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A transmissive micromechanical device includes a substrate, an optical stack over the substrate and a moveable membrane over the optical stack. The moveable membrane may include a partially reflective mirror and be configured to move from a first position to a second position. When the movable membrane is in the first position the transmissive micromechanical device is configured to pass light of a predetermined color and when the movable membrane is in the second position, the micromechanical device is configured to block substantially all of light incident on the substrate.
1. A transmissive micromechanical device, comprising:
a substrate; a moveable membrane positioned on a first side of the substrate, the moveable membrane comprising a partially reflective mirror; and
a light source positioned on a second side of the substrate and configured to emit light incident on the second side of the substrate,
wherein the movable membrane is configured to move from a first position to a second position,
wherein with the movable membrane in the first position visible light of a desired wavelength range passes through the substrate and through the moveable membrane, and
wherein with the movable membrane in the second position substantially all of the visible light of the desired wavelenght range is blocked.
2. The transmissive micromechanical device of
3. The transmissive micromechanical device of
4. The transmissive micromechanical device of
5. The transmissive micromechanical device of
6. The transmissive micromechanical device of
7. The transmissive micromechanical device of
8. The transmissive micromechanical device of
9. The transmissive micromechanical device of
10. The transmissive micromechanical device of
11. The transmissive micromechanical device of
12. The transmissive micromechanical device of
13. The transmissive micromechanical device of
14. The transmissive micromechanical device of
15. A transmissive mechanical device, comprising a first optical stack and a second optical stack selectably separated by a gap, wherein the first optical stack comprises a substantially transparent substrate, a first low refractive index layer, and a first high refractive index layer, wherein the second optical stack comprises a substantially transparent substrate, a second low refractive index layer, and a second high refractive index layer, wherein the first optical stack comprises two layers of MgF2 and two layers of SiC, wherein a first of the MgF2 layers is disposed on the substrate, a first of the SiC layers is disposed on the first MgF2 layer, a second of the MgF2 layers is disposed on the first SiC layer, and a second of the SiC layers is disposed on the second MgF2 layer.
16. The transmissive mechanical device of
17. The transmissive mechanical device of
18. A transmissive mechanical device, comprising:
a first optical stack separated by a gap from a second optical stack;
a light source positioned on a first side of the first optical stack and configured to emit light through the first optical stack to the second optical stack; and
a lens configured to focus light exiting the second optical stack,
wherein the first optical stack comprises a glass substrate, at least one material with an index of refraction greater than 2 and at least one material with an index of refraction less than 1.3, and
wherein the second optical stack comprises at least one material with an index of refraction greater than 2 and at least one material with an index of refraction less than 1.3.
19. The transmissive mechanical device of
20. The transmissive mechanical device of
21. The transmissive mechanical device of
22. The transmissive mechanical device of
23. The transmissive mechanical device of
24. A transmissive interferometric modulator ("IMOD"), comprising:
a transparent substrate;
a first reflecting layer disposed on a first surface of the transparent substrate;
a movable membrane comprising a second reflecting layer, wherein the second reflecting layer and the first reflecting layer form a variable optical cavity; and
a light source, wherein the transparent substrate is positioned between the light source and the movable membrane, wherein the light source is configured to emit light incident of the transparent substrate,
wherein the variable optical cavity is adjusted as the movable membrane moves from a first position to a second position, and
wherein when the movable membrane is in the first position, the movable membrane allows transmission of wavelengths in the range of ultraviolet or infrared light, and absorbs substantially the entire wavelength range of incident visible light.
25. The transmissive IMOD of
26. The transmissive IMOD of
27. The transmissive IMOD of
28. The transmissive IMOD of
29. The transmissive IMOD of
30. The transmissive IMOD of
31. The transmissive IMOD of
32. The transmissive IMOD of
33. The transmissive IMOD of
34. The transmissive IMOD of
This is a non-provisional application, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/034,917, filed Mar. 7, 2008, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
1. Field of the Invention
The field of the invention relates to microelectromechanical systems ("MEMS").
2. Description of the Related Art
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) include micro mechanical elements, actuators, and electronics. Micromechanical elements may be created using deposition, etching, and/or other micromachining processes that etch away parts of substrates and/or deposited material layers or that add layers to form electrical and electromechanical devices. One type of MEMS device is called an interferometric modulator. As used herein, the term interferometric modulator or interferometric light modulator refers to a device that selectively absorbs and/or reflects light using the principles of optical interference. In certain embodiments, an interferometric modulator may include a pair of conductive plates, one or both of which may be transparent and/or reflective in whole or part and capable of relative motion upon application of an appropriate electrical signal. In a particular embodiment, one plate may include a stationary layer deposited on a substrate and the other plate may include a movable membrane separated from the stationary layer by an air gap. As described herein in more detail, the position of one plate in relation to another can change the optical interference of light incident on the interferometric modulator. Such devices have a wide range of applications, and it would be beneficial in the art to utilize and/or modify the characteristics of these types of devices so that their features can be exploited in improving existing products and creating new products that have not yet been developed.
In one aspect a transmissive micromechanical device includes a substrate, an optical stack over the substrate and a moveable membrane over the optical stack, wherein the moveable membrane includes a partially reflective mirror, and wherein the movable membrane is configured to move from a first position to a second position so that wherein when the movable membrane is in the first position the transmissive micromechanical device is configured to pass light of a predetermined color and wherein when the movable membrane is in the second position, the micromechanical device is configured to block substantially all of light incident on the substrate.
In another aspect a transmissive mechanical device includes a first optical stack and a second optical stack selectably separated by a gap, wherein the first optical stack includes a substantially transparent substrate, at least one low refractive index layer and at least one high refractive index layer and wherein the second optical stack includes a substantially transparent substrate, at least one low refractive index layer and at least one high refractive index layer.
In another aspect a transmissive mechanical device includes a first optical stack and a second optical stack separated by a gap, wherein the first optical stack includes a glass substrate, at least one material with an index of refraction greater than 2 and at least one material with an index of refraction less than 1.3 and wherein the second optical stack includes at least one material with an index of refraction greater than 2 and at least one material with an index of refraction less than 1.3.
In another aspect a transmissive interferometric modulator includes a transparent substrate, a first reflecting surface on the transparent substrate and a second reflecting surface disposed on a movable membrane such that the second reflecting surface and the first reflecting surface form a variable optical cavity.
In another aspect a transmissive interferometric modulator ("IMOD") includes a transparent substrate, a first reflecting surface disposed on the transparent substrate, a second reflecting surface on a movable membrane such that the second reflecting surface and the first reflecting surface form a variable optical cavity, wherein the interferometric modulator is configured to pass light of a predetermined color with the first reflecting surface disposed in a first position, and a semiconductor layer configured to absorb substantially all visible light incident on the substrate with the first reflecting surface disposed in a second position.
The following detailed description is directed to certain specific embodiments, however, the teachings herein can be applied in a multitude of different ways. In this description, reference is made to the drawings wherein like parts are designated with like numerals throughout. As will be apparent from the following description, the embodiments may be implemented in any device that is configured to display an image, whether in motion (for example, video) or stationary (for example, still image), and whether textual or pictorial. More particularly, it is contemplated that the embodiments may be implemented in or associated with a variety of electronic devices such as, but not limited to, mobile telephones, wireless devices, personal data assistants (PDAs), hand-held or portable computers, GPS receivers/navigators, cameras, MP3 players, camcorders, game consoles, wrist watches, clocks, calculators, television monitors, flat panel displays, computer monitors, auto displays (for example, odometer display, etc.), cockpit controls and/or displays, display of camera views (for example, display of a rear view camera in a vehicle), electronic photographs, electronic billboards or signs, projectors, architectural structures, packaging, and aesthetic structures (for example, display of images on a piece of jewelry). MEMS devices of similar structure to those described herein can also be used in non-display applications such as in electronic switching devices.
Certain embodiments as will be described below provide a transmissive backlit interferometric modulator display. In one embodiment, the backlit display includes a backlight and an array of transmissive interferometric modulators (IMODs). Each interferometric modulator includes a fixed optical stack and a movable optical stack. In a relaxed state the interferometric modulators cause light within the desire wavelength range to be transmitted while reflecting at least a portion of the remaining light. In an actuated state the interferometric modulators cause substantially all light within the desired wavelength range to be absorbed (for example, with a contrast ratio between the transmission state and the absorbing state of at least 10:1 in some embodiments). Such transmissive IMODs may utilize certain aspects of reflective IMODs that are described with respect to
One reflective interferometric modulator (IMOD) display comprising interferometric MEMS display elements is illustrated in
The depicted portion of the pixel array in
The optical stacks 16 a and 16 b (collectively referred to as optical stack 16), as referenced herein, may include several fused layers, which can include an electrode layer and one or more optical layers, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), a partially reflective layer, such as chromium (an absorber), and a transparent dielectric. The optical stack 16 is thus electrically conductive and may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate 20. The partially reflective layers can be formed from a variety of materials that are partially reflective such as various metals, semiconductors, and dielectrics. The partially reflective layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials, and each of the layers can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials.
The layers of the optical stack 16 may be patterned into parallel strips, and may form row electrodes in a display device as described further below. The movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b may be formed as a series of parallel strips of a deposited metal layer or layers (orthogonal to the row electrodes of 16 a, 16 b) deposited on top of posts 18 and an intervening sacrificial material deposited between the posts 18. When the sacrificial material is etched away, the movable reflective layers 14 a, 14 b are separated from the optical stacks 16 a, 16 b by a defined gap 19. A highly conductive and reflective material such as aluminum may be used for the reflective layers 14, and these strips may form column electrodes in a display device.
With no applied voltage, the gap 19 remains between the movable reflective layer 14 a and optical stack 16 a, with the movable reflective layer 14 a in a mechanically relaxed state, as illustrated by the pixel 12 a in
In one example, the processor 21 is also configured to communicate with an array driver 22. The array driver 22 may include a row driver circuit 24 and a column driver circuit 26 that provide signals to a display array or panel 30. The cross section of the array illustrated in
In some applications, a display frame may be created by asserting the set of column electrodes in accordance with the desired set of actuated pixels in the first row. A row pulse is then applied to the row 1 electrode, actuating the pixels corresponding to the asserted column lines. The asserted set of column electrodes is then changed to correspond to the desired set of actuated pixels in the second row. A pulse is then applied to the row 2 electrode, actuating the appropriate pixels in row 2 in accordance with the asserted column electrodes. The row 1 pixels are unaffected by the row 2 pulse, and remain in the state they were set to during the row 1 pulse. This may be repeated for the entire series of rows in a sequential fashion to produce the frame. Generally, the frames are refreshed and/or updated with new display data by continually repeating this process at some desired number of frames per second. A wide variety of protocols for driving row and column electrodes of pixel arrays to produce display frames are also well known and may be used in conjunction with the present invention.
In the
The display device 40 includes a housing 41, a display 30, an antenna 43, a speaker 45, an input device 48, and a microphone 46. The housing 41 is generally formed from any of a variety of manufacturing processes, including injection molding and vacuum forming. In addition, the housing 41 may be made from any of a variety of materials, including, but not limited to, plastic, metal, glass, rubber, and ceramic, or a combination thereof In one embodiment, the housing 41 includes removable portions (not shown) that may be interchanged with other removable portions of different color, or containing different logos, pictures, or symbols.
The display 30 of exemplary display device 40 may be any of a variety of displays, including a bi-stable display, as described herein. In other embodiments, the display 30 includes a flat-panel display, such as plasma, EL, OLED, STN LCD, or TFT LCD as described above, or a non-flat-panel display, such as a CRT or other tube device. However, for purposes of description, the display 30 includes an interferometric modulator display, as described herein.
The components of exemplary display device 40 are schematically illustrated in
The network interface 27 includes the antenna 43 and the transceiver 47 so that the exemplary display device 40 can communicate with one or more devices over a network. The network interface 27 may also have some processing capabilities to relieve requirements of the processor 21. The antenna 43 is any antenna for transmitting and receiving signals. In one example, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the IEEE 802.11 standard, including IEEE 802.11(a), (b), or (g). In another example, the antenna transmits and receives RF signals according to the BLUETOOTH standard. In the case of a cellular telephone, the antenna is designed to receive CDMA, GSM, AMPS, or other known signals that are used to communicate within a wireless cell phone network. The transceiver 47 pre-processes the signals received from the antenna 43 so that they may be received by and further manipulated by the processor 21. The transceiver 47 also processes signals received from the processor 21 so that they may be transmitted from the exemplary display device 40 via the antenna 43.
In an alternative example, the transceiver 47 can be replaced by a receiver. In yet another alternative, network interface 27 can be replaced by an image source, which can store or generate image data to be sent to the processor 21. For example, the image source can be a digital video disc (DVD) or a hard-disc drive that contains image data, or a software module that generates image data.
Processor 21 generally controls the overall operation of the exemplary display device 40. The processor 21 receives data, such as compressed image data from the network interface 27 or an image source, and processes the data into raw image data or into a format that is readily processed into raw image data. The processor 21 then sends the processed data to the driver controller 29 or to frame buffer 28 for storage. Raw data may refer to the information that identifies the image characteristics at each location within an image. For example, such image characteristics can include color, saturation, and gray-scale level.
In one example, the processor 21 includes a microcontroller, CPU, or logic unit to control operation of the exemplary display device 40. Conditioning hardware 52 generally includes amplifiers and filters for transmitting signals to the speaker 45, and for receiving signals from the microphone 46. Conditioning hardware 52 may be discrete components within the exemplary display device 40, or may be incorporated within the processor 21 or other components.
The driver controller 29 takes the raw image data generated by the processor 21 either directly from the processor 21 or from the frame buffer 28 and reformats the raw image data appropriately for high speed transmission to the array driver 22. Specifically, the driver controller 29 reformats the raw image data into a data flow having a raster-like format, such that it has a time order suitable for scanning across the display array 30. Then the driver controller 29 sends the formatted information to the array driver 22. Although a driver controller 29, such as a LCD controller, is often associated with the system processor 21 as a stand-alone Integrated Circuit (IC), such controllers may be implemented in many ways. They may be embedded in the processor 21 as hardware, embedded in the processor 21 as software, or fully integrated in hardware with the array driver 22.
The array driver 22 receives the formatted information from the driver controller 29 and reformats the video data into a parallel set of waveforms that are applied many times per second to the hundreds and sometimes thousands of leads coming from the display's x-y matrix of pixels.
In one example, the driver controller 29, array driver 22, and display array 30 are appropriate for any of the types of displays described herein. For example, driver controller 29 is a conventional display controller or a bi-stable display controller (for example, an interferometric modulator controller). In another example, array driver 22 is a conventional driver or a bi-stable display driver (for example, an interferometric modulator display). Driver controller 29 may be integrated with the array driver 22. Such is common in highly integrated systems such as cellular phones, watches, and other small area displays. In yet another example, display array 30 is a display array or a bi-stable display array (for example, a display including an array of interferometric modulators).
The input device 48 allows a user to control the operation of the exemplary display device 40. Input device 48 may include a keypad, such as a QWERTY keyboard or a telephone keypad, a button, a switch, a touch-sensitive screen, or a pressure- or heat-sensitive membrane. In one example, the microphone 46 is an input device for the exemplary display device 40. When the microphone 46 is used to input data to the device, voice commands may be provided by a user for controlling operations of the exemplary display device 40.
Power supply 50 can include a variety of energy storage devices as are well known in the art. For example, power supply 50 may be a rechargeable battery, such as a nickel-cadmium battery or a lithium ion battery. In another example, power supply 50 is a renewable energy source, a capacitor, or a solar cell including a plastic solar cell, and solar-cell paint. In another example, power supply 50 is configured to receive power from a wall outlet.
In some examples, control programmability resides, as described above, in a driver controller which can be located in several places in the electronic display system. In some examples, control programmability resides in the array driver 22. The above-described optimizations may be implemented in any number of hardware and/or software components and in various configurations.
The details of the structure of interferometric modulators that operate in accordance with the principles set forth above may vary widely. For example,
As shown in
Some applications may include a large display (for example, a large rectangular display of greater than about 14 inches by 16 inches for television or multimedia applications) that may be viewed well in conditions of reduced ambient illumination. For such applications, reflective displays such as described above with respect to
Certain embodiments described below provide a transmissive backlit interferometric modulator or backlit interferometric modulator display comprising a plurality of interferometric modulator structures. In one embodiment the backlit display includes a backlight and an array of transmissive interferometric modulator structures, each interferometric modulator comprising a fixed and a moving optical stack. The transmissive interferometric modulators cause light within the desired wavelength range to be transmitted while absorbing at least a portion of the remaining light. Embodiments relating to a transmissive interferometric modulator display may be incorporated in a display application such as described above with regard to
One embodiment of a stack of optical films within a transmissive interferometric modulator 54 is illustrated in
In operation, a pixel of the transmissive interferometric modulator display is in either a bright or a dark state. A light source illuminating the display element and a user of the display element (not shown) may be located on different sides of the display element. In the bright ("on" or "open") state, the display element transmits a large portion of incident visible light to the user in the desired wavelength range. When in the dark ("off" or "closed") state, the display elements block substantially all light to the user. Depending on the embodiment, the light transmission properties of the "on" and "off" states may be reversed. In some embodiments MEMS pixels are configured to transmit predominantly at selected colors, allowing for a color display in addition to black and white.
In some embodiments, an interferometric modulator display includes a row/column array of these transmissive interferometric modulators. Each interferometric modulator includes a pair of transmissive layers positioned at a variable and controllable distance from each other to form a resonant optical gap with at least one variable dimension. In one embodiment, one of the transmissive layers may be moved between two positions. In the first position, referred to herein as the relaxed position, the movable transmissive layer is positioned at a relatively large distance from a fixed transmissive layer. In the second position, referred to herein as the actuated position, the moveable transmissive layer is positioned more closely adjacent to the fixed transmissive layer. Incident light that transmits through the two layers interferes constructively or destructively depending on the height of the gap between the fixed and movable layers, producing either an overall transmissive or non-transmissive state for each pixel in a desired wavelength range. A pixel passes light of a particular wavelength range in the transmissive state and blocks substantially all visible light over the same wavelength range in the non-transmissive state. In certain embodiments the movable transmissive layer may move to a third position other than the relaxed position and the actuated position.
In the transmissive interferometric modulator 54, the movable transmissive layer 57 in a relaxed position is at a predetermined distance from the fixed transmissive layer 55. The transmissive layers 55 and 57, as referenced herein, may be formed from a variety of materials that are partially transparent such as various dielectrics and/or transparent conductive oxides (for example, ITO). In some embodiments, the transmissive layers 55 and 57 are formed from transparent dielectrics.
The transmissive layers 55 and 57 are operatively coupled to electrodes that provide for electrostatic actuation to vary the distance between transmissive layers 55 and 57. In some embodiments the transmissive layers 55 and 57 are operatively connected to ring-shaped electrodes (not shown), where the electrodes surround the transmissive layers 55 and 57. For example, in an embodiment similar to that shown in
In one embodiment, the electrodes include electrically conductive material, for example, light absorbing metal or metal oxide. The electrodes may include substantially transparent metal or metal oxide, for example, zinc oxide or ITO. The electrodes may be shaped similarly and aligned with each other such that the electrodes attract each other under electrostatic forces. The electrodes may be ring-shaped such that light transmitted through the transmissive layers can pass through a center transmissive portion surrounded by the electrodes. The center transmissive portion defines the optically active area of one exemplary transmissive interferometric modulator, which is the area of the interferometric modulator where incident light is interferometrically modulated by the movable and fixed transmissive layers. The remainder of the interferometric modulator display is referred to as a non-active area. Electrode configurations other than ring-shaped may also be used for the electrodes.
The transmissive layers 55 and 57 and the electrodes may be fabricated, for example, by depositing one or more of the above layers onto a transparent substrate. Each layer can be formed of one or more layers of materials and can be formed of a single material or a combination of materials.
The movable electrode may be connected to a supporting structure in various ways. For example, in some embodiments the corners of the electrode may be attached to supports through tethers.
With no applied voltage differential across the electrodes, a gap remains between the movable transmissive layer 55 and fixed transmissive layer 57. However, when a potential difference is applied across the electrodes, electrostatic forces pull the electrodes together. If the voltage is high enough, the tether is deformed and the moveable electrode is forced against the fixed electrode, so that the movable transmissive layer 57 which moves along with the electrode is thus forced against the fixed transmissive layer 55. The behavior is the same regardless of the polarity of the applied potential difference. Therefore, the combination of two partially transmissive layers separated by an air gap may be used to pass light within a wavelength range while absorbing light outside the range.
In one embodiment the display is configured to recycle at least a portion of the light emitted from the backlight. For example, light incident on non-active areas of the pixel from the backlight may be reflected back to the backlight by a reflective black mask. Light incident on active areas of the pixel from the back light may be reflected by one or more of the two transmissive layers 55 and 57 and may re-enter the backlight. The back-reflected light can be recycled and can enter the array of interferometric modulators for a second time in an active area.
Another embodiment of a transmissive interferometric modulator 74 is illustrated in
Projection IMOD
Projection display systems may include IMOD modulators. The attributes of the projection displays may be particularly adapted to the IMOD characteristics.
Two common spatial light modulators (SLMs) in use today are liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and digital micromirror devices (DMDs). There are several different types of LCDs in use while the DMD™ is a unique device provided by Texas Instruments, Inc. Three types of common LCDs are transmissive, which are based on two glass panes, reflective, which are based on two glass panes, and reflective, which are based on a glass pane bonded to a silicon substrate. The latter reflective types are normally referred to as a liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) devices.
All liquid crystal devices suffer from light-throughput inefficiency due to (1) use of polarized light, (2) realities of low aperture ratios and/or (3) inherently low optical transmissions of materials used to create the parallel-plate LCD structure. Further, the response time of LCD materials, although continually improving, can be slow relative to video speeds. The Texas Instruments device mentioned above has advantages including both an inherently higher optical throughput and a fast response time. Thus, it can be made on silicon substrates and the device may be small to keep costs low. This leads to low aperture ratios. Also, the most common DMD-based products use one device in a color field sequential fashion to avoid having to use three devices to modulate separate red, green and blue channels. The above factors lead to illumination inefficiencies on the order of those found in LCD-based projectors. In fact, when viewing competing LCD and DMD products, performances of each are found to be generally the same. The performance of each is deemed adequate and sales of both products are strong.
Nevertheless, it can be desirable to lower the cost of these modulators, lower the cost of the entire projection system and reduce power consumption. Each of these goals can be accomplished if the illumination systems were more efficient.
As mentioned above, costs have been lowered by using single devices (Texas Instruments) and keeping LCD sizes small (various manufacturers). These approaches limit performance, but run counter to a goal of lowering power consumption. Additionally, there has been extensive innovation in projector architecture. Unfortunately, new architectures may include extensive retooling costs to yield only marginal performance gains.
The red light passing through first transmissive IMOD 224A, the green light passing through second transmissive IMOD 224B and the blue light passing through third transmissive IMOD 224C are all recombined in combiner cube 232. Light exiting the combiner cube 232 is inverted and brought to focus by the lens group comprised of second lens 226B and third lens 226C. In some embodiments a combiner cube 232 uses a color rotator architecture of the type disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0157265, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The color rotator architecture uses a plurality of transparent cubes separated by polarization rotating films or notch films to combine the components of red, green and blue light into white light exiting the combiner cube 232. In some embodiments the transparent cubes are coated with an antireflection coating.
In some embodiments the individual red, green, and blue color beams are combined in the temporal domain rather than the geometric domain by use of a rotating prism cube of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,514, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The prism assembly has four equal flat sides and is rotated about its central longitudinal axis. The rotation of the prism assembly causes red, green and blue band of colors to be scanned downwardly (or upwardly) in a sequential manner by refraction.
In some embodiments, temporal combining is accomplished through the use of a rotating disk architecture to combine red, green and blue light. Some types of rotating disk architecture are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,870,581, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In some embodiments, a combiner cube 232 uses a color prism architecture. As with the architectures referenced above, the color prism architecture is used to combine the red, green and blue light into white light exiting the combiner cube 232 in a single direction. Some types of color prism architecture are disclosed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0081178, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
Since the divergence angle of the illumination source can be controlled in a projector (as opposed to the situation in a direct view display illuminated by ambient light) there may be no requirement to affix diffusing films to IMOD displays used for projection. In fact, the color dependence of the IMOD over incident light angle can be exploited in the projection situation. Very narrow beams can lead to highly saturated colors, and broader beams can lead to brighter, less saturated colors. The systems designer can make trade-offs based on this situation. This is a different situation than in current projectors where wider angle beams can also lead to brighter colors albeit at the expense of lower contrast ratios and deteriorating black levels.
Transmissive IMOD displays can be especially effective, since projection systems discriminate against the type of front surface reflections that challenge the design of direct view displays that might utilize transmissive IMOD SLMs.
The low cost of IMOD SLMs fabricated on large sheets of glass offer another design advantage. Not limited by cost to very small sizes (as are the DMD and LCOS devices), larger panels can be used to exploit area-modulation in order to achieve high bit depths beyond the reach of competing technology.
Since the IMOD begins with an optical stack, fabrication economies can be introduced. Most projectors have a cold mirror in the illumination optical system to avoid transferring unnecessary heat to the SLM. In some embodiments the cold mirror may be fabricated as part of the front surface of the IMOD to reduce parts count in the final projector assembly.
In the projection application the IMOD has no significant SLM size restriction. Smaller SLMs usually lead to smaller projection systems, but extreme smallness has no particular advantage in large projection systems. The IMOD SLM can be size adapted to every application. This allows optimal performance in every application.
An IMOD can trade-off color performance without direct and strong impact on contrast ratio performance.
An IMOD has the possibility of both area-array and pulse width modulation. This allows the device to be optimized for both high power and low power application.
Dielectric Interferometric Modulators for Large Screen Displays
Large screen IMOD display devices may be used in connection with television and computer monitors. In some embodiments these devices are connected to mains service (100-110 VAC or greater than 200V—for example, in the United Kingdom or Europe), thus power is of minimal concern relative to the constraints applied to portable, battery-powered devices. In some embodiments the displays may use pulse-width-modulation technique to achieve grey scale. In some embodiments the pulse-width-modulation drive requires short fame time and/or highly conductive row and column traces. In some embodiments the devices are back-lit devices. In some embodiments the devices include transmissive IMODs with multi-layer film stacks.
In some embodiments an IMOD can use two dielectric mirrors (instead of metallic mirrors) to transmit at each pixel a selected color band while reflecting all other wavelengths. An array of these modulator elements can be used with a co-designed backlight to form a transmissive backlit display.
Large, direct-view displays are almost universally self-emissive or backlit. Such displays, especially those designed for television applications, are often viewed in conditions of reduced ambient illumination. This puts reflective displays at a disadvantage in these applications because reflective displays may include frontlights, and frontlight performance suffers when applied to large diagonal screens. There are ways to backlight a reflective IMOD display, but they tend to be inefficient and diminish the perceived performance of the IMOD.
There are various current backlight approaches for reflective IMODs. A first approach involves placing inward facing reflectors on a front surface of the IMOD substrate and illuminating the inward facing reflectors by forcing light from behind a backplate through small apertures around the IMOD pixels. Such light can then be reflected onto the pixels. This approach can probably only illuminate the edge of the pixels. It can be inefficient and lead to a visible "coring" effect.
A second approach involves placing back-facing emitters on the front surface of the IMOD substrate. This can be logistically complex, can hurt the IMOD optical performance, and may still not result in a favorable viewing experience.
There are also methods of using the IMOD structures (such as the support posts) to pipe light form the back to the front of the IMOD, but all such approaches compromise the design.
The mechanical layer from the architecture similar to those illustrated in
As in conventional IMODs, the optical stacks (the one or more stationary optical stacks 360 and the one or more movable optical stacks 362) are designed so that as the two dielectric stacks are pulled together the resonant wavelength moves out of the visible spectrum—rendering the mirror black to the viewer's eye. The combination of the one or more stationary optical stacks 360 and the one or more movable optical stacks 362 may create a color resultant from that particular pixel. Both the one or more stationary optical stacks 360 and the one or more movable optical stacks 362 may include clear center apertures with conductive outer rings masking an area around the clear aperture. The outer rings serve as electrodes to pull the movable optical stack 362 close to the stationary optical stack 360 through electrostatic attraction. The backside buss 354 is configured to provide high conductivity. In some embodiments a frontside buss may be included because a significant area is given up to the electrodes, posts, and busses.
In some embodiments the front transparent layer 378 is completely masked off with an absorbing black mask configured to keep spurious light from both entering non-active regions from the front and to prevent light that has entered these regions from exiting to the front. In some embodiments the reflective black mask 392 is configured to assure only light from the backlight enters the active area of the pixels. In some embodiments the backlight 374 is a recycling backlight to compensate for limitations in the percent active area display. In some embodiments the backlight 374 is configured to provide light that does not hit an active area. In some embodiments the backlight 374 is configured to provide light that hits an active area and/or that selects against the wavelength of said light re-enters the backlight and has the chance to be reflected and enter the IMOD for a second time. Eventually, this light has a chance of hitting a proper active area. Such a back light is illustrated in
Due to the "bulls-eye" nature of the pixels it may be desirable to align a lenslet array with the pixels. In this case it could be preferable to make the backplate and the lenslet array integral.
In preferred embodiments a backlit flat panel TV can be fabricated with mostly existing IMOD fabrication methods (which are relatively low in cost). In some embodiments (such as those illustrated in
The foregoing description details certain embodiments. However, no matter how detailed the foregoing appears in text, the teachings described herein can be practiced in additional ways. Use of particular terminology when describing certain features or aspects should not be taken to imply that the terminology is being re-defined herein to be restricted to including any specific characteristics of the features or aspects with which that terminology is associated. Further, numerous applications are possible for devices of the present disclosure. It will be appreciated that various modifications and changes may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Such modifications and changes are intended to fall within the scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.
Citations de brevets
Citations hors brevets
Rķfķrencķ par
╔vķnements juridiques
Image d'origine
Faire pivoter


text:
rafael soriano exhibit: miami
What: Rafael Soriano: Some Thoughts on His Painting
When: Friday, January 28, 7-10pm
Where: The Storer Auditorium, Universtiy of Miami School of Business
There is a $10 fee but the lecture is free to Lowe members.
What: Rafael Soriano: Other Worlds Within, a Sixty Year Retrospective
When: January 29 thru March 27, 2011
Where: Lowe Art Museum, University of Miami
Miami resident Rafael Soriano is one of the most recognized painters of not only Cuba, but also of Latin American modernists. His abstract works poetically combine light and shadows, form and space, to spark the curiosity of our unconscious minds.
Born in 1920 in Cidra, Cuba, Soriano expressed an early inclination for painting and completed his studies at the prestigious Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes, San Alejandro.
His resume includes a degree in 1943 as Professor of Painting, Drawing and Sculpture and as a visual arts teacher for almost 20 years near his home town. He was one of the founders, and later Director, of the Escuela de Bellas Artes de Matanzas, with a reputation as the most important art school in Cuba outside of Havana.
Exhibits of Soriano's work began in Cuba as early as 1947 and didn't seem to skip a beat when he went into exile with his family in 1962 and settled in Miami. This latest is a broad retrospective as the former U of M teacher exhibits 60 years worth of his life's work.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Towson University Tigers NCAA 2 Tone Graphite and Team Color 59FIFTY Cap
Made of 80% Polyester, Woven, 20% Wool, Woven
This 59FIFTY® fitted cap features an embroidered (raised) Towson University Tigers team logo on the front, stitched New Era® flag at wearer's left side, and embroidered secondary logo on the rear. Interior includes branded taping and a moisture absorbing sweatband.
- 20326152
- Color:
- Graphite/Black
- Availability:
- In Stock - Ships 1 business day
International shipping not available to Canada - info


text:
DuraSuite has been aiding customers in their chemical labeling for more than 10 years. The latest version of DuraSuite has customizable templates for the following types of labels:
HazCom 2012 labels: These label templates meet the latest chemical labeling requirements (2012) as specified by OSHA's Hazard Communication System, which is aligned with the international GHS recommendations. DuraSuite includes a detailed database of 1,500 chemicals, with associated chemical numbers, hazard statements, precautionary statements and hazard pictograms. There are also several size and layout options that let you create labels for a wide range of container types. Languages supported include English, French and Spanish.
International GHS labels: These label templates meet the new United Nations Globally Harmonized Standard for Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS) recommendations and can be used for those countries that have adopted GHS, including China, Japan and the European Union. Choose from 1,500 complete chemical labels that come with the DuraSuite library or create your own. As with the HazCom 2012 Labels, you have the ability to switch between chemical label information in English, French and Spanish.
Arc Flash labels: Easily create arc flash labels in several sizes and in three languages. Simply fill in the blanks to make labels that match the equipment hazards at your facility. DuraSuite's arc flash labels meet current NFPA codes as well as the CSA–Z462 Canadian code.
Right-to-Know (RTK) and NFPA Color Bar labels: Create RTK and Color Bar labels in a variety of sizes and layouts. The RTK labeling module includes over 1,700 chemicals with associated health hazards, organ hazards, hazard rating numbers and more. Create new labels or edit existing ones.
Pipe Markers: DuraSuite's pipe-marking module lets you quickly create ANSI and ASME compliant pipe markers. Intuitive menus make it easy to select colors, directional arrows and font styles for your customized pipe-marking labels.
General purpose labels: The DuraSuite Label Designer module gives you a wide range of tools for creating all types of customized labels and signs. Create your own label templates that you can save and use later. Access DuraSuit's extensive library of practical safety and health symbols or import your own graphics. This user–friendly program gives you complete control over all aspects of label–making.
Call 1-888-326-9244 today for more information about DuraSuite labeling software or to learn about DuraLabel's diverse line of printers.


text:
Unlocking the Key to Deep Sleep
By Sarah Fenske
Making the Ferguson Commission Matter
By Danny Wicentowski
My Fake Boyfriend Became a Real-Life Crush
By Lindsay Toler
Rep. Jeffrey Pogue Bill Would Ban Unisex Bathrooms
By Danny Wicentowski
Darren Wilson Gives Speech to Nonprofit
By Danny Wicentowski
Angel Stewart and Other Victims of Violence Ask for Mercy
By Jessica Lussenhop
Obama Praises St. Louis' LaunchCode
By Lindsay Toler
By Lindsay Toler
Left in those hands, the structure is expected to be leveled to make way for an office park. That prospect infuriates the Arena Angels, a group of area residents who want to save the Arena from demolition so that it can be transformed into an aquarium. From at least one alderman's perspective, the outrage is limited.
"If there were a real outcry among the public to save the Arena, I don't think I'd be standing there with 20 commitments to suspend the rules. I think the outcry has been very narrow and limited," says Ald. Jim Shrewsbury (D-16th), who sponsored the bill that is clearing the way for the mayor's office to do what it planned for the site.
Technically, the aldermanic bill only leaves the fate up to Harmon. If there is an 11th-hour proposal -- with solid financing -- to salvage the Arena there is a possibility the mayor's office would respond. But based on recent history, that's highly unlikely. "My ordinance only amends the redevelopment plan so they can demolish the Arena if they find it necessary to develop the site," says Shrewsbury. "So if tomorrow the Arena Angels come up with financing, the city can still consider it."
The city bought the Arena in 1986 to prevent, in theory at least, the St. Louis Blues hockey team from leaving St. Louis. The city is paying $50,000 a month in interest on the $15 million loan it acquired to buy the site. Then, as part of the deal that built Kiel Center and provided $35 million in city funds for the project, the city guaranteed Kiel Center Partners that no admission fee would be charged for events at the Arena, regardless of its use.
That deed restriction was intended to eliminate the Arena as a competitor for Kiel Center, thereby bolstering the odds of Kiel Center making a profit. It is arguable whether reusing the Arena as an aquarium would violate that agreement, or whether that agreement would have held up to a court challenge. Either way, that agreement with Kiel Center Partners severely limited options for the Arena.
Aldermanic President Francis Slay says he liked the idea of an aquarium on the site but that somebody had to come up with the money.
"The presentation was given to me three years ago by the same group," says Slay. "I just thought it was an outstanding presentation, I was impressed by it; it makes a lot of sense. But when I called up St. Louis Development Corp. they said, 'They don't have the money.' And they haven't been able to get the money.
"This group does not have the financing -- that is absolutely certain," continues Slay. "They don't have it. I know they want more time, but they don't have it." Slay says he's spoken with in-town and out-of-town parties who had been mentioned as possible investors. "It's not that they didn't have the pieces together -- they didn't have enough pieces."
So the City Hall reality is that the more-than-three-year-old aquarium dream died for a lack of cash and credit to support it. The dueling reality to that is held by Patti Teper Sherman, self-described "archangel" of the Arena Angels, who disputes that obtaining financing is a significant obstacle.
"There have been financial offers but both Mayors Bosley and Harmon have refused to meet with these people. The offers came from the East Coast," says Sherman. "There's always been major interest in this plan. Both mayors have refused to discuss it. The business about the financing is terribly misleading. They like to use that as an excuse, but it's never been true."
John Boul, spokesman for Harmon, says the mayor granted two extensions to the aquarium group and that the latest financial proposal required an "upfront financial commitment from the city," one thing City Hall is not willing to do.
Sherman hopes the mayor's office will still "do what's best for the city in the long run" and give the aquarium more time to arrange financing. "Once they see the city is open to this proposal, there will be people coming forward," says Sherman. But on the basis of what she has seen thus far, Sherman is not exactly optimistic. "The conduct by the city has been so irrational (as) to be suspect," says Sherman, hinting that some sort of fix is in for the office park.
Two aldermanic committee meetings last week resulted in five hours of testimony and a 10-0 vote to clear the way for taking down the Arena. Aldermen seemed to be swayed by the appeal of drawing the regional office of Safeco Insurance Co. from St. Louis County and the 600-700 jobs it would entail. If Safeco would back out, aldermen believe other tenants are interested.
Both Slay and Shrewsbury say the city shouldn't get trapped into another nostalgia nightmare like the Admiral, the former river-cruise boat that is now a riverfront casino.
Sponsor Content


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August 11th – Canibeat x Fatlace presents..
On August 11, the crews from Canibeat & Hellaflush will join forces to bring you The Infamous. A showcase featuring some of the best cars & ruckus's from the West Coast. This event will be held at the Queen Mary in Long Beach, California.
During the event, we will also have Round 2 of the Illest B-Boy Battle which will be going on simultaneously during the event on the stage and have the QSU DJ Battle in between the B-Boy Battle. QSU will be hosted by Thudrumble and will feature the best DJ's from around the world.
August 11th, 2012
The Infamous
Brought to you by Canibeat & Hellaflush
The Queen Mary, Long Beach, California
Ruckus, VIP, Hellaflush, Drift, Time Attack, Classic/Muscle
VENDOR INFO will be up with registration.
1 Comment
My I register my car
If I can still sign up my car how do I do that
tHank you Ken Rose


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Today being the first day of a new school year, and not knowing what to expect, words of advisement come in relief to not only students but worried parents too.
"My advice to everyone is to follow directions of law enforcement and school personnel, and stay calm. This is a new system, and traffic will be slow, but if everybody stays calm; we will get our children to and from school safely." said Higginbotham.
Elbert County School Superintendent Rick Higginbotham, one the subject of how parents can make today go as smoothly as possible.
Higginbotham also mentioned law enforcement will be present to help with traffic flow.
"Members of the Elbert County Sheriff's Department and Elberton Police Department will be on hand both morning and afternoon to help direct parents for the remainder of this week." said Higginbotham.
Also revisions will be made in the next couple of weeks to make sure everything is running as smoothly as it possibly can.
Bus route information is available on the school website at www.elbertk12.ga.us.
By Carmen Flores, WSGC Radio


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Is this still playable in this day and age?
I know it looks terrific, but Ive not played a snes since I was a teenager.
Is this still playable in this day and age?
Game » consists of 5 releases. Released Aug 27, 1994
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text:
Korean tech giant, Samsung (you may have heard of them) has been flirting with Bitcasa for just under a year now. We began the relationship in August 2013 with a deal that meant Bitcasa's Windows 8 app was pre-loaded on Samsung ATIV PCs with a free two-month subscription to Bitcasa.
From there, the relationship flourished and it wasn't long before we were being pre-installed on Samsung Galaxy NotePRO and TabPRO devices, and offering customers three months of free storage.
Today, we took our relationship with Samsung to the next level with Bitcasa apps now pre-loaded on Samsung Windows 8.1 devices worldwide, and new Samsung customers receiving 50GB of free Bitcasa cloud storage for two years.
Why are mobile providers, like Samsung, so smitten with Bitcasa?
Samsung is an innovator, and is always looking for what's next. As consumers begin using more devices – mobiles, tablets, smart-watches, etc. the migration of the hard drive to the cloud is inevitable.
While other file sync and share services have been around for some time, they were never designed as hard drive replacement, and lack security features to enable consumers to store important documents and files in the cloud.
Bitcasa was not built with file sync and share in mind; it was designed to replace the hard drive entirely. With this in mind, security and accessibility were key priorities in the development of the service.
In contrast to other cloud storage services that encrypt on the server, Bitcasa encrypts your data on the client-side, so that it is secure before it's even sent to the cloud. The user-controlled encryption means that not even Bitcasa is able to see your data, it is completely private.
Last week we became the first popular cloud storage service to store data in the region of the user, extending our commitment to user privacy. This means our users in Europe and Asia have their data store in their region, not the United States. Our competitors may cache data in-region, but they will ultimately send your data back to the United States where it is subject to U.S law and surveillance practices.
To create seamless integration with devices, Bitcasa uses smart-caching technology that ensures the files you use most frequently are easily accessible, while our streaming and media transcoding capabilities give you the ability to stream a range of content and file types from your Bitcasa Drive.
Being the creator of innovative devices, large and small, Samsung knows that the hard drive of the future will reside in the cloud. By extending their relationship with Bitcasa, Samsung is helping customers ensure their data is secure and accessible wherever and however they want it.


text:
Privacy and Cookies
Air Berlin is expecting to generate an operating loss for the full year 2013, after failing to meet targets during the crucial holiday period over the summer.
The German airline had aimed to break-even in terms of earnings before interest and tax during the current year. But after a lower-than-expected performance during the July-September period, Air Berlin says it will only be able to "come close" to its fourth-quarter expectations with the help of positive one-off effects and higher operating income.
"Since the general market situation will not recover in the year-end quarter, due to the current price weakness in particular, we now expect that we will no longer be able to achieve our original forecast of achieving the break-even level in EBIT in 2013," the Berlin-based operator says.
Revenues from January to September 2013 fell 2.7% to €3.25 billion ($4.37 billion) compared with the same period last year. Meanwhile, the operating loss grew 4.4% to €80.9 million, and pre-tax loss increased 1.2% to €136 million.
Air Berlin's cost-cutting and revenue improvement programme Turbine, for the first time, had a positive impact on the operating result during the third quarter 2013, the airline says. However, the €200 million target for the full current year was almost entirely reached already by the end of September, with little more benefit to come during the fourth quarter, it adds.
Air Berlin says it is not planning to increase the target through additional measures. Another €200 million are to be gained during second half of the two-year programme in 2014.
As a result of the Turbine scheme, the carrier was able to cut operating expenses 4.9% to €1.25 billion during the third quarter. Key parts of the improvement were improved terms with airports and aircraft lessors, the carrier says. Leasing costs decreased 5.6% to just under €152 million, while the number of aircraft was cut from 158 aircraft last year to 145.
The fleet cuts affected particularly Airbus A320s and Boeing 737-700s. The former type's fleet has been reduced by six aircraft to 39 A320s, while eight 737-700s left the fleet, with 15 aircraft remaining by the end of September.
The number of destinations was slashed by 13.5% to 147, as the number of flights fell 8.7% to about 179,000 compared with the first nine months of 2012. Capacity was reduced by 6.6% with seat load factor increasing two percentage points to 85.6%.
Air Berlin says it cut 562 full-time positions in the current year, more than half of the planned 900 job losses as part of the Turbine programme. Meanwhile, the total staff fell by 505 to 8,885 employees by the end of September.
Almost half of the job cuts were achieved by outsourcing an in-house customer service centre to a newly-formed joint venture with Berlin-based specialist provider Competence Call Center Germany.
A central initiative during the current winter schedule is to consolidate the narrowbody fleet at five stations in Germany, with each location deploying a single aircraft type. Airport turnaround times are to be improved through a new boarding sequence and hand luggage rules.


text:
|Products & Services
|Projects & Experience
|Papers & Topicals
|Engineering & Fabrication
DTS has been using its Solids Collection Filter (SCF) at BWRs to support suppression pool/torus diving and desludging activities. A robotic crawler (pictured here) can also be combined with the SCF for desludging equipment pits and sumps. A high-pressure spray on the underside of the crawler easily removes stubborn film from metal surfaces, and dislodges debris from crevices and drains.
Stabilizes Class B & C Waste
NRC-approved filter encapsulation
No waste volume increase
Removes silica from primary and
SFP water
Recovers Boric Acid cost effectively
Dries RO reject to solids
Dries sludges and difficult laundry
water concentrates, to solids
Refills automatically, operates
unattended 24/7
More durable, less costly
More recycle capability
Serveral options available
Polishes LRW to decrease
Minimizes resin use
Minimizes RO concentrates
Collects solids right in the disposal
Eliminates costly steps for solids
separation, reduces waste handling
contamination & personnel
Filters to <0.05 microns
Removes 100% TSS, all
particulate isotopes
Protects RO membranes, IX beds
from fouling
No chemical cleaning
DTS, Division of AVANTech, Inc., 2680 Westcott Blvd., Knoxville, TN 37931, Phn: 865-539-9000
AVANTech, Inc., 2050 American Italian Way, Columbia, SC 29209, Phn: 803-407-7171


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Funeral tributes to 'Tin Can Man' John Leese who raised £360k for Douglas Macmillan Hospice
Posted: February 23, 2013|
MOURNERS said a final farewell to a tireless fund-raiser who dedicated more than 20 years of his life to supporting a charity.
A guard of honour was formed outside St Mark's Church yesterday for the funeral of John Leese who was known as the 'Tin Can Man'.
And the memory of his long-standing campaign to raise cash for the Douglas Macmillan Hospice continued as a collection plate for the charity was placed inside the Shelton church.
Reverend Keith Haywood, who led the service, said: "He will be sorely missed by many but remembered warmly and affectionately by all."
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VIDEO: Tributes to Stoke-on-Trent's 'Tin Can Man' John Leese after hospital death
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Women 'dare to bare' with saucy snaps for Douglas Macmillan Hospice charity challenge
The 86-year-old, who died at the University Hospital of North Staffordshire (UHNS) on February 6 after contracting pneumonia, raised more than £360,000 for the Blurton-based hospice by heading out with a collection tin.
His efforts saw him made an MBE in 2006 before landing the Editor's Special Award at The Sentinel's Our Heroes evening a year later.
John began his marathon fund-raising drive in 1990 after his wife Olwen lost her battle with breast cancer and died at the hospice.
The congregation heard that John had promised his wife he would support the hospice in the time leading up to her death.
Reverend Cecil Mann, former minister of Hamil Road Methodist Church, where the couple had worshipped, said: "It was a rare privilege to know a man like John Leese.
"When I came to Hamil Road in the 1980s I got to know John and Olwen and the whole church was saddened when she was diagnosed with cancer.
"She spent the last six weeks of her life at the Douglas Macmillan Hospice and after she died John came to me to talk about raising money.
"He said she had so many lovely clothes and asked if we could put on some kind of fashion sale with the proceeds going to the hospice. That raised £1,000 and from there he just kept fund-raising."
Before his death John had selected both of the hymns for his funeral – Love Divine, All Loves Excelling and The Day Thou Gavest Lord Is Ended.
As his coffin was led into the church – the same venue where John was baptised and later married – volunteers from the Red Cross formed a guard of honour.
During the service, Mr Haywood also revealed that John, who served in the RAF, had a real passion for ballroom dancing.
He said: "He met his wife in 1948 at the Majestic Ballroom in Hanley. Dancing was really part of his life and he went on to win many trophies with Olwen."
Friend Terry Bagguley, who runs Terry's Bar in Hanley Indoor Market, said: "It was an honour to have known John. We will remember him as someone you could always talk to."
Representatives from the Douglas Macmillan also read Linda Ellis's poem, The Dash, during the service.
Following the funeral a ceremony was held at Carmountside Crematorium.


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Extend your living space with a conservatory
Posted: December 23, 2013|
Are you looking for an extra space in your home but don't want a costly extension? Or have you had about enough of the cold weather and want to enjoy the views of your garden from a warmer environment that holds a closer look? Well we bring you some ideas to make the most of a conservatory.
Make the most of the view with the The Minimal Window System
Examples of the Minimal Window sliding door system – All installations completed by IQ Glass UK
System Summary:
Related content
• The Minimal Window system is the epitome of sliding door systems. It is manufactured in Luxemburg and has very slender profiles whilst retaining a very high, robust quality.
• The Minimal Window system relies on the structural integrity of the glass opposed to the strength of the frame. The profiles are structural bonded to the perimeter of the glass units.
• The system has a 38mm perimeter profile and the vertical mullion (frame between each glass unit) is only 21mm wide. The system has a completely flush threshold and has an integrated Neoprene drainage block (The build-up below finished floor level is 78mm, 38mm frame + 40mm drainage block)
• The window can be detailed in such a way so that the internal finishes hide the perimeter profile, leaving only the 21mm vertical mullion exposed. IQ Glass UK offers a full design service and detail this as standard.
• The system has a multi-point locking device and all of the rolling equipment is made from high quality stainless steel.
• The system is provided with clear toughened glass (safety glass) and we can also provide a security glass if required (depending on the panel size and windload)
• The system can be provided in any RAL colour or Anodised finish. We also have various special colours that can be provided at an additional cost.
• IQ Glass UK are the world's largest agent for the Minimal Window system. All of our operatives attend monthly training sessions and we have installed approximately 400 sets in the UK.
Now you have the daytime view, make sure you pick the right kind of blinds for the evening or bright sunshine:
Use it or lose it – is the clear advice from Hillarys on making the most of your conservatory during the cooler winter months.
A conservatory is a fantastic addition to any home. Traditionally it is seen as a link between the house and the garden – a place to relax and enjoy balmy summer days. However, in cooler weather it's all too easy to turn your back on the conservatory, letting it become an expensive but abandoned, gloomy and depressing part of your home.
By adding blinds to your conservatory you can turn it into anything you want it to be – all year round. A home office, a warm and cosy living space, an intimate dining room, even an unusual guest room – just use your imagination.
There's lots you can do with lighting too. Choose blinds that make the most of your conservatory's natural sunlight, then brighten up dark evenings with stylish lamps and soft candles.
Hillarys pleated fabric collection features an exciting range of conservatory blinds in 150 colourways. Ideal for conservatory roofs and available with special heat retaining backings, it'll feel like high summer even in the depths of winter! Add to this an inspirational mix of romans, venetians, roller and verticals to go round the sides, a bit of imagination and you've got the perfect recipe for creating a unique look and feel.
• Cooler north facing conservatories can really benefit from the warmth of wooden venetians or fully lined Romans. Or try using blinds with an opaque finish to create a soft glow and feeling of cosiness.
• Vertical blinds offer enormous control over how much light you filter into your conservatory. When fully drawn they offer privacy whilst softly blocking out the sun's rays. Verticals are a stunning way to create a feeling of calm tranquility in your conservatory.
• Roman blinds bring a touch of sumptuous style to your conservatory, combining the luxurious feel of curtains with the simplicity of a blind. They also provide a stunning solution when it comes to light proofing. If you use your conservatory at night, fully lined Romans will give a feeling of warmth and privacy.
• If you work from home, why not make your conservatory work for you? Escape the box room and shed a little light on the subject with a light bright and perfectly peaceful home office.
• Pleated blinds that are designed to fit into conservatory roofs will help keep in the warmth pretty much like wearing a hat - and roman blinds with a thermal lining at the sides combine to make an extremely energy efficient partnership.
Prices start at £38 for a pleated blind, or £78 for a thermashade pleated blind (25cm w x 20cm d) including measuring and fitting. Call Hillarys on 0800 916 6516 or visit hillarys.co.uk for more information.
How about a garden room alternative to a conservatory?
Garden rooms offer a stylish and functional variation of a glazed building.
You might ask the question "What is the difference between a garden room, a conservatory and an orangery? Generally all of these buildings constitute a "garden room", but we define it as a semi-glazed building with a tiled roof.
Like conservatories or orangeries, garden rooms boast a high roofline with plenty of glazed aspects. Garden rooms can make some of the most exciting builds and are often the most efficient due to the vast insulation benefits held within their roofs and floors.
Visit www.westburygardenrooms.com or www.westburyjoinery.com


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Halloween on the Square
For the second year in a row, businesses, organizations and individuals will be setting up their Halloween Trick or Treat stations on the Square in downtown Lexington. In addition to that, two neighborhoods in Lexington will be closed to traffic, as has been the case for the past several years. North and Terrace Streets, behind Prosperity Bank will be closed to traffic. Hale Street between First and Third Streets will also be closed.
Trick or Treaters will be treated to S'mores "at the bon fire" on Third Street. A Harry Potter Halloween will be enjoyed at 40 Acre Wood in downtown Lexington. Ghost stories will be told on the Square; a spook house will be set up at Lexington Auto Repair downtown, and hot dogs and soda will be available outside the Chamber of Commerce office.
To ensure a safe trick or treat experience for all the children, Main Street will be barricaded to prevent vehicles from entering that area during the evening.


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11/13/2012 | Be a Star! Enter the Third Annual ARRL Video Contest
If you've ever wanted a way to show the world how exciting Amateur Radio can be, here's your chance: The ARRL is sponsoring its Third Annual Video Contest! Here's a chance to put that video camera to use.
Learn More
10/08/2012 | The ARRL Offers Five New Books for Fall
The ARRL has just released five new books that you are going to want to have in your shack. This fall, two favorites have been re-released and are chock-full of new information, while three new titles are also available.
Learn More
09/21/2012 | Everett Gracey, WA6CBA (SK)
Everett Gracey, WA6CBA, of Grass Valley, California, passed away on August 26. He was 90. In 1979, Gracey -- along with Ken, K6HCP, and Jacqui Holladay -- founded Mirage Communications. He was also the founder of RF Concepts.
Learn More
09/18/2012 | Find Out What's In Store at the 2012 ARRL National Convention
On October 12-14, the ARRL will welcome members and friends to the 2012 ARRL National Convention in Santa Clara, California. Hosted by Pacificon and sponsored by members of the Mount Diablo Amateur Radio Club, this three-day event is sure to be jam-packed
Learn More
09/10/2012 | ARRL Welcomes NASA Astronaut Lee Morin, KF5DDB, to 2012 National Convention
NASA Astronaut Lee Morin, KF5DDB, will be a special guest at the 2012 ARRL National Convention at Pacificon -- held October 12-14 -- in Santa Clara, California.
Learn More
08/22/2012 | George Varvitsiotes, K6SV (SK)
Ham Radio Outlet (HRO) Vice President George Varvitsiotes, K6SV (ex-WB6DSV), passed away August 21 due to complications from cancer. He was 57.
Learn More
08/20/2012 | QST Managing Editor Joel Kleinman, N1BKE (SK) -- UPDATED
QST Managing Editor Joel P. Kleinman, N1BKE, of Meriden, Connecticut, died August 18 from injuries received during a house fire. He was 64. Kleinman was responsible for the coordination, organization, control and completion of all aspects of QST's
Learn More
08/15/2012 | ARRL Teachers Institute Offers Instructors Wireless Technology Skills for the Classroom
This summer, the ARRL offered teachers the opportunity to learn about ways to incorporate wireless technology into their classroom curriculum through its Teachers Institute on Wireless Technology (TI). Since 2004, the ARRL has sponsored TI sessions as par
Learn More


text:
Much has been made of the hockey players that have recently hit Twitter, with Shane O'Brien being the latest to join its ranks. Much has also been made of the guys we wish would do the same — the guys noted for their sharp wit and their quotey goodness. If you're asking me (which you aren't, but just roll with it), Twitter's direst need is Kevin Bieksa, one of the league's top quotes, and undoubtedly the star of the Vancouver Canucks postgame locker room.
But he's not on Twitter. Frankly, Kevin Bieksa without Twitter is like Mozart without a piano, his prodigious gifts isolated from the very medium for which they were made.Continue Reading —›


text:
JW Gray wins ferry contract
Published: 10 February, 2011
Landmark Wholesale's northern-most member, JW Gray & Co, has won a deal to supply all three shops onboard the ro-ro passenger ferries operated by NorthLink Ferries, the Northern Isles ferry company.
JW Gray & Co director Iain Johnston said, "I am delighted with NorthLink's decision. Since we secured the bar provision in June last year, our staff have all worked particularly hard to prove that local service providers can step up to the mark and compete with their counterparts on the mainland.
"To pick up this business in the current challenging environment is most welcome. NorthLink should be commended for their on-going support for local companies and service providers."
Peter Hutchinson, NorthLink's senior manager, vessel support services, said: "We are pleased to show further commitment to the island producers and wholesalers by moving a significant percentage of the supply of shop goods to JW Gray."
JW Gray is the largest wholesaler to serve both the Shetland and Orkney islands with depots in Lerwick and Kirkwall.
NorthLink Ferries operates passenger vessels on the Orkney and Shetland routes sailing daily from Aberdeen to Lerwick with frequent calls at Kirkwall, and from Scrabster on the north coast of Scotland to Stromness in Orkney. Ferries operate 363 days per year.


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Please see our new website disabledgolf.org.uk
Please be advised disabledgolfsociety.com is no longer being maintained
DGA Media
Latest Media News:
Disabled Motoring UK Awards, sponsored by Allied Mobility – DGA won the Mobility Sport Award.
TeeTimes Magazine (Novenber 2013) Up coming article about England v Wales. Download pdf.
Titleist continue to support the DGA
The Disabled Golf Association would like to thank Titleist for their continued support throughout the year. They have supplied us with Pro V1 golf balls for prizes at events in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, complete with DGA logo. To visit Titleist please go to www.titleist.co.uk
DGA 2 year deal with Glenbrae
Disabled Golf Association CIC (DGA) is proud to announce a 2 year deal with Glenbrae Golf as official apparel suppliers to over 700 members across the UK. …Read More
About the heritage of Glenbrae Golf.
Information on ordering, please click here.


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Layered Bedroom Design
Pretty, feminine touches mix with raw, rustic details.
New French wallpaper is juxtaposed against the original log wall of the principal bedroom, creating a panelled effect. Designer Kate Thornley-Hall found the chest of drawers at an antique shop; the lamp "was once a dirty old dust-covered thing."
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tient office visits during 1995–1996 to 49 percent of office visits during the 2001–2002 (Roumie et al., 2005). The general issue of overuse of medications in patients with other conditions is also undoubtedly important, but this is perhaps the best-documented case.
In an effort to control the costs of pharmaceuticals, managed care organizations have established formularies—schedules of prescription drugs that will be paid for by a health insurance plan and dispensed through participating pharmacies. Often patients taking prescription drugs switch from one managed care organization to another, resulting in the need to switch to another formulary. This sometimes involves patients changing their medications. Moreover, there can be difficulties in the handoffs between managed care organizations, which can result in patients having periods of time off their medications. Formulary changes may also be required when a patient moves from an outpatient to an inpatient and then back to an outpatient setting. In this situation, a recent study found a minimal effect of the hospital formulary on postadmission use of proton pump inhibitors and statins as compared with pre-admission use in a privately insured managed care population (Sun et al., 2005).
Limited research has been carried out on the impact of the use of formularies and formulary switching on medication safety. A major review of studies of interventions to improve drug use in managed care organizations found evidence for the effectiveness of several interventions but little understanding of longer-term efficacy and safety issues (Pearson et al., 2003). An editorial in a psychiatric journal commented that Medicaid preferred drug lists had been rapidly implemented across the nation, but studies analyzing the impact of these lists on patients had not kept pace (Elam et al., 2005). In the case of psychotropic drugs, however, concerns have been raised about the use of overly restrictive formularies. Studies have shown that the failure to respond to one selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor or the occurrence of severe side effects does not mean the patient will have the same experience with another such drug (Huskamp, 2003). The committee believes the impact of the use of formularies and formulary switching on medication safety is an area that requires further research.
The costs of medication errors have been much less well researched than incidence rates. The committee could find no studies on the costs of ADEs relating to pediatric and psychiatric care or to the use of OTC and


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Sydney RegionLevel 1 Room A1.13Building AMary Ann StreetUltimo 2007
Phone: (02) 9217 4877
Dr Phil Lambert has been appointed Sydney Regional Director under the Department's new administration structure.
Dr Lambert is one of 10 Regional Directors who represent the start of significant cultural and service delivery changes in the Department.
This new structure has given the Department a renewed focus on supporting frontline teachers and school staff and enables the provision of better responses to local issues.
The creation of school educational areas within the regional structure also ensures that support services, such as curriculum consultants, welfare and training experts, remain close to local schools.
The Sydney Region office is in Ultimo, with school educational area offices in Bondi, St Peters (Port Jackson School Education Area), Sutherland and Arncliffe (St George School Education Area); 229 public schools are located in the Region.
Phil Lambert has a strong background with both the NSW Department of Education and Training and the NSW Board of Studies, commencing in the Department as a primary teacher at Yennora Public School in 1977. Following this, Dr Lambert held several school-based positions, including executive teacher, assistant principal and principal.
In 1994, Dr Lambert was appointed the Inspector of Primary Education with the NSW Board of Studies. His recent appointments include Director of Early Childhood, Primary and Rural Education and Assistant Director-General for Primary Education, plus the supervision of all Western NSW school districts.


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Explore other majors & minors
Magali Roy-Féquière
Associate Professor and Chair of Gender and Women's Studies
2 East South Street
Galesburg, IL 61401-4999
Meet the Gender and Women's Studies Faculty
The Gender and Women's Studies Program draws upon Knox faculty expertise in several areas -- history, language, literature, Black studies, political science, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, classics, theatre, and art. Their academic fields are listed below, with additional information and e-mail contacts on each person's linked profile page.
Magali Roy-Féquière, Chair
Associate Professor of Gender and Women's Studies
Ph.D., Stanford University, 1993
"My book reviews selected texts of the Generacion del Treinta suggesting that cultural institutions, publications, and literary works provided the means through which class, racial, and gender alliances were played out in the context of U.S. political and economic hegemony over the island."
Elizabeth Carlin-Metz
Smith V. Brand Endowed Chair in Theatre Arts
M.F.A., Temple University, 1983
"I seek to integrate physical theatre techniques with more traditional Western theatre practices so as to discover new levels of expressiveness and meaning in theatre of all styles and genres and, thus, in the world."
Catherine Denial
Burkhardt Distinguished Chair in History
Ph.D., University of Iowa, 2005
"My most recent research is on early nineteenth century Minnesota and the rules and responsibilities associated with gender identity in different communities in the years before the Civil War."
Nancy Eberhardt
Professor of Anthropology and Sociology
Ph.D., University of Illinois, 1984
"My most recent work has been on developing an account of Southeast Asian ethnopsychologies or folk theories about the nature of human psychological functioning, a project I would also like to continue in the United States."
Brenda Fineberg
Professor of Classics
Ph.D., University of Chicago, 1991
"Just as a question asked in the classroom often contributes a nuanced perspective to my research, I find that my research continually energizes what happens in the classroom."
Heather Hoffmann
Professor of Psychology
Ph.D., State University of New York-Binghamton, 1989
"I am interested in the origins of patterns of sexual attraction and sexual arousal, in other words what turns people on and why. I also have an animal lab that is set up to look at the neurochemical correlates of behavior."
Frederick Hord
Professor of Black Studies
Ph.D., Union Graduate School, 1987
"My most immediate projects are in the areas of Black Studies theory, African American literary criticism, Black psychology traditions, and the status of Blacks in Latin America."
Karen Kampwirth
Professor of Political Science
On-Site Co-Director, Buenos Aires program
Ph.D., University of California-Berkeley, 1993
"Throughout my career, I have been interested in people's attempts to radically transform their societies, why those attempts sometimes succeed, and what impact participating in such movements has on the participants."
Lori Schroeder
Professor of English
Ph.D., University of Denver, 1990
"I have recently been exploring pamphlet accounts of victimized early modern English children and popular accounts of children witnessing major crimes in an effort to think through how certain Shakespeare plays could be historicized to better understand the role of the infants and children in them."
Lynette Lombard
Associate Professor of Art
M.F.A., Yale University, 1989
"What compels me is how light, form, colour, and composition are informed by the feeling of walking a terrain, working in all kinds of weather and fusing several moments of time into one painting."
Robin Ragan
Assistant Professor of Modern Languages-Spanish
Ph.D., University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, 2001
"I am particularly intrigued with the way 19th century medical discourse portrays illness as a natural state in women."
Natania Rosenfeld
Associate Professor of English
Ph.D., Princeton University, 1992
"Some current projects of mine include: a manuscript of poems dealing with childhood and family history; migration and travel among history-laden places in the world; my relationship to texts and memory as a woman and a Jew; the strangeness of the animal and human worlds."
William Young
Associate Professor of Philosophy
Ph.D., University of Notre Dame, 1992
Kelly Shaw
Instructor of Psychology and Gender and Women's Studies
Ph.D. candidate, Purdue University
Penny Gold
Burkhardt Distinguished Chair Emerita in History
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Bronxites Upset Over Proposed Post Office Closings
By Kinvelyn Guaba
The Bronx Journal Staff Writer
Bronxites are up in arms as the United States Postal Service plans to close down 17 post offices in the Bronx. This may keep Bronxites who are not able to access a post office from getting their mail on time. In addition, local jobs will be lost.
Bronx community activists say it is not fair for the Bronx to lose so many of it's postal facilities due to what they describe as government greed. "It is an attack on union, workers and the community," said Max Rivera, a retired postal worker who is now member of the South Bronx Community Congress.
Rivera does not understand why so many post offices are being shuttered "They want Obama to get involved," Rivera said. "He's talking about creating jobs but you want to eliminate 150,000 people? Where's the logic in that?"
Rivera also said that the Bronx has the most housing developments. The population of the Highbridge section has increased over the years, with growing Caribbean and Latino populations. Many in these groups do not use the Internet to pay their bills online, but rather they go to post offices to get mail and they pay their bills by purchasing money orders.
Under the current proposal, mail will be sent to Manhattan to get processed to be sent back to the Bronx for distribution. Activists say that it will affect the elderly and hundreds of workers. In a statement Bronx Borough President Ruben Diaz Jr. said, "The Bronx can not afford such a considerable loss of jobs and commercial activity, and the federal government must seriously reconsider enacting any post office closure plan that would have a serious negative impact on Bronx communities."
Diaz has been attending rallies to support the postal workers as well as the communities.
Bronxites are questioning not only why a lot of post offices are closing down in the Bronx, but also why a lot of them are in the Highbridge area of the Bronx. In contrast, Manhattan will have six closings.
Queens will have none, Brooklyn five and Staten Island just one.
New York City will see the largest number of post offices closed compared to the other regions in the country.
Many Bronxites who live near these 17 post offices will have to travel far to pay utilities. Community activists and elected officials have been fighting against these plans.
According to the postal service website, they have been studying areas that may not need a post office, due to area residents' tendency of paying utilities online.
The postal service has been sending letters to the residents who would affected, informing them that their facilities may close if it is determined they are underutilized. The letter asks how often they use the facility, with nine questions that range from how often do they buy stamps to how often they mail parcels (answers: daily, weekly, monthly, twice a year, never.)
Several calls from The Bronx Journal for comment to the U.S. Postal Service were not returned.
Many Bronxites feel betrayed by the closings.
The Hunts Point post office, which was established seven years ago, is on the list to be shuttered.
"Certain things you have to go to a post office and ask for, you can't always rely on a computer," said Jason Evans, a 28-year-old Hunts Point resident. "It could be a race thing."
"Of course it is not fair," said Juliana Francisco, 43-year-old from Hunts Point. "I come here to buy money orders. How am I going to pay the rent?"
In the Melrose section of the Bronx, residents are worried their post office may be closing as well. "My mom, she doesn't like to use the Internet," said one young resident who lives on Melrose Avenue. "She says it's complicated."
Postal workers are also fed up at the fact that they will lose their job if this happens. Even the stations that will not be shutting down are devastated that they are still at a risk of losing their jobs due to seniority regulations. Many postal workers have been receiving either transfer or termination letters. This has been going on for about a year.
The people who have worked for 20 years or longer will be staying while the people that have been working for 10 years or less will be placed somewhere else, says a 55-year-old postal worker who asked not be identified for fear of retaliation. It may be a different city or state. Some workers may be forced to retire and supervisors are being demoted. Others will be overworked with almost nine-hour shifts a day due to the expected lack of employees.
"Yes, all of our customers are upset," says the postal worker, who has worked for the post office as a window teller for 17 years. "That's why we need this community to help us fight as well, not just us."
There have been rallies that postal workers, Bronxites and elected officials have been attending to help save the post offices and to help the HR1351 Bill be passed.
The Bill HR1351 will allow billions of dollars to be used for pensions and health care for future postal worker retirees.
Postal workers are hoping that Bill HR1351 gets passed. The 17-year-postal veteran puts it this way: "If they don't pass the HR1351, we may be in big trouble."


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Shortly after Kelly dropped this, people started responding and hitting him back with '' This irrelevant nigga always looking for means to remain relevant, and na people like u dey help am.'' Another one says '' Kelly Ugly is a bagger and hypocrite, also an attention seeker, as a ploy to resurrect his already decaying career. This was the same person that diced some of Nigeria's most talented music groups like MOHIT,and CHOC CITY ENTERTAINMENT, now encouraging a low life like himself. What won't someone hear in this country, you can always take side because you are another failed artist. After your Maga Don Pay song, what else? NOTHING... Ode boy, tshewww to mention but a few of the reactions his action generated.
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