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The MAA Guide series — a subset of the Dolciani Mathematical Expositions — is rapidly becoming one of my favorite series of books. I like expository books that provide a quick and interesting entrée into an area of mathematics, or a useful source of examples, and that is precisely what these are. They are also, thanks to careful selection of authors, generally very well-written, informative and particularly useful as a resource for a varied audience. This book, the most recent one in the series (number 8, following books on complex variables, advanced real analysis, real variables, topology, elementary number theory, advanced linear algebra and plane algebraic curves) continues this tradition.
Each volume in this series is addressed to readers who, although mathematically sophisticated, are not experts in the subject matter of the book. The canonical example, I would think, would be graduate students seeking an efficient way of helping prepare for qualifying exams. However, faculty members who haven't had occasion to work extensively in a given area and who want a quick overview of the basic ideas and how they hang together would also find these books valuable. The emphasis in most of the Guides that I have read (this one most definitely included) is providing a survey of the subject in a reasonably short amount of pages, providing a book that is accessible and informative but likely does not contain the kind of technical detail that, although obviously necessary for complete mastery of the material, may serve as an impediment to a person who just wants to know "what's what" in an area.
So, for example, this book, like many in the Guide series (one possible exception is Weintraub's Advanced Linear Algebra) is not really intended as a text. There are no exercises, and most proofs are omitted; some that are fairly easy are provided, though never in the rigid theorem/proof format of most textbooks. Instead of proofs, Gouvêa provides discussions of the results and, quite often, a helpful sort of intuition as to why something should be true. (The author uses the phrase "shadows of proofs" in this connection.) To compensate for the lack of proofs, there is an excellent bibliography, to which the author makes frequent specific references throughout the text.
There are also lots of nice examples. A professional algebraist may be able to immediately give an example of a projective module that is not free, or a ring that does not have the invariance of basis number property, but people who don't work with algebra all the time may not have such examples on the tip of their tongues. The reader will find such examples here (along with, in connection with the latter, a succinct explanation of why such an example must be noncommutative). The reader will also find some examples that involve completely different branches of mathematics; there is, for example, a nice little one-page discussion of how modular forms arise from group actions, and the author also makes occasional remarks about topics such as topology and elliptic curves. The discussions here are not deep or technical, just brief overviews that give the reader some idea of what the terms mean; perfect for a student or non-specialist faculty member who may wind up hearing the phrase in a talk somewhere. In conformity with the intended readership, examples are not necessarily set off with big margins and the word EXAMPLE in large letters, but are often incorporated directly into the text.
The book is divided into six chapters, the first three of which are largely prefatory to the last three, which in turn comprise the meat of the book. Chapter 1 provides a succinct, interesting historical look at algebra, in which the author briefly tracks the development of algebra from its classical origins through its modern period (i.e., the axiomatic approach of Artin and Noether) up to its "ultramodern" period of category theory. Chapter 2 continues the study of categories; not being a huge fan of what Serge Lang once famously referred to as "abstract nonsense", I feared, when I saw this early chapter on the subject, that the entire book would be filled with commutative diagrams and exact sequences, but was pleased to discover, as I read on, that Gouvêa does not overdo this; these things generally don't appear unless their appearance really does enhance the discussion. Chapter 3 is a bestiary of algebraic terms, some of which are re-defined later and discussed in more detail.
The remaining three chapters discuss, in order, the three algebraic structures mentioned in the title of the text: groups, rings and fields (including skew fields). Chapter 4 on groups starts with the definition and then proceeds to discuss all of the general topics that one would expect to encounter in a first year graduate course, and perhaps a somewhat more: the chapter talks about Sylow theory, nilpotence and solvability, the word problem, group representation theory (in characteristic 0) and more. The discussion, even of elementary concepts, is done at a mathematically mature, but nonetheless accessible, level (for example, cosets of a subgroup H of a group G are defined as orbits under a certain group action), which I think is entirely appropriate, given the intended readership, and which also has the advantage of letting the reader see how these ideas really fit into the "big picture" (for example, the fact that distinct cosets partition the group is now seen to be just a special case of the more general result about orbits).
The next chapter is on rings and modules, and here, too, we are treated to an excellent survey of that area of mathematics: basic definitions, followed by discussions of topics such as localization, Weddeburn-Artin theory, the Jacobson radical, factorization theory, Dedekind domains (with a look at algebraic numbers), and various kinds of modules (free, projective, injective, etc.). As in the earlier chapter on group theory, the discussion here is at a mature level, with the author frequently stating things at a somewhat greater level of generality than might usually be encountered. (Examples: a quite general statement of Nakayama's lemma is given, and the usual results about modules over PIDs are deduced as a special case of the more general situation of modules over Dedekind domains.) Notwithstanding this, however, Gouvêa also keeps the needs of students firmly in mind; for example, there is a section titled "Traps", in which he points out, with simple specific examples, some of the ways in which modules can differ from vector spaces. (He tells of a friend who once described modules as "vector spaces with traps".)
The final chapter is on field theory. Galois theory is covered, of course (in a considerably general way, including infinite Galois groups and their topologies) but the chapter also contains material on such topics as algebras over a field, function fields, central simple algebras and the Brauer group.
Because the author is writing for people who already have some mathematical sophistication, including some prior exposure to abstract algebra, he does not feel obliged to follow a strictly linear order of presentation. So, for example, the chapter on groups, which precedes the chapters on rings and fields, nonetheless contains references to things like finite fields, semisimple rings and algebraic numbers; as another example, Nakayama's Lemma in ring theory is stated in a form involving tensor products, which are not formally discussed until a few sections later. This provides a certain freedom that an author of a strictly introductory text does not have, and helps, I think, enhance one's overall understanding of the subject by providing a broader point of view than might otherwise be possible. Likewise, even within a chapter, the level of difficulty is not necessarily monotonically increasing, and sometimes fairly sophisticated topics (e.g., profinite groups) are discussed before much more elementary ones (e.g., permutation groups). So, if you find a certain section to be fairly heavy going, just keep reading, and chances are, within a page or two, you will find things more comfortable.
The writing style throughout the book is of uniformly high quality. The author is one of those rare people who has the ability to write like people talk, with a nice, conversational tone that sometimes elicits a smile as well as a nod of understanding. Here, for example, is how he ends his discussion of groups of small order: "The next interesting case is order 16, which is, alas, a bit too interesting. There are five different abelian groups (easy to describe) and there are nine different nonabelian ones (most of them not easy to describe). So we will stop here." And see also page 160 for a cute little comment that will appeal to fans (of a certain age) that remember Tom Lehrer.
It should be apparent from the preceding discussion that I liked this book — a lot. Nevertheless, it seems inevitable that any reviewer will find some nits to pick, just because no two people will ever write the same book. The ones I have, though, are neither numerous nor particularly significant, and basically just reflect my personal preferences. I would have liked, for example, to have seen an example of non-isomorphic groups with the same character table (Everybody's Favorite Example is D4 and the quaternion group), as well as a specific example of a rational polynomial of degree 5 that is not solvable (the author states that the "generic" polynomial of degree at least five is not solvable and also states that an irreducible polynomial of prime degree with two real roots and at least one non-real root is not solvable by radicals, but does not give an actual fifth-degree polynomial meeting these conditions). I think the phrase "special linear group" should have been introduced when the group SL(n,K) was first defined on page 33, rather than fifty pages later, and also think that discussing unique factorization without at least mentioning Fermat's Last Theorem can only be described as a lost opportunity.
Additionally, one of my favorite cute applications of transcendence bases has always been the proof that the field of complex numbers has infinitely many automorphisms (a fact that I think is insufficiently well known); the author develops all the machinery necessary to establish this, but doesn't say so explicitly. Finally, in connection with the definition of algebraically closed fields, the author states the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (that the field of complex numbers is algebraically closed) and says that all proofs "depend on the topology of the complex field". This statement, though true, may lead students to believe that all proofs are very analytic or topological in nature; in fact, there is at least one proof that uses Sylow and Galois theory and only two simple facts from analysis, namely (a) that any real polynomial of odd degree has at least one real root, and (b) that any quadratic polynomial with complex coefficients has a complex root.
But these are quibbles. Overall, this is a valuable book — a pleasure to read, and packed with interesting results. It should be very helpful to graduate students and non-specialists wanting a succinct summary of the subject, and even professional algebraists may find something new and interesting here. It is a splendid addition to an excellent series.
One final comment: in the interest of full disclosure, I should mention that, as faithful readers of this column probably already know, the author of this book is also the editor of this column. This raises, I suppose, at least the question of a conflict of interest. This same issue arose when another of the author's books, p-adic Numbers, was favorably reviewed in this column by Darren Glass more than two years ago, and since I don't think that I can improve on the way Professor Glass addressed it, I will simply quote him verbatim: "[T]he reader can rest assured that this reviewer would have said equally flattering things about the book even if it wasn't written by his editor. Besides, I couldn't think of anything that an editor could use to bribe his volunteer reviewers with (More prominent placing on the site? First crack at the new Keith Devlin?) so I didn't even bother asking."
Mark Hunacek (firstname.lastname@example.com) teaches mathematics at Iowa State University.
A Guide to this Guide
1. Algebra: Classical, Modern, and Ultramodern
2. Categories
3. Algebraic Structures
4. Groups and their Representations
5. Rings and Models
6. Fields and Skew Fields
Index of Notations
About the Author


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Helene M. Baumer, 96, of 147 Queens Rd., St. Marys, died on Saturday, Sept. 29, 2012 at Elk Haven Nursing Home.
She was born June 21, 1916 in St. Marys, a daughter of the late Michael and Esther Haberberger Baumer.
She was a graduate of Central Catholic High School, Class of 1934. She was a member of Queen of the World Church.Â
She lived in New York City for 52 years and worked as a registered nurse. She moved back to St. Marys in 1992.
She is survived by a sister, Alice Fleming of St. Marys; and by several nieces and nephews.
JOHNSONBURG – The Elk County Catholic Crusaders improved to 5-0 on Friday night as they took a 25-0 lead through three quarters and then held off an attempted fourth quarter by the Rams to come away with a 25-12 win on Friday night at Memorial Field.
The Crusaders racked up a total of 250 yards in the game, with team members rushing for 135 yards and 115 coming from the squad's passing game. Johnsonburg, on the other hand, relied heavily on passing, with 192 of their 214 yards coming on pass plays.
The Punxsutawney Chucks scored with 11.6 seconds remaining as they edged the St. Marys Area Flying Dutch by a 21-20 score Friday night at Dutch Country Stadium.
In the final 5:47 of the contest the Chucks outscored the Dutchmen by a 15-8 margin to come up with the win.
A historic ribbon-cutting ceremony for Dickinson Center, Inc.'s new behavioral health facility was held Friday afternoon at 43 Servidea Dr. in Ridgway.
Prior to the ribbon-cutting, a formal presentation was led by Dickinson CEO Jack Goga to acknowledge those who were instrumental in the development of the 28,200-square-foot facility.
The Elk County Conservation District [ECCD] has halted the hiring of a resource conservation technician following a decision by the Elk County Board of Commissioners to revisit the issue.
As discussed at August's ECCD board meeting, the district was unable to secure all of the funding for the new position and sought out assistance from the commissioners to fund half of the position for a period of one year with the other half being funded by the Department of Environmental Protection [DEP].
JOHNSONBURG - Agents with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) and members of the Pennsylvania State Police executed a federal search warrant on Wednesday at the 112 East Ave., Johnsonburg, home of David A. Blashaw, 55, in a joint operation that was the result of leads arrived at through ongoing investigations into the activities of Milliard, 54, of Ridgway.
Blashaw was charged before District Judge George A. "Tony" King with possession of a small amount of marijuana for personal use, and possession of drug paraphernalia, both misdemeanors of the first degree.
James R. "Jim" Logue Jr., 76, of DuBois, died Thursday, Sept. 27, 2012 at his residence following a brief illness.
He was born March 9, 1936, in Brockway, son of the late James R. Sr. and Olevia (Kopp) Logue.
On Jan. 2, 1960, he married Rita M. (Perry) Logue, who survives.
Jim was a graduate of Brockway High School and a member of St. Michael the Archangel Church in DuBois.
He was the retired former owner of Logue's Insurance Agency in Brockway. He also did sign painting, piano tuning and had a nightclub band for many years called "The Sounds of Music."
Members of the Elk County Solid Waste Authority discussed the impact a new electronics recycling law that takes effect in January may have on operations at the Elk County Community Recycling Center.
Elk County Solid Waste/Recycling Coordinator Bekki Titchner said as of Jan. 24, the state will prohibit "covered devices," or electronics like televisions, computers, keyboards, printers and accessories from being deposited in landfills. Municipal waste trucks will no longer be able to collect these items curbside for disposal at a landfill.
The Elk County Catholic Crusader golf team defeated St. Marys 207-235 on Wednesday afternoon in a match played at the Bavarian Hills Golf Course.
The medalist for the day was Elk Catholic's Mitchell Struble with a five-over-par round of 40.
Also for the Crusaders, Elliott Struble and Kristy Hanes each carded a 41, Brandon Schlimm had a 42, Bruno Cavalline and Jess Jaynes each shot 43, Drew Meyer recorded a 44, and Garrett Reuscher finished with a 57.
The low scorer for St. Marys was Owen Schreiber with a 42.
ECC travels to SMA this afternoon
The Elk County Catholic Lady Crusader tennis team raised their record to 10-1 with a 9-0 victory over the Brockway Lady Rovers Thursday at the Benzinger and Memorial Park courts.
"Today we enjoyed a really nice tennis match with a short-handed but improving Brockway squad. Brockway has a very nice team again this year. They have four sophomores that have gotten a lot better and they are going to be a lot of fun to watch the next two years," said ECCHS coach Pete Meier.

subset: commoncrawl


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An apparatus, program product, and method that track where particular users are browsing within a multi-user computer environment, and provide such information to one or more users within the environment to permit greater interactivity among the users. By enabling users to identify and interact with other users in a browsing environment, users may be permitted to access lists of favorite documents, home pages, navigational histories, etc. of other users while browsing to facilitate the dynamic location and retrieval of useful information. Also, users may be permitted to directly communicate with one another while browsing, e.g., via electronic messages, real-time discussions, etc.
1. A method of providing access to hypertext documents in a multi-user computer environment, the method comprising:
(a) tracking accesses to a plurality of preexisting hypertext documents by a plurality of users;
(b) notifying a first user that is currently accessing one of the plurality of preexisting hypertext documents of the identity of a second user that is accessing the same hypertext document;
(c) associating a second hypertext document with the second user in response to user input from the second user; and
(d) notifying the first user of the association of the second hypertext document with the second user;
wherein associating the second hypertext document with the second user includes storing an identifier for the second hypertext document in a list of favorite links associated with the second user, wherein notifying the first user of the association of the second hypertext document with the second user includes displaying the list of favorite links to the first user, and wherein the method further comprises building a list of favorite links associated with the hypertext document being viewed by the first user by combining lists of favorite links associated with only those users currently viewing the same hypertext document as the first user.
2. An apparatus, comprising:
(a) a memory; and
(b) a program, resident in the memory, the program configured to track accesses to a plurality of preexisting documents by a plurality of users, to notify a first user among the plurality of users that is currently accessing one of the plurality of preexisting hypertext documents of the identity of a second user among the plurality of users that is accessing the same hypertext document, and to maintain on behalf of the first user a user-editable saved user list that identifies at least the second user such that the first user is notified of the identify of any user in the user-editable saved user list that is accessing the same hypertext document, wherein the program is configured to maintain the user-editable saved user list by performing at least one of adding a third user to the user-editable saved user list and removing the second user from the user-editable saved user list in response to user input received from the first user;
wherein the program is further configured to associate a second hypertext document with the second user in response to user input from the second user, and to notify the first user of the association of the second hypertext document with the second user, and wherein the program is further configured to build a list of favorite links associated with the hypertext document being viewed by the first user by combining lists of favorite links associated with each user currently viewing the same hypertext document as the first user.
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The invention is generally related to computers and computer software. More specifically, the invention is generally related to the display of and navigation between hypertext documents with browser computer programs and the like.
Due to advances in computer and networking technology, the amount and variety of information that can be accessed through a computer continues to increase at an astounding rate. The Internet, in particular, has enabled computer users to access a wide variety of information from computers located all over the world.
As more and more computer users connect to networks such as the Internet, an astounding societal shift has occurred. Computer users, though physically separated from one another in different cities or states, or even on different continents, can now be linked together electronically to form a truly global community, commonly referred to as "cyberspace". Within such a community, users have a need to interact with one another, and this desire for interaction has been one of the predominant forces driving the growth of the Internet.
Users are presented with a number of technologies for interacting with one another over a network. Electronic messaging, also referred to as "email", enables users to send messages to one another much like one would send a paper letter to another person through regular postal service. Electronic bulletin boards permit users to post messages that can be read by anyone having access to the boards. Real-time discussion forums, also referred to as "chat rooms", extend the concepts of electronic bulletin boards to permit users to view messages sent by other users in real time, i.e., while those messages are being typed. Groupware systems permit users to share information and work together as a group to further common goals, e.g., to permit users to collectively create documents and share comments about those documents.
Unlike the above-described network-based tools, conventional web browsers offer comparatively less interaction between users. Web browsers are typically used to access and view information stored on a segment of the Internet known as the World Wide Web. Such information is typically stored on the World Wide Web in the form of hypertext documents, which are typically collections of information formatted in a language known as the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Also, due to the immense popularity of the World Wide Web, many private networks also store information in the form of hypertext documents.
Practically any information can be represented in a hypertext document, whether represented as text, graphics, video, sound, animation, etc. However, given the vast resources available on the Internet and within private networks, it is often difficult for users of web browsers to locate useful hypertext documents, and thus useful information, without significant effort. Over time, a user may eventually gain a degree of expertise in locating information about a particular topic; however, whenever a user is first attempting to locate information about a new topic, the user often must weed through an extensive amount of unrelated and useless information before potentially valuable information is found.
Other users may have invested similar resources in developing an expertise in a particular topic, and it could be extremely helpful for new users to be able to benefit from those other users' past efforts to accelerate the development of their own expertise in the topic. However, with conventional web browsers, little or no collaboration features are supported to permit users to share resources as with other network-based collaboration tools.
More enterprising individuals may develop their own personal web sites if they have an interest in a particular topic, and may include a list of "hot links" that point to related hypertext documents containing potentially useful information on that topic. However, other users must first know where that user's web site is located to access hot links. Also, to be valuable, the owner of the web site must take the initiative to develop the web site and continuously update it over time to incorporate new useful information.
Another form of collaboration available to users of web browsers is HTML-based chat. Similar to non-HTML chat systems, HTML-based chat systems permit users to participate in ongoing on-line discussions in real time. An HTML-based chat system, however, differs from non-HTML chat systems in that the system generates and transmits chat session scripts as HTML documents, thus permitting users to access the scripts via a web browser, rather than through other dedicated software. With such a system, users are typically capable of participating in chat discussions, and are often permitted to retrieve profile information about other participating users such as their favorite links, home pages, personal information, etc.
However, viewing scripts from HTML-based chat systems is not particularly analogous to web browsing, since the content of the displayed scripts is dictated by the participants of the chat, instead of the author of a hypertext document. Chat scripts are also dynamic, and changing over time, rather than being preexisting and static like many hypertext documents. Furthermore, simply viewing a chat script typically modifies the script, since the addition or removal of a viewer of a chat script is typically reflected in the text of the script. Moreover, on-line chat systems typically require both the chat management and the document generation and transmission functions to be tightly integrated into a single application, which makes such systems impractical for viewing hypertext documents distributed throughout different locations on the Internet.
As a result, web browsing to date remains more or less a solitary activity, devoid of much of the interactivity supported by other network-based applications. Whereas conventional network-based applications permit users to share ideas and collaborate, users of web browsers are left on their own to plod through all of the resources on the Internet to locate potentially useful information. Considering the ever-present desire for more user interaction in cyberspace, the lack of interactivity supported by conventional web browsers often significantly limits user enjoyment and productivity. Therefore, a significant need exists for expanding the interactivity of web browsing over that supported by conventional web browsers and the like.
The invention addresses these and other problems associated with the prior art by providing an apparatus, program product, and method that track where particular users are browsing within a multi-user computer environment, and provide such information to one or more users within the environment. For example, in certain embodiments of the invention, interaction between users may supported to facilitate the dynamic location and retrieval of useful information, e.g., by permitting users to access lists of favorite documents, home pages, navigational histories, etc. of other users while browsing. Certain embodiments may also enhance user interaction by permitting users to directly communicate with one another while browsing, e.g., via electronic messages, real-time discussions, etc. As such, web browsing can be transformed from a relatively solitary activity to a more interactive forum through which users are able to collaborate with one another and build on others' developed expertise to locate desirable information about a particular topic.
Consistent with one aspect of the invention, access to hypertext documents in a multi-user computer environment is provided by tracking accesses to at least one hypertext document by a plurality of users including first and second users, and notifying the first user of the identity of the second user. Consistent with another aspect of the invention, access to hypertext documents in a multi-user computer environment is provided by tracking which of a plurality of hypertext documents a first user is currently viewing, and communicating to a second user a copy of the hypertext document currently being viewed by the first user.
These and other advantages and features, which characterize the invention, are set forth in the claims annexed hereto and forming a further part hereof. However, for a better understanding of the invention, and of the advantages and objectives attained through its use, reference should be made to the Drawings, and to the accompanying descriptive matter, in which there is described exemplary embodiments of the invention.
Turning to the Drawings, wherein like numbers denote like parts throughout the several views,
Client computer 20, which may be similar to computers 12, 12 a and 14, includes a central processing unit (CPU) 21; a number of peripheral components such as a computer display 22; a storage device 23; a printer 24; and various input devices (e.g., a mouse 26 and keyboard 27), among others. Server computers 16, 16 a may be similarly configured, albeit typically with greater processing performance and storage capacity, as is well known in the art.
Computer 30 typically includes at least one processor 31 coupled to a memory 32, and computer 50 similarly includes at least one processor 51 coupled to a memory 32. Each processor 31, 51 may represent one or more processors (e.g., microprocessors), and each memory 32, 52 may represent the random access memory (RAM) devices comprising the main storage of the respective computer 30, 50, as well as any supplemental levels of memory, e.g., cache memories, non-volatile or backup memories (e.g., programmable or flash memories), read-only memories, etc. In addition, each memory 32, 52 may be considered to include memory storage physically located elsewhere in the respective computer 30, 50, e.g., any cache memory, or any storage capacity used as a virtual memory such as in a mass storage device or on another computer coupled to the respective computer 30, 50 via an external network.
Each computer 30, 50 also typically receives a number of inputs and outputs for communicating information externally. For interface with a user or operator, computer 30 typically includes one or more user input devices 33 (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a trackball, a joystick, a touchpad, and/or a microphone, among others) and a display 34 (e.g., a CRT monitor, an LCD display panel, and/or a speaker, among others). Likewise, user interface with computer 50 is typically handled via a terminal coupled to a terminal interface 54.
For additional storage, each computer 30, 50 may also include one or more mass storage devices 36, 56, e.g., a floppy or other removable disk drive, a hard disk drive, a direct access storage device (DASD), an optical drive (e.g., a CD drive, a DVD drive, etc.), and/or a tape drive, among others. Furthermore, each computer 30, 50 may include an interface with one or more networks via a network interface 38, 58 (e.g., a LAN, a WAN, a wireless network, and/or the Internet, among others) to permit the communication of information with other computers coupled to the network.
Computer 30 operates under the control of an operating system 40, and executes or otherwise relies upon various computer software applications, components, programs, objects, modules, data structures, etc. (e.g., browser 41, inquiry thread 42, active table 44 and saved user list 46). Likewise, computer 50 operates under the control of an operating system 60, and executes or otherwise relies upon various computer software applications, components, programs, objects, modules, data structures, etc. (e.g., session server 62, web server 64, active table 66, session table 68 and watcher table 69). Moreover, various applications, components, programs, objects, modules, etc. may also execute on one or more processors in another computer coupled to either of computers 30, 50, e.g., in a distributed or client-server computing environment.
In general, the routines executed to implement the embodiments of the invention, whether implemented as part of an operating system or a specific application, component, program, object, module or sequence of instructions will be referred to herein as "computer programs", or simply "programs". The computer programs typically comprise one or more instructions that are resident at various times in various memory and storage devices in a computer, and that, when read and executed by one or more processors in a computer, cause that computer to perform the steps necessary to execute steps or elements embodying the various aspects of the invention. Moreover, while the invention has and hereinafter will be described in the context of fully functioning computers and computer systems, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the various embodiments of the invention are capable of being distributed as a program product in a variety of forms, and that the invention applies equally regardless of the particular type of signal bearing media used to actually carry out the distribution. Examples of signal bearing media include but are not limited to recordable type media such as volatile and non-volatile memory devices, floppy and other removable disks, hard disk drives, optical disks (e.g., CD-ROM's, DVD's, etc.), among others, and transmission type media such as digital and analog communication links.
In addition, various programs described hereinafter may be identified based upon the application for which they are implemented in a specific embodiment of the invention. However, it should be appreciated that any particular program nomenclature that follows is used merely for convenience, and thus the invention should not be limited to use solely in any specific application identified and/or implied by such nomenclature.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that the exemplary environments illustrated in
The illustrated embodiments of the invention generally operate by tracking where different users in a multi-user computer environment are currently browsing—typically based upon the last hypertext document accessed by such users. In the illustrated embodiments, such tracking is handled by one or more session servers interfaced with one or more web servers, and typically distributed among one or more server computers to which multiple users to be tracked are connected. Each user wishing to retrieve tracking information about other users does so through interaction between the user's browser and the session and web servers comprising the browsing "backbone" for the multi-user environment.
While in some implementations all of the hypertext documents themselves may be stored in the web servers comprising the browsing backbone of the multi-user environment, it is often desirable for at least a portion of the hypertext documents being tracked in the environment to be located on other computers, e.g., coupled to a web server over the Internet. This permits, for example, a web server to be implemented in a proxy server, firewall, or other local server for a private network that functions as a gateway to an external network such as the Internet, with the status of different users being tracked even when the users are viewing documents stored externally from the private network.
To track individual users, each user to be tracked has associated therewith a user header.
Each user header is implemented as a record including a number of fields that supply necessary information about a particular user, including a nickname field 76, an email address field 78, a session home server 80 (for use in multi-server environments), a local TCP/IP address/port field 82 (for identifying the precise location of the user in the multi-user environment). A next field 84 is also included to point to the next record (if any) in the linked list. The next field 84 in the last record in the linked list typically includes a NULL value.
It should be appreciated that the other tables in apparatus 28 also utilize the same user header records 74 as table 44. For example, active table 66 is similarly configured to table 44, and is used to maintain a list of users for each document, also referred to as a URL, maintained by the web server.
Moreover, session table 68 and watcher table 69, which are used by the session server, also rely on user header records 74, albeit with entries indexed by the email address or another identifier for each user associated with a particular user header. The session table is used by a session server to maintain a list of all users currently online for that server, typically with each entry in the table indexed by the email address of an online user, and with the user header therefor stored in the entry. The watcher table is used by a session server to maintain a list of users that are currently watching other users, with each entry in the table indexed by the email address of the person being watched, and with the user header of each user registered to watch that particular user being stored in the entry.
It should also be appreciated that other information may also be included within each user header record 74, and that some of the information noted above may be omitted in some embodiments. Furthermore, other data structures may be used for any of tables 44, 66, 68 and 69 or for various user headers 74.
In the embodiment discussed hereinafter, it is assumed that multiple session and web servers are distributed throughout a multi-user computer environment, and that a plurality of browsers, operated by different users, interact with such servers. Each user, and thus each browser, is associated with a "home" session server, with the multiple session servers communicating with one another to maintain coherence throughout the multi-user computer environment. In the alternative, a single session server may be used, which typically would simplify a number of management operations over a multi-server design. Moreover, it is possible in some implementations to integrate the functionality of the web and session servers into the same application.
Also in the embodiment discussed hereinafter, it is assumed that the various browsers, session servers and web servers interface with one another via messages, e.g., via passing events or objects therebetween. It should be appreciated, however, that other known manners of interfacing different computer applications with one another in a distributed environment may also be used in the alternative.
In addition, the discussion hereinafter may refer to a browser and its associated user interchangeably as a user will typically use the same browser on the same client computer, and thus users and browsers often map one-to-one with one another. In the alternative, however, it should be appreciated that a browser may support more than one user, and a user may rely on more than one browser and/or client computer. Thus, it may be desirable in some implementations to permit a user to "login" with a browser so that configuration and identification for a particular user may be retrieved by the browser and thereby configure the browser to operate on behalf of and under the control of a particular user.
As shown in
As shown in
As shown in
Returning now to
Next, in block 104, an inquiry thread is started for the current user. As will be discussed in greater detail below with respect to
Next, in block 106, the browser sends a start session event to the home session server for the user to register an active session with the session server. The user header for the current user is forwarded with the event. Next, in block 108, additional browser startup operations, known in the art, are performed, and the event-driven loop is initiated by passing control to block 110.
The session server maintains an active/inactive status for each user for which the server is the home server. To maintain such status, the server typically receives status events, such as the start session event discussed above, from the browsers for which it is the home server. As shown in
Related to the start session request is an end session request, which is detected in block 248, and handled in blocks 264 and 266 by removing the user header from the session table, and notifying any watchers that the user is now inactive. An end session request is typically generated, for example, whenever the browser is closed by the user. Also, the event may be generated in block 258 whenever it is determined that a user has gone offline.
Tracking of where users are in a multi-user environment—that is, which users are currently viewing which documents—is handled principally by passing appropriate messages between the browsers and the web servers handling the various documents being viewed. In the illustrated embodiment, three events, identified as getPage, releasePage and swapPage, are used to implement this functionality.
As shown in
Turning to
Returning to
When displaying the users in the active user list, the users may be displayed in alphabetical order. In the alternative, the users may be categorized and ordered based upon any of the header information, or other profile information, for the users.
The close URL event is detected in block 114 and handled in block 138 by passing a releasePage event to the web server associated with the requested URL, passing the URL and the user header for the current user with the event. The close URL event is generally invoked whenever a user wishes to discard a document without replacing the document with another document, e.g., after closing the browser or a window in the browser.
Turning to
Returning to
The switch URL event is detected in block 116 handled by passing control to block 140. The switch URL event is generally invoked whenever a user wishes to discard a document at one URL and replace it with the document at another URL in the same browser window, e.g., when invoking a hypertext link, depressing a forward or back button, selecting a favorite link, etc.
Block 140 determines whether the old and new URL's specified in the event are located on the same web server. If so, control passes to block 142 to pass a swapPage event to the responsible server, specifying the old and new URL's and the user header for the current user. If not, however, blocks 144 and 146 are executed to respectively pass releasePage and getPage events to the responsible web servers for the old and new URL's, passing the appropriate URL and the user header in each instance.
The releasePage and getPage events are handled in the same manner discussed above by each web server. As shown in
Returning to
As discussed above with respect to
For the add active user event, block 118 passes control to block 148 to determine the URL and user from the event, and then to add the user header for that user to the active user list for the specified URL. Control then passes to block 136 to update the active user list display for the browser. Similarly, for the remove active user event, block 120 passes control to block 148 to determine the URL and user from the event, and then to remove the user header for that user from the active user list for the specified URL. Control also passes to block 136 to update the active user list display for the browser.
In the alternative, it may be desirable to provide a separate indication next to the identifiers for any users that have left the current hypertext document, so that the user knows that the users did visit the document, but are currently browsing elsewhere. In addition, it may be desirable to support a manual refresh operation, whereby a user may manually request that the status of each user in the active user list be updated.
In addition to being able to view the other users currently viewing a particular document, a user may also be permitted to track other users, e.g., via a saved user list stored locally in the browser for that user. The saved user list is typically a linked list of user headers of users that a particular user wishes to track. As will become apparent below, various information, e.g., online or active status, email address or other user header information may be retrieved and displayed for each user in the saved user list, so that the owner of the list can track such users.
A saved user list is opened in response to a show saved user list event detected at block 122. The event may be invoked in response to a user request, e.g., via a toolbar button or menu selection. The event may also be invoked during startup, e.g., if the user has set the list to be displayed as a default. In response to the event, control passes to block 152 to retrieve the list of saved user headers, and then pass userWatch and getInfo events to the session server for each user in the list, specifying both the user header of the current user and the user header for the saved user. Information about each user is returned in response to each getInfo event, and a window displaying such information is displayed in a window in the browser. Processing of the event is then complete.
When displaying a saved user list, the users may be displayed in alphabetical order, or in the order in which the users were added to the list. In the alternative, saved users may be categorized and ordered based upon any of the header information, or other profile information, about the users.
A related event, that of hiding the saved user list, is detected in block 124 and handled in block 154 by passing a releaseWatcher event to the session server for each user in the saved user list. The display window for the list is then removed.
The userWatch, getInfo and releaseWatcher events are respectively detected by blocks 250, 252 and 253 in FIG. 7. In response to a userWatch event, block 250 passes control to block 268 to add the user header of the new watcher to the watcher table, under the email address of the person to be watched. If no entry for such an email address exists, a new entry is created. Processing of the event is then complete.
In response to a getInfo event, block 252 passes control to block 270 to look up the current header information for the user or users specified in the event, typically by accessing the session table using the email address supplied with the event. The header information (including the current local port information therefor) is then returned in block 272. Processing of the event is then complete.
In response to a releaseWatcher event, block 253 passes control to block 273 to remove the user header supplied in the event from the watcher table. Processing of the event is then complete.
Returning again to
For example, block 160 detects a request by a user to retrieve favorite links associated with another user, and passes control to block 162 to send a favoriteLinks request event to the inquiry thread of the specified user. The favorite links may be associated with particular URL's, so that only favorite links related to the current page being viewed by the requesting user are displayed, and so the returned links are likely related to the currently-viewed page. In the alternative, the favorite links may not be associated with any particular URL's, so that all links for a particular user are returned regardless of the page the requesting user is viewing. The favorite links may be the same as the bookmark list stored locally in the user's browser, or may be maintained as a separate list by the browser and/or by the session server with which the browser is associated.
Furthermore, favorite links may be either permanent or temporary. A permanent favorite link for a user would typically be stored persistently in the client computer for the user, while a temporary favorite link would be discarded once the current browsing session for the user was terminated. It is also desirable to permit users to quickly tag hypertext documents that they are currently viewing for inclusion in their favorite links list, typically in much the sane manner as conventional bookmarks are created in conventional browsers.
Briefly deferring a detailed discussion of the inquiry thread, responsive to a favoriteLinks event, a responding inquiry thread returns the favorite links to the requesting user's browser. Control then passes from block 162 to block 164 to construct a temporary HTML document from the returned results, typically with any URL's in the returned results displayed and formatted as hypertext links. Next, block 166 opens a new browser window to display the temporary HTML document to the user. Processing of the event is then complete. It should be appreciated that other manners of displaying the results, e.g., via a pop-up window or dialog box, or within the same browser window, may also be used in the alternative.
Another type of information that can be requested about another user is a navigational history, representing one or more previous documents that a particular user has viewed. This type of information is requested via a get previous page event, which is detected in block 168 and handled by passing control to block 170 to send a previousPage request to the specified user. Control then passes to blocks 164 and 166 to format and display the results to the user.
Yet another type of information that can be requested about another user is what page or pages the user is currently accessing or viewing. When requesting this type of information, a get current page event is detected in block 172 and handled by passing control to block 174 to send a currentPage request to the specified user. Control then passes to blocks 164 and 166 to format and display the results.
An additional type of information that can be requested is the home page of another user, which is retrieved via a get home page event detected at block 176 and handled by passing control to block 178 to send a homePage request to the specified user. The requested user returns the URL of the home page for that user, and control passes to block 166 to open a new browser window to the returned URL.
Other information about a particular user may also be retrieved in different applications. For example, names, nicknames, addresses, phone numbers, interesting or personal information, etc. may also be returned via the same mechanism supported in the illustrated implementation. Moreover, it should be appreciated that whenever the results of user operations such as requests for favorite links, current pages, home pages, or navigational histories are displayed, the requesting user may be permitted to navigate to any documents identified in those results, e.g., simply by clicking on any of the results.
Routine 156 also detects another type of event, that of manipulating the saved user list for the user. One such event is an add to saved user list event, which is detected in block 180 and handled in block 182 by storing the specified user header in the saved user list. It should be appreciated that other types of editing operations, e.g., removing or modifying entries in the saved user list, may also be supported.
The operation of an inquiry thread 200 for a user is illustrated in greater detail in FIG. 6. Routine 200 operates by waiting for inquiry requests in block 202 and handling any such requests as they are received. In response to a new request, control passes to block 204, which first determines whether a requesting user is authorized to receive information about the local user. If not, control passes to block 206 to return a request denied indication to the requesting user.
If authorized, control passes to block 208 to determine whether the request is a favoriteLinks request. If so, the relevant favorite links information is returned in block 210. If the request is a previousPage request, the request is detected in block 212 and handled by returning the requested navigational history information in block 214. If the request is a currentPage request, the request is detected in block 216 and handled by returning the requested current document in block 218. If the request is a homePage request, the request is detected in block 220 and handled by returning the URL of the user's home page in block 222.
An additional event handled by thread 200 is detecting a watched user state change, which is detected in block 224 and handled in block 226 by updating the user status in the saved user list window. Typically, this event occurs as a result of a notification from a session server that a particular user has initiated or terminated an active session with the server.
Yet another event handled by thread 200 is a quit event, which is detected in block 228 and handled by terminating the thread in response thereto. Otherwise, the thread runs continuously in the background in the client computer.
Returning again to
A page favorite link is a particular link that a user has indicated to be related to a particular hypertext document that the user is viewing, permitting other users to access the link to view potentially relevant information. As will become apparent below, in the illustrated implementation, favorite links for each document are maintained in each web server, and the information is retrieved by passing an appropriate event to the server for the particular document for which favorite link information is desired. In the alternative, link information may be maintained in each session server, or within each browser, whereby the browser or session server would be required to poll each user for any favorite links that are registered or associated with a given URL.
One suitable implementation of routine 184 is illustrated in greater detail in
As shown in
It should be appreciated that other manners of registering a favorite link may be used in the alternative. For example, a favorite link request may be made while a user is viewing a document that the user wishes to register as a favorite link for another document in such an instance, the user must be prompted for the document to associate the current document with, rather than the opposite mechanism discussed above. Otherwise, processing of the registration by the web server is substantially the same. In addition, it may also be desirable to automatically add related links as favorite links for a document, e.g., based upon categorization of the links within a bookmark folder structure for a user's browser. The categorization may be automated, e.g., as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/978,126, filed by Bates et al. on Nov. 25, 1997, which is incorporated by reference herein. For example, a user might have a folder with several related links, whereby browsing to a particular document that is deemed to be related to those links would result in those links being automatically registered with the document. As another example, related links may be automatically registered with a document in response to a manual request to register any one of the related links with the document. Other modifications will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
Returning to
To further illustrate the operation of the illustrated multi-user computer environment,
Selection 356 permits the current user to send an electronic message to Rhonda, while selection 358 permits the current user to establish an online chat session with Rhonda. As to these latter two operations, it should be appreciated that the operations may be handled, for example, by opening a suitable email or chat client and following a conventional protocol for sending an email or establishing an online chat session, as appropriate. Other electronic communications mediums may also be used to permit users to communicate with one another while online.
Various modifications to the illustrated embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, it may be desirable to permit users to view where other users have previously visited through providing unique indications on the display representations of hypertext links. Similar to the manner in which a user's own previously-viewed hypertext links may be displayed in a different color than other hypertext links, it may also be desirable, for example, to assign different colors to different users, and color hypertext links that have already been viewed by other users according to the colors associated with those users. In the alternative, other display indications, e.g., icons, pop-up menus, etc. may also used to indicate when another user has viewed a particular link.
To implement such an additional feature, it is desirable to periodically poll other users in the multi-user environment for their navigational history, e.g., via previousPage requests forwarded to the inquiry threads therefor. To limit the number of users tracked, it may be desirable to only track users in the saved user list, in the active user list for the document being displayed, or a custom list assembled by the current user. Moreover, it may be desirable to store the navigational history of each tracked user in a suitable data structure. In addition, a user may be permitted to manually assign colors to different users, and it is often desirable to display the identifications of the users being tracked in the color assigned thereto so that the current user can visually link the other users with the links they have visited before.
One suitable display page routine 370 for displaying a hypertext document such that the links therein are colored according to navigational history is illustrated in FIG. 13. Routine 370 executes a while loop starting at block 372, to process each object in the hypertext document being displayed until no unprocessed objects remain in the document. While additional unprocessed objects remain, the next object in the document is parsed and interpreted in block 374. Next, in block 376, it is determined whether the object is a hypertext link. If not, control passes to block 378 to render the object in a conventional manner. Control then returns to block 372 to process additional objects in the document.
Returning to block 376, if the object is a hypertext link, control passes to block 380 to determine whether the URL specified in the hypertext link is included in the navigational history of any tracked user. If not, control passes to block 378 to render the hypertext link in a conventional manner. If so, however, control passes to block 382 to render the hypertext link in the color associated with the other user that has previously viewed the URL for the link. Control then returns to block 372. Once all objects in the document have been processed, routine 370 is complete.
As another example, it may be desirable to extend the functionality of the favorite links retrieval operation to permit greater interactivity among users. For example, rather than retrieving the list of favorite links for a specific user, a current user may be able to retrieve into the same list all of the favorite links for all users on the active and/or saved user lists. The links in the cumulative list may be ordered alphabetically, by associated user, and/or by frequency of occurrence in the users' individual lists.
Also, as discussed above, it may be desirable in many applications to enable users to be tracked even when the users are viewing documents stored externally from a multi-user computer environment.
In the implementation of
Other modifications will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. Therefore, the invention lies in the claims hereinafter appended.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Original Image


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Just for fun, to see how velocity related to strikeouts, I did a study on this about four years ago when I took the top ten strikeout pitchers from both leagues over a three season period from about 2003-2005. Best I can recall, around 85% of the leaders were guys who could dial it up to 93+ mph.
Of course, if you look at the wildest pitchers, they tend to possess higher velocity as well. That makes sense, because usually a guy with average or below average velocity usually would never make it to be bigs unless he had decent control. It goes without saying that the guy who can throw 95+ gets more opportunities to succeed than the guy with 88 mph velocity.
It's all a matter of preference. Me, I enjoy watching 97-99 mph fastball pitchers rather than guys who nibble the corners with junk pitches.
I remember hearing hitters describe a Tom Seaver fastball. They said that his fastball appeared to "explode." That was due to the fact that as it approached home plate, it was so fast that the batter's eye couldn't focus quick enough and the ball appeared to come apart. It was an optical illusion. I'm not sure how Seaver's fastball rated, but I always assumed he was in the 92-93 mph range.


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Blount County deputies and Loudon County Sheriff's Office arrested a Greenback school teacher on Friday morning for sending inappropriate messages over Facebook to a student at another school.
Angela Gaye Masingo, 39, of Lenior City faces solicitation of aggravated statutory rape and solicitation of sexual exploitation of a minor. Over the past several days, Blount County Sheriff's Office and Loudon County Sheriff's Office conducted a joint investigation into Masingo's activity. It was part of the Internet Crimes Against Children of Tennessee Task Force.
Masingo is being held in the Blount County Detention Facility on bonds totaling $80,000 pending a court hearing set for March 15.


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When Carmelo Anthony goes down, the Knicks have to change the way they do things. Duh.
But when he is replaced by Chris Copeland, they recoup a decent chunk of their wing scoring production. More importantly, they can continue to play a style that relies on perimeter shooting and slashing to the hoop.
Over his last eight games, Copeland has averaged about 20 minutes per, scoring 11.5 points and shooting 42 percent from 3. Like Melo, he has a scorer's mentality and that allows him to fit right into his role in the offense. He might not give you 27 points a game -- few will -- but he did have nights of 13,14, and 15 on the trip. Now that Melo has returned, Cope slides back to the bench, giving Mike Woodson a proven scorer to call on.
Photo: Noah Graham/Getty Images


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Cleveland, OH -- Max Scherzer spun seven strong innings of two-run ball Wednesday as the Detroit Tigers downed the Cleveland Indians, 5-3, in the middle test of a three-game set at Progressive Field.
Scherzer (10-5) surrendered just three hits and four walks with eight strikeouts to earn his fourth consecutive winning decision.
Joaquin Benoit fired a scoreless eighth and Jose Valverde worked around a one- out homer from Travis Hafner to nail down his 19th save of the season.
Quintin Berry registered three hits and two RBI, while Austin Jackson scored twice and also knocked in a run for the Tigers, who have won eight of their last 10 games.
With the win, Detroit kept paced with the Chicago White Sox, who also won on Wednesday, for first place in the American League Central.
Derek Lowe (8-9) absorbed the loss after giving up five runs -- four earned on eight hits and three walks over six frames.
Casey Kotchman clubbed a two-run homer, but the Indians had their brief two- game winning streak snapped.
The Sports Network


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adam1232 Oct 8, 2012 8:15 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to macuser128
What happens if the problem lies in your System or Library folder? Doesn't a clean install also replace those folders?
macuser128 Oct 8, 2012 8:30 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to adam1232
if you do a clean install, from a cd and don't migrate, you should have a defaulted system with everything on the state of your install cd.
after loading all the updates, still without migrating your account you sould have an actual defaulted system, without any modification.
Now, you can use safari to produce heavy cpu and gpu loads simultaniusly viewing hi res videos on youtube.
or you can install your software step by step using it, and looking for the error before you install the next part of your software.
If you migrate with timemachine a lot software would be changed on an newly installed system. It's hard to point the error out if it relays in software.
adam1232 Oct 8, 2012 8:33 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to macuser128
What if you don't have a CD. Like with Mountain Lion what if I used a usb? By the way, I love your username. It's very similar to my username on a lot of other websites.
dayweed Oct 8, 2012 9:55 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to hersey10
Yeah, I'm taking it to an Apple Genius Bar very soon I think. If it happens again in like 1 day or 2, I'm going there on Friday or on the weekend.
The only REAL Apple Genius Bar we have here in Sweden is a bit far away but if they can fix it I'm goin
Knock on wood, the computer has been running smoothly for the past day and 8 hours. No freezing yet..
fgwinner Oct 9, 2012 7:59 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to Canadianpj
I have the same problem and crash log entries...
on a MBP (late 2008) with the GeForce 9400M, 9600M GT cards.
It only occured after the update to 10.8.2, on 10.8.1 my machine was running completely fine
... and the 10.8.2 supplemental update didn't solve the problem
robmandu Oct 9, 2012 11:05 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to fgwinner
@fgwinner, sounds like you and I are in the same boat. My install of ML was fresh onto a brand new drive... and I was able to wake from sleep without lockup until 10.8.2.
Right now, all I can do for a workaround is remember to religiously shut down instead of simply closing the lid anytime I want to quiesce my MBP and cart it around.
I still suspect a problem somewhere that correlates to Keychain activity.
adam1232 Oct 9, 2012 11:50 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to robmandu
Wait, so you think it's a problem with keychain access?
robmandu Oct 9, 2012 12:05 PM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to adam1232
Maybe. Maybe not. I think the Keychain is definitely affected... but I have no way to know if it's at the root of the problem, or simply impacted like everything else.
In one wake-from-sleep scene, I noticed that my MBP would deny the password I was typing in. I wasn't mis-typing it or using the wrong one. It's just that OS X could not seemingly validate it.
So, like always now in 10.8.2, I had to perform a hard-restart and then - like everything else - signon worked correctly.
The thing is, Keychain is down in the guts of how a lot of things work and so I think it might be a helpful clue - if Keychain is blocked somehow, what would block it upon wake-from-sleep and in particular if that is a necessary step along the chain of events that eventually lockup the whole system?
There's no opportunity for the OS to send an error report back to Apple that I've witnessed. Eventually the beach ball takes over all open apps and the only resolution is a hard restart. So I hope Apple is culling this discussion for these kinds of clues.
adam1232 Oct 9, 2012 2:27 PM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to robmandu
I don't think Keychain is the problem or even related. I haven't had any problems with keychain access.
fgwinner Oct 10, 2012 1:13 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to robmandu
So far I didn't notice any problems with keychain (or at least logging on) either. Just judging from the strange 'static' that I get whenever my MBP freezes up and the systemlog entries about NVIDIA that Canadianpj described as well, I think it's related to the graphics card drivers or something...
robmandu Oct 10, 2012 7:26 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to fgwinner
hmmm... so far, I cannot see any involvement from graphics h/w... no mention of NVIDIA in my console messages. (I have a late 2008 MBP w/ Nvidia GeForce 9400M).
I do see messages like:
- kernel: disk0s2: media is not present
- jnl: unknown-dev: write_journal_header: error writing the journal header!
whatever is causing this blocking condition is serious business.
robmandu Oct 10, 2012 8:31 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to robmandu
I just updated the firmware on my SSD. Repeated sleep and wakes and so far, no beach balls.
Keeping my fingers crossed.
steelduck Oct 10, 2012 12:14 PM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to hersey10
My Mountain Lion Server is un-usable due to all the freezing... I can move the mouse around but I cannot click anything. Then it might do something for 30 secondes and then it freezes again. really anoying. I am running the 10.8.2
robmandu Oct 11, 2012 8:40 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to robmandu
24 hours later, sleep-and-wake'd a couple dozen times, including 12 hours overnight -- and no freezing beach balls.
So, apparently my issue was outdated SSD firmware that hiccupped with the update to OS X 10.8.2. Since my SSD did not ship with my MBP back in late 2008, I can understand that.
In case it matters to anyone else, mine is an OCZ Agility 4 (SATA-III) solid-state drive. And it's now running firmware 1.5.2.
fgwinner Oct 12, 2012 1:48 AM
Re: Mountain Lion freezing in response to Canadianpj
I definitely have the same problem as you, Canadianpj.... At first I only got the graphics artefacts/hangups upon wake-from-sleep, but by now it's getting more frequent and at seemingly random points in time. And as you reported, all the crashes show logs like this one:
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: NVDA(OpenGL): Channel exception! exception type = 0xd = GR: SW Notify Error
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: IOVendorGLContext::ReportGPURestart
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: 0000006e
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: 00200000 00008397 00000474 00000040
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: 0000047e 00000ff8 00560000 0000000f
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: 00000000 00000000 00000002
Oct 11 16:52:12 turmeric kernel[0]: 00000040 00000000
Did it work out for you to use the build-in graphics only? I'm really starting to get desperate, since those hangups make it almost impossible to work properly.
And in case it did help you, can you give me a pointer on how to make your MBP use build-in graphics only?
Thanks in advance!


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Thursday, May 30, 2013
Mediterranean Shipping Company, a leader in the container shipping industry, announced plans to expand operations at its Charleston County facility. The company will invest more than $1.7 million and is expected to create 30 additional new jobs.
"We look forward to expanding our footprint in the Charleston area and building on our previous success. We appreciate the support we've received from state and local officials as we've grown throughout the years in the Lowcountry," said Sergio Fedelini, vice president of Mediterranean Shipping Company.
Mediterranean Shipping Company will be adding equipment to its existing Charleston facility, located at 700 Watermark Boulevard in Mount Pleasant, in order to create a new data recovery center for the company. Additionally, the company has purchased an adjacent property and will use that space for "MSC University," a training center for the company's employees and managers.
"Mediterranean Shipping Company has been operating in Charleston for more than 20 years, and today's announcement shows the company's continued commitment to the Palmetto State. Our distribution and logistics sector continues to create good jobs, and each of these jobs will have an impact in Charleston," said Secretary of Commerce Bobby Hitt.
"MSC is an industry leader, a very important customer of the Port of Charleston, and their economic impact on our community is profound," said Charleston County Council Chairman Teddie Pryor. "The addition of new capabilities here at their South Atlantic headquarters signals yet another vote of confidence by MSC in the Port, the local workforce and the sound fundamentals of the Charleston region's business climate."
"Mediterranean Shipping Company's commitment to doing business in the Town of Mount Pleasant is clearly evidenced by its decision to expand its South Atlantic headquarters," said Mayor Billy Swails. "We see MSC as a partner in our mission to foster economic growth and we look forward to continuing our excellent relationship with the company."
"Just as MSC has brought bigger ships to Charleston Harbor carrying more cargo and economic benefit, so has the company expanded the number of local jobs and positive impact to the Lowcountry," said Jim Newsome, president and CEO of the South Carolina Ports Authority. "Thank you MSC for your commitment to our port and our state. Let's continue to grow together."
For anyone interested in job opportunities with MSC, please send résumés to firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Coordinating Council for Economic Development approved a grant of $100,000.
MSC is a privately-owned company, founded in 1970, and one of the leading global shipping lines of the world. For more information about Mediterranean Shipping Company, please visit www.msc.us.
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Today Gold Team performed before the Bowley Elementary School at the home of the Airborne Fort Bragg, NC. The Team conducted our Track Out Maneuver for the children during a military appreciation day at the school. Many of the children had homes damaged or destroyed in the very same area where Gold Team has been volunteering to help clean up. Recently the Team has been assisting with the clean up of many homes including the removal of trees, repairing of rooftops and even handed out food and water to those that need it.
Today's jump allowed these children to see a different side of the military. Most of these students are used to seeing their mothers and fathers whom serve our country every day either at home or even deployed yet hardly get to actually see their parents at work. We were able to bring the excitement and thrills of today's modern airborne paratrooper to these children's eyes up close and personal.
After the jump the Team invited the children to learn about parachutes and the Army in a different way than they are accustomed to viewing. The children all enjoyed the question and answering portion of their time with each of the Golden Knights. Many of the students jumped into learning how to even pack the parachutes.
The overall jump was an incredible experience for Gold Team's new guys as this is their first time of performing while landing on Fort Bragg. Where many of them have conducted normal static line Airborne jumps in their previous units. But now they were able to land at the beautiful Bowley Elementary School.


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Supermodel Gisele Bundchen was immortalized in Vanity Fair, in 2000, when she appeared as a naked Lady Godiva, riding a white horse. The fashion shoot is one of many that have been inspired by the English legend. But, this year, Giselle once again stars in another Lady Godiva-esque photo shoot, this time for upscale jewelry designer David Yurman's 2012 Autumn/Winter collection.
Scantily clad, but with wrists stacked with chunky bracelets, hair flowing, posing alongside a black horse, the image of Gidelle is more than a representation of a late medieval legend. She is, in every respect, portrayed as a Germanic, Cimbri (which were of either Celtic or Germanic origin), or Amazonian warrior. Celtic and Cimbri women are known to have fought as warriors — although men of the tribe went first into battle. They fought against the Romans, and won a reputation for fierceness.
Yet, there is a mysterious quality to the ancient female warriors of Europe, as there is to contemporary fashion shoots inspired by Godiva, with her horse. There is something mythic about them. There is an undercurrent of the esoteric. They are part warrior, part priestess. Part goddess, even.
The most widely known version of the Lady Godiva story is little more than a simple moral tale: Lady Godiva urges her husband, Leofric, to lower the taxes for the townspeople of Coventry. After persistent pleading, the heartless medieval capitalist that thinks more of cash than he does of his marriage, tells Godiva that if she rides naked from one end of the town to the other, he will do as she asks. At which point, Godiva altruistically gets naked, mounts her horse, and rides into town.
The heroine of the story is believed to be based on a woman named Godifu, who lived in Coventry during the eleventh century. However, no one believes that much more than her name is owed to the historic person, and the naked ride is itself not believed to have actually taken place. But, don't be disappointed. This is where things take a turn into the more esoteric.
Far from originating with a localized, nude, anti-capitalist protest by a kind of proto-Femen founder, Godiva's ride is probably based on ancient pagan mythology.
Mythology has long inspired fashion, and so it's perhaps not surprising that, even in its watered down, anti-capitalist expression, the Godiva myth has also inspired fashion shoots for DesertLiving, ID Magazine, and a Belle-Sharmer Hosiery stockings ad that appeared Vogue in 1956, among other things.
According to British History Online, The Godiva myth may represent the "life and death fertility goddess, perhaps called Cofa, or Freyja or Frija (the Lady) or Goda (the good)." The online encyclopedia suggests that, "A male consort was probably associated with her in myth and ritual and horses and possibly swine sacrificed to her. The cult, which was probably a northern one, basically AngloSaxon but strengthened by a fresh infusion of late paganism at the Danish invasion, probably survived the foundation of St. Osburg's nunnery in the 10th century and of the Benedictine abbey in 1043, in the form of a spring procession with accompanying orgiastic and sacrificial rites."
The abbey was probably responsible for transforming the goddess in to Godiva, early descriptions of which describe the latter as being devoted to the "mother of God," the Virgin Mary — a suitable, Christian equivalent.
Interestingly, during the seventeenth century, the figure of "peeping Tom" appears for the first time, as part of the Godiva legend. In one version, the townspeople were ordered to shut themselves inside, and to refrain from looking upon Godiva as she rode through town. All did so, except for Tom. British History Online tells us:
Elements in the Godiva legend and other traditions relating to Coventry provide clues as to the nature of the original cult although any reconstruction must, in the absence of positive proof, remain conjectural. The naked woman with long hair, riding in a springtime procession, is the one constant factor in all variations of the legend and represents a goddess of fertility. The tabu element of the Peeping Tom story may be a genuine part of the original myth, recalling similar penalties for those who intruded on the forbidden rites of other fertility goddesses – Artemis in Greece, the Bona Dea in Rome, Nerthus or Hertha in Germany and rainmaking ceremonies in India.
It's interesting to note, though, that in Freemasonry (a semi-mystical society whose ritual and imagery can be traced back to, and even beyond this era) makes much in its symbolism of not allowing "cowans" — i.e., non-Freemasons — of seeing any of its Mysteries or Ritual. The cowan would be called a "Peeping Tom" in the vernacular. If we assume the original was attempting to view an esoteric ritual, which invoked a goddess such as Nerthus, the similarity is striking.
Regardless, whichever deity may have given birth to Lady Godiva, from pagan goddess, to pious English woman, to fashion icon, a strange journey. But — if we regard the contemporary fashion imagery as a representation of the powerful woman, mysterious, and beyond convention — it's one that seems to have come almost full circle. Archetypal. And, yet, with naked protests for women's rights by Femen and similar groups, it is an image that is as contemporary as ever.
Angel Millar is an author, blogger, and the editor of People of Shambhala.
See Also:
Militant feminine: vanguards of style.
Cheekbones: A brief history.
Fashion, Islam, and the politics of identity.


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This is "beach-front"?
Thursday, September 29, 2005
Have you ever wondered if that "beach-front" condo really is beach-front? Recently I planned a trip to Hawaii and saw one particularly breathless condo listing that described the property as being just 400 "steps" from the beach. Now having seen the location, I think the owner was obviously very tall...
Using the measure feature in Google Earth, you can take a little bit of the guesswork out of finding the perfect accommodations. Just follow these three simple steps:
1) Fly to your area of interest in Google Earth (if you don't have it, get it here).
2) Click the Email button on the nav panel in the lower right, and send the property owner a JPG screenshot of the area. Ask him or her to identify which place is theirs.
3) Select Measure from the Tools menu and choose to see the distance in feet, yards, miles (or even smoots, if you insist).


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Explore the state of Delaware
The Cove Bar and Grille is a restaurant in Southern Delaware overlooking the 18th green at the Bayside Resort Golf Club. Offering traditional American cuisine, The Cove is a great destination for the whole family. Also be sure to stop by for our legendary Sunday Brunch which is a favorite among all visitors.


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KSAT Ball Hog Blog: Will the Spurs' dynasty end tonight in OKC?
A KSAT coworker brought up a good point after Monday night's gut wrenching Game 5 loss.
Tim Duncan looked more distraught than he had ever seen after any playoff loss in his Hall of Fame career.
The emotionless, rock solid leader of the Spurs for more than a decade sat on the bench in the closing seconds, head in hands, contemplating what had happened to a once magical season that was now slipping away.
TD's demeanor goes along with what I've said before this series began. This is San Antonio's last shot for a championship with this current group of players. The clock is ticking and you get the feeling they know it by the way they played Monday night.
For the first time all season, the Spurs panicked. They looked tight, hesitant and out-of-sync. This was no longer the free-flowing offensive juggernaut we've seen over the past three months.
They turned into a team that pressed on too many possessions to the tune of 21 turnovers. A team that knows this opportunity, just two wins away from another finals appearance, a possible fifth ring, may never come again.
It doesn't take a rocket scientist to figure out the Thunder are really, really good and they will only get better. Forget the Heat and "can't close" Lebron, OKC is the franchise that should win "Not 1, Not 2, Not 3" NBA titles over the next decade.
You see it already in their DNA. Fourth quarters like Durant's in Game 4 or shots like Harden's in Game 5 are what championship runs are made of, but now comes the next hurdle for OKC: The close out win with a berth to the NBA Finals on the line.
The Spurs know this and must exploit the pressure that has now shifted to Oklahoma City if they want to bring this series back home for a Game 7, which I believe San Antonio would win.
Yes, the Thunder have managed to stay poised while dispatching former champs like the Mavs and Lakers, but tonight is a whole different monster for a young team.
We can go over X's and O's all day or the Spurs' bench disappearing act, but series like these aren't won by role players evident from what we've witnessed with KD and Harden.
For the Spurs, it comes down to playing with desperation, urgency and focus early, and stars making plays when it matters most. And yes, I'm looking right at Tony Parker. The same TP who earned All-NBA honors, the TP I plugged for MVP back in February, the TP that hasn't shown up for the last three games.
Coach Popovich said it best Monday night. The Spurs are not a championship caliber team if they can not win a game like this on the road.
Tim Duncan will go down as the best power forward in the game, but now is not the time to lament, this is the Western Conference Finals.
A win tonight against a hungry OKC team, in front of a rabid crowd may be the toughest thing Manu, TP and Timmy have had to do in years.
But they will find a way if they want to keep this once magical season alive and more important, keep the walls from crumbling on their dynasty a year early.
Copyright 2012 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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An indirect proof is the same as proving by contradiction, which means that the negation of a true statement is also true. Indirect proof is often used when the given geometric statement is NOT true. Start the proof by assuming the statement IS true. Then reason correctly from the given information until a contradiction of a known postulate, theorem, or given fact is reached. For example,
Given: is not a right angle.
Prove: .
Indirect Proof:
Assume .
If , then by definition of a right angle, is a right angle. However, this contradicts the given statement. Because the assumption leads to a contradiction, the assumption must be false. Therefore, .
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Hi kd006 ... You mentioned some issues with commenting on the site. I wanted to let you know that we're rolling out a new comments engine Thursday. Comments will feel more like real-time chats. We've also got some new tools for commenters. You can read more about the new platform here ... and leave a comment :)
Hi njrider ... We've heard from a lot of users about the size of the banner, and it's something we discussed at a meeting Tuesday. One thing I'd point out about the banner is that it is now much more useful than the old banner. You do not have to click on it to see the latest headlines in specific parts of the site. Put your cursor on N.J. News and you get the top five news headlines. Same with sports, Entertainment, etc.
Just type http://www.nj.com ... that should do it.
Hi TeacherJMU ... One way to scan top headlines in specific subject areas is to use the top navigation. Put your cursor on N.J. News and you will see the top five news stories on the site. Put your cursor on sports for the top five sports stories, etc.
We recognize that this is a big change and a big adjustment from our old design. We are listening to your comments, however, as we discuss tweaks to the homepage.
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Hi Gieger,
Thanks for your thoughtful critiques. Believe it or not, we do value the input of our users in comments and via the emails we get. We also take a look at what users are clicking on to determine how we present the news on NJ.com.
Understand that the commitment to quality news content has never changed, even if the homepage looks different today than it did yesterday. The reporters and editors at our partner newspapers always put news first and are committed to delivering excellence all day, every day.
Hi Benevolus,
We've noticed a lot of users like the most-commented feature because it shows which news stories are generating buzz. It's one element on the page, however, and there are other ways that stories are displayed so that users can find compelling content.
Keep your constructive ideas coming, everyone. We do like hearing from you and we have already discussed many of the points you've raised here.
@cheneybolt ... We hear you and others who made comments about our typeface on the homepage. We were just discussing that at a meeting here and thinking about ways to tweak the type.
Again, we're always up for your constructive criticism. Keep it coming.
Hi Pg417 ... You can see your local weather by clicking the 5-day forecast link under the weather image. Type in your Zip Code and your local weather will appear on NJ.com/weather .
Hi Sean,
I see the screenshot you posted. Can you let me know what browser and what version of that browser you are using? I've not seen this problem and I'd like to troubleshoot it.
@mjonesthree … We know that our users love breaking news as well as local news that is relevant to their communities. We feel the homepage emphasizes both of these elements while also showcasing the other interesting content on NJ.com. We know this is a big change and that it is tough to get used to big changes. Give the redesign a few days, try out some of the new features and get back to us. We think you'll like the new homepage.
@chrislnieves, We think the new navigation will be useful once you get used to it. We realize this is a big change from what you're used to on NJ.com, and we appreciate that you're willing to give the design a chance.
We were on the beach at Spring Lake a few years ago. i put my wedding ring in my pocket while I put on sunscreen. I later went swimming in the ocean ... and forgot my ring was still in my pocket. When I realized later, my wedding ring was gone.
I've never found the ring.
@parufan, i was never able to master the passing game ...
Eggplant. Mozzarella. Cheese. Cheese ... The Einstein ... Get it?
Tywin's horse befouling the palace ... foreshadowing much?
"There are white finned killer albino sharks out there." I'm pretty sure this is the definition of appointment television.
Sadly, Sammi turned down the role of shark bait.
Thanks to Sendak, the wild rumpus never ends ...
MCA played Sir Stewart Wallace AND Nathan Wind as Cochese in Sabotage


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