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CORVALLIS, Ore. – The No. 14 Oregon State gymnastics came up short by the smallest of margins in its bid to upset No. 7 Nebraska Saturday on Senior Night, 196.650-196.625. Chelsea Tang led the Beavers in their charge scoring 39.325 in the all-around.
The Beavers (7-3) topped the 49-point plateau on three events including a season-high 49.350 on the uneven bars but it wasn't quite enough. Nebraska improves its record to 10-1 while Arizona State fell to 7-4.
Oregon State started the meet on the right foot on the vault with Chelsea Tang scoring 9.775, Erika Aufiero posting a 9.80 and Taylor Keeker tying her personal-best of 9.90. But the back half of the lineup was unable to sustain the scoring and the Beavers settled for a vault score of 48.950 and a tie for second place in the opening stanza.
The Beavers' bars lineup brought it in the second rotation with Madeline Gardiner (9.80), Tang (9.90) and Hannah Casey (9.90) all posting career-high marks. Aufiero added a third 9.90 to tie for the meet-high score and Brittany Harris hit her routine to score 9.85. In all, the Beavers tallied a season-high 49.350 on the event to take the lead over the Huskers 98.300-98.200 midway through the meet.
Clinging to a one-tenth lead, Cerise Witherby's career-best 9.875 opening salvo on balance beam and the Beavers looked to separate from the competition. However, Nebraska's vault which scored 49.250 set kept the pressure on the OSU. Brittany Harris tied her season-best of 9.825 and Aufiero tallied a 9.825 in her first career beam appearance. Tang and Madeline Gardiner each posted scores of 9.85 to give the Beavers a beam team score of 49.225.
OSU headed to the floor exercise with a slim lead 147.525-147-450. Witherby led off with a 9.775 and Tang added a score of 9.80 and Kelsi Blalock scored 9.825. Gardiner performed a beautiful routine to score 9.85 and Harris closed out the meet with her best routine of the season bringing the crowd to its feet. But the 9.85 awarded to Harris left the Beavers just short in their upset bid of the No. 7 Huskers.
Three gymnasts – Kelsi Blalock, Hannah Casey and Brittany Harris – were honored following the meet after competing in Gill Coliseum for the final time.
Oregon State will be on the road the rest of the season which begins next Sunday, Mar. 9 at Arizona at noon PT. The meet will be televised on the Pac-12 Networks.
Team Scores: No. 7 Nebraska 196.650; No. 14 Oregon State 196.625; Arizona State 195.575.
All-Around: 1. Emily Wong (NEB) 39.650; T2. Chelsea Tang (OSU), Jessie DeZiel (NEB) 39.325. Other OSU Score: Brittany Harris 39.250
Vault (48.950): 1. Emily Wong (NEB) 9.925; T2. Taylor Keeker (OSU), Hollie Blanske (NEB) 9.900. Other OSU Scores: Erika Aufiero 9.800; Chelsea Tang 9.775; Megan Jimenez 9.750; Brittany Harris 9.725; Kelsi Blalock 9.700 (Exhibition – Cerise Witherby 9.600).
Uneven Bars (49.350): T1. Chelsea Tang (OSU), Erika Aufiero (OSU), Hannah Casey (OSU), Emily Wong (NEB) 9.900. Other OSU Scores: Brittany Harris 9.850; Madeline Gardiner 9.800; Taylor Keeker 9.750 (Exhibition – Katelyn Ohlrich 9.075).
Balance Beam (49.225): 1. Emily Wong (NEB) 9.925; 2. Jessie DeZiel (NEB) 9.900; T3. Cerise Witherby (OSU), Risa Perez (ASU), Stephanie Miceli (ASU), Jamie Schleppenbach (NEB) 9.875. Other OSU Scores: Madeline Gardiner 9.850; Chelsea Tang 9.850; Brittany Harris 9.825; Katelyn Ohlrich 9.800 (Exhibition –Kelsi Blalock 9.775).
Floor Exercise (49.100): 1. Emily Wong (NEB) 9.900; T2. Brittany Harris (OSU), Madeline Gardiner (OSU), Natasha Sundby (ASU), Hollie Blanske (NEB) 9.850. Other OSU Scores: Kelsi Blalock 9.825; Chelsea Tang 9.800; Cerise Witherby 9.775; Nicole Turner 9.650 (Exhibition – Jaime Wright 9.700).


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52 increase in speed; however, the average compliance rates are not the 0.10 level) in predicting treatment compliance when statistically different. In other words, the performance at these accounting for interaction between other model variables. two devices is independent of the posted speed limit. The per- formance of the overhead flashing beacons (passive activation) Gap Acceptance shows a statistically different compliance rate between the device on the 30-mph (48-km/h) roadway and the device on the This section summarizes the findings on characteristics of 35-mph (55-km/h) roadway, with the device on the higher- gap acceptance behavior as observed at the field study sites. speed roadway having a higher compliance rate. Reviewing the Appendix N contains more discussion and findings. specific sites showed that the 30-mph (48-km/h) site was in a The analysis of gap acceptance data had two components: commercial area while the 35-mph (55-km/h) site was in a res- behavioral analysis and statistical analysis. The former was idential area. Given that other devices show a decrease in com- concerned with identifying actions and patterns that pedes- pliance with an increase in speed limit, the findings for overhead trians commonly use in crossing events. The latter was flashing beacons (pushbutton activation) may be an anomaly. intended to provide a mathematical model to determine gap The median refuge island and high-visibility marking sites size for a proportion of the crossing population. all had decreases in compliance rates with increases in speed limit. The F-statistical tests revealed that the compliance rates Behavioral Analysis were statistically different, which indicates that the speed limit affects the performance of the device. Flags, refuge Specific behavioral patterns affect how data are presented. islands, and high-visibility markings all perform better on the One particular pattern is the concept of the "rolling gap." Dur- lower-speed roadways. ing data reduction, gap lengths were measured based on the Figure 26 shows a clear break between two groups of treat- times when vehicles entered the crosswalk. At certain sites, ments at the 35-mph (55-km/h) speed limit. The most effec- particularly sites with high volumes of traffic, pedestrians did tive treatments are all red signal or beacon devices. On a not wait to cross the street when all lanes were completely 35-mph (55-km/h) roadway, the best compliance rate clear. Rather, they anticipated that the lanes would clear as they observed for a treatment not showing a red indication to the crossed and used a "rolling gap" to cross the street; essentially, motorist is about 63 percent. Compliance rates go as low as 8 there was a separate gap for each lane of traffic that occurred percent for the 35-mph (55-km/h) speed limit group. For the to coincide with the pedestrian's path across the street. 25-mph (40-km/h) speed limit roadways, all the devices have For example, consider the conditions presented in Figure 27. a high compliance (greater than 60 percent). There is not a sufficient gap for the pedestrian to cross the The statistical analysis of covariance also indicated that the entire two-lane segment from the curb to the median between posted speed limit was a statistically significant variable (at approaching vehicles because the traffic volumes are too high B C Acceptable A Opening Figure 27. Pedestrian waiting to cross at crosswalk with high traffic volumes.
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53 and are distributed between both lanes. In the "rolling gap"sce- Each roadway approach was considered individually in the nario, the pedestrian would begin the crossing maneuver when analysis; that is, each site was analyzed separately, and if the the acceptable opening between vehicles A and C occurred in roadway was divided at that site, each side of the roadway the near (curb) lane, even though a second vehicle (vehicle B) had a unique analysis. As a result, 47 distinct analyses were might be approaching in the adjacent lane. However, by the performed, in addition to an overall analysis of all gaps for time the pedestrian reaches the adjacent lane, vehicle B has reference. already passed through the crosswalk, leaving an open lane to From these analyses, graphs were generated showing the complete the crossing. After this, another approaching vehicle cumulative distribution of pedestrians accepting gaps of in the curb lane (vehicle C) might enter the crosswalk, giving various lengths. Figure 28 shows an example of this type of the appearance that the actual gap was very small; but if the graph. The data from some sites did not meet the conver- pedestrian properly timed the crossing, the gap is acceptable to gence criterion. For the logistic model to run successfully, the pedestrian at a comfortable walking speed. the values of accepted and rejected gaps must overlap, that CA-LA-2 is a four-lane divided roadway with a configura- is, there should be a gap length (or small range of gap tion similar to that shown in Figure 27. Under these condi- lengths) that was both accepted and rejected. At sites with tions, there is essentially a separate available gap for each lane no overlap in values, the maximum likelihood estimate did that the pedestrian decides to accept or reject. Those gaps may not converge, but SAS continued with the analysis and or may not begin or end at the same time, but they occur in matched a function. Under these conditions, the function such a way that, when taken together, they create a combined does not have the smooth S-curve as shown in Figure 28 but gap sufficient for the pedestrian to cross the entire segment. rather resembles a step function, with a straight (and very Of the 66 accepted gaps at the CA-LA-2 study site, 60 percent steep) line between the values of the longest gap rejected and (39 accepted gaps) were "rolling gaps." the shortest gap accepted. The results obtained from these functions have a lower level of confidence than the functions where the maximum likelihood estimate existed. This con- Statistical Analysis dition is explained in further detail in Appendix N. The The Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) computer pro- complete set of results from the SAS logistical analysis is gram was used to conduct a logit transformation analysis. shown in Table 23. 100% 90% 80% 70% Percentage Accepting Gap 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Gap (s) Figure 28. Sample cumulative distribution of gap acceptance.
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54 Table 23. Result of SAS logistic analysis for approaches with more than 20 pedestrians. Maximum 50th 85th Likelihood Percentile Percentile Number of Estimate Site Approach '(x) Gap (s) Gap (s) Pedestrians Converges? CA-LA-2 NB 1/SB 2 5.0462-0.8193x 6.2 8.3 34 Y CA-LA-2 NB 2/SB 1 7.9928-1.5001x 5.3 6.5 32 Y CA-SM-2 NB 1/SB 2 12.6355-2.4996x 5.1 5.8 40 Y CA-SM-2 NB 2/SB 1 37.0931-7.2800x 5.1 5.3 30 N CA-SM-3 NB 1/SB 2 6.9634-1.1879x 5.9 7.3 31 Y CA-SM-3 NB 2/SB 1 11.8970-2.0942x 5.7 6.5 29 Y MD-P1 NB 2/SB 1 65.1435-10.6485x 6.2 6.3 21 N MD-TO-1 NB 6.7212-0.9039x 7.4 9.4 22 Y MD-TO-1 SB 14.4907-1.7604x 8.2 9.2 34 Y UT-SL-2 NB 6.2673-1.2341x 5.1 6.5 22 Y WA-KI-3 WB 42.176-8.7008x 4.8 5.0 22 N ALL Sites and Approaches 6.2064-0.9420x 6.6 8.4 512 Y Findings section above. If there is separation of data, the maximum likelihood estimate does not converge; however, SAS will still Several elements can affect the size of the 85th percentile provide an output, which will often have a very large standard accepted gap. First, the amount of data can have a significant error. An example is the NB2/SB1 approach of CA-SM-2, effect, especially when only a few pedestrians were faced with which had 125 observed gaps. An examination of the data making a gap acceptance decision. To minimize the potential reveals that almost all gaps between 1 and 5 seconds were effect that only a few pedestrians could have on the results, rejected (one 5-second gap was accepted), and all the gaps only those approaches with more than 20 pedestrians on the approach were considered in this evaluation. above 5 seconds were accepted. The logit model tries to match Second, the distribution of the data can affect the analysis these data with an equation, but because of the complete sep- of a large number of data points. At the NB2/SB1 approach of aration for the accepted and rejected gaps, the equation CA-LA-2, there were 241 observed gaps but only 32 pedestri- almost forms a straight vertical line between 5 and 6 seconds ans. Out of these 241 gaps, 196 required the pedestrian to where no data exist. make a gap acceptance decision on a gap of 3 seconds or less Table 24 lists those approaches whose distribution has sep- while only 10 were gaps of longer than 10 seconds. With such aration of data. This table shows the values of the longest gaps dense traffic, the gap acceptance was skewed lower. The gap rejected by at least 85 percent of pedestrians and of the short- acceptance results would be stronger if based only on free- est gaps accepted by at least 85 percent of pedestrians. flow vehicles; however, using only free-flow vehicles does not Results from the logit model indicate a trend in the 85th capture the conditions faced by the pedestrian. When the percentile accepted gaps, in that the accepted gap increased as location is within a coordinated corridor, the pedestrian may crossing distance increased. The trend for the 85th percentile ignore the gaps within the platoons of vehicles and wait for accepted gap is compared with the critical gap for a walking the larger gap present between the platoons. speed of 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s) in Figure 23. Inspection of Figure Third, the lack of some overlap in the accepted and rejected 29 reveals that the observed gaps were less than the calculated gaps is an important factor, as mentioned in the analysis critical gap for a walking speed of 3.5 ft/s (1.1 m/s). Thus, the Table 24. Summary of gap distribution for approaches with separation of data. Value of Longest Rejected Value of Shortest Accepted Site Approach Gap (s) Gap (s) CA-SM-2 NB 1/SB 2 4.0 6.0 CA-SM-2 NB 2/SB 1 5.0 6.0 CA-SM-3 NB 2/SB 1 4.0 7.0 MD-P1 NB 2/SB 1 6.0 7.0 MD-TO-1 SB 7.0 10.0 WA-KI-3 WB 4.0 6.0

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Chateau Robin Lussac Saint-Emilion 2011
Chateau Robin - Bordeaux - France - Lussac Saint Emilion
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Chateau Robin
Vintage: 2011
The year 2011 was an interesting year for many northern and central European countries, as the weather was more than unpredictable in the spring and summer. However, in most countries, the climatic conditions thankfully settled down in the late summer and fall. The result of this slightly difficult year of weather in France was a set of surprisingly small yields, but overall, these yields were of a higher quality than those harvested in certain previous years. A fantastic set of wines was also made in Italy and Spain, and the Rioja wines - when released - are set to be very good indeed. Austria also had superb year in 2011, with almost fifty percent more grapes being grown and used for their distinctive Gruner Veltliner wines than in the year before. Possibly the European country which had the finest 2011, though, was Portugal, with wineries in the Douro region claiming this year to be one of the best in decades for the production of Port wine, and the bright, young Vinho Verdes wines. In the New World, the Pacific Northwest saw some of the best weather of 2011, and Washington State and Oregon reportedly had a highly successful year, especially for the cultivation of high quality red wine grapes. Chile and Argentina had a relatively cool year, which certainly helped retain the character of many of their key grape varietals, and should make for some exciting drinking. South Africa had especially good weather for their white wine grape varietals, particularly Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc, and many South African wineries are reporting 2011 as one of their best years in recent memory.
Varietal: Red Bordeaux
Bordeaux red wines are widely regarded as being the finest red wines produced anywhere in the world, regularly topping awards lists and generally being amongst the most sought after and collectable bottles available. The secret to their success and their particularly memorable and refined characteristics is the fact that Bordeaux red wines are made from a blend of grape varietals, most commonly from Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grapes, helped by a touch of Petit Verdot or Cabernet Franc. The other two key Bordeaux grape varietals which are also used in the blend of many of these excellent wines are Malbec and Carménere, although it is becoming less common to see these in use today. The art of blending primarily Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot grape varietals is something which has been much imitated around the world, as it produces a wonderfully balanced, rounded yet massively complex and flavorful wine, ideal for oak aging The acid and tannin levels in each of these grape varietals is balanced and tempered by the blend, and generations of expertise has gone into the careful selection and cultivation of such quality grapes.
Region: Bordeaux
Although most commonly associated with their superb blended red wines, the world-famous region of Bordeaux in France is responsible for a relatively wide array of wines, ranging from the sweet and viscous white wines of Sauternes, to the dry and acidic single variety white wines found all over the region. However, it is the red wines which regularly make the wine world's headlines, and have historically been regarded as the finest on earth. The secret to the region's success is the fact that the warm and humid climate, coupled with mineral rich clay and gravel based soils produces grapes of excellent quality. Wineries in this region have spent hundreds of years mastering the art of blending and oak aging in order to get the best results from each grape, and remain the envy of the world to this day.
Country: France
Year in, year out, France enjoys its prestigious reputation as the producer of the finest wines in the world. With a wine making history which spans several thousand years and owes its expertise to the Romans, it comes as little surprise that this most highly esteemed of the Old World wine countries continues to impress and enchant both novices and experts to this day. Despite the rise in quality of wines from neighboring European countries, not to mention the New World, the French wine industry continues to boom, with up to eight billion bottles being produced in recent years. However, France prides itself on always putting quality before quantity, and the wide range in fine produce is a testament to the dedication and knowledge of the wineries across the country. Indeed, from rich and complex reds to light and aromatic white wines, French wines are as varied and interesting as they are enjoyable to drink, making this country a firm favorite for wine lovers across the globe.
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Written by Alyssa Rosenberg
It's always depressing to see attempts to get good, challenging literature out of school curricula. But the current push to get Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye removed from the federal Core Curriculum for eleventh graders as part of a larger effort to resist federal involvement in education, contains a particularly disturbing element. As The Atlantic Wire reports, some conservatives backing the attempt to ban the book are suggesting that scenes of sexual assault in the book amount to "child pornography":
Hotzclaw told the Alabama Media Group, "The book is just completely objectionable, from language to the content." The novel is seemingly the most controversial on the 11th grade reading list, and thus, an easy one to criticize — there have been efforts to ban it in schools and libraries since it was written in 1970. It does contain graphic scenes of forced sex (which the conservative blog Politichicks helpfully provided context-free in a post titled "(WARNING: Graphic) Common Core Approved Child Pornography").
First, calling The Bluest Eye child pornography is a troubling thing to do because it's not true. It's grotesque to accuse Morrison of producing child pornography when she's doing anything but, and it suggests the weakness of the actual case against The Bluest Eye that the novel's detractors have to reach for this kind of hyperbole.
Even more than that, suggesting that scenes of rape are pornography erases the distinction between sexual assault and consensual sex in a way that's all too common in our larger culture. Furthermore, it plays into the idea that depiction of a bad act is always an endorsement of it, which is a belief that tends to circumscribe what's possible and effective in art in a way that's truly unfortunate. Taken together, these approaches make for an ugly, but effective, way to suggest that a work of art that's forcing a confrontation with the reality of rape is actually meant to titillate. If you drive people away from honest depictions of sexual assault because they think consuming the material makes them complicit in the sexual exploitation of children, or that it renders them sexually abnormal, you've found a very good way to prevent them from engaging with work that could expand their thinking and their empathy. That approach is dangerous because it's got the potential to be very, very effective. Right now, the people using it are marginal. But that's not a reason to take this argument seriously, and to expose it for what it is.
This post was originally published in ThinkProgress
Read more: books, Children, education, literature, rape, sexual assault, toni morrison, Women's rights
Photo Credit: Thinkstock
Thank you for a rational and realistic article.
Censorship is *never* valid. In most cases, those who advocate censoring of a particular work is most often made by those who haven't even seen or read it and when they have, who clearly don't understand it.
Unfortunately, librarians are some of the worst censors and are able to do it surreptiously through supposedly legitimate "collection development" policies. That is, of course, not to say that *all* or even *the majority* of librarians are so inclined. It is simply to say that, unfortunately, they are over-represented among those who censor.
Invariably, censorship results in greater attention to a work and, it could even be argued that it may be the best form of publicity a work could get - for many who wouldn't otherwise be even aware of it, let alone engage it, will be prompted to do so.
The argument for banning or restricting this book and the criticisms made of it are, as you have so rightly pointed out, completely without substance and much more likely to promote pornography than they are to reduce it. They are facile, demeaning and unjust. They simply demonstrate a backward and negatively conditioned approach to learning and the contrary effects of opaque as compared to transparent attitudes in dealing with anti-social issues in our society. For that reason, they do no favours for those for whom the censors purport to have concern.
I could provide a lengthy list of books and artworks that have been
Thank you
Modern children in the USA and Europe are not as innocent as they were 30 years ago. The internet and the media have seen to that. While we shouldn't encourage children to read or see obscene material, nevertheless as a society we expose our children to far too much 'filth'. It's not uncommon for children to know all about the birds and the bees at a very tender age, and have seen inappropriate material on the internet.
We shouldn't however, expose them to such material in school or college. It might be seen as a license to go out to commit sexual crimes. I am an author myself (see my profile re my novel), and I certainly wouldn't want anyone under 18 reading my novel that contains descriptions of violence and rape. Some material is for adults only.
First of all, the Common Core shouldn't even exist on two fronts. The first is that Education is a states issue because it is not explicitly stated in the Constitution as a right of Congress (see the 10th Amendment). The second is in the Primary and Secondary Schools Act, it explicitly bans the federal government from instituting a national curriculum, which this does. As to the censorship, all banning a book does is makes students want to seek out the book on their own time and read it.
Censorshp is dangerous in any form, even to "protect" eleventh grade teens. I have read Toni Morrison's books, though not this particular one, and have never felt she wrote about gratuitous anything. There was always a reason for her putting something in her books. I Will go and order this one when finished here.
Censorship is the surest way to get people to buy a book, listen to graphic music, see a movie or play. These Puritanical people have to learn that America is a Democracy. This means We, the People, get to choose whether or not to watch, see, read, hear, buy anything - even pornography...
These fanatics, as all censors are, can make the same choices we do. That's how Democracy works...
censorship is the sign of a corrupt government.. hmmm
Might cause some unexpected people to read it.
Hiding reality from children does not help make a better world. On the contrary. It's said that knowledge is power and I believe that it is. One of the best ways in which we can empower our children is to alert them to potential dangers; to equip them with an understanding of their own bodies and awareness of the "warning signals' that their bodies and minds give them.
Of course, we must be aware and protective - I am not advocating that children be allowed to walk willy nilly into danger. I just don't believe that pretending it doesn't exist or hiding the bad side of life from them is a productive strategy. Far better, in my opinion, for them to know about risks and how to deal with them.
Censors, you will find, no matter how well-meaning they may feel, are controllers and seek to impose their beliefs and views on others. In my opinion, no one has the right to do that and I have never, in my 66 years, seen any evidence that it ever did any good. On the contrary, it appears to me that whenever something is prohibited or hidden, both children and adults will go to any lengths to discover it.
Christine S - You are very right.
When it is really analysed, pornography exists only in the minds of those that see it that way as with anything that is offensive. In effect it is no different to the concept encompassed in, "Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". We accept that readily but seem unable to do so with a negative concept, yet they are just two facets of the same phenomenon.
Most of our unhealthy preoccupation with "danger" and "nastines" being associated with nudity or sexuality, derives from anachronistic cultural and religious strictures imposed on people who either didn't know any better or couldn't do anything about it if they did. They have no place in modern society and, in fact, do more harm than good.
Child abuse is abhorrent but, in reality, no worse than adult abuse. The different perception comes from our belief that children are innocent and vulnerable and can't defend themselves. To a major degree this is true - but it is no less true for most of those who are abused, no matter what their age or agenda. Our protective instincts for children simply make us more disgusted and horrified by it.
My view is that all forms of abuse are negative. My view is that the best way to rid our society and our world of abuse is to raise awareness, to educate, to remove hypocritical taboos, and to be open and honest - with one another and with our children.
Hiding reality from children does not help make a better world. On the contrary. It'
If some perv will get titillation out of reading the passage about rape- then maybe it is pornography! But if the rape is mentioned briefly and not gratuitously, and teachers will be able to answer the students' questions about it, then it can be something for kids to discuss intelligently and erase the stigma of being a rape victim.
Disclaimer: The views expressed above are solely those of the author and may
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Care2, Inc., its employees or advertisers.
How long before some cowardly creep with too much money will be the first among his lowlife friends to…
Fascinating--- who'd have thought?
Donn M, those religious exemptions will only last a few months until they can get everything together…
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TN-1 - Canadian Citizens
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Canadian citizens applying for the TN-1 Visa must provide the following information at a US port of entry:
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A curable polymeric composition which is a liquid at 20° C. and which comprises 25 to 60% by weight of a resin component which comprises an epoxy, 5 to 25% by weight of a curing agent which comprises two components, a first component which is a cycloaliphatic amine or an aromatic amine, and a second component which is a polyamide amine, and 20 to 65% by weight of an inert inorganic filler. The curable composition can be used in a method of protecting a substrate such as a pipe or a pipe joint from corrosion or mechanical damage. In the method, the curable composition is first applied to the substrate, polymeric covering layer is applied over the curable composition with an innermost layer of a heat-activatable sealant in intimate contact with the curable composition, and the curable composition is then cured. During the curing process, the heat-activatable sealant, e.g. a hot melt adhesive, remains in contact with the curable composition and interacts therewith.
1. A method of applying a protective covering to a substrate, said method comprising
(A) applying to the substrate a curable polymeric composition which is a liquid at 20° C. and which comprises
(1) 25 to 60% by weight of a resin component which comprises an epoxy;
(2) 5 to 25% by weight of a curing agent which comprises
(a) a first component which (i) comprises more than 50% of the total curing agent on an equivalence basis, and (ii) is a cycloaliphatic amine or an aromatic amine, and
(b) a second component which (i) comprises 10 to 45% of the total curing agent on an equivalence basis, and (ii) is a polyamide amine; and
(3) 20 to 65% by weight of an inert inorganic filler;
(B) applying a multiple-layer polymeric covering having an innermost layer and an outermost layer over the curable composition in a manner such that said innermost layer is in intimate contact with said composition, the innermost layer comprising uncured polymeric heat activatable sealant capable of interacting with said curable composition; and
(C) allowing the curable composition to cure while maintaining intimate contact between said innermost layer and said composition.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein the heat activatable sealant comprises a hot melt adhesive.
3. A method according to claim 2 wherein the hot melt adhesive is based on a polyamide, an ethylene copolymer, or an ethylene terpolymer.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein the curable composition comprises a tertiary amine.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the substrate is heated prior to applying the curable composition to a temperature of not more than 120° C.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the substrate is heated to a temperature of not more than 100° C.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein the polymeric covering is a heat-recoverable article.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein heat is applied to the heat-recoverable article to recover the article, activate the heat activatable sealant, and cure the curable composition.
9. A method according to claim 1 wherein the curing agent further comprises a Bronsted base.
10. A method according to claim 1 wherein the epoxy comprises a bisphenol A epoxy resin.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein the inorganic filler comprises barium sulfate, lithopone, titanium dioxide, mica, or a mixture thereof.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the filler has an average particle size of less than 5 μm.
13. A method according to claim 1 wherein the stoichiometric ratio of the epoxy to the curing agent is in the range of 1:0.8 to 1:1.5.
14. A method according to claim 1 wherein the stoichiometric ratio of the epoxy to the curing agent is 1:1.
This application is a continuation application of commonly assigned application Ser. No. 08/481,594, filed Jun. 7, 1995, now abandoned, which is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 08/212,632, filed Mar. 11, 1994, now abandoned.
This invention relates to a curable polymeric composition and the use of the composition in protecting a substrate, in particular a metallic pipe.
To protect substrates such as metallic pipes, pipe joints, and pipelines from corrosion, mechanical damage resulting from abrasion, or degradation due to exposure to sun, soil, moisture, or other elements, a protective coating may be applied to the exterior of the pipe. The protective layer is often polymeric and may be in the form of a polymer tape which is coated with a mastic layer and is then applied to the pipe, a polymer layer which is sprayed or painted onto the pipe, or a fusion bonded epoxy coating which has been applied in the factory. Alternatively, the protective layer may be in form of a heat-recoverable article, i.e. a heat-shrinkable polymeric article such as a sleeve, sheet, or tape, which is recovered onto a pipe or substrate. Such heat-recoverable articles are particularly useful in providing protection to pipe wells or joints which are created when pipe is repaired or retrofitted, e.g. when two pieces of pipe are attached to one another. Using a heat-recoverable article allows protection to be applied in the field without the need for difficult, time-consuming, and craft-sensitive procedures.
In order to enhance the adhesion between the pipe and the heat-recoverable article, it is common to use a heat-activatable sealant or a mastic which can bond to both the pipe and the heat-recoverable article. The sealant or mastic is often in the form of a layer which is applied to the surface of the article which is in contact with the substrate. When heat is applied to the article, generally by means of a torch or other heat source, the heat-activatable sealant is activated and the article recovers. A strong bond is thus formed between the polymeric article and the substrate. Alternately or in addition to the heat-activatable sealant, a primer layer, often in the form of a curable polymeric composition such as an epoxy, may be applied to the substrate to improve the adhesion of the heat-recoverable layer to the substrate.
Curable epoxy primers for pipe coating are known. U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,606 (Kehr), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a thermosetting epoxy resin which comprises a polyglycidyl ether of polyhydric phenol, a dihydrazide, and a filler such as barium sulfate, calcium carbonate, or mica. The coating has good adhesion to the substrate when subjected to boiling water and also exhibits good cathodic disbonding performance at room temperature and at 60° C. However, the coating is in the form of a powder which is applied to a preheated substrate. Uniform application of such a powder onto a pipe or a pipe joint in the field is difficult, requiring complex equipment and relatively high temperatures.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,732,632 and 4,997,685 (Pieslak et al), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, disclose a method of applying a protective coating onto a substrate. The method comprises applying to the substrate a curable polymeric composition which is a liquid at about 20° C., comprises a resin component and a curing agent, and cures to a substantial extent within 24 hours at a temperature of not more than about 80° C. A polymeric covering layer having an innermost layer of a heat-activatable sealant is applied over the curable composition and the curable composition is then cured while in intimate contact with the innermost layer. The resulting covering has good adhesion to both the substrate and the heat-recoverable article and exhibits good cathodic disbonding performance. It is necessary, however, that the curable composition be selected to meet the specific requirements for each application; a single composition cannot be used for a wide variety of temperature applications.
We have not discovered a composition that is suitable for use as a primer on a substrate under a variety of temperature conditions which can be prepared by incorporating a particular mixture of amines in the curing agent. Furthermore, unlike some conventional compositions, the composition of the invention contains a relatively nonvolatile curing agent and thus is not subject to evaporation during curing. This means that special precautions need not be taken during shipping, handling, and use. In a first aspect, this invention discloses a curable polymeric composition which is a liquid at 20° C. and which comprises
(1) 25 to 60% by weight of a resin component which comprises an epoxy;
(2) 5 to 25% by weight of a curing agent which comprises
(a) a first component which is a cycloaliphatic amine or an aromatic amine, and
(b) a second component which is a polyamide amine; and
(3) 20 to 65% by weight of an inert inorganic filer.
Compositions of the invention are particularly useful when used in conjunction with a polymeric covering to provide environmental protection to a substrate such as a pipe. The composition serves to provide excellent adhesion between the substrate and the protective covering which is applied to the curable composition while it is substantially uncured. The innermost layer of the protective covering, generally an adhesive, is held in intimate contact with the curable composition while the curable composition is cured. As a result of the intimate contact, the curable composition of the invention and the adhesive layer are able to interact. Thus the second aspect of the invention provides a method of applying a protective covering to a substrate, said method comprising
(A) applying to the substrate a curable polymeric composition according to the first aspect of the invention;
(B) applying a multiple-layer polymeric covering having an innermost layer and an outermost layer over the curable composition in a manner such that said innermost layer is in intimate contact with said composition, the innermost layer comprising uncured polymeric heat activatable sealant capable of interacting with said curable composition; and
(C) allowing the curable composition to cure while maintaining intimate contact between said innermost layer and said composition.
In a third aspect, this invention provides an assembly for protecting a substrate, the assembly comprising
(A) a substrate;
(B) a first layer in contact with the substrate which comprises a cured composition of the first aspect of the invention;
(C) a second layer which contacts the first layer and interacts with it and which comprises a hot melt adhesive; and
(D) a third layer which contacts the second layer and which is a polymeric covering.
The invention is illustrated in the drawing in which
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of an assembly of the invention in which a heat-recoverable article is positioned on a substrate after recovery; and
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the article of the invention along line 2—2 of FIG. 1.
The composition of the invention is a liquid at 20° C. in its uncured state so that it can be readily applied to a substrate by any appropriate means, e.g. brushing, painting, spraying, or dipping. The viscosity of the uncured composition, as measured at 25° C. according to ASTM-D1084, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, is 30,000 to 70,000 centipoise. In this application, the "curable composition" is also referred to as a "primer".
In this specification, all references to percentages by weight of the curable composition refer to the uncured composition.
The curable composition comprises 25 to 60%, preferably 30 to 55%, particularly 35 to 50% by weight of the curable composition of a resin component which comprises an epoxy. Appropriate epoxies include bisphenol A epoxies and novalak epoxies, or blends thereof. Particularly preferred is a modified epoxy which is a mixture of a bisphenol A diglycidyl ether polymer and approximately 10% of a multifunctional resin based on 4-glycidyloxy-N-N-diglycidyl aniline. Such a preferred material is sold by Ciba-Geigy under the tradename Araldite™ XULY 366. It is preferred that the resin component and the epoxy be a liquid at 20° C. In addition to the epoxy, the resin component can contain non-volatile plasticizers, e.g. dibutyl phthalate, functionalized epoxy diluents, or a mixture of epoxy resins.
The curable composition also comprises 5 to 25%, preferably 10 to 20% by weight of a curing agent which comprises at least two components. The first component is a cycloaliphatic amine or an aromatic amine. Examples of appropriate cycloaliphatic amines are 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-ethyl-7-methylcyclohexylamine), 1,3-diaminocyclohexane, isophorone diamine, and menthane diamine. Commercially available cycloaliphatic amines are dicyclohexyl methamine-4,4′-diamine, available from Pacific Anchor as Amicure™ PACM, and other cycloaliphatic amines available from Pacific Anchor under the tradenames Ancamine™ 1770, 2049, 2167X, and 2264X. Examples of appropriate aromatic amines are 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2,6-diethylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-isopropyl-6-methylaniline), 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2,6-diisopropylaniline), 4,4′-methylene dianiline, m-phenylene-diamine, and 4,4′-methylene-bis-(2-ethyl-6-methylaniline), as well as blends of these amines. Commercially available aromatic amines include CMD™ 8401, available from Rhone-Poulenc, and Tonox™ 60-40, available from Uniroyal Chemicals. Whether a cycloaliphatic amine or an aromatic amine is used depends on the available curing conditions and the desired properties of the cured composition. For example, aromatic amines will cure epoxies well only at elevated temperatures, i.e. generally more than 125° C., while unmodified cycloaliphatic amines will cure epoxies well at only slightly elevated temperatures, e.g. 50 to 80° C. In general, the first component is the majority component, i.e. greater than 50%, preferably greater than 60%, of the curing agent on an equivalence basis.
The second component is a polyamide amine. This component serves to provide good adhesion to the polymeric heat activatable sealant, e.g. a hot-melt adhesive, which forms the innermost layer of a polymeric covering. Polyamide amines generally cure at relatively low temperatures, e.g. room temperature. Suitable polyamide amines are available from Henkel under the tradename Versamid, e.g. Versamid™ 140, 125, 115, and 150, and from Pacific Anchor under the tradename Ancamide, e.g. Ancamide™ 260A, 350A, 375A, and 400. The second component generally comprises 10 to 45%, preferably 15 to 40%, particularly 25 to 40% of the total curing agent on an equivalence basis.
Both the first and the second components are reactive curing agents. To ensure that the composition will cure even if a less than optimum mixing ratio has been used, the curing agent often comprises a third component which is a catalytic curing agent. Examples of suitable catalytic curing agents are anionic catalysts such as metal alkoxides, isocyanurates, and materials containing free amine groups. A particularly preferred catalytic curing agent is a tertiary amine. Examples of suitable tertiary amines are pyridine, 2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol, benzyldimethyl amine, triethylene diamine, and 1-methyl imidazole. A commercially available tertiary amine (2,4,6-tris(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol) is available from Pacific Anchor under the tradename Ancamine K54. It is preferred that the tertiary amine be present in the composition at a relatively low loading, i.e. less than 10%, preferably less than 5%, particularly less than 3%, especially less than 2%, more especially less than 1% by weight of the curable composition. Furthermore, to minimize the adverse effects of the volatility of the tertiary amine, it is preferred that any tertiary amine which is present be one with relatively low volatility, e.g. have a relatively high molecular weight and/or low vapor pressure.
The amount of curing agent is selected so that the stoichiometric ratio of the epoxy to the curing agent is in the range of 1:0.8 to 1:1.5, preferably in the range of 1:0.9 to 1:1.3, particularly 1:1. In addition, the amount of curing agent and the curing agent blend are selected so that the curable composition can be cured to a substantial extent within about 24 hours at a temperature of not more than 80° C. By "curable to a substantial extent" is meant that the composition has cured to at least 50%, preferably at least 55%, particularly at least 65%, especially at least 80% of its fully cured state. It is preferred that compositions of the invention cure to a substantial extent in less than one hour, e.g. 2 minutes to 30 minutes, at a temperature of 80° C. This relatively rapid cure is advantageous in ensuring that a good bond is achieved to the substrate in a short time, a feature which is important in the field.
It is often preferred that the curing agent comprise at least one substance which is a Bronsted base. A Bronsted base is a molecular substance capable of accepting a proton, i.e. a hydrogen ion. It has been found that strong bonds and resistance to cathodic disbonding are achieved when the curable polymeric composition results in a composition which is basic. To ensure basicity of the cured composition, excess Bronsted base, i.e. an amount in excess of that required to effect curing of the composition, is preferably used. For compositions of the invention, the Bronsted base is generally added in an amount of at least 0.01 moles in excess of that necessary to effect cure of the composition, preferably 0.01 to 2 moles in excess. The amount of Bronsted base must be controlled to avoid producing a cured polymeric composition which does not have adequate hardness or resistance to cathodic disbonding, two qualities which may be adversely affected by the presence of too much Bronsted base. In addition, because the presence of excess Bronsted base decreases the Tg of the cured polymeric composition, it is necessary to ensure that the excess be limited to an amount that achieves the enhanced bonding and cathodic disbonding resistance but does no decrease the Tg below that required for the application. For most applications, it is preferred that the Tg be at least 80° C., preferably at least 90° C., especially at least 100° C. In general, a curable composition with a higher Tg gives better performance at high temperatures.
Also present in the curable composition is an inert inorganic filler which is present in an amount of 20 to 65%, preferably 25 to 60%, particularly 30 to 55% by weight of the total curable composition. In general, the higher the loading of inert filler, the better cathodic disbonding resistance is achieved. A limiting factor on the amount of filler in the composition is the viscosity of the composition. The inorganic filler may comprise one or more of barium sulfate, lithopone (i.e. a mixture of barium sulfate, zinc sulfate, and zinc sulfide), mica, and titanium dioxide. In order to achieve good mixing, it is preferred that the particle size of the filler be less than 5 μm, preferably less than 3 μm, particularly less than 2 μm, e.g. 1 to 2 μm. In order to assist in dispersing the inert filler, it may be coated with a coupling agent or a dispersing agent.
The curable composition may also comprise other additives in an amount up to 10%, preferably up to 8%, particularly up to 6% by weight of the curable composition. Such additives include thixotropic agents (e.g. clay), pigments (e.g. carbon black or titanium dioxide), coupling agents (e.g. silanes), surfactants, dispersing agents, stabilizers, processing aids, metal deactivators, tackifiers, adhesion promoters, hydroxy compounds (e.g. an aliphatic alcohol or water), and other reagents. In addition, up to 5% by weight of the curable composition can be a solvent. It is preferred that there be less than 5%, particularly less than 3%, specially less than 2% by weight of the curable composition, e.g. 0 to 2% by weight, of a solvent in order to minimize the time required to evaporate the solvent when it is being cured. For some applications, however, it is necessary to use solvent in order to achieve an appropriate viscosity for applying the curable composition.
The curable composition is mixed prior to applying to the substrate. Mixing may be achieved by any convenient technique. To maximize the useful shelf life of the curable composition, it is often preferred that the curable composition be supplied in two-part form. The two parts, usually comprising the epoxy in one part (i.e. Part A) and the curing agents in the second part (i.e. Part B), can be combined in the field, just prior to application onto the substrate. Either or both parts may comprise inert inorganic filler and other additives. For ease of mixing, it is often preferred that the two parts have relatively equal viscosities. In addition, the two parts may contain different pigments so that it is easy to se when a uniform mixture of the two parts is achieved, e.g. when the mixed composition is a uniform color. When the composition does comprise two parts, the mixing ratio between the two parts can be adjusted depending on the application but is generally between 40 parts:100 parts and 100 parts:10 parts, preferably between 100 parts:100 parts and 100 parts:25 parts of part A to part B, measured by weight. Whether in one, two, or more parts the curable composition in the uncured state has a flash point of more than 60° C. (140° F.), preferably more than 93° C. (200° F.), as measured according to ASTM D-93 (closed cup method), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, or an equivalent method. This high flash point allows the curable composition to be shipped without special precautions.
Substrates to be protected by the compositions of the invention are preferably elongate substrates, particularly cylindrical substrates such as pipelines or tubing. It is preferred that the substrate be metallic, e.g. iron, steel, or steel alloys. The method of the invention can be used to adhere to a polymeric coating on the substrate as well as protect the exposed metallic substrate. The curable composition can be applied to the substrate in one or more coats. Subsequent coats may be applied directly to the previous coat or be applied to the polymeric layer which is to come into intimate contact therewith. The curable composition is applied in an amount to provide a coating after curing of 0.05 to 0.76 mm (0.002 to 0.030 inch), preferably 0.05 to 0.64 mm (0.002 to 0.025 inch), particularly 0.05 to 0.25 mm (0.002 to 0.010 inch), especially 0.08 to 0.18 mm (0.003 to 0.007 inch).
Before applying the curable composition, the substrate may be preheated to a temperature of at most 120° C., preferably at most 100° C., particularly at most 90° C., especially at most 80° C. Higher preheat temperatures are not desirable because the rate of cure of the curable composition will be too rapid, limiting the extent to which the curable composition can interact with the inner most layer of the polymeric covering. The preheating may be achieved by means of a torch or other external heat source, or, if the substrate is a filled pipeline, b means of a hot fluid or other substance in the pipeline.
The curable composition is covered by a polymeric covering comprising one or more polymeric layers before it is permitted to cure to a substantial extent, i.e. while it is substantially uncured. The polymeric covering may be applied by any appropriate method, e.g. extrusion, spraying, wrapping, shrinking, pressing, painting, dipping, or electrostatic depositing.
Although a single polymeric layer might be appropriate for some applications, it is preferred, particularly for providing protection to substrates such as pipelines, that the polymeric covering comprise two or more layers. When there are two layers, the innermost layer will be in contact with the curable composition. The layers comprising the polymeric covering may be the same or different materials and may have the same or different physical and chemical properties. It is generally preferred that the layers be different in order to achieve different results. For example, the innermost layer is generally an uncured polymeric heat-activatable sealant capable of interacting with the curable composition. A preferred heat-activatable sealant is a hot melt adhesive. The hot melt adhesive can be any sealant typically used to bond corrosion protection coatings to metal and particularly those generally used to bond a coating to a pipeline which is cathodically protected to protect the pipeline from corrosion, abrasion, or impact damage. Such hot melt adhesives include those based on thermoplastic polyamides, polyolefins, polyesters, polyurethanes, polysulfides. Especially preferred are polyamide-, ethylene copolymer-, or ethylene terpolymer-based hot melt adhesives. Particular preferred are hot melt adhesives containing ethylene copolymers or ethylene terpolymers, e.g. copolymers or terpolymers of ethylene with one or more of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid or alkyl acrylate such as ethyl acrylate. When protection is required at relatively high temperature, e.g. more than 100° C., it is preferred that the adhesive comprise polypropylene or modified polypropylene, as discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/984,806 (Pieslak et al, filed Dec. 3, 1992) and International Patent Application No. PCT/US93/11686 (Raychem Corporation, filed Dec. 2, 1993), the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. The adhesive may also contain various additives, e.g. waxes, rubbers, stabilizers, and pigments. The innermost layer is generally applied, e.g. by painting, spraying, or other convenient means, onto one surface of the outermost layer.
The outermost layer is preferably a preformed shaped article. It is particularly preferred that the outermost layer be a heat-recoverable polymeric article, generally in the form of a sleeve, sheet, tube, or tape. The polymeric material of the article has been crosslinked during the production process so as to enhance the desired dimensional recovery. One method of producing a heat-recoverable article comprises shaping the polymeric material into the desired heat-stable form, subsequently crosslinking the polymeric material, heating the article to a temperature above the crystalline melting point of the polymer (or, for amorphous materials, the softening point of the polymer), deforming the article, and cooling the article while in the deformed state so that the deformed state of the article is retained. In use, because the deformed state of the article is heat-unstable, application of heat, by means of a torch or other heat source, will cause the article to assume its original heat-stable shape, and, for many applications, the article is designed to shrink down onto the substrate. The outermost layer acts as an environmental protection layer over the substrate, and it is important that the curable composition be allowed to cure at a temperature which does not cause the outermost layer to melt or flow. The outermost layer preferably comprises a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene, although for some applications elastomers or rubbers such as acrylic rubber, EPDM, nitrile rubber, or butyl rubber may be used. As with the innermost layer, the outermost layer may comprise additives, e.g. waxes, rubbers, stabilizers, crosslinking promoters, and pigments.
The curable compositions of the invention are particularly useful in providing good resistance to cathodic disbonding. Cathodic disbonding occurs as a result of he impressed electric current that is applied to the pipe to prevent corrosion of the iron in the steel pipe. Many adhesive compositions which are used to bond a protective coating onto a pipe are adversely affected by the impressed electric current. As a result, the bond weakens and the adhesive pulls away from the pipe, leaving segments of the pipe surface exposed to the corrosive conditions of the environment.
The curable compositions of the invention can be used to prepare an assembly of the invention. A substrate, often an elongate substrate such as a pipe or a pipe joint, is coated at least partially with a first layer which comprises a curable composition of the invention. The first layer is in contact with, and preferably completely surrounded or covered by, a second layer which is a heat-activatable sealant such as a hot-melt adhesive. The second layer interacts with the first layer to form a strong bond, generally due to interaction occurring during the curing of the curable composition. The second layer is in contact with, and preferably completely surrounded or covered by, a third layer which is a polymeric covering. The polymeric covering may be in the form of a tape, sleeve, tube, sheet, film or other self-supporting layer. Often the polymeric covering is a heat-recoverable article which has been preshaped and which is capable of conforming to the shape of the substrate on recovery. For ease of use, the second layer is often attached to the third layer, e.g. by painting or brushing, prior to bringing the second layer into contact with the first layer.
The invention is illustrated by the drawing in which FIG. 1 shows an assembly of the invention. A heat-recoverable article 2 in the form of a polymeric tube has been recovered onto substrate 4 which is a pipe. The pipe is coated with a primer layer formed from a curable composition 6. Adhesive layer 8 which may be part of the heat-recoverable article 2 lies between the curable composition 6 and the backing layer 10 of heat-recoverable article 2.
Shown in FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along line 2—2 of FIG. 1. Visible in this view are the primer layer 6, the adhesive layer 8, and the polymeric backing layer 10.
The invention is illustrated by the following examples.
The ingredients listed in Table I for each example were mixed by blending 100 grams of the epoxy (Part A) with the specified amount of the premixed remaining ingredients (Part B) to produce curable compositions in the ratio given as weight percent. Each of the compositions was painted onto a substrate and allowed to cure for 7 days at room temperature (25° C.) 16 hours at 80° C., or 16 hours at 120° C. before measuring the glass transition temperature by means of a thermal mechanical analyzer (TMA).
The performance of each of the curable compositions was measured for resistance to cathodic disbonding following the procedure of ASTM G-42, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In that test, a freshly shot-blasted steel pipe with an outer diameter of 57 mm (2.25 inches) and a length of 0.3 meter (12 inches) was preheated to 80° C. and the curable composition was painted onto the surface of the pipe. A heat-shrinkable outer layer made from a composition comprising high density polyethylene, ethylene/methyl acrylate copolymer, ethylene-propylene diene rubber (EPDM), carbon black, and antioxidants was coated with a hot melt adhesive comprising a terpolymer of ethylene, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid, was applied to the coated pipe and recovered by heating with a propane torch. The end of the pipe which was to be immersed was sealed with a watertight end cap. A 6 mm (0.24 inch) hole (holiday) was drilled through the backing and the adhesive (but not through the pipe) in the center of the pipe to expose the metal surface of the pipe at that point. The pipe was then immersed in an electrolyte solution comprising water and 1% by weight of each of sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, and sodium carbonate. A potential of 1.5 volts was applied to the pipe, thus making the pipe a cathode in the electrolyte solution which also contained a sacrificial anode. The sample and electrolyte solution were maintained at 80° C. for 30 days. The pipe was then removed and the area around the holiday inspected to determine the extent of disbondment. The approximate radius of the disbondment area surrounding the holiday was measured in millimeters (mm) and recorded.
Those compositions comprising high levels of inert filler had good cathodic disbonding performance, i.e. a disbonding radius of less than 25 mm.
In order to test the performance of compositions of the invention compared to conventional fusion bonded epoxy powders, a composition was prepared in accordance with Example 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,876,606 (Kehr, Apr. 8, 1975), the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. A composition containing about 42.6% by weight polyglycidyl ether, 0.4% flow control agent, 0.4% catalyst (2,4,6-tris(dimethylamino methyl)phenol), 2.1% pigment (chromium oxide and titanium dioxide), 0.1% halogenated phthalocyanine, 51.1% by weight barium sulfate, and 3.3% azelaic dihyrazide was prepared in a powder form and coated onto a pipe which had been preheated to 230° C. The powder immediately fused to form a solid coating. The pipe was tested following the procedure of ASTM G-42, described above, under three different conditions: at 60° C. and 6 volts for 6 days; at 60° C. and 1.5 volts for 30 days; and at 80° C. and 1.5 volts for 30 days. The results, shown in Table II, indicated that the coating degraded under all three conditions, blistering so badly that the coating could be completely peeled off the pipe.
Following the procedure of Examples 1 to 8, curable compositions as shown in Table III were prepared. Example 12 was a comparative example. Each of the compositions comprised two parts, Part A which contained the epoxy, and Part B which contained the curing agents. The compositions were coated onto pipe preheated to 60° C. for the 60° C. tests and to 80° C. for the 80° C. tests, and covered with an adhesive-coated polyethylene covering layer as described above. For the tests at 60° C., the adhesive layer comprised a terpolymer of ethylene, vinyl acetate, and methacrylic acid; for the tests at 80° C., the adhesive comprised a terpolymer of polyethylene, ethyl acrylate, and acrylic acid. The cathodic disbonding performance was then measured under the same conditions as Example 9. The results, shown in Table II, indicated that the compositions of the invention had generally good performance at 60° C. and 80° C. A cathodic disbonding radius of less than 25 mm was considered good performance.
For Examples 10 and 13, the peel strength at 23° C., 60° C., and 80° C. was measured following the disclosure of ASTM D-1000, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, for Example 10, a test was done at 110° C. using a polypropylene-based adhesive and polypropylene covering layer as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/984,806 and International Patent Application No. PCT/US93/11686. In the peel test, thee pipe with the curable composition and the recovered adhesive-coated polymeric covering layer was cut into test specimens with a width of 25 mm (1 inch). Each specimen was cut parallel to the direction of the pipe to create a free end which was clamped in the jaw of an Instron™ tester. After allowing the sample to equilibrate to the desired temperature (23° C., 60°, 80°, or 110° C.) in the thermal chamber of the tester, the jaw separation speed of the Instron™ tester was set at 51 mm/minute (2 inches /minute). The amount of force required to peel the layer from the pipe was recorded as pounds/linear inch (pli). The result are shown in Table IV. In all cases but one there was adhesive failure to the polymeric covering layer. The one exception, indicated by "AP", showed an adhesive failure to the primer.
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Nicki Minaj Shoots Adidas Originals X Jeremy Scott Fall 2012 Campaign
Nicki Minaj brought her blonde Barbie wig and colorful playful style to the streets of Brooklyn last night for yet another endorsement opp. She has teamed up with designer Jeremy Scott for the new Adidas Original Fall/Winter 2012 Collection
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Personal website: www.joedeer.net
MFA in Directing, Carnegie Mellon University
Joe Deer is Distinguished Professor of Musical Theatre and heads Wright State University's Musical Theatre program. He is the award-winning director or choreographer of more than 150 productions in off-Broadway, regional and university theatres, including regional premieres of Parade, Only Heaven, Park Your Car in Harvard Yard and others. For Wright State, Joe has directed more than a dozen productions, including The Light in the Piazza, Spring Awakening, 42nd Street, and Hairspray. He is a resident artist with The Human Race Theatre Company, with whom he directed and choreographed Avenue Q, The 39 Steps, Seussical, The Underpants, Big River, and many others. In a former life, Joe appeared in Broadway and national touring productions of Anything Goes, The American Dance Machine, Singin' in the Rain, The Music Man, and Brigadoon. Before they were stars, Joe had the pleasure of directing Kristen Chenoweth, Patrick Wilson, and Nicole Scherzinger. Somewhere along the way, he was also a Broadway and touring stage manager, and artistic director of three theatre and dance companies.
Professor Deer is Director of The Musical Theatre Initiative at Wright State University, a center for the study of the culture, history, practice and training for this art form.
Professor Deer is sought internationally as a master teacher and education consultant, working with students and faculty at many of the world's top institutions, including New York City Center, the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama, the Danish Academy of Musical Theatre, Stage School of Hamburg, Germany and others. His book (written with Rocco Dal Vera), Acting In Musical Theatre, has been called "the preeminent book in its field" and was nominated by the Association for Theatre in Higher Education as Book Of The Year. It is selected as a core text for more musical theatre programs than any other book. He has written dozens of articles for a range of publications and lectures frequently on musical theatre. His most recent book, Directing in Musical Theatre: An Essential Guide was published by Routledge in 2013.
Professor Deer was the recipient of Wright State University's Trustees Award for Faculty Excellence and the College of Liberal Arts Award for Faculty Excellence. He has received more than two-dozen awards from local media for Best Production and Best Direction for his work throughout Southwest Ohio. Joe holds an MFA in Directing from Carnegie Mellon University and was the founding president of the Musical Theatre Educators Alliance. His former students populate dozens of Broadway, National Tour, Regional and international stages.
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Fall Fashion: the DOs and DON'Ts of Transitioning Your Wardrobe From Summer to Fall
Fall Fashion: the DOs and DON'Ts of Transitioning Your Wardrobe From Summer to Fall
It's sweltering out. No, wait, now I'm freezing! How am I supposed to pick an outfit?! If this internal monologue sounds just a bit too familiar, you'll want to pay attention: We've got a ton of fashion advice for what to wear during that tricky transition between summer and fall.SEE MORE
DO try the beach-bag thing.
Who says you have to stick your summery accessories in the back of your closet? Try sporting your neutral beach bag as your everyday carryall to up the cool factor of any basic fall outfit.
DON'T choose an outfit that revives disco.
We're all for a strategic bit of sheen, shine or sparkle to glam up an otherwise blah fall outfit, but metallics are a little bit like chocolate: The key word is moderation!
DO add tights to summer dresses.
As you transition into fall, don't take your favorite summer frocks out of rotation! Throw on opaque tights under your pretty dress, and your friends will be too distracted by your put-together ensemble to notice just how familiar it actually is.
DON'T let layering get the best of you.
Layering is the
perfect strategy for extending your summer faves into fall, but keep it simple to avoid looking like you're being eaten alive by your own outfit. They key is make sure you have no more than three levels of layering going on.
DO stretch out sandal season.
One way to turn hard-core fall pieces into great transition looks? Pair them with sandals. Keep your toes exposed as long as you can to make the start of fall flirty!
DON'T overdo it with accessories.
A fun scarf, pretty knit cap or dramatic belt are your best friends when transitioning your wardrobe into fall—just don't bring 'em all out to play at once.
DO try this cool color combo.
Khaki, white and your favorite jeans are a never-fail combination—and if you invest in a gorge cropped neutral jacket like this, you'll have about a trillion easy, stylish fall outfits on your hands.
DON'T bare your midriff.
Rolling up sleeves or cuffing pants? Fab-fabbity-fab ideas for fall transition wear! Trying to pull the same thing off with your shirt hem? Just DON'T!
DO start wearing fall hues.Channel those changing leaves! As you transition your wardrobe, start dabbling in fall's signature hues like orange, red, rust and this ultra-pretty mustard yellow.
DON'T wear it if you're swimming in it.
We get excited about wearing our favorite pieces from last fall too, but we always make sure that they still fit before resurrecting them!
DO become best friends with this accessory.
Between seasons, a scarf will update any outfit. We dare you to try it out this fall.
DON'T bring hiking gear off the mountain.
With the zillion adorable fall jackets you could pick, why choose your hiking fleece? "Camper-chic" just isn't a term in our fashion lexicon.
DO mix it up on the bottom.
Try tailored leggings with your fall separates as a surprising (and surprisingly fun!) alternative to shorts and trousers.
DON'T bust out the bright whites.
Socks in sandals may look fashion-forward on fall runways, but bright white tennis socks aren't part of the trend. Fashion geniuses agree this version is a serious DON'T.
DO layer, but keep something bare.
Pile on the layers to keep yourself feeling comfy during those fall wind gusts, but keep some skin exposed, too; besides being oh so ideal for finicky temps, the look is subtle and sexy.
DON'T be a walking peep show.
Avoid overexposure by being vigilant about fall's semi-sheer fabrics: What's opaque in your bedroom may not be kosher once you step out into daylight.
DO get extra mileage out of your fave sundress.
Pairing a dark layer like this black blazer over a pretty summer staple will add another few months to that flowy dress you can't bear to put away at the end of the season.
DON'T show the world your shapewear or undies.
Tights are the number one way to fall-ify your flirty summer dresses, but watch those hemlines so your control-top tights don't sneak out into visible territory!
DO be ready at a moment's notice.
Snag a tip from the Boy Scouts: Be Prepared! Keep a pair of rain boots at your desk for the crazy ups, downs and all-arounds of transition weather.
DON'T channel your schoolgirl alter ego.
Another tip on the socks and sandals: Just say no to knee-highs with your stilettos!
DO go tights-free as long as possible.
If summer sticks around, go ahead and bare your gorgeous legs. You can give a nod to fall by opting for dark shoes and heavier fabrics on bottom instead of stockings.


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Weekend Cook and Tell: Pancakes Anytime
I feel guilty now, I would have posted pictures but the pancakes were scarfed before the camera got to action.
This year's pancakes? Green Thai chicken, cream cheese and spinach.
I feel guilty now, I would have posted pictures but the pancakes were scarfed before the camera got to action.
This year's pancakes? Green Thai chicken, cream cheese and spinach.
Red meat = High in Iron = Iron trapped in steam ala smell
Red meat + Proteins breaking down = Bloody = Phosphates dissolve into the steam ala smell
Those are a couple of things I can think off...
I don't know, it's pretty fun to be interesting with healthy foods.
Wholegrain savoury pancakes filled with Mexican shredded chicken, anyone?
Tin of Mackerel with sweated onions, baked with a topping of slivered sweet potato?
Lemon Sole on a bed of Lemon and parsley stewed Harricot beans?!
Allo Miss Rebecca! Guy from the same side of the pond here!
One thing I'd definitely say about this site is go photograzing.
Some of the most important things you pick up here isn't recipes, but techniques. It's not s much what you cook with but HOW you cook. (Food sci 101!)
Strange, I'm going to be entering a baking competition on the weekend and I have a cranberry themed idea in mind...
Personally I find the tiny desserts to be the tastiest!
Think truffles, think baby figs and mascarpone, think brownies, think... well normal desserts in tiny receptacles.
'Tis a shame about the dry cupcakes, I've found the tiny ones don't dry if the butter is fairly cold when you use it. (The butter 'melts' whilst cooking, meaning the more of water molecules in it are going from solid to liquid instead of liquid to gas.)
Custard is a given. Come on, if people can eat creme brule (custard with a fancy crust) straight or ice cream straight (frozen custard) then what's wrong with eating it in pure form straight?
Custard is simply a dessert version of soup in my mind.
Oh, I also eat mango chutney like crazy. Kay, I have no excuses, but I don't care if the world judges me!
AVOID ribs. There is NO way you can eat that whilst trying to look sophisticated, and no, a top hat won't do it either.
I have a lot of spices, that is all I know. Oh, and;
A life without cloves is a life without Winter.
A life without mint is a life without Spring.
A life without paprika is a life without Summer.
A life without cinnamon is a life without Autumn.
How about some roasted red cabbage with a shredded bramley apple? Or some rice noodles with a balsamic reduction drizzled 'oh so seductively' on top? Some white rice with a splash of Cointreau?
The specific orange scent of Cointreau. Too much good and just a little bad can turn you against something for a lifetime. I don't think much more explanation is needed.
Mayo cooking isn't dangerous, but still careful when heating it. Don't forget, it's got an egg base. It just might set on ya.
@ecca31; I don't know why but when I read your comment I was worried an argument would pop up about how a diet coke can sounds different to a regular coke can or something. I have known the type...
Personally I love the sound of when people actually enjoy the flavour of the food I cooked with a passion. You know, that sort of basal humming as they chew.
Actually I just might know some odd people. (:o)
One of the best pizzas I have ever had was a walnut, pear and gorgonzola pizza. Oh my, heaven on a bread base.
@Ajmill1978; I understand where you are coming from, but when I say 'the meals balance out' I mean it in the standpoint of metabolic change too. The concepts I find wrong on the plate is that it gives the impression that people should be consuming the exact same balance at every meal. A carb heavy meal would be much preferred in the morning when the energy will be used up than in the evening, when carbohydrate metabolism slows down and instead gets stored. A protein rich meal would be better in the evening when the amino acids would be used to repair during the hours of slumber, etc.
A good better idea in my mind is maybe a 3 plate plan, so that people KNOW when they should be eating the different dietary components. Perhaps even better would be somehow explaining deanadoll's point, but I'm not quite sure how to fit all of that onto an A4 piece of paper. With pictures.
I find the MyPlate concept wrong to begin with. We get our nutrition over the course of an entire day. Trying to give the basic concepts in 'plate' form makes it seem that every plateful we have has to be perfectly balanced, instead of the reality that we can have carb rich and protein rich platefuls, they just need to even out over time.
Ginger adds a really nice zing to a lemon cheesecake crust.
Crush ginger nut biscuits to make the crust instead of digestives!
Ironically ginger would then help your digestion more than digestive biscuits...
Oh, sorry. American.
Technically shortbread, but I plan on making a much more interesting breakfast apple cheesecake cookie. Quark cheese, Bramley apples, Steel cut oats. Lovely and fairly healthy.
Chilli Con Carne, Cottage pie, Shepards pie, Bolognese sauce. They all seem to follow the same basic technique and I don't think they can be messed up by ANYBODY.
Fine dining is only fine in my mind if you happen to have fine company. Food should be the matter of conversation, not the centre of attention because, really, how can you enjoy it without having a bit of talking fun at the same time?
I feel like I have had a depraved life now, only having had taco's a couple of times AND I'M A STUDENT.
What I lived with was crepes with different fillings, my favourite being salmon, asparagus, spinach and cream cheese. So decadent. So nice...
My favourite cup isn't that usable. It's a lovely twirly shape that means it is aesthetically magnificent but you dribble if you try anything as brass as DRINKING from it. There is ONE angle that works, but at that point you have the handle in your mouth.
I like the taste of slightly burnt food, my family don't.
It works out no hassle for us!
But portion wise I will always give the other person the larger piece. Been taught that since childhood.
I love cooking risotto! Simply standing there, stirring rice slowly, adding ingredients to the pot at set times... The smells of spices beginning to infuse the air, steam rising from the pot... so relaxing. Like a bubble bath but hopefully less toxic chemicals.
But then I also love cooking stir fry. When I cook it everything goes wrong with everything flying around but the end result always turns out right. What's not to love?
Strangely I find it tastes better in tea than regular milk even when it separates but sadly I do not enjoy this any more. I originally went for it due to the health benefits but after the testosterone/oestrogen debate came up about it...
Didn't help that I found out that it also didn't agree with my system. (Even sadder was that I found this out on a 6 1/2 hour train journey, but that is a story for another day.)
Soy Ice Cream is surprisingly nice also.
Duck a l'orange
Pear and gorgonzola
Bacon and maple syrup
All dishes that are widely accepted in this day and age but do you think they didn't raise that empirical brow when first conceived? Odd combinations that work deliciously together, even though one might not expect as much, and after speaking to people it seems everyone has one that they attribute their name to!
A personal passion which people ponder is scrambled egg on granary toast with marmalade.
S-Eaters of the world, what is your inventive combo?!
Chocolate chip cookie dough mug cake--a steamy, 2-minute autumn comfort food perfect for chilly weather... More
Delicious light high protein pre or post workout loaves with blueberry and lemon. Top with ricotta and blueberries for extra wow! Gluten free.... More
St Louis gooey butter cake is the best cure for fall nostalgia!... More
[Photographs: Adam Kuban] This is my go-to recipe for homemade bagels. It's adapted from Bernard Clayton's Complete Book of Breads. Clayton, in turn, got the recipe from the folks at the now-defunct Jo Goldenberg's, the famous Jewish restaurant and delicatessen... More
For best results, use a Pekin breed duck. Maltose syrup can be found in most Chinese supermarkets. If you can't find it, honey can be used in its place. To handle maltose, keep your hands and measuring equipment wet at... More
Whole-wheat, vanilla, cardamom pancakes with peach, ginger, cardamom compote. Summertime in a breakfast treat!... More
Spicy Chicken Kerala pairs deliciously with savory-sweet rice flatbread.... More
Cherry-almond clafoutis with cognac... More
The paleta is slightly sweetened and gets its creaminess from the natural avocado oils rather than any dairy. More
Zucchini, Raisin, and Walnut Bread with a cornmeal-dusted crust... More
A whole new type of meatball - Quinoa Veggie "Meatballs"... More
Mini flourless chocolate cakes baked in jars with cashew nut topping.... More
This rustic tart has a yogurt based crust and a simple topping of goat cheese, zucchini, and thyme. More
Fuji Apple Bread... More
Chocolate, Cherry and Blackberry Clafoutis: The creamy texture of a clafoutis, enhanced by a rich chocolate flavor and juicy seasonal fruits.... More
david lebowitz's recipe for the easiest flourless chocolate cake ever!... More
Delicious and moist apple-banana bread with chocolate chips... More
A healthy but rich and satisfying chocolate pudding made from an amazing little superfood.... More
Mocha Sichuan Peppercorn Pots de Creme. Yep, you read that right!... More
Sunshine Salad - a Southern classic... More
Soft and fluffy raising bread using the tangzhong method... More
Nostalgic comfort food: Malaysian tomato chicken curry.... More
Bite sized vegan sweets that melt in your mouth... More
Adapted from Marcella Hazan. Gnocchi made with parsnips and carrots.... More


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Kling's private practice offices are located on the Upper East Side in Manhattan and in Park Slope, Brooklyn. The offices are comfortable, stylish, elegantly decorated, and impeccably clean.
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InDesign FX is a collection of self-contained effects projects designed to be completed in ten minutes or less. Taught by expert Mike Rankin, the series explores every aspect of InDesign's graphic effects capabilities through real-world examples, all without relying on Photoshop or Illustrator. The intent is to reveal the quick, practical, and sometimes surprising application of InDesign effects to creative projects.
With the power of blending modes at your side, you can combine objects, mixing their hue, saturation, and detail, and come up with new designs. You can apply subtle tweaks or completely recolor an image. You can also apply color where none existed, quickly creating monotone and duotone effects on grayscale images. Let's see how it's done. So here I have a document and I am going to be blending colors and since we are going to be exploring what we can do to recolor objects, it's important we talk about this concept called transparency blend space. And in my Edit menu down there at the bottom, I have this choice called Transparency Blend Space.
I can choose either Document RGB or Document CMYK. Now when InDesign blends colors from different objects, it needs a common color space to work in. So it can be either RGB or CMYK. Many of the blending modes work best when we use RGB transparency blend space. You can still output to CMYK if you need to and we will cover the full details of transparency blend space and outputting effects for print in other videos, but it's just important to mention here because the tricks I am going to do rely on using RGB transparency blend space.
Now let's blend some colors. So here I have a photo of a nice rich blue sky and a grayish fence and a couple of frames, one called Hue, one called Saturation. If I click on the Hue and I open my Effects panel, I can see that I've set this to use the Hue blending mode. So it's going to take the hue of this orange color and mix it with whatever is underneath. So I will click and drag down to overlay it on top of the fence picture and look at what happened. Replace the hues in the picture with this orange hue, so wherever the photo or the fence was saturated, like in the blue sky, it replaced that blue with this orange.
Where the photo was desaturated like the grayish fence, that stuff kind of stayed grayish and also in the clouds. Those are desaturated. So they didn't get touched very much. Let's check out the Saturation one. So this uses the Saturation blending mode and it's full of black. So black has no saturation. So if I drag this on top of the photo, it removes the saturation from the picture. It makes it look like a grayscale picture. Now it's also interesting that we can change the opacity of these two objects. We don't have to set them at 100% opacity.
So we can really mix the effect. I will select both and I will drag down the Opacity somewhere around 50% and you can see now I have desaturated this image somewhat, but not completely. So I have taken some of the saturation out with the gray color and I've colorized this a little bit with that orange color. I have changed the feeling of the picture but not completely recolored it. So we have a lot of flexibility when using these Hue and Saturation blending modes. Let's see some more blending mode tricks. So here I have this picture of a gargoyle and he's the only thing on the page.
What I would like to do is to take his detail and blend it with a different color. If I double-click on him, I look in the Effects panel and I can see that I have the graphic targeted. So I actually have the placed photo targeted, not the frame itself, and I can apply a blending mode just to the graphic. So I will change him from Normal to Luminosity. So I will take his detail and blend it with whatever's underneath. Right now there is nothing underneath, but if I press the Escape key, now I have the frame selected, I can go to my Swatches panel and change the fill from None to this Gargoyle Blue.
So I have taken the detail of the gargoyle and blended it with the color of the fill of the frame using the Luminosity blending mode. I could pick a different color swatch for a different effect. So if I fill the frame with Darker Warm Brown, I completely change the feeling here. Let's check on another trick. I can also create these duotone and monotone effects with the same ideas really easily. So here I have the same placed picture of some antique cars and I would like to create a duotone effect. So, for the first one, I will just click on it once with the Selection tool and I will apply fill like this Light Warm Brown.
So I have filled the frame with this Light Warm Brown color and I've created this dark duotone picture. Now it's important to note that these pictures are actually true grayscale images. They have just one channel of detail in the Photoshop image. So InDesign is just using that one channel and applying the color behind it in this case. I will select the middle one and I will double-click to select the picture itself. So again, I have the graphic, not the frame selected. In the Swatches panel I can see I have black selected. So InDesign is coloring that one channel of detail with black, but I can change that.
I will pick this Darker Warm Brown swatch and now I have replaced all the blacks with Darker Warm Brown, created a monotone. I can try another trick. This one is similar to the trick that I did with the fence, overlaying it with a different colored frame. So I will press the F key and drag out a frame on top and I will fill it with a color. I'll fill it with a Light Warm Brown. Now I can't see anything because I've overlaid the image and this frame is using the Normal blending mode now. But if I click in the Effects panel and change from Normal to Color, I will just take the color of that top frame and blend it with the detail of the picture underneath.
So three different ways of creating duotone and monotone effects really quickly and easily. You don't always have to go out to Photoshop to make changes in the appearance of placed photos. When you know how to use blending modes, especially Hue, Saturation, and Luminosity, what you do in Photoshop can just be the starting point for further developing your designs right in InDesign.
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It's currently 24 years since Liverpool Football Club were the Champions of England, during that time they have been crowned Champions of Europe, but still that elusive and coveted 19th league title remains beyond their grasp. The last time Liverpool … Continue reading
As we get closer to the season's halfway point, analyzing Liverpool's progress has become less of an observe-and-report job and more of a dazed-and-confused stumble in the dark. The club currently sits in 11th place, which seems rather dire, but … Continue reading
Nowadays, FIFA, world football's governing body, has little to no credibility. With the organisation, under the leadership of Sepp Blatter, seemingly in the spotlight for all the wrong reasons, FIFA has been under damage control for some time now. And … Continue reading
Liverpool Football Club have played in five competitive games so far this season and there is still no definitive answer to how they will cope in a post-Luis Suarez world. Out of the five, only against Tottenham away have they … Continue reading
We can chalk that up with something not associated with a squad that scored 101 goals last season, along with something else that's stuck in the back of the mainstream football brain – defense. Before we get into how the … Continue reading
The Catalan revolution has indeed started after a trophyless season. Tata Martino has been replaced by Luis Enrique as the manager of the club. Stars such as Cesc Fabregas and Alexis Sanchez have been sold, whereas the club have bought … Continue reading
Every off-season a big name is sold in European football – often even two or three. From Tottenham selling Gareth Bale to Porto moving James Rodriguez and Joao Moutinho to Monaco, players are sold for huge sums of money. While … Continue reading
If Spanish newspaper Marca is to be believed, Real Madrid is interested in signing Liverpool forward Luis Suarez. But if the UEFA Champions League winners want to sign the mercurial Uruguayan striker, the club will have to pay more what … Continue reading
As Liverpool edge towards an improbable league title and Tottenham fade away, many have taken the opportunity to compare the differing fortunes of the two clubs. Both teams started the season having finished outside the top four and were looking … Continue reading
Luis Suarez is just one of those players who opposing fans just can't stand. The mere mention of his name sends a wave of negative feelings through people's bodies. The Uruguayan striker's well documented controversies and flashpoints haven't helped his public perception. Even his … Continue reading
For the detractors of Liverpool's early season success, this is the match they have been waiting for. A matchup against one of the top teams in the Premier League. In all likelihood, their critics would prefer the game were being … Continue reading
"Long is the way, and hard, that out of hell leads up to light." – John Milton, Paradise Lost Don't go jumping to any conclusions. Liverpool Football Club still has work to do. However, the light is becoming clearer and … Continue reading
In some Manchester United circles, it might be blasphemous to say one of their players shares the same characteristics as a Liverpool player. Especially when the Liverpool player is the "evil" Luis Suárez. On the other hand, Liverpool supporters might … Continue reading
We've already seen several key signings by Premier League clubs this summer with many new prospects coming in from La Liga. But in reality, we're also going to probably see several key players leave their Premier League clubs this summer. … Continue reading
World Cup 2010 has been a challenging tournament for fans of the beautiful game. There have been beautiful goals, incredible teamwork and wonderful stories. But there has also been injustices and, at the end of the day, the sport of … Continue reading