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This document includes a General Disclosure Statement and a Cardholder Agreement covering your Belmont Savings Bank ATM Card.
In this document we shall refer to the Belmont Savings Bank ("BSB") as "we" and "us" where appropriate. We shall refer to the holder of our ATM Card as "you". All of the terms and conditions set forth in this document are contractual in nature and will bind you and us with respect to your use of the card.
- Use of Card. Your card cannot be used until it is activated. To activate your card, please call 1-800-862-0760, visit a branch or use a BSB ATM. You will choose a Personal Identification Number (PIN) at the time your card order is placed. The card and PIN are provided for your use and you agree to retain them and not permit other persons to learn your PIN. Your PIN should never be written on the card or kept with the card. Protect yourself: never give your PIN to anyone, not even a bank employee.
In order to keep your card activated, you must maintain a balance in your designated account(s). Such accounts are referred to as "designated accounts". You may access your designated accounts at any Belmont Savings Bank ATM, Cirrus, Accel/Exchange, or NYCE network ATM. You may use your card to:
- make withdrawals from your designated accounts;
- make deposits to your designated accounts (only at Belmont Savings Bank ATMs);
- make transfers between your designated accounts;
- obtain loans/transfers from your Belmont Savings Bank Line of Credit/Overdraft Protection Account, if any, by making withdrawals from your designated checking or NOW Account in excess of your collected balance;
- make payments on any loan account at Belmont Savings Bank (only through a Belmont Savings Bank ATM);
- conduct other transactions as we add services and features. We will notify you when such services are available.
Some of these services may not be available at all terminals.
- Preauthorized Payments
- Generally – The initiation by you of certain electronic fund transfers from your account, will, except as otherwise provided in this disclosure, effectively eliminate your ability to stop payment of the transfer.
- Your Ability to Stop Payment. UNLESS OTHERWISE PROVIDED IN THIS AGREEMENT, YOU (THE CONSUMER) MAY NOT STOP PAYMENT OF ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS, THEREFORE YOU SHOULD NOT EMPLOY ELECTRONIC ACCESS FOR PURCHASES OR SERVICES UNLESS YOU ARE SATISFIED THAT YOU WILL NOT NEED TO STOP PAYMENT.
- Your right to stop preauthorized payments and the procedures for doing so. If you have told us in advance to make regular payments out of your account to a third party, you can stop any of these payments by calling us at:
8:30a.m. to 5:00p.m.
Monday through Friday (excluding holidays)
After hours, please call 1-800-472-3272
Or, writing us at:
Belmont Savings Bank
Electronic Banking Department
P.O. Box 146
Belmont MA 02478
We must receive your stop payment request at least 3 business days before the payment is scheduled to be made. If you call, we will require you to put your request in writing and return it to us within 14 days after you call. Once we have processed your stop payment request, we will stop all payments in the amount indicated by you to the third party named in your request, unless you instruct us in writing to resume making such payments. (We will charge you the amount indicated on the Schedule of Fees and Charges for each stop payment order you give and you agree that we may debit your account for this amount.) You should also contact the third party to ensure any future recurring payments are cancelled.
- Our liability for failure to stop payment. If you have properly requested us to stop any of these regular payments, and we do not do so, we will be liable to you for damages which you prove are directly caused by our failure to stop payment.
- Notice of varying amounts. If these regular payments vary in amount, the person whom you are paying should tell you ten (10) days before each payment when the payment will be made and how much it will be. If, however, you prefer to get this notice only when the payment would differ by more than a certain amount from the previous payment, or when the amount would fall outside certain limits that you set, you will receive the notice only at such times.
- Consumer Liability. Tell us AT ONCE if you believe your card or PIN has been lost or stolen. Telephoning is the best way of keeping your possible losses down. You could lose all the money in your account (plus your maximum overdraft line of credit). You can lose no more than $50.00 if you call to give us notice that your card/PIN has been lost or stolen or if someone used your card/PIN without your permission. Once you give us notice of the loss or theft of your card or PIN, you will not be liable for any unauthorized transactions that occur thereafter.
Also, if your statement shows transfers that you did not make, including those made by card, PIN or other means, tell us at once. If you do not tell us within 60 days after the statement was mailed to you, you may not get back any money you lost after the 60 days if we can prove that we could have stopped someone from taking the money if you had told us in time. If a good reason (such as a long trip or a hospital stay) kept you from telling us, we will extend the time periods.
- Contact in Event of Unauthorized Transfer. If you believe your card or PIN has been lost or stolen or that someone has transferred or may transfer money from your account without your permission, call:
8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Monday through Friday (excluding holidays)
After hours, please call 1-800-472-3272
Or write: Belmont Savings Bank, Electronic Banking Department, P.O. Box 146, Belmont Massachusetts 02478.
- Business Days. For purposes of these disclosures, our business days are Monday through Friday. Holidays are not included.
- Limitations on Frequency or Dollar Amounts of Transfers. Except as otherwise provided herein, you may use your card to withdraw up to $750.00 in cash, or daily limits set by us. The withdrawal limit described above represents the total amount which you can withdraw with your card on any one day. You can make up to twenty transactions per day. To maintain the security of the system, the cash withdrawal limit is reduced in some circumstances. You have the right to limit the daily amount to $50.00 per day. Contact us if you wish to do so. Deposits and payments made at any Belmont Savings Bank ATM after 2:00 P.M. may not be posted to your account until the next business day. There may be a delay of up to two business days in the posting of deposits or payments made at any ATM. All deposits, payments and other transactions with your card are subject to proof and verification. You may not use the card to transfer money to or from accounts which you do not have or which are not designated accounts. We shall not be required to complete any such transactions, but, if we do, you agree to pay us any excess amount for any improperly withdrawn or transferred amount immediately upon request from us. We may impose additional restrictions or limitations on the use of your card when we believe they are necessary to safeguard the card against misuse or when you have failed to follow proper procedures for accessing your designated accounts.
- In order that your privacy be protected, we will not disclose any information about you or your account to any person, organization or agency except:
- for certain disclosures necessary for the completion of a transfer;
- for verification of the condition and existence of your account for a credit bureau or merchant;
- to persons authorized by law in the course of their official duties;
- to our employees, auditors, service providers, attorneys or collection agents in the course of their duties;
- pursuant to a court order or lawful subpoena;
- to a consumer reporting agency as defined in Chapter 93 of the Massachusetts General Laws; or
- by your written authorization which authorization shall automatically expire after 45 days of our receipt of your authorization.
If an unauthorized disclosure has been made, we must inform you of the disclosure within 3 days after we have discovered that the unauthorized disclosure occurred.
- In Case of Errors or Questions About Your Electronic Transfers. Telephone us at 1-888-762-4100 or write us at Belmont Savings Bank, Electronic Banking Department, P.O. Box 146, Belmont, MA 02478 as soon as you can if you think your statement or receipt is wrong or if you need more information about a transfer listed on the statement or receipt. We must hear from you no later than 60 days after we sent the FIRST statement on which the problem or error appeared.
- Tell us your name and account number.
- Describe the error or the transfer you are unsure about, and explain as clearly as you can why you believe it is an error or why you need more information.
- Tell us the dollar amount of the suspected error.
If you notify us orally, we have the right to require you to send us your complaint or question in writing within 10 business days, following the date you notify us.
We will determine whether an error occurred within 10 business days after we hear from you and will correct any error promptly. If we need more time, however, we may take up to 45 days to investigate your complaint or question. If we decide to do this, we will credit your account within 10 business days for the amount you think is in error, so that you will have the use of the money during the time it takes us to complete our investigation. If we ask you to put your complaint or question in writing and we do not receive it within 10 business days, we may not credit your account.
For errors involving new accounts, point-of-sale, or foreign transactions, we may take up to 90 days to investigate your complaint or question. For new accounts, we may take up to 20 business days to credit your account for the amount you think is in error.
We will tell you the results within three business days after completing our investigation. If we decide that there was no error, we will send you a written explanation. You may ask for copies of the documents that we used in our investigation.
- Documentation of Transfers.
- Terminal Transfers. You will get a receipt at the time you make any transfer to or from your account using any Belmont Savings Bank ATM, Cirrus, Accel/Exchange, NYCE terminal. However, you may not get a receipt if the amount of the transfer is $15.00 or less.
- Periodic Statements. You will get a monthly account statement from us for your checking or savings accounts. We will send you periodic statements electronically with your consent, in accordance with applicable law. You also have the right under applicable law to, at any time, withdraw your consent (and the consequences for doing so) is provided to you when you consented to receiving your statements and the disclosures electronically. You must log on and view your electronic banking statements during each statement cycle. If you have any questions regarding how you may sign up for electronic statements, or withdraw your consent, please contact our Electronic Banking Department at (617) 993-1400 Option 3.
10. Electronic Fund Transfers Initiated by Third Parties. You may authorize a third party to initiate electronic fund transfers between your account and the third party's account. These transfers to make or receive payments may be one-time occurrences or may recur as directed by you. These transfers may use the Automated Clearinghouse (ACH) or other payments network. Your authorization to the third party to make these transfers can occur in a number of ways. In some cases, your authorization can occur when the merchant posts a sign informing you of their policy. In all cases, the transaction will require you to provide the third party with your account number and bank information. This information can be found on your check as well as on a deposit or withdrawal slip. Thus, you should only provide your bank and account information (whether over the phone, the Internet, or via some other method) to trusted third parties whom you have authorized to initiate these electronic fund transfers.
Examples of these transfers include, but are not limited to:
- Electronic check conversion. You may provide your check to a merchant or service provider who will scan the check for the encoded bank and account information. The merchant or service provider will then use this information to convert the transaction into an electronic fund transfer. This may occur at the point of purchase, or when you provide your check by other means such as by mail or drop box.
- Electronic returned check charge. Some merchants or service providers will initiate an electronic fund transfer to collect a charge in the event a check is returned for insufficient funds.
11. Protected Consumer Use of Electronic Fund Transfer Services. Chapter 167B of the Massachusetts General Laws and Federal Regulation E (Electronic Funds Transfer Act) were enacted to provide a means for financial institutions, businesses and consumers to conduct their business relations more conveniently. Transferring funds electronically will supplement the use of checks, credit and cash and will not replace these present methods of doing business. As a consumer, you should be aware of your rights if you choose to utilize this system.
- Prohibition of Compulsory Use. No person may:
i. Require you to use a preauthorized electronic fund transfer as a condition for the extension of credit unless the credit is being extended in connection with BSB Overdraft Protection to maintain a specified minimum balance in your account.
ii. Require you either to accept a transfer service or to establish an account which is accessed electronically as a condition of employment or receipt of governmental benefit, or
iii.Require you to pay electronically for the purchase of goods or services.
If your account is to be credited by a preauthorized transfer, you may choose the financial institution to which the transfer may be made, if the institution is technically capable of receiving such transfer.
- Waiver of Rights. No writing or agreement signed by you can waive the rights conferred to you by chapter 167B of the Massachusetts General Laws unless you decide to waive these rights in settlement of a dispute or action.
- Refunds. If it is the policy of a retail business or store to give cash refunds in return for an item purchased by cash, then this policy must also cover refunds for items purchased by electronic fund transfer, unless it is clearly and conspicuously disclosed at the time the transaction is consummated, that no cash or credit refunds are given for payments made by electronic fund transfers.
- Suspension of Obligations. If a person agrees to accept payment by means of an electronic fund transfer and the system malfunctions, preventing such a transfer, then your obligation is suspended until the transfer can be completed, unless that person, in writing, demands payment by other means.
- Prohibited Means of Identification. Your social security number cannot be used as the primary identification number, although it can be used as a secondary aid to identify you.
- Criminal Liability. Procuring or using a card, code or other means of electronic access to an account with the intent to defraud is a basis for criminal liability.
12. Our Liability if We Fail to Make Certain Transfers. If we do not complete a transfer to or from your account on time or in the correct amount according to our agreement with you, we will be liable for your losses or damages. However, there are some exceptions. We will not be liable, for instance:
If through no fault of ours, you do not have enough money in your account to make the transfer.
If the transfer would go over the credit limit on your overdraft line.
If the automated teller machine where you are making the transfer does not have enough cash.
If the terminal or system was not working properly and you knew about the breakdown when you started the transfer.
If circumstances beyond our control (such as fire or flood) prevent the transfer, despite reasonable precautions that we have taken.
If the funds in your account are subject to legal process or other encumbrance restricting such transfers.
There may be other exceptions stated in our agreement with you.
13. ATM Fees. When you use an ATM not owned by us, you may be charged a fee by the ATM operator or any network used to complete your transfer. You may be charged a fee for a balance inquiry even if you do not complete a fund transfer.
14. Fees and Services Charges. See our Schedule of Fees and Charges which is separately published and which has been furnished to you for any fees and service charges associated with your ATM card. If your card is lost or stolen and you request a replacement card, we will charge you a replacement fee.
15. Prima Facie Proof of a Transaction. Any documentation provided to you which indicate that an electronic fund transfer was made to another person shall be admissible as evidence of such transfer and shall constitute prima facie proof that such transfer was made.
16. Terminating This Cardholder Agreement. You can terminate the Cardholder Agreement at any time by notifying us in writing and no longer using your card and PIN. We can terminate the Cardholder Agreement at any time without notice to you. If the Cardholder Agreement is terminated, we shall no longer be obligated to complete transactions involving your use of the card. Termination of the Cardholder Agreement will not affect your obligations under the Cardholder Agreement for transactions completed with your card and PIN, even if those transactions are completed after the termination date. To terminate the Cardholder Agreement, please write to us at Belmont Savings Bank, Electronic Banking Department, P.O. Box 146, Belmont Massachusetts 02478 and enclose your card(s) after having cut it/them in half.
- Use of Card. You agree to use your card only as described in the General Disclosure Statement. Your card is not transferable and remains our property. You agree to return the card to us immediately upon our demand. For your own protection, the Belmont Savings Bank ATMs, Cirrus, Accel/Exchange, NYCE Terminals are programmed to retain cards in certain circumstances.
- Authorization. You authorize us to charge your designated accounts for money disbursed or payments made and to credit your designated accounts for deposits received in connection with transactions involving the use of your card.
- Maintenance of Accounts. As long as this Cardholder Agreement remains in effect, you agree to maintain at least one of your designated accounts. Should all of your designated accounts be closed, your card privileges will be cancelled and we may retain your card if you attempt to use it. Your designated account(s) shall continue to be governed by your other agreements with us concerning those accounts and by our Rules and Regulations concerning those accounts to the extent that such agreements are not inconsistent with this Cardholder Agreement.
- Replacement of Lost or Stolen Cards. If your card is lost or stolen and you ask us to issue you a replacement card, you agree to pay a replacement fee for such replacement card and you agree that we may debit your account for this amount. See our Schedule of Fees and Charges for any related fees.
- Amendments to Cardholder Agreement. We may amend this Cardholder Agreement at any time. We will give you written notice at least 30 days before the amendment becomes effective if the amendment will result in increased costs or liability to you or stricter limitations on the transfer you may make. If, however, an immediate change in the Cardholder Agreement is necessary for security reasons, we may amend the Cardholder Agreement without such prior notice.
- Notices. Notices sent by us shall be effective when mailed to you at your last address that appears on our records. Except as otherwise provided in this Cardholder Agreement or by applicable law, notices from you to us must be in writing and will be effective when received by us.
- Collection Expenses. If we have to sue you or take other actions to collect amounts you owe us under this Cardholder Agreement, you will pay our reasonable expenses, including attorneys' fees, to the extent permitted by applicable law.
- Joint Accounts. If your designated account(s) is/are a joint account, each account holder may exercise any and all rights under this Cardholder Agreement individually and shall be jointly and severally liable for the obligations incurred by any such exercise. Each account holder may use the card(s), may authorize others to use the card(s) may agree to any amendment to or termination of this Cardholder Agreement, may close any designated account and in the event that any such action is undertaken, such action shall be binding upon each joint accountholder.
- Terms Set Forth in General Disclosure Statement. All of the terms set forth in the General Disclosure Statement in Part A of this document shall be binding upon you and us as is specifically set forth in this Cardholder Agreement.
- Governing Law; Conflict with Applicable Law. The terms and provisions set forth herein will be constructed in accordance with the laws of the United States of America and the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. In the event of any conflict between these terms and provisions and any applicable law or regulation, these terms and provisions shall be deemed modified to the extent, but only to the extent, required to comply with such law or regulation.
11. Ownership of Card. The card is not transferable and remains our property. You agree to return the Card to us immediately upon our demand. For your own protection, the BSB ATM, Cirrus, Accel/Exchange, or NYCE terminals are programmed to retain cards in certain circumstances.


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Lunar Nearside Mosaic
Date: 15 Dec 2010
For two weeks in mid-December 2010, the LRO spacecraft remained nadir looking (straight down) so that the LROC Wide Angle Camera (WAC) could acquire about 1,300 images, allowing the LROC team to construct this spectacular mosaic. As the Moon rotated under LRO's orbit, the ground track progressed from east to west (right to left in this mosaic), and the incidence angle at the equator increased from 69 degrees to 82 degrees (at noontime the incidence angle is 0 degrees).
Download a large unlabeled version of this image (PNG, 1 MB)
Last Update: 24 Mar 2011 (AMB)
Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Forgot your password? No problem. Enter your email here and we'll send you a link to reset it.
If you're still having trouble, get in touch with us here and we'll take care of it.
Old La Honda, 84, Stage to Pescadero. Highway 1, Cloverdale back to Pescadero. Back via Haskins Hill and W. Alpine
|Starts in:
|Los Altos, CA, US
|82.6 mi
|+7253 / -7252 ft
But, if you'd still rather sign-up without it, no problem. Just tell us a little about yourself:


text:
Dr. Weigand joined NINDS as a Program Analyst in July, 2013. She earned her Ph.D. in Physiology from the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. She then received postdoctoral training at the George Washington University in the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology.
Dr. Weigand's research interests have been have ranged from pulmonary physiology and pharmacology to neuro-immune interactions in the lungs to CNS control of heart rate. She undertook studies examining the role of calcuim signaling in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in COPD. Other work focused on understanding the role the peripheral autonomic and sensory nerves in allergic airway disease. In studies related to sleep apnea and SIDS, she conducted research on the recruitment of serotonergic responses in cardiac vagal neurons in the brainstem during hypoxia and hypercapnia .
Last Modified March 18, 2015


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Métis are people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, and one of the three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada.
Métis are people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, and one of the three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. They originated largely in Western Canada and emerged as a political force in the 19th century, radiating outwards from the Red River Settlement. While the Canadian government politically marginalized Métis after 1885, Métis have since been recognized as an Aboriginal people with rights enshrined in the Constitution of Canada.
Definitions and Terminology
The use of the term "Métis" is complex. When capitalized, the term describes the Métis people, particularly those from families who trace their origins to the Red River Valley and the prairies beyond. The Métis Nation defines the Métis homeland as the three prairie provinces and parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories and the northern United States. The Métis have a common culture, history and political tradition, and are connected through an extensive network of kin relations. Typically, when written with a small-m, métis refers to any community of European-Indigenous ancestry; it is most often used to describe mixed-descent families and communities during the 18th and early 19th century Great Lakes fur trade, although some scholars now avoid using the term.
Contemporary usage of Métis is also different from its historical meaning. At Red River in the 19th century there were two prominent communities of mixed-descent people. In addition to a sizeable French-speaking and nominally Catholic Métis population, there was a large group of English-speaking "Half-breeds" who were mainly Anglican agriculturists. While these interrelated communities were considered to be somewhat distinct constituencies — even though the boundaries between them were quite porous — the derogatory nature of the term "Half-breed" has caused it to fall largely into disuse. Thus, the contemporary meaning of "Métis" typically includes people of both French- and English-speaking heritage. There are also Canadian legal definitions that further complicate Métis terminology. Section 35(2) of the Constitution Act recognizes "Indian, Inuit and Métis peoples" as Aboriginal peoples under Canadian law, yet despite several Supreme Court of Canada decisions, Métis Aboriginal rights — and who may possess these rights — remain, for the most part, undefined.
Métis Communities in Canada
There are peoples of mixed ancestry throughout Canada. Some of the earliest such people were identifiable in the Atlantic region in the 17th century. There is, however, growing academic consensus that there are no "Métis" in eastern Canada, since their ancestors did not identify as Métis communities. "Labrador Métis" for example, have dropped Métis for this reason and instead prefer a term their ancestors used to define themselves: NunatuKavut. Across Canada Métis identity is not simply the result of a dual heritage, but rather a matter of possessing a singular cultural heritage of dual origins; someone of Cree and French-Canadian descent would be considered Métis not solely by virtue of their mixed-descent, but whether they have Métis heritage.
Great Lakes Communities
The first small-m métis communities emerged during the Great Lakes fur trade in the 18th century. Great Lakes Indigenous diplomatic and economic protocols encouraged French fur traders to establish family connections through marriage and ceremonial adoption with prominent Indigenous families in the region. Such unions with Aboriginal women — referred to as marriages à la façon du pays, "according to the custom of the country" — usually involved mutual commitments with local Indigenous kin and communities. French traders often lived out their lives with these families, whether formally employed at the forts or subsisting as gens libres (French and Métis freemen who supplied the posts or served intermittently as guides, interpreters or voyageurs). Game, fish, wild rice and maple sugar furnished sustenance, supplemented by small-scale slash-and-burn agriculture. Over time small groups of mixed families situated themselves in specific economic niches, with many rising to economic and social prominence throughout the Great Lakes region. Numerous American and Canadian towns and cities, like Fort Gratiot and Michilimackinac in Michigan; Sault Ste Marie, Ontario; Chicago and Peoria in Illinois; Milwaukee, Green Bay and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, all originated as métis outposts.
Scholarship has suggested that the application of the term "métis" to the Great Lakes region at this time is problematic since these mixed communities favoured terms like Saulteurs, bois brûlés or chicots. While the term "métis" appears occasionally in contemporary writing, it was used predominantly by outsiders to make sense of a complex set of relationships between Indigenous communities and their relatives, not necessarily by the Great Lakes "métis" themselves. Likewise, the term "Métis" did not make its way into common language at Red River until the early 19th century, several years after the decline of the Great Lakes fur trade and the mixed communities it supported. Despite this distinction in terminology, the Métis of Red River and the métis of the Great Lakes often intermarried and built kinship connections with one another.
The Western Métis
The success of the fur trade in the region that the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) called Rupert's Land also relied on intermarriage. While the Company initially attempted to suppress these "country marriages," the effectiveness of these unions in establishing trade networks, along with the successful use of intermarriage by the rival North West Company (NWC), convinced the HBC to modify its policy. Initially, the children of these marriages lacked the distinct community and economic base upon which to build a separate identity. While some HBC officers' mixed children were educated in England, Scotland or in the Canadas (see Upper and Lower Canada, later the Province of Canada), and other families were left in the care of other HBC employees when senior officers returned to Europe, not all mixed-descent children faced difficult prospects. Many of these mixed-descent children remained in the Northwest, living near one another and developing a sense of themselves as a unique cultural and social community. This sense of self would eventually evolve into a sense of political commonality.
It was in the Red River region and on the prairies that the Métis began to make their mark on Canadian history. By 1810 they had established roles as buffalo hunters and provisioners to the NWC. As NWC supply lines lengthened to Athabasca and beyond, the Red River heartland became crucial to the Montréal-based traders. Accordingly, in 1811, Thomas Douglas, Earl of Selkirk, reached an agreement with the HBC to found the agricultural colony of Assiniboia for Scottish settlers with the ultimate goal of provisioning the HBC. The early Métis (who referred to themselves as bois brûlés, literally "burnt wood") were allied with the Nor'Westers, and saw the colony as a direct threat to the NWC's trade and thus their own livelihood. Nor'Wester William McGillivray admitted in a letter of 14 March 1818 that the Métis were linked to the NWC by occupation and kinship. "Yet," he emphasized, "they one and all look upon themselves as members of an independent tribe of natives, entitled to a property in the soil, to a flag of their own, and to protection from the British government." Further, it was well proved "that the half-breeds under the denominations of bois-brûlés and métifs have formed a separate and distinct tribe of Indians for a considerable time back."
The early Red River Colony did not allay these fears, but rather antagonized the Métis and the NWC. Decrees from the governor of the colony forbade the export and sale of pemmican to anyone but local HBC forts, and later banned hunting buffalo from horseback (see Pemmican Proclamation). These were direct economic sanctions against Métis families who provisioned the NWC with pemmican made from buffalo meat (which had been hunted on horseback). After escalating raids on rival fur trade forts by HBC and NWC officers, many prominent Métis grew hostile to the Selkirk settlement's leaders and, under the leadership of Cuthbert Grant, in 1815 decided to evict the settlers from the region. In 1816, after Selkirk himself had decided to evict the Nor'Westers, the governor of the settlement, Robert Semple, confronted a group of Métis soldiers at Seven Oaks. A battle broke out and the Métis soldiers killed Semple and several colonists. The event was memorialized in Pierre Falcon's "La Chanson de la Grenouillère."
The Seven Oaks incident resulted in an agreement between Cuthbert Grant and the Selkirk settlement's interim leader, Peter Fidler. By 1821 any inter-company conflicts were ended with the merger of the HBC and NWC. After the merger a number of traders were deemed redundant and many took up residence at the Red River Colony, which thus gained an increasing Métis presence. Company employees with Métis families lobbied for the founding of a community where they could retire and have lands, livelihoods, schools, churches and other amenities. The HBC itself hoped to reduce costs by relocating dependent populations to a place where they could become self-supporting under the Company's governance.
From 1821 to 1870 Red River's overwhelmingly mixed-descent population continued to reflect its dual origins: Montréal, the Great Lakes and Prairies, and the NWC; and Britain, the Scottish Orkney Islands (a major HBC recruiting ground) and Rupert's Land. Some argue that these groups expressed mutual solidarity on the basis of their numerous intermarriages, business ties, shared involvements in the buffalo hunt, the HBC transport brigades and provisional government of 1869–70. A contrary view emphasizes the split between Roman Catholic francophones and Protestant anglophones. Whatever their internal ties and tensions, the rapidly growing population in the Northwest was, by the 1830s, increasingly seen as a racial aggregate, as racially based interpretations of human behaviour reigned in the 19th century. As such, Métis were often limited in their advancement through Company ranks.
While the Hudson's Bay Company claimed to govern the population of Red River through the Company-appointed Council of Assiniboia, it governed more through influence than command. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, Métis challenged the HBC trade and administrative monopoly in Red River. In 1849 Métis disrupted the trial of free trader Pierre-Guillaume Sayer, effectively ending the HBC fur monopoly and ushering in an era of free trade. In the mid-1850s, Métis petitioned the Imperial Government in London through Red River-born lawyer Alexander Kennedy Isbister to limit the Council of Assiniboia's power. On the ground, the Council rarely commanded enough of a constabulary to compel Métis to follow its laws, so the Council was often forced to compromise with the community to ensure the enforcement of its laws.
The Red River Provisional Government, 1869–70
Other events overshadowed Métis-Company disputes in the 1860s: the intensifying eastern interest in developing the West (heightened by Henry Y. Hind's glowing report of its agricultural potential); and Confederation in 1867. In 1869 the Dominion of Canada and the HBC reached an agreement for the transfer of Rupert's Land to the Canadian government. Among Métis, however, questions arose on how the Company had gained ownership of the Northwest, when a multitude of "natives of the country" including the Métis and their Cree, Saulteaux and Assiniboine relatives still possessed a claim to the territory as descendants of the original inhabitants. Well aware of British plans to transfer their country to Canada, Métis leaders generally rejected the notion that a transfer was possible without the consent of the Aboriginal peoples who lived there and strategized methods of resistance at several public assemblies in 1869. The armed conflict that ensued is known as the Red River Rebellion or Red River Resistance.
The consequent efforts of government surveyors to map Red River without regard for local residents' holdings resulted in the establishment of the Métis National Committee, and a provisional government in late 1869. These events established Louis Riel as the leader of the Métis resistance. After consolidating their alliance with the "Half-breed" population and the old British settler population, the three constituencies formed the Provisional Government of Assiniboia's Legislative Assembly in March 1870, and sent a delegation to Ottawa to negotiate Red River's entrance into Confederation. The outcome was the Manitoba Act, which established Manitoba as a new province in Confederation as well as several other commitments to protect Métis landholdings (including a 1.4 million acre land reserve), language and local political control over the new province. However, the agreement recorded by the Provisional Government's chief negotiator varies in important ways from the Manitoba Act, and Métis leaders have argued since the 19th century that the original agreement has never been properly implemented.
The promised land reserve was never properly allotted; and when it was, it was granted piecemeal to individual families, taking well over a decade to be allocated. The settlers and troops who arrived in the new province after 1870 were generally hostile to the Métis, many of whom were "beaten and outraged by a small but noisy section" of the newcomers, according to a report by the new governor, Adams Archibald. Métis landholders were harassed, while new laws and amendments to the Manitoba Act undermined Métis power to fend off speculators and new settlers. Of the approximately 10,000 persons of mixed descent in Manitoba in 1870, two-thirds or more are estimated to have departed in the following few years. While some went north and some went south to the United States, most headed west to the existing Métis settlements around Fort Edmonton (Lac Ste Anne, St Albert and Lac La Biche) and to the South Saskatchewan River, where they joined many Métis families already living at St Laurent, Batoche and Duck Lake.
The North-West Resistance
As Saskatchewan Métis communities grew due to the Manitoba exodus, several sought to clarify their land titles with the Canadian government.. The government ignored Métis concerns while negotiating major Aboriginal treaties and pre-empting land for railways. In deep frustration, the Saskatchewan Métis took up arms under Riel and Gabriel Dumont in the North-West Resistance of 1885.
The Métis defeat at Batoche and the execution of Riel for treason set off a second dispersal, particularly to Alberta, and a renewed weakening of political influence and cohesiveness. Sir John A. Macdonald in 1885 articulated a view that would begin the process of denying Métis identity for the next century: "If they are Indians, they go with the tribe; if they are half-breeds they are whites." Where Métis individuals did receive land allowances (or financial equivalents), they usually were granted them in paper scrip — transferable certificates which unscrupulous speculators often pressured them to sell cheaply on the spot. The "scrip hunters" followed the Treaty No. 8 Half-Breed Commission in 1900 as it made its awards to Métis in the Dene settlements, and bought up many $240 scrip certificates for cash amounts of $70 to $130.
From 1885 to the mid-1900s, poverty, demoralization and racism commonly connected to being identified as a "half-breed" led many Métis to deny or suppress that part of their heritage if they could. In 1896 Father Albert Lacombe, concerned for Métis interests, founded St-Paul-des-Métis northeast of Edmonton on land furnished by the government. For financial and other reasons, the colony failed as a formal entity by 1908, and settlers from Québec began to dominate the area. The multiple dispersals of Métis families across the west has led to the existence of Métis communities across the prairies, and into British Columbia and the Northwest Territories, as well as the northern United States and northwestern Ontario.
20th Century Métis Activism
Despite the struggles of the 19th century, some developments after 1900 were more positive. In 1909 the Union nationale métisse St-Joseph de Manitoba, founded by former associates of Riel and others, began to retrieve (from Métis documents and memories) their own history of the events of 1869–70 and 1885, resulting in A.H. de Trémaudan's classic work Hold High Your Heads: History of the Métis Nation in Western Canada (1936). The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of new leaders — notably James Patrick (Jim) Brady and Malcolm Norris — who, as Prairie socialist activists built a new political and organizational base to defend their people's interests. Many Métis and ex-treaty Aboriginal peoples had been considered "squatters" (although they asserted title of their own to these lands) on Crown lands in Alberta. Threatened by a federal plan to place these lands under provincial jurisdiction, Joseph Dion and others organized petitions and delegations to the Alberta government to seek land title for the Aboriginal peoples living there.
After Brady and Norris joined the movement in 1932, the first of several provincial organizations was founded — the Métis Association of Alberta, open to all persons of Aboriginal ancestry. Its efforts led to the appointment of the Ewing Commission in 1934-36 to "make enquiry into the condition of the Half-breed population of Alberta." The association eventually secured land for Métis Settlements alongside the passage of the Métis Population Betterment Act in 1938. In the same year the Saskatchewan Métis Society (later the Association of Métis and Non-Status Indians of Saskatchewan) was founded and began to organize for the recognition and protection of Métis rights.
Métis Organizing and the Constitutional Era
In the late 1960s, Métis political activity intensified with the founding of numerous other organizations like the Manitoba Métis Federation, the Ontario Métis and Non-Status Indian Association, and the Louis Riel Métis Association of BC. These organizations confronted such issues as the federal government's White Paper of 1969, and the on-going exclusion of Métis and Non-Status Indians from federal policy considerations.
In the 1970s, alongside their Non-Status Indian counterparts, Métis organizations were successful in developing programming providing social, economic and educational supports for Aboriginal peoples. However, due to the federal policy that limited federal funding to Métis and Non-Status Indians, these groups dealt mostly with individual provinces, which in turn considered them to be a federal concern. Nonetheless, Métis and Non-Status Indian organizations developed meaningful partnerships with provincial governments, which have, over the long term, produced an impressive array of social services still in existence today.
During the 1970s, Métis organizations were primarily concerned with social programming for Métis and Non-Status Indians, but during the lead up to Canadian constitutional patriation, Métis organizations, like their Indian and Inuit counterparts, were increasingly concerned about constitutional protection of their rights and title. During the patriation process, Métis successfully lobbied for inclusion in what became Section 35 of the Constitution Act of 1982, protecting "the existing aboriginal and treaty rights" of Aboriginal peoples, who were defined as "Indian, Inuit and Métis." While Métis (and other Aboriginal) rights and title remained undefined in constitutional practice, Métis did gain a constitutional protection from unjustifiable Canadian infringement on their rights.
Before the constitutional recognition of Métis Aboriginal rights, Métis and Non-Status Indians had worked together out of common interest and necessity. With the Métis recognized as a distinct group in 1982, the alliance began to dissolve. From 1970 to 1983 the Native Council of Canada (NCC, now the Congress of Aboriginal Peoples) represented Métis interests on the national level. However, for the 1983 First Ministers Conference, the Métis National Council was formed to secure Métis representation as a distinct people independent of Non-Status Indians. The First Ministers Conferences of the 1980s, meant to define Section 35 Aboriginal rights, were widely regarded as a failure, and the Métis/Non-Status split became more permanent. Métis organizations began to develop membership codes that reflected Métis-specific membership, excluding many previous Non-Status Indian members.
The Courts: Métis Aboriginal Rights
As the recognized Métis "rights and title" of Section 35 were never defined during the First Minister Conferences, the Métis initiated a series of lawsuits in order for the courts to determine what these rights protected. Since the constitutionalization of Métis rights, three major court decisions have started the long process of defining Métis Aboriginal rights in the Canadian constitutional system.
A transformative movement in Métis rights jurisprudence came in R. v. Powley in 2003. Two Métis hunters, Steve and Roddy Powley shot and killed a moose outside of Sault Ste Marie and were charged with hunting without a licence and unlawful possession of game hunted in contravention of Ontario's Game and Fish Act. In defence they claimed that their rights as Métis allowed them to hunt in a manner consistent with their Aboriginal rights, which predated Canadian assertion of sovereignty over their community. As a result, the Supreme Court established "the Powley test" for determining which Métis communities could exercise Aboriginal rights to hunt and harvest as their ancestors had done. In 2013, the Supreme Court determined that in MMF v. Canada, the government had failed in its obligation to properly distribute and safeguard the 1.4 million acres set aside for Métis in the Manitoba Act, 1870. Since this victory, the Manitoba Métis Federation has been lobbying the federal government to enter into a land claims negotiation to compensate the Métis people for lost lands and resources, with the ultimate goal of securing a legally-recognized land base for Métis in Manitoba.
Another case, Daniels v. Canada also has transformative potential for Métis-Canada relations. Though the case began in 1999, the Federal Court of Canada ruled in 2013 that Métis and Non-Status Indians are considered "Indians" under federal jurisdiction under Section 91(24) of the Constitution Act, 1867. On appeal in 2014, the Federal Court of Appeal removed Non-Status Indians from the ruling. This means that jurisdiction for Métis relations falls to the federal government, rather than the provinces, as has been the common practice for decades. If this case is successful on its inevitable appeals to the Supreme Court of Canada, it could potentially transform how Métis organizations function, where their funding comes from, and the kind of services they are able to offer.
Suggested Reading
Desmond Morton, The Last War Drum: The North West Campaign of 1885, Canadian War Museum Historical Publications (Toronto: Hakkert, 1972).
Alexander Ross, The Red River Settlement: Its Rise, Progress, and Present State (Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1972).
George Woodcock, Gabriel Dumont: The Métis Chief and His Lost World (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1975).
Marcel Giraud, The Métis in the Canadian West (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1986).
Donald George McLean, Home from the Hill: A History of the Métis in Western Canada, 2nd ed. (Regina: Gabriel Dumont Institute of Native Studies and Applied Research, 1988).
Howard Adams, Prison of Grass: Canada from a Native Point of View, rev. ed. (Saskatoon: Fifth House Publishers, 1989).
J.M. Bumsted, The Red River Rebellion (Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer, 1996) and
Trials & Tribulations: The Red River Settlement and the Emergence of Manitoba, 1811–70 (Winnipeg, MB: Great Plains Publications, 2003).
Gerhard Ens. Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Métis in the Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996).
John E. Foster, "Wintering, the Outsider Adult Male and the Ethnogenesis of the Western Plains Métis," in From Rupert's Land to Canada: Essays in Honour of John E. Foster, eds. Theodore Binnema, Gerhard Ens and R.C. Macleod (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2001).
John Weinstein, Quiet Revolution West: The Rebirth of Métis Nationalism (Fifth House, 2008).
Links to other sites
Fur Trade Wars: The Founding of Western CanadaA colourful, in-depth account of the titanic struggle for control of Canada's lucrative fur trade industry. From indigo.ca.
Assomption SashAn article about the Assomption (or arrow) sash, a symbolic piece of clothing associated with traditional French-Canadian and Métis cultures. From the Encylcopedia of French Cultural Heritage in North America.
Watch the Heritage Minute about legendary Métis leader Louis Riel from Historica Canada. See also related online learning resources.
The Origins of Métis Nationalism and the Pemmican Wars, 1780-1821About the origins of Métis culture and traditions and their relationship with other Canadian peoples in the 19th century. From the Manitoba Historical Society.
Chinook Jargon - The First Language of TradeA brief overview of the trade language Chinook Jargon that originated amongst western Aboriginal Peoples. From the BC Métis Federation.
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Gee, I wonder if one of the exlusionist Red River Metis authored this article. One day the Atlantic metis will get the respect it deserves. Stop treating us like dogs begging for scraps.
Emile--appreciate the comment. However, I think it's important to differentiate the historical use of the term "Metis" with its contemporary usage. Metis at Red River and its surrounding regions where Metis lived, used the term to refer to themselves--along with a number of others. Simply stated, there is little evidence to demonstrate that this term was used elsewhere until more recently. This, of course, does not deny the existence of other communities that were mixed-descent that had self-awareness of themselves as a distinct political entity, only that they did not historically refer to themselves as Metis. They had other names for themselves, which due to a number of government policies and legal decisions now identify as Metis in order to access the rights of their ancestors. The existence of Indigenous mixed-descent communities all throughout the fur trade is not in question, the use of names, however, is not that clear.
The problem with the article above is that it reverses the order of emergence between political and historical definitions of Métis identity. In short, Métis identity pre-existed the various "Métis" political projects we came to associate with the Red River Colony, this, according to increasing historical evidences (see below). The comment of Adam Gaudry above also shows some of the simplifications at play when it comes to the different ways in which the mixed-descent peoples in Red River called themselves historically. It creates an re-imagined depiction of the Métis People as somewhat a single and homogenous political and cultural entity. The historical fact of the matter is: it was not. I have provided few evidences following my argument, as I suspect these discussions on identity tend to be politically charged, and quickly emotive for many peoples. Hence, let me begging by stating my premise clearly: never, historically, was the term "Métis" exclusively restricted to Western prairies. It was widely in usage in the Bas and Haut Canada, as well as in the United States to identify the distinct populations of predominantly French-Indians emerging out of the fur trade routes. (I have provided what are just a sample of the usage of "Métis" in various documents found in Québec and Ontario below. For the American widely usage of the term "Métis", see Stoughton. Our debt to the red man; the French-Indians in the development of the United States [1918]). On the contrary, it can be suggested that the attempts to restrict the term "Métis" to only Western contemporary actors is a recent phenomenon (this is the "contemporary usage" of Métis identity here, not the other way around), irrupting merely *after* the constitutional recognition has been conceded in 1982 by the Canadian State, hence when the possibility of new privileges could be seen at the end of the tunnel. Only then did we move from a "politics of recognition" largely inclusive of all Métis across Canada (spearheaded by leaders such as Harry Daniels), to a largely exclusive "politics of Métis definition" casting new exclusions toward the Métis of the Maritime, Québec, United States and Great Lake area. Historically, it is important to understand that "Métis" was a term to describe peoples with French-Indian heritage, leading to various syncretic cultural elements according to ecological niches and kinship integrations with various First peoples (Sioux, Nez Percé, Cree, Anishnabe, Wallawalla, etc.). It is also important to note that synonymic expressions were also used not only in the Eastern and Middle parts of Canada (Bois-Brulé, Chicot, Canadien, etc.), but also in the Red River Colony itself, where the same expressions were also in use. Overarching claims of a homogenous and universalist usage of the word "Métis" that would have been only out West, even in self-ascribing manners, is therefore a clear historical exaggeration; as no grand-scale, overarching and unique ethnonym ever existed in the unifying capacity dreamed by some contemporary Métis activists across the Prairies, already containing diverse French-Indian/Métis communities. Now, to use such claims to cut-off other Métis from different parts of Canada/US to value their Métis heritage in ways they see fit, following accusation that the name "Métis" was not there is not part of their heritage, is considered by incensing numbers not only historically on shaky grounds, but precisely part of a specific and contemporary political project, most likely, at work to restrict the usage of the term in order to arrogate constitutional recognition and associated privileges. Not only the sample of evidence below confirms a widely usage of the "Métis" moniker beyond the Prairies, but Louis Riel himself confirms our interpretation when he formulates the meaning of "Métis" identity, moreover at a time when he is busy crafting the meaning of Métis nationalism: "The Metis have as paternal ancestors, the former employees of the Hudson's Bay and Northwest Companies, and as maternal ancestors, Indian women belonging to various tribes. The French word Metis is derived from the Latin participle mixtus which means "mixed"; it expresses well the idea it represents" Riel is clearly not working a definition that would be exclusionary here, but rather inclusive of all French-Indians communities, even beyond the Northwest. Riel recognizes explicitly the "Métis" in both British-Columbia and in the Eastern provinces of Canada in 1885, with equal political rights and thus we can assume a "collective consciousness" of themselves: Quote 1: "Mr. Dumont is devoted to me Gabriel a dedication hard to beat, thank to God. He believes that I should be recognized as the Métis leader for in all Métis of British North America. He himself would be the leader of the Métis in the Northwest within and beyond the Montagne de Roche, to the sea. His saying is that the Métis of Manitoba had the seventh of the land in the province: hence the Métis of British-Colombia are also entitled to their seventh land, since their title is absolutely the same." (Les écrits complets de Louis Riel, Stanley et al., 1985, p. 121. Our translation.) Quote 2: "When it comes to the Eastern provinces of Canada, many Métis live there persecuted under the attires of the Indian costume. Their villages are villages of indigence. Their Indian title to the soil is however as good as the Indian title of the Metis of Manitoba" (Les écrits complets de Louis Riel Stanley et al., 1985, p. 121. Our translation). We could, of course, boldly suggest that Riel didn't own the "true" meaning of Métis identity at the time (whatever that means) by which some scholars now feel entitled to police Métis identity backwardly in History, but then they would have to agree that neither are they. To search in the Geist of "History" for essentializing "truth" about Métis identity to build exclusionary views that would fit today's constitutional and mostly Western-based politics is extremely problematic. As Karen Marrero suggests, this kind of endeavor can swing both ways: "I am not entirely comfortable, however, with an equally time-bound notion of self-consciousness as the standard by which we judge who is metis and who is not. […] If we base our belief that we should apply a race-based consciousness of what it may mean to be metis developed in the nineteenth century on subjects who existed before that time, I cannot help but wonder what we may lose in historic understanding." Unfortunately, the entry made by Jennifer Brown above seems to conflate the political and quasi-standardized master narrative adopted by some contemporary Western Métis organizations, with the historical usages of Métis/Bois-Brulé we envision as more broad and inclusive from both a territorial and cultural perspective. Now, we can understand that some scholars will oppose the historical usages and even the definition of Louis Riel of "Métis" as being racially-charged, hence morally condemnable according to our contemporary moral sensitivities. We can understand that this has lead scholars and activists to revamp the definition of Métis identity toward a strict political definition of Métis identity they associate with the events of the Red River resistances, en vogue since this nation-to-nation resurgence. But it should be understood that this is first and foremost a political project under construction: it is not the result of a "true" interpretation of Metis identity from the depth of History, on the basis of which we could then exclude some communities as merely "mixed," rather than truly Métis, more gravely on basis that they would not have been collectively aware of themselves with this explicit name in the past. Historically, "Métis" meant mixed communities/individuals of French and Indian. We may now hate this (or not) as being a merely derivative identity, too hybridic, and not sufficiently exclusive for recent political ambitions, but it remains a cold hard historical fact based on countless evidences pointing toward that usage. For those who would be truly unhappy with the racially-historical charge of the word "Métis" inherited from the French language, which most of the historical Métis peoples spoke by the way, there are always other names that may sound more indigenous, regional and exclusionary, such as "Otipemisiwak" (that is if you have connections with the Cree). For us, however, who still speak French, the word "Métis" still ring as "true" on a commonsensical and cultural basis. It becomes even more meaningful to French-Métis, as they are now told paradoxically by Anglophone organizations and scholars from out West that such French term, yet part of their culture for more than 400 years, is suddenly forbidden. To first suggest the lack of written evidences in Métis societies that didn't make much use of written evidences, to then deny the ones we find on the basis that "Métis" there didn't mean the same as "Métis" over there, is particularity dishonest from a historical standpoint--especially when we know the exclusionary goals behind such arguments. We know that identities are constantly reinterpreting their own past, and although this doesn't warrant just about anything in terms of identity-making, it reasonably warrant in our opinion peoples of French-Indian ancestry that managed to keep their Métis memories alive until now, holding often historical records containing the word "Métis," and still bearing attachment and cultural traits as Métis, to claim themselves as such without any sociologist or anthropologists telling them otherwise. Having personally met Acadian-Métis, I see no problem with them adopting such term (you're welcome Emilie). It suffices me that they see this name as complementing their Acadian moniker, a term HISTORICALLY used by Francois Edmé Rameau in 1890 to describe them as "distinct" communities composed of both Europeans and Micmac (Rameau describes them as "métis" to be clear, this, 5 years after the hanging of Riel. See Denis Jean, Ethnogenèse des Premiers Métis Canadiens [1603-1763]). Again, as Gaudry is suggesting above, it might be hard to know how these peoples called themselves then (especially as the British burned most of their historical records), but again some might suggest a similar challenge pointing to the ancestors of Gaudry or any other Métis, as this information is often pretty hard to find for any single individual—especially after a few generation of denial or attempted assimilation. To me, it is enough to converse in French with the Acadians that tell me they recognize themselves as "Acadian-Métis." In the parler I share with the Acadians, and so many of the common cultural markers we also share, it still makes a lot of sense to call ourselves "sang-mélés" and "Métis" beyond scholarly debates. Of course, if the Acadian-Métis would tell me that they are the ONLY "Métis" there is because they would claim to be the first that actually ever fitted, let say, the contemporary Powley definition, then obviously I would oppose such move, as I am opposing similar moves from the Prairies. But, to be clear, no "Acadian-Métis" I have met have suggested such arrogating interpretation to me. And I do have friends from the Prairies that welcome "Acadian-Métis" at their tables. So there you go. To conclude, I, for one, appreciate a more prudent and open-minded disposition toward "Métis" identity across Canada. I see other historical French-Indian communities that have emerged during the Fur Trade era, and who share so many cultural markers associated with Métis as per defined by Louis Riel, as having a fundamental right to embrace and valorize their heritage as "Métis." In short, the so-called other Métis have the right to embrace their own awakening as "Métis," along their own historical trajectories; and I am afraid that no "historical" argument have the power to convince me otherwise—simply because policing Métis identity in the 21th century is not the outcome of a historical demonstration, but a political project that uses historical interpretations and primitivist theories of collective consciousness to make us believe their "truth." We would have appreciated a more nuanced exposition by Jennifer Brown, otherwise know for her excellent scholarly work. ***This is only a small sample showing evidences of the wide usage of "Métis" beyond the Prairies, taken in many contexts. We have many more treasures. This is to give a counter-hint to the affirmation that there would be a lack of evidences on the historical usage of Métis in Bas-Canada, and elsewhere. It is also meant to offer a gently reminder that, respectfully, we also know who we are. And we are not the descendants of merely mixed-communities with some other names we should invest to please some. We have historical "rights" to the name, and more importantly the right to our own process of cultural revitalization. For a healthy debate, thank you. Seb Malette Carleton University --from Registre de paroisse Ste Genevieve (Berthierville, QC) 1807 173e B pierre metis L'an mil huit cent sept le trois novembre par moi pretre soussigne a ete baptise pierre age de douze ans ne aux pays d'en haut d'un pere european et d'une mere sauvagesse, presente par pierre mailloux marchand & voyageur au nom d'william m'gilvraie (William McGillivray) Ngt? Le parrein charles piet n'a su signer; la marreine marie anne huberdeau grenet a signe avec le presentateur pierre St valier Mailloux Marieanne grenet pouget ptre --From: The Montreal Daily Witness, May 11, 1878 "There exists a conspiracy in the village of Caughnawaga against the Canadians and the half-breeds (Metis) of this village; that the notices posted upon the church doors of the village contained serious threats (menaces) not only against the properties of the Metis, but they also threatened their lives; that there is no good or fundamental reason for the origin (naissance) of such conspiracy, as all the Canadians and Metis are honest, respectable and industrious; that the fire which destroyed the property of Ozias Meloche and in which he perished, was no doubt the act of an incendiary; that the deceased Ozias Meloche was destined to be the first victim upon whom the conspirators were to vent and exercise their cruelty and vengeance (barbarie); that the Chiefs of the Iroquois tribe of Caughnawaga are blamable in not having suppressed and publicly disapproved and condemned the posting of these notices, and it is to be regretted that inquest. And we humbly pray that the Government will take and adopt the necessary measures for the protection of the individuals whom the conspirators desire and are determined to oppress and persecute." --From a text attributed to Gédéon de Cologne. Poore, B. P. (1883). Collection de manuscrits contenant lettres, mémoires, et autres documents historiques relatifs à la Nouvelle-France: 1492-1712. Québec: Impr. A. Coté et cie. "Quelques années aprez, le nommé Dubeau, Canadien, un des plus forts du païs, métis, fils d'un François et d'une huronne, qui avoit esté gardé de Monsieur de Frontenac, estant allé aux Outaouacs, estant à la chasse, y fut pris par les Iroquois qui le lièrent et comme il sçavoit parler leur langue il s'entretenoit avec eulx et s'attira un peu leur confiance et n'estoit plus sy serré. " -- from 1861 Baptism, in Quebec - (from registre de paroisse Notre-Dame-du-Lac, Roberval QC) B 37. Hubert Jourdain, Métis "Le vingt quatre Decembre, mil huit cent soixante & un, Nous Pretre, soussigne avons baptise Hubert, ne depuis un mois du legitime mariage de Francois Jourdain, Chasseur, & Christine, sauvage Montagnais, de cette mission. Parrain Hubert Villeneuve, marraine Marie Heron, qui n'ont su signer. Le Pere present n'a su signer. L. Bernier ptre miss." --Death certificate 1886, in Quebec Ile Bizarre 1886, death record of ancestor Louis Boileau, described by priest as "Métis, autrement dit Sauvage." --From Russel Bouchard, historien, La communauté métisse de Chicoutimi: fondements historiques et culturels. Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Russel Bouchard, 2005, 153 p. The census is Saguenay of 1851, reproduced in the book, contains a significant amount of families designated/self-identifying as "Métis." This community is now before the Court to have their rights recognized... http://classiques.uqac.ca/collection_histoire_SLSJ/bouchard_russel/communaute_metisse_chicoutimi_2005/metis_chicoutimi.html


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A federal grand jury has been convened to hear evidence in a criminal investigation focused on whether pitching great Roger Clemens lied to congressional investigators last year, ABC News has confirmed.
The probe is examining contradicting statements made by Clemens and other witnesses before a House Committee examining steroids in baseball.
Former Clemens trainer Brian McNamee told Rep. Henry Waxman's House committee last year that he injected the "Rocket" with anabolic steroids and HGH. Clemens testified that it was vitamin B12 injections. Clemens's own testimony also contradicted that of Andrew Pettitte, a former Yankee's teammate who told Waxman's committee that Clemens admitted he had taken HGH in the late 1990s and 2000.
During the February 13, 2008, hearing Rep. Elijah Cummings, D-Md., asked Clemens, "In his deposition, Mr. Pettitte said he had a conversation with you in 1999 or 2000 in which you admitted that you used H.G.H. Is this true?"
"It is not," Clemens told the committee.
According to officials briefed on the matter, testimony in the grand jury case is expected to take place later this month. Reports of the federal investigation into Clemens's testimony were first reported on ESPN.com.
The Clemens Justice Department inquiry, which is being run by the U.S. Attorney's office in Washington, could pose an interesting issue for Clemens attorney Lanny Breuer, who represented Clemens last year. Breuer is rumored to be Obama's pick to run the Justice Department's Criminal Division, which oversees criminal investigations.
It's unclear if Breuer still represents Clemens.
Last February, the seven-time Cy Young Award winner gave private testimony, under oath, to congressional lawyers behind closed doors.
Witnesses have been subpoenaed to appear before the grand jury as early as this week. The jurors are expected to review evidence presented by assistant U.S. attorney Daniel P. Butler and determine whether there is probable cause to return an indictment for perjury. Butler was in the news last April for successfully prosecuting a racketeering and money-laundering case against Deborah Jean Palfrey, dubbed "the D.C. Madam."
Those expected to either testify in front of the grand jury or to be interviewed by Butler and FBI agents include McNamee, and admitted drug supplier Kirk Radomski. Charlie Scheeler or other investigators who helped assemble the Mitchell report, Major League Baseball's inquiry into performance-enhancing drug use that first publicly identified Clemens for allegedly taking steroids, could also be called before the grand jury.
Prosecutors are also likely to confer with Food and Drug Administration agent Jeff Novitzky, the government's lead investigator in a series of sports-doping cases over the past five years. Novitzky attended the four-hour hearing last February during which Clemens and McNamee offered conflicting testimony about the pitcher's alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs.
It is not known whether Clemens himself will be invited to appear before the grand jury, though a former Washington federal prosecutor said the government could afford Clemens a chance to explain the contradictions and possibly avoid indictment. Should the grand jury eventually return an indictment, his appearance could also provide the prosecution a start in fleshing out Clemens's possible defense, the former prosecutor said.


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After a video of a Brooklyn man brutally kicking a cat was posted to Facebook last week, animal advocates alerted authorities, leading to the arrest of the man in the video footage by the New York City Police Department (NYPD).
Representatives of various animal welfare organizations, the Mayor's Alliance and the NYPD worked together to locate the injured cat, named King, seen in the video. The NYPD transported King to the ASPCA Animal Hospital (AAH) to undergo emergency veterinary care.
King is currently recovering at the ASPCA Animal Hospital and will continue to receive treatment and close monitoring as he heals. It is still too soon to discuss a timeline for King's adoptability.
This case reinforces the importance of reporting animal cruelty in a timely manner. To report animal cruelty in New York City, please dial 311 or call 911 to report crimes in progress. Please visit our Report Animal Cruelty page to learn how to report cruelty in other areas.
Animal cruelty is a crime in every state—if you see something, call 911. Please join our battle against animal cruelty today!
The ASPCA is contributing $5,000 toward a reward for information leading to an arrest and conviction in a gruesome cat killing case that stunned New York's Westchester County last week. On April 24, dozens of deceased cats in various states of decomposition were discovered in black plastic bags hanging from a tree in the community of Yonkers.
The ASPCA's reward is in addition to $13,250 being offered by the SPCA of Westchester, the lead agency on the case. Shannon Laukhuf, executive director of the SPCA of Westchester, announced the reward on Tuesday. Other organizations contributing to the reward include the Humane Society of the United States, the Animal Legal Defense Fund, the Defense of Animals Fund, and Alley Cat Allies.
"This is a truly disturbing case of animal cruelty," says Stacy Wolf, Senior Vice President of the ASPCA's Anti-Cruelty Group. "While our ultimate hope is that these types of heinous acts never occur, this is a message that cruelty toward animals will not be tolerated in our society. We thank the SPCA of Westchester for its commitment to finding justice for these innocent cats."
Anyone with information on this case is asked to call the SPCA of Westchester's confidential hotline at (914) 941-7797.
Please be vigilant in your community and report suspected animal abuse. Visit our Fight Cruelty section to learn which agencies are responsible for investigating and enforcing anti-cruelty laws in your area.
Photo courtesy of: SPCA of Westchester
The ASPCA applauds today's Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision in the case of Commonwealth v. Heather M. Duncan. The Court ruled that law enforcement can enter property without a warrant if they have a reasonable basis for believing that an animal's life is in danger, mirroring the "emergency aid" exception for warrants that already applies to the protection of human life.
The case was a result of an event that occurred on January 8, 2011. After receiving a call from a neighbor, police entered the front yard of the defendant, Ms. Duncan, without a warrant and removed three dogs that had been left outside in severely inclement weather. Two of the dogs were deceased, and one was extremely emaciated with no food or water. When the defendant was later charged with three counts of animal cruelty, she challenged the police's entry into her yard and any evidence gathered from the yard, arguing that law enforcement was required to get a warrant before entering the property.
The ASPCA filed an amicus curiae ("friend of the court") brief urging the Court to allow police to enter homes without a warrant when they believe an animal is injured or in imminent danger. "This important ruling appropriately empowers police to provide emergency aid to animals in peril and will encourage courts in states that have not yet decided this important issue to expand their animal protection laws," explains Jennifer Chin, Vice President of the ASPCA's Legal Advocacy department. "This is a major victory for animals in Massachusetts, and we're pleased to be able to play a role in this."
Want to stay up-to-date on the latest news about animal protection laws?
Sign up to receive our weekly newsletter, ASPCA News Alert - you'll receive important updates on what's going on and how you can make an impact to save animals' lives!
At the ASPCA Behavioral Rehabilitation Center in Madison, New Jersey, we work to treat fearful, undersocialized dogs who need our support before they're ready for adoption. We're thrilled to announce that three former victims of animal hoarding—Waffle, Juniper and Hillary—have completed our rehabilitation program and are looking for loving homes!
These adorable pups have come a long way on their road to recovery:
Waffle: Waffle, one of 100 dogs living in a studio apartment in New York, was rescued in April 2012. She spent time with multiple rescue groups and in a foster home, but she remained extremely fearful—especially around men. She was transferred to Second Chance Pet Adoption League, which brought her to us for rehabilitation. Waffle has come a long way, and will be graduating from the ASPCA Rehabilitation Center in a few short weeks!
Juniper: Juniper was rescued from a hoarding situation in Connecticut in May 2013 and taken in by Second Chance. She was extremely shy—she bolted away from people and was very fearful of handling and leashing. Second Chance brought her to the ASPCA Rehabilitation Center, where she recovered. Juniper is thriving in a foster home, and she can't wait to join a loving family.
Hillary: Known as a "Most Improved Pup," Hillary was rescued from a hoarding situation in New York and taken in by Second Chance. She was the shyest and most traumatized dog of the group of 19 dogs in her former home. In a foster home, Hillary remained extremely fearful of all people and wouldn't allow anyone to handle her. She was transferred to the ASPCA Rehabilitation Center in July 2013, and after extensive care and treatment, she graduated in January 2014!
Waffle, Juniper and Hillary are back with Second Chance waiting to find loving homes. All three dogs would do best with adult adopters who already have people-friendly, dog-friendly dogs. If you're interested in meeting one of these new graduates, contact Second Chance by email: [email protected] or by phone: 973.208.1054.
Note: You must be in the New Jersey area to adopt. Thanks for helping us find homes for these adorable dogs!
It's been all over the news: The glamour and excitement of the games in Sochi have come at the expense of thousands of innocent stray dogs. Ahead of the games, the government hired a private company to eliminate stray dogs from city streets.
Now, the athletes themselves are joining the public outcry and efforts to save these precious dogs. Last week, slopestyle skier Gus Kenworthy tweeted photos of four adorable stray puppies and their mother. (He them found hiding near the competition area.) The medalist pledged to bring the pups back to the States the moment he saw them.
We're so happy the pups now have a second chance. Thank you, Gus!
The action doesn't end there. ESPN correspondent Sarah Spain also saw the plight of the Sochi dogs and wanted to get involved helping homeless pets in her own community—so she's pitching in!
"Like many people I was heartbroken to learn about the stray dogs being killed in Sochi," says Spain. "While we may not be able to help those dogs, we can help homeless pets in our own backyard," she explains. "In honor of the Sochi dogs, I've teamed up with a dedicated group of celebrities to help raise funds for the ASPCA."
Thank you, Sarah and Gus. Your actions inspire us all.


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Step 1:
There's a real simple, cheap, and easy way to add ambient lighting to your existing large television. Just mount a small light bulb behind the television set. It's that simple.
Step 2: Diagonals
Different CFLs have different color temperatures (not the amount of power needed for the bulb but how "cool" or "warm" the color is of the white bulb) and you may want to experiment with different bulbs to see what bulb reflects best off of your wall.
For my setup I've run an extension cable to a switched outlet so I can turn the ambient light off when I don't want it. I could have used a colored bulb for different moods.
Step 3: Horizontals
With a TV parallel to the wall you'll want to mount something on each side of the television (speakers, bookcases, or cabinets) to prevent spillover light when somebody walks on the side of the television.
Step 4: Conclusions
I decided to use this approach because it's so simple, I had all of the parts already (net cash outlay – zilch) and it only took 15 minutes to install.
If I wanted to get fancy I could have made a small controller with three different color bulbs so I could change the ambient light color.
These views show a commercial HDTV with a built in ambient back light and my HDTV without and with the ambient back light in action.


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MISSOULA - Steve Bullock put on safety glasses and stepped past curlicues of shredded plastic carpeting on the factory floor of Diversified Plastics. Next to him, Brad Reid explained how the plastic gears his company makes are superior to steel ones traditionally used in machinery from ski lifts to wastewater plants.
To Bullock, the Democratic candidate for governor, Diversified Plastics illustrates what is right with the business climate in Montana, but it also shows where government can do better.
On the one hand, the Missoula-based company is a success story, growing from a garage-run business started by Reid's father to an export-driven manufacturer that saw revenues of $9 million last year. But Bullock recalled Reid telling him previously that information about the state's small-business programs was scattered and nearly incomprehensible.
"He said the same thing to me (then)," Bullock said. "'I have a business to run. I don't have time to try to figure out what options there are.' So we need to be more effective."
That's a central theme of the 46-year-old attorney general's campaign for governor: Montana is doing well compared to other states struggling to emerge from the Great Recession, but there are areas it can improve. The government must encourage small businesses so the state can diversify its economy, Bullock said.
"Part of it has been partnering with the government with some incentives. Part of it is to continue to invest in our education system," he said.
Bullock's Republican opponent, Rick Hill, said he believes the attorney general can't see just how hostile Montana's regulations are to businesses because Bullock has no business background. Hill, a former congressman, also said he, not Bullock, is more aligned with Gov. Brian Schweitzer's aggressive stance in developing Montana's natural resources.
"Whereas Steve gives lip service to that, his record suggests otherwise. You look at the people who are supporting him, trial lawyers, environmentalists, those groups that are supporting him, those are all the people who are opposed to energy development in Montana," Hill said.
After a career practicing law in both the public and private sectors and one term in elected office, Bullock wants to be Montana's next CEO. His Democratic peers call him one of the party's brightest young stars. They have been generous in bankrolling his campaign, and unlike Hill, Bullock faced token opposition to win his party's nomination.
Bullock has pledged to build on Schweitzer's success of consecutive years of growth and surpluses, and he has even borrowed some of the governor's ideas, such as promising a one-time $400 homeowner rebate. But Bullock also has set out to show he would be his own man, one who would bring people together, compared to Schweitzer, who seems to revel in butting heads with Republican legislative leaders.
"Let's try to find the areas where we can agree," he said. "I'll certainly take a firm stand and pull out the veto pen when necessary, but also try to focus on where we want the state to be."
After graduating from Columbia University's law school in 1994, Bullock took a job with a New York law firm in hopes of quickly paying down his school debt, which topped $100,000. But he moved back to Helena less than three years later after learning his father had advanced cancer.
Bullock worked first as chief legal counsel for the secretary of state's office, then moved to the Department of Justice under Attorney General Joe Mazurek. It was there, standing in a courtroom, that the pull for public service manifested itself for the first time.
"I got to stand up and say, 'I'm Steve Bullock, I'm representing the state of Montana.' I thought, 'What a great job,'" he said.
Bullock decided to run for attorney general in 2000. He lost to Mike McGrath, who is now the chief justice for the Montana Supreme Court. Bullock stayed with the attorney general's office for another year before taking a job with a private law firm in Washington. He still had that law school debt to pay off, but he and his wife, Lisa, eventually moved back to Montana to raise a family.
Bullock opened his own practice and, in 2008, ran again for attorney general, this time defeating Tim Fox. Fox is the Republican nominee for the office again this year.
Bullock counts multiple multimillion-dollar settlements with prescription drug companies and legislation he backed dealing with repeat drunken driving offenders as among his biggest accomplishments.
On a recent day in Missoula, Bullock visited two other businesses besides Diversified Plastics before hustling to make a University of Montana political science lecture and two more stops in the Republican stronghold of Hamilton. He devotes at least two to three hours to his day job while on the trail.
He's also got a third job: Dad to three kids ages 10, 8 and 6. No matter where the campaign trail ends each day, he tries to make it back to Helena so he can see his children in the morning.
"Just because it's 10 o'clock in Billings, we'll still drive back just to try to keep some sense of normalcy, as much as it can stay normal," he said.


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Husband of One Wife? Are you
SAVED? Really?? Wrong
Division? Divorced & Remarried in the Ministry?
Am I Going to Heaven?
Key to understanding Your Bible Stand in Awe, and Sin Not Your Security Forgiveness...UNLIMITED! Identity Theft of the Believer!
The Bible...The First GPS Navigator Our Vile Body? False Salvation? Remarried Preachers Follow after a Doctor?
The Media, The Broadcasts, & Sin? Life is in the Blood? Open Prison Doors Members in Particular!
Modern Versions of the Bible Corrupt Pauline Doctrine (PDF)
The preaching of the cross, Christ and him crucified, redemption through the blood of Christ, the forgiveness of sins. Christ made to be sin for us, that we might be made the righteousness
of God in H im. God has reconciled the world unto himself, not imputing their trespasses unto them; therefore, not the baptism with water unto repentance, but forgiveness of sins through
the finished cross work of Christ. In this, the Dispensation of the Grace of God, all whosoever will, can simply BELIEVE on Jesus Christ for the TOTAL and COMPLETE FORGIVENESS
of ALL sins. God is willing to see ALL men and women SAVED, and NONE to perish, but He will not force any to be SAVED. We all have the FREE will and choice, and upon that,
God allows us to chose to believe on or reject Jesus Christ His Son.
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Seen At 11: Do Animals Experience Emotions Like Humans Do?
From happiness to sadness to anxiety and empathy CBS 2's Maurice DuBois explored animals and emotion.
Dr. Max Gomez: What Is Your Dog Really Thinking?
You only have to go to one of the many dog runs in the city to find people with opinions on the mental capabilities of their pets.


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We generate prosperity, with social and environmental responsability
About Vale
Vale produces the best quality iron ore in the world
We provide career opportunities in a challenging, dynamic work environment. Come and be part of our history!
Home • About Vale • News
Vale's CEO, Murilo Ferreira, is on the cover of this week's issue of the magazine Exame. The focus of the story is the challenge of large Brazilian companies to reduce excesses and return to efficiency. To accomplish this, the first task of the CEO, upon assuming the helm of Vale, was to establish priorities. According to Ferreira, he soon perceived that everything was too complex. "It was not difficult to decide that simplicity would be the foundation of my administration."
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The Point Richmond Music Festival- June 14th, 2013
The historic town of Point Richmond is a Bay Area treasure. Nestled on the eastern side of the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge between Highways 580 and 80, the town is home to a number of historic landmarks. Every summer on the second Friday of the month, the historic district come alive with music courtesy of the Point Richmond Music Festival.
Irie Fuse on stage
Opening night featured the sound of Marin based band IrieFuse who got the crowd on their feet almost immediately with their reggae rhythms and their infectious enthusiasm. A local restaurant The Baltic served up wine and beer plus some concert fare from their kitchens. The 300 plus attendees included locals as well people who had ventured to town for a bit of music to kick-off their weekend. Kids listened to the music while chalking colorful pictures on the sidewalk.
Andre Thierry and Zydeco Magic playing on stage
Andre Thierry and Zydeco Magic playing on stage
Next up was Bay Area legend Andre Thierry and Zydeco Magic. Andre has been an important figure in preserving the Creole Zydeco culture which was brought to Richmond during WWII. He was recently honored by the City of Richmond with the Historic Preservation award for keeping zydeco alive. Sitting down was not an option for this set. Zydeco is a blend of Cajun music, blues and R&B. The music charged up the crowd who were dancing in the streets while the sun began to set over the Golden Gate.
Dedicated Volunteers Christina Zirker and Andrew Butt
Christina Zirker busy organizing the Raffle
Sydney Metrick on stage with the raffle prize wine and beer gift basket in the front
We raffled off our California Party Time Wine and Beer Gift Basket to one lucky concert-goer and we will give one away every concert. Don't miss next month's concert July 12th featuring Twice As Good and Willie G.. Concerts are free and begin at 5:30 pm at the corner of Park Place and Washington Ave.
My California Delicious was the legendary Andre Thierry and the magic he brought to the event. Truly spectacular!
Travel Time-
2 hours from Sacramento
Under 1 hour San Francisco
About 6 hours from Los Angeles
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The Hurt Locker
Release date: (New York and LA) Friday June 26, 2009 /(Wide Release) Friday July 10, 2009
Genre: Drama
Running time: 130 min.
Director: Kathryn Bigelow
Studio: Maple Pictures/Summit Entertainment
Screenplay: Mark Boal
Producer(s): Greg Shapiro, Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Nicolas Chartier
Cast: Jeremy Renner, Anthony Mackie, Brian Geraghty, Ralph Fiennes, David Morse, Evangeline Lilly, Guy Pearce
Official Site: thehurtlocker-movie.com
Rating: R for war violence and language
Available film art: The Hurt Locker movie posters
"The Hurt Locker," winner of the 2008 Venice Film Festival SIGNIS Grand Prize, is a riveting, suspenseful portrait of the courage under fire of the military's unrecognized heroes: the technicians of a bomb squad who volunteer to challenge the odds and save lives in one of the world's most dangerous places. Three members of the Army's elite Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) squad battle insurgents and each other as they search for and disarm a wave of roadside bombs on the streets of Baghdad—in order to try and make the city a safer place for Iraqis and Americans alike. Their mission is clear—protect and save—but it's anything but easy, as the margin of error when defusing a war-zone bomb is zero. This thrilling and heart-pounding look at the effects of combat and danger on the human psyche is based on the first-hand observations of journalist and screenwriter Mark Boal, who was embedded with a special bomb unit in Iraq. These men spoke of explosions as putting you in "the hurt locker.
Acclaimed director Kathryn Bigelow brings together groundbreaking realistic action and intimate human drama in a landmark film starring Jeremy Renner ("Dahmer," "The Assassination of Jesse James"), Anthony Mackie ("Half Nelson," "We Are Marshall") and Brian Geraghty ("We Are Marshall," "Jarhead"), with cameo appearances by Ralph Fiennes ("The Reader"), David Morse ("John Adams"), Evangeline Lilly ("Lost") and Guy Pearce ("Memento"). "The Hurt Locker" is produced by Kathryn Bigelow, Mark Boal, Greg Shapiro and Nicolas Chartier. The screenplay is written by Mark Boal ("In the Valley of Elah," story). Barry Ackroyd, BSC ("United 93," "The Wind That Shakes the Barley") is director of photography. Production designer is Karl Juliusson ("K19: The Widowmaker," "Breaking the Waves"). Editors are Bob Murawski ("Spider-Man 2," "Spider-Man 3″) and Chris Innis. Costume designer is George Little ("Jarhead," "Crimson Tide"). Music is by Academy Award Nominee Marco Beltrami ("Knowing") and Buck Sanders ("3:10 to Yuma"), and sound design by Academy Award Nominee Paul N.J. Ottosson ("Spider-Man 2," "Spider-Man 3″).
In the summer of 2004, Sergeant J.T. Sanborn (Anthony Mackie) and Specialist Owen Eldridge (Brian Geraghty) of Bravo Company are at the volatile center of the war, part of a small counterforce specifically trained to handle the homemade bombs, or Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), that account for more than half of American hostile deaths and have killed thousands of Iraqis. The job, a high-pressure, high-stakes assignment, which soldiers volunteer for, requires a calm intelligence that leaves no room for mistakes, as they learn when they lose their team leader on a routine mission.
When Staff Sergeant William James (Jeremy Renner) cheerfully takes over the team, Sanborn and Eldridge are shocked by what seems like his reckless disregard for military protocol and basic safety measures. And yet, in the fog of war, appearances are never reliable for long. Is James really a swaggering cowboy who lives for peak experiences and the moments when the margin of error is zero – or is he a consummate professional who has honed his esoteric craft to high-wire precision? As the fiery chaos of Baghdad threatens to engulf them, the men struggle to understand and contain their mercurial new leader long enough for them to make it home. They have only 38 days left in their tour, but with each new mission comes another deadly encounter, and as James blurs the line between bravery and bravado, it seems only a matter of time before disaster strikes.
With a visual and emotional intensity that makes audiences feel like they have been transported to Iraq's dizzying, 24-hour turmoil, The Hurt Locker is both a gripping portrayal of real-life sacrifice and heroism, and a layered, probing study of the soul-numbing rigors and potent allure of the modern battlefield.
Tags: movie poster, movie trailer, the hurt locker


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Man and woman charged with endangering their children after drugs found inside apartment
CORPUS CHRISTI - A wanted man and his girlfriend were arrested Friday night on suspicion of possession of a controlled substance and endangerment of their children, Corpus Christi police Lt. Tim Brown said.
Brown said they were completing surveillance in the 5400 block of South Alameda Street on Friday when they saw the man enter an apartment.
"We went to the apartment and had to force our way in because his girlfriend refused to open the door and was blocking it," Brown said.
Brown said a search warrant was issued and once police were inside, about 1 gram of cocaine and a small amount of marijuana was found.
The couple's two children, a 1-year-old and a 3-year-old also were in the apartment.
Brown said a K-9 officer also indicated drugs were in the couple's car and it was impounded to be searched.
Michael Salas, 28, and Misty Rangel, 28, both were charged with possession of a controlled substance and abandonment and endangerment of a child, police said.
Rangel also was charged with hindrance of apprehension and Salas has a parole violation, police said.
Their children were staying with relatives, police said.
Salas and Rangel were taken to the Nueces County Jail. Rangel's bail was set at $6,500 and Salas' bail was set at $3,000. He was not given a bail amount for his parol violation, jail officials said.
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Fill Out Your 2012 Michigan Deer Harvest Survey
The little blue surveys have gone out and a lucky 50,000 or so hunters have been asked to provide detailed information about their 2012 deer hunting season in Michigan. Three even luckier hunters that fill out this survey and return it to the DNR by Feb. 15 will be eligible to win a shotgun, muzzleloader, or bow donated by the Safari Club International Michigan Involvement Committee.
It's important to be on the lookout for these mailed deer surveys because they are a key component to estimating the Michigan deer harvest each year, which feeds into season regulations the following year. With the survey information reported each year, combined with check station data and biological monitoring in the field, the DNR has a fairly precise set of data (within +/- 5% accuracy) in which to manage the deer population.
So how do you get one? Each year, the DNR randomly selects individuals who had purchased a Michigan deer hunting license (firearm, archery, antlerless, or combination deer hunting licenses) and had not already voluntarily reported harvest information via the Internet. Hunters receiving the questionnaire were asked the same 6 questions as asked via the internet.
Hunters that do not receive a survey in the mail but wish to provide their hunting and harvest information may visit www.michigan.gov/deer and select the Deer Harvest Reporting Form link. It is important to fill this survey out even if you didn't hunt or weren't successful, all of this is data goes into making predictions of future deer populations and harvest success rates more accurate.
MUCC urges our members and the public to take this survey each year to provide the best possible data to the DNR. We'll let you know the results around May or June once it is all compiled.


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Sunday Brunch: Bacon-Wrapped Toads in a Leek-Filled Hole
Looks great. Always up for a new toad in the hole recipe. One challenges I find is that you can never get that real "British Banger" flavor from many of the sausages here in the states. Do you have a go-to sausage that you prefer for this recipe?


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Acrylic on canvas
Great design.
Bo, comparing to your other works, I really like here your move from angular to circular lines, and the accent more on horizontal than vertical ones - this feels so calm and relaxing. Lovely work, happy painting everyone.
Thank you both!
I was relaxed when I painted it. After starting with the actual painting inspiration came to me from the Arctic and the Beluga Whales, and that part was not there when I made the sketch.
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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at EDGER9
DGER9 / Real Life Fantasies: Today's hottest men in real life situations! Hot Bodies! Big Dicks! Hard Sex!
6 Foot 5 Stud Cole Streets Is Taking a Nap and Dreaming About Fucking Some Boy Ass.. Tony Hunter to the Rescue! He Is Hot for Cole and Goes Up to His Office to Sneak a Peek -in His Underwear - With His Hand In His Crotch. Cole Wakes Up With His Dick In Tony's Eager Throat and Becomes a Fuck Beast! Tony Gets Exactly What He Wanted and Then Some.
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