesque hills of bella Italia. Very Valentine is the first novel in a trilogy and is sure to be the new favorite of Trigiani's millions of fans around the world.
In this luscious, contemporary family saga, the Angelini Shoe Company, makers of exquisite wedding shoes since 1903, is one of the last family-owned businesses in Greenwich Village. The company is on the verge of financial collapse. It falls to thirty-three-year-old Valentine Roncalli, the talented and determined apprentice to her grandmother, the master artisan Teodora Angelini, to bring the family's old-world craftsmanship into the twenty-first century and save the company from ruin.
While juggling a budding romance with dashing chef Roman Falconi, her duty to her family, and a design challenge presented by a prestigious department store, Valentine returns to Italy with her grandmother to learn new techniques and seek one-of-a-kind materials for building a pair of glorious shoes to beat their rivals. There, in Tuscany, Naples, and on the Isle of Capri, a family secret is revealed as Valentine discovers her artistic voice and much more, turning her life and the family business upside down in ways she never expected. Very Valentine is a sumptuous treat, a journey of dreams fulfilled, a celebration of love and loss filled with Trigiani's trademark heart and humor.
A Note from Adriana Trigiani
The story of this novel began with a lady on a roof. Every morning, I head over to the Hudson River Park for fresh air and a run (just found out the exhaust fumes of the West Side Highway could kill me more quickly than lack of exercise, go figure), and I became obsessed with a woman living on one of the last small buildings facing the river amidst the "progress" of glamorous high-rises and hotels. I'd wonder, "Why does she stay?" Most summer mornings she was in her housecoat tending to tomato plants that line the fence of her rooftop. I never waved or rang her bell, but I connected to her. She reminded me of my grandmothers, who had their own gardens, and for most of their widowed lives, lived alone. I began to look for the woman, and when I saw her, I felt relieved, as though life wasn't really racing by, and that the past was somehow, in the form of this lady, still alive.
This lady, whose name I do not know and whom I have never met, brought me to the story of Carlo Bonicelli, my grandfather, a shoemaker. I keep a photograph of him on my desk to remind me of the artisans that came before me. (It's a crowded desktop; those of you who read Lucia, Lucia know about the seamstresses in my family!)
My grandfather Carlo died when he was thirty-nine years old. My grandmother told me that while he repaired shoes and built them, his dream was to design them. He did not live long enough to see his dream materialize. With my grandmother gone, I asked my mother about him, about his work. This wasn't easy, as my mom cries whenever she talks about her father. As those of you dutiful children out there know, when our mothers cry, it's like somebody's plunging a knife into our chests. But this time, I asked her not to cry, and she told me the story of the Bonicelli shoes. Then I went to Italy with my dear pal Gina Casella, (with our five-year-old daughters in tow) to learn how to make shoes. I met a few of the great artisans, who became the inspiration for the shoemakers in this novel.
The trip changed my creative life, but it also changed the substance and course of this story. I come from people who survived by the labor of their own hands in a glorious country of their choice (our United States). I always knew this, but now I understand it. I only live as an artist because they gave me their stories, and because you read them. So, Dear Reader (love it--so Jane Austen!), Very Valentine is for you. It's about all of us: our family dynamics, our dreams, our luck or lack of it in matters of the heart, and how we negotiate going forward, in a world that's moving so fast, even a stroll is now a blur. This is the first of three books about Valentine Roncalli and her family of shoemakers. When I wrote it, I wanted to bring you old world craftsmanship, the magical setting of Greenwich Village, in a contemporary family saga told in vivid detail. I hope you enjoy it.
--This text refers to an out of print or unavailable edition of this title.
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I have never been disappointed with a book by Adriana Trigiani. Something about the love of family and food and history just makes her tales delicious!Published 10 days ago by Kindle Customer
Wonderfully written. Especially touching if you are of Italian descent.Published 19 days ago by Ann W.
The story, the characters, everything about this book was great. I love how you fall in love with the characters and how they stay with you long after you finish reading the book. Read morePublished 22 days ago by joann maio
I enjoyed The Shoemaker's Wife by same author and decided to read sequel. Plan to read more Valentine books.Published 1 month ago by Irene McMahon


text:
August 5 2015 Latest news:
Wednesday, February 20, 2013
A FIRE has been started deliberately in an Ipswich churchyard.
At 9.30am a member of the public called the fire service to report a blaze near St Mary-le-Tower in Tower Street.
One crew from Princes Street Fire Station was sent to deal with the incident, which involved a mattress, blankets and clothing.
The flames were out by 9.41am and firefighters said the blaze had been started deliberately and the matter was reported to the police.
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text:
Thursday, August 14, 2014
Pawleys Island Town Council is tackling the issue of service trucks blocking roads on the island.
Mayor Bill Otis told the council on Aug. 11, that he thinks some people take advantage of the fact that island police rarely ticket people for blocking the road.
Every member of this council has concerns about the blockage of roads, Otis said.
Police Chief Mike Fanning said he and his officers have started talking to the drivers when they find trucks blocking the road. He even called and spoke to the owner of a landscaping company.
Police officers also wrote three tickets last month for trucks blocking the road.
The issue is not just with landscapers, Otis said, but also with delivery trucks, and even laundry pick-up services.
Fanning said with the length of the trucks and trailers, it is difficult for some drivers to find a place to park, so they park in the road.
Otis said he wants to make sure whatever the solution is, it is fair to everybody.
In other business
The sewer problem in front of the Town Hall has been fixed.
The construction company will let the ground settle for about two weeks before repaving the road.
Otis said the company will also repave the parking lot in front of the Town Hall.
The town council gave first reading to an ordinance that would implement provisions of states Fairness in Lodging Act.
The act was passed by the S.C. Legislature after it was discovered that some individual property owners were not paying the local accommodations tax and state sales tax.
Otis said he compared the towns accommodations tax numbers from the first six months in 2008 to the first six months in 2014 and found that they decreased.
The people not paying accommodations taxes have a 10 percent advantage and thats not fair, Otis said.
The council approved the first reading to a change to two of the towns ordinances, based on a recommendation by the Planning Commission.
Ordinances 2-15.4 and 3-5.7 both deal with sideyard setbacks, but only one dealt with air conditioners in setbacks.
The town has allowed air conditioners in setbacks forever, Otis said.
The changes now clarify both ordinances.
Jim McCants, planning commission chairman, said the panel is working on an ordinance governing swimming pools.
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This product is not actually called Cleavage-Be-Gone, but it should be. Instead it is called the Cami-Secret.
"All I want is to have my coworkers and this slutty sweater in the same room! But how?!"
-The Woman In This Commercial
If this was before the internet and I was 15, I would stay up all night waiting for this commercial to air (in this hypothetical my parents don't have premium cable). Also I think that whatever the opposite of the Cami-Secret would be probably would make a more appealing product.
EXTRA: In case you were wondering what that woman from the commercial's life is like, you can totally read her blog here. Yeah, that's right. I put in the research. That's why they call me The Closer. (They don't call me that and it wouldn't even make sense if they did).


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- Coverage of the inaugural VIP Weekend for multicultural high school students
- Earn an Equity & Diversity Certificate through OED. Register for workshops today!
Maria Lee, a 2014 recipient of the Scholarly Excellence in Equity & Diversity Award, is selected as a 2015 Udall Scholar.
Udall Scholarships honor exceptional students who are committed to careers related to the environment, tribal public policy or Native American health care.
Student Kaitlyn Mielke wrote about her experiences of the University of Minnesota as a Deaf-friendly campus and particularly, urges prospective students to consider all the resources that the U of M has to offer to Deaf, Hard of Hearing or Deafblind individuals.
"Increasing diversity isn't just one person's job – it's a collective endeavor."
Derek Maness, from the Office for Diversity in Graduate Education, is featured for his work to increase the numbers of graduate students from diverse and underrepresented backgrounds.
The U of M College of Science and Engineering highlights the work of the NorthStar STEM Alliance, a program that seeks to increase graduation rates for underrepresented students in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields.
Learn more about the ways that the North Star STEM Alliance creates community for its participating students.
"I love supplier diversity and we'll be looking to spend money with women and minority owned businesses as much as possible."
Darryl Peal, the new Executive Director of OED's Office for Business and Community Economic Development, is profiled by Insight News.
"The think tank aims to be an ongoing forum bringing together thought leaders from community organizations, faculty and staff at the university and surrounding institutions. Students and advocates are involved as well."
Read more about the inaugural Minnesota Men of Color Think Tank, which was highlighted in a MinnPost blog post.
A coalition of black professors from around the U.S. pen a letter of support to black students in the wake of the #BlackLivesMatter actions happening nationwide.


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Gear Review
Casey Gdowski
Excellent for Cool days
This doesn't have the kind of strange mesh detail as the short sleeve jersey version. It's a great long sleeve, light weight jeresy for long rides in the sun, in the fall. I start off with a full jacket, and once the burn starts, lose the jacket and keep this on. It matches last years contour plus bib shorts pretty close so you can work the color thing too. Love it, De Marchi knows contour!
View More Details on De Marchi Contour Light Transitional Long Sleeve Jersey


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PC Security Tweaker is a security tweaking utility you can use to tweak Windows-based computers. It is compatible with all Windows versions and lets you control which users are allowed to access your PC and the level of access each user may have. You can choose to tweak access to lots of Control Panel applet functions, including Display, Network, Passwords, Printers, System, Add/Remove Programs, etc. You can enforce users to use separate system profile folders and provide them with their own custom shell folders such as Desktop, Start Menu, Favorites, My Documents. Additionally, by tweaking, you can: disable selected Start Menu items, lock and protect disk drives in My Computer, disable the DOS and command prompt, interruption boot keys, real DOS mode, Registry editing, taskbar, task manager, and network access, hide desktop icons, and much more. You can password-protect Windows and restrict users to running specific applications only. Security tweaks can be applied universally or just to specific users. This software also lets you tweak Internet Explorer to secure web browsing.
Keywords: users, access, windows, tweak, security, pc, tweaking, system, start, specific, protect, network, my, menu, lets, folders, dos, disable, desktop, control
Recent Changes: New tweaks added
Install Support: Install and Uninstall
Supported Languages: English
Additional Requirements: n/a
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Hawaii Party Photo Gallery
Pipeline Reunion at The Republik May 2014
Bringing Together Hawaii's Movers & Shakers: Rick Rock, OOSPOT, AGN, Red Label Co., Furious Styles, House of Wax, & Level H
Cinco de Mayo Block Party Festival 2014 Photo Gallery
Culture, art, entertainment, food and so much more. Featuring Honolulu's connection to all the beautiful colors, cuisine, arts, music and folklore of Mexico.
Silky Love Valentine Party- 2/15/2014
Top Hawaii EDM Djs playing Downtown-Chinatown, Honolulu Hawaii - Great event with big fun
Lucky Charms St. Patrick's Day Party Photo Gallery 3/15/2014
Another successful OOSpot party!
6th Annual Mai Tai Hot Island DJ Spin-Off - Ala Moana Center 1/12/2014
Check out some photos of the best talent and djs in action. Hawaii's Top Club DJ Competition. Photo Credit: Shareen Kaheaku
Halloween Block Party 2013 Photos - Restaurant Row and M Nightclub Party
One big fun party in Honolulu, Hawaii and FANTASTIC customs!
Love Festival Hawaii 2013 - Photo Gallery #2
One big EDM party in Honolulu, Hawaii
Love Festival Hawaii 2013 - Photo Gallery #5
One big EDM party in Honolulu, Hawaii
Electronic Dance (ED) at M Nightclub Featuring Kryoman - BLOCK PARTY 1/20/2013
This was a fun event
DISCO BABY at Loading Zone
This was a fun event
Silky Love at Aloha Stadium Hospitality Room 2/2013
This was a new venue and a lot of fun...check out the photo!
Get Fresh At Indigo - March 2013 First Friday Downtown - Chinatown
Check out the photos to see the BIG fun!
Aloha Tower Marketplace New Year Eve Block Party 2012 Photo Gallery
This event had
and was a fantastic night of fun and party. View photos from this fabulous event.
KPOI 105.9 POP ROX - Live at the Safehouse (Inside The Republik)
Chinatown Get Down (21+) - Christmas Edition- 12/23/2011
End of the World Block Party - Chinatown Get Down - Honolulu - 12/22/2012
All walks of life to come in UNITY with all types of music as our universal language on this day we call "END OF THE WORLD". Check out the photos
First Saturday ENERGY - Featuring Baby Ann The BASS QUEEN (FL) @ NextDoor
Dj Baby Anne
Baby Anne's inspiration? Working the crowd into a frenzy! Great photos
Halloween 2012 Party Photos - Avenge The Night M Nightclub Party
Check out some of the best costumes. Great fun for all who came....
Love Festival Hawaii July 2012 Photo Gallery #1
Over 433 photos with captions. This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER!
Over 10,000 attended!
Love Festival Hawaii July 2012 Photo Gallery #2
Over 116 photos with captions. This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER!
Over 10,000 attended!
The Crystal Method @ The Republik By BAMP & OOSpot 8/11/2012
Historic EDM act with hundreds having a good old time...
OOSpot Standing In Line Photos
Photos of lines at OOSpot events. We have a VIP solution for you avoid standing in line for OOSpot events along with free cover to all OOSpot events for a WHOLE Year...
The OOSpot VIP ACCESS PARTY PASS
Cinco de Mayo 2012 Downtown - Chinatown
Annual Cinco de Mayo Street Festival in Downtown Chinatown-Honolulu with thousands!
Lucky Charms Party - 3/17/2012
Fabulous photo gallery of Lucky Charms 2012 Event
Spring-O-Ween 3/29/2012 - Costume Spooktacular @ Rumors
Great sexy Costumes. One spooktacular night in Spring!
Red Bull Thre3style Hawaii Qualifier at SOHO - 2/10/2012
International DJ Battle Series Kicks-Off on the West Coast at SoHo Mixed Media Bar - Great party
Silky Love Kauai 4/27/2012
They do get silky in Kauai!
4th Annual Mai Tai Hot Island DJ Spin-Off - 2/4/2012 -
Check out some photos of the best talent and djs in action. Hawaii's Top Club DJ Competition
Silky Love at Aloha Stadium Hospitality Room Featuring DJ Paul Ahi - 2/11/2012
This was a new venue and a lot of fun...check out the photo!
Aloha Tower Marketplace New Year Eve Block Party 2011 Photo Gallery
This event had over
and was a fantastic night of fun and party. View photos from this fabulous event. Form parties, entertainment and much more View photos!
Valentines Soul at @ Apartment3
For couples and Singles.
Saturday Night Sessions w/ Paul Oakenfold - Makapu'u Meadows at Sea Life Park (outdoors) Photo Gallery (12/17/2011)
Paul Oakenfold outdoor at Makapu'u Meadows at Sea Life Park. Thousands attended.
12/1/2011 - Djs Against Aids @ Hula's Bar & Lei Stand Photo Gallery
For over a decade, Double-O-Spot has brought together Hawaii's DJs & dance community for DJs Against AIDS. DJs Against AIDS is our annual event where 100% of the proceeds goes to The Life Foundation.
Mushroom Music Festival & Chinatown Get Down 11-11-11 Edition 2011 Photo Gallery
This was the ultimate party month of November 2011 with Mushroom Music Festival and Chinatown Get Down on the same night. It was a unique party... once in a lifetime party date. View the party people having at 11 venues!
Mushroom Music Festival Maui 2011 Photo Gallery
Nothing but good times on Maui!
Halloween Night Costume Ball at Ala Moana Center 2011
This event was off the hook... one of the biggest events of Halloween 2011 - Check out the photos!
Chinatown Get Down - Octoberfest Edition 9/30/2011
Having a good time downtown. 7 Clubs One $10 Cover Gets you into all the Places. Bar 35, NextDoor, Indigo, Manifest, Hanks, and More.
Aloha Lau Lea / UNIVIBE at Aloha Tower Marketplace September 2011
Double O Spots Univibe Stage at T&C Surf's Aloha LauLea 2011 hosted G Spot featuring world class music and dancers
3rd Annual Mai Tai Hot Island DJ Spin-Off 2011 Photo Gallery
Hawaii's Top Club DJ Competition
Love Festival Hawaii July 2011 Photo Gallery #1
Over 700 photos with captions. This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER!
Over 10,000 attended!
Love Festival Hawaii July 2011 Photo Gallery #2
Over 159 photos with captions. This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER!
Over 10,000 attended!
Kailua Town Get Down
The only event of its kind! Multiple Venues! One Cover in Kailua Town!
Tribal Hawaii 5/20/2011
An Outdoor Music And Art Gathering - Laie, Oahu Hawaii - Tribal Hawaii is "an outdoor music & arts gathering" that looks to make a positive impact on people, our community & nature.
Lucky Charms March 2011 - Wet & Wild Water Park - Featuring DJ Irene
Thousands attending the fabulous event!
Love Festival Hawaii July 2010 Photo Gallery #3
This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER! Photo Credits: HIKO
Silky Love 2011 @ Aloha Tower Marketplace
The event was sold out with lots of Valentines love. Featuring Grammy Nominated DJ/Producer Richard Vission. Photo Credits: Space Cowboy, G-Spot, Matt Joseph, Kevin
The Last Rave at Pipeline Cafe Featuring DJ Bleackley
One of the last big rave at Pipeline Cafe. It was good run lots of fun.
Photos From: New Year's Eve Block Party At Aloha Tower Marketplace 2010
View photos from this fabulous event.
Over 5000 people!
Form parties, entertainment and much more. Photo Credits: Larry Crystal & G
Saturday Night Sessions 2010 @ Pipeline Cafe
This event was OFF THE HOOK! Party, party, party.... Nothing but fun and positive vibes. Check out the photos!
New Year's Eve at The Warehouse 2010
New Year's Party at the Warehouse. A great party and a great group of party people
Saturday Night Sessions 2009 @ Pipeline Cafe
This event packed Pipeline Cafe. See what an OOspot fun party looks like.
Diesleboy 2010 @ Next Door 12/4/2010
Saturday Night Session Electro Kauai Volume 2 at Cafe Portofino 11/26/2010
Halloween at the Hyatt Waikiki 2010 Photo Gallery
Mushroom Music Festival 2010- Maui Photo Gallery
Mushroom Music Festival OCT 2010- Oahu Photo Gallery
Halloween at the Warehouse 2010 Photo Gallery
Love Festival Hawaii July 2010 Photo Gallery #1
This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER! Photo Credits: Space Cowboy, Kevin Chun, and Tracy Chan
Love Festival Hawaii July 2010 Photo Gallery #2
This was the largest Love Festival Hawaii EVER! Photo Credit:
Cameron Peppers/WTFHawaii
Motion Music Festival at Pipeline
Photo gallery featuring Jurrasic 5's DJ Nu Mark, DubStep Reggae Artist 6Bloc, and Frankie Bones - Photography by Space Cowboy and OOSpot 1200+
Motion Music Festival at Pipeline Cafe from HNL Now
Featuring Jurrasic 5's DJ Nu Mark, DubStep Reggae Artist 6Bloc, and Frankie Bones
Univibe at Pipeline Cafe May 30, 2010 Photo Gallery
Featuring DJ Heavygrinder & Keith Mackenzie. SOLD OUT event with nothing but FUN all night! - Photos by Space Cowboy
Lucky Charms at Pipeline Cafe March 13, 2010 Photo Gallery
SOLD OUT event with over a 1600+ - Photos by Pedro, Space Cowboy, Freak Photography & G-Spot
Silky Love at Pipeline Cafe February 13, 2010 Photo Gallery
SOLD OUT event with over a 1600+ - Photos by Matt Kee, G-Spot, Cowboy and Freak Photography.
Chapel of Love 2010 at Pipeline Cafe January 17, 2010
Great event with over a 1000+
The 6th Annual Halloween at the Hyatt 2009
Mushroom Music Festival with Mark Farina 2009 - Honolulu Advertiser Metromix
Mushroom Music Festival 2009- Oahu Photo Gallery
Thunderdome Dance Contest - 2 enter... 1 leaves 3/2010
1st time ever! Dance contest inside a custom thunderdome structure. 2 guys enter... 1 gys leaves. 2 gals enter...1 gal leaves. Also featuring DJ Cindy Kim
Get Fresh Fridays 7+ Years Grand Finale 7/31/2009
We celebrated the FINAL night of Chinatown's longest running weekly event. Three rooms of flavor to spice up the night.
Gallery 1 - The Love Festival Hawaii 2009 Photo Gallery 1
135+ photos. Photo Credit: Kevin
Gallery 2 - The Love Festival Hawaii 2009 Photo
63+ photos. Photo Credit: Daniel Arakaki
Gallery 3 - The Love Festival Hawaii 2009
Link to Photo Gallery of Love Festival Hawaii 2009 on Honolulu Advertiser website. It was the best ever...thousands attended.
5/30/2009 -2nd Annual Motion Music Festival
Photo gallery featuring Ladytron and Jesse Saunders @ Pipeline Cafe
3/14/2009 -Lucky Charms Rave - Featuring DJ Irene @ Pipeline Cafe Honolulu
Fabulous photo gallery of Lucky Charms Event
2/14/2009 - Silky Love - Featuring Richard Vission @ Pipeline Cafe Honolulu
The Shop - Energy Photo Gallery
2/11/2009 - Totally 80's Wednesdays - Valentines Day at The Loft
10/31/2008 - Halloween Rave - Hyatt Regency Waikiki and Indigo
10/9/2008-10/11/2008 - Mushroom Music Festival - Mark Farina and Lady Miss Kier
10/9/2008-10/11/2008 - Mushroom Music Festival Mark Farina In MAUI!
8/16/2008 - Got Beatz? Honolulu
07/05/2008 - Let's Dance Feat.Dave Backes and KSM at The Shop
Chai's 2008 Summer Session
5/27/2007 - Planet of the Drums with AK1200, Dara, Dieselboy at Lotus Photo Gallery
Check out photo gallery of Dieselboy and OOSpot community in action in Hawaii.
5/25/2008 - Motion Music Festival @ Lotus
Fabulous photo gallery of Motion Music Festival 2008
5/3/2008 - NRG Rager @ The SHOP
4/18/2008 - Chinatown Getdown downtown Honolulu
8 Clubs 1 Night 1 Cover
9/8/2007 - Univibe with Richard Vission in Honolulu
7/27/2007 -WSSN Surf Party Get Fresh at Indigo 2nd Anniversary
6/16/2007 -Charles Feelgood at Lotus
6/2/2007 - DJ Nu Mark at Next Door
5/5/2007 - DJ Irene at Pipeline Cafe, Honolulu Hawaii
5/4/2007 - DJ Irene in Lahaina Cannery Mall, Maui
4/7/2007-4/8/2007 - Shinehead at Next Door on Oahu and Emerald Orchid in Hilo
02/16/2007 - Infiltrata, Chinese New Year Celebration at Indigo
2/1/2007 - Reid Speed Honolulu
2/1/2007 - Reid Speed Maui
1/13/2007 - DJ Rap at E&O Trading Co. on Maui
1/12/2007 - DJ Rap at Indigo
12/8/2006 - Mark Farina on Maui
12/6/2006 - Mark Farina on Kauai
10/14/2006 - Dieselboy at Next Door
10/2/2006 - DJ Krush Stepping Stones Tour at the Fashion 45 Nightclub
9/8/2006- Goldie Get Fresh at Indigo
7/2/2006 - The Love Festival Hawaii 2006
6/3/2006 - Charles Feelgood and Mark Grant at Club Cirque in Waikiki
5/19/2006 - Planet of the Drums with AK1200, Dara, Dieselboy at The Wave Photo Gallery
Check out photo gallery of Dieselboy and OOSpot community in action in Hawaii.
3/18/2006 - DJ Irene at Wave Waikiki
01/27/2006-1/28/2006 - DJ Shortkut & Rhettmatic. World Famous Beatjunkies
1/20/2006 -Johnny Vicious at Lotus
NYC superstar DJ (Perfecto, Ministry of Sound) With Special Guest FLX (from Chicago)
1/14/2006 - Dieselboy at The Wave
10/31/2005 - Halloween High Steppin with Eddi Bo at the Hyatt Regency
Halloween @ Hyatt
8/13/2005 - Naked Honolulu with Richard Humpty Vission at the Wave
7/30/2005 - The Love Festival Hawaii 2005 Honolulu
7/30/2005 - The Love Festiva Hawaiil 2005 Honolulu
7/9/2005 - Armand Van Headen and DJ What at the Wave Waikiki
2005 Love Festival Hawaii at Hawaiian Waters Adventure Park
4/15/2005-4/16/2005 - DJ Rap on Maui and Oahu
3/20/2005 - Naked LA feat. Terry Mullen at the Wave Waikiki
10/16/2004 - Mark Farina at the Wave Waikiki
10/4/2004 - Feng Shui feat. Ciao Mein at The Hyatt Regency Waikiki
7/31/2004 - The Love Festival Hawaii at the Hawaiian Waters Adventure Park
4/23/2004 - DJ Storm at Indigo
3/13/2004 -Visionaries live in concert at Pipeline
10/31/2003 - Spooked feat. DJ Heather at The W Hotel
10/11/2003 - Kimball Collins at The Maze
Kimball Collins @ 111 N. King Street Year 2003
9/19/2003 - DJ Dan at The Wave
9/6/2003 - Juicy at the Waterfront
8/23/2003 - Peanutbutter Wolf at The Maze
6/7/2003 - Love Festival 2003
4/25/2003 -Chicago's Premier House Label at the W Hotel
3/29/2003 - DJ Sammy at Club Mist
1/24/2003-1/25/2003 - The Coastal Collective Tour
1/4/2003- The First Massive of 2003 with The Warp Brothers at The Maze
Juicy Every Saturday at The Maze - 2003
Juicy Crew 2003
12/14/2002 - Djs Against AIDS at the Wave Waikiki
10/31/2002 - Spooked at Sansei
10/10/2002 - Bside with DJ Swamp at The Wave
8/31/2002 - W 2 yr. Anniversary at The W Hotel
8/24/2002 - Dave Ralph at One Eleven
7/18/2002- OO7, OOSPOT 7 yr. Anniv. At The Wave
7/13/2002- DMC American Battleground Wave Waikiki
7/13/2002 - American Battleground Juicy 2003
5/27/2002 - Busdriver, Awol One
2/1/2002 - OOSPOT presents Mark Farina @ Wave Waikiki
9/15/2001 - The Freaks Come Out at the YWCA
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The Love Festival Hawaii 2011 Video Promo #1
View this cool video promo for one of the largest events of the year!
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Saturday Night Sessions Hawaii 2010 w/ Swedish Egil, DJ Reza & G-Spot
This event was amazing!
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Mushroom Music Festival (October 2010) Video
This event event was off the hook.
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The Love Festival Hawaii 2010 Video
This event was off the hook with thousands!
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The Love Festival Hawaii 2010 Video Promo
View this cool video promo for one of the largest events of the year!
Motion Music Festival with Frankie Bones, DJ NU Mark & 6 BLOCC 6/12/2010
Check out this cool video on the 3rd Annual Motion Music Festival.
Univibe at Pipeline Cafe with DJ Heavygrinder 5/30/2010
Featuring DJ Heavygrinder - Packed!
Lucky Charms at Pipeline Cafe DJ Irene 3/13/2010
If you missed Lucky Charms 2010, here is what you missed.
Silky Love 2010 Video
Check out some video of Silky Love 2010
The Warehouse Videos
Check out some videos from events at The Warehouse.
DJ Mark Farina at Mushroom Music Festival 2009
The line outside of Pipeline for MUSHROOM Music Festival 09
Electro Kauai Volume 1
Electro Kauai Volume 2
The Love Festival Hawaii 2009 Video Clips 1-2-3-4
This event was off the hook with thousands!
The Love Festival Hawaii 2009 Video Clips 5-6-7
This event was off the hook with thousands!
OOSpot Photo Gallery - Website Directory - Honolulu, Hawaii
Hawaii's Nightlife, Underground, Lounge, Rave, EDM Music Club Culture


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Andy McMillon
- Filed Under
? Andy McMillon has joined Great Southern National Bank as senior vice president and operations officer. A native of Kosciusko, McMillon graduated from East Holmes Academy and Holmes Community College and began his career in bank operations with M&F Bank. He most recently was at First State Bank in Holly Springs.


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Under the SeaSunday, November 21st, 2010
Went to Nassau, Bahamas today and did the Sea & See Tour. First part of the tour was a boat ride aboard the catamaran Ballyhoo to get to a semi-submarine. On the way there we got a harbor tour from Slim who was very entertaining. When we got to the semi-submarine we went down stairs and took seats by windows to see outside. Saw a lot of turtle grass and coral, ballyhoo (which are long, skinny silver fish that look like mini swordfish), snapper, and puffer fish. Some people saw starfish and a turtle, but they were on the other side of the vessel.
After a bit on the sub we got back aboard the Ballyhoo to head back to land, once there we got on a bus for a tour around the island. I definitely wouldn't want to live there, the drivers are crazy, plus people just walk out in the middle of the street without really looking. We stopped at Fort Fincastle for about 15 minutes to look around and take photos and then headed back to the pier where the cruise ships were docked.


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Memories of Maliaka
Malaika, Means "Angel" in Swahili (Arabic) Gender- Girl Pronunciation: (mah lah EE kah)
A 47-year-old African elephant that spent most of her life at the Omaha zoo has died.
This is from Omaha Henry Doorly Zoo site describing the Pachyderm Hill
African Elephant
The African Elephant is the largest land mammal. It is muddy gray or dark brown in color with sparse bristly hairs. The tallest point on the elephant is its back, not the head. Skin is thick, in some areas it is one to six inches thick; however the skin on the ear is extremely thin. An elephant's hearing and smell are good, but eyesight is poor.
THANK YOU MALIAKA, Thank you from all the residents of Rainbow Bridge. Now you are free to sleep late and do just as you please.
I will try and find out more about Maliaka . (to follow)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Picture credits:
"Elephant mourns lost pen buddy: Maliaka, who was 47, and Shenga, who is 28, were the zoo's only elephants"
MALIAKA- an African Bush elephant, was born WILD 4-1-1963. She was captured in 1964. Maliaka was sent to the Omaha Zoo through the International Animal Exchange (Ferndale)in 1965.
SHENGA -Her friend - is also an African Bush elephant. She was born WILD in 1982 in Zimbabwe.
Shenga makes YOU TUBE :-)
If you have time - please visit my Sister @
Dear Maliaka,
April 4th, 2011
October 14th, 2011
Please also visit Barney Bush, Cinder Childers, Cricket Childers, Jake Childers, Jenny Ryan, Mama Cat Childers, Tatiana, Vumilia and Yesterdays' Kittens.
Photograph Album
(Click on thumbnail to enlarge photo)
Maliaka's People Parent(s), Gloria, would appreciate knowing you have visited their Maliaka's Memorial Residency.
|Rainbow Bridge Guardian Area
|Frequently Asked Questions About Caring for a Pet Memorial
Rainbow Bridge was inspired by and is dedicated to FiFi
Visit the Human side of Rainbow Bridge - BelovedHearts.com
Visit the Human side of Rainbow Bridge - BelovedHearts.com