text:
This invention relates to an electronically rotatable antenna which includes several radially arranged Yagi antennae having a common drive element. Reflector and director elements of each Yagi antenna are sequentially rendered operative by biasing suitable diodes short-circuiting them to a ground-plate. The radiation pattern is step-by-step rotated. Directivity is increased by short-circuiting other elements belonging to other arrays than the main one, those elements defining generatrices of a parabola having the driver element as a focus and the reflector element as an apex.
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Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent [191 Gueguen ELECTRONICALLY STEP-BY-STEP ROTATED DIRECTIVE RADIATION BEAM ANTENNA [75] lnventor: Michel Gueguen, Maurepas, France [73] Assignee: International Standard Electric Corporation, New York, NY.
[22] Filed: Aug. 13, 1973 [2]] App]. No.: 387,837
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Aug. 16, 1972 France ..72.29274 [52] U.S. Cl. 343/833, 343/837 [5i] Int. Cl. H011 19/00 [58] Field of Search 343/701, 833-837, 343/846 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS l.860,l23 5/1932 Yagi 343/833 2 2lO,666 8/1940 Herzog 343/701 Nov. 5', 1974 3,725,938 4/1973 Black et a1 343/70l Primary Examiner-Eli Lieberman Attorney, Agent, or Firm-John T. OHalloran; Menotti Lombardi, Jr.; Edward Goldberg [57] ABSTRACT This invention relates to an electronically rotatable antenna which includes several radially arranged Yagi antennae having a common drive element. Reflector and director elements of each Yagi antenna are se- 7 quentially rendered operative by biasing suitable diodes short-circuiting them to a ground-plate. The radiation pattern is step-by-step rotated. Directivity is increased by short-circuiting other elements belonging to other arrays than the main one, those elements defining generatrices of a parabola having the driver element as a focus and the reflector element as an apex.
2 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures PATENTEUNHV 5 1974 sum 10 3 FIG. 3
ELECTRONICALLY STEP-BY-STEP ROTATED DIRECTIVE RADIATION BEAM ANTENNA The present invention relates to a fixed frequency operation antenna having directional radiation pattern with a main lobe as narrow as possible and being electronically rotatable step-by-step. More particularly, it relates to an electronically rotatable antenna using Yagi-type arrays.
As it is known, a Yagi array comprises several parallel planar dipoles including, in order, a not-fed dipole called reflector, a fed dipole called driven dipole and a number of not-fed suitably spaced parasitic dipoles called directors. Such an array has a maximum radiation in the array plane toward directors.
Yagi array dipoles are typically constituted by antennas in the form of rods or wires having a height close to the spatial half-wave of the RF radiated signal, at frequency F (F =c/ the feeding point being the driven dipole middle point.
lt is easily conceivable that such a Yagi array is rotatable round the driven dipole, selected as an axis, so as to scan an area located in a predetermined angle, by the radiation beam.
However, when scanning velocity is relatively high and when scanned angle is so large as 360, mechanical rotation is difficult to perform, and it is preferable to rotate the beam by electronic means, either in a continuous manner or step-by-step.
Known art includes a number of electronic control embodiments for rotating fixed-antenna radiation beam. Particularly, it is known to use aerials made of a cylindrical reflector illuminated by a plurality of linear sources, wherein scanning is produced by either continuous or step-by-step electronic controlled varaible phase shifts applied to linear sources (ferrite phase shifters, varactor phase shifters). Such aerials are difficult to operate and the produced rotating beam is distorted in the course of the rotation.
Thus, a purpose of this invention is to provide a simple operational aerial having a directional radiation pattern which is step-by-step rotatable under electronic control without beam distortion.
According to this invention, the provided aerial is derived from a system including an assembly of S identical Yagi arrays having a common driven dipole and each comprising a reflector wire and p director wires, the array ranked O being possibly considered as produced by rotating array ranked (-1) by an angle 6 round the axis constituted by the driven dipole common to all arrays and rotation angle 6 being 360/S.
According to a feature of this invention, the driven dipole and the S l+p) wires have a height close to M4 and are normal to a ground plane made of a metal plate. The S (1+p) wires are connected to the said ground planeby unidirectional elements such PIN diodes which may have either a high impedance or a very low impedance depending on the bias voltage applied thereto.
Due to the image principle, a so constituted antenna roughly has with respect to the horizontal radiation beam over the said ground plane and taking into account hereafter mentioned considerations the same properties as an antenna without ground plane wherein driven dipole and the S (I+p) wires would have twice this height, thus would be close to M2. In a so designed antenna, the driven dipole is fed from an RF source, at
frequency F, mounted between its base and the ground plane. As a result thereof, wires associated to diodes operating at very low impedance may be considered as equivalent to dipoles tuned at the RF frequency F =c/)\ while wires associated to diodes operating at very high impedance are considered as elements of height 1/4, free in space, which do not substantially contribute to the synthesis of the radiation beam.
In the following of this specification, short-circuited wire" means every wire, when it is associated to a diode operating at very low impedance and insulated wire" means every wire, when it is associated to a diode operating at very high impedance.
The above considerations show that the radiation beam aligned with angular coordinate (Q-l) 6 is produced by utilizing the (p+l short-circuited wires of the array ranked Q while the (S-l) (1+p) other wires are insulated wires.
In that case, the step-by-step beam rotation is produced by biasing each of the diodes of the (1+p) wires ranked Q l by logic signals, at level l for instance, then each of the diodes of the 1+p) wires ranked Q 2, and so on up to Q S.
For conveniency, each director wire will be considered as determined by its angular rank Q [l s Q s S] and by itsradial rank k [l s k s p], and will be defined by the symbol D Any director wire D will have as Rho-Theta coordinates in the ground plane:
Rho: (Q-l) 6 Theta: d d being the radius of a circle centered on driven dipole base and which includes on its circumference all the director wires of radial rank k.
To be noted that, in a known Yagi array, the beam directivity directed from driven dipole to directors would be substantially improved by setting, behind the driven dipole at a distance of about M4, a reflecting surface constituted by a parabolic cross-section cylinder. Typically, such a reflecting surface could be simulated by its skeleton" constituted by the reflector wire and some additional parasitic wires suitably arranged with their axes confused with some generatrices of the said parabolic reflecting surface.
To be noted that, in the device according to this invention, there are, for each radiation beam position, only (p+l) short-circuited wires while the other (S-l) (p+l wires are not used to produce the radiation beam synthesis since they are insulated wires.
But, amongst those unused wires belonging to arrays of radial rank (Q+M,, or (Q-M,,-), i S, some of them are very close to a genaratrix of the fictive parabolic reflecting surface which might accompany the Yagi array of radial rank 0.
As a consequence, according to another feature of this invention, each time the (p+l wires of radial rank Q are short-circuited, each of the p director wires of radial rank k and of angular rank (Q+M,,-) [or (Q+M,,-S), if (Ql-M,,) S]9 and each of the p director wires of radil rank k and of angular rank (Q-M,,.) [or (QM,,-+S), if (QM,,. 0] are simultaneously shortcircuited. The numbers M, are independent of Q and there is only one M,,- for a value of k. The k values of M are determined by the Rho-Theta coordinates of the D closer director wires to the generatrices of a parabolic cross-section cylinder having as a focus the driven dipole base and as an apex the base of the reflector wire R in the array ranked 1.
Thus, it is to be noted that, in that device, at each time, (l+3p) wires are short-circuited and that, in a complete radiation pattern rotation, a director wire is used three times, i.e., once as a properly said director and twice as an additional reflector wire.
According to another feature of this invention, the logic control device controlling the radiation beam step-by-step rotation is constituted by a S-stage shiftregister fed by a clock having a frequency equal to /1- (T being the duration of the radiation beam rotation by 360) and an assembly of pS three-input OR gates whose outputs are each connected to the bias input of the PIN diode associated to one of the pS director wires.
Each of the S shift-register outputs is provided with (l-l-3p) connections. A first connection connects the output of the Q stage to the bias input of the PIN diode associated to reflector wire ranked Q. p second connections connect the output of the Q'" stageto one input of each of the OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to director wires of angular rank Q.
p third connections connect the output of the Q'" stage to one input of each of the p OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to the director wires of arrays of angular rank (Q+M,,-) or (Q+M,, S). p fourth connections connect the output of the Q stage to one input of each of the p OR gates whose outputs control the diodes associated to the director wires of arrays of angular rank (QM,,.) or (QM,,-+S).
Other features of the present invention will appear more clearly from the following description of an embodiment, the said description being made in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. lu shows a Yagi array on a ground plane FIG. 1b is a cross-sectional view of the radiation pattern along the ground plane,
FIG. 2 shows schematically the projections of the ground plane of the various parasitic wires or elements consituting the antenna according to this invention, in the case ofp 3,
FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode associated to a wire is mounted,
FIGS. 46 explain the antenna operation when utilizing additional reflector wires, and
FIG. 7 is a diagram ofa logic control device, according to this invention, for step-by-step rotating the radiation beam.
FIG. 1 shows (in la) a driven dipole and four parasitic wires, i.e., a reflector R and three directors D D and D normal to aground plane, forming a Yagi array (in this embodiment, p 3).
The driven elements and the four parasitic elements are metal wires having a height of about )t/4, A being the free-space wave length corresponding to the frequency F ofan RF source feeding the base of the driven element.
If the ground plane is infinite and perfectly conductor, the array radiation pattern is, when applying the image principle, identical with respect to the portion located above the ground plane to that which would be produced by use ofa Yagi array comprising a driven element having a middle feeding point and four parasitic elements having a height of about )\/2. With such an assumption, there is no radiation under the ground plane since it is infinite.
lb shows the cross-section of the radiation pattern by the ground plane. It is to be noted the presence of a main lobe toward the three director wires and three subsidiary lobes on the other side.
Typically, the ground plane is not infinite and is constitued by a metal circular plate whose center is on the driven element and radius is r,,. In such conditions, due to diffraction effect at plate rim, electromagnetic radiation is no longer null under ground plane and the radiation pattern shape is, above ground plane, lightly moditied with respect to its horizontal structure, more substantially modified with respect to its vertical structure, the shorter is r,,, the more oblique is the maximum radiation axis with respect to ground plane.
Still typically, ground plate conductance has a finite,
value, tangential electric field is thus not null, and surface waves may appear at the plate level, particularly when conductance thereof is rather bad. Reflections may occur due to plate rims and generate a stationary wave system which may disturb Yagi array operation if the junction point of one of the parasitic elements to ground plane is at a current node, since, in that case, electric charges flowing through the concerned wire flow with difficulty into ground plane. This drawback is overcome by providing a very good conductance to ground plate through a suitable surface processing.
FIG. 2 show projections of an assembly of Yagi arrays on ground plane, according to this invention.
Several Yagi arrays are shown which have a driven element as a common axis. Those arrays having a similar structure, directors D D and D and reflectors R, are respectively located on circles having the driven element as a center and radii d d d and r, respectively.
The beam rotation angular step depends on the number of arrays selected to scan 360.
Thus, the step is: 0 360/S, S being the number of Yagi arrays. For instance, with S 72, 6 is of 5.
Thus, the arrays are angularly shifted by 5. However, for reason of conveniency in the specification, but only for that reason, a privileged role has been, in the drawings, given to the Yagi array of angular rank Q l with its four wires R D D and D Either director or reflector wires are identical, but their heights, close to M4, are different, all wires located on the same circle have the same height. Those wires are usually constituted by good conductance metal rods whose diameter is of about A/ I00.
The ground plate having a radius r, is not shown in FIG. 2.
FIG. 3 shows how a PIN diode 2 connected to a parasitic element 1 is mounted. Diode 2 has one of its terminals connected to the ground plate 4. The other termiha] is connected, through a choke inductance 3, to a bias source, not shown, but located under ground plate 4.
When a positive signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3, diode 2 passes a current I. Direct resistance of diode 2 depends on I, and, for a current-of about 20 mA, resistance thereof is less than I ohm. The condition is the same as the element 1 was directly connected to ground plate 4. Then, applying the image principle, element 1 has the same behaviour as a wire insulated in free space, having a height close to )\/2 and then capable to ring.
When a negative signal is applied to diode 2, through inductance 3, diode 2 remains blocked, to such an extent that the negative signal is high enough to preclude RF signal peak to switch diode 2 on. In that case, im-
I pedance of wire 1 with respect to ground plate 4 is high and only limited by the diode capacitance (about 0.25 pF), which represents, with F 1 GHz, an insulation of about 600 ohms. In such conditions, it is the sameas the wire, having a height close to M4, was insulated in free space. It cannot then ring at frequency F and does not contribute to the radiation beam synthesis.
Electronic beam rotation results from the fact that the four parasitic elements of array angularly ranked Q l, are-first short-circuited by applying a positive signal to the four associated diodes, then a positive signal is applied to the four. parasitic-elements of array angularly ranked Q 2, and so on to angular rank Q S.
To improve the directivity of the antenna according to this invention, as shown in FlG. 4, other elements have to be considered. in FIG. 4, the four wires R D,, D and D of array angularly ranked Q l are located on axis R x as well as driven element P. Axis R y is normal to axis R x. Dotted line parabola, is determined by apex R,, focus P and directrix H z- H,,R R P r. Circles of radii d d,, and d intersect the said parabola at points A and A, B and B, C and C, respectively.
In the coordinate system xR y, parabola equation is or in Rho-Theta coordinates p being modulus PA and (I) argument of vector E A from P to any point A of the parabola.
If additional parasitic wires are located on that parabola and are normal thereto. antenna directivity is emphasized toward axis R,.\, according to this invention.
To make it clear, reference may be made to FIG. 5 wherein parabola is indicated in solid line. Considering a parasitic wire which projects on ground plane at A on parabola. it appears that, in ground plane, projection T of P on axis Ax parallel to R,.\ is such that AP AT= 2r, according to well known parabola characteristics.
The parasitic wire, normal to ground plane at A, is responsive to electric field radiated by driven element with a delay due to distance PA and to Lentz law effect relating to the field induced into a parasitic wire.
Be F,, e the field at P created by driven element (to 2'n'F). The field close to point A is: E= KE e. 42 uni/11A (O Ksl) The field in the parasitic wire is out of phase by 180 and is The field radiated by the parasitic wire at point T is:
Then. the field at T is phased with the field radiated by driven element. As a result, directivity toward R x is emphasized. The importance of that emphasis will depend on product KK'K", factors K and K" depending on distances PA and AT, and factor K on lenght of parasitic wire at A. Any way, even if product KK'K has not the optimum value, it is always over zero, and there is a more or less important directivity emphasis. The same considerations would be valuable for other points of FIG. 4 (A', B and B, C and C).
According to this invention, it will be noted that there are always amongst director elements, which are not used and belong to arrays angularly ranked (M,,.+l or (SH-M certain ones which are very close to the hereabove determined parasitic reflector wires. There .will be two such director wires per circle of radius d (k l, 2 or 3), M having the values M M and M Those six director wires will be, according to this invention, utilized as additional reflector wires.
Using polar coordinates of the parabola, it is to be noted that cross-points A, B and C of that parabola and circles of radii d have arguments:
Ir/ 1 l, 2 or 3) The rank M of the closest director wires to crosspoints will be determined by the double inequality:
M /S 0 s 2 are sin W (1,. M, 1/5- 0 Among the two possible values for M obviously that which is selected will result in the smallest deviation Adm.
(b 2 are sin By way of example, it will be considered a Yagi array, wherein:
The resulting values for M M and M5 (see FIG. 6) are:
M 24, i.e., (M 1) =25 M 15, i.e., (M l) 16 M3: l2, i.e., Angular deviations Ad,- are respectively:
symmetrically, cross-points A, B and C of parabola and circles of radii d,,. have arguments:
(b 2 (180 arc sin Md,-
sult therefrom, the directivity of the Yagi array angularly ranked Q l is substantially improved, if at the of improved directivity beam will be obtained by sequentially short-circuiting at the same time parasitic As the M are independent of Q, electronic rotation wires of arrays angularly ranked 2, 3, etc., as well as director wires belonging to arrays angularly ranked:
(M 2) and (S 2 M,,.)
(M 3) and (S 3 M etc.
Taking into account the rotation principle, which implies a period S in the definition of the angular rank when one of the ranks (M Q) or (S Q M reaches the value s, at the next radiation beam rotation step, angular rank 1 is obtained again.
By way of a numerical example, considering the 24th rotation step, short-circuited wires will beong to the following arrays:
for reflector wires: 24,
for director wires located on circle with radius (1, 24, 48, 72,
for director wires located on circle with radius (1 z 24, 39, 9,
for director wires located on circle with radius 11;, 24, 36 and 12.
At the next step, the 25th, the result will be:
An antenna according to this invention will now be described. Considering the basic Yagi array, it comprises:
a driven element of height close to M4,
at reflector element of height also close to M4, distance from driven element being equal to M4,
three director wires spaced respectively by about 0.34 A, and the first being distant from driven element also by 0.34 A.
All elements are constituted by metal rods having a diameter of about6 l A.
Director element heights are relatively critical, since they influence gain value and antenna impedance. Usually, those heights are slightly less than M4 and decreasing when farther from driven element.
Distances between director elements are less critical and modifications might be envisaged for avoiding taking into account the finite ground plate conductance to locate an element at a plate point where there is no surface wave current node.
Ground plate is constituted by a metal disc of radius r,,, for instance longer than 2A. lts surface must be carefully processed to provide a very good conductance so as to avoid too important surface stationary Waves.
As already mentioned, the S arrays are identical and their positions on ground plate are derived from basic array position by successive rotations, each step being 0 360/S.
By way of an example, an antenna according to this invention and designed to operate at frequency F of 1 GHz will comprise a ground plate of radius 1-,, 350 mm long.
Roughly, antenna performances are the following:
Radiation power higher than 2 kW, peak Band width from 2 to 5 percent of center frequency lnput impedance close to 50 ohms Maximum main lobe gain with respect to isotropic antenna: from 8 to 10 dB,
secondary lobe level: 10 dB under main lobe.
Horizontal plane radiation beam total aperture: i l5 at 3 dB Vertical plane aperture: larger than 30 with maximum between 15 and 25.
That vertical plane radiation beam dissymmetry is produced by the finite dimension ground plate.
Beam rotation period: 1/15 s Number of steps: 72
Time duration of each step: about 1 ms.
The logic device, as shown in FIG. 7, for rotating step-by-step the radiation beam will now be described.
S-stage shift register 5, with pulse inputs r I and pulse outputs S S S S is controlled from a clock 6. Pulse frequency from 6 is equal to S/r, 7 being the time duration of radiation beam rotation by 360.
First stage of 5 is constituted by a delay-flip-flop having a specific input d. Output S, of 5 is connected to set input of a dissymmetric flip-flop 7. Output of 7 is connected to specific input d of 5. Reset input e of 7 is connected from output S, of 5.
When pulse, at frequency S/r, shifted in register 5, reaches the last stage, output 5,, goes up to level 1 That level is, through flip-flop 7, applied to input d of the first stage of Sand, at the next pulse from clock 6, the same level I is present on output S, of 5. 7 is turned off, :1 goes to level 0" and, at the second pulse from 6, S is reset to O.
Thus, pulses shifted along 5 have a width'of about 3/7 and, at a time, only one output is at level l Pulses from outputs 8,, S S ,5 are utilized for biasing diodes which short-circuit:
reflector wires angularly ranked 1, 2, 3,
director wires angularly ranked 1, 2, 3,
director wires angularly ranked (M l), (M 2), M, 3
director wires angularly ranked (S l M,,), (S 2-M,,-),(S+3M,,-),,..
Each output 5,, of resistor 5 is thus provided with (1 3p) connections, One of thos connections is coupled to the terminal of the diode which short-circuits the reflector wire belonging to the Yagi array angularly ranked Q andthe 3p other connections are used according the following rules.
p OR gates, such as 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 have their outputs connected to terminals of diodes which shortcircuit DH, D DH, D D,, of array 1. Or gates 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3 are each provided with three inputs, one of them being connected from output 5, of register 5.
Due to the fact that there are S arrays, there are Sp Or gates similar to 8-1, 8-2 and 8-3, each group of p gates having its outputs connected to terminals of diodes which short-circuit director wires D D D D D of array angularly ranked O. The said OR gates have one of their three inputs connected from output 5,, of register 5.
Due to the fact that each director wire is used three times during a beam rotation (once as a properly said director element and twice as an additional reflector element) each diode associated thereto is biased three time for a beam rotation, which explain the use of three-input OR gates.
Considering the director wire D,,-", the Or gate, associated thereto, has its firstinput connected from input angularly ranked Q in register 5, its second input connected from output angularly ranked (M Q) and its third input connected from output angularly ranked (S Q k)- By way of example, it will be assumed that S =72 and p 3. As already mentioned, in this case:
The three inputs of OR gates 8-1, FIG. 7; are connected from outputs: 8,, S and of register 5'.
The three inputs of OR gate 8=2 are connected from outputs: S S and S of register 5.
The three inputs of OR gate 8-3 are connected from output: 5,, S and S of register 5.
While the principles of the present invention have been hereaboce described in relation with a specific embodiment, It will be clearly understoos that the said description has only been made by way of example and does not limit the scope of this invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A directive radiation beam antenna of the type wherein said beam is rotated angularly in a step-by-step fashion comprising:
a plurality of S identical Yagi-type arrays having a common driven element, each of said plurality comprising: one reflector parasitic element; and a plurality p of director parasitic elements D,,-
where l k p;
wherein the array angularly ranked Q is derived from the array -1 by rotating it by an angle 6 360/S around the axis of said common driven element;
a ground plane comprising a circular metal ground plate having a common axis with said common driven element, the S l+p) parasitic elements having a height of approximately 1/4 and arranged perpendicular to said ground plate;
a source of a bias signal;
a source of RF energy mounted between the base of said common driven element'and said ground plate for feeding said common driven element;
a plurality of unidirectional current conducting elements each coupled to said ground plate, said source of bias signal and one of the S (1+p) parasitic elements, the impedance of each of said unidirectional elements being dependent upon said bias signal; and a logic control device for controlling the step-by-step radiation beam rotation, said control device comprising:
an S-stage shift register having a clock frequency equivalent to 8/7, 7 being the time duration required for a 360 beam rotation; and
a plurality of pS three input OR-gates, each having outputs connected to the bias input of each unidirectional current conducting element associated with a director element, each of the S shift register outputs being provided with 1+3p) connections, the first coupled from the Qth stage to the bias input of the unidirectional element associated with the director element angularly ranked O, p second ones coupled from the Qth stage output to the input of each of the OR-gates having outputs which control unidirectional elements associated with director elements angularly ranked O, p third ones coupled from Qth stage output to the inputs of eachof the p OR- gates whose outputs control the unidirectional elements associated with director elements of arrays angularly ranked (Q+M,,.) or-(Q+M,,.S) if (Q+M,,.) is greater than S, and p fourth ones coupled from the Qth stage to the input of each of the OR-gates whose outputs control unidirectional elements associated with director elements of arrays angularly ranked (QM or (QM,,.+S) if (QM is less than 0, where the k values of M are independent of Q and are determined by the polar coordinates of the closest director elements D of generatrices of a cylinder having a parabolic cross-section having as a focifs tlie base of the driven element and having as an apex the base of the reflector element of the associated array.
2. A directive radiation beam antenna according to claim 1 wherein unidirectional elements are PIN diodes having one terminal being connected to ground plate and the other terminal connected to the corresponding parasitic element base and to a choke inductance through which a suitable bias voltage is applied thereto. =l l
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War and Peace
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1993 - Fiction - 2188 pages
Often called the greatest novel ever written, War and Peace is at once an epic of the Napoleonic Wars, a philosophical study, and a celebration of the Russian spirit. Tolstoy's genius is seen clearly in the multitude of characters in this massive chronicle--all of them fully realized and equally memorable. Out of this complex narrative emerges a profound examination of the individual's place in the historical process, one that makes it clear why Thomas Mann praised Tolstoy for his Homeric powers and placed War and Peace in the same category as the Iliad": " "To read him . . . is to find one's way home . . . to everything within us that is fundamental and sane."
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Daphne: Namjoshi's "Nymph" (p. 4)
The story of Daphne is one of a woman uninterested in love. Daphne, a beautiful nymph, preferred to spend her time hunting in the woods rather than meeting men. Because of her beauty men constantly feel in love with her and she was always pursued. Time and time again she rejected each suitor. Daphne's father, the river-god Peneus, was very intent on her marrying and having many sons. However, Daphne cried so much at the idea of marriage that her father could not bring himself to force her to marry.
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Atlanta: Namjoshi's "The Runner" (p. 7)
Atlanta is the daughter of Iasius and Arcadia. Iasius, who had wanted a son, was so upset to have a daughter that he left her on a mountain to die. The god Artemis took pity on the baby and sent a she-bear to nurse her until Atlanta was found by a group of hunters who took her in and raised her. At a young age Atlanta was warned by an oracle against marriage, claiming that she would marry and then be very unhappy. After this prediction Atlanta shuned men and devoted herself to hunting.
Atlanta became an exceptionally skilled hunter and asked to join a group of hunters trying to kill the Calydonian Boar. Although women were usually not allowed on such expeditions, the leader of the group, Meleager, fell in love with her boyish yet feminine looks and invited her to hunt with him. The Boar killed several of the hunters before Atlanta was the first to wound him.
After this great success Atlanta's father welcomed her back to his home with open arms. When her father pleaded with her to marry, Atlanta said that any man who wished to marry her would have to beat her in a race. If he won he would receive her hand in marriage, if he lost Atlanta would kill him. Many suitors raced her unsuccessfully and lost their lives.
Eventually, Hippomenes fell in love with Atlanta and decided he must race her. Atlanta, who became fond of Hippomenes when she first saw him, agreed to the race. Hippomenes prayed to Aphrodite to help him in the race, and she answered by giving him three golden apples. Each time Atlanta ran ahead of Hippomenes he threw one of the apples to distract her, and with this method he was able to beat her.
The couple was then happily married. However, in their excitement and love for each other, the newlyweds forgot to thank Aphrodite for her help. As punishment, Aphrodite made the couple disrespect Cybele with their lovemaking. The angry Cybele transformed them into lions and they spent the rest of their lives yoked to Cybele's car.
Andromeda and Perseus: Namjoshi's "Perseus and Andromeda" (p. 47)
Andromeda, daughter of Cepheus, was betrothed to her father's brother, Phineus. In Andromeda's youth, her mother angered Poseidon by claiming that her daughter was more beautiful than the Nereids of the sea. As a punishment, Poseidon sent a sea monster to devastate the land. Sacrificing Andromeda to the monster was the only way to appease Poseidon. Feeling he had no choice, Andromeda's father chained her to a cliff, naked except for her jewels. Given the situation, Phineus felt he was unable to save the girl he intended to marry.
Returning with the head of Medusa, Perseus noticed Andromeda and instantly fell in love with her. He promised to slay the sea monster if Cepheus promised him Andromeda's hand in marriage as his reward. Cepheus agreed. Perseus killed the monster and married Andromeda. After the wedding an angry Phineus burst in claiming his right to Andromeda. Despite his daughter's request, Cepheus did not uphold his promise to Perseus. When Phineus attacked Perseus, Perseus used the head of Medusa to turn him to stone.
The happy couple then left for Greece where they had six sons and one daughter. Andromeda had an unusual marriage as the wife of a Greek hero who was constantly loyal and affectionate.
Avery, Catherine (ed.). Greek Mythology and Legend. New York: Meredith Corporation,
Encyclopedia Britannica online.


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University of Chicago police removed protesters demanding the university open a trauma center who had chained themselves to machinery and blocked cement trucks at a university construction site Monday morning.
"It's worth getting arrested because people are dying," said Veronica Morris-Moore, one of four protesters who rushed into the work site of the hospital's new parking garage about 10 a.m. Monday.
The student and community groups are asking for medical facilities to treat the severely injured victims of car accidents and gunshot wounds.


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The disclosure is of an elastomer coated textile garment characterized by a textured or "wrinkle" finish. The disclosure is also of a method of manufacturing an elastomer coated textile garment with a "wrinkle" finish. In a preferred embodiment process, the method comprises forming a glove from a base fabric of a woven or knitted fabric having a fibrous, non-woven bat attached thereto and coating the glove with an elastomer in conventional manner.
1. A wearing apparel garment prepared by
providing a base fabric which comprises a textile fabric substrate having one napped surface, the fibrous naps thereof having a height of from 1/8 inch to 1 inch;
fabricating a garment from said fabric; and
coating the outer surface of said garment with an elastomeric resin.
2. A textured glove, which comprises;
a knitted textile body;
a non-woven, fibrous web attached to at least a portion of the outer surface of said body; and
a cured, elastomeric resin coating over at least a portion of the outer surface of said body including said web.
3. The glove of claim 2 wherein said resin is natural rubber.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to wearing apparel and its manufacture and more particularly relates to the manufacture of elastomer coated garments.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
The prior art is replete with descriptions of textile wearing apparel such as gloves and their manufacture; see for example U.S. Pat. No. 3,173,150.
Elastomer coated garments such as work gloves are well known in the prior art. They are particularly useful for handling wet or toxic articles. It is particularly desirable to have a rough or wrinkle finish work garment, elastomer coated, for handling smooth articles having sharp edges such as for example, sheets of glass, castings with sharp edges and shiny metal sheets having sharp edges. For example, a wrinkle finish glove provides a higher resistance to abrasion and cutting by the sharp edges and also provides a more efficient gripping surface. The prior art method of obtaining a "wrinkle finish" on an elastomer coated textile glove comprises dipping, for example, a jersey knit fabric glove into the elastomer coating. Prior to full curing of the elastomer coating the coated glove is then dipped into a solvent which will cause the elastomer polymer to swell. This results in the wrinkle finish. The disadvantage of the prior art method resides in (1) the use of a hazardous solvent such as for example xylene, (2) the capital investment for equipment designed to handle solvent fumes and of course (3) the additional step of dipping the elastomer coated glove into the solvent. Further, the exposure of the elastomeric coating to a solvent weakens the polymer coating and reduces the life of the glove in regard to abrasion resistance. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the prior art method requires maturing of the elastomer latex material prior to its use. By maturing, we mean that the elastomeric coating materials generally have to be aged at elevated temperatures for varying periods of time, dependent on the temperature, batch size, mixing and like variables, prior to their being used as a textile coating if they are to wrinkle properly. Therefore one can see that "wrinkle consistency" from batch to batch is normally difficult to control.
By the method of my invention, it is not necessary to employ hazardous solvents, nor is it necessary to employ a separate dipping step to obtain the desired wrinkle finish. Further, the garment prepared according to the method of my invention has enhanced resistance to abrasion, a longer life and provides a tougher, more resilient elastomeric coating without the need of maturing the coating material. These are economic advantages to the art. In addition, the most advantageous texture is obtained in the method of the invention, using relatively low viscosity coating compositions. Therefore the elastomeric coating composition requires little adjustment in the method of the invention, thereby shortening the compounding time and simplifying the procedure of the prior art. The ability to use relatively low viscosity elastomeric coating materials also reduces the possibility of web formation between the fingers of the gloves being coated and of air entrapment in the coating. The use of low viscosity materials also improves adhesion and wear. Unexpectedly, multiple dips, which are common on heavy garments to get the desired polymer coating weight, are not required in spite of the use of low viscosity coating compositions in the method of the invention. The coating weight is controlled by web weight. Thus the method of the invention allows one to design wearing apparel in such a way that the coating polymer may be concentrated wherever its presence is desired to be enhanced. This is achieved by placing the fibrous material where heavy coating weight is desired and not where a heavier weight is a detriment, i.e.; for example in gloves at the palm and knuckle areas. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method of the invention provides efficient use of the coating compositions.
In one embodiment of the invention, elastomer coated, wrinkle finish textile based garments are made from textile fabrics having an extraordinary long nap on the outer surface. In the prior art, textiles having a napped outer surface were coated with elastomeric materials by dipping. The napped surface was used primarily to improve adhesion of the elastomeric polymer film and to slightly increase the coating weight. The nap was the result of a finishing process that raises the fibers of the textile cloth by means of revolving cylinders covered with metal points or teasel burrs. Since the yarn used in the textile is generally made from twisted staple fibers, the nap is actually broken or frayed yarn which is short, with about 1/8 to 1/4 inch nap height, uniform and relatively dense. In dipped glove applications, the textile napped cloth is usually cotton and therefore the nap is a fine fiber, or low denier. Cotton is preferred in such applications because of its absorbent characteristics which will cause latex to coagulate by dehydration and prevent penetration through the cloth. This coagulation effect, along with a short, fine, dense nap will cause latex to form a heavy, uniform film, especially at normal viscosities. The result is a lack of a pronounced texture.
The use of a non-woven web has many obvious differences over the use of napped textile materials. Initially, the fibers from which the web is made are preferably synthetic and therefore wet completely and do not coagulate the latex. Furthermore, the fibers are more random in nature and tangle by needling. The fiber is also generally much longer, anywhere from 0.5 to 4.0 inches in length. Fiber coarseness or denier is relatively high at 6. Any denier may be used (from 1 to 15); however the higher the denier, the greater the texture since the high denier fiber will not mat down as will the low denier fibers. In addition, the web weight or density may be varied depending on a coating weight desired. In addition, the needling of a non-woven material to a textile base has an advantage over napped materials in that excessive napping of a conventional cloth to increase nap length or weight may cause holes or tearing of the cloth.
However, as employed in one embodiment of the invention, a textured effect may be accomplished by using a base fabric with an extraordinary long nap. As an example, with a pile or plush fabric, such as a terry cloth, velvet or corduroy made with a cotton face yarn (smooth side) to stop penetration and a synthetic pile yarn (nap side) one may achieve a similar textured effect when dipped. Pile or plush weaving results in a much higher nap than a conventional cloth. In general, the pile heights are on the order of from about 1/8 inch to about 1 inch. The long nap fabric would be used in construction of garment articles where texture and extra coating weight are desired.
The invention comprises a method of manufacturing elastomer coated textile wearing apparel having a wrinkle finish, which comprises; providing a base fabric which comprises a textile fabric substrate having one napped surface, the fibrous naps having a height of from 1/8 inch to 1 inch. fabricating a garment from said base fabric; and coating the outer surface of said garment with an elastomeric resin. The invention also comprises the garment produced according to the method of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a view-in-perspective of a textile glove embodiment to be coated according to the method of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side elevation of a portion of the fabric base used to construct gloves of the invention, shown partly assembled by needling.
FIG. 3 is a view-in-perspective of an embodiment glove of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 is an exploded cross-sectional side elevation in part showing the relationship between the textile fabric and the elastomeric coating.
FIG. 6 is an exploded isometric fragment view of an alternate base fabric used in the process of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a view-in-perspective of an alternate embodiment glove of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a view-in-perspective of a boot of the invention.
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional side elevation of the lower part of the boot seen in FIG. 8.
FIG. 10 is a view-in-perspective of an apron of the invention.
A description of the method of the invention may be understood with reference to its application in the making of a glove. The method is carried out by first fabricating a glove 10 as shown in FIG. 1, a view-in-perspective of a textile glove to be coated as hereinafter described. The glove 10 has a back side 12 of a woven or knitted textile fabric such as a jersey knit fabric and a palm side 14 which comprises a base fabric of woven or knitted textile to which there has been needled a fibrous, non-woven textile web or bat. Although needling is preferred, the web or bat may be attached by an adhesive, by stitch bonding, quilting or any like technique. The structure of the palm side 14 may be seen in greater detail in FIG. 2, an exploded cross-sectional side elevation of a portion of the fabric base forming palm side 14 of glove 10. As shown in FIG. 2, a base or substrate 16 is formed from a woven or knitted cloth. Preferably, the cloth 16 is a knitted jersey fabric fabricated on a circular knitting machine and having a flat knit side 16A and a looped side 16B. The looped side 16B has been run through a napper to effect the loose nap surface which will comprise the inner lining side of the glove. Also, as shown in FIG. 2, a non-woven, fibrous web 18 is being needled (in the direction of the arrow) to the substrate fabric 16 by conventional needling technique using a plurality of needles 20. The fibrous web 18 may be a non-woven web of polyester, polypropylene, or any other staple or textile fibers or blends thereof. The needled felt 22 has an upper surface of naps 24 formed by protrusion of loose fiber ends from the non-woven layer 18. The naps 26 on the lower surface 16B form the lining for the interior of the glove 10. The web 22 is anchored and the fibers thereof intertwined with the fabric of woven cloth 16 by the needling to interlock the cloth 16 with the non-woven layer 18.
The naps 24 on the upper surface of the needled felt 22 form the nap surface of the palm side 14 of glove 10 which will be coated with elastomeric resin as will hereinafter be described more fully. The naps 24 are physically distinguishable from the naps 26 on the lower surface 16B which are formed by breaking the knitted loops of the knitted fabric cloth 16. The naps 24 being individual fiber ends of the non-woven bat 18 may be made longer than the naps 26 and possess greater tensile strength as individual fibers than the short fibers which are napped at random up from the knitted cloth 16. The fibers napped up from knitted cloth 16 are not likely to have the length or strength of the fibers making up web 18. The significance of this difference will be appreciated hereinafter.
The glove 10 as shown in FIG. 1 is ready for coating without any additional treatment. However, if desired the fabric may be first treated with conventional and known chemicals to prevent strike-through of the to-be-applied elastomeric coating. This is particularly advantageous when the coating will be of relatively low viscosity compositions. The glove 10 may be coated with an elastomeric resin following conventional techniques, such as by dipping or spraying the glove. Alternatively, the completed fabric may also be spread coated using conventional methods and a glove made from cut parts of the coated fabric. The resin coating may be any conventional elastomeric coating composition, such as a fused plastisol of polyvinyl chloride, a rubber latex or like elastomer coatings. Representative of elastomer resin compositions are the following.
A typical formulation for a suitable plastisol coating compound is as follows:
______________________________________Material Parts by Weight______________________________________PVC Resin 100Plasticizer 90-120Stabilizer 2-4Pigments 3______________________________________
A representative natural rubber dip formulation is as follows:
______________________________________Material Parts by Weight______________________________________Sulphur 1Zinc Oxide 3Anti-oxidant 1.5Accelerator 1.5Pigments, stabilizer and thickeners 5Natural Rubber Latex 100______________________________________
A representative synthetic rubber dip formulation is as follows:
______________________________________Material Parts by Weight______________________________________Neoprene Latex 100Sulphur .65Zinc Oxide 3Stabilizer .5Anti-oxidant 1.3Accelerator 3Pigment, thickeners and fillers 5______________________________________
After coating of the glove 10 by spraying or dipping in an elastomeric resin composition, the coated glove is generally heated to effect a cure of the resin, as is well known by those skilled in the art.
Referring now to FIG. 3, the glove 10 can be seen after dipping in an appropriate resin composition and curing to obtain an elastomeric coating 13 over both back side 12 and palm side 14 of glove 10. Where the elastomeric coating covers the relatively smooth back side 12, a relatively smooth coating is obtained. However, where the elastomeric coating has covered the palm side 14, the wrinkle finish is obtained. The loose fibers or naps 24 on the surface of the palm side 14 upon saturation with resin leave a coarse randomly wrinkled finish thereon. Further details of the structure of coated glove 10 may be seen in FIG. 4, a cross-section along lines 4--4 of FIG. 3.
Referring now to FIG. 5, an exploded cross-sectional side elevation of a portion of the coated palm side 14, one can see how the wrinkle finish is obtained by virtue of elastomeric coating 13 entrapping fibers or naps 15 which project from the non-woven layer 18. The coarse surface caused by the raised naps 16 provide an uneven base for the resin coating 13, giving the wrinkle finish. Thus, one can see that the wrinkle finish includes encapsulated fibers 15 which also serve to reinforce and strengthen the elastomeric coating 13. It is this enhanced and reinforced elastomeric coating 13 which provides the enhanced abrasion resistance and life for the glove 10. Such reinforcement is not found in the prior art gloves and provides further anchoring and attachment of the coating 13 to the glove 10.
The following example describes the manner and process of making and using the invention and sets forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out the invention but is not to be construed as limiting.
A glove is fabricated having a back side of 6 oz. plain cotton jersey with the inner, looped side napped. The palm side of the glove is fabricated from 6 oz. plain cotton jersey napped on the inner, looped side and to which there has been needled on the flat side at about 150 penetrations per square inch, a 3 oz. web of non-woven polyester fibers. The fabricated glove is dipped in a natural rubber latex and allowed to dry at 150� F. for 1 hour. After drying, the coated glove is cured at 230� F. for 30 minutes to obtain a wrinkle finish (palm side) elastomer coated glove.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that many modifications may be made to the preferred embodiment described above without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, heavier jersey knit fabrics may be employed. A variety of non-woven fibrous webs such as polyamide fibers and blends thereof with polyesters may also be employed to form the palm side of the glove. In addition, it would be possible to form the web 18 on the surface of the substrate fabric 16 and needle it in place, so that the construction of web 18 is part of a continuous operation to make the glove 10.
As previously mentioned, in one embodiment of the invention, the base textile employed may have an extraordinary long nap. The use of such a base textile fabric obviates the need to needle a non-woven bat of fibrous material to the base textile. Examples of long nap textile base fabrics include pile or plush fabrics such as terry cloth, velvet or corduroy made with a cotton face yarn.
Referring now to FIG. 6, an exploded isometric fragment view of an alternate base fabric used in the process of the invention, one may see a base fabric 30 which comprises a cloth base sheet 32 having long fiber naps 34 projecting to the upper surface. This cloth may be used directly to make wrinkle finished garments of the invention, without the necessity of needling a fibrous, non-woven textile web to the upper surface. In such an instance, the base fabric 30 is used on the palm side 38 of an elastomeric coated glove 36 as shown in FIG. 7. The back side 40 of the glove may be made with the conventional jersey knit since the wrinkle finish is not desired on the back side.
As shown in FIG. 7, a view-in-perspective of an alternate embodiment glove of the invention, the extraordinary long naps or pile 34 have created the desired wrinkle finish on palm side 38 of the glove upon coating the outer surface of the glove with an elastomeric resin as previously described. In fabricating a glove 36 it is necessary that the naps 34 in the textile fabric 30 have a height of at least 1/8 inch; preferably within the range of from 1/8 inch to about 1 inch. Shorter naps will not provide the desired wrinkle finish having the high degree of abrasion resistance while longer naps generally are unsatisfactory.
Although the invention has been described above in relation to the manufacture and use of a glove, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the method of the invention may be applied to the manufacture of any garment wherein an elastomeric, wrinkle finish is desired. For example, referring now to FIG. 8, one may see a boot 50 made of a textile base and coated with an elastomeric resin. The lower wearing surface 52 of boot 50 has a wrinkle finish. As shown in FIG. 9, a cross-sectional view of the lower part of boot 50, one may see that it was manufactured essentially by the process described above in the manufacture of gloves 10 and/or 36. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 9, the boot 50 comprises an inner textile layer 54 which may be a woven or knit jersey material as previously described for the manufacture of a glove. To the wearing surface 52 of the fabric 54 there has been needled a bat of a fibrous, non-woven textile web 56, leaving projecting fibrous naps 58. The needled textile was then dipped a successive number of times in the appropriate and desired elastomeric resin as previously described for coating gloves to produce an elastomeric coating 60 on the outer surface of boot 50. The net result is a wrinkled finish 52 on the wearing surface of the boot 50.
Referring now to FIG. 10, one may see that the method of the invention may also be applied to flat surface garments such as aprons. In FIG. 10, a view-in-perspective is seen of an apron 70 having a wrinkle finish surface 72 provided by dipping or spraying a textile apron with an appropriate elastomeric resin. The base textile fabric employed in the apron may be a long napped material as previously described or may be a woven or knit jersey fabric 74 to which there has been needled a fibrous, non-woven textile web in those areas where a wrinkle finish is desired.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
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The Tigers finished 16th, four points clear of the relegation zone, in the Premier League and reached the FA Cup final for the first time before losing 3-2 to Arsenal.
A fantastic start saw Hull leading 2-0 after 10 minutes with two goals from set-pieces, only to see Arsenal take the game to extra-time before lifting the trophy thanks to an Aaron Ramsey strike.
Chester, who opened the scoring at Wembley, was upbeat about the future of the club, despite their final disappointment.
"Nobody gave us a hope at the start of the season, but we did it quite convincingly," said Chester.
"Hull are a club on the up. I love coming in every day - I've always got a smile.
"We've shown this year we are a team with great character and have some quality here.
"The FA Cup run has been a bonus. It's a springboard for us.
"This has been a great journey, but it's not the end."
With Europa League football on the horizon, Steve Bruce has confirmed he will have to strengthen his squad for the Tigers to stay competitive next season.


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Rachel Uchitel, alleged mistress of Tiger Woods, has scheduled a press conference for later today. Radar Online says the 9/11 widow will admit to an affair with the golf legend, allegations she has consistently denied since the National Enquirer blamed her for the fight between Woods and wife Elin Nordegren that led to his car crash last Friday. While Uchitel will attend, lawyer Gloria Allred will read her statement and take all questions.
In the days since his accident, Woods has been slammed with multiple allegations of infidelity. The athlete offered a public apology for his "transgressions" yesterday while bitterly questioning the need for one. "For me, the virtue of privacy is one that must be protected in matters that are intimate and within one's own family. Personal sins should not require press releases and problems within a family shouldn't have to mean public confessions. Whatever regrets I have about letting my family down have been shared with and felt by us alone. I have given this a lot of reflection and thought and I believe that there is a point at which I must stick to that principle even though it's difficult."
[Photo: Splash News Online]


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Here & There
A travel blog for San Antonio and the world beyond
Posts filtered on Tag
Gardens around Texas
After editing a story by freelance writer Kathleen Scott and photos that look at 14 unique gardens around Texas for this Sunday's Express-News Travel pages (and on www.MySanAntonio.com/travel) I have two main observations: 1. My gosh, this is such a beautiful state. Yes, I knew that — from traveling the "blue highways" and freeways that […] [Read More]
'Dallas Blooms' extended 2 weeks
It was the kind of news flash I had to share with my two sisters right away this morning by email: "Dallas Blooms" at the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden has just been extended by two weeks. Instead of ending its run on April 6, as scheduled, it will remain open through Easter weekend, April […] [Read More]


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Soak up the wisdom while there's time
CORPUS CHRISTI - How does that Pat Green song go? "I'm for soakin' up the wisdom when an old man speaks his mind." That line reminds me of Ben McDonald.
He was done being mayor of Corpus Christi long before I had the pleasure of meeting him. I was 6 at the end of his mayoral term and unaware of the civil rights struggles that made his leadership noteworthy. And he was still young, with a lifetime of work as a lawyer, teacher and other endeavors ahead of him.
McDonald, who died July 19 at age 86, was at the tail-end of what I call the fedora-wearing generation of men, who never stopped wearing hats and made no concession to fashion other than their own.
I was over 40 when I met him and therefore wouldn't have recognized the all-American-looking young fellow in the photo with his funeral notice in the Caller-Times. The photo was paired with one much more recent, in that increasingly familiar, deliberate spring/winter contrast that so neatly commemorates a long life. For older Corpus Christians, I'll bet it was the other way around. Probably they more readily recognized the young mayor.
Only with the benefit of context was I able to recognize the wise man I knew in that young face with the winning smile and the combed-back hair still covering his head. I'm sure the smile opened doors.
The McDonald I knew was long past relying on looks. A conclusion-jumping whippersnapper might have mistaken him for someone who had wandered off and needed to be returned somewhere safely. That is, until he started talking. Anyone who overheard would know instantly that he was in full possession of substantial faculties.
For me and others acquainted with him late in his life, seeing him in a crowd of people who had no clue who he was could be mildly amusing. When my daughter was 11 and wanted to volunteer at the Humane Society shelter, I accompanied her to a mandatory classroom session for prospective volunteers on the same day McDonald was doing the same for a friend's young son. Two people in the class asked questions that morning, lots of questions — my daughter and Ben McDonald.
His questions were the kind he knew needed to be answered, but that might not be if no one bothered to ask. He was being helpful, coaxing the staff to clarify points that were better off being clarified, probably already knowing the answers, willing to risk being a pest. All the while, I wondered how subtly different their responses might have been had they known who this eccentric-looking old gentleman was.
Afterward, he told my daughter and me that she had asked excellent questions and would make a fine lawyer someday if she chose not to follow Dad's footsteps into journalism, where her inquisitiveness also would be an asset.
That was an example of his courtly generosity. I'm sure his friends also won't forget his humor. Once, when I was still business editor, he called and asked me to run an announcement that he was the volunteer attorney for the volunteer business mentor group SCORE — not for the sake of pride or resume-building. He said the public notice would be advantageous to SCORE because, if the group ever got into any real legal trouble, incompetent counsel would be a matter of record.
He'd have had to play one serious Oscar-worthy game of possum to pull that off.
Nine or 10 years ago, when mutual friends first introduced us at their restaurant, I didn't need to be told that McDonald had been mayor once upon a time. I had been working for the Caller-Times long enough to recognize a name such as his.
But which mayor? That was a harder question. The one who commandeered the ice from the opportunistic gougers after Hurricane Celia? No, that was the late Jack Blackmon. But one of those guys who did something memorable like that.
We never talked much about ancient mayoral politics. We would small-talk about hunting, things like that. So, his obituary turned out to be quite an education: The mayor who ramrodded integration at restaurants, theaters, hotels, and in city employment and housing, a year before the Civil Rights Act.
That mayor.
I was still in first grade when he was already done living some major defining moments of his life and Corpus Christi's history. Yet he was still young and had a lot of living and life-defining ahead.
That line from the Pat Green song is good advice, also a warning. I can hear Ben McDonald's voice in my mind, but unfortunately nowhere else.
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Welcome to WebmasterWorld Guest from 188.8.131.52
i realized you can do this when you create a local ad..but google doesn't let you modify the headline. i'm looking to do both create my own headline (that's not my business name) and list my city/state below the display URL.
I noticed other advertisers are doing this, just can't figure out why I can't. any useful tips would be appreciated.


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Arnold home will appeal to families
Posted: March 13, 2014|
THE agent says: If you are looking for a substantially extended and extremely well-proportioned detached family home with excellent commuter links but within a stone's throw of Arnold town centre then we would recommend this house on Redhill Road.
This extended four-bedroom detached provides good family accommodation on an excellent sized plot.
Ground floor accommodation begins at an entrance porch. There's a WC and an entrance hall that has burnt oak-effect laminate flooring and panelled doors providing access to the lounge, dining room and dining kitchen.
A feature of the dining room is the open burning coal effect gas fire set within a timber surround and mantle. The room has a dado rail, picture rail and coving to the ceiling.
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The lounge has been extended to provide a well-proportioned family room. There are two main focal points to the room, the first is an open living flame coal effect gas fire set within the Adam-style surround, and the second feature is the original stained glass leaded V-shaped window set to one side of the fireplace. There is decorative coving to the ceiling and a centre ceiling rose and decorative panelling to the walls.
French doors open from the lounge to the conservatory – a room that takes advantage of the south facing rear garden. Again, there are French doors, which in this case provide access to the rear patio and garden.
At the heart of the home is the dining kitchen with its range of cream panelled Shaker-style units. In the kitchen area is a Belfast-style sink, an integrated Indesit double electric oven, five-ring Stoves gas hob and an integrated feature extractor. There is also an integrated dishwasher, fridge and freezer, washing machine and tumble dryer. A decorative brick arch leads to the dining area which also has a range of cream Shaker style units as well as French doors that open to the rear patio.
Upstairs, you'll find four bedrooms (three double and a good-sized single), the family bathroom and a shower room.
The owner of the house said: "The wonderful south-facing garden is private and although the house is near a busy road, it's like living in the countryside. If it wasn't for moving to a smaller property, I would not be leaving this wonderful house which I have lived in for 32 years."
The rear garden is more than 90ft long. It has an initial paved patio with block paved edging and the main garden area is lawned with a variety of established borders. There is plenty of space for entertaining and enjoying barbecues on sunny days.
In addition, there is a block paved driveway providing off street parking, a small front lawn and a garage.
To the side of the house, hidden away behind the conservatory, is a covered storage area which is perfect for garden tools and pots.
The house is ideally situated – it is 15 minutes' walk to the centre of Arnold, and close to bus routes.
The agent adds: "We believe it is rare to find such ample accommodation set upon a well-proportioned plot but in such close proximity to the amenities of Arnold. We would, therefore, urge an internal inspection to really appreciate what accommodation is on offer."
Where: Redhill Road, Arnold
Price: £265,995
Call: David James
on: 0115 955 5550
or visit: www.david-james.com


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Maj Dan Hicks is named 2010 Greco-Roman Coach of the Year
Dan Hicks (Camp LeJeune, N.C./U.S. Marine Corps) has been named 2010 Greco-Roman Coach of the Year by USA Wrestling. It is the first time in his career that Hicks has won this prestigious honor.
Hicks was a coach for the 2010 U.S. Greco-Roman World Team Coach, which placed 13th in the 2010 World Championships, with two athletes placing fifth.
Hicks also served as an assistant coach of CISM World Military Team which competed in the CISM World Championships in Lahti, Finland and placed ninth in the combined team standings.
Hicks serves as the head coach of the U.S. Marine Corps wrestling team, which is stationed in Camp LeJeune, N.C. He has served as head coach of the All-Marine wrestling team since 2004.
He also served as a coach for the 2007 Pan American Games team, which competed in Rio de Janiero, Brazil. The U.S. won six medals, including gold medals from Harry Lester, Brad Vering and Justin Ruiz. Hicks was also a member of the 2006 U.S. Greco-Roman World Team coaching staff.
Hicks has served as assistant coach for the U.S. CISM World Military Championships team three times. He coached the 2007 U.S. CISM team which competed in the CISM Games in Hyderabad, India. He also coached the 2008 U.S. CISM team which competed in Split, Croatia.
He has coached numerous U.S. teams in international competition, leading teams which have competed in Sweden, Finland, France, Poland, Serbia and Greece.
Hicks holds a rank of Major with the U.S. Marine Corps. He has served overseas with the U.S. Marine Corps fleet during his military career.
As an athlete, Hicks was a successful international wrestler competing for the U.S. Marine Corps. He qualified for five Greco-Roman national teams, and was second in the 1998 World Team Trials. He was a placewinner in the U.S. Olympic Team Trials three times (1996, 2000, 2004).
Hicks was second in the 1999 U.S. Senior Nationals, and placed third in the national championships three times (1997, 2002, 2004). He was a 1996 World Cup bronze medalist.
Hicks was a five-time Armed Forces Greco-Roman champion during his career. In 2000, he won a bronze medal at the CISM Military World Championships, and in 1999, he placed fourth in the CISM Military World Games.
He was also successful in freestyle during his career, winning the University Nationals title in freestyle two times and capturing three Armed Forces freestyle titles.
He is a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. He placed fifth in the 1994 NCAA Championships and was a four-time NCAA qualifier.
Hicks is originally from Vinita, Okla., where he was a three-time Oklahoma high school state champion and was also an all-state performer in football.


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Tom Engelhardt: If you haven't joined the all-volunteer military, any of our seventeen intelligence outfits, the Pentagon, the weapons companies and hire-a-gun corporations associated with it, or some other part of the National Security Complex, America's distant wars go on largely without you (at least until the bills come due).
Popular Mechanics Reveals China's Secret War Plan
WikiLeaks Versus the Empire
Tom Hayden: Informed sources say that the current deluge of WikiLeaks documents will continue for another week and grow in significance. Why is this drama important? Not because of "life-threatening" leaks as claimed by the establishment, but because the closed doors of power need to be open to public review.


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This week, VH1's prime-time lineup did not shy away from confrontation. Whether it was Andrea confronting Jessica about what was said on Twitter on Hollywood Exes, Mia trying to find Ahsha but instead meeting Sloane on Hit The Floor, or Tyler telling Catelynn that he is not ready to get married on Couples Therapy, emotions were exploding like fireworks on Independence Day. And this week also marked the return of everyone's favorite wife and mother, La La Anthony. But which show continues to spark your interest? Check out our favorite moments from the past week.
La La's Full Court Life: La La Reveals Her New Book
In the season four premiere episode of La La's Full Court Life, La La began her career as an author, and holds a launch party to reveal the cover of her first book, The Love Playbook, which offers relationship advice, La La's insight on love, and rules for sex, love, and happiness. At the party, La La decides to read a juicy excerpt from a chapter. We love to see La La succeed! YOU GO GIRL!


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We got the fetal monitor last week. Looking forward to ordering again. Thanks!Dave ChesserHePing E. Rd. Taipei
ECG Monitor arrived as promised, thank you. We have a Very Happy client. Thanks again for keeping in touch throughout the job. VioladesignHealdsburg, CA,USA
Just wanted to say thank you for doing such a great job. The ultrasound machine arrived on time, and look very, very good, I've had nothing but praise for them from every single person I've given one to. The medical equipment quality and durability are xtremely good.
Liam Higgins Saunders Cumbria CA,UK
View More Testimonials
Fetal monitor is a piece of medical equipment used to measure the heart rate of an unborn child while in utero, most commonly while the mother is in labor or undergoing a procedure that has risks associated with the baby. To many, the lines that appear on the monitoring strip read like a foreign language that only healthcare professionals can decipher. However, with a little practice, anyone can learn to speak the language.
Placing the Leads: There are two leads or sensors that make up the external fetal monitors. One of these round sensors monitors the contractions of the mother's uterus, and the other measures the fetal heart rate, or FHR. External fetal monitors are applied by the nurse, or another healthcare provider.
1.Internal fetal monitors are placed by a physician or nurse practitioner. A lead is placed on the baby's scalp through the mother's cervix, and a catheter is placed inside the uterus to measure the pressure of its contractions.
2.This particular FHR has a baseline of about 140 BPM
Finding the Baselines: The baseline of the FHR is the heart rate that is most commonly seen throughout. The best way to find it is to draw a line that the FHR returns to after every peak and trough. The baseline for the uterine contractions is the level of tone the muscle returns to after every contraction.
3.Early decelerations on a fetal heart monitor strip
What It All Means: You will notice the fetal heart rate does not appear as a steady line on the monitor strip. This is called variability. Every once in a while, usually during contractions, increases or decreases in the heart rate may occur. The following are three classifications of this occurrence:
Accelerations: This is when the FHR seems to rise slightly during the contractions. This is always a good sign when looking at a fetal monitor.
Early Decelerations: This is when the FHR decreases briefly just before a contraction occurs, or mirrors the contraction. This simply means the baby's head is being compressed in the mother's pelvic cavity. Early Decelerations are usually a good sign.
Variable Decelerations: Sometimes, the baby's heart rate will drop slightly either before or after the contraction. This could be good or bad. It could simply mean head compression (which is fine), or it could indicate compression of the umbilical cord (not good).
Late Decelerations: This is when the FHR begins to decrease on the later half of the contraction, and seems to stay down for a long time. This is never seen as a good sign in fetal monitoring because it can indicate uteroplacental insufficiency, or the breakdown of the baby's life support.
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The Political Science Department is offering a new class (POSC 300 Moot Court) for this fall 2014. This course is a study of the role of judicial supremacy, judicial restraint, and judicial activism of the government in the American political system and the processes by which they have evolved in the United States. It is designed to give students an understanding of the role of law in the American polity. Students will prepare for participation in an undergraduate moot court competition. Class will involve discussion of court cases, brainstorming sessions to help develop arguments, sessions addressing public speaking and style, and practice sessions in which students present arguments, respond to questioning, and grill and provide feedback to other students.
New Course Offering for Fall 2014 - Moot Court


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So Now What?
What happens now?
How will Jodi Rell, who has used veto power to accomplish at least some of what she wants, deal with a Democratic supermajority? Will she be able to accomplish any of what she wants (whatever that is), or will Democrats call all the shots?
Will Democrats be able to work together to overturn a single veto, should it come to that? Is James Amann a strong enough Speaker to effectively counter the governor? Will he be able to push through universal health care, as Democrats have been promising?
Will the Republican Party on the state level (outside of the governor's office) continue to be essentially irrelevant? Is this the end for George Gallo?
Will Lt. Governor-elect Michael Fedele have any role in governing or policy-making? Is he the heir-apparent to Jodi Rell?
Will Republicans regroup in the 5th CD (and maybe the 2nd) for 2008? Will Democrats ever be able to take the 4th?
What role will blogs and Connecticut's nascent blogosphere play in the future, now that the Lamont campaign is done? What will happen to all of the sites dedicated to coverage of the Senate race?
Lots to digest.


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Carol's Daughter Lisa Price Shares Her Story
Lisa Price, owner of the company Carol's Daughter, is who women turn to to get their hair beautiful and healthy. She recently was chosen as Today's Show "Grios 100 History Makers In The Making" and shared her humble beginnings before coming up with the idea to start her own company. Lisa once worked as a writer's assistant for "The Cosby Show," but managed to turn a hobby and a $100 investment into a millionaire dollar business. "I really thought about it as something to do and I thought it was fun."
Her company started off as a natural line of beauty products sold out of her home but has now gone mainstream and can be found in malls and major department stores like Macys. With celebrity investors like Will Smith, Jada Pinkett-Smith, Jay-Z, and Mary J. Blige to back her products up, there's no doubt she's headed straight to the bank. Check out excerpts and video of her interview below:
You can't sell a black woman hope in a jar, you have to deliver. When she puts the money down for that product, she doesn't want hope, she wants something that works.
I started playing around in the kitchen, first making fragrances and then making products to add those fragrances to. My mom encouraged me to sell at a church flea market. I wish I could go back to her and say," Why did you suggest that?" I was never a sales person. I didn't expect to sell out! I didn't expect for people to be so interested in the product. I really looked at it as we'll have fun and maybe I'll sell some cream and you know here I am.
On the first time she was featured in Essence magazine
That little half page changed my entire life. It changed how many phone calls came in, how many orders went out; nothing was the same after that.
On where the concept of the products came from
Early on I decided I was going to be food related because I looked at the products as food for your skin and hair. Then coming up with the names for the fragrances sometimes it depending on what was in it, the mood was at the time.
I love it!


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Hotels in 78056 - Mico TX
Only hotels in 78056 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Mico, TX for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 78056 hotels and motels so you can review the Mico hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Medina county and area code 830 are also listed.
78056 Hotels, Motels & Accommodations
Next: Show All Available 78056 Hotels with Pricing >


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The Military Wire
Discuss and raise public awareness on issues that affect our service members and their families. Our goal is to bring attention to the programs and services that can offer the most benefit.
Posts filtered on Tag
Is Troop Drawdown The Right Move, Right Now?
The president announced last night his decision to withdraw 33,000 troops by September 2012 – leaving some questioning whether this decision is more about politics than winning the war on terror. According to some polls, more than 70% responded in favor of troop withdrawal, which leaves the president's decision a good one in what is […] [Read More]


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Angola3Media: A diverse grassroots movement confronting the widespread use of prolonged solitary confinement in US prisons appears to be gaining momentum.
And Carter Thought He Faced National Malaise
Joseph Palermo: The spectacle of British Petroleum literally killing off the Gulf of Mexico before our eyes while the Obama Administration apparently believes that BP is honorable enough to be trusted to dutifully clean it up is depressing beyond belief. Hearing Louisiana Governor Bobby Jindal complain about the lagging federal response after he built his political career trashing the federal government is just too pathetic and stupid to even bother to ridicule.
Obama Reaches the Bleechers. Jindal? Off the Fists
Feels like it's still the best of times and the worst of times. If the night of President Obama's first major speech to a joint session of Congress proved anything, it confirmed that America chose the better of two directions last November. Nothing could underscore that more glaringly than the comparison of Obama's remarks to […]