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p 1972 w. P. ROWLAND 3,689,346
METHOD FOR PRODUCING RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL M 1 m a W QM 1MP m h... M M a n m M a M f m 3. M. 3 4 i 6 w m t m "w/ m% m M XV, F H w m p 1972 w. P. ROWLAND METHOD FOR PRODUCING RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL Filed Sept. 29 1970 2 Sheets-Sheet 3 a H W mmf 7 w w w f m flfforney Patented Sept. 5, 1972 3,689,346 METHOD FOR PRODUCING RETROREFLECTIVE MATERIAL William P. Rowland, Southington, Conn., assignor to Rowland Development Corporation, Kensington, Conn. Filed Sept. 29, 1970, Ser. No. 76,561 Int. Cl. 152% 3/00 US. Cl. 156-245 14 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Retroreflective sheeting is produced on a continuous basis by applying transparent sheet material over a hardenable molding material previously deposited upon a moving mold surface, after which the molding material is solidified and bonded to the sheet material to produce a composite structure. The mold surface has an array of minute, contiguous cube-corner recesses therein, so that the sheeting correspondingly has a multiplicity of closely spaced cube-corner formations spaced about and projecting from a smooth surface of the sheet material, which provides the body portion thereof.
The apparatus most conveniently used is a drum mounted for rotation and having a mold surface providing an array of cube-corner recesses disposed about its circumference. A suitable member desirably cooperates with the mold surface for application of the sheet material and uniform distribution of the molding material thereover.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Various reflective materials are commonly employed for safety and decorative purposes. One of the most common principles employed simply involves the application of a reflective coating upon a surface of the item or the use of a highly reflective material such as polished metal. In addition to reflective coatings and specular surfaces, it is also common to use structures which have upon one or both surfaces various formations which reflect the light rays impinging thereon, either principally as a result of the steepness of the angle at which the light ray impinges thereon, or by virtue of reflective coatings on the surface of the formations.
There has been a constant demand for retroreflective materials i.e., materials capable of reflecting the predominant portion of light rays impinging thereon in a substantially parallel path toward the source of the light. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company has sold a material under the trademark Scotchlite which relies upon minute glass spheres embedded in a matrix of synthetic resin to provide such retroreflection. Another type of retroreflective element has employed molded members of cube-corner configuration on one surface thereof, such members being of glass or synthetic plastic. Indicative of the efforts to use cube-corner formations for retroreflective structures are Straubel United States Pat. No. 835,648 granted Nov. 13, 1906; Hedgewick et a1. United States Pat. No. 3,258,840 granted July 5, 1966; and Jungersen United States Pat. No. 2,210,790 granted Feb. 9, 1943 and No. 2,444,533 granted July 6, 1948.
Cube-corner reflectors molded from glass and more recently from acrylic resins have commonly been employed as safety devices on bicycles, automobiles and other vehicles. Although it has been suggested that the cube-corner might be of small dimension, generally such formations have been appreciable in size and the nature of the material from which the reflector has been fabricated generally resulted in structures which are relatively rigid in character and which do not lend themselves either to shaping to various substrates of nonplanar character or to use as a fabric which might be worn. Moreover, as the size of the cube-corner formations is reduced, criticality in control of angles and dimensions becomes far more acute since even a minute deviation will produce a substantial deviation in the capability of material to retroflect light rays impinging thereon.
Novel composite retroflective materials having minute, closely spaced cube-corner formations, which return the great preponderance of light rays entering the front surface thereof, have recently been developed. These materials may be relatively flexible so as to permit shaping to conform to support surfaces of various configurations and to permit utilization as a fabric for application to, or formation into, wearing apparel, and they may be provided with an adhesive coating for convenient adherence to a support surface. It has also recently been proposed to provide a novel method for manufacturing such retroreflective material from synthetic resins in a manner that permits selection of resins to produce optimum characteristics; the method proposed is relatively simple and economical, and affords a high degree of control to ensure optimum development of the cube-corner formations. These recent developments are the subject of an application for United States Letters Patent that has been filed concurrently herewith, and in the names of the same inventor and assignee Ser. No. 76,551, filed Sept. 29, 1970. Notwithstanding these developments, a desire remains for a process by which high quality retroreflective sheeting can be produced on a continuous basis, and for apparatus especially adopted for use therein.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method of continuously producing retroreflective sheeting of substantially uniform dimension wherein a multiplicity of minute cube-corner formations provide a high level of retroreflectivity.
It is also an object to provide such a method by which the cube-corner formations are substantially perfectly formed and by which undesired light refraction in the sheeting is minimized.
Another object is to provide such a method by which flexible reflective sheeting having the foregoing characteristics may be produced relatively inexpensively and with a high degree of facility and speed.
A further object is to provide such apparatus wherein a molding surface having an array of minute cube-corner indentations therein is fabricated relatively inexpensively and in such a manner as to produce a high quality and uniform product in which imperfections are minimized.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that the foregoing and related objects can be readily attained in a method for making retroreflective composite sheeting on a continuous basis wherein a hardenable molding material is deposited upon a moving mold surface having an array of minute, continuous cube-corner recesses therein. Each of the recesses have a maximum side edge dimension of less than about 0.025 inch and preferably less than about 0.01 inch, and the molding material is essentially transparent and sufficient in amount and fluidity to essentially completely fill the recesses under the conditions of operation. A relatively flexible sheet material of essentially transparent synthetic resin is applied to the molding material on the mold surface under sufficient pressure to effect intimate surface contact therebetween and the molding material is subjected to conditions suflicient to effect substantial solidification thereof and bonding to the adjacent surface of the sheet material to form a composite structure therewith. The composite structure is thereafter removed from the mold surface to provide retroreflective sheeting comprising a body portion provided by the preformed sheet material and having a substantially smooth front surface, and a multiplicity of minute cube-corner formations corresponding to the recesses. The cube-corner formations are closely spaced about and project from the opposite surface of the body portion, with the close spacing thereof substantially avoiding any smooth areas therebetween. Light rays entering the sheeting through the front surface of the body portion predominately pass through and into the cube-corner formations, by which they are reflected back through the body portion along a path substantially parallel to the path of entry.
The method may include the additional step of uniformly distributing the hardenable molding material over the molding surface, effected simultaneously with the sheet material-applying step by introducing the molding material and sheet material in the appropriate superposed relationship into a nip of substantially fixed spacing formed between the molding surface and an adjacent member cooperating therewith. The molding material employed may be a molten synthetic resin, in which case the solidification thereof is accomplished at least in part by cooling with the inherent nature of the molten resin producing bonding thereof to the sheet material. Alternatively, the molding material may be a resin having cross-linkable groups, in which case solidification is accomplished at least in part by cross-linking of the resin. As an additional possibility, the molding material may be a partially polymerized resin formulation with solidification thereof being accomplished at least in part by effecting further polymerization in the formulation.
Exemplary molding materials may be selected from the group consisting of vinyl halide resins, acrylic-modified vinyl halide resins, vinyl chloride vinyl acetate copolymers, (alk) acrylic ester resins, ethylenically unsaturated nitrile resins, monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon resins, olefin resins, cellulose ester resins, polysulfone resins, polyphenylene oxide resins and polycarbonates. Synthetic resins which may be used as the sheet material desirably may be polyvinyl halides (particularly polyvinyl chloride and polyvinyl fluoride) polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene chloride polycarbonates, polysulfones and cellulose ester polymers.
Preferably, the method additionally includes the step of applying a wetting agent to the mold surface before depositing the molding material thereon, to thereby improve fiow of molding material into the recesses thereof the surface. It may also include the step of depositing a reflective coating on the faces of the cube-corner formations after removal of the composite structure from the mold surface, and an adhesive layer may be deposited on the reflective coating with a backing material removably adhered to the adhesive layer, so that the backing material is removable to permit adherence of the retroreflective sheeting to a substrate.
The apparatus used for production of retrorefiective sheeting on a continuous basis comprises a frame having supported thereon, for movement in a continuous path, a support member having a substantially continuous mold surface. The mold surface has an array of minute, contiguous cube-corner recesses therein, and each of the recesses has a maximum side edge dimension of less than about 0.025 inch. Preferably the maximum side edge dimension of the recesses is less than about 0.01 inch. A material dispensing station is located along the continuous path for depositing hardenable molding material upon the mold surface during travel of the surface thereby. A sheet material applying station is also located along the path downstream of the material dispensing station, and the sheet material applying station includes pressure means positioned closely adjacent the molding surface for urging sheet material thereagainst and for distributing the hardenable molding material uniformly over the mold surface.
Treating means along the path downstream of the sheet material applying station is adapted to effect hardening of the molding material and bonding of it to the sheet material. A stripping station further downstream along the path effects removal from the mold surface of the composite structure so produced, and drive means is provided for moving the mold surface substantially continuously along the continuous path.
Preferably, in the apparatus the support member is a rotatably mounted drum that has the mold surface provided upon its circumference. The pressure means of the sheet material applying station may be a roller having its axis of rotation parallel to that of the drum and having its circumferential surface in a substantially fixed position adjacent to the mold surface; a nip of substantially constant spacing is thereby cooperatively provided therebetween. Such an arrangement Will tend to minimize any discrepancies in thickness and to minimize the thickness of any web portion formed of the molding material utilized in the production of the cube-corner formations. It is accomplished by the application of pressure at the time that the body member is placed upon the mold surface so that the resin is distributed evenly at the interface; excess resin may be expressed or extruded outwardly of the interface to some extent, or it may desirably form a pool or reservoir thereof. Therefore, it is especially desirable to employ a member or element that cooperatively forms a nip with the mold surface at the location at which the sheet material is applied, since adequate pressure for intimate contact with the molding material and uniform distribution thereof over the mold surface and into the recesses thereof may simultaneously be achieved thereby. The mold surface may be provided by a multiplicity of relatively thin plates secured to the support member with the exposed outer surfaces of the plates being metallic and having said cube-corner identations defined thereon.
The material treating means most desirably comprises a device for radiating energy. In one instance, such a device comprises heating means to heat the molding material to a temperature above ambient, in whichcase the treating means also includes means to thereafter cool the ma terial. Alternatively, the radiating device may comprise a source either of high energy radiation or a high energy charged particles. Finally, the apparatus may additionally include, along the path and upstream of the material-dispensing station, a preapplication station for applying a wetting agent to the mold surface. Such an agent serves to enhance flow of the molding material into the recesses of the mold surface, and thereby to insure essential complete fillage thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic elevational view of apparatus embodying the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a fragmentary sectional view to an enlarged scale of a portion at the surface of the molding drum of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a fragmentary sectional view along the line 3-3 of FIG. 2 to a greatly enlarged scale from illustration of the cube-corner recesses provided therein;
FIG. 4 is a fragmentary sectional view similar to FIG.
3 but drawn to an even more greatly enlarged scale to illustrate more clearly the cube-corner indentations and further showing the spray head mounted thereabove;
FIG. 4A is a view similar to FIG. 4 of an alternate embodiment of molding surface but omits the spray head and shows the surface portion constructed as a metal/resin composite;
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary sectional view similar to FIG. 4, taken at a second location about the drum axis spaced circumferentially from that of FIG. 4 and illustrating the deposition of a liquid molding material thereonto from a. coating head mounted thereabove;
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary view in partial section to an enlarged scale of the apparatus of FIG. 1 at the film applying location which partially diagrammatically illustrates the liquid distributing action occurring at the nip between the molding drum and the relatively resilient pressure roller;
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary view similar to FIG. 6 of the apparatus at the sheet stripping location;
FIG. 8 is a fragmentary view of the rear surface of reflective sheeting produced in accordance with the present method; and
FIG. 9 is a fragmentary sectional view of the sheeting to an enlarged scale along the line 9-9 of FIG. 8.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS Turning now in detail to FIGS 1-7 of the appended drawings therein illustrated is apparatus for producing on a continuous basis the reflective sheeting of the type illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. The apparatus includes a molding drum 10 mounted upon an axle or shaft 12'for rotation in the direction indicated by the arrow (i.e., counterclockwise). The circumferential portion of the drum 10, generally designated by the numeral 14, consists of a multiplicity of metallic plates 16 bonded to the circumferential base portion 18 by a layer 20' of an appropriate adhesive. Each of the plates 16 is formed with a multiplicity of identical, contiguously arranged cube-corner recesses or indentations 22, and the plates 16 are provided entirely about the circumference of the drum 10 to provide a molding surface that has a substantially continuous array of cube-corner recesses 22 therein.
A head assembly, generally designated by the numeral 24, is mounted above the drum 10 at one point about its circumstance for reciprocal movement thereacross on the pair of horizontal rods 25. The assembly 24 consists of a coating head 26 and a spray head 28, the purpose of which will be explained hereinafter. The heads 26, 28 are sup ported upon a suitable base 30, to which feed lines 32 are attached for delivery of the desired materials, and each of the heads 26, 28 is provided with a nozzle 34 that is suitably configured for its intended function. A trough or tank 36 containing a liquid cooling medium 38 (e.g., water) is supported (by means not shown) below the drum 10 in a position for passage of the circumferential portion 14 thereof through the medium 38 as the drum 10 rotates, and a bank of heat (or other energy) radiating elements 40 is mounted (also by means not shown) adjacent the drum 10 for treatment of the materials deposited thereon at a point about the axis between the coating head 26 and the tank 36.
Rotatably mounted film feed and take-up reels 42,and 44 respectively, are positioned on opposite sides of the assembly 24. In passing from the feed reel 42 to the drum 10, the film 46 passes first between a set of three tensidn rollers 48 and thereafter about a relatively resilient pressure roll 50, the latter being mounted with its surface closely adjacent that of the drum 10' and with their respective axes of rotation parallel. A stripping roll 52 is similarly mounted on the opposite side of the drum 10, and the formed reflective sheeting generally designated by the numeral 54, passes about it and, in its travel to the take-up reel 44, about a set of four idler rolls 56, 56'. The idler rolls 56, 56 define a generally rectangular path within which a reflection measuring device 58 is mounted for horizontal reciprocal movement upon the rod 59. The reflection measuring device 58 includes a light source to project a beam 60 normal to the front surface of the sheeting 54 as the latter passes between the two internal idler rolls 56'. The motor 61 drives the drum 10 in a conventional manner, such as through the drive belt 63 provided about the shaft 12 and shaft 65 thereof.
Operation of the apparatus will be apparent from the foregoing and the following description. As the drum 10 6 continuously rotates, a suitable wetting agent or plasticizer 62 is sprayed directly upon its surface from the spray head 28, and a hardenable molding material 64 in fluid form is deposited thereupon from the coating head 26. Film 46 is continuously withdrawn from the feed reel 42 and applied against the drum 10 by the pressure roll 50, which cooperates with the drum 10 to provide a nip at which the hardenable material 64 is uniformly distributed over the surface of the drum 10, and at which intimate contact is effected between the material 64 and the fihn The freshly applied material 64 and film 42 travel together past the bank of radiating elements 40 (which, for purposes of description, are assumed to be heat lamps), whereat hardening of the material 64 and bonding thereof to the film 42 are concurrently effected. Thereafter, the cooling medium 38 in the trough 36 permanently sets the material 64 which now is bonded to the film 46 so that the completed reflective sheeting 54 can readily be stripped from the drum 10 about the roll 52 and finally wound upon the take-up reel 44.
As will be appreciated, the measuring device 58 scans the sheeting 54 to insure that each portion thereof exhibits at least the minimum acceptable level of retroreflection, by indicating in an appropriate manner when the criterion specified has not been met.
Turning now to FIGS. 8 and 9, FIG. 8 depicts the rear surface of a portion of the sheeting 54, produced as hereinbefore described. The surface consists of an array of identical, contiguous cube corners 68, the apices 70 of which are regularly aligned in columns and rows, and project upwardly from the plane of the drawing. The illustrated surface is designated as the rear of the sheeting 66 because, in use, light enters and exits from the opposite surface thereof. Parenthetically, it should be noted that FIG. 8 could also be considered to illustrate the molding surface of the drum 10, in which case the apices 70 could project downwardly into the page to define the recesses 22 therein present. FIG. 9 illustrates the construction of the reflective sheeting 54 in greatest detail, and shows that the smooth or generally planar front surface 66 of the sheet material 46 is maintained in the completed composite structure. Although the apices of the troughs between the cube corners 68 ideally coincide with the surface 66 of the film 46 adjacent thereto, in practice a thin web of molding material may underlie the cube-corner array,- and will not normally interfere with the optical or other properties of the sheeting to an appreciable extent.
In FIG. 4A a construction providing an alternative to the plates 16 is illustrated, wherein the plate, generally designated by the numeral 68, is composed of a resinous base 70 and a thin metallic layer 72 on the upper surface thereof provides the recesses. A tough, deformable and dimensionally stable resin, such as the silicone polymers, may be used for the base 70, to permit the recesses 74 to be molded therein and to render the plate 68 readily conformable to a curved surface. A vacuum or electrolessdeposited layer of gold or the like may furnish the metallic layer 72 to protect the surface, primarily against corrosive attack from plasticizer or other materials sprayed or deposited thereon.
As has been previously indicated, a key aspect of the present invention resides in the provision of a method and apparatus for the production of sheeting having minute cube-corner formations which are closely spaced so as to avoid substantially any smooth or flat areas therebetween. Although the cube-corner formations may have a side edge dimension of up to 0.025 inch, the preferred structures utilize a side edge dimension of not more than 0.010 inch and most desirably on the order of 0.004- 0.008 inch.
The thickness of the sheet material in the composite structure may vary somewhat depending upon the particular application. However, it will generally have a thickness of about 0.0020.030 inch, and preferably it -will be about 0.003-0.0l inch thick.
By constructing the composite structure from a separate body portion to which are adhered the separately formed cube-corner formations, it is possible to achieve the maximum control over the cube-corner formations and also to select different resins for the two components, which is often desirable to achieve an optimum balance of properties. Although it is theoretically possible to emboss the cube-corner formations into the surface of preformed synthetic plastic material, efforts to utilize such a technique in the production of minute cube-corner formations, as are used in the present invention, have proven unsatisfactory. Any aberration in flow of the material into the recesses of the embossing member will greatly affect the retroreflectivity of the resultant product. Moreover, variations in thickness of the sheet material which is embossed tend to affect the precision with which the cube-corner formations may be developed. Efforts to mold the cube-corner formations and the body portion of the product simultaneously have also proven generally unsatisfactory because of the difiiculty in obtaining adequate flow of the resin into the recesses of the mold. Moreover, such a procedure requires that the same resin be employed for all portions of the composite structure.
Thus, the process of the present invention has proven particularly advantageous in affording optimum control over the development of the cube-corner formations and in permitting a selection of distinct resins for the body portion and for the cube-corner formations. In this proc ess, a substantially continuous mold surface is produced having precisely formed cube-corner recesses which are so closely spaced as to avoid substantially any smooth areas therebetween. Although the mold may be formed from a synthetic resin, the preferred mold has a metallic surface to ensure very smooth, precise surface on the cube-corner faces and to minimize the likelihood of deterioration during extensive use, as well as of possible adhesion between the molding material and the surface of the mold. Accordingly, the mold may be fabricated directly from a suitable metal by engraving, hobbing or otherwise forming the cube-corner recesses therein. Alternatively, a suitably engraved or otherwise formed metallic member may be used as a master mold for forming the desired mold element by the deposition of metal thereon to form a layer of sufficient thickness which is then stripped therefrom. These stripped impressions which may be made by conventional electroforming procedures are then used as the mold elements after mounting upon a suitable support surface to avoid injury thereto and the mold surface may then be developed on a suitable support member from a multiplicity of such elements. In order to minimize corrosion of the metallic surfaces of the mold, it has been found desirable to provide a highly inert metallic coating thereon such as may be obtained by depositing gold or a gold alloy thereon.
As illustrated, the support for the mold surface is most desirably provided by a rotatably mounted drum, since such a drum facilitates continuous application of materials and stripping of the composite product, and also provides firm support for the mold elements thereon. Other types of support members are also feasible, such as a continuous flexible belt, or even a revolving disk; however, certain disadvantages such as the non-linear configuration of the product may render the latter alternative less attractive. The means of securing the mold surface to the support may vary considerably depending upon the degrees of permanency and rigidity and the heat transfer characteristics desired; for example, they may be bonded with appropriate adhesives, or they may be affixed with suitable screws, rivets, pins or the like.
The design of the means for dispensing materials upon the moving surface and for stripping the composite therefrom may also vary to a considerable degree from those of the illustrated embodiment, depending primarily upon the type of support member employed, and different devices appropriate for substitution will be apparent to those skilled in the art. In the method, efforts are made to minimize any discrepancies in thickness and to minimize the thickness of any web portion formed of the molding material utilized in the production of the cubecorner formations. This is conveniently accomplished by the application of pressure at the time that the body member is placed upon the mold surface so that excess resin is distributed evenly at the interface and to some extent expressed or extruded outwardly of the interface. Moreover, the application of pressure facilitates the flow of the fluid molding material into the recesses of the mold surface. Accordingly, it is especially desirable to employ a member or element that cooperatively forms a nip with the mold surface at the location at which the sheet material is applied since adequate pressure for intimate contact with the molding material and uniform distribution thereof over the mold surface and into the recesses thereof may simultaneously be achieved thereby. As has been mentioned, it is of primary importance that How of the molding material into the recesses be adequate to essentially completely fill them; the nip arrangement described is a very satisfactory means of facilitating such fiow on a continuous basis, as is necessary in the practice of the present method.
Flow of the molding material into the recesses is also facilitated by the prior application of a solvent, plasticizer, wetting agent or other flow promoting agent (herein collectively referred to wetting agent). This enhances the fluidity of the molding material about the surfaces of the recesses and greatly promotes optimum fillage thereof.
The technique utilized for achieving solidification of the molding material will vary with the particular molding material selected. When a molten synthetic resin is employed as the fluid molding material, solidification may be accomplished merely by cooling thereof; this may be accomplished through chilling of the mold, by directing cool air against the surface of the body member or by allowing the heat energy to radiate therefrom. When the molding material is a B-stage or partially polymerized resin, solidification may be accomplished by the application of heat for a period of time sufi'lcient to achieve the desired degree of polymerization. When the mold ing material is a cross linkable formulation, solidification may be accomplished by promoting cross linking of the component materials through any convenient means depending upon the nature of cross linkable material. As is well known in the art, cross linking maybe effected by use of free radical initiators, heat, high energy radiation and the like, and the radiating elements depicted in the drawings may therefore comprise any suitable source of energy. Thus, they may be a simple infra-red or other heat source, a source of alpha or beta particles, gamma or X-ray radiation, photons, etc. Moreover, it will be appreciated that the molding material may be essentially monomeric in character and that the solidification thereof may be accomplished by polymerization in situ within the cube-corner recesses of the mold surface; such polymerization may be promoted by heat, free radical initiators, or high energy radiation, and the actinic source may be internal ofthe support member if so desired. In still another technique, a plastisol formulation may be employed in which the resin is fluxed by the plasticizer upon the application of heat. Obviously, combinations of these techniques also may be used to obtain the desired solidification.
Various synthetic resins may be employed for the cubecorner formulations and for the sheet material including polymers of (alk) acrylic acid esters such as polymethyl methacrylate and polybutyl acrylate; cellulose esters such as cellulose acetate polymer, cellulose acetate/butyrate copolymer, and cellulose propionate polymer; vinyl halides such as polyvinyl fluoride; vinylidene halides such as polyvinylidene chloride; monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon polymers such as polystyrene and styrene/ acrylonitrile copolymers; ethylenically unsaturated nitriles such as polyacrylonitrile; polycarbonates; polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate; polyphenylene oxide; polysulfones; and polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene. Interpolymers of various of the several abovementioned types of monomers, e.g., vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, may also be employed, as may be mixtures of polymers. The particular resin formulations selected for the components of the composite structure will vary depending upon the application, the thickness desired for the body member, the desire for flexibility, and the need for achieving interadhesion therebetween. For outdoor applications, materials which are moisture resistant, ultraviolet resistant and abrasion resistant are particularly advantageously employed at least for the body portion since that portion is generally exposed to the atmosphere and requires good weathering characteristics. Moreover, it will be appreciated that the sheet material may itself be a laminate of films or sheets of two different synthetic resins, and it may be provided with coatings of appropriate materials.
The resins preferably employed for the body portion include polyvinyl halide, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene chloride, polycarbonates, polysulfones and cellulose ester polymers. The resins preferably employed for the cube-corner formations comprise (alk) acrylic acid ester resins, acrylic-modified vinyl chloride resins, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylenically unsaturated nitrile resins, monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon resins, olefin resins, cellulose ester resins, polysulfone resins, polyphenylene oxide resins and polycarbonates. Exemplary combinations for the body portion/ cube-corner formations include polyvinyl chloride/acrylic modified polyvinyl chloride; polyvinyl fluoride/ polyvinyl chloride; polycarbonate/polycarbonate; polyvinyl chloride/polymethyl methacrylate; polysulfone/ polymethyl methacrylate; polysulfone/polyvinyl chloride; and polyethylene terephthalate/polymethyl methacrylate.
In selecting the molding materials employed for the present invention, it should be remembered that long lasting properties will require resins which do not have readily volatilizable plasticizers or other components, and which have an acceptable level of light stability. Thus, stabilized formulations are desirably employed when the resin itself is susceptible to light or oxygen degradation. By proper selection of the resin systems, the sheet material may also provide a valuable degree of protection for the resin of the cube-corner formations, which may exhibit relatively poor stability when the cube-corner formations are reflectively coated and further coated with a lacquer and/or adhesive. These coatings also may act as protective layers since the body portions will, in many applications, serve as a barrier layer for ultraviolet radiation, vapor, gasses, etc. Moreover, the sheet material is desirably fabricated of a resin which affords a high degree of abrasion resistance since aberrations in the front surface of the composite structure will greatly reduce its retroreflectivity.
It should be appreciated that the selection of different resins for the two component portions of the product must recognize the need for compatability of the two resins. For example, one resin must not contain a substance which is deleterious to the other and which will migrate thereinto across the interface. Moreover, when plasticized materials are employed it is desirable to use plasticizers which do not readily migrate, and/or to select formulations for both component resins in which the plasticizer contents are balanced so as to avoid a degree of migration therebetween which might materially affect the properties of the component portions.
It will be readily appreciated that the cube-corner formations must have smooth faces and that the intersecting faces thereof should provide essentially perfect cube- 10 corners. Any deviation from a perfect cube-corner or surface irregularity will materially reduce the retroreflectivity of the formation, and is desirable only under certain controlled circumstances.
Normally, the air interface at the cube-corner formations will be relied upon for retroreflection of the light rays. Obviously, the angle at which the light rays strike the faces of the cube-corners will determine whether each ray is retroreflected or passes outwardly through the rear surface. If the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle for the resin employed, the light ray will not be retroreflected. However, the predominant portion of light rays entering the front surface of the sheet material will be retroreflected by the cube-corner formations.
The reflectivity of the cube-corner formations can be enhanced by depositing a reflective coating thereon. Such a coating may be conveniently provided by a metallizing technique such as that wherein a very thin film of aluminum or other metal is deposited on the surface by vaporization thereof at a very low subatmospheric pressure; chemical deposition techniques may also be used. Reflective coatings may also be provided by use of a lacquer containing metallic particles of pigments affording high degrees of reflectivity; for example, pearl lacquers may be employed. In still another technique, the reflective coating may be provided by a metallized synthetic plastic film applied in intimate contact over the surface of the cube-corner formations.
As has been previously indicated, the adhesive coating upon the composite structure offers the advantage of permitting the retroreflective material to be mounted on various support structures where reflectivity is desired. Although various types of bonding agents may be employed, ever-tacky adhesives of the type conveniently used in the manufacture of pressure sensitive tapes have proven particularly advantageous. These adhesives may be applied either in solvent systems or as aqueous emulsions, depending upon the particular resin forming the base thereof.
In order to facilitate handling and shipping, a readily releasable backing or sheet material may be applied over the surface of the adhesive such as the coated paper-type referred to in the industry as release paper. Other forms of sheet material, including synthetic plastic films, may be employed as the backing, so long as the material exhibits a sufficiently low degree of adhesion to allow stripping without removal of the adhesive coating from the composite structure.
Although the cube-corner formations in the illustrated embodiment have a uniform orientation within the array, it is possible to employ a pattern in which certain of the cube-corner formations are disposed in such a manner that their faces are not parallel to any of the faces of the adjacent cube-corner formations. Moreover, certain of the cube-corner formations may be disposed with their apices aligned other than vertically over the center of their respective bases. By thus tipping some of the cubecorner formations, retroreflectivity over a broader angle is provided for certain applications, while max-reflectivity is diminished. This is desirable for certain applications; for example, highway signs desirably may exhibit retroreflection over a broader angle relative to the surface of the sign and some light scattering desirably may be provided although the light rays falling thereon may be essentially perpendicular to its face.
By use of a sheet material of a relatively flexible resin, the composite structure may be readily shaped to various support surfaces, such as the corners of buildings, the contour of hand rails, etc. Moreover, since the composite structure may be very thin and highly flexible, it may be readily applied to fabrics used as garments, or it may itself be used in such a manner, thus affording a great deal of night-time visibility to the wearer. Exemplary uses for safety applications are tabs and stripes on jackets and rainwear, tags that may be worn at various points upon the 1 1 body, reflective patches for hats, reflective welting for the production of various garments, etc.
Illustrative of the efiicacy of the present invention is the following specific example, wherein all parts and percentges are on a weight basis, unless otherwise specified, and wherein reference is made to the appended drawings.
Example 1 An engraved master plate is formed from aluminum using a cutting tool to generate a pattern or array of cubecorner formations, substantially as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9. Electroforms of nickel are prepared from the master plate and thereafter assembled into a larger mold member. A number of such mold members are then arranged about the circumference of a drum, such as 10 to develop the mold surface portion 14 thereon. As shown the cube-corner recesses 22 are closely spaced and substantially free of smooth areas therebetween; they have a depth of 0.0235 inch and a side edge dimension of 0.0056 inch.
Onto the mold surface there is first applied from spray head 28 dioctyl phthalate 62 to coat the surfaces of the recesses. There is then deposited from head 26 a polyvinyl chloride plastisol formulation 64 containing monomeric plasticizers and 10.0 percent of a cross-linkable acrylic formulation. Polyvinyl chloride film 46, about 0.012 inch thick, is removed from the supply roll 42 and applied against the mold surface and resin formulation 64 under pressure created by the roll 50. In passing together through the nip formed between drum 10 and roll 50, intimate contact is effected between the film 46 and resin formulation 64, and the latter is distributed uniformly over the mold surface as the film 46 is urged into contact therewith. The resin formulation 64 fills the recesses 22 completely and any excess material is built up as a reservoir at the nip area, as is seen in FIG. 6 The resin/film combination then passes adjacent radiant heaters 40 which raise the temperature of the resin formulation to about 350 Fahrenheit to flux the formulation and cross-link the acrylic resin component. The drum 10 rotates at a rate of about /6 so that exposure to heat lasts about three minutes, after which the assembly is conveyed through the water filled trough 36 to effect rapid cooling thereof. Inspection of the sheeting 54 produced is accomplished with the optical scanner 58 as the composite passes to the reel 44, as previously described.
Examination under a microscope indicates that the surface of the sheeting has minute cube-corner formations bonded thereto in a contiguous array, as illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 of the attached drawings. The composite sheeting is highly flexible and can be readily utilized for fabric applications. Upon testing with a controlled light source, it is found to be highly retroreflective within a narrow cone over angles of incidence to the front surface of up to 45. This material is found to be highly retroreflective and attractive when tested in the form of hang tags, welting, flags, etc.
Thus, it can be seen that the present invention provides a novel method of continuously producing retroreflective sheeting of substantially uniform dimension, wherein a multiplicity of substantially perfectly formed minute cube-corner formations provide a high level of retroreflectivity, and wherein undesired light refraction is minimized.
In accordance with the method, sheeting having the foregoing characteristics may be produced relatively inexpensively and with a high degree of facility and speed, and apparatus is provided for producing high quality and uniform retroreflective sheeting in which imperfections are minimized. In a specific embodiment, a rotatably mounted drum supports the mold surface, and enables the production of substantially finished composite structure in but a single revolution thereof.
Having thus described the invention, I claim:
1. In a method for making retrorefiective composite sheeting on a continuous basis, the steps comprising:
(A) depositing a hardenable molding material upon a a moving mold surface having an array of minute, contiguous cube-corner recesses therein, each of said recesses having a maximum side edge dimension of less than about 0.025 inch, said molding material being a transparent, fluid synthetic resin formulation sufficient in amount to completely fill said recesses;
(B) applying a flexible film-like sheet material of transparent synthetic resin to said molding material on said mold surface under sufficient pressure to effect intimate surface contact therebetween;
(C) subjecting said molding material to conditions sufficient to effect substantial solidification thereof and bonding thereof to the adjacent surface of said sheet material to form a composite structure therewith; and
(D) removing said composite structure from said mold surface to provide retroreflective sheeting comprising a body portion provided by said preformed sheet material which presents a substantially smooth front surface, and a multiplicity of minute cube-corner formations corresponding to said recesses and closely spaced about and projecting from the opposite surface of said body portion, said close spacing substantially avoiding any smooth areas between said cubecorner formations, so that the light rays entering said sheeting through the front surface of said body portion predominately pass through and into said cubecorner formations, by which they are reflected back through the body portion along a path substantially parallel to the path of entry.
2. The method of claim ll including the additional step of uniformly distributing the hardenable molding material over said molding surface, said distributing step being effected simultaneously with said sheet material-applying step by introducing said molding material and sheet material in the appropriate superposed relationship into a nip of substantially fixed spacing formed between said molding surface and an adjacent member cooperating therewith.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein said molding material is a molten synthetic resin and the solidification thereof is accomplished at least in part by cooling, the inherent nature of said molten resin producing bonding thereof to said sheet material.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said molding material is a resin having cross-lin-kable groups, and wherein said solidification thereof is accomplished at least in part by cross-linking of said resin.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said molding material is a partially polymerized resin formulation, and wherein said solidification thereof is accomplished at least in part by effecting further polymerization in said formulation.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein said molding materials is selected from the group consisting of vinyl halide resins, (alk) acrylic ester resins, ethylenically unsaturated nitrile resins, monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon resins, olefin resins, cellulose ester resins, polysulfone resins, polyphenylene oxide resins and polycarbonates.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein said synthetic resin of said sheet material is selected from the class consisting of polyvinyl halides, polyethylene terephthalate, polyvinylidene chloride, polycarbonates, polyfulfones and cellulose ester polymers.
8. The method of claim 1 additionally including the step of applying a wetting agent for said molding material to said molding surface before depositing said molding material thereon, to improve flow of said molding material into said recesses thereof.
9. The method of claim 1 additionally including the step of depositing a reflective coating on the faces of said cube- 13 corner formations after removal of said composite structure from said mold surface.
10. The method of claim 9 additionally including the steps of depositing an adhesive layer on said reflective coating, and removably adhering backing material to said adhesive layer, said backing material being removable to adhere said retrorefiective sheeting to a substrate.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said maximum side edge dimension of said recesses is 0.01 inch.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said conditions of step C comprise actinic radiation.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein said radiation comprises heat, and wherein said conditions also include subsequent cooling of said molding material.
14. The method of claim 12 wherein said radiation is selected from the group consisting of high energy electromagnetic radiation and high energy charged particles.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS RALPH S. KENDALL, Primary Examiner C. WESTON, Assistant Examiner U.S. Cl. X.R.
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Kourtney Kardashian's Baby Daddy Drama
Disick told Seacrest that Jenner "thinks that if you're an athlete, you tend to be a better person, when that's not always the case."
Despite the subpar treatment Disick claims to be receiving, he went on to say of Jenner, "Honestly, deep down, I think we both love each other a little bit, and I think that will come to the surface in due time."
- Filed under:
- Celebrity Baby -
- Famous Couples -
- Celebrity Fights -
- Troublemakers
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy Mike
I saw the episode where Disick gets drunk and embarrasses himself and those around him. Why Kourtney has anything to do with this phony-ass golddigger is beyond me. He sits around in a friggin bathrobe loike he Errol Flynn. What a schmuck. And while I'm at it, how many more times is that wuss Jenner going to be lied to from his wife before he "gets it?" He's a pansy and his young daughters are being twisted by their older sisters and mother already. Guess it's "anything for a buck", huh?
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy TERESA
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy TK
I also saw that show. I can't see what Kourtey sees in Scott. He is selfish and self-centered. Scott needs to grow up. For Scott to blame Kris for his actions is childish. He only has a job because he got a son-in-law deal. Scott needs to stop playing victim. We finially got to see the real Scott. I would have filed assault charges against him if I was that waiter!
I think Scott only wants to be around because of the show and sees dollar signs in Kourtney. I wonder if Scott is getting paid for his appearance on the show?
Please Scott get rid of the slick hair and the sweaters around your neck! Kris wants men that will provide and take care of her girls. Yes she likes the attention of famous men what a bonus, These men have worked hard and came from poor backgrounds. You were spoiled and do nothing. This family has given you fame, money, and benefits and you show them disrespect, selfhish rude behavior in return. That makes you a bigger Jerk then Tiger!
Kourtney wake up.
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy sue
Scott is only with Kourtney so he can be on TV - he is not a good role model for Mason and Kourtney would be better of on her own. Anyway he is always out on the booze.
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy RBJ
The only problem that this guy is having ,is that he is not BLACK!!!!!!!!
- Saturday 20 FebruaryBy ready
being black has nothing to do with it, he's an embarassment regardless of race, scott is a looser,i wouldn;t want anyone i know and respect be with him,next time he's drunk what would happen? after all liqour bring the hidden personally,he's lazy sit around the pull drink,he should be worsjipping the family gave him fame.
- Sunday 21 FebruaryBy poeticmuse79
What does being black have to do with anything?? If it walks like a jerk, talks like a jerk, acts like a jerk...
It's not fair for any of us to speak on Kourtney and Scott relationship; we don't have a clue what they share since we see a microcosm of their entire life. HOWEVER, Kourtney is remiss is not dealing with the blatant disrespect of her mother, her sister, and the entire event. If she cannot "control" him, then why is he invited anywhere? And why does Rob regress 2 decades when he's around Scott? More importantly, why do I watch this insipid show, then blog about it? :-) Time to get a life...
- Friday 19 February
This guy is waaaaayyyyyyyy too arrogant. He is lazy and worthless, too.
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy cinsteveo
Jenner doesn't like Scott because he's a douche bag, not because he isn't an athlete.
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy stacie
i think kourtney is blinded right now, by what i am not sure, but i think eventually she is going to look back at this idiot and her relationship with him and she'll have the "OMG, Yuck!! what was I thinking" moment. I hope she does for the her sake. she is worthy of a real man, black or white, athlete or not, someone who isn't such a spoiled, selfish, DOUCHE!!! That really is the only fitting word for him.
- Saturday 20 FebruaryBy Sapphire
Scott is a low life, if he has any qualms of bing the father he should have manned up and gotten and dna test done on the baby. Since he is just a worm, Kourt should of done so herself so this
questions would not be arising now. Kourt you need to wake up and smell the dirty diapers and get rid of this sponge feeding off you and your family. The other guy claiming to be the father is no prize either and it is to bad you laid down with either of because your innocent baby has to suffer because if it.
- Friday 19 FebruaryBy RBJLow Ranked Vote downVote upReport this
All this WH??E is going to look back on is that her sisters were getting DOGGED by SPOOKS and she was not!!!!!!!!!!!!
- Saturday 20 FebruaryBy adele
Scott is such a barbie!
- Saturday 20 February
scott is worthless, Kourtney needs to run for her and baby mason's life..scott will suck the life right out of them..run kourtney save yourself and your son from sure heartache..
- Saturday 20 FebruaryBy Tess
Please Kort, waste no more time on Scott, you and Mason deserve so much better!
- Saturday 20 FebruaryBy MIKE JONES
- Monday 22 FebruaryBy Ken Burris
scott is a worthless human BUT he hit the money
- Sunday 21 February
This is about race? Ok, well maybe it might be about the human race of idiots who think EVERYTHING about the Kardashians must be blacklisted. This guy is a tool, at best. If he were black...do you think ANYONE would show the tolerance they did in that episode? Hell no! His black ass would have been arrested within 5 minutes! Wake up racist idiots...An idiot is an idiot, regardless of the shade. Check your mirror, you're sure to see one looking back at you.
- Monday 22 February
I am so sick of Scott. I don't know who made him think he is " all that " but he has huge ears, a scrawny body and that damn whiny voice... and his " poor me " act is disgusting. He has no claim to fame but being with a Kardashian. What I do wonder is why is such a beautiful, successful woman as Kourtney has such low self esteem to settle with this master manipulator. After the Las vegas fiasco this moron created I don't know how any of them can stand to look at him. And Rob,if thats the best you can do for a Friend/ brother I do have to wonder about your self esteem as well.
- Tuesday 28 SeptemberBy Jillian
you are the prettest thing! but you can do better then scott... but this is your choice! i love you guyes!
Jennifer Aniston
Is it Brad(ley) and Jen take 2? Jen was spotted out on the town with dreamboat ...
Paris Hilton
After Fairly Legal actress, Sarah Shahi, laid into Paris via Twitter for almost...
Kate Middleton
Kate Middleton is officially a princess. She walked the aisle in an Alexander...
Denise Richards
According to Denise, she's not sure that her estranged ex is completely sober....
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Check out some new titles at the Rosen Library:
Cocktail Bible: Over 600 Cocktails Shaken, Stirred, and On the Rocks Edited By Sarah Ford
Rosen General Collection TX951 .C633 2005
Cool Hotels Africa/Middle East Edited By Martin Nicholas Kunz
Rosen General Collection NK2195 .H6 C665 2005
Creating the Big Easy: New Orleans and the Emergence of Modern Tourism 1918-1945 By Anthony J. Stanonis
Rosen General Collection G155 .U6 S645 2006
Dear John By Nicholas Sparks
Rosen Browsing Collection
Dispatches from the Edge By Anderson Cooper
Rosen Browsing Collection
Good Wine: the New Basics By Richard Paul Hinkle
Rosen General Collection TP544 .H56 2005
Great Sleeps Paris By Sandra Gustafson
Rosen General Collection DC29.3 .G8 2004
Great Wines of France: A Complete Guide to France's Top Domaines and Their Wines By Clive Coates
Rosen General Collection TP553 .C563 2005
Harmony on the Palate By Shari Darling
Rosen Gen. Coll. TP548 .D37 2005
Paula Deen Celebrates! By Paula Deen
Rosen Browsing Collection
Shenzhen: A Travelogue From China By Guy Delisle
Browsing Collection
Travels in Paradox: Remapping Tourism Edited By Claudio Minca and Tim Oakes
Rosen General Collection G155 .A1 T684 2006
Tyler's Ultimate By Tyler Florence
Browsing Collection
Vegetarians and Vegans in America Today By Karen Iacobbo
Rosen Gen. Coll. TX392 .I234 2006
Looking for something else? These are just a few of the hundreds of items we have recently acquired. To find other books in the Rosen Library's collection, search the UCF Library Catalog. For assistance, Ask a Rosen Librarian.
Rosen Library Homepage | Ask a Rosen Librarian | Rosen Library Hours


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Nathan, over at the Sociology Source, has crafted a Manifesto regarding the state of technology and education and what he thinks we should strive and fight for, as sociology teachers:
"A spectre is haunting academia- the spectre of technology and teacher obsolescence. What does it mean for the future of teaching if faculty video record their lectures and post them online, if professors publish their teaching resources for anyone to copy and use, if teachers give away their classes for free? If, in the spirit of collaboration, professors give away all that they are paid to do, how will anyone else with a Ph.D. get work?
These are important questions, to be sure, but they are secondary to the questions that we should be focusing on. The question we should be asking is, why do any of these online resources jeopardize anyone's job. That is, if the experiences students receive at your school could be easily replaced by a video recording or a website, I don't think either of those are the source of your real problem. How have we gotten here? How can we ensure that our jobs will be safe in the future? And how can we leverage technology to make this all happen?"
Of course, we are all familiar with this. This is the Bill Gates model of education: find a teacher you think is good, videotape his/her lectures and make students watch them on their computer. That idea, in and of itself, is so obviously stupid that I wonder why it is not laughed out of town. One of the keys to good teaching is to be able to get an interactive dynamic that facilitates conversation and learning. How do you get that with remote students who might not be watching the taped lecture live?
There is though a very real danger of teacher replacement not necessarily by technology but by other teachers: precarized, non-tenured, part-time teachers. The combination of adjunctification of education with courses-in-a-can provided by corporate publishers is the real danger.
And the reality is, that is exactly the model of education pushed by for-profit institutions and many administrators in education and higher ed. It flows from a view of education that is NOT education, but skills-acquisition and job training, based on narrow certifications. In K-12, this model is promoted by the spread of standardized testing as mode of evaluation of students, teachers, as the criterion for funding and school ranking.
So, exactly, what technologies are we talking about here? The products provided by publishers are usually (at least in my field) incredibly mediocre and pedagogically useless. Of course, there is the ubiquitous Blackboard course management system, that is fully integrated with publishers products.
But as sociologists, we need to put these things in their structural context: which technology are available or mandatory for us to use are usually not our decisions, as teachers. These are administrative decisions. I would argue that these technologies are of limited use precisely because they were not designed by teachers. For instance, I use Blackboard, but only certain features: gradebook, announcements, and I attach my syllabus in there as well. I could do that with a lot of other tools, that either free or cheaper and more flexible however at the same time, Blackboard is integrated with our registration system, which updates adds and drops. But Blackboard is the standard that even my students expect. The rigidity in attitudes comes from both administrators and students themselves. I have already expressed regarding the so-called Digital Natives.
Also, using technological tools that administratively-controlled potentially permits greater administrative monitoring of teachers. If I were to use my own gradebook, my supervisors would be deprived of access and would probably hint more or less forcefully at my need to use the college's system.
My point being that, far from being afraid of technology, many of us embrace it, but we are not the decision-makers as to which tools will be available to us.
On another point, Nathan states:
"Furthermore, what vocational skill are we developing in our students if we only use closed book exams? Very few professions provide us all of the information we would ever need or want to solve a problem and then at the very moment we need it most take it away from us and ask us to solve the problem from memory. After the creation of the Internet, an encyclopedic memory is rarely valued on the labor market anymore. Exams that can be graded by a computer are super convenient for professors, especially as class sizes balloon, but they are not without consequence."
Fair enough, but I would argue that anything that makes one's brain work is a good thing. I always think of our brains as muscles, the more you use them, the better they work. And being able to calculate without having to use a calculator or working through memorizing sociological concepts is a way of training one's brain to use these concepts beyond the classroom.
And is education to be limited to vocational skills? That is certainly the approach of so-called education reformers, our current US Secretary of Education and President. But those of us who teach what are considered general education and liberal arts / social sciences are working towards the real meaning of education: critical thinking skills, a more educated and globally aware citizenry and just less ignorant people.
I especially happen to think that the sociological perspective and sociological reasoning are needed than ever, both on the micro and the macrosociological levels.
And more importantly, technology or not, what we must push back against is the idea that teaching is not a craft but something that anyone can do. I can flush the toilet, that does not make me a plumber. Most people have gone to school, that does not make them teachers.
However, I would argue that a large number of administrators do not see, and have no interest in seeing or developing, craftsmanship. That is why they are perfectly content with adjuncts and courses-in-a-can. There are no systemic rewards for those of us who strive for craftsmanship: doing good work for its own sake. There are rewards for high enrollment and retention, irrespective of how that is done. And as my sociologist of the semester, Richard Sennett, argues, the disdain for craftsmanship is a feature of our times.
That being said, except for coming up with our own technologies, and our own online higher ed model (neither are impossible), I am not sure how fighting the structure (and the common discourse where teachers are now officially Enemy Number 1) can be done. But truly, what Nathan is arguing for is for us to use technology to promote craftsmanship. I'm all for it, but again, I think we need our own model because what he proposes will not work in the current social structuring of education.
Also, I tend to be highly skeptical of business gurus who borrow, without much credit, sociological concepts to turn them into mantras and memes that only provide ideological cover for furthering precarization and individualization of labor… you know the kind, "Who moved my cheese?", "the millionaire next door", etc. So let us keep our critical thinking skills sharp here and not jump on a fashionable bandwagon.


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Technique - Quilt
Easy to make!This open weave runner and place mat pattern includes goof-proof templates and color layout diagrams, for easy and perfect results. Table runner is 17 3/4" x 40", and place mats are 14" x 18".
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The Birth of Loneliness – Robin Skouteris
I've had a few mashups sitting in my drop box that I wasn't sure what to do with. I liked them individually, but my focus just wasn't on them over the weekend. For shame, because there are a few that I should have shared out a few days ago. Robin Skouteris has had The Birth of Loneliness available for just under a week now, with samples from Enigma (Age of Loneliness and Carly's Song - Jam & Spoon mix), Lana Del Rey (Born To Die), and B.O.B. featuring Hayley Williams (Airplanes). This is another example of what a 'beautiful' mashup can sound like. He was recently featured on Panos T's release of "Mash of the Titans," a mixtape with several international mashup artists. I feel if Robin Skouteris had included this mashup on the mixtape, I might have been pulled in sooner, rather than towards the second half.
Another mashup that I should have featured earlier this week would be from our main man, Bruneaux, with Your Diamonds Belong To Me, which includes just two samples: Kanye West - Diamonds Are Forever and Muse - You Belong To Me. Bruneaux headlined our Club Level Series last Thursday and dropped this new mashup over the weekend. We heard Muse's Starlight during his Live set, but you won't hear this specific song. Reason being, any song you find on his SoundCloud account, is a song outside of his sets. All of Bruneaux's sets are performed live and on the spot, giving you and his fans a new experience every time. But he releases mashups for you to enjoy outside of his sets, that's just good guy Bruneaux for ya!
The Birth of Loneliness (Enigma vs. Lana Del Rey vs. B.O.B. ft. Hayley Williams) – Robin Skouteris
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text: Hard vs. soft 01/14/2003 02:31 PM 01/14/2003 02:31 PM Hard vs. soft 01/14/2003 02:31 PM Contact lens technology has come a long way since the days when old-style hard lenses were your only option. Today you can choose from a variety of different types of contacts, each with advantages and disadvantages, depending on the type of correction your eyes need, as well as your lifestyle requirements. Bluestreak Media Page: [[$index + 1]]


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Northern boys look strong as regionals approach
Every time he looked up, Northern Vance coach Wilton Baskett saw blue and gold.
The Viking boys had a good showing at Wednesday's 3-A Carolina Conference Track and Field Championship. It wasn't good enough for the win as Northern finished second to Chapel Hill, but the Vikings seem to be hitting the right stride heading into next weekend's Mideast Regionals.
"The kids are really stepping up and pulling for each other and giving an all-out effort," said Baskett.
Montel Clark was one of four individual boys winners for Northern, claiming a shot put victory. Jaleel Seward had a win in the 400-meters and Vincent Ragland and Jeffrey Jones posted win in the high and low hurdles, respectively.
Northern also recorded wins in the 4x100 and 4x200 relays.
Tyrrick Bullock was on both of those relays and volunteered to run a leg in the 4x400 as well.
Freshman Jeffrey Jones scored a dramatic win in the 300-meter hurdles when he edged out a Chapel Hill runner that tripped on his last hurdle.
"Him, Kris Haywood, James Alexander, they've been fantastic," Baskett said of his freshman class.
Bullock has qualified for the regionals in both the 100 and 200 and Devin Anderson has qualified in the 100. Ragland has also qualified for the regionals in both hurdle events.
For the girls, Jazmine Haywood has regional-qualifying times in the 100, 200 and high jump.
Hunter sweeps sprints for Southern
Southern Vance's Reggie Hunter won both the 100 and 200 Thursday and his Raider relay teams took second in the 4x100 and 4x200.
Southern coach Shannon Allen said Hunter entered the season with confidence.
"He's a different kid than he was last year," said Allen. "He works hard. He's a character in his own right, but he works hard. He had in his mind yesterday that he was winning today. You could not tell him different. You were not going to tell him different."
The Southern boys were third overall and the girls took fifth.
The Southern boys were second in both the shot put and discus and Jeremiah Williams won the triple jump. Ty-Traveon Roberts was second in the high jump.
Emerald Hayes won the long jump Wednesday and qualified for the regionals in the triple jump for the third consecutive year.
Jaquez Bullock and Xavier Gregory have also qualified for the regionals as throwers. Qualik Shearin will join Hunter at the regionals as a sprinter.
Canaan Dale and Tiara Jordan are among the Southern girls that have clinched regional bids.
Has the season been a success?
"When we do well in regionals, then it will be a pretty good year for us," said Allen. "And then when we get to states, that's how we declare it's a good year."
Webb boys suffer setback
The J.F. Webb boys don't have the best numbers, but the 4x400 was their event.
It was, anyway, until top runner Khalil Brown injured his knee. Brown's absence likely means Webb won't make a regional appearance.
"We ask our kids to do a lot," coach Kenneth Rogers said Wednesday. "Today's one of those days where our lack of depth is really causing us a lot of trouble."
The 4x100 team just missed a regional time and the team overall finished last in the overall standings.
Wednesday's bright spot was a high jump victory for Josh Jones.
"The best thing I've seen is our desire to compete even though we're undermanned," said Rogers. "The attitudes are terrific."
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Churchill set for arbitration in Indonesia mine row
Britain's Churchill Mining said on Wednesday that it had filed for international arbitration after an Indonesian court rejected its claim to one of the world's biggest undeveloped coal reserves.
In a row highlighting foreign miners' concerns over investing in the country, Churchill's move comes after an administration on Indonesian Borneo stripped the firm of its license in 2010, citing forgery and an overlap of concessions.
The decision to seek arbitration comes weeks after it learned the Indonesian Supreme Court had rejected an appeal.
The World Bank's International centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes in Washington DC will now decide if the move breached an investment treaty with Britain.
"Our lawyers in London informed me they filed the request on Tuesday," Churchill executive chair David Quinlivan told Agence France-Presse
"We will seek whatever we're due in terms of the treaty."
Churchill and a local partner obtained permits on 35,000 hectares (86,500 acres) of land on Borneo, expecting to find 100 million tonnes of the coking coal that is in high demand in India and China to drive their huge economies.
They made the finding public in 2008 and Churchill said the reserves could bring in up to $1 billion a year for the next 25 years.
However the permits were revoked by the district head in East Kutai and returned to the former concession holder, the Nusantara Group, which has declined to comment on the case.
Nusantara is owned by one of Indonesia's wealthiest men, Prabowo Subianto, the former head of the notorious Kopassus special forces unit who is accused of human rights abuses during Indonesia's 1975-99 occupation of East Timor, and who is seen as a likely candidate for the 2014 presidential elections.
In March, Forestry minister Zulkifli Hasan in a letter backed Churchill's claims, saying the decision to revoke the licenses was "not correct".
Churchill's shares have plummeted over the row, from above 130 pence on the London Stock Exchange in 2010 to 12.75 pence by close on Tuesday.
The case comes after the government introduced a raft of mining regulations seen as protectionist, including a law that strips foreigners of control over local mining assets after 10 years of production, while another imposes a tax on most raw metal exports.
Category: ResourceAsia


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On Jan. 19, 2011, an Irishman with the delightfully generic name of Mike Costello filed eight nearly identical lawsuits in federal court in New York, accusing local restaurants of violating laws requiring special accomodations for people with disabilities.
Costello's lawyers were new York attorney B. Bradley Weitz and his Florida colleague Adam Shore, who between them have filed more than 200 similar suits in New York courts since 2009, seeking injunctions to fix the alleged violations of disabilities laws and rich, court-ordered fees for themselves.
On Thursday, U.S. District Judge Sterling Johnson Jr. threw the book at them. In a harshly worded 20-page memo reported today by the New York Times, Johnson accused Weitz and Shore of charging excessive fees, practicing shoddy law, and possibly concocting the mysterious Mr. Costello, who repeatedly failed to show up in court to prosecute his own lawsuit.
None of Costello's lawsuits resulted in any changes to the establishments that were sued, wrote the judge after visiting them himself.
"A troubling reality is that cases like the one presently before the Court have the effect of being less about ensuring access for those with disabilities and more about lining counsel's pockets," Johnson said, rejecting Shore's fee request and putting both lawyers on notice that "these tactics will no longer be tolerated." If the lawyers persist, he said, the judge "will not be shy about informing the appropriate state bar authorities and chief judges across the country."
Johnson joins judges in California and Manhattan who have attempted to shut down lawyers like Weitz and Shore, who file lawsuits against bars, restaurants and retailers accusing them of violating the Americans With Disabilities Act and seeking fees under a provision of the law that allows courts to order the defendants to pay them. Weitz and Shore sought $425 an hour, but Johnson didn't think much of their legal skills.
The duo filed complaints with the "same boilerplate language" and failed to fully investigate their claims, he said. Mike Costello complained that the Subway restaurant in this case wasn't ADA-compliant, for example, yet when Johnson examined the establishment, it had no public bathroom at all. Shore submitted no billing records and tried to charge all 35.7 hours he wanted against one defendant when he'd sued three, presumably already collecting something from the other two.
The lawyers displayed no particular skill at litigating ADA claims, the judge noted, since their work appeared to be "counsel's efforts in cutting and pasting old defendants in place of new defendants." Weitz, for example, has filed 159 lawsuits on behalf of a peripatetic plaintiff named Zoltan Hirsch. "The only skill or expertise Shore and Weitz have exhibited is the ability to file near-identical pleadings without intermission throughout the country," he said.
More troubling was Shore's inability to come up with his client. He wanted 10 hours for consultations with Mike Costello, which the judge termed "difficult to understand" since the lawyers couldn't even provide a phone number for the wheelchair-bound plaintiff. When Mike Costello failed to show up at the first status conference in June, 2012, Shore said he "was in Ireland tending to a sick relative." Johnson ordered Shore to tell Mike Costello to return to New York, the scene of his many ADA-related woes.
Mike Costello was a no-show at the second status conference in July, "and then, surprisingly, both Plaintiff and Mr. Shore didn't bother to attend the third status conference" in October, the judge wrote. Johnson ordered them to appear in January of this year and Shore immediately fired off a letter of apology, saying his client Mike Costello had permanently moved to Ireland.
When pressed on his fees, Shore unilaterally offered to whack them to $275 an hour. Judge Johnson thought $200 an hour was more reasonable.
Judge Johnson's concerns about excessive fees at the low end are mirrored by the increasing scrutiny some judges are showing toward bills submitted by class-action firms at the high end. As I have reported in connection with a $590 million Citigroup settlement, plaintiff lawyers seem to be living in another, possibly mythical time when even associates fresh out of law school could be billed out at $500 an hour. Unlike paying clients who scrutinize their bills carefully and refuse to pay excessive amounts, the "clients" in class action cases, like the mysterious Mike Costello in Shore's ADA cases, tend to be distant from the actual litigation and rely on judges to determine whether their fees are appropriate.
Johnson's admonitions stopped short of any actual penalties, other than denying the lawyers a fee. Courts seem to bend over backwards to avoid actually penalizing lawyers for submitting poorly investigated or hastily drafted complaints, although some take a harder line. (Robbins Geller, the large securities class-action firm, seems to be having a particularly hard time in this area, as shown by this case, this one and others.)
And even when a California court penalized an ADA mill out there in a well-publicized case called Molski vs. Mandarin Touch, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed. My suggestion to the next judge who is presented with a billing request like this one, or a poorly drafted complaint, or other evidence of unprofessional behavior, is to approach it the way, say, a government auditor would in Medicare-billing case.
What would happen to a doctor who tried to bill for 10 hours of consultation with a patient he couldn't produce on demand? Or failed to come up with accurate billing records? Or diagnosed appendicitis in a patient whose appendix had already been removed? We know what would happen. Why aren't lawyers held to the same standard?


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wittus outdoor grills / fireplaces
Justin in materialicious
The Phoenix and Firebird grills were created by Danish architectural designer Bent Falk, and are intended to be used as outdoor fireplaces and barbeque grills. Made of COR-TEN steel.
Arboreal Architecture Prototype
Mitchell Joachim, Ph.D. in Mitchell Joachim: Archinode Studio
Fab Tree Hab: accurately controlled living plant geometry to form dwellings. Just as the modern biotechnology revolution owes its existence to the intelligence in ecosystems at the molecular level, sustainable technologies for homes can also benefit from biological, natural systems; however, starting at the molecular scale is not necessary. Rather, as the intention of this design explores, lumber maintained in its macro, living form becomes a superstructure. Templates, cut from 3D computer files control the plant growth in the early stages. After a time the templates are removed and reused in a new home.
- New 3D model fabrication with Edward Ward.
The Architect "Marlon Blackwell" House, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 2006
Mohammad Fahmi Tri Wahyudi,ST in Best House Design
The Architect "Marlon Blackwell" House, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 2006
The Blackwell House responds to a site anomaly set within a dense inner-city neighborhood near a city park. The 10,000sq.ft. trapezoid shaped lot is traversed diagonally by a dry-bed creek. The urban grid and the modest scale of existing houses in the neighborhood is enhanced
A Fad or Here to Stay?
Michelle Linden in Atelier A+D
C & I are in the middle of planning our bathroom remodel, and I am having some serious tile issues... I want to have an all white bathroom and tile EVERYTHING... but I can't decide on the tile. I've been going back and forth between this small glass mosaic (which is actually rather affordable) and 2x2 white ceramic tile (with a neutral medley on the floor)... I have to admit that I'm a little bit nervous that these glass mosaic tiles are going the way of the vessel sink.... which I think we can all admit is a fad that has passed its prime.
American suburbs the new slums?
Matthew Blackett in Spacing Montreal
In a bizarre reversal of urban decay, many homes and streets in American suburbs are being abandoned due to a number of reasons, including the fallout of the sub-prime mortgage crisis. The Atlantic magazine's Christopher B. Leinberger wonders if the 'burbs will become 21st century slums. Strange days are upon the residents of many a suburban cul-de-sac. Once-tidy yards have become overgrown, as the houses they front have gone vacant. Signs of physical and social disorder are spreading. At Windy Ridge, a recently built starter-home development seven miles northwest of Charlotte, North Carolina, 81 of the community's 132 small, vinyl-sided houses were in foreclosure as of late last year. Vandals have kicked in doors and stripped the copper wire from vacant houses; drug users and homeless people have furtively moved in. In December, after a stray bullet blasted through her son's bedroom and into her own, Laurie Talbot, who'd moved to Windy Ridge from New York in 2005, told The Charlotte Observer, "I thought I'd bought a home in Pleasantville. I never imagined in my wildest dreams that stuff like this would happen."
Simulated Environments for Animals
Geoff Manaugh in BLDGBLOG
These are some plans for a new zoological park in Vincennes, France, designed by Paris architects Beckmann N'Thepe. The project is noteworthy for, among other things, its use of what could be called simulated geology. These artificial earthforms will contain simulated environments within which animals will live. The whole complex will encompass 15 hectares and six "biozones," and it will run partly on solar power.
100 Architects to Design City
Jorge Chapa in Inhabitat
If you had to pick 100 architects to build a city, who would you choose? That's the challenge posed by Jian Yuan Water Engineering, which has commissioned a plan to create one hundred villas in the city of Ordos, Inner Monglolia, China, comprised of 100 different design solutions by 100 up-and-coming architects. None other than Jacques Herzog of Herzog and De Meuron headed up the selection of emerging architectural talents from all over the world!
In Queens...
John in A Daily Dose of Architecture
...A Garden Blooms. Last summer I visited the Queens Botanical Garden for a sneak peak of its Visitors Center designed by BKSK Architects, featuring it as a half dose. Now this month's Metropolis Magazine gives the building some well-deserved treatment, with Fred A. Bernstein giving some in-depth reporting on the process of creating a LEED-platinum building in the multi-cultural borough I call home....
Architecture Prix de Rome for Emerging Practitioners
Duncan Patterson in Spacing Toronto • understanding the urban landscape
The venerable Canadian Council for the Arts recently announced the winner of this years Prix de Rome for Emerging Practitioners. This years winner is young Toronto architect Drew Sinclair, a recent graduate from University of Toronto. Drew's thesis project, entitled Impossible Properties deals directly, and in a delightfully whimsical fashion, with Toronto's urban fabric. I thought that it might be of some interest here.
Ugo Okafor in African Architecture and Design
Cobhouse is an environmentally sustainable project by Simric Yarrow to build alternative buildings out of Cob, sustainable timber,straw and clay in South Africa. The aim is really to build a house out of recycled building materials like cardboard, as well as sustainable ones.
British Columbia "the clear leader in North American climate policy"
Alex Steffen in WorldChanging
B.C.'s provincial government has instituted a carbon tax. It's pretty significant: Taylor said the new carbon tax will begin July 1, starting at a rate that will have drivers paying about an extra 2.4 cents per litre of gasoline at the pumps. The tax -- which will apply to virtually all fossil fuels, including gasoline, diesel, natural gas, coal, propane and home heating fuel -- will then increase each year after that until 2012, reaching a final price of about 7.2 cents per litre at the pumps. After that, Taylor said, it will rest with the government of the day to decide if the tax rate should change any further.
Which is excellent news, but not half as good as the fact that this isn't a tax increase, it's a tax shift: other taxes will go down as this tax goes up, so that average people don't take a financial hit. Low-income British Columbians will even get "climate action dividends" under the plan of $100 per adult and $30 per child.
Dive into Leeds's pool of art
Martin Wainwright in Guardian Unlimited: Arts blog - art
A giant funnel has plunged into the city's defunct swimming pool. If only the space could be saved from demolition for more wonderful art installations .Kim Wakeford is a caterer, not a critic, but I can't really improve on her one-word review of the massive installation that has landed in Leeds for the next four-and-a-half weeks. "Wow!" she says, turning the concrete corner, which used to be taken by thousands of swimmers at the now derelict International Pool. Wow is right...
The Architecture Profession: A Brief Introduction
Young in Architecture
For people who is studying in Malaysia or having intension to be an architect in Malaysia, this is useful reading material posted as a thread in lowyat forum.
"I'm writing this guide as universal as possible so that anybody who's interested in pursuing this field can get a definitive idea of what to do, where to go and how. I will update this as frequent as possible. There have been several inquiries on studying architecture, so I wish I could redirect them to this topic. Although I'm attached to UTM, my intention is purely altruistic and to provide information as neutral as possible." to find out more...
PREFAB FRIDAY: The Rapson Greenbelt
Ali Kriscenski in Inhabitat
Modernist architect Ralph Rapson has managed this to reinterpret a 60-year old design with the green panache of a 21st century prefab. The Rapson Greenbelt, an articulate series of prefab dwellings, is derived from a 1945 design called Case Study #4, which debuted back then as part of Arts & Architecture's Case Study House Program. Today, the Rapson Greenbelt is part of the modern home portfolio from WIELER, the award-winning providers of custom prefab homes.
Villa D | a Single Family House, Stockholm, Sweden by Rachel Belachev Arkitektur
Mohammad Fahmi Tri Wahyudi,ST in Best House Design
This is a great architectural project on villa or house design that was brought to you by Rachel Belachev Arkitektur . The Villa D is located in south-east of Stockholm, Sweden and situated on a rocky and steep site that overlooks a beautiful surrounding with high above street-level site location. There is two main thing thats the designer/ architect try to solve from the Villa D on design phase based on the client's wish, first how is the way to access the highest point of the site, and an aim to limit the amount of blasted rock. So the problem slove that is come up from this Villa D from the designer /Architect ( Rachel Belachev ) are by choosing to design a clearly defined volume that shoots out from the rock, creating a dramatic effect worthy the site. The result is a long rectangular shaped plan, integrated into the rock on one end, cantilevered with an inclined gable on the other.
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Mr. Paul Earnest Blankenship, age 74, Johnson City, previously of Charlem Hills Rd Jonesborough, passed away at his residence, 800 Huffine Rd, Johnson City, Saturday, January 11, 2014.
Mr. Blankenship was a native of Washington County TN, and the son of the late Roscoe and Margaret Lucille South Blankenship. He was also preceded in death by his wife Myrtle Phillips Blankenship two sisters, Mary Ellen Presnell and Alice Sherfey Littleton.
Mr. Blankenship was a member of Pleasant Grove Baptist Church, Limestone, he also attended Telford Baptist Church, Telford and Church of Alive, Mt Juliet, TN.
Mr. Blankenship retired from Jonesborough Street Department.
Survivors include one step-daughter, Shirley Bennett (Verlin), step-son, Gene France; two brothers Daniel Blankenship, Johnson City, and James Blankenship (Nancy), Chuckey, two sisters, Mabel Blankenship, Johnson City, and Bernice Ledford (Russell), Telford; five nieces and nephews, Sandra Crews (Dale), Shirley Housewright, Connie Sullivan (Shawn), Robert Ledford, David Blankenship, John and Paul Sherfey, twelve great-nieces and nephews, and several cousins.
Funeral services will be Tuesday, January 14, 2014 at 8:00 PM at Dillow-Taylor Funeral with Rev. Scott Armstrong officiating. The family will receive friends from 6:00-8:00 PM prior to the service and other times at the house of his niece Sandra Crews, 169 Atoll Way, Jonesborough, TN.
Interment will be Wednesday, January 15, 2014, 10:00 AM at Pleasant Grove Baptist Church, Telford. Pallbearers will be Verlin Bennett, Leroy Bennett, Mike McCracken, Greg Williams, William McKee and Jimmy Nease.
Condolences may be sent to the Blankenship family online at www.dillow-taylor.com.
Dillow-Taylor Funeral Home & Cremation Services 423-753-3821.