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Crypto++ Faq-O-Matic :
What are the supported compilers and platforms?
|Moderator: weidai (inherited from parent)
|The supported compilers and platforms are summarized at http://www.cryptopp.com#platforms. Below are detailed build status pages for individual Crypto++ releases.
If you build (or fail to build) a Crypto++ release on a compiler/platform that is not listed on its status page, please report your success or problems to the Crypto++ mailing list so we can keep these pages up to date.
Please note that older C++ compilers may not implement enough C++ features to make it possible to compile Crypto++ on them without rewriting large parts of it. If a compiler is listed under the "Failure" section in a build status page, it means some effort went into trying to port Crypto++ to that compiler and the effort did not succeed.
|Build Status for Crypto++ 5.4
Build Status for Crypto++ 5.5
Build Status for Crypto++ 5.5.2
Build Status for Crypto++ 5.6.0
2006-Dec-22 7:48am weidai
|[New Answer in "What are the supported compilers and platforms?"]
|2009-Mar-12 8:19am
|I'm trying to process multiple messages with a Filter, and MaxRetrievable() always returns 0 after the first one.
|I am getting compiler errors with GCC.


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▪ Software
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Categories: Fantasy
Publisher: Double Dragon Publishing/Double Dragon eBooks | Date published: 11/29/2005
There is a power in the land. The mages have long known of it, and drawn on it. But the world is in flux, the gentle ways of the Mother being threatened by the growing influence of Her Brother/Son H'lal, the Warrior God. Hagen Templeborn is a product of both, born to a Priestess of the Mother, and sired by an angry, ambitious Priest of the new god. Along with his foster brother and sisters, he is student to the traveling mage Tanqui de Laqline, devoted to She Who Made All, who now walks the treacherous path between old and new. Once on his own, Hagen becomes mage to the village of Kendorn, offering advice to the village council and serving as teacher to a number of students. When Mason Alderson comes to him, Hagen recognizes the lad's talent--this is the one student for whom he has hoped. But he has no idea that the Mason's arrival will change his life forever, that together they will meet the mythical creatures known as arabesques, and that he and Mason will ultimately face one of the greatest challenges of their lives.

subset: commoncrawl


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Pfizer Inc. and Novartis AG drugs have helped patients with the same cancer as Apple Inc.'s Steve Jobs live longer in recent studies and Stanford University, near Apple's home base, is testing new drug combinations.
The Apple chief executive officer took a leave of absence in 2004 after saying he had a neuroendocrine tumor, a malignancy that strikes about 3,000 Americans a year. He left in 2009 for a liver transplant, sometimes done when the cancer spreads...
Other researchers have also studied the success of liver transplants as a treatment for neuroendocrine tumors. In 2005, David Metz, associate chief of gastroenterology at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, published an analysis in the World Journal of Gastroenterology that suggested 60 percent or fewer of patients who underwent transplants for this purpose survive an average of 5 years... Read More


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Do you primarily market to other businesses?
Are you wondering, "How does social media work differently for B2B businesses?"
In the 2012 Social Media Marketing Industry Report, Mike Stelzner asked marketers how they're using social media.
More than 1900 business-to-business (B2B) marketers shared their insights on what's working with social media marketing and where they'd like to improve.
In this article I'm going to focus on those Read more of this social media article: here
Read more of this social media article: here


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Discover how to create, manage, and deliver interactive reports—not just to print, but to dynamically explore enterprise-level data—with Reporting Services in SQL Server.
Explores all the major features of SQL Server 2008, beginning with core concepts.
"IThis is a wonderful resource for me which I use almost daily in my personal education." —Virginia M.
more from our members »


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The Falconer by dejan-delicWatch
"Yes." Chains shook his head. "Sorcery's impressive enough, but it's their fucking attitude that makes them such a pain. And that's why, when you find yourself face to face with one, you bow and scrape and mind your 'sirs' and 'madams.'"
"NICE BIRD, asshole," said Locke. "The Lies of Locke Lamora " / Scott Lynch
Dejan Delic©2014, All Rights Reserved.
All the materials contained in my deviantART gallery may not be reproduced, copied, edited, published, transmitted or uploaded in any way without my written and expressed permission. All rights reserved.


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UPEI's Lucy Maud Montgomery Institute (LMMI)'s 11th biennial conference—"L.M. Montgomery and War"—will take place June 25–29 in Charlottetown. The conference will include open discussions on war, conflict, the Canadian Home Front, gender roles, and more.
Keynote speakers include distinguished historian Jonathan Vance; Montgomery scholar, LMMI founder, and former UPEI President, Elizabeth "Betsy" Epperly; and Canada Research Chair Irene Gammel. In addition to the full conference program, there will also be a public exhibition at the Confederation Centre of the Arts Public Library entitled "The Canadian Home Front: L.M. Montgomery's Reflections on The First World War," curated by Dr. Laura Robinson of the Royal Military College. "Maud of Leaskdale," a fantastic one-woman play will also take place at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown during the conference, and much more!
This year marks the 50th season for "Anne of Green Gables – The Musical" for which keynote speaker Epperly is curating an exhibition for the Confederation Centre of the Arts, entitled "This Anne Place: Anne of Green Gables as Idea, Book and Musical." The LMMI is also inviting those with stories and/or collectibles related to Montgomery and/or the Canadian Home Front and the First World War to come forward and share them at a special digitization session offered in conjunction with the Public Library exhibition on Saturday, June 28 part of an online digital archive.
For more information on the Conference, please visit http://www.lmmontgomery.ca/ or contact conference coordinator Elizabeth DeBlois at email@example.com


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4 FM quick reads on flooring
1. Finding Coordinating Floorcoverings
In a facility that requires many different types of flooring, look for flooring companies who manufacture more than one product or have a partnership with other manufacturers. This will usually ensure that the different types of floorcoverings will work together aesthetically, creating a coordinated environment in your facility.
For example, hospitals use many types of flooring in close proximity to each other. Vinyl in patient and operating rooms for hygiene, linoleum in hallways for sustainability reasons, and rubber in nurses' stations and stairwells for safety and comfort. Companies that manufacture all three types of flooring, or that have partnerships with other flooring manufacturers, often carry the same color and pattern choices throughout their product lines. That makes it easier for facility executives to choose different floorcoverings that color coordinate and give their facility a pleasing aesthetic.
ADA: A Clear Path
I'm Dan Hounsell, editor of Maintenance Solutions magazine. Today's topic is accessibility.
Restrooms in institutional and commercial facilities receive a large part of the attention given to accessibility. But before many visitors with disabilities ever get to restrooms, they confront challenges related to facility components that include entrance doors, ramps, water fountains, handrails, wheelchair lifts and elevators.
Consider the category referred to as accessing goods and services. This category encompasses everything on the interior path of travel, including corridors, lobbies, elevators, wheelchair lifts, store doorways, and offices. The ADA access guidelines address aisle widths, heights of products, sales and checkout counters, and other amenities associated with transactions that take place. To provide a clear path for accessing goods and services, managers need to consider these issues:
Lobby floor surfaces should be smooth and slip-resistant. Be cautious of floor-waxing products that become slippery when wet. They are trip-and-fall hazards, as well as potential personal injuries, waiting to happen.
Next, when using carpet runners at doors and lobbies, make sure the edges are secured to the floor and don't curl or bunch.
Next, make sure printed directories are readable, use larger print, and are not behind a reflective surface. An alternative is to use security staff to provide assistance and directions to visitors.
Finally, make sure items such as hanging artwork and fire-extinguisher boxes aren't mounted between 27 and 80 inches from the floor and don't protrude more than 4 inches from a wall or 12 inches from a post. Visitors and occupants with visual disabilities using a cane would get no warning before walking into these protruding objects. Either move them to another location - or more than 80 inches above the floor - or place something underneath them to provide a warning.
Save Trendy Colors for the Paint on the Walls
Choose neutral colors when deciding on new flooring or systems furniture in a renovation project. Those components of a space have a long life-span and are less likely to get replaced, even if their trendy color scheme has gone out of style. The best investment is to spend money wisely on neutral products that will last through design renovations down the road. In order to keep the space from looking dull and drab, however, facility executives should look to paint as an inexpensive way to liven up a space. With a neutral background, feel free to experiment a little more with wall and accent colors to add interest to the space. Because paint is relatively inexpensive, if a color doesn't work out, it's easy to try a different color scheme.
Carpet Construction: Comparing Fibers and Backings
Construction is the most important factor in selecting carpeting. When the right fiber and backing are selected, it can mean a long lived product, as opposed to one that wears out and needs replacing long before expected. When comparing products, look at carpet fiber density. It refers to how closely the fibers are packed together in relation to pile height. A carpet will crush easily if it has low density and high pile height. The carpet backing is also an important consideration. It's what holds the fibers together and lays on the subfloor. A well-made backing will last for decades, whereas a weak backing will fall apart quickly. They are either permeable or impermeable to fluids, something to consider for each space. Permeable backings may deteriorate more quickly, but impermeable backings may not be necessary in spaces where moisture and spills aren't common.
flooring , vinyl , rubber , linoleum , design , color , floorcovering


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Cooperation between hospitals and research institutes in the form of research and graduate schools holds many advantages when it comes to training aspiring researchers. Increasing the scale of scientific research also enables large amounts of data to be analysed within a relatively short period of time. Research and training have been organized in five research and graduate schools accredited by the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).
Centers of expertise pull disparate strands of knowledge -together, make this knowledge accessible, and see to it that the information is transferred. They bridge the gap between the development and application of knowledge in the field of patient care. The VU serves as a living encyclopedia for those throughout the region, and at national and international -level. VU University Medical Center participates in several centers of expertise, such as The Netherlands Expert Center for Occupational Dermatoses, the Center for the Development of Palliative Care Amsterdam, and the Interuniversity Center of Expertise on Insurance Medicine.
Photo: Ellen Thieme, third-year medical student ."VUmc means a great deal to me, it is both my course of study and my job, through my work in the student association. I feel right at home here, there is a friendly, open atmosphere, and people are receptive to the wishes of the students."
Information and External affairs


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Indoor Fall Clinic Application
DURHAM, N.H. – The University of New Hampshire track & field programs will be hosting a three-day indoor clinic on Nov. 14, 15 and 17 at the newly resurfaced Paul Sweet Oval and Reggie F. Atkins Track, located at the University's Field House. The two-hour clinic will run from 6 to 8 p.m. on all three days and is open to all male and female athletes in grades 7 though 12.
Camp instruction will include learn-by-doing instruction and the fundamentals of technique and training on topics such as sprints, jumps, hurdles and throws.
Cost of the clinic is $125 if pre-registered seven days before the clinic and $150 if registered six days or less, including same day registration. On-site registration will take place on Nov. 14, the first day of the clinic, from 5:30 - 6 p.m. Additionally, there is team discount at the rate of $100 per person if a team enrolls with five or more athletes.
The camp instructors will be UNH track & field director Jim Boulanger, UNH women's track & field head coach Casey Carroll and former UNH track & field head coach George Liset. Boulanger and Carroll are both USATF Level II certified while Liset is USATF Level I certified.
To register, click the link at the top of the page, or fill out the application by clicking the Indoor Fall Clinic link on the sidebar of the track & field section at www.unhwildcats.com.
For more information, please contact Jim Boulanger at (603) 862-3888 or Casey Carroll at 603-862-3815.


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Just triedinstalling again, still the same and no to the nand
Just triedinstalling again, still the same and no to the nand
You are just showing off with your setting.txt experience
No I think you are spot on with your IOS then Sys Menu advice. Just need the OP to actually do it properly.
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
Was the install successful? Throw any errors?
Both IOS and then Sys Menu wad went in with no probs?
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
It seems I am obviously doing something wrong, I know I messed up in the 1st place, only here for help.
I have the files on the sd card, boot the wii, select ios60, that installs then i install the sys menu, that says ok after that just nothing?
Jamie you might be right.
All that up and down, up and down grading might have fuzzed up the settings like it did with yours.
I was going to suggest IOS70 and Sys Menu 4.2 but I don't think that'll work either.
You know more about the setting thing than me m8.
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.
I know its frustrating, try again one more time using 60 and 4.1 using 250.
im off to try something else
Off to bed, got work soon, will try again when I get home. Really thankful for your help.
I know what I did was a duffer thing to do.
Will posdt results back tomoz.
Night all


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- About
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Canice Wu
Canice Wu
Canice Wu is a passionate, pragmatic, and articulate business executive in high-technology. Canice is experienced in developing and scaling businesses from concept to market leader. Proven by founding Insights OnDemand and developing Siebel's vertical industry business unit for financial services from scratch to over $300 million in revenue in 5 years.


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South Side tire shop named Tredz Tire & Wheels operated by women
'Trying to do business in a man's world' at Tredz Tires
SAN ANTONIO - A South Side tire shop is getting a lot of attention these days for more than their prices or quality of their work. They're pumping up their tires and business with a strategy seldom seen in the automotive world. The garage is 'girl's only.'
The tire jack is pink and mechanic doing the pumping is right at home, even in the shadow of the Pep Boys sign across the street. Tredz Tire shop is run and operated by the ladies.
"It's a dirty job. Some girls don't like to get dirty but we definitely do," said Andrea Rodriguez.
19-year-old Rodriguez and her mother Margaret run the shop. They said finding an all female staff has not been hard.
"I like what I do. I like getting dirty. Lifting heavy things. It's good exercise. I look at the positive," said Erica Hinkle, a tire mechanic at the shop.
They said the mechanics at auto shops nearby are friendly, but they have suspicion that it has more to do with the view, rather than the work.
"Yes, it is true there's a perception problem with a woman trying to do business in a man's world. But believe it or not, some women really do know one end of a tire gauge from the other," said Margaret Rodriguez.
"It's a female thing. They want to do something that a man can do, and they can do it," said Rodriguez.
They said they may draw attention for other reasons, but the quality tire work is what it's about.
"They flirt, but I keep it all professional," Hinkle said.
"We are definitely going to get the job done right. Just because we are girls doesn't mean we don't know anything. We definitely know." Andrea said.
Despite fears that they wouldn't make it, the Rodriguez women said business is good. The shop has been open seven months. It's located at 827 Southeast Military Drive.
Copyright 2012 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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EMPIRE Magazine Reveals Two New Covers For "The Amazing Spider Man 2″
Now that Comic Con is over, the countdown till next May has begun. Today, Empire Magazine has revealed two new covers featuring new shots of the suit. This is by far the most faithful SpiderMan suit I have seen thus far on the big screen. Based on the Comic Con footage this movie is a guaranteed hit.
The Amazing Spider Man 2 hits theaters May 2014.
This article was submitted by one of ComicBookTherapy's contributors. Every contributor must agree and abide by ComicBookTherapy's Site User Agreement. ComicBookTherapy.com is protected from liability under "OCILLA" (Online Copyright Infringement Liablity Limitation Act) and will actively enforce said provisions. If you represent an individual or company and feel as though this article has infringed on any of our terms or any existing copyrights, please contact us for a speedy removal.


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|Recent News | Archives | Tags | About | Newsletter | Submit News | Links | Subscribe
Genetic Archaeology Research & News
Stay complex, my friends (12/30/2014)
DNA sheds light on why largest lemurs disappeared (12/29/2014)
Microbiome may have shaped early human populations (12/28/2014)
Vanderbilt mathematician Glenn Webb and NYU microbiologist Martin Blaser propose that the microbes which live on our bodies may have influenced the age structure of human populations in prehistoric times. ...> Full Article
Big-data analysis reveals gene sharing in mice (12/27/2014)
Reshaping the horse through millennia (12/26/2014)
Viral 'fossils' study on birds finds fewer infections than in mammals (12/25/2014)
Professor Edward Holmes, from the University of Sydney, has contributed to research published in Science and Genome Biology by screening 48 avian genomes. The research found that genomic 'fossils' of past viral infections are up to thirteen times less common in birds than mammals. ...> Full Article
Slow rate of croc mutation revealed in major study (12/24/2014)
Scientists reconstruct genome of common ancestor of crocodiles, birds, dinosaurs (12/23/2014)
Crocodiles are the closest living relatives of birds, sharing a common ancestor that lived around 240 million years ago and also gave rise to the dinosaurs. A new study of crocodilian genomes reveals an exceptionally slow rate of genome evolution in this group. The researchers used the crocodilian genomes, combined with newly published bird genomes, to reconstruct a partial genome of the common ancestor of crocodiles, birds, and dinosaurs. ...> Full Article
Tooth loss in birds occurred about 116 million years ago (12/22/2014)
A question that has intrigued biologists is: Were teeth lost in the common ancestor of all living birds or convergently in two or more independent lineages of birds? A research team led by biologists at the University of California, Riverside and Montclair State University, NJ, used the degraded remnants of tooth genes in birds to determine that teeth were lost in the common ancestor of all living birds more than 100 million years ago. ...> Full Article
New method helps map species' genetic heritage (12/21/2014)
Where did the songbird get its song? What branch of the bird family tree is closer to the flamingo -- the heron or the sparrow? These questions seem simple, but are actually difficult for geneticists to answer. A new, sophisticated technique called statistical binning developed by researchers at the University of Illinois and the University of Texas at Austin can help researchers construct more accurate species trees detailing the lineage of genes and the relationships between species. ...> Full Article
Human DNA shows traces of 40 million-year battle for survival between primate and pathogen (12/20/2014)
Biologist gains insight into genetic evolution of birds (12/19/2014)
Chickens and turkeys 'closer to dinosaur ancestors' than other birds (12/18/2014)
New research from the University of Kent suggests that chickens and turkeys have experienced fewer gross genomic changes than other birds as they evolved from their dinosaur ancestor. ...> Full Article
Decoding the Tree of Life (12/17/2014)
Nature abhors a vacuum, which may explain the findings of a new study showing that bird evolution exploded 65 million years ago when nearly everything else on Earth -- dinosaurs included -- died out. ...> Full Article
Rapid bird evolution after the age of dinosaurs unprecedented, study confirms (12/16/2014)
|Archives | Submit News | Advertise With Us | Contact Us | Links


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Home > Ways to Give > How To Help
The definition of PHILANTHROPY: Love of mankind; goodwill to fellowman; especially active effort to promote human welfare.
There are many ways of giving to the Tri-City Hospital Foundation. Whether you choose to give on a current or future basis, a large or small amount, one-time or ongoing, we appreciate and value your participation and support.
We understand that making a gift is a very personal decision. The Foundation exists to assist you in finding a means of supporting Tri-City Medical Center in a way this is gratifying and economically practical for you. Many times a gift can provide substantial tax or other benefits. We will be glad to discuss these options with you.
Many people find that their employers offer a matching gift program, which can effectively double your philanthropic contribution. Please ask your employer, and encourage their participation.
Among the ways of giving to the Tri-City Hospital Foundation are:
Make a Annual Gift
Make a Pledge
Estate Planning
Gift Annuities
Join a Giving Club
Tri-City Hospital Foundation is focused on bringing together this community to engage donors in support of Tri-City Medical Center. For more information or to make a gift today call (760) 940-3370. A member of the Development Team will be pleased to help you.
Donate Now
Tri-City Hospital Foundation
760-940-3370 4002 Vista Way, Oceanside, CA 92056 Contact Us
©2015 Tri-City Hospital Foundation. Disclaimer | Privacy Policy


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Route4me API
Route4me was designed to help business and individuals plan trips more efficiently. The service is designed to reduce travel time, save on vehicle expense. The Route4me API allows users to plan a route, view routes, check the distance between points, and use a single address geocoder as well as a batch geocoder. The Service uses REST calls and returns XML. Access requires an API key.
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Source Code
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Aquatic Therapy Rehabilitation Services at Parker HospitalJune 11th, 2010
The Parker Adventist Center for Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine is proud to feature aquatic therapy featuring a SwimEx pool, the same pool used by athletes with the Denver Broncos, Colorado Rockies and U.S. Olympic Training Center. The temperature of this pool remains at a therapeutic 88 to 94 degrees Fahrenheit to allow for optimal comfort, relaxation and rehabilitation. The pool's individualized size makes it safe and comfortable for patients. Read [Read the Rest…]
Salt Sanitation Systems – Are They Worth It?June 3rd, 2010
Stained Reputation By Scott Webb "Customers tend to think that once they have a salt pool system installed, they can just let it go," says Kevin Bean, partner at Argus Pool Supplies, Corona, Calif. "That's really just the beginning of an education process, I've found. They're often surprised to learn that they have to do more than what the builder told them." In short, homeowners often come to believe that [Read the Rest…]


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Inspired the squeaky-clean images of 1950's advertisements, Ben The Illustrator created the Twisted Fifties Collection. These bold, bright, minimal prints by UK artist Ben O'Brien reflect a critical observation of the humble housewife era. Retroimagerygets a teaspoon of wit and a sprinkle of sass with cheeky touches like hot dog bouquets, messy spaghetti make-outs, and cans of spray paint. Gee whiz, these sure are neat!
This product has no reviews yet. Be the first to review this product. Write a review
Enjoy 10% off your first order*


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Get the Skinny! This is just part of the article. Want the complete story, plus a host of other cutting-edge articles to make your job easier? Sign up!
Editor's note: This article is the first part of a two-part series regarding the importance of retail in a spa operation. Part two will appear in the May issue of Skin Inc. magazine.
Numbers don't lie. Do you want more clients, increased profits and a happier team? Two of the not-so-secret keys to operating a successful spa are retail sales and service upgrades. It can be difficult, however, to learn about realistic, measurable, tangible programs that will accomplish these goals. Simply put, this two-part series will result in increased profits, reduced losses, and a more coherent team reward and recognition program if you follow the suggestions provided. This is not rocket science, but rather a course of action coupled with discipline and persistence.
Numbers speak for themselves
Spa-ing is the fourth largest leisure industry in North America. Revenues were $13.4 billion in 2006, an increase from $8 billion in 2003, yielding an annual growth rate of more than 18%. Cosmetic surgery adds another $15 billion to the mix. The number of spa visits surpasses theme park attendance.1
Spa locations are growing at 16% annually, comprising 160 million individual visits.1 It seems that for every spa or medical spa that opens, one will close. The competition is fierce. Many who enter the business have little or no experience in the field and even those who open franchised spas are finding the business to be much more difficult than they imagined.
Common Retail Mistakes and Obstacles
Want the rest of the story? Simply sign up. It's easy. Plus, it only takes 1 minute and it's free!
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Welcome to the new SkinInc.com!
Delivering the best information on the spa, skin care and wellness industry is our passion, and we've worked hard to design a powerful new website that incorporates cutting-edge technology to bring you:
Mobile-friendly Design
Providing a unified experience from mobile to desktop, responsive design allows you to access Skin Inc. content from any device, whether you're in the treatment room, at home or on the go!
Integrated Sample Request
Visit Featured Product pages to quickly and easily identify new suppliers and request product samples and information.
Dynamic Content
Articles are now linked with relevant products so you can find the products and treatments you need to provide the best results for your clients.
Free Registration
Create your user account to gain unlimited access to Skin Inc.'s unparalleled content.
Enjoy the New SkinInc.com!
Thank you for joining the Skin Inc. community of passionate skin care professionals. We look forward to providing you the best information to enhance your career!


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OC does Vegas, baby! For pre-fall, zigzag prints resemble the winding road to Sin City while the Nevada desert appears in a palette of rusty red, dusty indigo, and ocher. Gold hardware and shimmery sequins hit the jackpot. And bold sleeves and pleats are high-rolling perfection.
Jacquard knit polo dress | 3-button closure at front | 62% silk, 27% cotton, 11% nylon | Made in China.
This item is low in stock!
Opening Ceremony specializes in stocking one-of-a-kind pieces. By virtue of their uniqueness, some of these items are available only in limited quantities.
You will be issued a full refund if we are unable to fulfill your order.
If you have any questions, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com or (646) 237-6078.


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Talk to a specialist
Weekdays 8am-7pm EST
40 Watt Incandescent Equivalent, 9 Watt, G25 Warm White Compact Fluorescent Medium Base Bulb
SKU: FE-G25A-9W | Ordering Code: FE-G25A-9W
40W Incandescent Equivalent. 9 Watt, 120 Volt Warm White CFL Bulb.
SKU: FE-IISB-9W/27K | Ordering Code: FE-IISB-9W/27K
40W Incandescent Equivalent. 9 Watt, 120 Volt Bright White CFL Bulb.
SKU: FE-IISB-9W/50K | Ordering Code: FE-IISB-9W/50K
Receive special offers and information from Bulbs.com.


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A digitally sampled spread spectrum signal is received, despread, and accumulated at a center frequency lower than the sampling rate and higher than zero.
1. An apparatus for use in processing a spread spectrum signal digitally sampled at a selected sampling rate, the apparatus comprising:
a despreading element configured to receive and despread a digitally sampled spread spectrum signal at a center frequency which is a fractional frequency of the sampling rate, the despreading element producing a despread signal at the center frequency; and
a bandpass correlator element tuned to the center frequency and configured to accumulate the despread signal at the center frequency and demodulate it, wherein the bandpass correlator element comprises:
a primary summer configured to receive the despread signal: and
two single-sample delay registers positioned in series after the primary summer, a first one of which receives its input from the primary summer and a second one of which provides its output to the primary summer for subtraction from the product output.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. A method of processing a spread spectrum signal digitally sampled at a selected sampling rate, the method comprising:
receiving the digitally sampled spread spectrum signal at a center frequency which is a fractional frequency of the sampling rate;
despreading the digitally sampled spread spectrum signal to produce a despread signal centered at the center frequency;
accumulating the despread signal centered at the center frequency in a bandpass accumulator tuned to the center frequency, said accumulating step more particularly comprisinci the steps of:
providing the despread signal to a primary summer; and
subsequently providing an output from the primary summer to two single-sample delay registers positioned in series after the primary summer, a first one of which receives its input from the primary summer and a second one of which provides its output to the primary summer for subtraction from the product output;
demodulating the despread signal; and
periodically outputting and clearing the despread signal.
9. The method of
10. The method of
11. The method
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. The method of
15. A receiver for use in processing a spread spectrum signal digitally sampled at a selected sampling rate, the receiver comprising:
a turner element configured to down-convert the spread spectrum signal to a first intermediate frequency;
a despreading element configured to receive the down-converted spread spectrum signal at the first intermediate frequency and digitally sampled the signal at a center frequency which is a fractional frequency of the sampling rate to produce a despread output signal at the center frequency, that is different from the first intermediate frequency, by applying a despreading function to the signal; and
a bandpass accumulation element tuned to the center frequency and configured to receive the despread output signal at the center frequency from the despreading element, and accumulate the despread output signal in a band around the center frequency, said bandpass accumulation element comprising:
a primary summer configured to receive the despread signal; and
two single-sample delay registers positioned in series after the primary summer, a first one of which receives its input from the primary summer and a second one of which provides its output to the primary summer for subtraction from the product output.
This application is related to the following co-pending applications, all filed on the same day and naming the same inventors as this application: "Processing a Spread Spectrum Signal in a Frequency Adjustable System"; "Bandpass Correlation of a Spread Spectrum Signal"; "Acquiring a Spread Spectrum Signal"; and "Receiving a Spread Spectrum Signal".
The invention relates to processing a spread spectrum signal.
In wireless systems, information typically is transmitted by modulating the information onto carrier waves having frequencies that lie within preassigned frequency bands. Radio frequency (RF) receivers demodulate the carrier waves to recover the transmitted information.
Spread spectrum communication systems spread transmitted signals over bandwidths much larger than those actually required to transmit the information. Spreading a signal over a wide spectrum has several advantages, including reducing the effects of narrow band noise on the signal and, in many situations, providing increased protection against interception by unwanted third parties. In a direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) system, the bandwidth of a transmitted signal is increased by modulating the signal onto a known pseudo-noise (PN) signal before modulating onto the carrier wave. The PN signal typically is a digital signal having an approximately equal number of high and low bits (or "chips"), which maximizes the spectrum over which the signal is spread. A typical implementation of a DSSS receiver recovers the transmitted information by demodulating the carrier wave and then multiplying the resulting signal with a local replica of the PN signal to eliminate the PN signal. The DSSS technique offers heightened security because the receiver must know the PN sequence used in the transmission to recover the transmitted information efficiently. Other spread spectrum techniques include frequency hopped spread spectrum (FHSS).
In one aspect, the invention features processing a spread spectrum signal digitally sampled at a selected sampling rate. The digitally sampled signal is received and despread at a center frequency lower than the sampling rate and higher than zero, and is accumulated at the center frequency.
Embodiments of the invention may include one or more of the following features. The center frequency may be limited to no greater than approximately one-half of the sampling rate, and it may be set to equal approximately one-quarter of the sampling rate. A DC filter may be used to filter any DC offset from the digitally sampled spread spectrum signal. The center frequency may be selected so that no data embedded in the spread spectrum signal is blocked by the DC filter. The spread spectrum signal may include a pseudo-noise (PN) spreading sequence, and the reference signal may contain the PN spreading sequence.
Advantages of the invention may include one or more of the following. A spread spectrum signal may be processed without demodulating the signal to DC until the processing is complete. An AC-coupled filter or other DC block may be used to eliminate DC offset from the spread spectrum signal before it is processed. A direct sequence spread spectrum signal may be processed using a correlator with an implementation efficient structure, which will lower the cost of receivers in which the invention is used and improve the efficiency of such receivers.
Other advantages of the invention will become apparent from the following description and from the claims.
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the general description above and the detailed description below, serve to explain the principles and advantages of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless local area network (LAN).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a transceiver for use in a wireless Network such as that shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is waveform illustrating one period of a 63-chip PN sequence.
FIG. 4 is chart showing the code phases of a possible 16-CCSK alphabet generated from a 63-chip PN sequence.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the components of an information packet transmitted in a spread spectrum communication system using CCSK modulation.
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a receiver for use in a spread spectrum communication system.
FIGS. 7A and 7B are flow diagrams of the operation of the receiver of FIG. 6 during search, acquisition, and demodulation of spread spectrum signals.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are block diagrams of implementation efficient correlators for use in recovering data from spread spectrum signals.
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram of a sign inverter for use in the correlator of FIG. 8 in recovering data modulated onto direct sequence spread spectrum signals using cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) modulation.
Referring to FIG. 1, spread spectrum technology is particularly suited for use in a wireless network 30 in which many devices (e.g., radios) transmit different streams of information within a relatively small geographic area. The wireless network 30 may be used in remote monitoring applications, e.g., by large utility companies to monitor resource consumption remotely. A network 30 used in such a manner typically consists of a large number of endpoint devices 32, such as devices that record resource consumption at utility meters (e.g., electricity meters) located at business and residential structures throughout a metropolitan area. The endpoint devices 32 gather information and, using internal wireless radio transceivers (not shown in the figure), periodically transmit the information as digital data packets through a hierarchical network to a system controller 34. System controller 34 typically includes a network server computer (not shown in the figure) that may distribute the information to clients 36 on a computer network 38. In larger metropolitan areas, endpoint devices 32 in the wireless network 30 may be organized into "cells" 40, which may be divided into "microcells" 42. Typically, microcells 42 cover relatively small geographic areas of similar size or containing a similar number of endpoint devices 32. Each cell 40 is governed by a cell master 44, which oversees operation of the endpoint devices 32 within the cell 40 and relays information between the system controller 34 and the endpoint devices 32 in the cell 40. Likewise, each microcell 42 is governed by a microcell controller 46, which supervises the operation of all endpoint devices 32 in the microcell 42 and which relays information between the corresponding cell master 44 and the endpoint devices 32 in the microcell 42.
The wireless network 30 should include as few microcell controllers 46 as possible since each controller 46 adds to the total cost of installing and administering the network 30. The number of microcell controllers 46 required in a given geographical area depends upon the minimum signal strength ("sensitivity") at which each controller 46 can recover information contained in transmissions from the endpoint devices 32 in the corresponding microcell 42. The cost of the wireless network 30 may be reduced and its dynamic capabilities may be expanded if the wireless radios used in the communicating devices (e.g., system controller 34, cell masters 44, microcell controllers 46, and endpoint devices 32) in the network 30 were to include more efficient components than those currently available.
The invention is suited for use in a wireless network such as that shown in FIG. 1 and in direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) systems in which cyclic code shift keying (CCSK) is used to modulate digital data onto digital pseudo-noise (PN) spreading sequences. CCSK is a modulation technique in which circular phase shifts of a PN sequence are used to represent the possible constellation (or data) symbols. For example, a 63-chip PN sequence could support up to 63 different data symbols, each of which would be 63-chips in length. An M-CCSK constellation (or alphabet) is a group of M CCSK data symbols, each representing a unique combination of binary data bits, where M is an integer greater than one. Spread spectrum communication systems using CCSK and related data modulation techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,707,839, issued to Andren et al., on Nov. 17, 1987, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,730,340, issued to Frazier, Jr., et. al, on Mar. 8, 1988, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. The invention will be described in the context of a DSSS system using CCSK data modulation, but the invention is not limited to use in such a system.
Referring also to FIG. 2, each radio in the system controller 34, cell masters 44, microcell controllers 46, and endpoint devices 32 of the DSSS wireless network 30 of FIG. 1 includes a transmitter 50 and a receiver 52 equipped to send and receive, respectively, spread spectrum signals carrying information encoded onto a PN sequence with CCSK modulation. In the transmitter 50, data to be transmitted is generated by a computing device, such as a microprocessor 54. A digital hardware block 56 receives the data, along with instructions for processing it, from the processor 54 and modulates the data onto a predetermined PN sequence to form a spread spectrum signal. An RF hardware block 58 then modulates the spread spectrum signal onto an RF carrier wave (e.g., a wave in the ISM band ranging from 902 MHZ to 928 MHZ), the frequency of which is determined by frequency synthesizer 60, and transmits the combined signal over a wireless transmission channel 62. The transmitter 50 also may include a spectral enrichment block 64, which further improves the transmitter's spreading qualities by modulating an additional PN sequence over the CCSK modulated primary PN sequence, as discussed below.
The transmitted RF signal is received by the receiver 52 and may be down converted to an intermediate frequency (IF) by an RF hardware block 66 controlled by a local oscillator (LO) 68. The intermediate frequency is selected according to the following equation:
where Fs is the sampling rate of an A/D converter (discussed below) and N is an integer. A digital hardware block 70 in the receiver 52 samples the IF signal and converts the samples to digital representation. The digital hardware block 70 then demodulates the spread spectrum signal to recover the encoded digital data. A processor 72 in the receiver controls the operation of the digital hardware block 70 and uses the recovered data as specified by firmware and software associated with the processor 72. Within each device in the wireless network 30, a single processor may be used to control both the transmitter 50 and the receiver 52.
The primary PN sequence (or "code") used to create the spread spectrum signal consists of a predetermined number of repeating binary code bits (or "chips"), approximately half of which have a binary value of "1" and the rest of which have a binary value of "−1". Evenly distributing the number of high and low chips in this manner maximizes the spreading quality of the PN code. During a single code period of the PN sequence, the chips in the sequence are generated one time in succession. The transmitter's digital hardware block 56 modulates digital data from the processor 54 onto the primary PN code by adjusting the starting point of the PN sequence at the beginning of each code period, as discussed below. By adjusting the starting point of the PN code, the digital hardware block 56 creates "code phase shifts" in the code, each of which represents a different data "symbol" identifying a unique combination of data from the processor. The maximum number of data bits identified by each data symbol depends on the length of the PN code and the size of the code phase shifts separating the data symbols. Since data symbols typically should be separated by phase shifts of at least two chips to allow adequate reception, a PN code comprising 2M chips may support an alphabet of 2M−1 symbols encoding M−1 bits of digital data. For example, a 64-chip PN code (M=6) may support up to 32 (25) symbols that encode up to 5 bits of binary data. In this manner, CCSK modulation allows for the transmission of several bits of digital data for each period of the spreading sequence, which reduces the duration of transmitted packets and which, in turn, improves the efficiency of devices in the wireless network.
Referring to FIG. 3, a suitable PN code may be generated with standard electronic components. One such code is the 63-chip code 75 of FIG. 3, which represents one of the maximal length sequences that may be generated using a standard 6-bit feedback shift register. The 63-chip sequence 75 ideally is generated at a code frequency of approximately 19.2 kHz, so each code period of the sequence has a total duration of approximately 52 μsec. Therefore, each chip has a duration of approximately 825 nsec, and the chip rate is approximately 1.2 Mchip/sec. Multiplying the RF carrier wave by this spreading sequence converts the carrier spectrum from an impulse at the carrier frequency in the ISM band to a sin(x)/x (sinc function) shape, where the first nulls of the sinc function are offset by approximately �1.2 MHz from the carrier frequency. The fine structure of the spread spectrum carrier includes spectral lines at a spacing approximately 19.2 kHz.
Referring also to FIG. 4, four bits of digital data may be modulated onto the 63-chip PN code 75 for each code period. Since four digital bits may take on sixteen different values, the four bits are represented by sixteen different code phases of the PN code, each formed by starting the PN code at a corresponding one of the sixty-three chips ("16-CCSK" modulation). While any allocation of code phases at least two chips apart may be used to generate a sixteen symbol alphabet, one simple alphabet includes a first symbol ("symbol 0") that begins with the first chip ("chip 0") of the PN code 75 and fifteen other symbols ("symbol 1" through "symbol 15") that each begin exactly two chips behind the preceding symbol. Since one symbol is transmitted for every period of the PN code, the data symbol rate equals the code frequency (19.2 kHz), and the digital data transmission rate is four times the code frequency (76.8 kbits/sec).
To recover 16-CCSK modulated data, a receiver must determine which of the sixteen PN code phases was used in the spreading process. The receiver 52 of FIG. 2 accomplishes this by correlating, in parallel, the received signal against sixteen locally generated copies of the PN sequence, where each copy has a code phase shift corresponding to one of the sixteen symbol values. At the end of each symbol period, the receiver determines the symbol value by determining which copy of the PN sequence produced a correlation peak. The symbol phases should be separated by at least two chips to minimize errors by avoiding correlation overlap. The data recovery process, including signal correlation, is described in more detail below.
As mentioned above, each transmitter may include a spectral enrichment block that further improves the spreading qualities of the transmitter. Spectral enrichment superimposes a relatively slow, repeating binary sequence, also having logic levels of �1, on top of the primary PN sequence. The enrichment sequence may be, e.g., a 15-chip sequence that has a chip rate equal to one-half of the symbol rate (e.g., approximately 9600 kHz). Therefore, each chip in the enrichment sequence covers two periods of the primary PN sequence, and the sequence changes values only at symbol boundaries. Modulating the spectral enrichment signal over the modulated PN sequence can allow the transmitter to operate at higher power levels without violating FCC power regulations. Spectral enrichment is described in more detail in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/473,091, entitled "Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System," filed by Forrest F. Fulton on Jun. 6, 1995.
Referring now to FIG. 5, each packet 80 transmitted between the system controller 34 and one of the endpoint devices 32 in the wireless network 30 of FIG. 1 should have a known structure to ensure that it will be recognized and properly decoded by the intended recipient device. Therefore, each packet 80 will include a preamble 82 consisting of multiple repetitions of the primary PN sequence. The preamble 82 allows the receiver to recognize that a packet has been sent and to synchronize to the phase of the PN sequence used in generating the packet (i.e., the "transmission phase"). Increasing the length of the preamble increases the chances of accurately detecting each packet, but also increases the total duration of each packet and therefore decreases the overall efficiency of the network. Once detected, the incoming PN transmission phase serves as a reference phase for all subsequent data demodulation, as described in more detail below.
Following the preamble 82 is a 2-CCSK synchronization ("sync") word 84, which consists of multiple known symbols (each carrying one bit of binary data) that indicate to the receiver that data delivery is about to begin. The sync word 84 also allows the receiver to discard most erroneous packets not otherwise detected. Encoding the sync word 84 as 2-CCSK provides a slight gain in sensitivity over the 16-CCSK modulation used to encode the digital data that follows. The sync word 84 may consist of a Barker code encoded using the first two code phases ("symbol 0" and "symbol 1") of the sixteen symbol alphabet described above.
Following the sync word 84 is a header 86 of known length that contains an address field indicating the address of the source of the packet. The address field also may indicate the address of the intended recipient of the packet. The header 86 also includes a length field indicating the length of the data payload to follow. The header 66 also may contain control bits.
Following the header is the data payload portion 88 of the packet 80, which may include up to 255 symbols of 16-CCSK modulated data per byte in the length field of the header. Following the data payload portion 88 is FEC parity information 90 for use in detecting and correcting packet corruption.
Referring now to FIG. 6, the receiver 52 includes an antenna 100 coupled to a standard RF tuner 102, which down converts the received signal from the RF carrier to the IF carrier and adjusts the power level of the signal, if necessary, to ensure that it falls within a range suitable for analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion. The down converted analog signal then is provided to an A/D converter 104, which samples the signal at a sampling rate (Fs) eight times the chip rate of the PN spreading sequence. In other words, for a 63-bit PN sequence having a chip rate of 1.2 MHZ, the A/D converter 104 samples the incoming signal at a rate of approximately 9.6 MHZ, or eight samples per chip (8� over sampling). The A/D converter 104 performs a "fixed conversion" which allows the A/D converter 104 to output the sampled spread spectrum signal at a second intermediate carrier frequency lower than the sampling rate. Ideally, the second IF carrier frequency equals approximately one-quarter the sampling frequency (Fs/4). Converting the incoming digital signal to Fs/4 provides several advantages, such as 1) allowing the use of an AC-coupled filter 115 (or "DC block") to eliminate DC offset introduced by the RF tuner 102, the A/D converter 104, and the AGC circuit 106; 2) allowing the use of implementation efficient bandpass correlators, as described below; and 3) allowing extraction of the in-phase and quadrature components through a de-interleaving process. The digital tuner 110 may down convert the digital signal to any other fractional frequency of the sampling frequency, provided that the upper end of the digital signal's bandwidth remains below Fs/2 and the lower end of the bandwidth remains high enough to allow the AC-coupled filter 115 to remove unwanted DC offset. The A/D converter 104 provides its digital output to an automatic gain control (AGC) circuit 106, which keeps the amplitude of the digital signal within an appropriate range, and to a power estimation block 108, which calculates the total energy of the digital signal. The output of the power estimation block 108 is used by the receiver 52 to evaluate whether a packet has been received, as discussed below, and to provide information to an AGC algorithm performed by the processor.
The digital signal, centered at Fs/4, is provided to a bank of eighty-four primary correlators 114, some of which are used in each of the three stages (or "modes") of the receiver's operation: search/qualification, acquisition, and demodulation. Each of the primary correlators 114 compares the incoming digital signal against a particular code phase of the PN sequence, a copy of which is provided to the primary correlator 114 by a PN sequence generator 116. As described in more detail below, the primary correlator 114 correlates the incoming signal with the copy by multiplying the two signals to form a product signal. If the code phases are aligned, the product signal is a DC signal having a value of "1". Each primary correlator 114 integrates its product signal over the symbol period to form a correlation output, which generally will have a high magnitude relative to noise if the signals are aligned and a low magnitude relative to noise otherwise. An implementation efficient bandpass correlator structure is described in detail below.
The digital signal, centered at Fs/4, also is provided to four auxiliary correlators 118, which are used to verify potential signal detections ("trips") produced during the search/qualification mode, and to fine-tune the receiver to the frequency of the incoming signal during the acquisition mode. Each of the auxiliary correlators 118 should be able to receive a copy of the PN sequence at any one of the possible code phases and should be individually tunable over the desired frequency range discussed below. The auxiliary correlators 118 may use the implementation efficient bandpass correlator structure described below.
A post-correlator processing block 120 continuously monitors the outputs of the primary correlators 114 and identifies correlation peaks, each of which indicates that the code phase of the PN sequence in one of the primary correlators 114 may have matched the incoming signal during a symbol period. During the search/qualification mode, the processing block 120 produces a trip signal indicating when a correlation output may indicate a signal trip. The processing block 120 also includes a series of comparators which, during the demodulation mode, rank the correlation outputs during each symbol period according to magnitude. This information is used by the processor to demodulate the incoming data.
A correlator control logic block 122 controls operation of the correlators during the three modes of operation. The control logic block 122 includes a state machine that steps through the three operation modes and digital circuitry that supplies control signals to each of the correlators 114 and 118, according to instructions from the processor (not shown in FIG. 6). A processor interface 124 allows the post-correlator processing block 120 and the control logic block 122 to provide information to the processor and allows the processor to provide instructions to the correlator control logic block 122.
During the search/qualification mode, the receiver 52 must detect and recognize potential DSSS signals existing in the wireless network. During the acquisition mode, the receiver 52 must align to the transmission phase and frequency of the incoming signal. During demodulation, the receiver 52 must determine whether it is the intended recipient of the incoming signal and, if so, accurately demodulate the digital data contained in the signal.
As discussed above, the DSSS signals transmitted in the wireless network may consist of a carrier wave in the ISM band multiplied by a 63-chip PN sequence. To acquire one of these signals during the search and qualification mode, the receiver 52 must correlate the received signal with a local copy of the PN sequence that is almost perfectly aligned with the code phase of the original PN sequence. However, at minimal detectable signal levels the receiver 52 typically cannot recognize that a signal is present until after code phase alignment has occurred. Therefore, the process of alignment must proceed by trial and error.
Further complicating the search process are potential errors in the carrier frequency generated by the transmitter or the receiver's tuning frequency. In a typical wireless network the potential carrier error may be greater than �50 kHz, so the receiver may need to search over a frequency range greater than 100 kHz centered at the nominal carrier frequency. In general, the receiver can detect signals only by searching an area defined by the PN sequence length and the carrier uncertainty by trial-and-error, and it must do so within a time defined by the packet preamble, leaving enough preamble time to align itself with the transmission phase of the incoming signal.
Typically, each primary special correlator 114 will respond with a maximum sensitivity loss of 4 dB to any signal within �⅜ chip and �5 kHz of its code phase and frequency settings. The measurement of a correlator's response will be available once per symbol period, as described in more detail below. Therefore, each primary correlator 114 can search an area of � chip and 10 kHz during one symbol period. To ensure that the entire 63-chip range is searched during each symbol period and that the entire code/frequency range is searched in a reasonable time, eighty-four primary correlators 114 are required [(63 chips)�(� chip per correlator)=84 correlators], each tuned to one of eighty-four search phases separated by � chip.
The correlator control logic block 122 automates the search process. The control logic 122 initializes each of the primary correlators 114 to a corresponding one of the eighty-four possible �-chip search phases of the PN sequence and to the nominal carrier frequency, as commanded by the processor. The primary correlators 114 each include frequency adjustment elements, as described below. Each primary correlator 114 correlates the corresponding search phase of the PN sequence against the incoming digital signal for a symbol period, dumps its correlation output, and immediately begins correlating again against the digital signal over the next symbol period. The search frequency of each primary correlator 114 is increased by 10 kHz at the end of each symbol period until it reaches the upper end of the carrier uncertainty range and then is decreased by 10 kHz per symbol period until the lower end of the range is reached, and so on, until a signal is acquired.
The post-correlator processing block 120 monitors the correlation outputs at the end of each symbol period and generates a trip signal if any of the correlation outputs is sufficiently high. The processing block 120 does not generate a trip signal unless one of the correlation outputs, normalized to the output of the power estimator block 108, exceeds a predetermined threshold. This threshold depends upon the characteristics of the network in which the receiver 52 is used, and factors such as the minimum detectable signal level and the false trip rate may be taken into account.
When the correlator control logic block 122 receives a trip signal, it commands one of the four auxiliary correlators 118 to qualify the trip while the primary correlators 114 continue searching. The control logic 122 sets the assigned auxiliary correlator to the frequency at which the trip occurred and instructs the PN sequence generator to provide the auxiliary correlator 118 with a copy of the PN sequence at the search phase associated with the trip. To qualify the trip, the auxiliary correlator correlates the incoming digital signal against the PN sequence at the selected search phase over successive symbol periods. The correlation over a given symbol period is a "success" if the correlation output of the auxiliary correlator 118, normalized to the output of the power estimator block 108, exceeds a predetermined threshold. The trip is qualified after three consecutive successful symbol periods. On the other hand, the auxiliary correlator 118 drops the trip and ends qualification after three consecutive unsuccessful correlating periods or after twelve symbol periods have passed without qualification. If no auxiliary correlators 118 are available when a trip signal occurs (i.e., if all four auxiliary correlators 118 are busy qualifying trips), the receiver queues the trip. When a trip signal is qualified, the primary correlators 114 stop searching and the receiver 52 enters the acquisition mode.
The acquisition mode consists of two phases: fine code search and fine frequency search. During fine code search, the receiver 52 sets each primary correlator 114 to the frequency of the qualified trip and sets each of the first sixteen primary correlators 114 to sixteen consecutive phases of the PN sequence separated by one sample. The eighth correlator correlates against the search phase of the qualified trip; the seven preceding correlators correlate against the seven phases, each separated by one sample, immediately preceding the search phase of the qualified trip; and the eight following correlators correlate against the eight phases, each separated by one sample, immediately following the search phase of the qualified trip. The sixteen correlators collect data for one symbol period, with each correlator's correlating period offset a sample behind the correlating period of the preceding correlator.
The outputs of the sixteen correlators undergo a special fine code correlation against an ideal relationship between code phase error and correlator response. This special correlation indicates which offset from the code phase of the qualified trip most closely correlates to the ideal response, which is considered over a range of �4 samples from perfect code alignment. A normalized ideal response (R) at each sample offset is represented by the following equation:
where i is the offset in samples and −4≦i≦4. The correlation (C) of each sample offset against the ideal response then is determined by the following equation:
where Ok is the output of the kth correlator (0≦k<16), where i and j represent the offset in samples (−4≦i,j≦4). For j=−4 and i=−4, "i+j" is less than zero, so the special correlation value at these offset values is disregarded. The best-fit code phase is the one for which the corresponding correlation value (Cj) is largest ("code phase zero" or "data phase zero"). The receiver 52 continues to qualify any outstanding search trips during fine code search but terminates trip qualification when the fine code search stage is successful.
In the fine frequency search phase, which begins after the fine code search is successful, the four auxiliary correlators 118 are used to find the peak of the frequency response to the incoming signal. Each of the auxiliary correlators 118 is set to code phase zero, as determined in the fine code search phase, and to one of several frequencies near the frequency of the qualified trip. Each auxiliary correlator 118 then provides an output representing a point on a frequency response curve, the peak of which represents the signal frequency and may be calculated by the processor.
The receiver 52 also incorporates false peak rejection to ensure that it does not lose valid data packets after detecting and qualifying "false" peaks that may occur at code phases and/or frequencies other than the actual phases and frequencies of the true signals. The processor will recognize a false peak when the signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of the tripping signal does not improve beyond −13 dB during the fine code and fine frequency search phases. To reject false peaks and to avoid subsequent trips on false peaks from the same signal, the processor drops any signal for which the S/N ratio has not improved by 12 dB after the fine code and fine frequency search phases and sets the trip threshold 6 dB higher than normal during the subsequent search process. Increasing the threshold in this manner should allow the receiver 52 to detect the true peak of a strong signal while ignoring the false peaks.
When the fine code and fine frequency search phases are complete, the receiver 52 begins watching for the sync word. Because the sync word is encoded with 2-CCSK modulation, as described above, the correlator control logic 122 assigns only two primary correlators 114 to monitor the incoming signal for the sync word. The two assigned correlators are the correlator associated with code phase zero, as determined in the fine code search phase, and the correlator immediately following it. The two correlators then correlate the incoming signal against the corresponding code phase over the same correlation period. The correlation outputs of the two correlators are provided to the processor, which assigns each symbol in the sync word a soft value Si according to the equation:
where Ai and Bi represent the correlation outputs of the two correlators at each symbol period. The processor stores up to thirteen soft values and, after each symbol period, forms a correlation sum (C) according to the equation:
where the sum runs from i=0 to 12 and where βith represents the actual value of the ith bit of the synch word, with logic levels of �1. The signal is declared synchronized when the correlation sum is greater than some predetermined threshold.
During the demodulation mode, sixteen of the primary correlators 114 correlate the incoming digital signal to the sixteen different code phases defining the 16-CCSK symbol alphabet, with the first correlator corresponding to code phase zero, as determined during the fine code search phase, and the following correlators successively corresponding to the other fifteen code phases. All sixteen correlators use the same correlation period in the demodulation mode. At the end of each symbol period, the post-correlator processor block 120 determines which correlators have the highest correlation outputs. The processor assigns a symbol value to the symbol period based on which correlator produces the highest correlation output. The processor may be programmed so that it does not assign a symbol value (i.e., it issues an "erasure") if the ratio of the highest correlation output to the second highest correlation output does not exceed some predetermined threshold.
During demodulation, the receiver also tracks the code phase of the incoming signal. Code phase tracking ensures that the receiver does not lose alignment with the signal as a result of clock drift that may affect the output of the PN sequence generator 116. To track the code phase, the correlator control logic 122 assigns thirty-two additional primary correlators 114, half of which provide "early" correlation values and the other half of which provide "late" correlation values. Each "early" correlator is set to a code phase that is between one and four samples ahead of the code phase associated with one of the main demodulation correlators ("on-phase" correlators) discussed above. Each "late" correlator is set to a code phase that is between one and four samples behind the code phase associated with one of the on-phase correlators. The receiver 52 uses the correlation outputs of the early and late correlators associated with the on-phase correlator aligning to the incoming signal during each symbol period to calculate a code phase error (R), according to the equation:
where E and L are the outputs of the early and late correlators and O is the output of the on-phase correlator. The code phase error may be used to update the clocking rate of the PN sequence generator 116 when the error is, e.g., greater than {fraction (1/16)} chip.
Referring also to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the receiver begins operation upon startup by initializing the automatic gain control circuit (step 300). The receiver then enters the search mode (step 302) and continuously searches for a DSSS signal, constantly monitoring and adjusting the AGC circuit (step 304), until a trip signal occurs (step 306). When a trip signal occurs, the receiver determines whether all of the auxiliary correlators are busy (step 308). If so, the receiver queues the trip signal (step 310) and continues searching (step 302); otherwise, the receiver assigns an auxiliary correlator to qualify the trip (step 312). The receiver then monitors the qualification process to determine whether the trip signal is qualified or rejected within the allotted period of time (steps 314 and 318). If neither qualification nor rejection occurs within twelve symbol periods, the receiver aborts the qualification process for that trip signal (step 316) and continues searching for DSSS signals (step 302). The receiver also continues searching if the trip signal is disqualified (step 318). If, on the other hand, the auxiliary correlator qualifies the trip signal, the receiver enters the acquisition mode.
In the acquisition mode, the receiver first assigns several primary correlators to carry out the fine code search (step 320). The receiver then monitors the assigned correlators to determine whether the code phase is successfully acquired (step 322). If not, the receiver returns to the search mode and resumes its search for DSSS signals (step 302); otherwise, the receiver instructs the auxiliary correlators to enter the fine frequency search phase (step 324). The receiver then monitors the four general correlators to determine whether the fine frequency search leads to successful acquisition of the frequency offset (step 326). If not, the receiver returns to the search mode and resumes searching (step 302); otherwise, the receiver prepares for sync word detection (step 328). If the expected sync word is not detected within the appropriate time limit, the sync word detection process times out (step 330) and is aborted (step 316), and the receiver again begins searching for DSSS signals (step 302). If the sync word is detected, the receiver enters the demodulation mode (step 332). In the demodulation mode, the receiver continuously tracks the code phase of the incoming data signal to prevent drift in alignment (step 334). If too many erasures occur during demodulation (step 333), the demodulation process is aborted (step 316) and the receiver again searches for DSSS signals (step 302). Otherwise, the receiver continues to demodulate data until the end of the transmitted packet (step 336). When the end of the packet is reached, the receiver leaves the demodulation mode, reenters the search mode, and again begins searching for DSSS signals (step 302).
Referring now to FIG. 8A, each bandpass correlator (primary and auxiliary) in the receiver may utilize an implementation efficient (IE) correlator structure 130. As discussed above, the incoming digital signal 131 should enter the correlator at a carrier frequency equal to approximately one-quarter the digital sampling rate (Fs/4). The IE correlator structure provides approximate quadrature processing and frequency adjustment in a unified block that requires few and inexpensive components. The structure includes a digital multiplier 132 followed by an accumulation loop 134 having a primary summer 136 and two delay elements 138 and 140, both of which may be single sample delay registers. The output 141 of the second delay register 140 feeds back to the primary summer 136 and is subtracted from the product output 135 of the multiplier 132. The output 139 of the first delay register 138 feeds directly into the second delay register 140. Output 139 also may be provided to a frequency adjustment element 145 that allows the processor to adjust the resonant frequency of the accumulation loop 134. Within the frequency adjustment element 145, the output 139 of the first delay register 138 is scaled by a scaling element 144, fed back to a secondary summer 142, and added to the output 137 of the primary summer 136. The correlator structure 130 may be implemented in standard, off-the-shelf components, but it is particularly suited for implementation in an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC).
In operation, the incoming digital signal 131 and a local copy of the PN sequence 133 are provided as inputs to the multiplier 132. If the two are in code phase alignment, the code product always equals "1" and the output 135 of the multiplier is simply the Fs/4 carrier wave. Because the loop delay is two samples, the output 141 of the second delay register 140 is approximately 180� out-of-phase with the multiplier output 135 and therefore reinforces the multiplier output 135 in the primary summer 136 during the subtraction operation. The input 143 and the output 139 of the first delay register 138 differ by one sample time and therefore are approximately 90� out-of-phase, so they may be taken as the in-phase and quadrature components, respectively, of the Fs/4 carrier wave. At the end of the accumulation time (one correlation period), the in-phase and quadrature outputs are taken and the delay registers 138 and 140 both are set to zero to re-initialize the accumulation loop 134. The final output 151 is the sum of the squares of the in-phase and quadrature components at the end of each correlation period, as provided by squaring circuits 146 and 148 and adder 150.
Instead of a single-sample, register 140 may delay output 139 by multiple samples, so that the phase offset between output 135 and output 141 is a multiple of 180�. For example, a three sample delay in register 140 leaves output 141 360� out-of-phase with product output 135. In this case, primary summer 136 will add output 141 to product output 135 to form an accumulation output.
The frequency adjustment element 145 includes a scaling element 144, the scaling factor (K) of which is variable to allow for frequency adjustment within the correlator's accumulation loop 134. The scaling factor K has a value equal to 2�cos(Ω0), where Ω0 represents 2π times the ratio of the desired resonant frequency of the accumulation loop 134 to the sampling rate (Fs) of the A/D converter 104 (the absolute value of K typically will be much less than one). The value of the scaling factor may be selected by the processor and stored in a programmable storage element 144 b such as a register. A multiplication element 144 a applies the scaling factor to the output 139 of the first delay register 138, and the resulting signal is added by the secondary summer 142 to the output 137 of the primary summer 136. When the scaling factor has a value of zero, the secondary summer 142 has no effect on the correlator structure. However, when the scaling factor is slightly above or below zero, the effective delay in the accumulation loop 134 is slightly greater than or less than two samples, so the loop response is centered at a frequency slightly below or slightly above Fs/4. Since the delay between the output 139 of delay element 138 and the output 141 of delay element 140 always remains at one sample, adjusting the scaling factor to a value other than zero introduces a small quadrature error at frequencies offset from Fs/4. At small frequency offsets, the quadrature error is insignificant.
Referring to FIG. 8B, a quadrature error correction element 160 may be added to the correlator structure 130 to eliminate the quadrature error introduced by the scaling element 144. The correction element 160 includes two multiplication elements 162 and 164, which multiply the output 139 of the accumulation loop 134 with signals equal to cos(Ω0) and sin(Ω0). The output 165 of multiplication element 164 represents the corrected quadrature component of the accumulation output and is provided to squaring circuit 148. Summer 166 produces the corrected in-phase component of the accumulation output by subtracting the output 163 of multiplication element 162 from the output 143 of secondary summer 142. The corrected in-phase component is provided to squaring circuit 146.
Referring also to FIG. 9, when a binary PN sequence serves as the spreading signal, the digital multiplier 132 may be a simple sign inverter realized, e.g., as a digital multiplexer 155 receiving the incoming digital signal 131 and an inverted version 131′ of this signal as inputs and having a local copy of the PN sequence 133 as its control signal. The non-inverted signal 131′ is selected by the multiplexer 155 when the PN sequence 133 is high, and the inverted signal 131′ is selected when the PN sequence 133 is low. When the incoming signal 131 and the PN sequence 133 are aligned, the PN sequence cancels the spreading signal from the incoming signal 131 and only the Fs/4 carrier wave exits the multiplexer 155.
Other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Even the purses and trash cans weren't safe.
Federal authorities filed a second partial inventory Monday afternoon of records seized during the April 15 search at Pilot Flying J headquarters on Lonas Drive in West Knoxville. FBI agents filed the first such inventory Friday and continue to sort through evidence seized from throughout the corporate complex, the Pilot data center and the homes of various Pilot executives.
Court records placed the haul at nearly 30 evidence boxes Monday, with more on the way. Agents have found so many records in so many formats they don't expect to finish searching the company's computers and files before midnight Tuesday at the earliest, Agent Robert Root wrote in an affidavit.


text:
Keyhole Back Scuba Dress
Style # 220573
This sportif-chic scuba-inspired bebe dress is a super sexy way to update your look for the new-season. Take it to the max when you style with an embellished ear cuff and studded wedge sandals.
- 92% polyester, 8% spandex
- Center back to hem: 34" (86 cm)
- Hand wash according to care label
- Imported
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
Rated 0 out of 5
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text:
Unlocking the Key to Deep Sleep
By Sarah Fenske
Making the Ferguson Commission Matter
By Danny Wicentowski
My Fake Boyfriend Became a Real-Life Crush
By Lindsay Toler
Rep. Jeffrey Pogue Bill Would Ban Unisex Bathrooms
By Danny Wicentowski
Darren Wilson Gives Speech to Nonprofit
By Danny Wicentowski
Angel Stewart and Other Victims of Violence Ask for Mercy
By Jessica Lussenhop
Obama Praises St. Louis' LaunchCode
By Lindsay Toler
By Lindsay Toler
The quality of the music, says DJ Trackstar, is spectacular.
"It's an incredible collection of songs. It's head and shoulders above any project from St. Louis that I've heard," raves Trackstar, who says he's tried to convince Knuckles to release the Pangea material. "Apparently there's sound issues they say they need to fix, but I say fuck that. Don't touch it. Don't do anything. Just put it on an album and put it out." [Editor's note: A correction ran concerning this paragraph; please see end of article.]
(Knuckles says it's a question of red tape: He doesn't have permission to use all of the beats and samples featured on some of the songs.)
Back in his living room, it takes some coaxing to persuade Knuckles to dig up a copy of his old album. As the music begins to thump over the speakers, he stares at the floor, arms crossed. Finally, his head starts to bob to the beat and he begins to mouth the words to his own lyrics.
"They're awesome songs," he says later. "But I can make better songs now. That's evolution in progress. Continents, dude — they do what they going to do."
Rapper and producer Van "Vandalyzm" Coleman, a St. Louis native, says that in order to make the connections necessary to be successful with his debut album, Megatron Majorz, he had to move to Atlanta.
"There's no chance of doing it here," explains Vandalyzm, who has since returned to his hometown. "It's a great place to get your iron sharpened, but at the end of day you have to go out of town to make it happen. I hate to say it, but because everybody is so small-minded, things as simple as finding a good publicist or manager — you have to go where cats are making moves and making a name for themselves."
Others have taken the same route. Like Knuckles and Vandalzym, St. Louis rapper and producer Black Spade honed his craft at the Hi-Pointe, developing a sound that's a unique fusion of jazz, soul and hip-hop. He moved to Brooklyn and promptly signed a deal with Om Records. Critics have warmly received his forthcoming release, To Serve with Love.
The phenomenon isn't confined to the starving artists of the underground, either. Popular mainstream St. Louis rapper Chingy recently defected to Atlanta, citing a need for a fresh start.
Finsta, the Hi-Pointe mastermind, speculates that the problem is that many people in the industry in St. Louis are clueless when it comes to operating outside their hometown.
"A lot of artists don't know the avenues to take," explains Finsta, who hosts the local music hour on Hot 104.1. "And they're pretty much the blind leading the blind when they find a manager that doesn't know anything outside of St. Louis, a manager has no inkling of the industry beyond the realm of St. Louis."
Others point to the fact that, in addition to the demise of the Hi-Pointe and Blueberry Hill's underground night, the Science, several clubs that used to book underground hip-hop (most notably former downtown hot spot the Galaxy) have closed, leaving a void in venues that cater to the genre.
Kenautis Smith, a Chicago native who produced Knuckles' Northside Phenomenon, says he lived in St. Louis for several years and saw a drastic difference between its clubs and the vibrant underground community of the Windy City, which has produced two of the most successful underground artists working today, Kanye West and Lupe Fiasco.
"St. Louis might have five or six hip-hop clubs, and two or three may cater to quote-unquote backpackers," says Smith, referring to the disparaging term used to describe underground artists who peddle their CDs on the street. "That means you see the same 75 to 100 people on any given night. They have to find a new way to promote the music scene."
The frustrating problem, Vandalyzm explains, is that few artists have the resources to go on tour, let alone move to a new city.
"We have to outsource," he says, "And when we outsource, that's how we get our success. But we got cats who ain't got the money to do that. So the music is falling on deaf ears. Eventually they get tired of it and quit."
"That's all it takes, is the initiative to get up and go," argues Gotta Be Karim. "Black Spade taught me that. We all broke, but once you get past the fact you don't have money, you just got to get up and go."
Knuckles says he's staying put for the time being.
"Honestly, I'm not sure where I'd go," he says. "There's no Shangri-La at this present moment."
Eventually Rockwell ran out of money and returned home from California, leaving his friend Wafeek behind. He'd been back, living at his mom's house for less than three months, when his life changed dramatically and unpredictably.
On the evening of July 5, 2004, lightning struck the roof of his bedroom, causing it to catch fire. Virtually all of his possessions were burned. There was little damage to the rest of the house.
"I'm sitting there with nothing," Knuckles recalls. "There's some pretty sweet symbolism right there. The good Lord is like, 'Start fresh, chief.' After that I started working on solo stuff.
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|August 15, 2008
|Tacoma, WA
|Viaduct w/ Black Breath
|August 16, 2008
|Seattle, WA
|El Corazon w/ Himsa
|August 17, 2008
|Twin Falls, ID
|American Legion Hall
|August 18, 2008
|Denver, CO
|August 19, 2008
|Lincoln, NE
|Box Awesome
|August 20, 2008
|Minneapolis, MN
|August 21, 2008
|Indianapolis, IN
|August 22, 2008
|Philadelphia, PA
|Starlight Ballroom (This Is Hardcore)
|August 23, 2008
|Philadelphia, PA
|Starlight Ballroom (This Is Hardcore)
|August 24, 2008
|Philadelphia, PA
|Starlight Ballroom (This Is Hardcore)
|August 25, 2008
|Johnson City, TN
|The Hideaway
|August 26, 2008
|Jacksonville, FL
|Doozers Pub
|August 27, 2008
|Tampa, FL
|August 28, 2008
|Birmingham, AL
|Cave 9
|August 30, 2008
|Albuquerque, NM
|Telos Campus House
|August 31, 2008
|Tucson, AZ
|Gnarwal House
|September 2, 2008
|Anaheim, CA
|Chain Reaction
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Tours: Killing the Dream
Posted by aubin on Friday, July 18, 2008 at 6:00 PM (EDT)
Killing the Dream will be hitting the road next month in support of their new album, Fractures.
Deathwish Inc. (7 comments)
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ArmedWithAMind (July 18, 2008)
Nah love for the Illini
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the dark knight was amazing.
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text:
Deep Run program trains future project management leaders
Deep Run High School recently completed a pilot course that is the first of its kind in the nation, based upon project management skills for the purpose of providing adequate training to its students so they can be empowered to enter the workforce with competence and a professional certification.
Future Leaders In Project Management is a non-profit organization that was founded by Jennifer Greene to incorporate project management in high schools so students are prepared to work as associate project managers after they graduate. The year-long course prepares students to take the Project Management Institute's Certified Associate's in Project Management (CAPM) test and receive Project Manager's Institute industry certification, a world recognized certification. FLiPM is designed to bring skilled local workforce to businesses, grant graduating high school seniors job opportunities and stimulate the economy while lowering the unemployment rate.
Upon completing the last project management course in the 12th grade, students who earn their high school diplomas will be eligible to sit for the CAPM test, thus preparing the students to turn their passions in more than 100 different industries into marketable career options straight out of school.
"I believe in industry certification and PMI is the world standard for project management," said Lynne Norris, the school's project management teacher and chair of the Center for Information Technology. "I'm always looking for opportunities to give them (students) the edge and anytime you can put initials behind your name its awesome."
The program came to Deep Run when a CTE specialist for the county's school system approached Norris about the opportunity FLiPM could bring students. The program was born when the Henrico School Board gave its approval. The system not only opened up doors for the students but also for teachers – 10 of whom were given the opportunity to take a project management course to earn certification.
Project management is part of the required curriculum for sophomores at Deep Run in the speciality IT center, but FLiPM allows for students to take their studies a step further. The FLiPM capstone class at Deep Run is composed of 10 students and focuses on IT project management with a yearlong project that puts their skills to use. Through FLiPM, students were able to utilize the tools that project management has taught them in completing different projects areas that interested them.
"We were given the opportunity to work on the CAPM certification and it's a lot like a real life job, doing a year long project isn't something that most high schooler's get to do especially putting the skills to use and application," said senior Stephen Scipione.
The vision is to incorporate FLiPM in to all CTE courses so that a broad spectrum of students are being exposed to technology, terminology, and tools that Project Management uses. Many of the skills introduced correlate to the work place and give students a leg-up when facing employers who are looking for well developed students that are entering the work force. The national certification makes the students more marketable employees with hope of gaining them entry into well paying jobs.
The job market is extremely competitive, but project manager positions are thriving, and there is a strong need for CAMPS (Certified Associate Project Managers), who have a starting salary between $40,000 and $50,000 a year. Offering graduates the certification makes them employable right away, and the skills learned translate into a multitude of professions and are applicable in every industry.
Those skills – project planning, scheduling, human resources, team management, customer and client relations, interpersonal skills, risk assessment and communication – give students a significant advantage that they can carry with them throughout their life, not just for the first few years after graduation, Norris said.
FLiPM also gives students who may not be pursuing college or have the opportunity, to enter a professional career with valid, marketable skills. FLiPM creates a bridge between career/technical education and the public school systems by opening the doors to students. The program works with a local professional chapter of Project Management and provides opportunities to use the newly-gained abilities to partner with state organizations, stimulating local economy.
"I became interested because I wanted an opportunity to use this class to elevate beyond high school and into the real world, while working with a client and mentor. I relish the opportunity to work with organizations outside of school," said Ram Ramkumar.
After completing the capstone, students are awarded a grant to cover their application fee into the local chapter of PMI, as well as their PMI test, and are offered access to testing software and test preparation books. The local chapter allows for students to continue using PMI skills outside of high school and the chance to get involved with local businesses.
The FLiPM program is expected to expand, and Norris says this year was full of successes.
"My hope is that each year we will be able to continue this program through grants and be able to help facilitate other schools in Henrico. It makes me happy to be able to say we are really providing a valuable resource of well prepared workers as students graduate," she said.
FLiPM and Henrico Education Foundation, along with the Central Virginia Chapter of PMI are rewarding a student with a $2,500 scholarship as well as title of "Student Project Manager of the Year" at a celebratory dinner held at the Federal Reserve Building.
Donate 'cast-offs' for Henrico CASA
Citizen Staff Reports 08/04/2015
Are you doing some summer cleaning? Wondering what to do with all those items you no longer need? Consider donating your valuable items to benefit CASA's kids.
Henrico CASA and Susan's Selections are partnering to present an online auction beginning Sept 12. Proceeds will benefit Henrico CASA. Any item with a $50 or more resale value – from pottery to furniture and everything in between – can be donated.
Bring goods to Susan's Selections, 4909 W Marshall St. in Richmond between Aug. 13-26. Weekday drop-off hours will be 10 a.m. until. 4 p.m.; Saturdays 10 a.m. until 3 p.m, and Sundays 1 p.m. until 3 p.m. > Read more.
10th annual Filipino Festival coming in August
The 10th Annual Filipino Festival will be held Aug. 7-8 at Our Lady of Lourdes Church, 8200 Woodman Rd., beginning with opening ceremonies at 5 p.m. Friday and continuing with live entertainment, food and exhibits until 10 p.m. On Saturday the festival will take place from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. with a full schedule of performances featuring traditional Filipino dance, music and song.
Filipino cuisine, including BBQ, pansit, lumpia, adobo, halo-halo, lechon, empanada and leche flan, will be available for purchase. The festival will also feature a children's area, church tours, exhibits, and health screenings. > Read more.
ZZ Top, The Beach Boys, O.A.R., others to play Innsbrook
Innsbrook After Hours will welcome ZZ Top, The Beach Boys, O.A.R. and other performers this month.
On Aug. 12, Tyler Farr, with special guest Parmalee, will perform at 6 p.m., with gates opening at 5 p.m. Farr began his career with years of formal voice training with the OAKE National Choir but at 21, he moved to Nashville. Tickets are $15 to $99.
On Aug. 13, Innsbrook After Hours will present ZZ Top, with special guest Blackberry Smoke, at 6 p.m. > Read more.
Henrico Police to host Community Day Aug. 1
Henrico County property transactions, June 22-28
3 community meetings planned about September UCI championship cycling races
Three Henrico students participating in 8-day James River Expedition
CASA volunteers sworn in
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ZZ Top, The Beach Boys, O.A.R., others to play Innsbrook
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Obituary – Bernice Lauterbach
Obituary – Marion P. Breschel
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Donate 'cast-offs' for Henrico CASA
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CMoR reopens at new Short Pump site
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The greatest love of all
My daughters' other dads
All hail to mothers and the hardest job of all
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Athlete of the Week – July 3: Kayla Sell
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Steward School's Enright drafted by NY Mets
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We are presenting you the astrology of Twelve Zodiac Signs, Nine planets and Twenty Seven stars in an easy way to understand in simple English and Tamil.
Rasi porutham is one (mahendira – nadi) of the many matches looked for vamsa viruthi and as per few sasthras this match will give all the happiness and the blessings to have a male child for the couples getting married.
If the counting from the female star to the male star
Is above 6 then matching is fulfilled
Is 8 then there is no match
Is 7 then the matching is excellent
Is 2, 6, 8, 12 then there is no match
Is 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11 then the matching is
Also Kumbam and Simam, Magaram and Kadagam are the rasis that do not match with each other.
Marriage Matching Software Online Free Thirumana Porutham in Tamil Free Best Tamil Astrology Website Easy Astrology Easy Astrology Free weekly astrology in tamil Weekly horoscope in tamil Marriage Matching Horoscope tamil Astrology 2014 Tamil Astrology Website free


text:
West Wing Week 05/09/14 or, "Reach Higher"
Adam Garber
May 09, 2014
This week, the First Lady launched her new Reach Higher education initiative, while the President hosted two bilateral meetings and a press conference, let loose some humor at the White House Correspondents Dinner, and traveled to Arkansas and California.
Friday, May 2nd
- On Friday, the President hosted German Chancellor Angela Merkel for a bilateral meeting in the Oval Office, a joint press conference in the Rose Garden and a working lunch.
- Later, the President met with AAPI business and faith leaders as they held a discussion on commonsense immigration reform.
- The First Lady travelled to the University of Texas San Antonio's Annual College Signing Day, where she spoke about her new Reach Higher education initiative.
Saturday, May 3rd
- On Saturday, the President and First Lady attended the 100th Annual White House Correspondents Dinner.
Monday, May 5th
- On Monday, the President hosted President Ismail Omar Guelleh of Djibouti for a bilateral meeting in the Oval Office to highlight Djiboutis importance to regional security.
- Later that day, the President spoke on immigration reform at a celebration of the 152nd anniversary of Cinco de Mayo.
Tuesday, May 6th
- On Tuesday, the President participated in "Weather at the White House", a series of interviews with both local and national meteorologists to discuss that day's release of the third National Climate Assessment.
Wednesday, May 7th
- On Wednesday, the President traveled to central Arkansas to tour the states tornado damage.
- Later, the President traveled to California to speak at the Shoah Foundations' 20th Anniversary Gala.
Related Topics: Higher Education, Education, Energy and Environment, Foreign Policy, Immigration, Inside the White House, Arkansas, California, Texas
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