text:
We don't know if the Ravens' offense will be better next season, but it will definitely be different. Wide receiver Steve Smith and tight end Owen Daniels are expected to play prominent roles, and another key offensive piece or two could be added in the draft.
The Ravens have already accomplished one of their primary offseason goals – giving quarterback Joe Flacco more weapons. And the Ravens are not finished, with the draft yet to come.
Clearly, quarterback Flacco has more options than in did in 2013, when Torrey Smith was the only wide receiver with more than 50 catches. The presence of offensive coordinator Gary Kubiak also guarantees that the Ravens will have a new offensive look. Expect more multiple tight end formations, different play-calling tendencies, and perhaps more motion.
[MORE: Torrey Smith welcomes baby boy]
The Ravens only scored 30 points once in 2013, and in that victory over the Texans, the Ravens had a punt return for a touchdown, and an interception return for a touchdown. Offensively, the Ravens were simply not consistent enough, or explosive enough, and never successfully adjusted to losing Pitta to injury for most of the season.
Now the Ravens have more offensive depth. They also expect their offensive line that will include Eugene Monroe, Kelechi Osemele, Jeremy Zuttah, and Marshal Yanda to play much better than last year's unit.
Who will finish with the most catches for the Ravens next season? Torrey Smith? Steve Smith? Pitta? Daniels? Ray Rice out of the backfield? Someone else like Marlon Brown, who led the Ravens in touchdown catches last season?
For Flacco, having so many proven receivers is not a problem. It's a pleasure. The Ravens still must prove it on the field. But on paper, their offense looks more dynamic.


text:
A method and apparatus for wireless communication are described. In one embodiment, a method for communicating with a subscriber comprises transmitting orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM) signals to the subscriber, and receiving direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals from the subscriber.
1. A method for communicating with at least one subscriber, the method comprising:
transmitting orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM) signals to the at least one subscriber; and
receiving direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals from the at least one subscriber.
2. The method defined in
3. A method for communicating with a base station, the method comprising:
receiving orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM) signals from the base station; and
transmitting direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals to the base station in response to the OFDM signals.
4. The method defined in
5. A system comprising:
a subscriber having
a DSSS transmitter,
an OFDM receiver,
a first antenna coupled to the DSSS transmitter and the OFDM receiver; and
a base station communicably coupled with the subscriber, the base station having
a DSSS receiver,
an OFDM transmitter,
a second antenna coupled to the DSSS receiver and the OFDM transmitter.
6. The system defined in
a first switch to couple to the DSSS transmitter and the OFDM receiver to the first antenna; and
a second switch to couple to the DSSS receiver and the OFDM transmitter to the second antenna.
7. The system defined in
a first frequency duplexer to couple to the DSSS transmitter and the OFDM receiver to the first antenna; and
a second frequency duplexer to couple to the DSSS receiver and the OFDM transmitter to the second antenna.
8. The system defined in
a plurality of processing paths, wherein each of the processing paths has a forward error correction (FEC) encoder,
an interleaver coupled to an output of the FEC encoder, and
a modulator coupled to an output of the interleaver; and
an inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) coupled to receive outputs from modulators in the plurality of processing paths and to output OFDM signals.
9. The system defined in
a plurality of processing paths coupled to individual outputs of the FFT unit, each of the plurality of processing paths having
a demodulator coupled to the one of the individual outputs of the FFT unit,
a deinterleaver coupled to an output of the demodulator, and
a forward error correction (FEC) decoder coupled to an output of the deinterleaver, the output of the FEC decoder being user data.
10. The system defined in
11. The system defined in
a forward error correction (FEC) encoder coupled to receive user data;
an interleaver coupled to an output of the FEC encoder;
a modulator coupled to an output of the interleaver; and
a spreader coupled to an output of the modulator.
12. The system defined in
a plurality of processing paths, each of the processing paths having
a correlator,
a channel estimator coupled to an output of the correlator, the channel estimator having first and second outputs,
a Rake receiver coupled to an output of the correlator and a first output of the channel estimator,
a de-interleaver coupled to an output of the Rake receiver,
a FEC decoder coupled to an output of the de-interleaver,
a FFT unit coupled to a second output of channel estimator.
13. The system defined in
14. The system defined in
15. The system defined in
16. The system defined in
a beacon generator to generate a beacon signal; and
a switch coupled to the beacon generator to combine the beacon signal with OFDM symbols to create a transmission signal for output from the base station.
17. The system defined in
18. The system defined in
19. The system defined in claim 1S wherein the subscriber uses a first portion of the plurality of spread-spectrum pseudo-noise (PN) sequences for time synchronization.
20. The system defined in
21. The system defined in
22. The system defined in
23. The system defined in
24. The system defined in
25. A communication network comprising:
first and second systems, each of the first and second systems including
a DSSS transmitter,
a DSSS receiver, and
an antenna coupled to the DSSS transmitter and DSSS receiver, wherein the first system comprises an OFDM transmitter coupled to its antenna and the second system comprises an OFDM receiver coupled to its antenna.
26. The communication network defined in
27. The communication network defined in
28. The communication network defined in
29. The communication network defined in
30. The communication network defined in
31. The communication network defined in
32. The communication network defined in
33. The communication network defined in
34. The communication network defined in
35. The communication network defined in
36. The communication network defined in
37. The communication network defined in
38. The communication network defined in
39. The communication method defined in
40. The communication method defined in
41. The communication network defined in
42. The communication network defined in
43. The communication network defined in
44. The communication network defined in
45. The communication network defined in
46. The system defined in
a switch coupled to the beacon generator to combine the beacon signal with OFDM symbols to create a transmission signal for output from the second system.
47. The system defined in
48. The system defined in
49. The system defined in
50. The system defined in
51. The system defined in
52. The system defined in
53. The system defined in
54. The system defined in
This invention relates to communications and, more particularly, to multi-subscriber systems utilizing the basic modulation formats of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and spread spectrum transmission.
With high-speed wireless services increasingly in demand, there is a need for more throughput per bandwidth to accommodate more subscribers with higher data rates while retaining a guaranteed quality of service (QoS), all over a packet network. While the definition for "wireless broadband" may vary, it is commonly accepted that the next-generation wireless broadband networks must be able to provide a wide variety of services, from high-quality voice to high-definition videos, through IP-centric, high-speed (>10 Mbps downlink and >512 Kbps uplink) wireless channels. See Shingo Ohmori, et. al, "The Future Generations of Mobile Communications Based on Broadband Access Technologies," IEEE Communication Magazine, December 2000.
Due to the asymmetric nature of packet traffic, the requirements for wireless uplink (from subscribers to base-stations or access points) and downlink (from base-stations or access points to subscribers) are quite different. High throughput/spectral efficiency is of paramount importance in the traffic-heavy downlink, even if it means more involved hardware and higher cost power amplifiers at the base-station. On the other hand, amplifier efficient modulation schemes are critical to the subscriber terminal, in order to reduce cost and improve power efficiency. Clearly, separate design optimization approaches must be adopted for the design of uplink and downlink modems. However almost all current systems, e.g., the popular GSM and IS-95 networks, utilize a uniform modem and multiple-access structure or both uplink and downlink. As a result, the efficiency of the overall system is compromised.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) are two modulation techniques frequently used for wireless communications. In OFDM, as illustrated in
OFDM is an efficient technique for multipath fading channels. In a well-designed system, the frequency response of each subcarrier can be made flat or near flat. Therefore, only very simple or even no channel equalization is required. Another significant advantage of OFDM is that it allows an optimal power and rate allocation to maximize the channel capacity. This inherent advantage is even more significant in a cellular system with multiple subscribers where the channel response of each subscriber is different. In this case, it is possible to maximize the entire system capacity throughput by judicious allocations of subscarriers to multiple subscribers.
On the other hand, OFDM also possesses some disadvantages. One of the disadvantages is the large peak-to-average power (PAP) ratio of the OFDM signals. This is a significant hurdle for implementing OFDM-based systems. A large PAP ratio means more stringent linearity requirements on the power amplifier or large back off, leading to higher cost or lower transmission power. This is especially undesirable for the implementation of subscriber terminals, which dominates the system cost due to their large quantity. In addition, to achieve the maximum capacity of OFDM with adaptive subcarrier allocation, it is often required to feedback the channel measurement at the subscribers to the basestation. This can also add overhead and complicate the system control.
DSSS often deals with the multipath channel through the use of so-called Rake receiver, which coherently adds together the signals received from multiple delay paths. However, when the data rate is high and the spreading factor is low, the performance of the Rake receiver degrades. Furthermore, a DSSS signal equally utilizes the entire spectrum, including both high-gain frequencies and low-gain frequencies. Therefore, the potential capacity of DSSS is less than that achieved by OFDM with adaptive subcarrier allocation. On the other hand, a DSSS signal typically has lower PAP than an OFDM signal. In addition, the use of DSSS enables code-division multiple-access that provides great multiple-access flexibility among many multiple-access schemes. Therefore, DSSS is still a very attractive technique especially for subscriber terminal transmission.
OFDM and DSSS both are widely used in wireless communications, but in most systems, a single technology is used for both downlink and uplink. For example, in the UMTS W-CDMA system, DSSS is used for both downlink and uplink, while in IEEE 802.11a, OFDM is used for both downlink and uplink. This means the advantages and disadvantages are both present in the system. For more information on W-CDMA, see H. Holma and A. Toskala, "WCDMA for UMTS," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000. For more information on OFDM, see R. van Nee and R. Prasad, "OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications," Artech House Publishers, 2000.
A method and apparatus for communication are described. In one embodiment, a method for communicating with a subscriber comprises transmitting orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals to the subscriber, and receiving direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals from the subscriber.
The present invention will be understood more fully from the detailed description given below and from the accompanying drawings of various embodiments of the invention, which, however, should not be taken to limit the invention to the specific embodiments, but are for explanation and understanding only.
A method and apparatus to integrate OFDM and CDMA technologies is described. In one embodiment, a method for communicating with a subscriber comprises transmitting orthogonal frequency domain multiplexing (OFDM) signals to the subscriber, and receiving direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signals from the subscriber.
The techniques described herein increase, and potentially maximize, the downlink throughput while increasing, and potentially optimizing, the power efficiency of uplink, and at the same time, maintain the multiple-access flexibility of the overall system. In one embodiment, OFDM is used for downlink to increase, and potentially maximize, the spectral efficiency and the bit rate. This is an important feature for today's Internet access due to its asymmetric nature. DSSS/CDMA is used for uplink to avoid the large peak-to-average ratio problem of OFDM and increases, and potentially maximize, the multiple-access flexibility. Alternatively, CDMA techniques other than DSSS may be used. For example, frequency hopping (FH) may be used.
In one embodiment, the subcarriers of the OFDM downlink are adaptively allocated to multiple subscribers to increase, and potentially maximize, the system capacity. The uplink CDMA signals received at the base station from the multiple subscribers may be utilized for the adaptive allocation.
Although at least one embodiment is described with reference to wireless communications, the teachings of the present invention are equally applicable to wired communications, such as, for example, but not limited to, cable modems.
In the following description, numerous details are set forth. It will be apparent, however, to one skilled in the art, that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form, rather than in detail, in order to avoid obscuring the present invention.
Some portions of the detailed descriptions which follow are presented in terms of algorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bits within a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions and representations are the means used by those skilled in the data processing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally, conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of steps leading to a desired result. The steps are those requiring physical manipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily, these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capable of being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwise manipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasons of common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements, symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.
It should be borne in mind, however, that all of these and similar terms are to be associated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merely convenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specifically stated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it is appreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing terms such as "processing" or "computing" or "calculating" or "determining" or "displaying" or the like, refer to the action and processes of a computer system, or similar electronic computing device, that manipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic) quantities within the computer system's registers and memories into other data similarly represented as physical quantities within the computer system memories or registers or other such information storage, transmission or display devices.
The present invention also relates to apparatus for performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be specially constructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a general purpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computer program stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, or any type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupled to a computer system bus.
The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently related to any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purpose systems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachings herein; or it may prove convenient to construct more specialized apparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structure for a variety of these systems will appear from the description below. In addition, the present invention is not described with reference to any particular programming language. It will be appreciated that a variety of programming languages may be used to implement the teachings of the invention as described herein.
A machine-readable medium includes any mechanism for storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine (e.g., a computer). For example, a machine-readable medium includes read only memory ("ROM"); random access memory ("RAM"); magnetic disk storage media; optical storage media; flash memory devices; electrical, optical, acoustical or other form of propagated signals (e.g., carrier waves, infrared signals, digital signals, etc.); etc.
In one embodiment, each base station transmits pilot symbols simultaneously, and each pilot symbol occupies the entire OFDM frequency bandwidth, as shown in
Referring to
For time division duplexing (TDD), which uses time division multiplexing to support full duplex communication, or other systems in which communication in both directions is at the same frequency, switch 303 comprises a time switch. In an alternative embodiment, for frequency division duplexing (FDD), where different frequency bands are used to transmit or receive information in each direction, or other such systems, switch 303 is replaced by a frequency duplexer.
System 351 includes an OFDM transmitter 306 to generate OFDM signals for communications via wireless transmission to other sites in the system and a CDMA receiver 305 to process CDMA signals received from other sites in the system. A switch 304 (or duplexer) couples CDMA receiver 305 and OFDM transmitter 306 to antenna 314 one at a time. Switches/duplexers 304 and 303 allow antennas 311 and 310, respectively, to be used for both transmission and reception simultaneously.
In one embodiment, system 350 comprises a subscriber in a mobile communication system while system 351 comprises a base station. Thus, as shown in
In one embodiment, the subcarriers of the OFDM downlink are adaptively allocated to multiple subscribers to achieve multiplexing and to increase (and potentially maximize) the system capacity. Information extracted from uplink CDMA signals received at the base station from the multiple subscribers may be utilized for the adaptive subcarrier allocation. This is described in more detail below.
In one embodiment, a 5 MHz spectrum is used for each downlink OFDM channel. With pulse shaping, the net bandwidth used for data transmission is 4 MHz, which is divided into 512 subcarriers transmitted in parallel. In one embodiment, each of the OFDM symbols has a length of duration of 128 microseconds with a guard interval of 24 microseconds. Therefore, the total symbol period is 152 microseconds. In one embodiment, all the subcarriers in one OFDM symbol are used for one subscriber. Service to multiple subscribers may be achieved through time-division multiplexing (TDM), e.g., different subscribers use different OFDM symbols at different times. In another embodiment, the subcarriers in one OFDM symbol can be used by multiple subscribers, each using part of the total subcarriers. In one embodiment, any subcarrier can be assigned to any subscriber. In another embodiment, the granularity of subcarrier assignment is increased to a fixed number of subcarriers, called clusters, as shown in
As shown in
The cluster data is first encoded by a forward error correction (FEC) encoder 402 in a manner well-known in the art. The results of the encoding is the addition of embedded sufficient redundant information in the user data to allow a receiver to correct it. The user data is then interleaved by interleaver 403, which reorders code symbols (e.g., bits) in the user data in such a manner that successive code symbols are separated by multiple symbols in the sequence to be transmitted. This is well-known in the art. Thereafter, the base station modulates the interleaved user data, using a digital modulation method, such as QPSK, 16QAM or others described below, via modulator 404. The modulated data on all subcarriers (intended for multiple subscribers) is processed by Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) 405 in a manner well-known in the art. The outputs of IFFT 405 are input to parallel-to-serial converter 406, which converts the parallel outputs of IFFT 405 into a serial output OFDM signal in a manner well-known in the art. In one embodiment, an additional guard interval (cyclic prefix) is inserted at this point. The resulting OFDM signal is transmitted through the RF channel.
In one embodiment, the base station adaptively allocates subcarriers to subscribers to increase (and potentially maximize) the spectral efficiency.
In one embodiment, the downlink SNR for each subcarrier is measured by the subscriber. The information is fed back to the base station subcarrier allocator, which collects the SINR information from all subscribers. The subcarrier allocator can then perform optimal or suboptimal allocating algorithms to assign the subcarriers with relatively high SNR to a subscriber. In another embodiment, as described below, the SNR information is directly derived from the uplink signals sent by each subscriber. These two techniques are described in further detail below. The two techniques of collecting the SNR information can also be combined. For example, the two could be combined by using a weighted average of the two. Alternatively, the combination could be based on time where either operates at different times and not continuously, and the SNR information resulting from both are used.
In one embodiment, the received signals are sampled sequentially in time, with the samples being stored in memory. Once a predetermined number of samples have been received (e.g., 512 samples), serial-to-parallel connector 506 converts the incoming OFDM signal (in the form of samples) into a parallel form in a manner well-known in the art. The outputs of serial-to-parallel converter 506 are received by inputs of Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 505, which applies a Fast Fourier Transform in a manner well-known in the art. The outputs of FFT 505 are sent to one of a number of different paths. That is, these outputs of FFT 505 are coupled to multiple processing paths labeled 1-n.
Each processing path includes a demodulator 504 to demodulate the signal using demodulation techniques to reverse the modulation applied by the base station as described herein. The receiver then de-interleaves the demodulated signals using de-interleaver 503 in a manner well-known in the art. The receiver takes the reordered demodulated data from de-interleaver 503 and performs FEC decoding in a manner well-known in the art using FEC decoder 502 to generate user data 501. In one embodiment, the outputs of FEC decoder 502 represent cluster data.
A demultiplexer (Demux) 507, which may be part of a media access control (MAC) layer, demultiplexes the output from FEC decoders 502 1-n from multiple subcarriers, where the user data is on clusters of subcarriers, to create user data 501 1-n.
Note that in a software implementation of the receiver in which the processing block of
Note that in a software implementation of the receiver in which the processing blocks of
The received signal samples are input to correlator 701, which despreads the samples using the same spreading sequence that was used during transmit and correlates the incoming signal with a subscriber's spreading code. In an alternative embodiments, correlator 701 may be replaced with a match filter. The receiver inputs the output of correlator 701, which is a correlation result, to Rake receiver 702 and channel estimator 703. Rake receiver 702 processes the correlation result via maximum ratio combining in a manner well-known in the art, including performing demodulation, and outputs the processed result to de-interleaver 705. De-interleaver 705 performs de-interleaving and outputs the unscrambled data to FEC decoder 706. FEC decoder 706 performs FEC decoding in a manner well-known in the art. The output of FEC decoder 705 is the user data. This decoded data is then passed to upper data link layer.
The channel estimator 703 estimates the channel response and provides that estimate to Rake receiver 702 and FFT 704. Rake receiver 702 uses the channel estimate to determine which of the fingers to select for combing. FFT 704 converts the channel response into a frequency response in a manner well-known in the art.
Allocator 707 receives frequency responses from FFT 704 for multiple subscribers and allocates subcarriers based on the responses received.
In one embodiment, each user is assigned a unique spreading sequence. Furthermore, the uplink transmission signal may contain a unique training sequence, as described below in conjunction with
In one embodiment, the size of FFT 704, in terms of the number of points, after channel estimation is the same as that for downlink OFDM transmission. In another embodiment with subcarrier clustering, the size of FFT 704 after channel estimation is smaller than that for downlink OFDM transmission. For example, if the size of FFT 704 for the downlink OFDM is 512 and the number of consecutive subcarriers in a cluster is 16, only a 32-point FFT is needed for channel-frequency response estimation at the base station receiver.
In another embodiment, the channel frequency response associate with a subscriber is estimated based on the uplink spreading spectrum signals without the use of training sequences or pilot signals. The frequency response is estimated to within a phase ambiguity, and the amplitude response is untilized in subcarrier allocations.
The uplink CDMA signals from subscriber units can be either synchronized or asynchronized. For synchronized CDMA, the arrival of each uplink signal at the base station is time aligned. This may simplify the receiver processing at the base station. For example, with regard to
In one embodiment, all subscriber units synchronize to its base station in both time and frequency. A base station periodically broadcasts a "beacon signal", followed by regular OFDM symbols. The beacon signal is used by the subscriber units for synchronization and preferably occurs once in a time frame of, for example, 10 millisecond. In one embodiment, the beacon signal itself is one OFDM signal or multiple OFDM signals. In another embodiment, the beacon signal contains spread-spectrum pseudo-noise (PN) sequences, as shown in
In one embodiment, a switch in the transmitter having a single output and a pair of inputs, one coupled to receive the PN sequences from a PN sequence generator and the other to the output of the FFT, is coupled to output data in the format shown in
In one embodiment, pilot subcarriers are inserted into OFDM symbols, as shown in
In one embodiment, the uplink CDMA signal is power controlled to reduce, and potentially minimize, the mutual interference. Power control can be performed in either open loop or closed loop, and preferably through a combination of both. A power control unit at the subscriber controls its transmission power. The power control unit accepts power adjustment command which can be generated locally (open loop) or received from the base station (closed loop). With open-loop power control, the subscriber unit monitors the downlink signal power to adjust its own transmission power. Since the CDMA signal is wideband but the multi-user OFDM downlink signal may not occupy the full bandwidth, as shown in
In one embodiment, the downlink and uplink transmission is arranged through frequency division duplexing (FDD). In this case, an RF duplexer is used to separate the transmission and receiving. In another embodiment, the downlink and uplink transmission is arranged through time division duplexing (TDD). In this case, a time switch controls the transmission and receiving.
In another embodiment, CDMA is used for downlink and uplink transmission. To further enhance the data rate of downlink, an additional OFDM channel is used as shown in
In one embodiment, CDMA transmitter and receiver pairs in each of the communication systems are implemented as a CDMA transceiver. In one embodiment both systems include a CDMA transceiver and an OFDM transceiver, which comprises an OFDM transmitter and OFDM receiver.
In one embodiment, referred to herein as turbo mode, each channel (e.g., CDMA downlink, CDMA uplink, and OFDM downlink) occupies a different spectrum. For example, a CDMA downlink can use a 5 MHz channel in the frequency range 2110-2170 MHz and a CDMA uplink can use a 5 MHz channel in the range 1920-1980 MHz, while an OFDM downlink can use a 5 or 10 MHz channel at higher frequency range. In turbo mode, the pilot signals for subscriber unit synchronization can be carried over either the downlink CDMA channel or the downlink OFDM channel. The power control signals can also be carried over either the downlink CDMA channel or the downlink OFDM channel. When a pair of CDMA uplink and downlink channels has already been established, such as the IS-95 CDMA systems or the UMTS W-CDMA systems, it is preferable to use the downlink CDMA channel for uplink synchronization and power control and to use the beacon symbols, pilot symbols, pilot subcarriers embedded in the OFDM channel for the receiving of the downlink OFDM signals. The overhead of these synchronization symbols may be further reduced, if the synchronization signals of the CDMA downlink are efficiently utilized.
An Exemplary Subcarrier/Cluster Allocation Procedure
Referring to
Next, each subscriber continuously monitors the reception of the pilot symbols and measures the SINR and/or other parameters, including inter-cell interference and intra-cell traffic, of each cluster (processing block 1302). Based on this information, each subscriber selects one or more clusters with good performance (e.g., high SINR and low traffic loading) relative to each other and feeds back the information on these candidate clusters to the base station through redefined uplink access channels (processing block 1303). For example, SINR values higher than 10 dB may indicate good performance. Likewise, a cluster utilization factor less than 50% may be indicative of good performance. Each subscriber selects the clusters with relatively better performance than others. The selection results in each subscriber selecting clusters they would prefer to use based on the measured parameters.
In one embodiment, each subscriber measures the SINR of each subcarrier cluster and reports these SINR measurements to their base station through an access channel. The SINR value may comprise the average of the SINR values of each of the subcarriers in the cluster. Alternatively, the SINR value for the cluster may be the worst SINR among the SINR values of the subcarriers in the cluster. In still another embodiment, a weighted averaging of SINR values of the subcarriers in the cluster is used to generate an SINR value for the cluster. This may be particularly useful in diversity clusters where the weighting applied to the subcarriers may be different.
The feedback of information from each subscriber to the base station contains a SINR value for each cluster and also indicates the coding/modulation rate that the subscriber desires to use. No cluster index is needed to indicate which SINR value in the feedback corresponds to which cluster as long as the order of information in the feedback is known to the base station. In an alternative embodiment, the information in the feedback is ordered according to which clusters have the best performance relative to each other for the subscriber. In such a case, an index is needed to indicate to which cluster the accompanying SINR value corresponds.
Upon receiving the feedback from a subscriber, the base station further selects one or more clusters for the subscriber among the candidates (processing block 1304). The base station may utilize additional information available at the base station, e.g., the traffic load information on each subcarrier, amount of traffic requests queued at the base station for each frequency band, whether frequency bands are overused, and how long a subscriber has been waiting to send information. The subcarrier loading information of neighboring cells can also be exchanged between base stations. The base stations can use this information in subcarrier allocation to reduce inter-cell interference.
After cluster selection, the base station notifies the subscriber about the cluster allocation through a downlink common control channel or through a dedicated downlink traffic channel if the connection to the subscriber has already been established (processing block 1305). In one embodiment, the base station also informs the subscriber about the appropriate modulation/coding rates.
Once the basic communication link is established, each subscriber can continue to send the feedback to the base station using a dedicated traffic channel (e.g., one or more predefined uplink access channels).
In one embodiment, the base station allocates all the clusters to be used by a subscriber at once. In an alternative embodiment, the base station first allocates multiple clusters, referred to herein as the basic clusters, to establish a data link between the base station and the subscriber. The base station then subsequently allocates more clusters, referred to herein as the auxiliary clusters, to the subscriber to increase the communication bandwidth. Higher priorities can be given to the assignment of basic clusters and lower priorities may be given to that of auxiliary clusters. For example, the base station first ensures the assignment of the basic clusters to the subscribers and then tries to satisfy further requests on the auxiliary clusters from the subscribers. Alternatively, the base station may assign auxiliary clusters to one or more subscribers before allocating basic clusters to other subscribers. For example, a base station may allocate basic and auxiliary clusters to one subscriber before allocating any clusters to other subscribers. In one embodiment, the base station allocates basic clusters to a new subscriber and then determines if there are any other subscribers requesting clusters. If not, then the base station allocates the auxiliary clusters to that new subscriber.
From time to time, processing logic performs retraining by repeating the process described above (processing block 1306). The retaining may be performed periodically. This retraining compensates for subscriber movement and any changes in interference. In one embodiment, each subscriber reports to the base station its updated selection of clusters and their associated SINRs. Then the base station further performs the reselection and informs the subscriber about the new cluster allocation. Retraining can be initiated by the base station, and in which case, the base station requests a specific subscriber to report its updated cluster selection. Retraining can also be initiated by the subscriber when it observes channel deterioration.
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
In one embodiment, different modulation and coding rates are used to support reliable transmission over channels with different SINR. Signal spreading over multiple subcarriers may also be used to improve the reliability at very low SINR.
An example coding/modulation table is given below in Table 1.
In the example above, ⅛ spreading indicates that one QPSK modulation symbol is repeated over eight subcarriers. The repetition/spreading may also be extended to the time domain. For example, one QPSK symbol can be repeated over four subcarriers of two OFDM symbols, resulting also ⅛ spreading.
The coding/modulation rate can be adaptively changed according to the channel conditions observed at the receiver after the initial cluster allocation and rate selection.
Pilot Symbols and SINR Measurement
In one embodiment, each base station transmits pilot symbols simultaneously, and each pilot symbol occupies the entire OFDM frequency bandwidth, as shown in FIGS. 14A-C. Referring to
A subscriber estimates the SINR for each cluster from the pilot symbols. In one embodiment, the subscriber first estimates the channel response, including the amplitude and phase, as if there is no interference or noise. Once the channel is estimated, the subscriber calculates the interference/noise from the received signal.
The estimated SINR values may be ordered from largest to smallest SINRs and the clusters with large SINR values are selected. In one embodiment, the selected clusters have SINR values that are larger than the minimum SINR which still allows a reliable (albeit low-rate) transmission supported by the system. The number of clusters selected may depend on the feedback bandwidth and the request transmission rate. In one embodiment, the subscriber always tries to send the information about as many clusters as possible from which the base station chooses.
The estimated SINR values are also used to choose the appropriate coding/modulation rate for each cluster as discussed above. By using an appropriate SINR indexing scheme, an SINR index may also indicate a particular coding and modulation rate that a subscriber desires to use. Note that even for the same subscribers, different clusters can have different modulation/coding rates.
Pilot symbols serve an additional purpose in determining interference among the cells. Since the pilots of multiple cells are broadcast at the same time, they will interfere with each other (because they occupy the entire frequency band). This collision of pilot symbols may be used to determine the amount of interference as a worst case scenario. Therefore, in one embodiment, the above SINR estimation using this method is conservative in that the measured interference level is the worst-case scenario, assuming that all the interference sources are on. Thus, the structure of pilot symbols is such that it occupies the entire frequency band and causes collisions among different cells for use in detecting the worst case SINR in packet transmission systems.
During data traffic periods, the subscribers can determine the level of interference again. The data traffic periods are used to estimate the intra-cell traffic as well as the inter-cell interference level. Specifically, the power difference during the pilot and traffic periods may be used to sense the (intra-cell) traffic loading and inter-cell interference to select the desirable clusters.
The interference level on certain clusters may be lower, because these clusters may be unused in the neighboring cells. For example, in
The modulation/coding rate based on this estimation is robust to frequent interference changes resulted from bursty packet transmission. This is because the rate prediction is based on the worst case situation in which all interference sources are transmitting.
In one embodiment, a subscriber utilizes the information available from both the pilot symbol periods and the data traffic periods to analyze the presence of both the intra-cell traffic load and inter-cell interference. The goal of the subscriber is to provide an indication to the base station as to those clusters that the subscriber desires to use. Ideally, the result of the selection by the subscriber is clusters with high channel gain, low interference from other cells, and high availability. The subscriber provides feedback information that includes the results, listing desired clusters in order or not as described herein.
Referring to
Cluster ordering and rate prediction processing block 1503 is coupled to outputs of channel/interference estimation processing block 1501 and traffic/interference analysis processing block 1502 to perform cluster ordering and selection along with rate prediction.
The output of cluster ordering processing block 1503 is input to cluster request processing block 1504, which requests clusters and modulation/coding rates. Indications of these selections are sent to the base station. In one embodiment, the SINR on each cluster is reported to the base station through an access channel. The information is used for cluster selection to avoid clusters with heavy intra-cell traffic loading and/or strong interference from other cells. That is, a new subscriber may not be allocated use of a particular cluster if heavy intra-cell traffic loading already exists with respect to that cluster. Also, clusters may not be allocated if the interference is so strong that the SINR only allows for low-rate transmission or no reliable transmission at all.
The channel/interference estimation by processing block 1501 is well-known in the art by monitoring the interference that is generated due to full-bandwidth pilot symbols being simultaneously broadcast in multiple cells. The interface information is forwarded to processing block 1502 which uses the information to solve the following equation:
The interference information from processing blocks 1501 and 1502 are used by the subscriber to select desirable clusters. In one embodiment, using processing block 1503, the subscriber orders clusters and also predicts the data rate that would be available using such clusters. The predicted data rate information may be obtained from a look up table with precalculated data rate values. Such a look up table may store the pairs of each SINR and its associated desirable transmission rate. Based on this information, the subscriber selects clusters that it desires to use based on predetermined performance criteria. Using the ordered list of clusters, the subscriber requests the desired clusters along with coding and modulation rates known to the subscriber to achieve desired data rates.
Referring to
More specifically, in one embodiment, the signal power of each cluster during the pilot periods is compared with that during the traffic periods, according to the following:
In one embodiment, the subscriber selects clusters with relatively large PP/(PP−PD) (e.g., larger than a threshold such as 10 dB) and avoids clusters with low PP|(PP−PD) (e.g., lower than a threshold such as 10 dB) when possible.
Alternatively, the difference may be based on the energy difference between observed samples during the pilot period and during the data traffic period for: each of the subcarriers in a cluster such as the following:
Depending on the actual implementation, a subscriber may use the following metric, a combined function of both SINR and PP−P D, to select the clusters:
Both the measurement of SINR and PP−PD can be averaged over time to reduce variance and improve accuracy. In one embodiment, a moving-average time window is used that is long enough to average out the statistical abnormity yet short enough to capture the time-varying nature of channel and interference, e.g., 1 millisecond.
Feedback Format for Downlink Cluster Allocation
In one embodiment, for the downlink, the feedback contains both the indices of selected clusters and their SINR. An exemplary format for arbitrary cluster feedback is shown in
Typically, an index to the SINR level, instead of the SINR itself is sufficient to indicate the appropriate coding/modulation for the cluster. For example, a 3-bit field can be used for SINR indexing to indicate 8 different rates of adaptive coding/modulation.
An Exemplary Base Station
The base station assigns desirable clusters to the subscriber making the request. In one embodiment, the availability of the cluster for allocation to a subscriber depends on the total traffic load on the cluster. Therefore, the base station selects the clusters not only with high SINR, but also with low traffic load.
In one embodiment, controller 1801 also performs admission control to user access since it knows the traffic load of the system. This may be performed by controlling user data buffers 1802 using admission control signals 1810.
The packet data of user 1-N are stored in the user data buffers 1802. For downlink, with the control of controller 1801, multiplexer 1803 loads the user data to cluster data buffers (for cluster 1-M) waiting to be transmitted. For the uplink, multiplexer 1803 sends the data in the cluster buffers to the corresponding user buffers. Cluster buffer 1804 stores the signal to be transmitted through OFDM transceiver 1805 (for downlink) and the signal received from transceiver 1805. In one embodiment, each user might occupy multiple clusters and each cluster might be shared by multiple users (in a time-division-multiplexing fashion).
Whereas many alterations and modifications of the present invention will no doubt become apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the art after having read the foregoing description, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment shown and described by way of illustration is in no way intended to be considered limiting. Therefore, references to details of various embodiments are not intended to limit the scope of the claims which in themselves recite only those features regarded as essential to the invention.
Referenced by
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Govt to US official: No Tibet politics in Nepal
Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs Narayankaji Shrestha on Sunday reaffirmed that Nepal will not allow Tibetan refugees to conduct political activities in the country.
In a meeting with visiting US Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy and Human Rights, Maria Otero, Shrestha said the government had provided asylum to refuges on humanitarian grounds and hence they are not supposed to conduct political activities in Nepali territory.
Otero, who arrived on a three-day visit to Kathmandu on Saturday, also called on Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai on Sunday afternoon. During the discussions, Bhattarai briefed the US official on efforts being made by the government to end the current political impasse.
Otero is scheduled to meet Tibetan youths and teachers and Bhutanese refugees during her stay in Nepal.
She is also scheduled to hold a briefing with NGO representatives on anti-human trafficking and meet interlocutors of the International Organization for Migration.
Posted on: 2012-11-19 08:33


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New eligibility challenge reaches Supreme Court Attorney calls for recusal of Obama judicial appointees…
New eligibility challenge reaches Supreme Court
Attorney calls for recusal of Obama judicial appointees
Posted: December 30, 2010
11:00 pm Eastern
By Bob Unruh
© 2010 WorldNetDaily
Another legal challenge to Barack Obama's eligibility to occupy the White House has been docketed for consideration before the U.S. Supreme Court, and the plaintiff this time formally is asking that the justices appointed by Obama, the "respondent" in the case, be excluded.
"There is a widespread perception among 'conservative' media figures such as Rush Limbaugh and Mark Levin that judicial appointments have been made by the respondent Obama with the expectation of favors in return. This has combined with a campaign of ridicule and 'unthinkability' on these serious issues led by the press spokesman of the respondent Obama among others," said a "motion to recuse" submitted by attorneys working on behalf of Gregory S. Hollister, a retired military officer.
The motion cites Elena Kagan and Sonia Sotomayor, both of whom were awarded the lifetime tenure positions on probably the most influential court in the world by Obama.
Get the free, in-depth special report on eligibility that could bring an end to Obama's presidency
"What is very much at issue here is the question of public perception. Will this court be bound by the Constitution and the law that it sets out under the Constitution? It is important that this court, above all institutions, preserves and protects the Constitution and a rule of law based upon it," the motion states.
(Story continues below)
It also reminded the justices of the verbal attack they sustained from Obama at last year's State of the Union address, when Obama publicly criticized their ruling in an election case.
"We would think that this is particularly the case in light of the historically unprecedented attack on this court's determination to uphold the constitutional rule of law engaged in by the respondent Obama during the State of the Union Address that he gave in January of 2010. It is as if he and those working with him and backing him believe that this court and the federal judiciary can be manipulated and intimidated in the manner that investigations have revealed as having occurred in the courts of Cook County, Illinois.
Devvy's Email Alerts: Do you know that "Federal" judges have ruled you as a parent have NO right to object to your minor child being subjected to filthy porn disguesed as sex education — graphic material that should never, ever be shown to children? "/From brainwashing children to institutions of "higher education" — how can parents remain silent when their precious children are literally being sexually and mentally abused in schools across this country?
Posted on my web site with links; www.devvy.com
From brainwashing children to institutions of "higher education" — how can parents remain silent when their precious children are literally being sexually and mentally abused in schools across this country?
Do you know that "Federal" judges have ruled you as a parent have NO right to object to your minor child being subjected to filthy porn disguesed as sex education — graphic material that should never, ever be shown to children? "
In the 1995 First Circuit Court of Appeals case Brown v. Hot, Sexy, and Safer Productions, Inc. the court acknowledged as fact that "he minor teenagers in this case were compelled to attend a sexually explicit AIDS awareness assembly without prior parent approval," and "the defendants' failure to provide opt-out procedures … displayed a certain callousness towards the sensibilities of the minors…." Nevertheless, the court held that no constitutional rights of the parents or the children had been violated. (To read more about the court's decision, click here).
Why is Megyn Kelly refusing to ask tough questions about Obama's background?
Why is Megyn Kelly refusing to ask tough questions about Obama's background?
December 31, 2010
Dear Editor:
The following email was sent to Megyn Kelly of Fox News in response to her recent coverage of those questioning Barack Hussein Obama's constitutional eligibility to serve as president:
From: David LaRocque
Sent: Thu 12/30/10 3:18 PM
To: email@example.com
I was looking forward to your coverage of the birther issue this morning in connection with Gov. Abercrombie's recent call for the release of Obama's original Hawaii long-form birth certificate.
True Grit Redux…
True Grit Redux
Townhall.com ^ | December 31, 2010 | Suzanne Fields
Posted on Friday, December 31, 2010 3:28:39 PM by Kaslin
"True Grit" is a tale whose time had come and gone. It's the good fortune of a new generation that its time has come again. The novel by Charles Portis, which sold only about 25,000 copies between 2007 and 2009, has been bought by 10,000 new readers since the new version of the movie opened this month.
In an age when twittering conversation is limited to 140 characters, where children become chubby couch potatoes changing channels with a remote control or playing war games moving fantasy soldiers around on a screen, Mattie Ross is an authentic heroine — lean, mean, articulate and downright inspirational at the toughened age of 14.
Net Neutrality 2011: What Storms May Come
Net Neutrality 2011: What Storms May Come
Internet News ^ | Dec 30, 2010 | Kenneth Corbin
Posted on Friday, December 31, 2010 2:51:17 PM by dila813
Both Republican commissioners have predicted that the new rules will ultimately be struck down, along the same lines as the Comcast case.
While many critics of expanded FCC regulation over broadband providers have at least feigned support of the action (while notably reserving final judgment until they can thoroughly review the 194-page report and order), Verizon took a more hostile view. Tom Tauke, a former congressman and the telecommunications giant's top lobbyist, said the company is "deeply concerned" by the order, calling it an "assertion of authority without solid statutory underpinnings."
While no industry group has yet initiated a legal challenge, analysts say it's only a matter of time. Rebecca Arbogast of Stifel Nicolaus, a former bureau chief at the FCC, said that while congressional Republicans will have a hard time winning enough Democrats over to their side to overturn the rules and skirt a presidential veto, "litigation prospects will depend on the strength of the FCC's order, the parties that are challenging it, and the court that hears the case."
You Are A Terrorist
– Prison Planet.com – http://www.prisonplanet.com –
You Are A Terrorist
Posted By admin On December 21, 2010 @ 6:31 am In Featured Stories,News In Focus,Paul Watson Articles | 188 Comments
Being a "nice guy," supporting Ron Paul and talking about the Constitution all signs of terror, according to fusion centers now overseeing massive surveillance program of American people
Paul Joseph Watson
Prison Planet.com [1]
Tuesday, December 21, 2010
While the establishment constantly invokes the contrived terror threat as justification for the announcement that your every activity is being sent to federal fusion centers, those same fusion centers have been busy defining peaceful assembly, non-violent protest and criticism of the government as domestic terrorism. According to the government's own definition of what constitutes terrorist activity – you are a terrorist.
There's no doubt that the Washington Post's eight page "Monitoring America" story [2] is correct when it states that Homeland Security is building a gargantuan database of every website you visit, every email you send and every phone conversation you have in order to genuinely hunt down terrorists.
The problem is, according to numerous law enforcement advisories, training manuals, seminars and other literature, the federal government defines political activism, flying American flags, wearing Levi jeans, being nice, looking "normal" and going scuba diving all as signs of domestic terror.
By encouraging Americans to "report suspicious activity" that includes such behavior, the feds are knowingly on a mission to chill political dissent, by making people afraid to exercise their constitutional rights in the fear that their neighbors will turn them in to the authorities unless they rigidly control their behavior and don't risk even patently benign activities being misconstrued.
The following is a list of behaviors, actions or interests that the federal government, via centralized threat fusion centers that collate such information, considers to be potential signs of terrorism under the MIAC Report [3].
– Displaying bumper stickers and other paraphernalia associated with the Constitutional, Campaign for Liberty, and Libertarian parties
Krauthammer: Obama can't pass laws — so he rewrites the rules (governing by regulation)
Krauthammer: Obama can't pass laws — so he rewrites the rules (governing by regulation)
New York Daily News ^ | Friday, December 31st 2010 | Charles Krauthammer
Posted on Friday, December 31, 2010 1:35:16 PM by presidio9
Most people don't remember Obamacare's notorious Section 1233, mandating government payments for end-of-life counseling. It aroused so much anxiety as a possible first slippery step on the road to state-mandated late-life rationing that the Senate never included it in the final health care law.
Well, it's back – by administrative fiat. A month ago, Medicare issued a regulation providing for end-of-life counseling during annual "wellness" visits. It was all nicely buried amid the simultaneous release of hundreds of new Medicare rules.
Rep. Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore., author of Section 1233, was delighted. "Mr. Blumenauer's office celebrated 'a quiet victory,' but urged supporters not to crow about it," reports The New York Times. Deathly quiet. In early November, his office sent an e-mail plea to supporters: "We would ask that you not broadcast this accomplishment out to any of your lists . . . e-mails can too easily be forwarded." They had been lucky that "thus far, it seems that no press or blogs have discovered it. . . . The longer this (regulation) goes unnoticed, the better our chances of keeping it."


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The Prosperity Group are here to create positive change in your life. We take the time to get to know you, understand what's most important to you and then manage change in your life to help you prosper. Our lives are becoming … Read more
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Skip to Section Subnavigation Skip to Page Content
Skip to Page Content
The Lawrenceville School is excited to launch its new and improved website! Visitors will immediately notice the site's streamlined navigation and mobile-friendly design (check out the site on your smartphone, too!). The new look now aligns with the visual branding that the School developed with its award-winning "Prospectus" and "Admission Travel Brochure." Throughout the site, current photos are matched with illustrations of historic Lawrenceville to further emphasize the juxtaposition between the School's history and its modern campus. Photography galleries and video from Flickr and YouTube can now be embedded on all pages, and the School's Facebook page and Twitter account are easily accessible from Lawrenceville's homepage.
Other exciting new features include:
Language Translation
From the homepage, the site now offers visitors the ability to translate the website into nine languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, German, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Spanish, and Thai.
iCalendar Feed
Subscribing to the iCalendar (iCal) feed allows you to select specific Lawrenceville calendar events, which then will import the feed into your personal calendar program, and updates will be pushed to you. To subscribe to the website iCal feed visit the iCalendar feed page for further instructions.
My Alerts
This spring, users will be able to sign up for notification via email and/or SMS text message when content is added or changed. This feature will be used for "News" and "Athletic " announcements.
Mobile Website
The new mobile site offers smartphone users the ability to access School news, athletic scores, calendar of events, giving online, and so much more. Simply enter www.lawrenceville.org from your smartphone to reach the mobile site.
Mega Navigation
On the homepage, when visitors scroll over the main navigation headings (such as "About, "Academics," or "Athletics") they will see a "mega nav." This feature offers highlights of each main navigation heading, as well as links to all categories under that particular heading.
The biggest changes to the site have happened behind the scenes. The site now boasts a cutting-edge content management system (CMS) which allows Lawrenceville staff members to make easier, faster updates to the site. Various individual departments will now be responsible for maintaining their sections on the website, with the webmaster acting as "quality control" and final approval of live posting of content.
The new site was built with Silverpoint.net in conjunction with Lawrenceville staff and faculty. Silverpoint will provide continued support and host the site on one of its off-campus servers.
For additional information on all Lawrenceville School news, please contact Lisa M. Gillard Hanson, director of public relations, at firstname.lastname@example.com.


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About this blogHi! I'm Buffy. I'm not a vampire slayer but I do love sinking my teeth into social media -- from Facebook to Foursquare. I hope you join me as I explore the digital landscape and have some fun along the way.
Buffy's World
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Category Archives: Twitter
Use Clicktotweet to help drive traffic
One of our reporters asked if I knew any tools she could use to hyperlink a quote and have it automatically tweet out along with the story link. One of the tools I use is Clicktotweet. You enter the quote you think … Continue reading
Posted in Tech tools, Twitter, Uncategorized Tagged clicktotweet Comments Off on Use Clicktotweet to help drive traffic
Find anyone's first tweet
My first tweet was at 5:33 p.m. April 16, 2009. It consisted of three word: Editing a story. Now you can find anyone's first Tweet just by entering their @username on this site.
Posted in Twitter Comments Off on Find anyone's first tweet
DMs can now include photos
You can now send photos via private messages on Twitter. WOOT! I like being able to include a photo in a Direct Message. This is one feature I think I will use a lot. The mobile app also has a … Continue reading
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National Park Service launches Civil War Twitter feed
The National Park Service now has a Twitter feed, @NPSCivilWarNews, for news on the Civil War and programs related to the 150th anniversary. The feed will provide information on programs and news at Civil War parks. Read stories, look through photo galleries … Continue reading
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Study looks at future of Twitter
According to this Twitter study, the micro-blogging tool might become less interactive and more of an advertising medium. According to the study, as the social media tool matures, more people will likely be consuming content on Twitter rather than producing … Continue reading
Posted in Tech tools, Twitter Tagged advertising, Twitter Comments Off on Study looks at future of Twitter
Time lists top Twitter feeds to follow
Check out Time's list of top Twitter feeds to following in a plethora of categories, from health and family to celebrities to business and finance.
Twitter tool tracks Oscar buzz
Check out this Twitter tool that tracks Oscar buzz. It features key dates, a widget that streams Oscar tweets, and the Twindex, which measures how Twitter Users are referring to Academy Award nominees relative to the overall conversation on Twitter … Continue reading
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Five cool Twitter tools
Buffy Andrews of Buffy's World shares five cool Twitter tools.
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Twitter Fiction Festival: the social media tools I used to tell story Brain Invaders
Buffy Andrews of Buffy's World discusses what social media tools she used to tweet "Brain Invaders" during the Twitter Fiction Festival.
Posted in Twitter Tagged ebook, epublishing, fiction, storytelling, Twitter Fiction Festival Comments Off on Twitter Fiction Festival: the social media tools I used to tell story Brain Invaders
Read my Twitter Fiction: Brain Invaders
Hey gang, beginning at 11 a.m. Thursday, Nov. 29, I'll be tweeting my novel, "Brain Invaders" from @Brain_Invaders. Here's the deets on my Twitter Fiction.
Posted in Twitter Tagged Twitter Fiction, Twitter Fiction Festival Comments Off on Read my Twitter Fiction: Brain Invaders


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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post444003450913889526..comments2015-07-29T21:08:17.850-07:00Comments on Life's a feast: LEMON CHIFFON PIEJamiehttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-18951374102645770682012-08-17T16:45:29.965-07:002012-08-17T16:45:29.965-07:00Very pretty ~ perfect for a summer dinner party! A...Very pretty ~ perfect for a summer dinner party! And a lovely post as always, bringing back summertime memories :-) I recently made some delicious lemon tarts as part of a summery trio of desserts, folding whipped cream into my freshly made lemon curd ~ and decorated with fresh raspberries and mint. I think you would have loved these too ... I must post a photo of them on Flickr!

All the best,

marie, the EpicureanPiranhamarie, the ©EpicureanPiranhahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-46017406422081013032012-07-01T21:35:03.181-07:002012-07-01T21:35:03.181-07:00I have never made chiffon before, but I am totally...I have never made chiffon before, but I am totally interested. The pie looks so light and airy. It looks beautiful, and sounds AMAZING! Hugs, TerraTerrahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-8579498774248028792012-06-29T01:26:49.579-07:002012-06-29T01:26:49.579-07:00What wonderful memories.... and the pie - reminds ...What wonderful memories.... and the pie - reminds me of my childhood LOLkatiezhttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-76026424231303104442012-06-24T20:26:31.724-07:002012-06-24T20:26:31.724-07:00This is such a sweet memory of your father and tou...This is such a sweet memory of your father and touches my heart particularly because he is a gardener as well. I'm going to save this recipe. The cloud-like fluffiness and lemon flavors are making me yearn for it.Fresh Local and Besthttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-78331148487090620162012-06-24T11:02:07.281-07:002012-06-24T11:02:07.281-07:00wow this pie looks absolutely divine! like eating ...wow this pie looks absolutely divine! like eating lemon clouds :)Jo W.http://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-68281824968073778222012-06-24T11:01:28.194-07:002012-06-24T11:01:28.194-07:00wow this pie looks absolutely divine. like eating ...wow this pie looks absolutely divine. like eating lemon cloudsJo W.http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-88183875103068617332012-06-23T13:13:35.755-07:002012-06-23T13:13:35.755-07:00I love the stories of your father. What incredibl...I love the stories of your father. What incredible memories you have of growing up. This lemon pie is the summertime dessert if I have ever seen one! So light and luscious...I will remember this recipe when I need dessert for guests in the coming months.bunkycookshttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-40112091680879308582012-06-21T22:34:44.532-07:002012-06-21T22:34:44.532-07:00Your dad sounds like he was a great Dad Jamie. The...Your dad sounds like he was a great Dad Jamie. The childhood reflections are always my favourite ... Such a sense of calm and love from your words this Friday morning in Ireland ... Oh and the pie looks like one the chef will be making here soon. Have a lovely weekend xWiseMónahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-30515709978355012272012-06-21T08:03:11.711-07:002012-06-21T08:03:11.711-07:00That is some kind of mouth watering, that chiffon ...That is some kind of mouth watering, that chiffon pie with it's air dimpled, lofty texture... well done!

A lemon tree is a small fantasy of mine that may have to come to fruition in the confines of a glass structure. But I'm flexible.wendy@chezchloehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-22184757112112409252012-06-21T07:10:30.670-07:002012-06-21T07:10:30.670-07:00What a beautiful post!! So touching and nostalgic....What a beautiful post!! So touching and nostalgic.Your father sounds such an exceptional person, a brilliant mind, yet a homely man. Loved it. And loved the pie.Minnie@thelady8homehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-65929617282345480402012-06-21T05:53:57.647-07:002012-06-21T05:53:57.647-07:00My dad loves this pie, Jamie. I have been thinking...My dad loves this pie, Jamie. I have been thinking of making it for him, and then there it is! I know this recipe will be dynamite.
I just attended a Food and Wine writers workshop in the Okanagan which was so inspiring. I still am not finding time to write. I am working at making it a priority as it has not been a priority in the past. The recipe has. I hope that will chenge as it is your captivating writing that draws me here.
:)
VA Canadian Foodiehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-43201052101524029602012-06-21T05:24:43.055-07:002012-06-21T05:24:43.055-07:00I just love reading your stories and reminiscences...I just love reading your stories and reminiscences, Jamie. They are genuine and heartfelt and beautifully written. I can't think of a nicer way to cool off on a hot summer day than with a slice of your beautiful lemon chiffon pie ~ which I much prefer to the more popular lemon meringue pie. I'm going to a BBQ this weekend. I might take along this pie as dessert. Thanks for sharing the recipe. Happy to be part of Pie Party with you!domenicacookshttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-7061495614241559812012-06-21T03:17:45.718-07:002012-06-21T03:17:45.718-07:00Jamie, what a wonderful chiffon pie for your dad! ...Jamie, what a wonderful chiffon pie for your dad! What a character, what an amazing achievement with his NASA operations, the lemon tree and his garden. Wonderful reading as ever!Jill Colonnahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-20893371975665652862012-06-21T02:59:48.971-07:002012-06-21T02:59:48.971-07:00how luscious this pie looks Jamie. I remeber we ha...how luscious this pie looks Jamie. I remeber we had a lemon tree in our backyard when we lived in Florida too. Although my dad was not much of a gardener he loved the fruit the trees beared.Meeta K. Wolffhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-40927973752450750862012-06-21T00:03:46.990-07:002012-06-21T00:03:46.990-07:00hi Jamie Thanks for the lemon chiffon pie recipe. ...hi Jamie
Thanks for the lemon chiffon pie recipe.
I'll create one for sure, my kids are gonna like it :)
If you don't mind, can you submit your lemon chiffon pie photo in http://www.foodporn.net ?
It's a food photography site full of all DIY food pictures from members around the world. Or perhaps you'd like to submit by yourself? Let me know when you did, so I can share it.Devadattahttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-85518540471199322112012-06-20T21:04:25.599-07:002012-06-20T21:04:25.599-07:00What a beautiful connect. Only you could weave so ...What a beautiful connect. Only you could weave so much nostalgia into a food story dahlin'...this is one gorgeous pie. My lime tree in the backyard is 15 years old, gave me 2 flowers and still no limes! I shall make this pie soon. It looks light and delicious! YUM!!Deeba PABhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-30853051432957898882012-06-20T20:48:35.928-07:002012-06-20T20:48:35.928-07:00Your dad must have been a wonderful father and the...Your dad must have been a wonderful father and the garden was his place to relax and unwind after a hard week's work. The Lemon chiffon pie looks wonderful.Ivyhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-19936222875995036092012-06-20T17:53:09.751-07:002012-06-20T17:53:09.751-07:00My dad is an ocean away and I was brave enough and...My dad is an ocean away and I was brave enough and didn't shred a tear on Father's day but your post made me cry. I love the way you talk about your dad. He must be such a wonderful person, just like my dad.
Beautiful pieRoxana GreenGirl {A little bit of everything}http://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-5955873632886407662012-06-20T14:55:54.716-07:002012-06-20T14:55:54.716-07:00Great story and recipe Jamie! You made the picture...Great story and recipe Jamie! You made the pictures come alive in my mind: your true gift!!
xoxo Karinkarin@yumandmorehttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-34549296023383181442012-06-20T12:35:12.515-07:002012-06-20T12:35:12.515-07:00Love, Love this post and this story about your fat...Love, Love this post and this story about your father and his garden. Love the retro pie too. It looks luscious.Lorahttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-88826221715439019472012-06-20T08:06:34.118-07:002012-06-20T08:06:34.118-07:00I wish I lived near you, then I would visit and ea...I wish I lived near you, then I would visit and eat all your delicious sweet and savory treats! Thank you for always making me feel like I've curled up with a good book while reading your posts. I'm not sure what has me wanting more... your words or recipes.Georgiehttp://email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-74393051349011148472012-06-20T07:18:28.974-07:002012-06-20T07:18:28.974-07:00I meant to comment earlier when I read this. I lo...I meant to comment earlier when I read this. I love the stories you tell about your father... what a fabulous guy. He sounds like a real gem.

And this pie... retro? yes. Fabulous? Absolutely! I've had lemon chiffon pie a few times and it's up there as being one of my favorites. Great post for the Pie Party!A Thought For Foodhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-7311104022940997712012-06-20T06:26:40.373-07:002012-06-20T06:26:40.373-07:00Great post! This was my favourite pie as a child. ...Great post! This was my favourite pie as a child. I had a recipe I always used to make with my mom, which used condensed milk and a graham cracker crust. But for some reason, when I first tried to make it in college without her, it totally flopped. I was teased mercilessly by the friends who saw and tasted it, and I never made it again. Maybe I should try and find that recipe and dust it (and my ego) off?Rubyhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-297135379247226762012-06-20T05:47:13.661-07:002012-06-20T05:47:13.661-07:00I love your stories, especially about your dad. I ...I love your stories, especially about your dad. I think dragging home a lemon tree is something my father (who was also an engineer) would have done, too, if we lived in a more southern climate.Lydia (The Perfect Pantry)http://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-7435765198465520140.post-80376010612437909882012-06-20T05:24:54.730-07:002012-06-20T05:24:54.730-07:00Love your stories and pics:) This pie sounds and ...Love your stories and pics:) This pie sounds and looks so good .La Table De Nanahttp://email@example.com


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Groceries for Neighbors in Need
Serving Charlotte Mecklenburg NC
Our organization thrives because of the support of our community. If you are interested in furthering our mission to feed the hungry in Charlotte, please read below.
- What is Loaves & Fishes?
Loaves & Fishes is a nonprofit emergency food pantry program which provides a week's worth of groceries to people in crisis in Charlotte Mecklenburg. Loaves & Fishes began in 1975 when a handful of people in our community recognized the growing hunger needs in our area and opened a single food pantry to address those needs. In 1975, Loaves & Fishes fed approximately 1,000 people. Since 1975, Loaves & Fishes has grown to a network of 20 pantries located throughout Mecklenburg County. Loaves & Fishes served 78,602 people in 2014.
- What is an emergency food program?
Loaves & Fishes was created to meet emergency food needs brought about by a crisis situation. Loaves & Fishes sees its mission as providing a hand up in a crisis, not a hand out which fosters dependency upon our program as a regular food source. Therefore, clients are screened to determine need and may only visit a pantry once every forty-five days to prevent dependency.
- How can an individual or family receive services?
Clients must have a referral to receive services from Loaves & Fishes to assure that only those truly in need are served. Charlotte Mecklenburg Human Service Agencies, qualified ministries, local clergy, school counselors, and medical providers screen and evaluate cases. After screening, clients are sent to one of Loaves & Fishes' pantries to receive a week's worth of groceries for themselves and their family members.
- After receiving a referral to Loaves & Fishes, how do clients receive groceries and what type of food is provided?
Loaves & Fishes uses the Client Choice model in our full size pantries. This model allows clients to come into the pantry and choose a specified number of foods from each food category based on family size (proteins, grains, vegetables, fruits, etc.). They receive enough groceries to prepare a week's worth of meals. Client Choice gives clients some control over the foods they choose rather than receiving prebagged groceries. It also requires clients to invest time in the process. The food categories and quantities were determined by a Registered Dietitian. Groceries include nonperishable food such as cereal, canned ravioli, vegetables, and fruit; perishable items such as fresh meat, eggs, cheese, and yogurt; and personal care items including toothbrushes, soap, and toilet paper.
- How often can someone visit Loaves & Fishes?
Clients may visit a Loaves & Fishes' pantry no more than once in forty-five days. Clients are encouraged to use Loaves & Fishes as an emergency food service, not as a regular food source. During 2014, 38% of clients visited a pantry only once, 21% twice, and 15% three times.
- Who works for Loaves & Fishes?
The vast majority of Loaves & Fishes' work is done by nearly 4,000 volunteers that are actively involved in our program. Their duties include purchasing food, stocking pantry shelves, portioning the food into requirements established by dietitians, and serving our clients. Volunteers staff the telephone center, which takes referrals and forwards them to the appropriate pantry to serve the client. Loaves & Fishes has a staff of eight full-time people and three part-time people. A Board of Directors sets policies and is responsible for fund raising.
- What is the difference between Loaves & Fishes and a food bank?
Loaves & Fishes is a network of emergency food pantries which provides food directly to hungry people in Mecklenburg County. A food bank, such as Second Harvest Food Bank, is a regional food recovery program which gathers and warehouses surplus products donated by the food industry. Food banks usually serve an entire region, and provide shopping privileges to emergency food programs like Loaves & Fishes and other non-profit agencies. Food banks do not feed hungry people directly, but rather distribute food via other agencies such as Loaves & Fishes, soup kitchens, and shelters.
- Is Loaves & Fishes a United Way Agency?
No. Because Loaves & Fishes fills such a basic need in our community providing emergency food - we have been fortunate to receive sufficient support from individuals, corporations and congregations concerned about local hunger issues, without becoming affiliated with any large regional or national organization.
- What are the sources of Loaves & Fishes food and funding?
Individual Donations, Corporations, Foundations, Congregations, Loaves & Fishes' Annual February Food Drive/Scouting for Food, National Association of Letter Carrier's Food Drive (annual food drive in May, co-sponsored by US Postal Service), Charlotte/CROP Hunger Walk (citywide fundraising walk in October), Thanksgiving Food Drive (area school food drives), Emergency Food and Shelter Program (total amount of fund is allocated to direct food purchases).
- Does Loaves & Fishes have an annual audit?
Yes. The accounting firm of Greer & Walker conducts our annual professional audit. Copies of the audit are on file at the Loaves & Fishes administrative office.
- What does Loaves & Fishes need?
Nonperishable foods (click here for priority needs list), volunteers, upright frost free freezers and refrigerators in good working condition, and funds to purchase food for clients and to subsidize warehouse and food delivery costs.
Please note that we cannot accept donations of home prepared food, refrigerators & freezers not in good working order, chest freezers, clothing or furniture.
- How do I conduct a food drive?
Loaves & Fishes is in need of food throughout the year. Click here for information on how to conduct a food drive.
- How do I get more information about Loaves & Fishes?
For more information about Loaves & Fishes, and how you, your business or organization can help with food contributions, tax-deductible donations, in-kind donations, and volunteer opportunities, please call or write:
Loaves & Fishes
648B Griffith Road
Charlotte, NC 28217
Fax 704-523-5901
648B Griffith Road
Charlotte, NC 28217
Fax 704-523-5901


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Social Sciences
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- ARTstor is a digital library of more than one million images in the arts, architecture, humanities, and social sciences with a suite of software tools to view, present, and manage images for research and pedagogical purposes. The community-built collections comprise contributions from outstanding museums, photographers, libraries, scholars, photo archives, and artists and artists' estates.
- Video tutorial: ARTstor Basics (4:52 min)
- Choice Reviews Online is a source for reviews of academic books, electronic media, and Internet resources of interest to those in higher education.
- An e-book collection in all disciplines from 2006 to the present. Updated daily.
EBSCO eBooks (formerly Netlibrary)
- Full text of books from major academic and general-interest publishers available online.
- Indexes over 3,700 academic journals in all academic disciplines from 1995 to the present. Updated daily.
Films on Demand (Films for the Humanities and Sciences)
- Provides access to streaming videos in many different subjects including the humanities, social sciences, science and health, and business.
- This database is supported by a generous gift from the Clarence Griep Memorial Fund. This fund honors the work and life of Clarence Griep, Professor of History at University of Dubuque from 1966 to 1982.
- Video Tutorial: Films on Demand basics (3:40 min)
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- Title Lists: 1) Humanities & Social Sciences Collection; 2) Business & Economics Collection; 3)Science & Mathematics Collection; and 4) Health & Medicine
- JSTOR I - IX, and the Life Sciences Collections provide full text access to core journals in the social sciences, the humanities, and the sciences as well as journals in biology, ecology, health, geography, law, mathematics, and statistics. Because of JSTOR's archival mission, there is a gap, typically from 1 to 5 years, between the most recently published journal issue and the back issues available in JSTOR.
- Access the mobile version
- Wide range of news, business, legal, and reference information, with full text of 2,000 journals and magazines. Especially good for legal research.
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- Full text of books from major academic and general-interest publishers available online.
- Bibliography of books, documents, multimedia, Web pages, and more from libraries worldwide. More than 49 million bibliographic records cover material from 2100 B.C. to the present.
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- Consists of records published by the Government Printing Office since 1976, including references for documents to congressional committee reports and hearings, debates, executive department documents, etc.
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text: Chanel Destiny (61) Le Blush Creme de Chanel ($38.00 for 0.09 oz.) is described as a "golden beige." It's a peachy-brown with a satin finish and soft, warm undertones. MAC Honey Jasmine is more orange, brighter, powder. NARS Silvana is browner, more shimmery, powder. MAC Seasonawl Appeal is rosier, powder. MAC Eternal Sun is similar, powder. MAC Barefaced is more shimmery, powder. MAC Coppertone is similar, matte, powder. See comparison swatches.


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This guide describes manuscript collections documenting Jewish history in the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley (LLMV) Collections at LSU. It includes the papers of Jews, Jewish organizations, family papers with references to Jews, and other collections that document Jewish history in one way or another. Much information about the life of Jews in the LLMV can be obtained not only from the papers of Jews themselves, but also from references to them by others. Prominent Jewish figures include Isidore Cohn, Simon Gumbel, Samuel Haas, and Joseph Simon.
The collection of manuscripts pertaining to Jews that may be found in the Louisiana and Lower Mississippi Valley Collections (LLMVC) of the LSU Libraries is varied in nature, ranging from the account books of Jewish merchants to tickets for a charity event benefiting the Jewish Widow's and Orphans Home in New Orleans. Personal papers, newspaper clippings, a diary, a scrapbook, and other artifacts are present in the manuscripts groups. A range of dates from the late eighteenth to the late twentieth centuries are present (see chronological listing).
Collections in this guide are listed alphabetically, with a chronological index after the alphabetical listing. Brief descriptions include references to sources for additional information--either the LSU Libraries' catalog or the manuscript card catalog in the Special Collections reading room of Hill Memorial Library. Still additional information on some of these collections can be found in detailed finding aids in the reading room. Increasingly, electronic copies of these finding aids can be found on the Special Collections website, where you can also find information about using the collections, searching the online catalog remotely, and asking us questions.
Use your browser's find in page feature to quickly find keywords on this page. For quick access to your browser's find in page function use the keyboard shortcut ctrl+f.
Manuscripts in this subject guide are also referenced in these subject guides.


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sweet food: cake with whipped cream served with roses on white saucer
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text:
Dr. Scott Hosking - Profile
Contact Dr. Scott Hosking
+44 (0)1223 221400
I am a climate scientist at the British Antarctic Survey and part of the Climate Variability and Modelling research group, led by Prof. John Turner. I use global coupled-climate and regional atmospheric models to study dynamical and chemical processes, bridging between global and local scales. The primary aim of my work is to identify and understand the key mechanisms that drive climate variability in the polar regions.
Research Interests
- Drivers of recent climate change observed over West Antarctica
- Interaction between global-scale dynamics and polar meteorology
- The Antarctic ozone-hole and stratospheric ozone recovery over the coming century
- Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs), halocarbon and ozone chemistry
- troposphere-stratosphere coupling and transport
- Tropical-Polar teleconnections
Research Projects
Co-Investigator, Work Package Leader — Large NERC Grant, "Ice shelves in a warming world: Filchner Ice Shelf system, Antarctica" (PI Hugh Corr), £3.7M, 2015-2020
PhD Supervisor — Michelle McCrystall, "Teleconnections between the tropics and the Arctic", April 2014-
Ph.D in Atmospheric Sciences, University of Cambridge.
Supervisor: Prof. John Pyle FRS
Thesis: "The impact of deep convection on the structure of, and transport through, the tropical tropopause layer (2010)" with focus on the transport of halogenated short-lived compounds and their role in stratospheric ozone chemistry.
MChem (Hons) in Chemistry, Bangor University.