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A system, method and computer program product for implementing application level policies in an operator network, while managing the exchange of data packets between users and service providers during the provisioning of premium data services. The system and method intermediates between a user and a service provider (who may be an enterprise, content provider, an application provider or a partner portal). The system and method enforces access control, prompting, redirection and inline context injection dynamically while the service is being delivered, and generates metering records for billing purposes. The system and method allows the service providers to provide various external services. Such external services include transcoding service, age verification service, streaming service, recommendation service, advertisement service, fulfillment aware charging, dynamic pricing, real time events, and messaging services.
1. A system for intermediating between one or more users and one or more service providers in a mobile network, the system comprising:
a. an application intermediation gateway, the application intermediation gateway comprising:
i. a context engine, the context engine collecting context details of the one or more users; and
ii. an enforcement engine, the enforcement engine enforcing one or more external services and internal services based on the context details and the requirements of the one or more external and internal services.
2. The system of
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11. A method for facilitating access to one or more external services and one or more internal services to a user in a mobile network through an application intermediation gateway, the mobile network comprising a plurality of users, the application intermediation gateway, a context server, a policy decision point, a plurality of service providers, and one or more external and internal services, the user requesting an application using a device, the request being in the form of a data packet, the method comprising the steps of:
a. providing the requirements for the one or more external services and internal services to the application intermediation gateway;
b. collecting context details of the user from the data packet and the context server, the context details being collected by the application intermediation gateway, the context details comprising information regarding the device characteristics, the network capabilities, and the user profile;
c. interfacing with one or more external and internal services by the application intermediation gateway; and
d. enforcing the one or more external services and internal services based on the collected context details and the requirements of the one or more external and internal services.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
a. establishing participation of the one or more external services and the internal services in the overall service delivery in a contextual manner; and
b. coordinating the one or more external services and internal services.
15. The method of
This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/389,783 filed Mar. 17, 2003
The present invention relates to telecommunication networks. In particular, the invention relates to an infrastructure element that intermediates between users and service providers.
Most of the traditional wireless networks, which support the provision of various services (also called applications) to users, include three basic entities: a service provider, a network operator, and one or more users. The service provider provides several services to the user using the network operator's infrastructure. The service provider can be a content provider, an application provider, or a partner portal (who has a business relationship with the network operator). The network operator provides and maintains the basic network infrastructure over which the service provider provides various data and voice services. The user avails the services, which may either be free services, or paid/subscribed services, provided by the service provider.
Provision of services is an important means of revenue generation for operators as well as for service providers. Indeed, for increasing this revenue generation, services that manifest both value and convenience to consumers need to be provided using the network operator's infrastructure. Examples of some of the conventional services being provided include caller-line identification, call waiting, and call forwarding.
There have been several advancements in content creation of content-rich services and applications, as well as in technologies of devices on which they can be used. For instance, in the wireless domain, there have been advancements in technology of mobile handsets. These devices are now enabled for handling "content-rich" services such as multi-media messaging (MMS). These advancements enable provision of "content-rich" services such as video streaming, downloadable music and online gaming. Provision of all these "content-rich" services lead to increased revenue generation, which is very much desirable for operators and for service providers.
Besides provision of "content-rich" services, there is also a huge opportunity of direct revenue generation for the operator while providing content and services. The operator has the billing relation with subscriber, subscriber profiles, subscriber context and knowledge of device capabilities. The operator can use this information in several advantageous ways. First, the operator can share this information with the service providers to offer better services. Second, this information can also be used for managing payment and transactions for billing purposes.
However, there are problems with the implementation of such services. To provide such services, the operator should be able to implement policies (primarily for enforcing service control) not only at the network level, but also at the application level. The service control needs to be enforced at various levels. Firstly, the operator needs to be able to exercise service awareness encompassing individual application and users. This means that the operator must be aware of what services or applications a particular user is availing. Second, the operator needs to be able to deploy services without requiring significant changes in the network infrastructure. Third, the services need to be interoperable with leading service providers. Application interfaces need to be open so as to enable integration with third party applications for billing, provisioning of services, etc. In addition, the operator needs to be able to provide conditional access to users for example, for payment sites.
There are granted patents and products in the market which address a few of the issues discussed above. U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,984 titled "Method And Apparatus For Policy Based Management Of Quality Of Service Treatments Of Network Data Traffic Flows By Integrating Policies With Application Program" discloses a method and apparatus for integrating policies with application program to provide policy-based management of quality of service (QoS) treatments of network data traffic flows. The QoS policies are defined in context of the application programs. The network traffic is mapped to the corresponding policy. The relevant policy is then enforced on the network traffic at the network device. The policies are stored in a directory schema. This patent only relates to implementation of QoS based on application programs.
The "Application Switch" from Sylantro Systems, CA, USA is designed to support the infrastructure requirements of service providers by providing new service capabilities. The software architecture incorporates the data structures that support multi-tenant deployments. This platform acts as both the delivery mechanism and the development engine for a wide range of existing and new applications. The combination of the applications-enabled architecture and the complete suite of application modules allow a plurality of service providers to deliver a variety of telephony services over broadband networks.
The iVANi iServer Application Switch from NexTone Communications, MD, USA provides policy-based call routing and signaling mediation to deploy applications in an on-net IP environment. It also interoperates with softswitch and media gateway platforms for off-net calls to and from the public network. It also provides support for enhanced services and applications such as presence management, voice-data VPNs, unified messaging and multimedia conferencing. New services and applications can be added with the addition of a new application server to the network.
Alteon Application Switch 2224 from Nortel Networks, Canada is a multi-application switching system that performs Layer 2/3 switching and high-performance Layer 4-7 intelligent traffic management for applications such as server and network device load balancing, application redirection, security, and bandwidth management. The Alteon Application Switch 2224 can be used in server farms, data centers, and networks, handling up to two million concurrent sessions.
The prior art discussed above tries to implement policies at the application level. However, they are limited in their approach. The patent discusses policy implementation for QoS issues and not for other services that may be provided by an operator. The products also restrict themselves to being either a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) switch or a telephony service switch. In addition, the prior art requires the service providers to interface with multiple internal and external services. This is required as the service providers lack information regarding the user and the device.
Thus, there is a need for an invention that enables a service provider to deploy premium data services. Further, it should enable the service provider to implement policies at the application level for intermediation between the user and content provider, enterprise or a third-party application provider. Capability of billing and licensing for these enhanced services should also be provided to the operator. Furthermore, it should enable the service providers to function completely on their own, while seeking information from other services as needed.
The present invention is directed towards an infrastructure element that intermediates between the network operator's core packet data delivery network elements and the applications.
An object of the invention is to provide a system, method and computer program product for an operator to implement application level policies on data packets in a network for intermediation between users and service providers.
Another object of the invention is to prompt the user and redirect the user to a different destination address. The present invention also provides access control.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide a system and method for provisioning data services over a network.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a system and method that allows the service providers to provide various external and internal services simultaneously to the users.
In order to attain the above-mentioned objectives, a system kernel receives data packets and inspects them. The system kernel determines the type of application by inspecting data packets. The data packets are forwarded to an application handler specific to the application identified by the system kernel. The context is injected in the header of data packets. A data parser parses the data and the application handler implements the application level policies on data packets. Data packets are then forwarded to the service provider. The service provider responds with necessary data to the application handler. The application handler forwards the response to the user.
In order to attain the above-mentioned objective, the system providers include the context details of the users and use the context details for providing various external and internal services.
The preferred embodiments of the invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings provided to illustrate and not to limit the invention, wherein like designations denote like elements, and in which:
The present invention is a system, method and computer program product for implementing policies at application level on data packets in a network for intermediation between users and service providers. The service provider may be a content provider, an application provider or a partner portal (who has a business relationship with the operator).
The network operator provides infrastructure for connecting users to content providers, service or application providers and partner portals. The network operator is the connecting link between the users and the service providers and enables the delivery of services to the user. The present invention allows application level policies to be implemented on data packets at the network operator level. The application level policies are set of rules that determine the actions to be carried out for a particular type of application. The present invention enforces access control, prompting, redirection and inline context injection. The present invention may also generate metering records for billing purposes while the service is being delivered.
The access control mechanism controls the access rights. It defines what source-destinations and the port numbers are to be allowed access. Some users are allowed to access some addresses but may be restricted from accessing other addresses. The present invention enables rejection of data packets from the sources that are blocked. Also, it enables the data packets to be directly passed to the opposite Ethernet interface, which connects to the service provider, without any modification.
Prompting facilitates notification to users about certain terms and conditions, such as paying some associated charges, for accessing content and applications. Prompting also enables taking an input from the user. For instance, when a user downloads an MP3 song from a content provider, the user is prompted with some terms and conditions, such as paying the associated charge. The download is permitted only after the user agrees to pay the associated charges. A charging record is then generated for billing the user.
Further, a user can be prompted while implementing various external services. For example, in case of a dynamic pricing service, Application Intermediation Gateway (AIG) prompts the recommended price to the user. The recommended price is calculated based on the context details of the user consisting of user's profile, device, network, and the corresponding service being delivered. Subsequently, the user has the discretion to either accept or reject to the recommended price.
Redirection enables transferring a request from the user to another (appropriate) destination. This is done by routing the data packets from one destination to another (appropriate) destination. The redirection may be for a variety of reasons. The redirection may be for the purpose of payment of service charges to access an application, denial of service, signing up a license agreement before the application can be accessed, download of software required for the application and redirection of call.
Further, the redirection can be made to implement various external services. For example, in case of a service discovery service, the request of the user can be redirected to an age verification service that determines the age of the user and the access to the discovery service is granted or disallowed based on the authorization as per the associated policies.
Context comprises information about device characteristics, network capabilities and user profile. Examples of device characteristics information include information about Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) version supported, image types supported, languages supported, destination host URL, browser make and version, and operating system make and version. Examples of network capabilities information include network type and network identifier. Examples of user profile information include personal data, the class of subscriber, the services subscribed to and the billing information. The context enables the content or application provider to realize the abilities of the user and provide better services. For instance, based on the device type used by the user, the content provider can adapt the content to the device screen.
When the user is accessing the content or the application, the present invention passes the context to the application inline. The context that is required to be passed may be decided by the service provider providing the content or the application. This may be done by selecting policies that the service provider wants to enforce. A policy is set of rules that govern the flow of data packets when a user requests for a service from a service provider.
Core network elements 104 receive a user request from the user and pass it on to AIG 102. The user request is in form of data packets. AIG 102 implements the application level policies on the data packets. The decisions on application level policies are provided to AIG 102 by a Policy Decision Point (PDP) 112. PDP 112 may act as a policy controller for both core network elements 104 and AIG 102. AIG 102 also interacts with content providers 106, third party application providers 108 and partner portal 110. AIG 102 forwards the user request to the desired content provider 106, third party application provider 108 or partner portal 110, receives response to the request and forwards the response back to user.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, AIG 102 is deployed in an operator's network. However, it would be evident to a person skilled in the art that AIG 102 can be deployed in an enterprise local network as well.
Depending on the application type determined from TCP header, system kernel 202 redirects the data packets to the corresponding application handler of application handlers 204 through an I/O control interface 206 or to the opposite Ethernet interface. Exemplary application handlers are HTTP application handler, Post Office Protocol (POP) application handler and streaming application handler. The application handler to which the data packets are redirected is decided by the kernel rules. For instance, if the application is a Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer (HTTPS) request, the data is passed directly to the opposite Ethernet interface, but if it is HTTP request, it is passed to HTTP application handler. The kernel rules also determine which source and destination IP addresses are allowed to be accessed. The system kernel provides access only to those addresses.
Application handlers 204 receive the data from system kernel 202 through an I/O control interface 206. Application handlers 204 comprise a set of application handlers for handling different types of applications. I/O control interface 206 also communicates the data from application handlers 208 to system kernel 202.
In accordance with one embodiment, the present invention is envisaged to be working on an HTTP request. However, it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that the present invention can work on any other application type as well.
For an HTTP request, the data packets are passed to an HTTP application handler 208. HTTP application handler 208 performs application level access control to the user's requests. HTTP application handler 208 provides functionalities for inline prompts and allows users to make decisions while accessing the applications. HTTP application handler 208 also allows redirection of users. The redirection of users helps integrating the users with content download sites and payment gateways.
Access control is performed by HTTP application handler 208 based on the context information. The access is controlled by policy defined by the network operator.
The user can be redirected to a URL different from the requested destination IP address. By way of an example, a user can be redirected to a relevant section of the website based on user's context or preferences. By way of another example, a user request to download software can be allowed only after the user makes a payment. For such a payment, the user can be transferred to a payment gateway.
Prompts are dialogue boxes providing one or more options. The options can be presented in form of buttons or clickable logos. Exemplary buttons can be 'OK' and 'CANCEL'. Prompts enable the user to make choices while they are accessing the application. The user is provided with prompts before the access is granted or a redirection is done. The prompt message and the destination URL are generated based on policy decisions in a markup language supported by client device. Exemplary markup languages can be Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), Wireless Markup Language (WML) and Compact HTML (cHTML). The prompts are template based. An appropriate template is chosen for the prompt depending on the markup capability of the device. The prompt is then forwarded to the user.
The data is parsed by a data parser 210. Data parser 210 is a generic parser that parses all text based protocol data. Exemplary protocols can be HTTP, SIP and POP. Data parser 210 examines the header portion of the data packet and enables HTTP application handler 208 to decide the actions to be taken on the data packet. The parsing of data can be done by any known method in the art and would be evident to a person skilled in the art.
To provide content providers 106, third party application providers 108 and partner portals 110 with more information about the user and network capabilities to enable provision of better services, inline context injection is done in the HTTP header by HTTP application handler 208. This eliminates the need for content providers 106, third party service provider 108 and partner portals 110 to initiate a separate query to get relevant context information. Exemplary context information in such a case can be location of a user, device capability, the network characteristics, presence and availability and current credit status of the user.
In a preferred embodiment of the system, the context goes as a header field in the user request. By way of an example, HTTP header along with a context for a handheld device to AIG 102 is:
GET http://www.julysystems.com HTTP/1.1
Accept: */*
UA-OS: Windows CE (POCKET PC)—Version 3.0
UA-color: color16
UA-pixels: 240×320
UA-Voice: FALSE
UA-Language: JavaScript
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
User-Agent: Mozilla/2.0 (compatible; MSIE 3.02; Windows CE; PPC; 240×320)
Host: 192.168.100.58
Connection: Keep-Alive
Location: Bangalore
In the above example, "Location: Bangalore" is the context that is injected in the header of the data packet.
In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, the context can also be sent as World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Composite Capabilities/Preference Profiles (CC/PP) exchange protocol. By way of an example, a CC/PP device profile is:
A context engine 212 collects the context details for the user. Context engine 212 interacts with a context server 214 to update or query the relevant context. Context engine 212 extracts the context from HTTP header of data packets. The context that is queried from context server 214 comprises details about the network and user profile. Exemplary context that is collected from context server 214 is network type, network identifier, location information and user identification. Context engine 212 also provides the context to HTTP application handler 208 for inline context injection and updates context on context server 214. Context that is collected from the HTTP header contain the device profile and capabilities. Exemplary context that is collected from the device profile is the HTTP version supported, image capabilities, language supported, destination host URL, browser make and version and operating system make and version. Context engine 212 comprises a local context store 216. Local context store 216 caches the context details locally on AIG 102 so that the context need not be obtained from context server 214 each time.
The context is used for enforcement of policy decisions on the data packets. The policy decisions are enforced by an enforcement engine 218. The policy decisions are enforced on both the application request and the application response. Exemplary policy decisions on an application request can be to allow a particular access, deny the access, redirect to another web site, provide a payment prompt, an alert and passing context information to the content provider, third party application provider or partner portal. Exemplary policy decisions on application response can be compressing the data and removing all image content from the data packets.
The policy decisions are provided for enforcement by a policy component 220. Policy component 220 interacts with PDP 112. The decisions for all the policies to be implemented are taken at PDP 112. Policy component interacts with PDP 112 using Common Open Policy Service Protocol (COPS) and Policy Communication Protocol (PCOMP) for policy decisions. COPS and PCOMP are protocols for policy exchange.
The policy decision can be made in two ways. When AIG 102 needs a policy decision, it requests PDP 112 for the decision on the policy. PDP 112 may provide the policy decision to policy component 220 of AIG 102 for implementation when AIG 102 requests. Also, some policy decisions of AIG 102 may be provisioned beforehand by PDP 112. The provisioned policy decisions are stored in a local policy decision store 222 and are used for implementation when required. Each policy decision is locally cached in local policy decision store 222 to avoid requesting for policy decision every time from PDP 112.
Also as the service is being delivered to the user, a metering record is generated by a metering record generator 224. Metering record contains information about the user request, policies applied and the response to the user request. The metering record is sent to an accounting server for billing purpose. Also, the metering record can be used in future for analysis. Exemplary details that a metering record contains are user information such as MSISDN and IP Address, URL requested, time of connection, response size, context provided such as location, age and gender, device id such as IMEI and Mac Address and policy result such as prompt and redirection.
At step 302, the system kernel 202 receives a user request. The request is in form of data packets. At step 304, the kernel hook unwraps the headers of the data packets and checks the source and destination IP addresses and the type of application request as described earlier. At step 306, the kernel hook implements the kernel rules on the data packets. An exemplary kernel rule can be to deny access of a particular source IP address. At step 308, the user request is transferred to an application handler that handles the type of application detected from the header of data packets.
At step 310, the context relating to the data packets is checked by context engine 212. The context is used for taking policy decisions on the user request. At step 312, it is determined which policy decisions are to be applied on the data packets. The policy decisions are taken by PDP 112. Also, PDP 112 may provision AIG 102 for the policy decisions. In case PDP 112 provisions AIG 102 for policy decisions, the decision is provided by local policy decision store 222.
At step 314, the policy decisions are implemented on the user request by enforcement engine 218. Depending on the policy decisions the user may be sent a payment prompt and the user response is waited or the user may be redirected to another address.
At step 316, the user request is forwarded to content provider 106, third party application provider 108 or partner portal 110. At step 318, the response from content provider 106, third party application provider 108 or partner portal 110 is received. At step 320, the policy decisions on the received response are applied. These decisions are also based on context. Exemplary policy decisions can be compressing the data to be sent and removing the images from the data. At step 322, the response is forwarded back to the user.
AIG 102 includes the context details of the users and information regarding the corresponding network device, and various applications running on the device and utilizes them to intermediate between one or more external services 402 and the service providers.
AIG 102 interfaces with one or more external services 402 and facilitates simultaneous external and internal services to the users in the mobile network. Further, AIG 102 provides one or more external services 402 to participate in the overall service delivery of the network in a contextual manner. As a result, one or more external services 402 are provided based on the context details of the user, the corresponding device, network and the requirements of the overall service delivery. The context details are collected by context engine 212. Subsequently, enforcement engine 218 enforces one or more external services 402 based on the context details of the user and the requirements of the overall service delivery. The functioning of context engine 212 and enforcement engine 218 has been discussed in
AIG 102 allows one or more external services 402 to participate in the overall service delivery. For example, consider a service discovery service that needs to verify the age of a user before it displays adult services. AIG 102 may interpose a flow where the user's age is determined by interfacing with an age verification service. Once the user's age is determined, access to the discovery service is allowed based on the authorization as per the associated policies. In the above-mentioned example, the age verification service is an external service and the age of the user is the requirement for its access. The requirements for this service can be obtained from one or more external services 402.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, AIG 102 interfaces with different services present in the network. Such services can reside anywhere in the mobile network. This means that the services can reside either in the network operator, the enterprise, or the service provider. For example, AIG 102 provides transcoding service along with video content to the user. In such a case, PDP 112 responds with policy decision of transcoding to AIG 102 with the optimal transcoding parameters. The transcoding parameters are derived on the user's context primarily based on, the device, the network, the service, or their combination. The device details enable the selection of appropriate format supported by the device. For example, the supported format can be MP4, or 3GPP. Similarly, the network details are used to determine the size of the video clip depending on the downloading capacity of the network. For example, a network with 100 KB download capacity would differ from another network with a download capacity of 1 MB. The services details are used to determine if a special treatment is required on the content. For example, a premium service may result in a higher resolution video compared to a non-premium service. In light of this example, it is quite clear that AIG 102 provides various value added services to the users. Further, it is to be noted that the service providers do not have to interact individually with one or more external services 402.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, AIG 102 intermediates on behalf of service providers for sourcing and delivering key information, which is required for delivering one or more external services 402. Further, AIG 102 provides one or more external services 402 other than internal services to the users. Various examples for one or more external services 402 can be transcoding service, age verification service, streaming service, recommendation service, advertisement service, fulfillment aware charging, dynamic pricing, real time events, and messaging services. Of course this invention is also applicable to other types of external services. The messaging services include services like SMS, MMS, and WAP push. The internal and external services have been explained in detail in conjunction with
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, when the user's request arrives at AIG 102, the requests have information that identifies which service to be invoked. This service is essentially a high level service that consists of coordinating the execution of one or more external services 402 and one or more internal services.
As mentioned earlier, requirements for one or more external services 402 and internal services 504 are provided by AIG 102. The context details are collected by context engine 212. Subsequently, enforcement engine 218 enforces one or more external services 402 based on the context details of the user and the requirements of the overall service delivery. Internal services 504 include a metering server 508, a charging enabler 510, AIG 102, context server 214, and policy component 220. Internal services 504 generate and capture the metering records at metering server 508 for reporting and reconciliation purposes. As mentioned in
AIG 102 enhances the capabilities of the charging gateway and the corresponding policies in PDP 112. As a result, AIG 102 coordinates the flow of the internal services 504. For example, AIG 102 enables charging enabler 510 to interface with the network operator's charging gateways directly.
In accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, AIG 102 enables charging enabler 510 to interface with the network operator's charging gateways through billing aggregators.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, charging enabler 510 provides a simple and a common interface between AIG 102 and PDP 112. Charging enabler 510 abstracts the complexities of the prevailing external service mechanism of charging into a charging model so that they can be rapidly used in the service delivery. The charging mechanism available in the mobile network can interface with a diverse charging environment that includes network operator's charging gateways and billing aggregators. For example, the charging mechanism can be Premium Short Message Service Mobile terminated (PSMS MT) based charging from a SMS billing provider, PSMS MT based charging with mandatory Mobile originated (MO) from SMS billing provider, network operator's backend secure web services based charging (direct operator backend integration), operator and third party WAP billing interfaces (redirection based), and web services based interfaces for alternate billing options such as eWallet and credit card.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, AIG 102 provides policy based coordination of one or more services. For example, age verification service, charging, fulfillment awareness and recommendation can be executed as a part of one service. AIG 102 provides some of the services to be executed simultaneously. For example, the transcoding and recommendation service can be executed simultaneously in parallel. The policy based orchestration of one or more services has been explained in detail in conjunction with
Subsequently at step 610, AIG 102 forwards the context details to service provider 506. At step 612, service provider 506 communicates the recommended price to the user. The user then gives a purchase request. At step 614, AIG 102 receives the purchase request from the user. Further, AIG 102 retrieves the user's context details from context server 214. At step 616, AIG sends the policy request to PDP 112. At step 618, PDP 112 reserves the charge in the charging gateway through charging enabler 510. Subsequently, PDP 112 responds to AIG 102 with a policy decision of prompting the user to AIG 102.
At step 620, AIG 102 prompts the user with the recommended price. At step 622, if the user does not accept the prompt, then the process stops. However, if the user accepts the prompt, then the control is transferred to step 624. At step 624, AIG 102 again sends the policy request to PDP 112. At step 626, PDP 112 responds with policy decision of transcoding to AIG 102 with the optimal transcoding parameters. The response is made on the basis of the context details of the user consisting of the corresponding device, network and the service being delivered.
Subsequently, at step 628, AIG 102 retrieves the context from context server 212. Context server 212 can be hosted either with the network operator or with service provider 506. At step 630, AIG 102 sends a transcoding request to the transcoding service along with the transcoding parameters. At step 632, AIG 102, receives the transcoded context back from transcoding service and fulfills it to the user.
At step 634, AIG 102 sends the policy request to PDP 112 when the fulfillment is complete. At step 636, PDP 112 commits the charge in the charging gateway through charging enabler 510 and responds to AIG 102 with a policy decision of metering and recommendation. At step 638, a metering record is generated and is sent to metering server 508 for its display. At step 640, AIG 102 sends a request for recommendation to the recommended service and passes the required parameters from the user's context details. At step 642, recommendation service returns with the recommendations for the user. At step 644, AIG 102 returns with recommended products list to the user.
In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, during the above exemplary service delivery, various other events could have taken place depending on the overall service requirements. For example, a partner service provider could be sent a notification after the user was fulfilled or even after the charging was successful. This can aid the service providers to gather real time data about the way the service is being delivered. Service providers can not only use this data in user interaction but also use it for reconciliation purposes. Further, the delivery of context could have been made by MMS instead of inline delivery over HTTP. Furthermore, if the service required, the user's age could have been verified before displaying the payment prompt.
AIG 102 receives a request from a user and accordingly, sends or redirects the request to transcoding service 702. Subsequently, the response returns to the user. AIG 102 then send a request to another service, say recommendation service 704, which then returns some response to the user.
The application intermediation gateway, as described in the present invention or any of its components may be embodied in the form of a processing machine. Typical examples of a processing machine include a general purpose computer, a programmed microprocessor, a micro-controller, a peripheral integrated circuit element, and other devices or arrangements of devices, which are capable of implementing the steps that constitute the method of the present invention. The application intermediation gateway can also be embodied on network elements like routers or gateways.
The processing machine executes a set of instructions that are stored in one or more storage elements, in order to process input data. The storage elements may also hold data or other information as desired. The storage element may be in the form of a database or a physical memory element present in the processing machine.
The set of instructions may include various instructions that instruct the processing machine to perform specific tasks such as the steps that constitute the method of the present invention. The set of instructions may be in the form of a program or software. The software may be in various forms such as system software or application software. Further, the software might be in the form of a collection of separate programs, a program module with a larger program or a portion of a program module. The software might also include modular programming in the form of object-oriented programming. The processing of input data by the processing machine may be in response to user commands, or in response to results of previous processing or in response to a request made by another processing machine.
While the preferred embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it will be clear that the invention is not limited to these embodiments only. Numerous modifications, changes, variations, substitutions and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as described in the claims.
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Derby City Council spends £118,000 in bid to find jobs for immigrants
Posted: January 10, 2014|
JOBLESS Eastern Europeans in Derby will get help finding work thanks to a contract costing the city council £118,000 – at a time when it is set to make compulsory redundancies.
It has awarded an 11-month contract to training centre JET, which has up to 400 people visiting on the days it is open for job help, most of which are from Eastern Europe.
It will enable JET to employ new staff, help people get jobs, provide more training using interpreters and improve its work with JobCentre Plus.
Some politicians fear a large number of Romanians and Bulgarians will enter the country now that work restrictions have been lifted.
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Benefits do not provide enough to live on, claims Derby North MP Chris Williamson
How we are helping different cultures come together in Derby
FRAUDSTER ATE PASSPORT: Wasim Husain tried to flee when challenged at citizenship test in Derby
The council says the contract's "primary focus" will be on Eastern European migrants with an "emphasis on Roma and women" – but is not related to the lifting of restrictions.
Dawn Robinson, its head of service for prevention, cohesion and integration, said: "We've got open borders now for most of Europe and therefore have to have a mechanism to ensure that, when people come, they make a positive contribution to the Derby economy."
The news comes as it faces having to make 350 more redundancies, many of which are likely to be compulsory.
It says that, with its partners, it invested £10 million in supporting employment in Derby in 2012-13, helping create more than 1,200 jobs, as well as £15 million to help firms expand.
Statistics from October show there were 5,765 Jobseekers Allowance claimants in Derby but it is not known how many were from Eastern Europe.
JET will use the cash to employ three new staff, provide more help for jobseekers, and give more "targeted" training using interpreters with Eastern European languages.
This will include literacy, numeracy, first aid, health and safety, CV writing and life-skills like time management and help with energy bills.
The cash will also, chief executive Mohammed Sharief says, "streamline" the way it works with the Job Centre to improve the way referrals work between the two.
In some quarters, it is seen as a controversial way to spend the cash.
UKIP's Alan Graves, the party's East Midlands chairman, said: "Once migrants are here, you mustn't mistreat them. But I'm against spending money on helping migrants get a job.
"In other countries migrants have to have a job to enter in the first place.
"I think there are more pressing matters to spend the money on. There are lots of vulnerable people that have difficulty living on a day-to-day basis."
Though the council says there is no specific connection, the spending comes at a time when work restrictions on Bulgarians and Romanians coming to the UK were recently lifted.
But Amber Valley Tory MP Nigel Mills, who is campaigning for the Bulgarian and Romanian restrictions to be reinstated, says he "has no problem with how the money is being spent".
He said: "If we've got people here it's far better that they become full and active members of our society."
A typical case dealt with at JET is that of Barbabas Duna. He does not speak English.
The 40-year-old Slovakian, who is Roma, says through an interpreter: "I've tried all the agencies in Derby, cleaning jobs, packing jobs.
"But I'll be sat in an agency waiting area and as soon as I open my mouth they'll say it isn't a suitable job for me."
Despite the difficulty, Barbabas says he doesn't regret moving from Slovakia to the UK, when he lost his job as a cleaner two years ago.
He says employers there are "racist" towards Roma and that there were, in any case, too few jobs.
Now he hopes that the help he is getting from city training centre JET will make his perseverance worthwhile.
It is there that he is taking English lessons and getting help with his job-hunting.
Latest figures from the Office of National Statistics show that the number of Jobseekers Allowance claimants in the city in October last year stood at 5,765.
The Department for Work and Pensions (DWP) has said it cannot break down these figures to country of origin.
According to JET, there are between 11,000 and 13,000 Eastern Europeans in the city, up from about 2,000 five years ago when numbers increased due to European open borders.
Its first confirmed country-of-origin breakdown for December last year showed that it received 2,062 client visits, up from 1,657 in the same month in 2012. Of these, 18.5% were from Slovakia and another 7% fitted into the category "other Eastern European countries".
Ejaz Sarwar, JET operations director, said the emphasis on women was down to there being a "high proportion" receiving Jobseekers Allowance.
A council statement says that the Roma focus was down to the fact that many migrants, "especially Roma", have "poor literacy skills resulting in an inability to effectively compete in the job market".
It adds: "In addition, this group is often unable to satisfy elements of basic job search criteria and require additional support."
The statement said that the £118,000 was from the council's "core budget" but that the cash was part of a pot of match-funding it was required to provide so it could get funding from the East Midlands European Social Fund to help get people into work.
The JET contract is part of the council's New Communities Strategy, which aims to get all the city's organisations working together to tackle issues surrounding some migrant groups.
The statement said of the contract: "In addition, activities can support disabled people, lone parents, homeless people, young people, ethnic minority groups and people with mental health problems and drug dependency problems."
DERBY City Council will have to make hundreds of job cuts by September with many likely to be compulsory after just four staff took voluntary redundancy.
Officials cannot say how many people will be forced from their jobs at this moment in time due to an on-going program of voluntary redundancies.
However unions have been told that the cuts must be made by September at the latest.
Roger Kershaw, strategic director for resources, said: "We can confirm that between summer of 2013 and December 31, four employees have left on the grounds of voluntary redundancy.
"We have confirmed to the trade unions that the date by which we might need to remove up to 350 full-time equivalent posts is by September 30 at the latest.
"The council continues to work with the trade union representatives and potentially affected employees through our consultation process to ensure that any potential compulsory redundancies are kept to a minimum."
The authority says it needs to save £81 million over the next three financial years in the face of cuts to its Government grant, inflation and other pressures.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Legal Jobs in South Africa
Depending on your experience, qualifications and interests, there are a number of legal jobs to choose from. The most important thing is that, if you choose to apply, that you know exactly what is expected of you. In general however you need to be honest, trustworthy, dependable. If you have studied to become lawyer, then you will know that there is quite a lot of money to be made in this industry. The more experience you have however, the more money you can make. In South Africa there is also a high demand for Paralegals, Legal Advisors, and Legal Secretaries.
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text:
73 Locust St. Dover, NH 03820 (603)516-6050 Mon-Wed 9-8:30,Thur & Fri 9-5:30, & Sat 9-1
The Friends Meeting House
This information is from Roving Over Dover: the oldest city in New Hampshire, a booklet published in the 1930's.
This historical essay is provided free to all readers as an educational service. It may not be reproduced on any website, list, bulletin board, or in print without the permission of the Dover Public Library. Links to the Dover Public Library homepage or a specific article's URL are permissible.


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Reported comments and users are reviewed by Autoblog staff 24 hours a day, seven days a week to determine whether they violate Community Guideline. Accounts are penalized for Community Guidelines violations and serious or repeated violations can lead to account termination.
At this point, we've salivated all we can salivate over this year's Easter Jeep Safari Moab concepts. The J-12 and Mighty FC will always hold a special place in our hearts, and now Chrysler has released a video describing how the vehicles will help shape future Jeep product development. While it's no surprise we won't see a new Forward Control lounging on dealer lots any time soon, Jeep may shift some of the paint options shown on the concepts to production. Jeep famously brought the portal axle
Jeep has released details on six new concepts the company crafted for this year's Easter Jeep Safari, including the Grand Cherokee Trailhawk Concept. And while that vehicle boasts a slew of off-road goodies, including tow hooks, aggressive Goodyear Wrangler rubber and a rear light bar, we're more interested in the wicked Mighty FC Concept pictured above.
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A long wait has ended. Time for the Shine to be restored to a Diamond in the ruff. This mod for Tom Clancy's HAWX is aimed at Bringing a world of new features, From planes to New Voice work. This mod will prove that it is not the Strong that win, but the Clever.
New Plane Released, The Misriah Armory's GA-TL1 Longsword Interceptor-Bomber from Halo: Combat Evolved.
New Plane Released- The Hervic Company FF-3S from the Series "Mobile Suit Gundam"
New Plane Released, the Angstrom Defense F-11X Apollo for the Allied Forces.
New Plane Released, the VF-25 From Macross Frontier
Planes to be Saves, Repaired and lost. With hawx large roster, this is needed. No planes confirmed yet, but all the planes marked with repair, will be...
While rooting in the old tutorials, and the game files in TC's HAWX. With a chunk of unused models, gives me a chance to give you some new tools of destruction...


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Okra Chips and Tomato Aioli
Serves 2 to 4 as a snack
For the tomato aioli:
½ cup brandy
½ cup plus 1 tablespoon mayonnaise
½ cup ketchup
Kosher salt
White pepper
For the okra:
1 cup flour
½ teaspoon salt
½ teaspoon black pepper
½ teaspoon garlic powder
1 cup buttermilk
20 pieces whole okra cut in half lengthwise
Pan spray
Preheat oven at 400 degrees.
For the tomato aioli, in a small mixing bowl whisk together the brandy, mayonnaise, ketchup and season with salt and pepper to taste.
For the okra, in a medium-size bowl, mix together the flour, salt, black pepper and garlic powder.
Place the buttermilk in a separate medium-size bowl next to the flour.
Dip the okra in buttermilk, then immediately dredge into the seasoned flour.
Shake off any excess flour.
Place okra on a lined cookie sheet, coat with pan spray and put into preheated oven for 15-17 minutes. Make sure to turn the okra halfway through the cooking process to brown both sides.
Serve the okra with the tomato aioli for dipping.
Chef Robert Carter of Carter's Kitchen and the Rutledge Cab Co. has appeared on the Food Network and "Martha Stewart Living" and has been featured in numerous publications, including Food & Wine, Esquire and Bon Appetit.
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text:
Items in the Tests section
Kidney Ultrasound
The Foundation for IgA Nephropathy
Home | Contact us | Privacy policy | Medical disclaimer | Site map | | Next Page
Kidney Ultrasound
Most people who are suspected of having kidney disease will have a kidney ultrasound at some point. There isn't much to it. It's just like any other ultrasound, except it concentrates on the kidneys. What can they tell from it? Well, it's not a replacement for a kidney biopsy, but it's an important test to rule out structural problems with the kidneys and/or urinary tract. It provides your doctor with information about the size of your kidneys, possible obstructions, and it can show if there is any significant scarring. It can also be useful prior to deciding on whether to order a kidney biopsy, as, if it shows the kidneys are shrunken and severely-scarred, it might not be worth doing a biopsy (because it may be too late for a firm diagnosis at that point anyway, and it might not be worth taking the risk of causing bleeding). An ultrasound might also show a person only has one kidney, in which case your doctor might also decide not to biopsy. This is an easy, painless test. You simply lie on a table and the ultrasound technician move the probe over your torso (front, sides and back). The only discomfort might be from the pressure of the probe being pushing tight against your torso (it can be a little sensitive if it pushes against bone). It only takes about 15-20 minutes.


text:
David Ortiz' long layoff causes Big worry
David Ortiz' long layoff causes Big worry
FORT MYERS — We'll get to our opinion on David Ortiz in a minute, but first, the facts:
• Ortiz injured his Achilles on July 16 while rounding the bases on an Adrian Gonzalez home run.
• He played once thereafter, but reinjured the same foot while going 2-for-4 on Aug. 24.
• Until last week, he hadn't been able to sprint for six months.
• He tried to run the bases yesterday, but decided against it because of soreness. He'll try again this morning.
• Opening Day is four weeks from today.
|The article you requested has been archived


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No one remembers who came in second.
The 49ers will try different ways to slow down our pass game I'm sure. But if our pass game is clicking, that will open up our run game moreso. And like Roanoke mentioned, Wilson should be more of an X factor/weapon/wrinkle for our offense as well. The main thing is that the O-line gives Eli enough time. I think Bennett will be key too. His blocking is going to be needed.
If people say something rude or off-color, you have to take it with a grain of salt, because they don't know you.
Chris Daughtry
Remember, in the NFCCG, the Giants moved the ball much better than the 49ers. Take away 2 plays by Vernon Davis and this would have been a blowout.
"They come to the line of scrimmage and the first thing they do is start looking for me....I know, and they know. When theyd find me theyd start screaming: 56 left ! 56 left!....So theres this thing I did. After the play was over Id come up behind them and whisper: dont worry where I am. Ill tell you when I get there."
- Lawrence Taylor
Ideally what the giants offense should do is, establish the run and short passes, The niners defense is known to be good against the run, allowing them to keep the safeties deep to stop the deep pass. If the giants can get the run going and the short passes, the safeties might start inching in a little and then we can get start hitting our deep passes.


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Currency Competition and Foreign Exchange Markets
The Dollar, the Yen and the Euro
- Author: Philipp Hartmann
- Date Published: January 2008
- availability: Available
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521046930
Other available formats:
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Currency Competition and Foreign Exchange Markets is a major new theoretical and empirical study of international currencies that focuses on the role the Euro (the future European currency) will play in the international monetary and financial system, along with the US dollar and the Japanese yen. In contrast to much of the existing literature that approaches the subject from a macroeconomic perspective, Philipp Hartmann develops a theoretical model that uses game theory, time series and panel econometrics, and links financial markets analysis with transaction cost economics. The results are presented with reference to political, historical and institutional considerations, and provide accessible answers to policy makers, business people and scholars world wide.Read more
- Important and original research on subject of great topical importance with major theoretical, business and policy implications
- Philipp Hartmann is a leading scholar and policy-maker in this area
- One of the many books in Cambridge's very successful exchange-rate economics list
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Product details
- Date Published: January 2008
- format: Paperback
- isbn: 9780521046930
- length: 212 pages
- dimensions: 229 x 152 x 12 mm
- weight: 0.32kg
- contains: 22 tables
- availability: Available
Table of Contents
List of figures
List of tables
Preface and acknowledgements
1. Introduction
2. National and international money: a survey
3. A theory of vehicle currencies
4. Currency competition between the euro, the dollar and the yen
5. Trading volumes and transaction costs: from the short run to the long run
6. General conclusions
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text:
Ten Ways to Fight Hate: A Community Response Guide
Call a friend or co-worker. Organize allies from churches, schools, clubs and other civic groups. Create a diverse coalition. Include children, police and the media. Gather ideas from everyone, and get everyone involved.
Others share your instinct for tolerance. There is power in numbers in the fight against hate. Asking for help and organizing a group reduces personal fear and vulnerability, spreads the workload and increases creativity and impact. Coalitions for tolerance can stand up to — and isolate — organized hate groups. You and your allies can help educate others as you work to eradicate hate.
A hate crime often creates an opportunity for a community's first dialogue on race, homophobia or prejudice. It can help bridge the gap between neighborhoods and law enforcement. More people than we imagine want to do something; they just need a little push. As the creator of Project Lemonade found, "There are plenty of people of good conscience out there."
First Steps...
Not sure where to start? Here are some ideas:
>> Call the circle around you, including family, neighbors, co-workers, people in your church, synagogue or civic club. Meet informally at first.
>> Call on groups that are likely to respond to a hate event, including faith alliances, labor unions, teachers, women's groups, university faculties, fair housing councils, the "Y" and youth groups. Make a special effort to involve businesses, schools, houses of worship, politicians, children and members of minority and targeted groups.
>> Also call on local law enforcement officials. Work to create a healthy relationship with local police; working together, human rights groups and law enforcement officials can track early warning signs of hate brewing in a community, allowing for a rapid and unified response.
>> Go door-to-door in the neighborhood targeted by a hate group, offering support and inviting participation in a rally, candlelight vigil or other public event. Put up ribbons or turn on porch lights as symbolic gestures. Declare a "Hate Free Zone" with a poster contest and a unity pledge. Set up a booth in a local mall to collect signatures on the pledge. Buy an ad to publicize the pledge and the contest winners.
>> Fashion an appropriate, local response, but gather ideas from other towns that have faced hate events. A good starting point is a group viewing of the PBS video "Not in our Town." It tells the story of an inspiring fight against white supremacists in Billings, Mont.
- Who We Are
- What We Do
- Get Informed
- Get Involved


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By now, most people have concluded that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA, Obamacare) does not reduce the cost of healthcare for the majority of Americans, and certainly does not protect them. Healthcare costs - both insurance and out of pocket expenses - have more than doubled for many and will continue to increase. What is difficult and confusing to most of us is attempting to understand how this all fits together and why.
Just a few months ago, the Obama administration had serious concerns regarding formation of state health insurance exchanges. This vital component of the ACA is necessary to move it forward, yet only 17 states agreed to build exchanges. The federal government pivoted and approached this problem from a different direction. They offered to pick up the tab on an expansion of Medicaid for 2 years, and then 90% thereafter… forever. That was enticing enough to persuade eight GOP Governors, who previously wanted no part of the health insurance exchanges, to accept this "gift". They viewed this as separate from Obamacare, but is it really? Unfortunately, it is not. It is all tied together.
To understand what is happening, it is necessary to examine this issue historically. For over a century, Progressives have unsuccessfully tried to pass bills in Congress which would establish single payer, government run healthcare. For them, this has always been the "holy grail". Realizing that success could only be achieved incrementally, they settled for passage of Medicare in 1965. By controlling the healthcare of senior citizens, and then the poor through Medicaid, the federal government gained a foothold into healthcare that for decades they had sought. Over the next 50 years, our Federal government slowly assumed a greater role in healthcare through regulation and legislation. Then, in 2008, the most progressive president in history was elected and the goal of a single payer, government run system was closer than ever.
To make the leap from where we are today to a single payer system, things have to get so bad that the federal government will be left with no "viable alternative" other than stepping in to rescue the American health care "system". The myriad and still not fully understood regulations in the ACA makes this outcome inevitable.
In Honor of His 103rd Birthday, Here Are The 20 Best Quotes From The Late, Great Milton Friedman | John Hawkins
Baltimore's best mayor evah presides over homicide rate not seen in nearly half a century | Jazz Shaw


text:
Home Page
Stockton Outfitters' team of professional guides is ranked nationally and renowned for their ability to aid hunters in attaining their dreams. Stockton Oufitters has been featured nationally on the Outdoor Channel, Versus Network and Sportsman's Channel. Stockton Outfitters has also been highlighted in the pages of a multitude of hunting publications to include North American Hunter, Outdoor Life, Predator Extreme, Cabela's Outfitter Journal, Peterson's Bow Hunting, Bow Hunting World; etc.
Whether hunting bear, elk, or mule deer you can rest assured that your hunt or back country excursion is in the hands of true professionals whose sole purpose is to assist individuals in the pursuit of not just game, but what it takes in mind, body, and spirit to call yourselves true HUNTERS.


text:
You are a fan of large dhb's ? Come to discover the best forums large dhb's on the internet and share your experience with a community fan of large dhb's . You can also build a forum large dhb's and create your online discussion.
This is a forum designed to keep a large group of friends together.
Founded in 2010, we are an active community, which focuses not only on literate wolf roleplay but also contests, events, and an all around positive experience.
wolves, serenity, river, pack, wolf, active, community, literate, roleplay, contests, events, positive, experience, family, clan, #large, enjoyable
An awesome forum to learn Maple Animation and express yourself. Large community! :D
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text:
Putnam officials seeking man who escaped from home confinement
WINFIELD, W.Va. -- Deputy sheriffs from Putnam County are searching for a man who escaped from home confinement.
William Wesley McCallister, 54, of Scott Depot, W.Va., was last detected June 23 at a boat ramp in Dunbar, W.Va., according to a press release issued by Putnam County Sheriff Steve Deweese.
Investigators believe McCallister's GPS home confinement bracelet was removed. The release states he had been serving a 5-year sentence for being a felon in possession of a firearm and misdemeanor second-offense driving under the influence. Other charges are pending in addition to those related to the recent escape.
McCallister had been confined to an apartment along Hedrick Road, just off Teays Valley Road.
Follow Curtis Johnson at Facebook.com/curtisjohnsonHD and via Twitter @curtisjohnsonHD.


text:
Arizona Cardinals
Larry Fitzgerald: Mindset hasn't changed despite lack of touches
During their current four-game slide, the Arizona Cardinals have reached futile levels on offense not seen since their days in Sun Devil Stadium.
In two of their past four losses -- including Monday night's 24-3 prime time blowout at the hands of the 49ers -- the Redbirds failed to reach the end zone.
It's a feat which previously hadn't been reached since a Nov. 2004 loss to the Jets.
2004 also happened to be the rookie season of Arizona's star wideout Larry Fitzgerald. Unfortunately for the four-time Pro Bowler, of late, 2012 has been eerily similar to his first year in the league.
Over his last two games, Fitzgerald has just nine catches for a pedestrian 82 yards. It's the second time this season the Cardinals' top offensive threat has amassed less than 100 yards receiving over a two-game span.
Fitzgerald said Thursday that opposing defenses are not covering him any differently in 2012 than they have been over his previous eight years in the league, but it's hard to believe that a decrease in productivity hasn't begun to weigh on the talented wide receiver.
The former No. 3 overall pick, however, is adamant that nothing's changed for him.
"I know what I am and who I am," Fitzgerald. "That's not going to change based on week-to-week numbers wise. My focus is more on getting it going as a whole."
Getting it going Sunday may not be as easy as turning on a light switch. On top of the numerous issues the Cardinals continue to have up front with their offensive line, a Week 9 matchup with the Packers means a heavy dose of Charles Woodson, Tramon Williams and Casey Hayward for Fitzgerald.
Green Bay's talented secondary trio has 104 tackles and seven interceptions, but Fitzgerald still remains steadfast in his belief that the tide will soon turn for both he and the Cardinals offense.
"I'll get my plays," said Fitzgerald. "I know it's a long season. You have 16 games and 17 weeks of ball. I'll make some shots. There haven't been many thus far, but it's going to happen."
Fitzgerald has faced Green Bay just twice in eight seasons, with both appearances coming back in 2009. In Week 17, the Cardinals wide receiver had one of the worst games of his career, catching only three passes for 17 yards. A week later, Fitzgerald redeemed himself with two touchdown catches in Arizona's wild 51-45 playoff win over the Packers.
Most Popular
Cardinals Audio
- Jen Welter, Cardinals assistant coach - Tuesday July 28Welter talks about the historical significance of her hire, and how she'll approach the job
- Bickley Blast - Tuesday July 28The Cardinals made a ground breaking coaching hire
- Former Arizona Cardinals Pro Bowler Bertrand Berry - Tuesday July 28Bertrand Berry talks about the Cardinals hiring Jen Welter as the first woman coach in NFL history.
- Glenn Parker, Pac-12 and Cardinals analyst - Tuesday July 28Glenn Parker discusses new Cardinals coach Jen Welter and the strength of the Pac-12 South.
- Hardware - Monday July 27The Sign of Our Times award, the 2nd Place Isn't So Bad award and more


text:
September 28, 2012
TUMWATER — Washington's minimum wage will increase to $9.19 per hour beginning Jan. 1, 2013, the Department of Labor & Industries (L&I) announced today.
L&I calculates the state's minimum wage each year as required by Initiative 688, approved by Washington voters in 1998. The 15-cent-per-hour increase, from $9.04 to $9.19 an hour, reflects a 1.67 percent increase in the Consumer Price Index (for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, CPI‑W) announced earlier this month by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
The CPI-W measures average price changes for goods and services purchased by urban wage earners and clerical workers. The goods and services it monitors include basic living costs such food, clothing, shelter, fuels, and services such as doctor visits.
According to the BLS' Sept. 14 announcement, about 80 percent of the increase was due to a jump in gasoline prices, which rose an average of nine percent over the past 12 months.
Washington is one of 10 states that adjust the minimum wage based on inflation and the CPI. The others are Arizona, Colorado, Florida, Missouri, Montana, Nevada, Ohio, Oregon, and Vermont.
Washington has the highest minimum wage, followed by Oregon, which recently announced its 2013 minimum wage will rise 1.7 percent, or by 15 cents, to $8.95 per hour.
Washington's minimum wage applies to workers in both agricultural and non-agricultural jobs, although 14‑ and 15-year-olds may be paid 85 percent of the adult minimum wage, or $7.81 in 2013.
More information on Washington's minimum wage is available at Wages.Lni.wa.gov. Employers and workers also may call 360-902-5316 or 1-866-219-7321.
For media information: Dana Botka, 360-902-5408, or Elaine Fischer, 360-902-5413.
Connect with L&I: Facebook (facebook.com/laborandindustries) and Twitter (twitter.com/lniwa).
Broadcast version:
The Department of Labor & Industries says the state's minimum wage will increase by 15 cents to $9.19 an hour starting January 1st, 2012. An initiative passed by voters in 1998 requires L&I to annually adjust the minimum wage based on changes in the Consumer Price Index, which reflects the cost of goods and services needed for day-to-day living. That index rose by one-point-six-seven percent (1.67%) during the 12 months ending August 31, 2012. You can find more information at Wages dot Lni dot wa dot gov.


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text:
The Bachelorette
Emily Maynard Glows at Ashley and J.P.'s Wedding! (PHOTO)
Emily Maynard might not have walked down the aisle at her own wedding to Bachelorette winner Jef Holm (sob, still not over it), but hey — at least she got to witness Ashley Hebert and J.P. Rosenbaum's fabulous nuptials!
Emily made an appearance at Ashley and J.P's wedding in Pasadena, California, on December 1st, and as usual she looked completely stunning. In fact, she gave Ashley a serious run for her money! Emily wore a gorgeous black dress with white eyelets, and looked picture perfect with her date — Bachelor alum Marissa May, who we're hoping was actually Jef Holm in disguise. What? It could happen.
Emily and Marissa feasted on a delicious meal and danced the night away with the rest of Ashley and J.P.'s guests, who included the likes of Chris Harrison, Ali Fedotowsky and her ex-fiance, Roberto Martinez!
Do you think Emily should have brought a date to Ashley and J.P.'s wedding, or was ridin' solo the way to go? Dish it in the comments, sista-friends.


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The State of Oregon requires sex offenders to register with the police in the jurisdiction in which they reside. Any person required to register under a state sex offender registration program must notify the state regarding each institution of higher education in the state of which the person is employed, carries on a vocation or is a student and must also alert the state of any change in enrollment or employment status. Under Oregon law, sex offender information can be obtained through local law enforcement agencies and the Oregon State Police by name, address, zip code or county. Persons seeking information about registered sex offenders residing within a specific geographic area may contact the Oregon State Police Sex Offender Registration Unit at 503-378-3725.
Oregon law mandates the posting of predatory sex offenders and sexually violent dangerous offenders to a public Internet site. The site is available through the Oregon State Police website, http://sexoffenders.oregon.gov/.
The following website lists all predatory and other high-risk sex offenders who are currently on community supervision and are residing within the borders of Multnomah County, Oregon: Multnomah County Sex Offenders. Additional sex offender information can be obtained from the Multnomah County Sex Offender Supervision Web site.
Clackamas County's website contains information about predatory sex offenders who are currently under supervision: http://www.clackamas.us/corrections/sofaq.html


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Food and Drink: Blue Monkey Brewery
Posted: June 19, 2009|
BARREL OF LAUGHS: John Hickling at work
LAST October, John Hickling set up shop in a corner of the big tent at the Nottingham Campaign for Real Ale's Robin Hood Beer Festival. The Nottingham Castle event served as the debut for his new venture, Blue Monkey Brewery, and the beer was received well by the knowledgeable beer fans.
John, who had never before owned a brewery and spent much of the previous year learning the trade as an apprentice, talked optimistically but admitted he didn't know how things were going to turn out.
As it happened, he didn't need to worry.
Half a year later, John's Blue Monkey ales are a familiar sight in plenty of Notts pubs – he recently delivered to his 105th premises. And, he said, he's getting callbacks from pubs.
"It's proved so popular that it's made its way into being a permanent fixture," said Rob Gibson, landlord of the Guitar Bar and Hotel Deux, Sherwood Rise.
"It's fairly priced," he added. We normally have the original which is dark, more like a traditional bitter, very quaffable. It's 3.6 per cent which means it's not a silly drink, particularly in the warmer weather when you're more likely to want to have three pints of something not so strong than three pints of something strong."
That opinion's been shared by enough publicans that earlier this week John put in an extra fermenter, which means an extra 3,000 pints per week, an increase of about a third.
Business? Yeah, he can't complain.
"We found we were getting to the point where it was getting frustrating," he said. "Where I was saying 'stop selling'. There's nothing more frustrating for a small businessperson than telling your salespeople to stop selling."
The Ilkeston brewery now does three beers – the original that debuted at the beer festival, Evolution (named, in keeping with the simian theme, for the 150th anniversary of Darwin's big idea) and BG Sips.
"The BG Sips has proved to be really popular," John said. "It's a good summer beer – pale, hoppy and weak enough that it's not going to knock you out. It's a cracking beer.
"It's a traditional lager hop, but a lot more of it than you'd normally put in a lager."
It's a different sort of work conversation for a man who several years ago was looking at what seemed like it might be a job for life.
A job for life at banking giant HBOS. A quick perusal of the business section of the newspaper will get you up to speed on why the "for life" part might be a bit different now.
But even if his timing was immaculate, the shift from a typical office culture has sometimes been blunt.
"I've been working consistently 12-hour days to keep up with it," he said. "It's a real contrast. I've found I've had jobs in the past which were nice, comfortable office jobs. There was a point last year where I was down on my hands and knees scrubbing a drain thinking 'hang on what have I done with my life'?"
But that was at 7am. By 9 that day, he was in a meeting with a brewing corporation executive about wider distribution. Then there's the marketing, the deliveries, the searching for monkey pictures for the pump clips...
"For someone who's blessed or cursed with a short attention span, it's a good thing," he said.
The pace with which the business has grown is also a good thing, although it's forcing some big decisions. Right now, Blue Monkey can't be found too far afield.
"So far we've kept it pretty tight – it's Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire," John said. "And obviously where Ilkeston is, it's a good spot for that. We want to keep it an interesting local product."
But still, the opportunities are there.
"The building I'm in now is creaking at the seams," he said. Blue Monkey will soon reach the point where John either moves it or stops increasing sales. He reckons he'll choose the former.
And what's been the recipe for all this success?
"It's not very snappy to say, but you've got to get everything right," he said, citing strong branding ("love it or loathe it, you can't miss the monkey") and one key ingredient underpinning it all. "Behind that," he said, "the beer's got to be right."


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Tom King
President, NYS Rifle & Pistol Association
Monthly Archive for April, 2011
What is Going On?
Pardon me for being blunt but what the HELL is going on at the border? I've always had a lot of respect for the U.S. Border Patrol but I'm now wondering if they are going the way of the morally bankrupt and politically corrupt BATF. Give me a break! Don't arrest illegal aliens chase them back […] [Read More]
It's Good To Be Back
Well I'm back and I'd like to explain my absence. I was mad. A couple of TU reporters in articles claimed to have tried to contact me for comment and I didn't return their call. That was simply wrong but by not responding I simply neglected my responsibility to the gun owners, sportsmen and women […] [Read More]


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OKLAHOMA CITY (Jan. 10, 2013) – Sherry Fair has been hired as Communications Director at the Oklahoma State Department of Education.
Fair worked for nearly a decade in education as the Communications Director at Oklahoma City Public Schools and as the MAPS for Kids Campaign Manager.
The latest Leadership Post newsletter, for all Oklahoma school administrators, is now available.
The newsletter contains items on multi-hazard emergency planning for schools, ACE and TLE updates, the Oklahoma teacher/leader talent pool, the Academic Scholar Recogntion program, and a Principals Academy.
Click here to read the newsletter.
Ever asked a kindergartener what they want to be when they grow up?
I love that game. I hear responses such as firefighters, doctors, mommies, teachers; you name it. One little girl told me she wanted to be a doctor, the president and a jeweler; she just wasn't sure she'd have time to be all three.
The goal of education is to produce young people who are fully prepared for the workforce that awaits them outside of high school or college and to help them become fully engaged, productive citizens.
The Oklahoma State Department of Education is seeking sponsoring organizations for the 2013 Summer Food Service Program (SFSP). Eligible sponsors include public schools, public or governmental agencies, private, non-profit residential summer camps and private, non-profit organizations.
The Oklahoma State Department of Education recently announced two state delegates and two alternates to participate in the 51st Annual United States Senate Youth Program.
Selected as delegates are Johnathan Thomas Young of Vian High School in the Vian School District and Emma Jane Hutchison of Putnam City North High School in the Putnam City School District.
First Alternate is Daniel Lee Pae of Lawton High School in the Lawton School District. Second Alternate is Dylan Matthew Oney of Muskogee High School in the Muskogee School District.
The State Department of Education is offering test fee assistance to Oklahoma public school students who wish to take AP exams.There are two types of assistance. First, assistance to those in financial need. Second, assistance to those who take multiple exams.
At the State Department of Education, we send frequent emails and e-newsletters to communicate important programs to educators throughout the state. I would like to reiterate a few of those offerings in my regular column.
State Superintendent Janet Barresi will request $37.7 million in supplemental funding for this school year to the state Legislature next week to fund the flexible health benefits allowance for education employees, and reforms such as the Reading Sufficiency Act and Achieving Classroom Excellence remediation.
"This request comes on behalf of school superintendents," State Superintendent Janet Barresi. "If approved, can be used by schools this year to help pay for programs that help children learn to read and be fully prepared for end-of-instruction tests."
I remember what it was like as a child preparing to ask my parents for a raise in my allowance. I was asking them to part with their hard-earned money, and I just knew I would get that lecture on spending wisely and the importance of saving. I spent a lot of time rehearsing the reasons why such a raise was necessary; then I screwed up my courage and hoped for the best.
Read the latest Leadership Post newsletter for all Oklahoma school administrators here. Contains information on TLE, PARCC's public comment period, Okahoma School Speed Test month and more.


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it is a term that that was used by land owners to call there manservents, originating from being unfullfilled.
carry my throne manque!
από Merry Ho 12 Δεκέμβριος 2004
1 more definition
Top Definition
A wannabe, pretender, poseur.
The room was filled with hip-lit manques.
από DrBill 1 Δεκέμβριος 2006


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The Mechanical Reasoning Test is ideal for the selection of technical and trade personnel. This test measures a candidate's understanding of principles of mechanics, spatial ability, and cause and effect relationships. Specific item content is wide ranging and includes: wheels, gears, clamps, levers, sliding rods, shafts, pulleys, weights, conveyor belts, fixed and non-fixed pivots, and springs.
Sample Questions
Employee Selection
Time: 20 minutes Items: 32 Scoring: www.CareerID.com (online)
The report provides the candidate's total score, percentile score, and stanine.


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Neolithic Structures in the British Isles Photo Gallery and related media
Neolithic Structures in the British Isles
Brownshill Dolmen
Portal tombs, known as dolmens, were single-chamber tombs constructed during the Neolithic period. Today it is generally believed that they were used as burial tombs, though research continues. Brownshill dates from between 4000 and 3000 B.C. and features a 100-ton capstone, the heaviest in Europe.
Related Photo Galleries (1)
Neolithic Structures in the British Isles
Neolithic Structures in the British Isles(11 Photos)
11 Photos
More than 1,000 massive man-made structures from the Neolithic era remain scattered across the landscape of England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Related Videos (1)
Celtic Burial Mound
Celtic Burial MoundVideo Clip (2:26)
Video Clip (2:26)
Don Wildman takes a closer look at a pre-historic structure hidden inside a mountain in Dowth, Ireland.
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text:
South Alabama v Detroit
Mary Nixon of the South Alabama Jaguars looks to play the ball... News PhotoAdult,Ball,Basketball - Sport,Basketball - Women's College,California,Detroit Titans,Full Length,Looking,Matador Gymnasium,NCAA,Northridge,South Alabama Jaguars,Sport,Sports Activity,USA,Vertical,Women,Women's BasketballPhotographer Jeff GoldenCollection: Getty Images Sport 2012 Jeff GoldenNORTHRIDGE, CA - NOVEMBER 24: Mary Nixon #23 of the South Alabama Jaguars looks to play the ball against Demeisha Fambro #12 of the Detroit Titans at The Matadome on November 24, 2012 in Northridge, California. South Alabama defeated Detroit 59-56. (Photo by Jeff Golden/Getty Images)


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Here is a 1956 Ford F100 Pick-up Truck with a 472ci Cadillac motor, MSD Digital ignition control, MSD blaster coil, MSD Distributor, Autometer gauges,... More
1956 Ford Custom Line If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions, please call Glenn at 360-701-6981 292 ci, V8, Automatic, 9" Ford rear end, Lincoln 4... More
Have a look at this gorgeous H-code 1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Skyliner with retractable hard top. These beautiful cars were produced from 1957 to... More
Goldenglow Yellow Classic T-Bird With A Black Folding Cloth Soft Top And The Port Hole Removable Hardtop. 312 V8, Automatic Transmission, Power Steering And Power Brakes.... More
1955 Thunderbird Convertible Red with a White top, 292 V8 and automatic transmission.... More
SUMMARY4-year $258K restoration completed in May of 2012Winner of multiple national awards / Featured in Classic Trucks Magazine460 cubic inch Cobra Jet crate engineArt... More
For sale is a Colonial White 1956 Ford Thunderbird sporting a peacock and white interior, with a 312cid V8 engine.... More
Just in! Call or visit our webiste for more information.... More
1955 was the first year for the Ford Thunderbird and they are very desirable collector cars. The car we have offered here has... More
WORLDWIDE VINTAGE AUTOS CALL OUR SALES TEAM: 720-457-9145 MONDAY-FRIDAY: 10AM-5PM SATURDAY: 10AM-4PM AS ONE OF THE LARGEST... More
1956 Ford Thunderbird Convertible '56 Ford Thunderbird Convertible with 2 tops in white with tuxedo interior. Comes equipped with the continental kit and a porthole... More
Awesome frame off restored California Hot Rod Sedan with retro look Body is solid as a vault with beautiful paint, trim, chrome, and glass Subtle ghost... More
For sale in our Tampa showroom is a simply gorgeous 1957 Ford Fairlane 500. This 57 Ford for sale went through an extensive frame-on... More
Ford was looking for something to compete with the Chevrolet Corvette which started to show quickly as a popular segment but didn't want to... More
1951 Ford Custom Police CarThis car just came in.More information and additional pictures will follow as soon as possible.For more information you should... More
1957 FORD FAIRLANE 500 SKYLINER AIR CONDITIONED RETRACTABLE HARDTOP VIN D7KW169525 STARMIST BLUE/COLONIAL WHITE EXTERIOR BLUE & WHITE VINYL INTERIOR 312 CID THUNDERBIRD SPL... More
If You Ever Looked For A Perfect, Original 1953 Ford F100, Your Search Is Over. Frame Off Restoration With Endless Love To The Detail.... More
1950 Ford Custom Convertible If you are interested in this vehicle or have any questions, please call Juan at 503-653-4030 Custom convertible model. High quality Kreative Images build. Professionally... More
1959 Ford Fairlane 500 Galaxie Skyliner Retractable Fully Functional Power Retractable Hide-Away Hard Top 292 CID Y-Block V-8 Cruise-O-Matic Automatic Transmission Power Steering Same Owner For Past 15 years MotoeXotica is... More
1955 T-Bird Little did the engineers know that when they designed and put the T-Bird into production, that it would become one of America's most... More
SHARP DRIVER, STRONG V8, AUTO TRANS, PWR DISC BRAKES, AND MORE! This truck is virtually rust free, has a great body, and runs out... More
1953 Ford Customline Tudor sedan,a rust free car,with modest miles,excellent paint and chrome,smooth running flathead V8,and column mounted three speed transmission-an unmolested example. $17,900.... More
1956 Ford F100 Pickup VIN F10V6D11490 The previous owner of this gorgeous pickup owned the truck for five years. He purchased it from a... More
1957 Ford ThunderbirdWhite soft topPower steeringPower brakesPower windowsPower seats302 Mustang engineCobra valve coversElectronic ignitionMany trophies that go along with the carV8Auto transmissionVehicle is located... More
CTCI Gold Medallion Winner!!Multiple Show Winner w/ Trophies!!Thorough Restoration In and Out!12 Volt/Factory Markings/Air ConditioningRefinished in its original birth color of Desert Rose, this... More
WORLDWIDE VINTAGE AUTOS CALL OUR SALES TEAM: 720-457-9145 MONDAY-FRIDAY: 10AM-5PM SATURDAY: 10AM-4PM AS ONE OF THE LARGEST... More
Just a neat old pickup? Guess again! Someone pulled out all the stops on this 1952 Ford F-1, giving it a traditional look with... More
Somehow the collector car world never gets tired of the 2-seater Ford Thunderbird. They bring smiles to the faces of everyone who sees them,... More
Coming Soon!... More
This 1950 Ford Custom 2dr sedan with rebuilt motor, overdrive transmission, radio, heater, Nebraska car very solid. Clean driver quality car with nice chrome... More


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Digitized special collections materials from the Donohue Rare Book Room, electronic publications and other academic works by USF faculty and students, and digitized archival materials related to university and local history. New collections and items are regularly added to the site and will be featured here.
The USF Yearbooks—variously titled The Don, The Ignatian, and in the example pictured here, The Adios—offer a window onto the changing face of the campus, the students, and the City. Find basketball great Bill Russell in 1955; check out the "Frosh Smoker," the "Soph Drag," and see Jimmie Durante (ask your grandparents) crown the queen of the Mardi Gras in 1954; see the patriotism of 1942; see the politics, protests, and unbridled creativity of 1972; see your professors when they were young.
Moreover, see the tides of history, culture, fashion, and ideas through the prism of USF students and their yearbooks.
Selected prints, drawings, photographs, maps and other graphic materials from special collections, including over 300 prints and drawings by Eric Gill, the British sculptor, typeface designer, stone-cutter and print-maker.
Selected literary and historical manuscripts from special collections. It currently includes letters by notable literary figures like E.M. Forster, Sherwood Anderson, etc. It also features an autograph by Saint Ignatius of Loyola from the 16th century.
Selected rare books ranging from early printed books to twentieth-century printed ephemera. The collection currently features a number of early twentieth-century booklets by the likes of Eric Gill and John Fass, whose works are celebrated for their design and typography.
The USF Yearbooks—variously titled The Don, The Ignatian, and The Adios—offer a window onto the changing face of the campus, the students, and the City. Over time, the collection will include yearbooks from 1910 to the present.
Selected volumes (1976 to 2009) of USF's General Catalog or Course Catalog are full-text searchable in this collection.
Selected materials from the library holdings and the University Archives that are related to USF or local history.
A peer-reviewed electronic journal published roughly once each summer by USF Center for the Pacific Rim. It welcomes submissions from all fields of the social sciences and the humanities with relevance to the Asia Pacific region
Writing for a Real World is dedicated to providing a public
forum for
the finest undergraduate student writing at the University of San
Created in partnership between the Dean of Arts and Sciences and the
Program in
Rhetoric and Language, WRW publishes refereed student writing with
commentary from students and their instructors.
Documentation of the evidence-based-practice projects for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) program at USF School of Nursing.