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Do You Agree With All of the Angelina/Megan Comparisons?
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Ever since Megan Fox stepped onto the Hollywood scene with Transformers, she's been compared to Angelina Jolie. Jon Voight said he sees similarities between the sexy brunette action stars although Megan herself revealed she'd feel embarrassed to meet Jolie after all the attention on the subject. In honor of Transformers 2 hitting theaters today we want to know — do you agree with all of the Angelina/Megan comparisons?
Read More Pop PollMegan FoxAngelina Jolie
Megan Fox
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5 years
Angelina is ten times the actress and woman that sorry wannabe Megan Fox will ever be. Fox didn't even audition for her transformers role. She slept with the producer. Her hotness is all a bunch of plastic surgery. If you get past that, she's really quite empty. She lacks Angelina's fire.
Nadia24gv 6 years
I agree with jaan_black. Megan looks inbred and like she would enjoy being gang banged. She's gross.
6 years
Hm...they both are beautiful and have similar lips! However, Angelina is way better at acting and u can prove that by her academy award and golden globes. Megan doesn't have anything to prove. In addition, Angelina's movies are real acting movies while Megan's movies are visual affect or computer affect like Transformers. In short, Angelina has more talent and higher moral. Love Angie!
Su2c 6 years
Angie is the best of beauty, love, acting and humanitarian work besides the loving care of her own children, enough to win bad tabloids about her comparing to somebodyelse. Tell me who can do all those things better ?.
6 years
i could say im prettier than both of these women put together. I'm not being conceited but by the attention that is drawn to my looks i know how it goes. So i'll tell it like i see it. Megan is a immature brat that knows the attention Jolie gets. why do you think she gets tattoo's similar to jolie, trys to plump her lips to be fuller which she could never get to be like Jolies.. The fact remains, Jolie was here first, she knows what it takes to get stuff done and she knows how to do it with a elegance and passion. You can see it in her movies, way she talks in media n etc. They are alot of bias females that are not only jealous but envious of Jolie, because it appears she has everything in the world at her finger tips. Megan has alot to learn and she thinks she can get the attention jolie has gotten, so all the more to get recognized by trying to copycat somebody else.. I think if Megan would had went about things in a different way, and did it her way instead of trying compare with Jolie, i feel she could had made something out of herself alot further than the way shes doing it now. As like Paul Newman, james dean n etc there will never be another one, so why try to copy the same pathway and be like somebody else, when you should be yourself instead. As far as who is the sexiest.. hands down Jolie, she radiates everything Megan will never know. Having a guy like Brad, making movies that are blockbusters instead of rotten tomatoes. I'd rather see catherine zeta zones than megan fox in a movie. I'd rather see marylyn monroe than Megan.. Because theres a genuine aspect to a person and then theres people that likes and only know how to be fake to get what they want. another thing, Megan has to have alot kids to know what its like to be Jolie, or go overseas and help poverity stricken children. That to me shows what kind of person they truely are. Its not a matter of a fresh face, in the filming business, its more which actress could make me the most money.. with Jolie ability n background, i dont think they'll have to worry about loosing money. Megan on the other hand will loose alot. I think she should be herself n project that.
6 years
And also the only other people I have ever seen with big ugly fish shaped lips like hers are an actor on the soap thats going off the air,Guiding Light and he plays a religious Father,and the actress who is in her 70's Carolyn Conwell who played Paul's mother on The Young and The Restless from 1980-2004 and they are ugly too and I could never stand to look at them either! A guy recently said on nbcnework.com that he always thought Angelina was ugly with her big catfish lips, and he said she looks like the fish he used to catch in the lake when he was a kid! And on the site askville 2 married men said Angelina is the ugliest celebrity and one of these men said she has lips like a Kissing Gourami fish! * Exactly!*
6 years
Angelina Jolie is one of the ugliest celebrities or women I have ever seen! I can't understand how anyone can find her remotely attractive at all! She has abnormally huge lips that are shaped like a Bass or trout fish especially her lower lip! Every time I see her face online I have to click it of I can't even stand to look at her! I'm not alone either I have found many other people including many heterossexual men saying exactly the same thing! One guy posted a picture of 2 fish and said Angelina looks just like this and he said at least with other actresses you don't need a fishing license to watch their films! Another guy on another site said how can anyone find her huge sausage lips attractive, and another guy said sausage lips? You mean they are like this, and he posted a picture of a fish with an eek emoticon. On another message board many people were saying these things abouther too and a woman said that her husband said she looks like she should be thrown back into the ocean. Elizabeth Taylor,Lauren Bacall,Milla Jovovich, and Marilyn Monroe all had/have full lips but they weren't abnormally huge and they all had very pretty shaped lips not ugly trout shaped lips! Scarlet Johanson,Jessica Alba and Liv Tyler all have lips that are too big,but they still have pretty looking mouths because their lips have a very pretty shape not fish shaped like *UGLY* Angelina!
6 years
I think megan is trying very hard to look like Angelina. If you all remember, the first Transformer movie she barely had lips. And now she has full lips.
6 years
Megan Fox looks more like a brunette, freckle-less version of LL from some angles, Not Angie...
Mega111 6 years
Megan Is SO HOT!!!!While Angelina Jones Looks Like A Bag Of Bones And She Has No Talent At All.....People Shouldn't Even Compare Megan To That F**king Whore
6 years
Angelina Jolie is still prettier. She has more unique features. Stil you can't really compare a 40 something year woman with a person in her 20's
witchbaby 6 years
I don't see it. Angelina is a much better actress and in interviews Megan seems quite frankly a little stupid.
6 years
Angelina is hotter, smarter, sexier, can act and has a nice voice. Megan is pretty, but kind of an airhead, slightly sexy but mostly typical, she cannot act, and her voice is whiney and annoying There is no one like angelina, she is so unique and she's getting better with age. Angelina is downright beautiful. I also agree with whoever left the LOVE ANGELINA comment.
LOVE-ANGELINA 6 years
Ames so what. So Angie let her eyebrows grow in at the GG so what? How does that make her overly made up?
lannielou8 6 years
im torn? hehehh
lannielou8 6 years
im torn? hehehh
justlookaround 6 years
they actually have a lot of similar physiques characteristiques (sorry my english!)
6 years
more... Billy Bob first clocked eyes on Angelina on the set of Pushing Tin while he was still romantically linked to Laura Dern. Sparks flew, and two vials of blood later the pair dashed off for a quickie wedding, breaking Dern's heart. angelina worked on a movie with billy bob who was engaged to be married to laura dern. she slept with him on set, broke them up, married him. Dern said "I left our home to work on a movie, and while I was away, my boyfriend got married, and I've never heard from him again." She quickly became a tabloid's favorite, since she presented herself as very outspoken in interviews, discussing her love life and her interest in BDSM openly,[7] and once claiming to be "most likely to sleep with a female fan".
6 years
Clearly you all forget what angelina was before she realized she had to do some SERIOUS PR image cleanup.. "Her self-esteem was further diminished when her initial attempts at modeling proved unsuccessful. She started to cut herself At the age of 14, she dropped out of her acting classes and dreamed of becoming a funeral director.[12] During this period, she wore black, dyed her hair purple and went out moshing with her live-in boyfriend.[10] Two years later, after the relationship had ended, she rented an apartment above a garage a few blocks from her mother's home.[9] Voight claimed that his daughter had "serious mental problems" on Access Hollywood. At the age of 16, Jolie returned to theatre and played her first role as a German dominatrix. her professional movie career began in 1993, when she played her first leading role in the low-budget film Cyborg 2, as Casella "Cash" Reese, a near-human robot, designed to seduce her way into a rival manufacturer's headquarters and then self-detonate. The New York Times wrote, "Kate (Angelina Jolie) stands out. That's because she scowls even more sourly than [her co-stars] and is that rare female hacker who sits intently at her keyboard in a see-through top. She was completely naked in Gia, which was one of her breakout roles. In 2000, Jolie appeared in her first summer blockbuster, Gone In 60 Seconds, in which she played Sarah "Sway" Wayland, ex-girlfriend of car-thief Nicolas Cage. The role was small, and the Washington Post criticized that "all she does in this movie is stand around, cooling down, modeling those fleshy, pulsating muscle-tubes that nest so provocatively around her teeth." Jolie married British actor Jonny Lee Miller, her co-star in the film Hackers (1995). She attended her wedding in black rubber pants and a white shirt, upon which she had written the groom's name in her blood."
Zarah 6 years
they're both gorgeous and they both have limited acting skills. but comparing is stupid and annoying; the need to slot everyone into a few categories is juvenile.
Amesabelle 6 years
Wow, LOVE, you have a very selective memory. Do I need to go pull links to the goth looks with the ridiculous Frida Kahlo-esque eyebrows among other looks? She INDEED has been overly made up. Take your blinders off - I don't think it's possible for you to look objectively at this woman. AT ALL.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A superplasticizer cement admixture for portland cement based compositions formed from a low molecular weight alkali metal polyacrylate in combination with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal polynaphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde or an alkali metal lignosulfonate or an alkaline earth metal lignosulfonate or mixtures thereof.
1. A cement superplasticizer composition comprising from 5 to 95 percent by weight of an alkali metal polyacrylate having a weight average molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000 in combination with from 5 to 95 percent by weight of (a) an alkali or alkaline earth metal polynaphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensate or (b) a mixture in any proportion of an alkali or alkaline earth metal polynaphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde and an alkali or alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonate.
2. The superplasticizer of claim 1 comprising from 5 to 95 percent by weight of an alkali metal polyacrylate and, correspondingly, from 95 to 5 percent by weight of an alkali or alkaline earth metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde.
3. The superplasticizer of claim 1 comprising from 5 to 95 percent by weight of the alkali metal polyacrylate having a weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 10,000 with a combination of an alkali or alkaline earth metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensation product and an alkali or alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonate in a weight ratio of 99.9:0.1 to 0.1:99.9.
4. The superplasticizer of claim 3, wherein the polyacrylate is present in from 15 to 85 percent by weight; the napthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde and lignin sulfonate are in a weight ratio of from 90:10 to 10:90; the polyacrylate is formed from a homopolymer from acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or copolymers of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid.
5. The superplasticizer of claim 1, wherein the polyacrylate has a general formula: ##STR2## wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; M represents an alkali metal; R1 represents a C1 -C3 alkoxy or amide group; x and y are integers of 1 or greater; z is an integer including zero; the ratio of z to the sum x+y+z is less than 0.3; and the sum of x+y+z represents a polymer having a molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000.
6. The superplasticizer of claim 2, wherein the polyacrylate has a general formula: ##STR3## wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; M represents an alkali metal; R1 represents a C1 -C3 alkoxy or amide group; x and y are integers of 1 or greater; z is an integer including zero; the ratio of z to the sum x+y+z is less than 0.3; and the sum of x+y+z represents a polymer having a molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000.
7. The superplasticizer of claim 3, wherein the polyacrylate has a general formula: ##STR4## wherein R represents hydrogen or methyl; M represents an alkali metal; R1 represents a C1 -C3 alkoxy or amide group; x and y are integers of 1 or greater; z is an integer including zero; the ratio of z to the sum z+y+z is less than 0.3; and the sum of x+y+z represents a polymer having a molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000.
8. The superplasticizer of claim 7 wherein M is sodium; z is zero; and the sum of x+y represents a polymer of weight average molecular weight of from 1,000 to 10,000.
9. In a cement composition formed from a silicate based cement and having a superplasticizer therein, the improvement comprising that said superplasticizer is defined by claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 and is present in said cement composition in from 0.05 to 2 percent solid superplasticizer based on total solids of the cement composition.
10. The composition of claim 9 wherein the cement composition is a concrete formed from a silicate based cement sand, aggregate and water and the superplasticizer is present in from 0.1 to 0.5 percent s/s.
11. A method of forming a cement structure comprising mixing a cement composition having a silicate-based cement base with water and with from 0.05 to 2 percent s/s of a superplasticizer composition of claims 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 to cause the superplasticizer and the hydraulic cement therein to interact and impart fluidity to said cement composition; forming said fluidized cement composition into a desired shape; and curing said cement composition.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the cement composition is concrete formed from a silicate based cement sand, aggregate and water and the superplasticizer is present in from 0.1 to 0.5 percent s/s.
13. A method of forming a cement structure comprising mixing a silicate based cement composition with water and with from 0.05 to 2 percent s/s of a superplasticizer composition consisting essentially of from 5 to 95 percent by weight of an alkali metal acrylate of a weight average molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000 and from 95 to 5 percent by weight, respectively, of an alkali or alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonate.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the cement composition contains a silicate based cement, sand, aggregate and water and the superplasticizer is present in from 0.1 to 0.5 percent s/s.
15. A cement composition formed according to the method of claim 13.
16. A cement composition formed according to the method of claim 14.
The present invention is directed to a cement admixture capable of greatly increasing the fluidity or slump characteristictics of portland cement compositions and of retaining the increased fluidity over extended periods of time. These desired properties are achieved without over retarding the set characteristics of the cement composition.
Commonly known classes of cements, such as portland cements, high-alumina cements and gypsum plaster, are categorized according to their chemical composition and application. For example, Portland cements have high silicate content and are used in structural applications. Alumina cements contain constituents high in alumina content and are used in specialized applications as a refractory cement. Gypsum plaster or plaster of Paris consists essentially of calcium sulfate hemihydrate and is often used in forming interior walls or for taking impressions of objects. Because of their chemical and application differences, the materials are treated as distinct materials by those skilled in the art. The present invention relates to compositions useful in modifying the properties of portland or high silicate content cements.
Portland cement compositions are brought into a workable form by mixing the solid components with an amount of water which is greater than that required to hydrate the cement components therein. The mixed mineral binder composition is poured into a form and allowed to harden at atmospheric temperature. During the hardening, some of the excess water remains, leaving cavities in the formed structural unit and, thus, reduces the mechanical strength of the resultant unit. It is well known that the compressive strength of the resultant structure generally bear an inverse relationship to the water-cement ratio of the starting mix. The desire to use smaller quantities of water is limited by the required flow and workability properties of the fresh mixture.
It is desired in many applications to use unset cement compositions which are of low viscosity or even self-leveling which, at the same time, are capable of forming a set cement of high compressive strength (via low water-cement ratio). In structural cement compositions, for example, it is highly desirable to maintain very low water content in order to achieve high strength in the final product. On the other hand, it is desirable that the unset composition have fluid properties to enhance mixing to cause uniform distribution of the liquid (water) in the solid components, pumpability to permit the unset cement composition to be carried to the needed structural site and flowability to permit the unset cement composition to be readily shaped into the desired form.
Cement admixtures (The term "admixture" as used herein and in the appended claims is a term of art referring to compounds and compositions added to cement mixtures or compositions to alter their properties. The term does not imply that the components of an admixture do or do not interact to cause the desired result.) capable of causing the above-described viscosity reducing characteristics are known. These materials are generally categorized as "water-reducing agents" if they are capable of modifying viscosity to a limited degree or as "high range water-reducing agents" or "superplasticizers" if they have the ability to permit large water cuts in the cement mixture while maintaining fluidity or cause large increases in fluidity at constant water content. Lignin sulfonates and polysaccharides are known water reducing agents while sulfite modified condensation products of melamine-formaldehyde or sulfonate modified condensation products of naphthalene-formaldehyde are commercially available superplasticizers. While these admixtures have the advantage of increasing initial fluidity, they also have the disadvantage of increasing the rate at which the cement composition loses its fluidity or slump. H. P. Preiss and H. R. Sasse, in Superplasticizers in Concrete, Vol. II, Ed. by V. M. Malhotra et al, pages 733-750, compare the effects of various known water-reducing agents and superplasticizers including sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensates, sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensates, lignin-sulfonates and polystyrene sulfonates. The study concludes that very high dosages of any of the studied admixtures are needed to appreciably increase the flow of cement compositions yet, such dosages enhance the rate of slump loss and tend to retard or prevent set.
Polyacrylates, normally of high molecular weight, have been considered a poor candidate as a superplasticizer as they have been found to cause flocculation of cement slurries.
It is highly desired to have superplasticizer admixture compositions which can impart a high degree of fluidity to cement compositions, can cause retention of the fluidity over extended time and can achieve these results at low dosages and without adverse effect of set retardation.
The present invention is directed to a superplasticizer cement admixture composition capable of providing a high degree of fluidity to cement compositions. The subject admixtures are further capable of providing extended time of fluidity and workability to the cement compositions. The desired properties of fluidity and extended workability time are obtained without causing substantial set retardation of the cement composition.
The cement admixture composition of the present invention is a mixture of low weight average molecular weight alkali metal polyacrylate in combination with an alkali metal sulfonated naphthalene-formaldehyde condensate or an alkali or alkaline earth metal lignosulfonate or a mixture of the three classes of components.
It has been presently found that an unexpectedly high degree of fluidity and extended workability time of unset cement compositions can be achieved by having the compositions contain small dosages of the cement superplasticizer admixture of the present invention.
Cement compositions capable of being modified by the subject admixture are conventional cement-based compositions formed by mixing standardized amounts of required components, i.e. a portland cement, water, sand and aggregate, as is applicable for the particular material being formed.
The cement compositions in which the present admixture has been found useful include cement pastes, that is, mixtures composed of a portland cement and water; mortars composed of portland cement, water and sand in standard amounts; and concrete compositions composed of portland cement, water, sand, and aggregate, each in standard amounts and size. The present invention is particularly useful in concretes used to form structural units. In each of the above-described cement compositions, it is desirable to have low water to cement ratios, such as from 0.2 to 0.6, in order to form a set composition of suitable strength. The amount of water present is inversely proportional to the strength of the set cement composition and, therefore, lowering the ratio is desirable.
The term "cement composition" as used in the present disclosure and appended claims refers to pastes, mortars and concrete compositions, as described above formed with a portland or high silicate content cement. These cements are conventionally known and are manufactured by calcining a mixture of limestone and clay to form a clinker, and by grinding the clinker to a fine powder. The major compounds found in portland cement are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, and tetracalcium aluminoferrite. The tricalcium and dicalcium silicates are thought to be the principal bonding constituents in the portland cement. Tricalcium silicate, when mixed with water, forms a calcium silicate hydrate known as tobermorite gel and calcium hydroxide. The dicalcium silicate, when contacted with water, forms similar products, but at a much slower rate of reaction. The tricalcium silicate, having the greater rate of reaction, determines to a large extent the rate of set of the cement. To provide materials which are suitable for different uses, portland cements having a range of properties have been made commercially available. Four general types of portland cements, varying principally in the relative quantities of tricalcium silicate and dicalcium silicate present therein, are commonly produced. The proportions of the principal compounds present in three of these cements are tabulated hereinbelow.
______________________________________Portland Cement Type I II III______________________________________Composition, wt. percent:Tricalcium silicate 53 47 58Dicalcium silicate 24 32 16Tricalcium aluminate 8 3 8Tetracalcium aluminoferrite 8 12 8______________________________________
The water to cement ratio of a particular composition will determine, to a large extent, the strength of the resultant set material. As discussed above, the amount of water required to form a uniform composition is in excess of that needed to react with the cement components. Reduction of the water to cement ratio while maintaining or increasing the fluidity of the mixture is highly desired. When using the presently described admixture, one has greater capability of forming a uniform mixture, of molding the cement composition into desired shapes, of causing the composition to be substantially self-leveling and of causing the cured cement composition to exhibit higher compressive strength than normally attainable for the same amount of cement. One further gains an extended workability time without proportionally extending the set time of the resultant cement composition.
"Fluidity," "slump" and "workability" are interrelated terms. Slump is a term of art relating to a standard test for determining the ease of movement of an unset cement composition. The slump test measures the amount of settlement or flow a shaped cement charge has once under unsupported conditions. A cement composition is workable, i.e. moldable, shapable, etc. while the cement exhibits some degree of slump or flow characteristics.
Referring to FIG. 1 which graphically depicts the relationship of the strength of cement compositions with respect to time subsequent to initial formation (inclusion of water). The initial stiffness or strength for a particular solid component cement mixture is determined by the water to cement ratio and, where appropriate, the presence of a water-reducing or superplasticizer cement admixture. The initial strength S1 of a cement composition may be, for example, such that the slump is from about 6 to 10 inches. The strength increases with time causing a corresponding decrease in fluidity or slump until it reaches a strength S2 at time T2 where it exhibits substantially no fluidity (slump of less than 2 inches) and is therefore no longer movable. The cement composition must be placed in its desired position before it attains strength S2. At a time T3 the cement reaches a strength S3 where it can sustain a weight (such as a man walking on it) but can be trowelled and finished. Strength S3 has low penetration test values (ASTM C-403) of about 500 psi. The cement composition reaches a strength S4 at T4 at which point it has a high penetration test value of about 4,000 psi and no further work can be done to productively alter its form.
FIG. 1 contains three curves showing the relationship of strength to time for cement compositions formed from a particular mixture of solids (cement, sand, aggregate) with water and no admixture (Composition 1 represented by curve 1); with a substantial reduction in water content and with a conventional superplasticizer (Composition 2 represented by curve 2); and with the same substantial reduction in water content as Composition 2 and with an equivalent amount of a superplasticizer of the present invention (Composition 3 represented by curve 3).
At time T1 each of the compositions 1, 2 and 3 (the composition referenced is superscripted) has the same strength, S1. Compositions 2 and 3 are formed with a lower water to cement ratio which will enable them to form final products having greater strength characteristics than composition 1 which has more water to provide the same initial slump or fluidity. Composition 2 which contains a conventional superplasticizer loses fluidity (gains strength) more rapidly than composition 1 and thereby reaches strength S2 at a time T2 2 which is significantly less than the time T2 1 required for composition 1 to reach strength S2. Thus, composition 2 containing a conventional superplasticizer has less fluidity and workability than composition 1 over times from T1 to T2. The gain in water reduction achieved in composition 2 is countered by the detrimental effect of acceleration in loss of workability. A further comparison of cement composition 2 containing a conventional superplasticizer with cement composition 1 shows that the set strength S4 is slightly retarded for composition 2, i.e. T4 2 is slightly greater than T4 1. This allows for slight increase in available finishing time. While addition of a conventional superplasticizer permits decrease in water-cement ratio it causes the disadvantage of early slump loss and therefore early loss of workability time for the treated cement composition.
Curve 3 of FIG. 1 illustrates the strength-time relationship of cement compositions formed with the superplasticizer of the instant invention. Composition 3 can have an initial strength S1 with the use of a substantial reduction in water content in the same manner as attainable with conventional superplasticizers. The slump loss or loss of workability is significantly slower than that of composition 2. Time T2 3 is significantly longer than time T2 2 and it may be equal to or even greater than that of the composition 1. This increase in working time and fluidity is attained without any detrimental amount of retardation in time T4 3 to reach set strength S4.
Small amounts of the superplasticizer composition of the present invention can significantly increase slump or fluidity of a cement composition having a particular water to cement ratio over the same compositions having no superplasticizer or, alternately, can permit substantial reduction in water to cement ratio without loss to fluidity. Further, the present superplasticizer composition imparts greater fluidity over an extended period of time in comparison to conventional superplasticizer admixtures. Finally, cement compositions containing the present superplasticizer compositions attain set strength S4 within suitable time.
It has been presently unexpectedly found that a superplasticizer cement admixture can be formed which imparts the desired properties of increased fluidity at low dosages and retention of fluidity over extended period of time without substantially increasing the set time of the cement composition.
The subject superplasticizer cement admixture is formed from an alkali metal polyacrylate in combination with an alkali metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensate or an alkali or alkaline earth lignin sulfonate or mixtures thereof, as fully described hereinbelow.
The term "polyacrylic acid", as used in the present disclosure and appended claims, shall mean homopolymers and copolymers of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid in which the carboxylic acid groups have not been converted into metal salts. The terms "polyacrylate" or "alkali metal polyacrylate", as used in the present disclosure and appended claims shall refer to homopolymers and copolymers of acrylic acid and/or methacrylic acid in which at least a portion of the carboxylic acid groups therein are in the form of alkali metal salts. The polyacrylic acids and, therefore, the polyacrylates useful in the present invention may also contain small amounts of up to about 30 percent and preferably up to about 20 percent by weight of comonomeric units of C1 -C3 alkyl esters or amides of acrylic or methacrylic acid.
The alkali metal polyacrylates suitable for use as a component of the present superplasticizer admixture is formed from a polymer of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or mixture thereof, preferably from acrylic acid. The amount of any ester or amide comonomer present in the polyacrylate must be less than an amount causing the polymer to be insoluble in water. The polyacrylic acid used to form the polyacrylate should have a low weight average molecular weight of from 500 to 25,000, preferably from 1,000 to 10,000. The polyacrylate component of the present superplasticizer can be represented by the general formula: ##STR1## wherein each R is individually selected from hydrogen or methyl; R1 is selected from a C1 -C3 alkoxy or NH2 ; M is an alkali metal, preferably sodium; x, y and z are integers such that z is from 0 to less than 0.3 of the total of x+y+z; and x+y+z is a sum of the integers to represent a low molecular weight polymer of from about 500 to 25,000, preferably from 1,000 to 10,000.
The low molecular weight polyacrylic acid component can be formed by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art such as by solution polymerization in which free radical polymerization of the monomer or monomers is conducted in isopropanol or isopropanol-water solvent at 120� to 200� C. under pressure as disclosed in German patent application No. 2,757,329 filed Dec. 22, 1977. The free carboxylic acid groups of the polyacrylic acid is formed into an alkali metal salt with an alkali metal hydroxide or the like in sufficient amount to cause a resultant aqueous solution of the polymer to have a pH of from at least about 6 to about 10 and preferably from about 7 to 8.
The alkali metal and alkaline earth metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensation products suitable for use in the present superplasticizer cement admixture are commercially available products. These products are conventionally formed by reacting formaldehyde with naphthalene sulfonic acid in ratios ranging from about 0.75 to about 1.35 at temperatures of from about 90� C. to 120� C. When the ratio is in the order of 0.75 the reaction time is short i.e. about 4-6 hours while when the ratio is high the reaction time is longer i.e. about 8-12 hours. The molecular weight of the condensation product can be from about 1,000 to about 200,000. The molecular weight is dependent on the ratio of reactants, the reaction time and the reaction temperature as is well known to those skilled in the art. The resultant condensation product is formed into the metal salt by reacting the product with an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or its equivalent, the metal is preferably sodium or calcium, in sufficient amount to form an aqueous solution of the product having a pH of from about 7 to 10.
The lignin sulfonate component of the present superplasticizer cement admixture is a commercially available product and has been considered useful as a water-reducing agent for cement compositions. The lignin is normally obtained as a by-product from pulp making processes in which wood chips are cooked under pressure in a sulfurous acid solution. The resultant alkali metal and alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonates are formed by neutralization of the cooking liquor and, when desired, the metal can be exchanged by the addition of sulfates of other metal cations. For example, sodium lignin sulfonate is normally formed by precipitation of calcium lignin sulfonate with sodium sulfate. Calcium and sodium salts are the preferred lignin sulfonates in the subject superplasticizer.
The present cement superplasticizer admixture is required to be composed of an alkali metal polyacrylate, in combination with an alkali metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensate or an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonate or mixtures thereof. The polyacrylic acid metal salt must be present in from at least 5 percent to 95 percent and preferably from 15 to 85 percent and most preferably from 20 to 85 percent by weight of the total combination.
The superplasticizer can be in the form of a composition having from about 5 percent to 95 percent by weight of an alkali metal polyacrylate with the remaining 95 to 5 percent by weight composed of an alkali metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensate. Alternately, the subject superplasticizer can be composed of from 5 to 95 percent by weight of an alkali metal (preferably sodium) polyacrylate with the remainder comprising an alkali or alkaline earth metal (preferably sodium or calcium or mixtures) lignin sulfonate. Exceptionally good superplasticizers are formed from two component compositions containing from 20 to 85 percent by weight polyacrylate.
The most preferred superplasticizer cement admixtures of the present invention are formed from a combination containing all three components described above, i.e. an acrylate, a naphthalene-sulfonate and a lignin. The combination should contain from 5 to 95, preferably from 15 to 85 and most preferably from 20 to 85 weight percent of the polyacrylate described above. The preferred superplasticizer is further composed of an alkali metal naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde and an alkali or alkaline earth metal lignin sulfonate in weight ratio of from 0.1:99.9 to 99.9:0.1, preferably from 90:10 to 10:90. The most preferred superplasticizer admixtures would be composed of at least about 15 percent by weight alkali metal polyacrylate, at least about 10 percent by weight of a naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde and at least about 10 percent by weight of a lignin sulfonate based on the total weight of solids of the admixture.
The amount of the present superplasticizer cement admixture required in a cement composition should be an effective amount to substantially reduce the water content (by about 10 percent or greater) while retaining equivalent slump of a blank cement composition or an effective amount to increase the slump while maintaining the water to cement ratio, whichever is desired. It has been unexpectedly found that the combinations of components used in the proportions described hereinabove achieve greater amount of slump than is expected additively from each component. The specific amount of the present superplasticizer cement admixture can be readily determined and will depend upon the cement composition and the ratio of components of the composition. Generally the amount will range from about 0.05 to 2, preferably 0.15 to 0.5 weight percent of total solids of the cement composition. Greater amounts may be used but generally are unnecessary to achieve the desired results.
The superplasticizer cement admixture of the present invention can be added to cement compositions in any conventional manner. For example, the components can be added to the cement compositions substantially simultaneously such as by previously mixing the components, either in a dry state or as an aqueous solution and adding the formed composition to the cement composition. It is preferred that the present superplasticizer be introduced into a cement composition as aqueous solution either simultaneously with, as part of or subsequent to the addition of water used to form the wet cement compositions such as just prior to utilization of the cement composition. The subject superplasticizer cement admixture should be substantially uniformly mixed with the cement composition to permit interaction between the present admixture and the hydraulic cement of the cement composition as well as interaction of the admixture components (the exact nature of the interaction is unknown and not meant to be a limitation on the present invention) causing unexpected increased initial fluidity and retention of fluidity over time.
The cement composition may contain other conventional cement admixtures added in amounts and in manners known in the art. For example, the cement composition containing the superplasticizer described herein may also contain air entraining agents such as resin soaps, alkyl benzene sulfonates and the like or retarders such as gluconates, sugars and the like as well as other admixtures.
The resultant cement structure, although formed from a wet cement composition exhibiting great fluidity and extended time of fluidity, is a structure of increased strength. This is especially important and desirable when the cement structure is a structural concrete formation.
The following examples are given for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to be a limitation on the subject invention except as defined in the claims appended hereto. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
A. A series of cement compositions in the form of cement pastes were formed from a commercially available Type II portland cement and water in a water to cement ratio of 0.45. Each of the samples was mixed with varying amounts of a commercially available sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde condensation product (DAXAD-19 of W. R. Grace and Co.) or varying amounts of sodium polyacrylate salt formed substantially from acrylic acid monomer via polyacrylic acid having a weight average molecular weight of 2,000 or from mixtures of the two materials. When mixtures of polyacrylic acid salt and naphthalene sulfonic acid salt-formaldehyde condensate were used in varying proportions, the total amount of additives were considered as the dosage level. The samples containing one additive were used as comparative samples.
Each of the samples was measured for fluidity by a standard minislump test procedure described in Kantro, B. L., "Influence of Water-Reducing Admixtures on Properties of Cement Pastes--A Miniature Slump Test," Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, Vol. 2, No. 2 Winter 1980, pp. 95-102. Samples containing no additive were also tested as a standard and exhibited a minislump flow of 95 mm. The test results for the remaining samples are contained in Table I hereinbelow and are graphically depicted in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 shows that cement compositions containing sodium polyacrylate in from 10 to 95 percent with the remainder being sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde exhibits exceptionally high degree of fluidization. For example, at 0.25 percent solid superplasticizer dosage based on total solids added, the paste showed exceptionally high flow values (curve A) over what would be expected as additive effect by drawing a straight line (curve B) between flow values for each individual component. The enhanced flow for a 0.25 percent s/s dosage is the value of distance C.
TABLE I(A)______________________________________Solids added Na Naphthalene Mini-as percent of Na polyacrylate Sulfonate-Formaldehyde slumpTotal Solids % % mm______________________________________0.0 -- -- 950.2 0 100 106 25 75 108 50 50 126 75 25 134 100 0 1200.25 0 100 118 25 75 133 50 50 154 75 25 153 100 0 1420.30 0 100 120 25 75 154 50 50 170 75 25 159 100 0 1490.40 0 100 135 25 75 167 50 50 168 75 25 162 100 0 156______________________________________
B. A series of cement compositions were formed in the same manner as described above at 0.25 percent s/s total dosage except that the sodium polyacrylate was substituted with sodium polyacrylate of 2,000 and 5,000 molecular weight and by a copolymer formed from acrylic acid and acrylamide monomeric units. Each material was tested separately and in combination (1:1) for minislump as described above. The results are given in Table Ia below:
TABLE I(B)__________________________________________________________________________ Combined (1:1) Individual Individual CompositionNa Polyacrylate Mini Slump Mini Slump Mini SlumpMonomer(s) M.W. mm Na NSF mm mm__________________________________________________________________________Acrylic acid 2,000 142 Na NSF 116 154Acrylic acid 5,000 148 " 116 148Acrylic acid/acrylamide 15,000 130 " 116 138(9.5/1)__________________________________________________________________________
Cement samples were formed in the same manner and from the same materials as described in Example I(B) above and were tested for set retardation using standard calorimeter measurements as described by G. C. Edwards and R. L. Angstadt, in J. Appl. Chem. 16,166 (1966). The results are given in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________Solids Addedas % of Total Time of SetSolids (s/s) % NaPA1 % NaNSF2 (hrs.)______________________________________0 -- -- 8.250.20 25 75 9.0 50 50 9.5 75 25 10.50.25 20 80 8.750.30 33 66 9.5 50 50 11.250.40 25 75 9.75______________________________________ 1 NaPA = sodium polyacrylate MWw = 2000 2 NaNSF = sodium naphthalene sulfonateformaldehyde
It is seen that each of the samples tested exhibited acceptable set time in relation compared to the blank inserted here for comparison.
Standard slump tests (ASTM C-143) were performed on concrete samples formed from a mixture of 4000 parts Type II portland cement, 6000 parts sand, 11,000 parts aggregate (5/8 and 11/4 inch 50:50 mix) and 2000 parts water (0.5 w/c ratio) for blank or 1,700 parts water (0.425 w/c ratio) for samples with admixtures. The samples were formed by initially mixing the dry solids and then adding water and, where appropriate, after a slump test, adding a superplasticizer admixture. The samples included blank concrete (no admixture), concrete containing only 0.2 percent s/s sodium polyacrylate salt or 0.2 percent s/s sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde as used in Example I above (as comparative samples) and concrete containing 0.2 percent s/s of a 50:50 mixture of sodium polyacrylate and sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde. The results shown in Table III below verify that the combination is an extremely good cement superplasticizer for concrete compositions and achieves unexpectedly higher slump than would be assumed achievable by additive effects of the combination of components.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________Proportions at0.2% s/s total Slump at Elapsed Time (inches)NaPA1 NaNSF2 NaL3 Blank Dosed 15 30 45 60 90 120__________________________________________________________________________0 1.0 0 2.25 7.5 5 3 2.5 2.25 1.25 --0 0 1.0 2 7.5 6.75 4.75 2.75 1.75 1.25 --0.5 0.5 0 2.25 8.5 8 7 6.5 5.5 5 30.33 0.33 0.33 2 8 7.5 6 6 5.5 3.25 2.250.17 0.42 0.42 2 8.25 7 5.25 4.75 3 2.25 1.250 0 0 0 8 7.75 7.5 7 6.25 5.75 --__________________________________________________________________________ 1 NaPA = sodium polyacrylate (MWw = 2000) 2 NaNSF = sodium naphthalene sulfonateformaldehyde of broad mol. wt distribution 3 NaL = sodium lignin sulfonate (Zewapulver)
Cement paste compositions having a water to cement ratio of 0.45 were formed and tested by minislump tests as described in Example I above. Samples were formed of a blank cement paste (no admixture); a cement paste to which 0.25 percent s/s of a sodium lignin sulfonate (Lignosol SFX of Reed Ltd.) or 0.25 percent s/s sodium polyacrylate of weight average molecular weight of 2,000 was added with the water; and a cement paste with 0.25 percent s/s total dosage of a combination (50:50) of each of the above two materials added with the water. Samples were also examined for set time by calorimetric method as described in Example II above. Results are given in Table IV below.
TABLE IV______________________________________Admixture% s/s Minislump Set TimeLignin NaPAA mm Hrs.______________________________________-- -- 95 8.50.25 -- 98 10.50.125 0.125 144 13.5-- 0.25 142 14.75______________________________________
The calculated additive minislump of a 50:50 mixture at 0.25 percent s/s total dosage would be 120 mm. The observed value of 144 mm is substantially greater. This increased fluidity plus observed extended time of fluidity and reduced set time over the acrylate illustrates that the combination forms a highly desired superplasticizer admixture.
A series of samples of cement compositions in the form of cement pastes were formed using a commercial Type II portland cement (Whitehall). The sodium polyacrylate was formed from polyacrylic acid homopolymer of acrylic acid with a molecular weight of 2,000, the sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde was a commercial product (Daxad 19) and the sodium lignin sulfonate was a commercial product (Zewapulver). The water was initially mixed with the dry cement and the admixture materials were added as an aqueous solution, in ratios indicated in Table V below, to the wet cement paste approximately 9 minutes after addition of the water. The water/cement ratio was 0.45. The minislump flow was tested at 0.5 hour intervals after addition of the admixture material(s). Comparative samples containing only one admixture component or without an admixture (w/c ratio was 0.5) or with a combination of lignin sulfonate and naphthalene sulfonate were also prepared.
TABLE V______________________________________MINISLUMPProportion @ Addition Rate0.125% s/s Flow at TimeSample No. NaPA NaNSF NaL 0 hr. 1/2 hr. 1 hr. 11/2 hr.______________________________________1 1.0 138 130 124 1202 1.0 124 101 -- --3 1.0 122 102 -- --4 0.5 0.5 126 106 -- --5 0.5 0.5 146 121 120 1216 0.5 0.5 139 122 114 1087 0.33 0.33 0.33 140 119 111 1068 0.17 0.67 0.17 126 114 104 --9 0.17 0.42 0.42 129 112 106 --10 0.17 0.17 0.67 135 114 107 --11 Blank 129 142 127 122______________________________________
The results obtained show that the use of a single component admixture of sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde or of sodium lignin sulfonate accelerates the rate of decrease in fluidity with time. These samples had attained a strength (S2 of FIG. 1) where they were substantially nonflowable in less than 1 hour. Combinations of sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde and sodium lignin sulfonate also exhibited this accelerated decrease in fluidity. The sample containing only sodium polyacrylate showed good fluidity over the time of the test but the set time for the sample was severely retarded. The combinations of components forming the present admixtures (samples 5 to 10) imparted all of the desired properties of initial increase in slump over that expected from its components, retention of fluidity over extended time and acceptable set time.
The procedure described in Example V above was repeated except that the dosages of each of the admixtures (and thereby their components) was increased to a total dosage level of 0.20 percent s/s. The results are shown in Table VI. These results confirm that the present superplasticizer admixtures (Samples 5-10) impart unexpected and improved results to cement compositions. The flow values for comparative samples 2-4 are much lower than those for samples 5-10 at 1 hour and 1.5 hour time intervals. Sample 1, although showing good flow, had undesirable set times.
TABLE VI______________________________________FLOW PROPERTIES OFPOLYACRYLATE-LIGNIN-NAPHTHALENESULFONATE COMBINATIONSMINISLUMPProportions @ Addition Rate0.2% s/s Flow (mm) at TimeSample No. NaPA NaNSF NaL 0 hr. 1/2 hr. 1 hr. 11/2 hr.______________________________________1 1.0 144 148 142 1382 1.0 149 122 112 1043 1.0 144 120 110 --4 0.5 0.5 152 132 119 1095 0.5 0.5 150 142 132 1256 0.5 0.5 191 151 140 1317 0.33 0.33 0.33 174 150 130 --8 0.17 0.67 0.17 156 154 141 1329 0.17 0.42 0.42 155 140 128 12210 0.17 0.17 0.67 181 144 132 12211 Blank 125 122 127 122______________________________________
Cement mortars were formed from 2000 parts Type II portland cement (Whitehall), 4500 parts sand having no large aggregate particles and 900 parts water (w/c ratio=0.45). Samples were formed by adding, with the water forming the wet mortar, the admixture components and compositions as listed in Table V above in amounts indicated for a total dosage of 0.125% s/s and also at double quantities for a total dosage of 0.25% s/s. Samples 5 to 10 represent samples containing admixtures of the present invention. Time to attain initial set strength (S3 of FIG. 1) (Ti) and final set strength (S4 of FIG. 1) (Tf) was determined by Proctor test (ASTM C 403) except that initial sieving was eliminated due to the absence of large particles of aggregate. Final set was also done calorimetrically as described above. The results are given in Table VII below. These results show that acceptable set times are achieved with compositions containing the superplasticizer admixtures of the present invention similar to those attainable with commercial superplasticizer admixtures.
TABLE VII__________________________________________________________________________ Calorimeter Set Time Proctor Set TimeProportions (hours) (Ti/Tf, hours)Sample Sodium Total Dose Total DoseNo. Polyacrylate1 NaNS-F2 NaL3 0.25% s/s 0.125% s/s 0.25% s/s 0.125% s/s__________________________________________________________________________1 1 17.8 11.0 11/24 7.5/9.32 1 9.5 8.5 4.6/610 4.2/5.73 1 12.0 8.5 6.5/8.5 5.9/7.24 0.5 0.5 10.5 8.5 5.2/7.0 4.7/6.25 0.5 0.5 11.2 9.3 6.5/8.1 5.0/6.76 0.5 0.5 14.5 8.6/10.3 6.4/7.97 0.333 0.333 0.333 11.2 9.5 6.4/8.0 5.0/6.28 0.167 0.667 0.167 9.2 8.0 5.4/6.9 4.8/6.09 0.167 0.417 0.417 9.8 8.5/9.0 6.2/7.8 5.2/6.510 0.167 0.167 0.666 11.2 10.0 6.5/8.0 5.2/6.511 Blank 8.5 8.5 4.3/5.7 4.1/5.6__________________________________________________________________________ 1 M.W. = 2,000 2 NaNSF = Sodium naphthalene sulfonateformaldehyde 3 NaL = sodium lignin sulfonate (Zewapulver)
Concrete samples were prepared from 4000 parts Type I portland cement (Martin Marietta), 6000 parts sand, 11,000 parts aggregate (5/8 to 11/4 inch size) and water to form a water to cement ratio of 0.45. Additional samples were made with a 10 percent water cut but with 0.2 percent s/s dosage of commercial naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde superplasticizer and a commercial sodium lignin sulfonate (Zewapulver) for comparative purposes or with superplasticizer admixtures of the present invention, each at a total dosage of 0.2 percent s/s. The admixtures were added to each sample at approximately ten minutes after formation.
Each sample was tested for slump upon formation and at intervals thereafter. The samples containing admixture were tested for slump prior to and upon addition of the admixture. The results are shown in Table VIII below.
TABLE VIII__________________________________________________________________________SLUMP LOSS OF CONCRETECONTAINING ADMIXTURES AT 0.2% s/s Before After SLUMP AT ELAPSED TIME (inches)NaPA NaNSF NaL Addition Addition 15 min. 30 min. 45 min. 60 min. 90 min. 120 min.__________________________________________________________________________-- 1.0 -- 2 73/4 51/2 31/2 23/4 2 11/4 ---- -- 1.0 2 71/2 53/4 41/4 23/4 13/4 -- --0.5 0.5 -- 2 81/4 8 71/2 63/4 61/4 61/4 21/20.5 -- 0.5 21/4 81/2 81/2 73/4 71/2 63/4 5 33/40.33 0.33 0.33 21/4 81/4 8 73/4 7 61/2 33/4 21/20.17 0.67 0.17 21/4 81/2 7 51/4 41/4 23/4 13/4 --0.17 0.42 0.42 21/4 83/4 71/2 61/2 6 41/2 23/4 11/20.17 0.17 0.67 21/4 8 7 61/4 43/4 31/4 21/4 --0.0 0.0 0.0 -- 73/4 71/4 61/2 61/4 53/4 31/4 13/4__________________________________________________________________________
The results show that initial slump or fluidity was greater (even with 10 percent less water content) for each of the concrete samples containing the present admixtures and equal to or better than commercial sodium naphthalene sulfonate superplasticizer or commercial sodium lignin sulfonate water reducer. Further, the retention of fluidity is much greater for concretes containing compositions of the present invention than obtainable via the commercial products. FIG. III graphically compares loss of slump (decrease in fluidity) of samples having no admixture (curve 1), of samples having commercial superplasticizer of 0.2 percent s/s sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde (curve 2); of samples having 0.2 percent s/s total of commercial sodium lignin sulfonate (curve 3); of samples having 0.33/0.33/0.33 ratio at 0.2 percent s/s of each of the three components (curve 4) and samples having 50:50 sodium polyacrylate/sodium naphthalene sulfonate-formaldehyde (curve 5). FIG. III clearly shows that all samples had substantially the same initial slump even though samples of curves 4 and 5 contained 10 percent less water. Samples of curves 2 and 3 lose fluidity more rapidly than the blank of curve 1 while samples of curves 4 and 5 retain essentially the same or greater fluidity compared to the blank sample (curve 1).
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Former Porter-Gaud standout Brent Demarest won the USA Triathlon Junior National Championship on Saturday in West Chester, Ohio.
Demarest finished the course -- including a 750-meter swim, 20-kilometer bike ride and a 5-K run, in a time of 54 minutes, 56.8 seconds.
Tony Morales of Lexington was eighth in 56:27.9, and Hayden Dibona of Mount Pleasant was 21st in 58:16.1.
Demarest will represent Team USA at the Junior World Championships on Aug. 29 in Edmonton, Alberta. He will run cross-country and track at Virginia beginning this fall.
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And the shame of the whole Israeli policy toward Palestinians is that tearing down structures illegally built by Jews on Palestinian-owned property gets a headline. Anywhere else it would have been immediately done as a matter of course.
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"(He) described that he heard sexual sounds. I said, 'Mike, what do you mean?' and he said 'sexual sounds, you know what I mean.' I said, 'No, Mike, what do you mean?' And he got upset, so I left that. He said he looked at the shower and a young boy looked around and he made eye contact with the boy, and I asked whether boy looked upset or frightened , and he said no."
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Haaretz quotes an unnamed source in the Obama camp who claims that President Obama will offer Israel protection under America's "nuclear umbrella," and respond to an Iranian nuclear attack on Israel with a devastating nuclear counterstrike on Iran. Observers on the Right are taking this as a sure indication that Obama is resigned to Iran's eventually attaining nuclear weapons.
Obama may very well have accepted a nuclear Iran as inevitable, but this pledge to Israel does not necessarily signal as much. In fact, this is known to have been Hillary Clinton's stated position on the matter, so anyone who supported Hillary for Secretary of State should be neither surprised nor dismayed. In April, she told Good Morning America that the U.S. would "totally obliterate" Iran in response to an Iranian attack on Israel. At the time, hawkish conservatives considered her statement reassuring; Obama's implementation of it as policy should not automatically create the opposite impression in the same circle.
Currently, U.S. foreign policy toward Iran consists of dotting every useless i and crossing every ineffective t. The Bush administration has, of late, engaged in diplomatic efforts it knows full well to be pure theater. The idea is that should the U.S. decide to strike Iran in order to check its nuclear development, Washington has to be able to make the case that every measure short of the military option has been attempted. Surely, formally letting Iran know that an attack on Israel would spur a nuclear response from the U.S. has always been on the to-do list of gestures. Again, this isn't to say Obama is building a case to support a pre-emptive attack, but to suggest that this move doesn't prove he's not.


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Tag: young professionals
Two Groups Meet to Move Maine Forward
In today's economy, it's important to discuss how to move Maine forward. That's the goal of this unique program called Leadership Maine. It's based more in the southern part of the state, but people from Aroostook County can.. and do.. participate. News Source 8s Gina DiPietro explains.


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Man shot in head on city's east side
Gunman sought in shooting
Police looking for the person who shot a man in the head on the city's east side.
It happened just after 8 p.m. in the 4000 block of Fire Sun.
Police said the victim was sitting in his garage, watching T.V. when someone walked in and shot him in the head.
Police are describing the victim as a man in his 40's and said he was shot at least two times.
He was taken to SAMMC in critical condition.
Police said the victim lived in this house with his mother and that she actually heard the gun shots, but did not see anything.
A neighbor reported seeing a black SUV take off.
Officers detained four men at a Park near Foster Road and Benz Engleman.
However, police said the men that were questioned may not be involved with this shooting.
Police also said the suspect may have used a shot gun.
Copyright 2013 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Navistar Defense Receives USD 134M for Fleet SupportWARRENVILLE, Ill. - Navistar Defense, LLC today announced that it received a $134 million delivery order for field service representatives (FSRs). The order from the U.S. Marine Corps Systems Command renews the company's in theater FSR service contract to support International(r) MaxxPro(r) Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles.
"I'm proud to say that Navistar will not sell a truck if we can't support it in theater," said Archie Massicotte, president, Navistar Defense. "Sustainment of our vehicles is key - especially when vehicle lifecycles may run between 15 to 20 years. With our fleet of vehicles now growing beyond 32,000 trucks, fleet support will continue to be a critical piece of our business."
Global Amphibious Landing Craft Market 2014-2018
The company currently has more than 600 FSRs in theater and working domestically to support the MaxxPro family of vehicles.
Work conducted under the renewed contract will run through December 2012.
Your company's press release on ASDNews and to thousands of other journalists and editors? Use our ASDWire press release distribution service.
Source : Navistar Defense
Armoured Vehicles Turkey 2015 Conference
Oct 27 - 28, 2015 - Istanbul, Turkey
ITAR Defense Trade Controls e-Seminar
Jan 1 - Dec 31, 2015 - Online USB Drive, Online
Additive Manufacturing for Defense and Aerospace Conference
Aug 31 - Sep 2, 2015 - Springfield, United States


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Dr. John Kirk, noted Little Rock Central High historian and author of "Beyond Little Rock: The Origins and Legacies of the Central High Crisis" has joined the UALR faculty as the Donaghey Professor of History and chair of the department.
Kirk, who previously taught at Royal Holloway, University of London, is the author of several books on the American civil rights movement, including "Redefining the Color Line: Black Activism in Little Rock, Arkansas." and "Martin Luther King Jr." He also edited a collection on Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement.
"My research on Little Rock, Arkansas, and civil rights made the history faculty at UALR the perfect place to be, especially as the University is actively seeking to address issues of race, ethnicity and social justice," Kirk said.
UALR Chancellor Joel Anderson said UALR's newest Donaghey professor will bring a long and excellent record as an historian of the American civil rights movement.
"Dr. Kirk will be a scholar-leader for colleagues and students alike," said Anderson, who has made the topic of racial attitude and reconciliation a hallmark issue of his tenure. "Dr. Kirk brings a record recognized by persons outside of the University, including historians and other luminaries in other professions."
Kirk's next book is a co-edited volume on "Arsnick: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Arkansas, 1962-1967" to be published in 2011. He will also be featured in the documentary In the "In the Shadow of Little Rock: The Life of Daisy Bates" due to air on PBS next year.
"I became interested in the South and race while an undergraduate in American Studies at the University of Nottingham in the United Kingdom where I wrote my senior honors thesis on William Faulkner and race," Kirk said. "My Ph.D. supervisor had bought the Arkansas Gazette on microfilm and was looking for a graduate student to work with the material in a different way. A number of community studies had been recently published at the time, and Little Rock was one of the main civil rights flashpoints that had not been covered."
In 1992, Kirk moved to Little Rock.
"I spent a year living in Little Rock conducting research, just as Bill Clinton was running for president, which made the city an exciting place to be," he said. While in the states, Kirk got the opportunity to meet the 42nd President at Clinton's first inauguration.
Later, Kirk was a presenter at the international conference "The Little Rock Desegregation Crisis: Fifty Years Later," which was co-sponsored by UALR in 2007.
Kirk's other distinctions include serving as a Rockefeller Archive Center Fellow and a John F. Kennedy Presidential Library Fellow. He has received notable commendations such as the Lucille Westbrook Award and the J.G. Ragsdale Book Award, both from the Arkansas Historical Association, for his research.
In January 2008, he served on a panel for VoxAfrica, a London-based, Panafrican television channel, during the inauguration of President Barack Obama.
"The expertise Dr. Kirk brings to our college, combined with the knowledge of our other faculty members, will create a unique, competitive resource for historical  studies in the state," said Dr. Deborah Baldwin, dean of the UALR College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. "I look forward to what's in store for our history department."
To contact Kirk, e-mail email@example.com or call the Department of History at 501-569-3235.


text: Comments on: Can Senator Obama Talk Us Out of This One? http://www.thelandofthefree.net/conservativeopinion/2008/08/23/can-senator-obama-talk-us-out-of-this-one/ The Land of the Free presents articles and news about the world and the United States from a conservative, libertarian and classical liberal point of view. Wed, 06 Mar 2013 00:51:05 +0000 hourly 1 http://wordpress.org/?v=3.6 quick loans nevada


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HF Indiana Trail Ride
There's a few people in Indiana and a few people not far from us who are conspiring a trail ride.
If this is a HF meet up that ya'll actually wanna do, let me hear it! I'll get something set up and maybe we can have an awesome amazing weekend!
I think I'm probably in! If Summer is up for it, that is.
Oh heck no, not next weekend! Thinking maybe late summer, early fall. So the horses can be fit and we won't be rained out or burned up!
I'll probably have quite a crew tagging along LOL!
I'm in if you give me details and let me know ahead of time. Let's all invite our horse friends too.
I think we should all exchange cell phone numbers.
The more the merrier! I know if I can convince my gaming friends to come, there won't be a dull moment. Don't worry - they have SANE horses!
I can't really say that my horse is sane...that would be something I would have to worry about, but I guess I could take one of my other ones..or I could steal my friends horse. Shed let me.
Late summer? I'm in. I should have the new lighter trailer by then!
Aww, that sounds like fun! Too bad I'm in Illinois. Some one wanna come get me? hehehe
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Feeling crafty? Sew your own version of New York City with this DIY quilt kit. It includes a single-use map template and sewing instructions, which are user-friendly enough for novice and experienced quilters alike. Personalize your map with embroidered details indicating your first apartment, favorite pizza joints, or that street corner where you got mugged in the early '90s.
Sewing template and instructions included. Thread, fabric, and batting not included. Sewing machine not necessary; quilt can be assembled with a needle and thread.
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Maine Rail officials Hope for the Best, Prepare for the Worst
PORTLAND, Maine (AP) – Rail officials are preparing contingencies in the event Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway stops service following a disaster that claimed 47 lives in Lac-Megantic, Quebec, about 10 miles north of the Maine border.
Nathan Moulton, rail director for the Maine Department of Transportation, said he's making no predictions about the rail company's future but that he'd be remiss if he didn't have a contingency plan in the event it ceases operations.
Moulton said staff attorneys have looked into how service would continue either through a bankruptcy court trustee or through an alternative service directed by the Surface Transportation Board.
The Maine-based rail line had no immediate comment Tuesday. The company has laid off workers because of the July 6 derailment and fire but is continuing operations on other routes.
Category: News


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After spending a year facilitating roughly 160 conversations on how to improve public education in Duval County, the Jacksonville Public Education Fund is now asking the community to prioritize the themes that emerged from those talks.
About 1,600 people participated in "kitchen-table" education discussions in all parts of the community, resulting in 3,900 hours of conversation.
Trey Csar, president of the education fund, said the themes were consistent regardless of which side of town a conversation took place. The notes from the conversations are the starting point to developing a community-wide agreement on priorities and goals for public education.


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Wellness TruFood packaging can be recycled nationally through mail-in program.
2015 plan focuses on optimizing its circular economy.
Recycling and steel company has paid a dividend every quarter since going public in late 1993.
Company says its new warehouse is the largest track and tire distribution center in North America.
Organization's annual conference, COMPOST2016, dedicates an area of its exhibit hall to organics collection.
Brady Recycling provides Sims Metal Management with software to manage its global metals recycling operations.
International Paper, PCA, Smurfit Kappa report second quarter profits.
Illicit ring was bleaching and reselling used napkins.
Texas city's recycling department asks residents for feedback on boosting diversion rate.
New contract will give Firstar five years to repay money owed to the city.
Write-down on Canadian operations accounts for half of the $261 million quarterly loss.
Englishman is arrested under nationwide licensing law.
Kentucky-based firm also begins managing a regional transfer station.
City receives grant to assist with education and outreach procurement.
5811 Canal Road
Valley View, OH 44125 USA


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Willa Dragonfly Posts
Jinx Coming to a tablet near you.
March 23, 2013
Jinx is now available as a kindle ebook (are we still calling them ebooks?)
And for a limited time (next week) if you leave a review and e-mail me about it I will draw you a picture of whatever you want (within reason)
Categories: Blog • Tags: dungeon rats, Willa Dragonfly • 5 Comments
Fishing Trip
November 19, 2012
Whenever Willa and Zander would go fishing Willa always wound up doing most of the work. It had something to do with Zander being a prince.
Categories: Blog • Tags: Prince Zander, Willa Dragonfly • 4 Comments


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I am really mad and sad!!!
((hugs)) you need to just relaxe hope she will see the truth
There isn't much you can do. At this point, the less said, the better. You've already tried to explain to her that you didn't instigate this, you can't force her to believe that. And you can't stop the psycho from being psycho. At this point you may just want to remove yourself as much as possible from any contact with either of them.
There is really nothing more you can do but hope for the best to come out of it.


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Mohammed emailed me recently with a question.
"I'm fast bowler, however my stamina is very low. After 3 or 4 overs I get tired quickly. Can you please tell me the exercises and nutrition that I should take in order to improve my stamina and reduce my belly?"
This is a common question, especially with bowlers. Not having the capacity to bowl at your best must be frustrating. It certainly is for the rest of the team.
What is fast bowling stamina? '
Stamina' in bowling terms is really a your ability to repeat your bowling action many times without loss of technique, speed or accuracy. In short the more stamina you have the longer it takes to get tired and the less effect that tiredness has on your bowling speed and accuracy. Here are 8 ways you can develop this.
- Bowl as much as you can. There is nothing more specific to cricket than playing cricket. Whenever you get the chance then bowl. You can head down the nets on your own with some old balls and something to use as a target if there is noone around to train with you. Bowl in overs with a few minutes rest between if you can to make things more realistic or play as many games as possible. Every time you hit the nets try and bowl a few more overs before you have a rest. Always bowl at top speed too, a shorter intensive burst is more beneficial than going through the motions for longer.
- Train while you are tired. Every now and again, do some bowling when you are physically tired, perhaps at the end of a training session or workout. This will teach you to bowl with intensity even when you feel the tiredness coming on. It's important not to do this too often or on your own. Train with another bowler or batter who can watch your technique and let you know when it starts to go. As soon as your action fails you, stop for the day.
- Run to build work capacity. Running is the next best thing to bowling for increasing your stamina. I'm not averse to rowing either but running should be your number one method. Use interval training to build up your lung capacity and ability to hold off the build up of lactic acid. Intervals are also better for reducing your body fat without causing loss of strength. Long, slow runs are not only a bit boring for most cricketers, but they reduce your ability to bowl quickly by turning fast powerful muscle fibres into slow fibres for, you guessed it, slow jogging.
- Use the winter wisely. Off-season training is the time when you can make the most improvements. If cricket is your main (or only sport) and you have a long winter ahead then use it to develop you endurance through lots of running and some cross training. Most winter sports will also get you fit so consider taking up a game you enjoy playing. If you play all year round consider taking a break of 2-3 months from cricket to really focus on developing your fitness. The short-term loss in games will turn into a long-term gain.
- Eat more lean protein and good fat. We tend to eat lots of protein but it's usually high in saturated fat. Go for lean options like tuna, chicken, turkey or lean cuts of beef and combine it with a balance of fats from sources like avocados, mixed nuts and olive oil. Reasearch has found this fills you up quicker allowing you to lose weight while having a positive effect on your health.
- Eat more vegetables. Vegetables give you energy and contain essential nutrients for health. Eat at least a portion of veg with every meal, preferably every 2-3 hours. This will fill you up more meaning you will lose excess fat but still provide you with enough energy for everyday living.
- Eat less carbohydrate. Carbs have always been associated with energy but generally we eat too much for playing cricket, after all it's a power sport not a marathon. High carb food like crisps, chocolate, bread and pasta should really only be eaten once a day at most if you are trying to lose weight and build stamina. Carbs are not the enemy though. Make sure you keep your energy levels up during and after hard training or playing with some carbs combined with protein. Hard training isn't 3 or 4 overs in the nets though. It's weight lifting or interval training at high intensity.
- Strength train. Combine your running and cricket sessions with strength training of some kind at least twice a week. This will keep your strength and power levels high and make sure you only lose fat, not muscle while building endurance. Lift with heavy weight and low reps if you can to counter balance the endurance training. Avoid high reps and low weights but bodyweight training is a good compromise if you are not keen on going to the gym.
If you want a more comprehensive guide to reducing injury risk and increasing cricket specific fitness, check out county strength coach Rob Ahmun's guide on PitchVision Academy.


text: So I've been reading on the internet and the duration of the high for oxycodone/oxymorphone vs heroin opinions seem to go back and forth. I've mostly had the pharms and only done heroin twice, I felt the heroin high was very quick almost like the coke of opiates did I get crap heroin or is that how it is? What do you all think? I'm pretty much trying to figure out whats cheaper for the length of high snorting that is.


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- Description
Silently she watches and listens to the intimate pleasures of the "Living Dolls". The Sex Doll waits. She anticipates indulging her Fetish Fantasies--both real and imagined. When will be her turn... or yours? Smoking, Leg and Food Fantasies.
Double sided, double-feature DVD Release
Includes "Behind the Scenes" feature
Starring: Dahlia Grey
Introducing Jacqueline
with Monica Mendez, Nika, Jade, Rachael Rotten and Celeste
Directed, Photographed and Edited by Andrew Blake
- Specs
SKU 632431110326 Type Compilation Content Fantasy, Solo, Lesbian Length 90 minutes Cast Celeste, Jade Fox, Dahlia Grey, Nika Mamic, Monica Mendez, Rachel Rotten Brand Andrew Blake
Questions on Dollhouse by Andrew Blake
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