text:
A method for improving the utilization of lipid materials by ruminants comprising feeding ruminants an emulsion or emulsion product comprising homogeneous lipid bodies dispersed within a medium. The medium comprises the reaction product of a dietary protein and an aldehyde, said reaction product being substantially insoluble at a pH greater than about 5 and substantially soluble at a pH less than about 4. The lipid bodies disclosed are protected from degradation in the rumen but remain available for digestion in the abomasum or lower gut. Methods for preparing the emulsified product and ruminant milk and meat product produced with the aid of the emulsified products are also discussed herein.
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent Scott et al. 5] Dec. 9, 1975 15 1 FEED SUPPLEMENTS FOR RUMINANTS 3,533,958 10/1970 Yurkowitz 99/166 COMPRISlNG LIPID ENCAPSULATED 3,539,465 11/1970 Hiestand et al 252/316 3,541,204 11/1970 Sibbald et 311 99/166 WITH PROTEIN'ALDEHYDE REACTION 3,619,200 11/1971 Ferguson 1. 99/2 ND PRODUCT inventors: Trevor William Scott, Kellyville;
Geoffrey Dean Loftus Hills, Beaumaris, both of Australia Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia [22] Filed: May 14, 1973 [21] Appl. No; 359,793
[73] Assignee:
426/388, 601, 656, 93; ZOO/123.5; 252/316 OTHER PUBLICATIONS Morrison, Feeds and Feeding, 1957, pp. 1050-1065.
Primary Examiner-Norman Yudkoff Assistant Examiner-Curtis P. Ribando Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Richards, Harris & Medlock ABSIRACT dium comprises the reaction product of a dietary protein and an aldehyde, said reaction product being substantially insoluble at a pH greater than about 5 and substantially soluble at a pH less than about 4. The
[56] References cued lipid bodies disclosed are protected from degradation UNITED STATES PATENTS in the rumen but remain available for digestion in the 2,800,457 7/1957 Green et a]. 252/316 abomasum of lower Methods for Preparing the 2,841,496 7/1958 Brockman 1 v U 99 F emulsified product and ruminant milk and meat prod- 3 043,782 7/1962 Jensen 1 1 t 1 1 2 252/316 uct produced with the aid of the emulsified products 3,265,629 8/1966 Jensen 1 6 99/2 ND are also discussed herein. 3,265,630 8/1966 Jensen 1 v 1 1 252/3l6 3,507,662 4/1970 Leroy et al. 99/2 N 11 Claims, 4 Drawmg Figures PROTEIN M iii E R WATER OIL coumo mu OIL-SOLUBLE AGENT- r meme l l EMULSIFY1NG i AGENT HDMOGENiSER 1 Mom memos I i 1 smr 1:111:12
1 agree/:11 1 l 1 mutant unmet PARTHZULATE FEED summtm PHD SUPPLEMENT U.S. Patent Dec. 9, 1975 PROTHN WATER OIL OIL -SDLUBLE AGENT- Sheet 1 of 3 M\XER COLLOlD M\LL ALDEHYDE l l EMULSIFYWG AGENT uomosamsm 1 NHXER ALDEHYDE I Y SPRAY 0mm I LlQU\D-EMULS\0N COLUMN l FEED suwuzmzm PARTKULATE ALDEHYDE PARHCULATE ram suvmzmm mu SUPPLEMENT U.S. Patent Dec. 9, 1975 Sheet 2 of3 3,925,560
v o o a a Q n D EH58 92 5;: cuhzaafiznbom PARTlCLE TREATMENT MAW RATED FATTY AGD FDRMALDEHYDE UNTREATED LINDLENI ACID LlNOLEiC ACID LINOLENKZ AClD FDRMALDEHYDE LINOLENTC ACJD UNTREATED SUPPLEMENT CONTROL (2) CONTROL) :UNTREATED l TREATED (I'llllll'l PERTOD 0F EXPERIMENT (WEEKS) Sheet 3 of 3 3,925,560
US. Patent Dec. 9, 1975 P/S RATIOS OF FATS FROM RUM\NANT MEAT POLYUN SATURATED DEPOTWFAT J SHEEP NORMA BEEF MEAT
FEED SUPPLEMENTS FOR RUMINANTS COMPRISING LIPID ENCAPSULATED WITH PROTEIN-ALDEI-IYDE REACTION PRODUCT This invention is concerned with ruminant feed supplements having nutritional, therapeutic of prophylactic properties, and it relates to the production, composition, form and use of such supplements. More particularly, the invention seeks to provide high-energy, lipid-containing, feed supplements for ruminant animals which will permit major modifications of the animals nutrition, fat and meat production without digestive disturbance. Another particular purpose of the invention is to provide a vehicle for the administration of lipid-soluble therapeutic and prophylactic substances to ruminants.
Dietary control of the nutrition of monogastric animals such as pigs and poultry has reached a highly advanced state with the use of high-energy and highprotein feeds containing supplemental hormones and medicaments. But this situation does not exist with ruminant animals such as cattle and sheep, largely because of their more complex and radically different digestive systems. It is known, for example, that the rumen micro-organisms break down proteins and modify lipid materials to such a degree that a high protein or a high energy diet is utilised most inefficiently by the ruminant. ln our US. Pat. No. 3,619,200, it was shown that a high protein diet could be utilised efficiently for wool or meat production, if the protein was protected from breakdown within the rumen. This invention, on the other hand, is based upon the discovery that very substantial and useful improvements in the utilisation of high energy lipid diets by ruminants can also be achieved by protecting lipids from the action of rumen micro-organisms.
While it is known that the hydrogenation of unsaturated pasture lipids by the rumen microflora is a major factor in accounting for the characteristically saturated body and milk fats of the ruminant, attempts to attain substantial modification of fat production and composition by the feeding of large quantities of vegetable oils have not been successful in practice because of the poor efficiency of conversion which is partly due to the action of the rumen microflora and partly to the disturbance of normal digestion and the associated loss of appetite. Nevertheless, from the standpoint of human health and nutrition, there is an increasing demand and need for food products having a fat component with a high ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (hereinafter termed the PI8 ratio). By use of the feed supplements disclosed in this specification, it is now possible to radically increase this ratio in the ruminant body and milk fats without digestive disturbance to the animal and with substantial increases in efficiency of feed utilisation.
Broadly, the feed supplement of this invention comprises a lipid material which is finely divided into discrete particles or globules by product reaction p of a protein and an aldehyde which surrounds the particles or globules, the protein-aldehyde reaction product being substantially insoluble at pH greater than but substantially soluble at pH less than 4. This supplement may be in the form of a finely divided particulate solid, where the particles have diameters of 0.0] to 5mm, preferably 0.2-2 mm., or it may be prepared and administered as a liquid emulsion. In either case the oil 2 globules should have an average diameter substantially less than one tenth of a millimetre and most preferably of the order of a micron.
[f it is desired to increase the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the animal's body and/or milk fats, unsaturated vegetable or animal fats or oils should be employed. Vegetable oils derived from for example, soya beans, peanuts, sunflowers, safflowers, cotton seeds, maize, rape, etc., or animal fats or oils derived from non-ruminants such as fish, fowls and pigs (or from ruminants which have been fed with the supplements of this invention) may be used. If it is desired to administer hormones, vitamins, or other medicaments and modifying agents, these should be in lipid-soluble form and incorporated into the lipid component of the feed supplement, though this component need not be unsaturated for the purpose. (The term other modifying agents is intended to include flavouring, antioxidant, texturising and the like substances employed for their respective effects upon the meat, fat or milk products of the ruminant).
A wide variety of protein materials may be used, and their choice will depend upon their cost and emulsifying properties. However, it is preferable to ensure that this is digestible. For example, animal proteins such as casein, gelatine, or others obtainable from fish or meatmeals, and plant proteins, such as gluten or those present in the oil seeds themselves, are suitable. Such proteinaceous material is normally available in digestible form; that is, in a form such that it is susceptible to attack by the gastric juices of the ruminant abomasum, duodenum or intestine.
It is within the scope of this invention to derive the lipid and portein materials from the same single source, in this case usually an oil seed, such as safi'lower. It is not necessary to separate the protein and lipid materials and the finely divided source material, e.g. ground safflower may be emulsified and treated directly with the aldehyde.
The treatment with the aldehyde is, of course, intended to be sufficient to provide protection from the rumen microflora without being so great that digestibility of the proteinaceous material is significantly impaired. The amount of aldehyde chosen; generally between 1 and 6 percent of aldehyde by weight of the protein is sufficient to prevent metabolism of the lipid component of the particle. About 1% to 2 percent of formaldehyde on casein is suitable, for example. Though other aldehydes than formaldehyde may be employed, formaldehyde appears to be the cheapest and probably the most suitable available; nevertheless, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal for example are possible.
Since, as disclosed in our above mentioned copending application, the aldehyde-protein complex is nutritionally available to the ruminant animal, the proportion of protein to lipid in the supplement of this invention is largely a matter of choice. However, in order to obtain adequate protection of the lipid material, at least 20 percent by weight of the particle should be protein. Ratios of lipid to protein in the range lzl to 4:l have been found to be convenient for modifying ruminant fats.
In accordance with the invention, the lipid feed supplement is preferably made by forming an emulsion of lipid and protein in aqueous solution by homogenisation, spray-drying (or otherwise processing) the em ulsion to form a coated particulate solid and treating the emulsion or the spray-dried product with an aldehyde. (The formation of the emulsion ensures the fine subdivision of the lipid as preferred). However, it is also envisaged that essentially the same product can be made by combining the lipid and protein as separate components in any suitable encapsulation method known in the art, the protein being treated with the aldehyde either before or after the encapsulation process. In any event, it is important that the lipid material should be finely subdivided by the protein, since it is thought that the acceptability of the high lipid supplements is due to the small globules of oil and their intimate association with digestible, or semi-digestible, protein; the feeding of large quantities of unprotected lipids in bulk form by mouth, is likely to cause severe metabolic disturbances and loss of appetite. Thus, while it is known that some natural pastures contain as much as percent lipids and that a maximum of twice to three times this quantity can be fed to ruminant animals without causing intolerable digestive disturbance, it is possible in accordance with this invention to feed up to ten times that amount without undue reaction and with effective utilisation.
In order to minimise breakdown of the lipid supplement in the rumen, the particles of supplement should preferably be less than 0.5mm in diameter and have a relative density less than unity, or at most not greater than 1.2. In this way, the supplement can quickly separate from other material in the rumen and be passed to the abomasum with the liquor. Control over density can be obtained conveniently by controlling the amount of air mixed into the homogenate when forming the emulsion; upon spray-drying or the like, this entrained air forms voids in the particles and may produce hollow spheres to some advantage.
Finally, it should be noted that this invention also embraces the new and modified ruminant meat and milk products produced by the consistent administration of the lipid supplements disclosed herein.
Having now broadly portrayed the nature of the present invention, particular embodiments and facets thereof will now be described by way of example and illustration only. In this description, reference will be made to the following figures:
FIG. I is a flow chart illustrating some processes by which feed supplements of this invention are produced in the Examples.
FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the in vitro resistance of the supplement of Example I with similar untreated feed supplement particles, to rumen contents.
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the effect on the linoleic acid content of milk fat produced by feeding cows the supplement of Example I.
FIG. 4 is a bar diagram of polyunsaturated fat content of the body fat of sheep and cows fed the supplement of Example I.
The term P/S ratio, used to describe ruminant meat and milk products in the following examples, is an index of the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids relative to saturated fatty acids. That is:
Total polyunsaturated fatty acid content Total saturated fatty acid content PIS (mono-unsaturated); saturated fatty acids would include stearic acid but, again, not oleic acid. Iodine val ues have not been quoted, except for butter in Table 2, as these are a measure of total unsaturation without indication of whether or in what proportion the unsaturation derives from monoor polyunsaturated components.
Referring more particularly to FIG. 1, the illustrative feed supplements may be prepared by forming an aqueous solution of the protein component in a mixer, elevated temperature (for example 5080C) and neutral or slightly alkaline pH conditions being employed to facilitate dissolution. The protein/water phase and an oil component are combined in a colloid mill and emulsification completed by passage through a homogeniser. Emulsification can be facilitated by the presence of an emulsifying agent such as lecithin. Also, should it be desired to incorporate lipid-soluble substances into the feed supplement, these may conveniently be introduced to the mixture with the oil component. If the feed supplement is required in liquid emulsion form, the product of the homogeniser needs no further processing beyond mixing with an appropriate amount of aldehyde. Otherwise (and this has been found preferable), the emulsion is pumped (after pre-heating if desired) into a spray-drier; typically, a water content in the emulsion of 60 to 80 percent, a pretreat temperature of 50-90C and a spray-drier air temperature of l60l80C may be employed. As shown in FIG. I by broken arrows, the aldehyde can be added in the spraydrier or (this has been found to be preferable) the spray-dried particles may be treated with the aldehyde in a separate stage. This is done by allowing the particles to pass down a column containing an atmosphere comprising the aldehyde. It is also possible to introduce the aldehyde during emulsification, or into the emulsion before spray drying, but as the aldehyde-treated emulsion tends to form a gel on standing (usually after about 20 minutes) delay between emulsification and spray drying should be avoided; alternatively the gel can be dried and ground to desired particle size.
For quality-control purposes, in vitro assessment of the product is important, and this may be done most simply by employing separate buffered aqueous solutions at pH6 and pH3 and at 3040C. No more than a small percentage of the oil should be released after 15-20 hours at pH6 while a large percentage should be released at pH3 after 1% to 2 hours. Greater reliability will be furnished, of course, by the use of simulated or aspirated rumen contents in place of the buffered solution.
Examples of particular products will now be given.
EXAMPLE I Acid precipitated casein (30 percent by weight) was dissolved in water, using a colloid mill as the mixer and with sufficient addition of NaOH to bring the pH to approximately 6.8. Safflower oil (to give a 1:1 lipid/- protein ratio) and a dodecyl gallate emulsifying agent (0.l percent by weight of oil) were mixed with the casein solution by a second passage through the colloid mill and emulsification completed in a two-stage homogeniser allowing air-entrainment. After heating to about C the emulsion was spray dried to form particles which were then sprayed down the inside of a column through a fine mist of formalin; the input of formalin was controlled to sup ply formaldehyde at the rate of 4-5 percent (on a protein basis), the product being collected from the base of the column. A second feed supplement was prepared in the same way using linseed oil instead of safflower oil.
The feed supplement particles produced in this way are hollow spheres (-60 y. in diameter) the shell of which comprises a matrix of casein crosslinked with formaldehyde which completely encases discrete globules (0.1-4.0 p. in diameter) of safflower oil or linseed oil.
As an in vitro test, samples of the products were incubated anaerobically at 38C with strained rumen fluid obtained from a sheep which had been fasted for at least 12 hours. The degree of hydrogenation of the polyunsaturated acids was determined by comparing the proportion of these acids present in the mixtures before and after incubation; separate incubations were carried out to provide samples for analysis at several time periods up to 20 hours from start of incubation. Control incubations using non-formaldehyde treated particles, were carried out to assess the hydrogenating capacity of the rumen fluid. The results of these tests are given in FIG. 2 which illustrates that in particles which would otherwise suffer substantially complete hydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acid content within about 5 hours the polyunsaturated fatty acids are not significantly hydrogenated after 20 hours when the particles have been treated with formaldehyde.
FIG. 3 shows that the linoleic acid content of cows milk can be raised from about 2 to about 25 percent when the animals are fed the safflower supplement. After the control period the cows were fed the supplement at the rate of 500gm/day (as 5 percent of a basal diet of lucerne and oats) for 1 week and thereafter until 6% weeks at lOOOgms/day (10 percent of basal diet). When the supplement was replaced by non-formaldehyde particles after 6% weeks the linoleic acid content of the milk fat declined to about 5 percent within 1 week.
More dramatic results are obtained by feeding the supplement at higher rates, for example, when fed the feed supplement of Example 1 at a higher level of -20 percent of the basal diet the linoleic acid content of the milk fat of cows and goats was observed to rise to 35-38 percent within 48 hours from start of feeding. Not only is the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk fat increased by use of the feed supplements of the invention but also there is a significant increase in milk fat production. The following table shows how total milk fat production was increased by the order of 15-20 percent during a period of 4 weeks when cows were fed the supplement of Example 1 at the rate of IOOOgms/cow/day.
TABLE I Effect of Feeding Safflower Oil-Casein Supplements on the Composition of Cows Milk TABLE l-continued Effect of Feeding Safflower OilCasein Supplements on the Composition of Cows Milk Control formaldehyde" Untreated" Diet Treated Supplement Supplement Total Solids [4.8 [5.2 14.1
The formaldehyde treated supplement was fed for 4 weeks The untreated supplement was fed for 2 weeks.
TABLE 2 Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Butter Poly- Average unsaturated Australian Linoleic acid (l8:2) Content 33.2 1.5 Softening point (C) 24.6 3 l-35 ldoine value 72 29-43 Apart from an approximately double unsaturated fatty acid content (see iodine value) it will be noted that the 30 percent decrease in softening point, which reflects the improved spreadability of polyunsaturated butter.
The remarkable increases in polyunsaturated fatty acid content of milk as described in the preceding examples is paralleled by increases in polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the body fat of ruminants fed the protected feed supplements. FIG. 4 shows how the PI5 ratio of the body fat of lambs and beef steers was increased by about 800 percent after feeding a supplement as prepared in Example 1 for 4 weeks. The supplement was fed as 20 percent of a basal diet of lucerne and oats in the case of lambs and barley and lucerne in the case of the beef steers.
On assessment of the odour, flavour, tenderness, juiciness and colour of the meat products of these animals no significant difference from meat products of animals not fed the supplements were noted.
EXAMPLE 2 safflower oil contains less than 1 percent of the triunsaturated fatty acid linolenic acid, and approximately 73 percent by weight of the di-unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid. To demonstrate that the protected particles of this invention are effective in facilitating assimilation of trias of di-unsaturated fatty acids, a feed supplement was prepared according to Example 1, but using linseed oil (linoleic acid 19 percent, linolenic acid 50 percent) instead of safflower oil. As the following table shows, the linolenic acid content of goats milk can be increased from L5 percent to over 20 percent after 4 days feeding the supplement as 20 percent by weight of a basal diet of hay and oats.
TABLE 3 The Effects of Feeding Formaldehyde Treated Linseed Oil-Casein (l:l wlw) Particles on the Fatty Acid Composition of Coats Milk Control diet Diet plus formaldehyde treated supplement Fatty acid (percent by weight) Goat 1 Goat 2 Goat l Goat 2 14:0 9.8 13.1 5.4 8.9 16:0 18.6 22.7 13.1 16.2 18:0 6.7 7.0 10.8 6.4 18:1 483 37.3 23.8 24.3 18:2 Linoleic acid) 3.3 1.9 10.8 9.1 18:3 (Linolenic acid) 1.5 1.4 24.7 20.9 thers" 11.8 16.6 11.4 14.2
Milk fatty acid compositions were determined prior to supplementation (Control diet) and after 4 days on the supplement rations. The control diet contained chopped lucerne hay and oats( l:l w/w). Animals were fed once daily.
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 6 Although the supplements used in preceding examples have been prepared using lipids and proteins from separate sources, it is possible to prepare an effective protected lipid feed supplement using oil seed as starting material and without further addition of lipid or proteinaceous material.
A mixture of safflower oil seeds (30 percent by weight) in water, and with pH adjusted to 7-8 by addition of NaOl-l, was treated in a plate-grinder to reduce the solid matter to particle size less than 0.1mm. The mixture was then emulsified at 70C by passage through a colloid mill in the presence of 0.1 percent by weight lecithin (as emulsifying agent). 2 percent by weight of formaldehyde (as formalin) was mixed with the emulsion and feed particles formed by spray drying in air at approximately 175C.
When the thus prepared feed supplement was fed to lactating goats as 20 percent of a basal diet of hay and oats, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the animals milk was increased from l-2 to 10-12 percent within 24 hours from start of feeding.
EXAMPLE 4 The incorporation of lipid soluble substances into the protected feed supplements presents no difficulties and tests have established the high effectiveness of such supplements as a means of introducing representative lipid soluble substances into the ruminants body.
Thus, a formaldehyde treated safflower oil/casein (l:l) supplement was prepared as described in Example 1; 0.025 percent by weight on a particle basis of dla-tocopherol (vitamin E) was mixed with the oil prior to homogenisation. When the supplement was tested in vitro according to Example 1 the tocopherol was not degraded and when fed to lactatinc cows as percent of a basal diet of lucerne chaff and oats, the level of tocopherol in the ruminant milk fat was observed to increase by percent over 48 hours.
EXAMPLE 5 [t is not essential that the feed supplement be in solid particulate form; an effective liquid supplement is obtained by mixing a lipid-protein emulsion (prepared for instance as in Example 1) with formalin.
A liquid emulsion feed supplement obtained in this way, resulted in an increase in the polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the milk of lactating goats from l-2 percent to 14-16 percent within 48 hours of the start of feeding the supplement as 20% of a basal diet of lucerne and hay.
Though formaldehyde is the preferred aldehyde for use in preparing the protected supplements, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal have been used. Supplements prepared according to Example 1 but using glutaraldehyde and glyoxal instead of formaldehyde displayed no significant degradation when tested in vitro as described in Example 1.
EXAMPLE 7 As previously indicated, the introduction of an aldehyde to a lipid-lprotein emulsion tends to initiate gel formation, and it is possible to produce gels in a form suitable for drying by a variety of techniques, such as flash drying, tray drying, fluidisation or entrainment in hot gases, which are applicable to particulate solid or semi-solid materials.
Thus, in one case 20 kg/minute of whole safflower seeds were fed through a plate mill (gap setting 2mm) together with 30 kg/minute of water, and 2.5 kg/minute NaOl-i (2.5-3N) to yield a wet mash having about 38 percent solids and a pH between 10.5 and 11.5. This mash was pumped directly through a carbonundum stone mill (gap setting 0.1 mm) and fed to a blade mixer where 37 percent formalin was added at the level of about 1.5 percent by weight of protein. The stiff, paste-like product from the latter mixer was then fed to a flash drier, consisting of a bladed disc rotating in a current of hot air, to yield a dry powdery product which is entrained with air. Depending upon the characteristics of the protein component of the seed, it may be preferrable to add minor amounts of sodium caseinate or other soluble protein source, to facilitate emulsification and gel formation, high pH levels in the mash also being of assistance for this purpose. The use of a vibratory tray drier may have advantages in some products where agglomerated particles offer easier handling.
The flash-dried product described above was fed to lactating goats at the level of 30 percent by wt. of a basic diet of lucerne chaff and oats 1 :1 w/w); the fatty acid content of the milk after three days feeding is shown in Table 4, together with the corresponding figures for milk from control animals fed the same, but unsupplemented diet.
Table 4 The effects of feeding safflower oil-seed (gel) supplements on the fatty acid composition of goats milk Table 4-continued The effects of feeding safflower oil-seed (gel) supplements on the fatty acid composition of goats milk The high lipid diet made possible by the present invention constitutes a high energy feed of significant nutritional value for the animal and, therefore, offers a benefit which is independent of the degree of polyunsaturation of the lipid. Thus lipids which are fully saturated or nearly so, such as tallow, lard, palm oil and the like, can be employed where polyunsaturation is not a consideration.
A supplement having a 2:1 lipidzprotein ratio was prepared as in Example 1, but using a mutton tallow (heated to 45C to aid mixing and emulsification) instead of safflower oil. On feeding to two-month old steers as a supplement (10 percent by wt.) to a basic daily ration comprising 2000 g luceme and 2000 g crushed oats, the animals were observed to have achieved a 10-20 percent better growth rate after three months than control animals on a similar diet which contained no supplement.
EXAM PLE 9 It has already been mentioned that the present invention has value for the protection of lipid soluble medicaments. Typically, the latter might be cortico-steriods or prostaglandins, which are essentially long chain fatty acids susceptible to breakdown in the rumen in a similar manner to previously mentioned lipids. it is known that such medicaments can stimulate appetite, fat deposition, oestrus and parturition when fed to monogastric animals and when injected into ruminants. From the following it will now be seen that this invention allows such medicaments to be fed effectively to ruminants.
Cortisone acetate was mixed with safflower oil to provide a concentration of 0.03 percent and the lipidsteroid solution was used to prepare a spray-dried and treated emulsion product as described in Example 1. This was fed to lactating cows at a rate equivalent to 30 mg/day of the cortico-steroid, while the unprotected steroid was fed at an equivalent rate to control animals. The peripheral plasma levels of the steroid in the experimental and control animals were found to average about 600 pico gm/ml and 120 pico gm/ml respectively.
During all the in vivo trials described above the animals were continually examined for any untoward effect which might have arisen from release of formaldehyde on digestion of the feed supplements. However, there were no indications whatsoever of toxic effects attributable to formaldehyde.
During all the feeding trials described, the animals were continually examined for the presence of digestive and other disturbances, but no untoward effects were observed. The tolerance of ruminants to the release of formaldehyde in the abomasum or rumen was checked in a number of independent trials. Though an upper safe limit to the amount of formaldehyde which 10 can be fed with safety was not determined, no toxic effects were noted when sheep were fed (over a period of 3 months) an equivalent of 20 times the maximum amount of formaldehyde which would be consumed by feeding the treated supplement of Example 1 at 500 gms per day.
It will be seen from the above that the use of the lipid feed supplements described herein provides a technique for the management and control of ruminant growth, nutrition, and lipid production of considerable potential. By its use, it is possible for the first time to use high energy diets efficiently in ruminants; for the first time, radical control over the PIS ratio of ruminant body and milk fats can be obtained; control over natural flavour, texture and antioxidant properties of ruminant milk fat and meat products has now been made possible; and finally, a simple and efi'ective way for the administration of lipid soluble therapeutic and prophylactic substances has been provided. However, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many variations and modifications can be made to the particular examples and illustrations of the invention provided above without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims.
What we claim is:
1. In a method of feeding ruminant animals whereby a feed supplement comprises a nutritionally effective portion of the ruminants diet, the improvement of providing dietary lipid to said ruminant animals in effective nutritional amounts thereby permitting modification of said ruminant animals nutrition, fat, meat and milk production without causing digestive disturbances by the method comprising:
feeding said ruminant animals a composite feed supplement material made of dietary lipid which is assimilable by ruminant animals and encapsulated by a reaction product of dietary protein and aldehyde which is substantially insoluble at a pH greater than about 5 and substantially soluble at a pH less than about 4 and therefore not degradable in the rumen but subject to degradation in the abomasum and lower gut, said dietary lipid consisting essentially of nutrient lipid globules of a size less than about 0.1 millimeter, said supplement being fed in a quantity which will supply said dietary lipid in said nutritional amounts for said ruminant animals; and allowing said supplement to be ingested by said ruminant animals and pass through the rumen and become digested in the abomasum and lower gut and thereby assimilated by said ruminant animals.
2. The improved method of claim 1 wherein said supplement has a lipid to protein ratio in the range of from about 1:1 to 4:1 and said feed supplement comprises from about 1 to about 6 percent aldehyde based on the weight of the protein therewithin.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said aldehyde in said feed supplement is an aldehyde selected from glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde and glyoxal.
4. A method of increasing the unsaturated lipid content of body and milk fat of ruminant animals comprismg:
feeding said ruminant animals a composite feed supplement material made of unsaturated dietary lipid which is assimilable by said ruminant animals and encapsulated by a reaction product of a dietary protein and an aldehyde which is substantially insoluble at a pH greater than about 5 and substantially soluble at a pH less than about 4 thereby not degradable in the rumen but subject to degradation in the abomasum and lower gut, said unsaturated dietary lipid encapsulated within said reaction product being in the form of discrete globules having a size less than about 0.1 millimeter; said supplement being fed in an effective amount to increase the unsaturated lipid content of body and milk fat of said ruminant animals; and allowing said supplement to be ingested by said ruminant animals and pass through the rumen and become digested in the abomasum and lower gut of said ruminant animals. 5. The method of claim 4 wherein said unsaturated dietary lipid is selected from animal oils derived from fish, fowl and pigs and vegetables oils derived from soybeans, peanuts, sunflowers, safflowers, cotton seed, maize and rape.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein said lipid comprises polyunsaturated lipid.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said polyunsaturated lipid is at least one polyunsaturated vegetable oil.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said protein and said lipid are derived from oil seed.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal.
10. The method of claim 4 wherein said protein is selected from casein, gelatin and gluten.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein said aldehyde is selected from formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and glyoxal.
PC1-1050 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE (s/ss) CERTIFICATE OF CORRbCTiON Patent No. 3 925 560 Dated December 9 1975 Inventor(s) Trevor William Scott et a1.
It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
301. 1, line 7, "of" should be --or--;
line 60, "by product reaction p" should be by the reaction product-.
301. 2-, line 12, "used. If" should be -used. If-;
line 34, "portein" should be -protein--.
9 4, lines 5 and 59, "lipid/-protein" should be '-lipid/protein- I01. 6, line 29, "Idoine" should be -Iodine-.
Iol. 7, line 9, "6..4" should be -6.4--;
- line 11, "Linoleic acid)" should be --(Linoleic acid) line S3,' "Lactatinc" should be --1actatin gf E'rigncd and Scaled this A nest:
RUTH C. MASON New": 0mm c. MARSHALL mm:
(0 m m im'uner nj'la mmand Trademark:
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Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Water, African Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract (aqueous), Virgin Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Oil, Cetearyl Alcohol, Stearic Acid, Behentrimonium Chloride, Panthenol, Copa (Cocos nucifera) Extract, Phenoxyethanol, Potassium Sorbate, Citric Acid
Manufacturer's Directions
Apply to hair after shampooing with Super Hydrating Coconut Shampoo, smoothing evenly from roots to ends. Allow to penetrate for 60 seconds and rinse.
Manufacturer's Disclaimer
For external use only.
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ALAFFIA Everyday Shea - Super Hydrating Shampoo Coconut 32 fl.oz
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Soaps Boards :: The Young and the Restless Forum :: If you had to! Which would you prefer to see?
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a) Sharon and Dylan romance
Homesick Cajun
Nice multiple choice.
Quote Homesick Cajun: Nice multiple choice.
When Dylan first came to town, I really thought the writers were going to match him up with Sharon. I wouldn't mind seeing that at some point. You are right about Dylan and Chelsea, that was doomed from the start.
Adam and Avery have amazing chemistry! I would really like to see how that developed.
I never considered Nick and Chelsea...could have potential, I just never thought about it before. Hmmmm...
Did you catch that Dylan told Chelsea that he confided in Sharon more of his story and Avery told Chelsea he confided so little to her! One can say it is easier to talk with a stranger than a loved one. New triangles will unfold! Some ties will be cut! Will we end up with Shylan Chick or Advery will be the mystery! As long as it's a romance and not just bed hopping I could get used to any of the scenarios!
Quote Milkshake24: a) Sharon and Dylan romance
b) Nick and Chelsea romance
c) Adam and Avery romance
d) All the above
Chelsea and Dylan won't last..writing is on the wall for that and Sharon is pushing Avery out of Nick's life soon enough but will a Shick reunion last? I don't see Melanie being a permanent residence in Genoa City! I'm a Chadam fan myself and a Shick fan as well however the one saint and one sinner scenario is usually the way to go! It may be a year or 2 but I
guarantee that at least one if not all will eventually occur!
And when I say Saint I just mean compared to ex Niki is a Saint compared to Victor!
The only saint-sinner SL I want to see is Shadam. But assuming that doesn't happen, I can see all three pairings, as current couples Navery and Chylan aren't strong enough to hold viewers'interests long-term. So Sharon and Dylan may end up bonding in the psych ward, and after Dylan dumps Chels, where else can she go except the arms of Nick, the other town pariah? Plus the few scenes they've had together showed some chemistry. And their pairing would drive Adam crazy and into the arms of Avery, who will need bad boy Adam to get over Nick. I just don't know if the actress who plays Avery can handle love scenes. She always looks nervous and uncomfortable imo, which does not bode well for her future, especially now that Phyllis is leaving. I wish TP would resurrect Skye--she could easily replace Phyllis as GC's resident bad girl. And I enjoyed her bullying Adam.
Sharon shouldn't be with anyone for obvious reasons.
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Pick up lines has found their way into our vocabulary. It's part of our culture. Every man eager to meet women in any place always have a funny pick up line or two in their pockets. I'm sure you have a couple or more stored somewhere in the regions of your brain, ready to be used when the need arises.
There is no harm in using pick up lines. As a matter of fact, it has proven to be effective to some. The only problem today with using pick up lines is it has become old and tattered. When women hear them today, they know you're being cheesy or trying hard to look and sound cool. Why? It's because they've heard it all before!
"Is your father a thief? 'Cause he stole the stars out of the sky and put them all in your eyes."
"Are you tired? 'Cause you've been running around in my mind."
"Did it hurt when you fell down from heaven?"
"Am I dead? 'Cause this must be heaven."
Show some hands if you've used at least one of these lines while trying to pick up a woman. I knew it. These lines, as tempting as they may be to use are all OLD and TATTERED!
No one wants to hear them anymore—especially the ladies. They are much cleverer now that they instantly know when a guy is simply trying to impress them just to get in their pants. This is also why a lot of guys fail at dating, because they can't build rapport and interest due to their inability to say something interesting to the ladies.
What about funny pick up lines? Don't they work too?
As funny as they may be, girls have heard them all before. So don't use them unless you want the girl to walk out on you or, worse, get beer thrown on your face.
Ask some experts and they will tell you that pick up lines don't work. Professor of Psychology Monica Moor, Ph.D. says that the best way to access a woman's level of interest is through body language. This could support some claims that pick up lines don't work.
However, you shouldn't totally shun pick up lines. Some of them do work, as long as they are not cheesy. Surprisingly, the most effective pick up lines are the simple and more straightforward ones. Don't go for flowery and witty words. Just stick to the basics like:
"Hey, I feel a little embarrassed about this, but I really like to meet you."
"What do you think of the band? Cool, eh?"
"Do you come here often? I don't think I saw you before."
Then follow up with asking her name and introducing yourself. When trying to use top pick up lines to meet women? Always remember, simple is effective.
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Northern comes from behind with huge 4th quarter, tops ECH
In a stunning display of grit, will and athletic exuberance, East Chapel Hill jumped out to an early 15-2 lead over PAC-6 king of the hill Northern on Tuesday night, and for three solid periods looked like world beaters.
But the thing about being world beaters against Northern is the need to control the tempo for all four periods. In an explosive fourth-period fusillade and a seeming blink of the eye, the Knights ripped off 32 points in the final period to avoid disaster and down the host Wildcats 68-55.
"That's two games in a row we started out that way. Flat. I've got to find out what's going on in their heads," said Northern coach Ronnie Russell. "In our conference anybody can beat anybody and you saw that tonight. They had our backs to the wall."
He attributed the failure to jump to an early lead to a "half and half" formula — Northern's lethargy and East Chapel Hill's intensity.
"They're a difficult group to play," East Chapel Hill coach Ray Hartsfield said.
"They're tall, they run like deer and they jump like antelopes," Hartsfield said. "Kentrell Barkley, he's just special. Ricky Council's good. They're both tremendous young players. But when they started attacking we just had no answer at the rim for them."
Barkley, a 6-5 junior forward, led all scorers with 22 points. Council, a senior 6-5 shooting guard, had 19. T.J. Bell, a 6-4 sophomore forward, scored 10.
East Chapel Hill also had three players in double digits, led by junior guard Arkavius Parks with 16 points. Robert Wilson had 14 and Tykeem Woodard 11.
"I thought we did a great job putting our will on them for three quarters, keeping them away from the breakouts, because that's what can really hurt you, letting them play an open floor game," Hartsfield said.
"When they get out and all of a sudden you've got to react to them getting up 6, 8 points, it changes what your game plan was because the clock's running down and you've got to start doing different things," he said. "And once you start doing different things against those guys that's what they want. They get an open floor."
"We didn't attack the zone the way we're capable of attacking it," and East Chapel Hill changed what they were doing in the zone defense before the Knights caught on in the final period, Russell said.
Hartsfield repeatedly switched fronts between 1-3-1 and 2-3, confusing the Northern players and denying them the high post.
"We didn't run our secondary break like we should," Russell said. "We didn't run that at all the first half."
But the wily Barkley dominated on both ends of the court. When Northern closed that 13-point first period lead to 15-9, he scored the last two buckets. With 2:03 remaining he got a defensive rebound, ran the length of the court, missed his shot but got his own rebound and scored on the second chance.
At 4:31 of the second period he got a defensive rebound and tossed way downcourt to a wide open Bell, who hit a slam dunk. At 3:10 of the third period Barkley blocked a shot by the Wildcats Duncan Hemminger, and fired downcourt to Council for a slam dunk.
Although Northern took a brief 21-19 lead at 2:34 of the second period when 6-foot-2 senior guard Jamal Goodlow converted a steal into a 3-pointer, the Knights were still down 38-36 headed into the final period.
Northern outscored the Wildcats 32-17 in the final period, immediately retaking the lead 39-38 on a 3-pointer by 6-foot senior guard Jaquan Harris at 7:33.
That was followed by Barkley rejecting a shot by Woodard, snatching up the ball and going the length of the court for a slam dunk, picking up a foul and nailing the free throw.
It was off to the races after that, with Barkley pounding another slam dunk at 3:05 and Council finishing up the period with 10 points, including a smooth left handed layup at 1:47 after he melted through the Wildcats defense and zipped up the lane.
Northern 68, East Chapel Hill 55
(Boys' Game)
Northern 9 12 15 32 — 68
East Chapel Hill 15 9 14 17 — 55
NORTHERN — Kentrell Barkley 22, Ricky Council 19, T.J. Bell 10, Emmett Tilley 9, Jaquan Harris 3, T.J. Crutchfield 2.
EAST CHAPEL HILL — Arkavius Parks 16, Robert Wilson 14, Tykeem Woodard 11, Carter Collins 6, Dylan Farrow 4, Duncan Hemminger 2.
Records—Northern 18-2, 5-1 PAC-6 4-A; East Chapel Hill 8-12, 1-6 PAC-6.
Northern 60, East Chapel Hill 46
(Girls' Game)
Northern 14 18 11 17 — 60
East Chapel Hill 6 12 15 13 — 46
NORTHERN — Rhianna Council 20, Kolby Snipes 14, Madison Taylor 11, Remy Simmons 6, Andrea Graham 4, Megan Pleasants 3, Lauren Carroll 2.
EAST CHAPEL HILL — Ali Cyr-Scully 21, Sarah Towne 10, Riley Foster 6, Grace Haley 4, T.J. Johnson 3, BriAnna Tate 2.
Records—Northern 9-8, 3-3 PAC-6 4-A; East Chapel Hill 6-12, 1-6 PAC-6.


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Scott W.M. Burrus, PhD
Dr. Burrus is the Provost and Chief Academic Officer of Northcentral University. He oversees the University's five schools: the School of Business and Technology Management, the School of Education, the School of Psychology, the School of Marriage and Family Sciences, and the Graduate School. Dr. Burrus joined the faculty of Northcentral University in 2007 as an adjunct in the School of Psychology. Since then, he has held several roles, including: associate research professor; interim Dean, the School of Education; and Vice Provost of Northcentral University.
Dr. Burrus has over two decades of experience in for-profit, nonprofit, and governmental organizations, performing student mentoring, faculty training, and facilitating best-practice-based outcomes. Dr. Burrus' background in educational and social policy research has focused on child abuse prevention, early childhood education, program development in schools, substance use prevention and treatment, child welfare policy, juvenile justice, and cost study applications. He has worked on over 20 publicly and privately funded research studies and managed millions of dollars in grant funding that resulted in over 50 publications and conference presentations. Northcentral University is among four of the online universities he has worked for at various levels and one of six total educational institutions.
Dr. Burrus holds a doctorate in psychology and a Master of Arts in applied psychology Golden Gate University in San Francisco.


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Annual North West Business Pitch - Environmental Technologies
Tuesday 29 June 2010, 1030-1330
Lancaster Environment Centre
The North West Innovation Network, BusinessLink and the Lancaster Environment Centre have collaborated to arrange an ideal pitching and networking opportunity for companies operating in the Environmental Technologies Sector (ETS).
Registration extended until 16th June.
Please register using the links at the bottom of this page.
It will give you a unique chance to hear first hand, the technologies and innovations available from some of the leading companies in the North West. It will undoubtedly help you identify potential business opportunities with companies on your doorstep.
This event only takes place once a year so make sure you don't miss it!
The event will be of benefit to the following companies:
The collaborating organisations have seen the value of rapid pitching and networking activities to help support the growth of businesses. In particular it helps to rapidly identify business development opportunities, sourcing of business-critical expertise or development of collaborative routes to market.
The aim of the event is to very efficiently integrate our networks to create new opportunities for all. Past experience has shown that this event will help you to identify at least 4-5 very relevant business contacts that you didn't know existed.
The main content of the event will be for companies who are supplying products, technology and expertise to give a 90 second elevator pitch covering the following points:
Following the elevator pitches there will be time for informal networking to further explore opportunities with companies of interest.
If you don't want to pitch, then just come and be part of the audience, with the chance to identify new companies of importance to your business.
Associated Links
- Delegate Registration - Use this form if you wish to attend the North West Innovation Network business pitch event (not pitching).
- Pitching Companies Registration - If you wish to pitch at this event please use this registration form.


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As you sit at your desk at work or pull your hundredth dandelion in the muggy summer weather, do you ever want to be somewhere else? Do you imagine yourself in a hammock under palm trees, a foxy cabana boy (or girl) bringing you another pina colada to sip while you read for pleasure or doze in the breeze?
I think those sorts of daydreams are pretty common, and often those mental vacations are enough to help you relax, refocus and move on with your day. They can be a tonic for what ails you.
What about when you're in the midst of a tough situation? Maybe it's a relationship breakup, money troubles or the death of a loved one. Do you wish away the emotions or try to suppress them in some way? Do you judge yourself for being angry/upset/depressed/unmotivated/confused?
This is far less helpful.
Tough emotions are, well, tough, and it's natural to want to escape them. This week I have wanted nothing more than to feel normal again instead of the snotty, slobbery mess I've been since Diego's death. Tonight when I ate a whole microwave meal of palak tikka masala instead of a glass of wine and a handful of Hot Tamales, my husband damn nearly did a back flip and rah rah siss boom bahed. The past three days have felt like someone cut me and dipped me in lemon juice, and the desire to be anywhere else but where I am right now is strong.
Well-meaning friends and family can compound the problem by trying to help us rationalize or detach from the situation with logic. They see us in pain, and they try to make it better by helping us see how we really shouldn't be as upset as we are.
But here's the thing, kids: emotion isn't logical, and no amount of logic is going to make an emotional response less emotional. It just makes us ashamed of feeling the way we do.
In order to get to a place of healing and eventually clear-headed logic, we have to feel and process our honest emotions. Any attempt to circumvent our feelings results in delaying our healing. If we do not deal our feelings now, we sure as hell will deal with them later, whether it's from those emotions expressed through disease, avoiding life or misdirection.
So, as I found myself apologizing for the clear discomfort my husband has with being unable to comfort me and I began to judge the way in which I was expressing my grief, I decided to stop and just be with my feelings for a while instead of trying to rush the process.
I eat when I feel like it and don't when I don't.
I growl and cuss at people who drive like they're driving with their eyes closed, and I don't correct myself.
I watch John Hughes' movies all day long and let whatever smells like rancid old dog ass in the refrigerator keep on stinkin'.
When the tears come, I cry and heave and let snot bubble out of my nose until it passes.
I am where I am, and that's okay. At some point I won't be here anymore, and I'll be ready for something else. If I linger too long, I have tools to help me move forward. It's not forever, it's just for now, and it's necessary.
Whatever it is for you, try just being where you are. Feel your emotions. Honor them; they're honest, a sign of our humanity, not of weakness.
Your tears cleanse. Your anger moves you a little further up the emotional guidance scale and feels a hella lot better than despair. As long as you don't start to treat your challenging emotions like a treasured pet, it's all good and healthy.
Where are you today?
How can you begin to honor your emotions in a way that doesn't beat you up?
Share your thoughts in the comments~your ideas help us grow stronger!
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- Willamette
- Athletics
- Hall of Fame
- Teams
- Bios
- Swimming 1997
Hall of Fame Team
1997 Women's Swimming Team
The 1996-97 women's swimming team was formed by an outstanding group of athletes who had an exceptional season. Willamette featured 10 swimmers who earned All-America honors, as they led the Bearcats to a third place finish at the NAIA Swimming Championships, after achieving second place at the Northwest Conference Championships. Head Coach Skip Kenitzer was named NAIA National Coach of the Year and was chosen NCIC Coach of the Year.
Willamette's successful trip to the NAIA Championships in Federal Way, Wash., led to five relay teams claiming All-America status to go with 10 individual All-America selections. In the 200 Freestyle Relay and the 400 Freestyle Relay, the team of Bonnie Bauer, Rachel Cohen, Danika Williams and Gerianne Mikasa placed second. In the 200 Medley Relay, the team of Erin Venable, Beth Brinton, Mikasa and Bauer took fourth. The same group finished seventh in the 400 Medley Relay. The 800 Freestyle Relay team, which included Bauer, Rachel Webb, Cohen and Williams, attained a third place finish.
The team's individual All-Americans were: Bonnie Bauer '97 - 50 Freestyle (2nd place), 100 Freestyle (5th place) and 200 freestyle (15th place); Beth Brinton '00 - 100 Breaststroke (6th place) and 200 Breaststroke (10th place); Rachel Cohen '98 - 200 Freestyle (6th place), 100 Freestyle (7th place) and 500 Freestyle (10th place); Cammy Farsvedt '99 - 400 Individual Medley (7th place), 200 Individual Medley (12th place) and 200 Butterfly (9th place); Becky Fox '00 - 200 Individual Medley (3rd place) and 400 Individual Medley (4th place); Gerianne Mikasa '99 - 50 Freestyle (6th place), 100 Freestyle (2nd place) and 100 Butterfly (5th place); Jean Orth '97 - 1,650 Freestyle (5th place), 500 Freestyle (9th place) and 400 Individual Medley (11th place); Erin Venable '99 - 100 Backstroke (16th place); Rachel Webb '00 - 500 Freestyle (6th place), 200 Freestyle (13th place) and 1,650 Freestyle (10th place); Danika Williams '97 - 200 Individual Medley (5th place), 200 Freestyle (5th place) and 100 Freestyle (3rd place).
Swimmers who placed in the top eight received All-America honors. Athletes finishing ninth through sixteenth earned Honorable Mention All-Ameri
Tune in to the Bearcat Network and watch live webcasts for select competitions and see live stats for nearly all Bearcat competitions. You can also find social media links like Facebook and twitter, rss feeds and video archives.
Purchase Action Photos
Naomi Stukey is the official bearcat photographer. Click the above link to browse and purchase action shots.


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Contacting Hotpoint Customer Service Center
Hotpoint is an appliance company in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The company prides itself on being the leading home appliance business in the UK so customer service is a big deal. There are more than 1,000 Hotpoint technicians currently serving customers. Technicians are available by appointment and all repairs are covered for 12 months after the repair is complete. Hotpoint even lets customers pay the cost of repairs over 10 months without an interest charges.
Contact Info:
Phone Contact Numbers
Hotpoint customer service is open in the UK from 8 AM to 6:30 PM Monday to Friday, 8:30 PM to 5:30 PM Saturday and 9:30 AM to 3:30 PM Sunday. In Ireland, customer service is available from 8:30 AM to 5 PM Monday to Friday and 9 AM to 12:30 PM Saturday.
- Installation and Repairs UK: 08448-224-224
- Installation and Repairs Ireland: 0818-313-413
- Spare Parts: 08448-225-225
- Warranties: 08448-24-24-24
Mailing Address
The head office for Hotpoint customer service is located in Peterborough. You can mail your letter to:
Indesit Company UKMorley WayPeterborough, PE2 9JB, United Kingdom
Official Website
The Hotpoint customer service department website is available at http://www.hotpointservice.co.uk. You can download your appliance manual, register your appliance and get advice on how to clean your appliance to maximize life. If you want to purchase an extended warranty on your Hotpoint appliance, call 08444-810-481.
The official website offers a detailed FAQs section http://www.hotpointservice.co.uk/hs/pages/content.do?keys=FAQ:PAGE that includes a Solve It Yourself section for customers who want to troubleshoot the problem at home.
Customer Service Email
Customers who prefer to send an email to making a phone call or sending a letter can reach Hotpoint customer service using the contact queriesform. The form requires your name, postal code, valid email address and phone number before you can send your message. For improved customer service some customers find adding the model number in the email is helpful.
We found no indication that Hotpoint appliances or customer service were associated with the GE company in the US. GE offers Hotpoint appliances. We'll let our readers know when we receive a response from Hotpoint customer service.
Our Experience
We need your help telling others about Hotpoint customer service. The company claims to offer excellent repair and customer service options to customers, including interest free payments for 10 months, but are these claims the same as the experiences you received in real life? Leave a comment below telling everyone about your Hotpoint customer service experience.


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Members of the LGBTI community gathered to plant a rainbow garden in New Farm.
Darren and Phillip are two Staffordshire terriers from Brisbane. They have nearly 40,000 Instagram followers, thanks to owners Jennifer and ...
South Bank is again buzzing with exotic tastes and smells with the return of the Night Noodle Markets to the cultural centre.
Customs House is home to a little bit of waste history.
Brisbane's Colombian community used dance and song to enjoy independence celebrations in Fortitude Valley.
Some of the first-half action from Brisbane v Liverpool at Suncorp Stadium.
Some of the things Liverpool's players have been doing in Brisbane.
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High diving in Kazan: The women's 20m high diving at the World Swimming Championships
Gungahlin United v Sydney Olympic
David Pope
Jamaica v Darters
Cartoons for Wednesday, August 5
The theme from Star Wars rings from someone's pocket. "Hello?" No, it's not the Joker's phone, it's Naruto's. But they must not answer, for they are in a pose for a photo. And poses must not be broken. It's seemingly a small rule of cosplay, and thousands dressed as their favourite pop culture hero this weekend for Supanova Brisbane, a three-day pop culture celebration at the Exhibition Grounds. See if your costume was caught on camera.
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- Product Details
- Click Here To View The Boston Bruins Collection
Boston Bruins Shower Curtain - Show your team spirit with our solid color shower curtains. Each item comes in team colors with your favorite team logo screen printed in the center. 72" wide x 72" long.
Additional Information
|This Item Usually Leaves The Warehouse In
|5 to 7 Business Days
|Estimated Delivery Time Map - Based on Your Shipping Zones
|Click to View Map of Estimated Delivery Times to Your Location
|Sports Coverage


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1989 – New Album Announced
Taylor has announced her new album, 1989, due to be released on October 27!
The announcement was made during a live broadcast on yahoo, that you could watch here.
The album is available for pre-order on iTunes now.
You could also pre-order various versions of the album package on TaylorSwift.Com.
Posted by admin on 18 Aug 2014
Album/Single Release
Album/Single Release


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ROCKY RIVER -- There are groups and gatherings for just about every interest these days. But a new kind of meetup is gaining attention for the way it's tackling an uncomfortable topic.
The concept of death cafés has come to Northeast Ohio.
"When you hear about death café, it sounds kind of morbid. It sounds kind of scary. But the reality is, these are positive events," Mike Belsito explains.
Belsito is the co-founder of eFuneral, an end-of-life planning website. Death cafés started in Europe and have made their way across the Atlantic to the United States.
The purpose is to make people comfortable enough to open up about the subject of death. And there is coffee and cake too.
The first death café in Cleveland attracted 26 people. The numbers have grown steadily since then.
Roughly about two hours in length, a host may start the discussion by throwing out questions about death: How do you want to die? Surrounded by loved ones in your home? In a hospital? How do you want to be remembered?
Attendees break up into small groups of five or six to talk about their personal experiences.
"We are very clued into living and living as long as we can, but eventually we come to a decision that we are not going to live forever. When we come to that realization, we want to have a discussion," explains Shelly Barnard, a licensed social worker who has attended several death cafés.
The casual get-togethers are held in coffee shops, restaurants and even homes. In other cities, death cafés have even been held in cemeteries.
Cafés are hosted by social workers and chaplains, though all beliefs and nonbelievers are embraced.
"One of the beauties about death café is that it's open to absolutely everybody. We don't segment this and only welcome certain people. Anybody can come to a death café, and the purpose is that it's an open and accepting environment for people to have real conversations about end of life," according to Belsito.
"It's not grief support. It's an open frank discussion about death," Marcella Boyd Cox said. Cox is director of the Boyd and Son funeral homes. She went to her first death café in June.
Cafés don't allow sales pitches. But directors like Cox are more than welcome to join in the discussion and answer questions about their business.
Cox sees benefits to facing your own mortality sooner, rather than later. She whole-heartedly welcomes the movement.
"If you deal with your own mortality, I think it sets you free to go on and live your life."
Death cafés are free. They are not a grief support group.
If you would like to learn more about the next Death Café scheduled in October, events are posted on a Cleveland Death Cafe Facebook page as well as the eFuneral website.


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Welcome to the future of relaxation and rejuvenation at home. The oscillating massage pad enables you to get your personal massage at home any time you want. Relieve yourself from stress, recharge after a great workout, or simply relax before going to sleep – in luxury and style. The electronic full-body massage pad has been very popular in Europe for years and is now finally available in the U.S. Read more about the massage pad >
Aside from being great for general relaxation and stress relief, massage has been shown to offer many other benefits. Massage can help with back pain, headaches, anxiety, and hypertension, among other conditions.
Learn more about the benefits of massage >


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Kinderfest is a great time for 'Fest goers of all ages. Enjoy plenty of kid-centric activities, show the kids how to polka and treat the family to some authentic German food. It's the perfect afternoon for everyone.
Kinderfest 2014
Saturday and Sunday!
11:00 am to 4:00 pm
The fun and games from Emerald City include:
- Face Painting
- Dance Parties
- Story time and special character appearances
- Crafts
Don't miss the inflatable fun!
- Jumpy House
- Jousting
- Obstacle Course


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danielle wilde Plus
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Danielle Wilde pairs technologies with the body in novel ways, to understand how to poeticise experience. Combining interaction design, art, wearable architectures, textile technologies, participatory processes and performativity, her work prompts people to explore the wonders of embodied-imagining.. dream up postcards from a (better) future.. uncover unmitigated and hidden desires. By privileging awkwardness, she democratises engagement and gives value to diverse ways of moving and being. Wilde works prolifically around the world, collaborating with extraordinary people, championing playful, embodied approaches. Her aim is to shift how people think about their bodies, abilities, creativity and technology.


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Minka Kelly in Sydney, Australia. (March 30, 2012)
Her eyebrows need to be tamed, her teeth need to be fixed (enough is enough) and her nipple is poking out and nobody even cares.
You forgot that disgusting divot in here chin, and Those Hands – Come On!
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Pearson Named Interim Head Coach at UNC Greensboro
July 23, 2013
GREENSBORO, N.C. – UNC Greensboro announced the promotion of former NC State distance runner Chad Pearson from assistant coach to interim head coach for the cross country and track & field programs on Monday.
Pearson was a three-time NCAA All-America honoree in cross country and track and field for the Wolfpack. He helped lead State to back-to-back ACC cross country team championships in 2003 and 2004, and was an Academic All-American during his career.
Pearson still holds the school record in the 10,000 meters, with a time of 28:37.95 posted during the 2004 campaign.
"Chad is a huge asset for UNCG and a terrific role model for the student-athletes," long-time NC State head coach Rollie Geiger said. "His goal since graduating college has been to be a head coach. He has put the time and commitment into his work in preparation for this position. He came to NC State as an average high school athlete and ended up an All-American who still holds school records at NC State. He knows from his own experience the commitment you have to have to be successful at the collegiate level. This is a great fit for Chad and UNCG."
Pearson joined the Spartans as an assistant coach last season after spending time as a volunteer assistant coach at Charlotte (2012) and NC State (2010-11). He was also a graduate assistant coach at NC State from 2004-2006, working with both the cross country and track and field programs


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Committees and Issue Groups
Committee rules
1. Each CASBAA Committee shall elect a Chairman at the start of each operating year, such year to commence from that of the first meeting of the CASBAA Council of Governors following the Annual General Meeting of the Association and end twelve months following. Until such time, the previous year's Committee Chairman shall be in office.
2. At the first meeting of each operating year, each Committee shall identify a minimum of three Goals and Objectives and provide the Chief Executive Officer with a draft timeline for the delivery of such Goals and Objectives. These Goals and Objectives will be generally agreed with the nominated CASBAA Board member charged with oversight of the Committee's activities.
3. The Board member responsible the committee shall report directly to the Board of Directors and will ensure that the committee standing orders are adhered to.
4. Each Committee shall meet a minimum of five times each year.
5. Committees (led by their Chairman) may invite any voting member or nominee member of the Association to sit on such Committees.
6. Each Committee shall seek to reach consensus on every matter considered by the Committee. However, each Committee shall make final decisions based on a majority vote of the members of such Committee. The Chairman must also provide the opportunity for a "minority position" to be registered and ensure that such position is recorded in the minutes of the meeting for such Committee.
7. In the event of a disagreement on any measure or action recommended by the majority of the Committee, the minority shall have the right to request the Chairman of such Committee to bring the disagreement and the view of the minority to the attention of the Board of Directors through the Chief Executive Officer. With the approval of the Board of Directors, the minority supported initiative may also be implemented by the Chief Executive Officer.
8. It is the duty of the Chairman of each committee to ensure that minutes are taken and then distributed to all Committee members and the Executive Office no more than 10 working days after each meeting of his/her committee and to provide, at minimum, a bi-monthly report to the Chief Executive Officer on progress against the stated/agreed objectives of the committee.


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Lawrence sheriff's agency to get five new cruisers
IRONTON -- Lawrence County officials took the first step toward buying five new patrol cruisers for the Lawrence County Sheriff's Office on Tuesday.
Sheriff Jeff Lawless said 90 percent of the department's 20 available cruisers have more than 200,000 miles on them and some have more than 300,000 miles.
"It's at a critical stage," he said.
Even if the county is able to buy the five cruisers at the state bid price immediately, it will be five months before the cars would get to Lawrence County and it could take another month to equip them for service, he said.
"It could be six months before we could get them on the road."
The department spent $80,000 on repairs of old cruisers last year and only has $78,000 budgeted this year. Half of that is already spent repairing high-mileage cruisers. One cruiser needs a new transmission and another needs engine work. Those repairs would cost $5,400. Lawless currently is holding off making repairs because of budget concerns.
"It's been two years since we've gotten new cruisers," Lawless said. "We only got two then."
The Lawrence County Board of Commissioners took no action on a proposal by Lawless to spend $28,000 to equip four used cruisers on the road. Huntington Police donated three cruisers with an average of 70,000 miles on them while Hancock County donated one with 105,000 miles.
In other action Tuesday morning, Terry Dolin, a paramedic with the county ambulance service, said the board still had time to put a two-mill Emergency Medical Services ambulance district levy on the ballot. The filing deadline is 4 p.m. Wednesday, Aug. 7.
Dolin helped collect the sufficient number of signatures to put a property tax levy that would have generated $1.6 million annually on the ballot about three years ago. The board chose not to put the issue before voters then and took no action on it this month, either. The ambulance service gets about $1 million per year from the half-percent sales tax that generates some $2.5 million annually.
"There is a need for this," Dolin said. "Why wouldn't you put it on the ballot and let people decide?"
Commissioner Les Boggs said he doesn't feel the time is right for the levy.
Commissioner Bill Pratt said he is worried about potential budget cuts that would impact the effectiveness of the Emergency Medical Services district without a separate levy dedicated toward the ambulance service. He said potential cuts could lead to someone's untimely death.
Boggs said the ambulance service is functioning at a high level. He said Pratt was using scare tactics.
"It's reprehensible," Boggs said.
Dolin said the ambulance service needs additional funds to buy new ambulances. An ambulance serving the South Point station developed engine problems and was taken out of service. The district is using a 2001 ambulance with 280,000 miles on it while repairs are made, Dolin said.
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Cut-off Time for Ordering
Posted by denisegoitia | Filed under News & Notes
Having trouble seeing the menu?
The weekly menu closes at 10am on Wednesday morning, and the next week's menu goes live on Thursday evening. We are not able to accept online orders between 10 am Wednesday and about 7:00 pm on Thursday.
Instead of the menu, you will only see a sign up page for a new account. Check back on Thursday at 7pm to order food.
Thanks for your patience! See you at the kitchen!


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Here's the story to go with that New Yorker cover.
Very proud to say I was there when Mandela came to New York City in 1990. It was the summer before my final year in college. I really can't say I saw him, because I was so far back, he was a grey-haired dot. But I surely HEARD him, and yelled "Amandla!" with the huge crowd in NYC. He actually was freed on what would have been my mother's birthday, February 11, 1990. What a great, honorable man, who was very poorly treated for much of his life, not just by the Afrikaners in his own country, but by the U.S. government.
Lots of good stuff at theGrio about Mandela's legacy in South Africa, and for Black Americans.
Old enough to remember this? Special AKA back in the 80s, featuring Elvis Costello.
Here's Mandela's speech upon release from prison:
TIME coverage, including a Maya Angelou tribute.
The Guardian lays out his top five contributions to the world.
And the Wapo reprints his most important speech in its entirety.
You knew someone had to embarrass us. Thanks, Ted Cruz's followers!
Still, hatred of Mandela by American conservatives is nothing new.


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Texas on the Potomac
Washington news with a Texas accent
Posts filtered on Tag
A record number of Latinos are Democratic delegates, convention leaders
It's long been known Hispanics will be an important group in November and they tend to lean Democratic. But despite Republican attempts to woo Latino voters Hispanics at this year's convention are breaking records in leadership, delegates and groups attending. [Read More]


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If my resource calculation numbers are close and SPX comes out with a resource number in the 700,000 ounces range, we are probably looking at a 3 to 4 bagger here in the short-term. Here are 2 methods I have used to come up with this evaluation. 1. Many junior companies are currently being valued at the very low rate of $35 per ounce in the ground. So using this method the math looks...
Stellar Pacific Ventures has further assay results and a pending resource calculation due anytime now. The math would indicate a 3x to 4x bagger in the short-term is possible. http://www.stockhouse.com/Bullboards/MessageDetail.aspx?s=SPX&t=LIST&m=31275326&l=0&pd=0&r=0
For Stellar Pacific's up and coming resource calculation, I took some known information and injected my best guess estimates to take a potential stab at guessing what the resource calculation might be. I have seen another company use 2.7 tons per cubic meter in their calculations, so I used that factor in my calculations also. Solotomo B3 zone: (using avg. vertical width of 10m and...
Stellar Pacific and their JV partner Ultra Gold (20% owned by Newmont Mining - world's 2nd largest gold producer) are working on developing a million oz gold resource in Guinea. To check out a good 34 page presentation on this, just google Diapositive 1 - Stellar Pacific Ventures v.SPX
Stellar Pacific and their JV partner Ultra Gold (20% owned by Newmont Mining - world's 2nd largest gold producer) are working on developing a million oz gold resource in Guinea. To check out a good 34 page presentation on this, just google search " Diapositive 1 - Stellar Pacific ". Assay results and resource calculation due out anytime now. v.SPX
Next round of drilling results should come this week. http://www.stockhouse.com/Bullboards/MessageDetail.aspx?p=0&m=31109734&l=0&r=0&s=SPX&t=LIST
Good gold property with next round of assay results due anytime now. Cheap price, good value, ready to light up! http://www.stockhouse.com/Bullboards/MessageDetail.aspx?p=0&m=31109734&l=0&r=0&s=SPX&t=LIST
Good gold property, cheap stock price, and assay results coming anytime now. http://www.stockhouse.com/Bullboards/MessageDetail.aspx?p=0&m=31109734&l=0&r=0&s=SPX&t=LIST


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High quality, flexible tubing for use in any low-volume irrigation system.
It's convenient. Produced with a black or with a double vibrant-colored stripe pattern for easy zone identification, the colors add simplicity to maintenance and installation.
It's versatile. Designed for use with all drip systems, our new half-inch poly tubing is everything you'd expect from Rain Bird.
It's durable. Constructed from high quality, UV resistant resin blend materials, our tubing is rated up to 60 psi. Available in 100 and 500 foot coils, tubing can be purchased individually, by the pallet or truckload. All for a very reasonable price.


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We're looking forward to Venice: The Golden Age of Art and Music at the Portland Art Museum. Maybe even having a Spritz afterwards to celebrate.
We're loving everything about this video from local buddies Wild Ones. A day trip out to the ghost town of Shaniko, OR, where this haunting video was filmed, is definitely on the horizon.
We were so pleasantly surprised to discover this beautiful visit to Mikola and Randall's airy little home on Apartment Therapy. On a related note, have you checked out Portland Supply Co? Mikola is one half of the team behind the blog.
Where do Portlanders go when the sun (finally) comes out? Angel's Rest and Salt and Straw. Almond brittle with Salted Ganache? Oh my.
One of us is looking forward to curling up under the newly blooming Lilac and reading Bunny Bunny again.
Feeling crafty this weekend? This amazing DIY macrame wall hanging just jumped to the top of our list. This sleek plant stand is next in line after it.
We're pretty thrilled to have Rhubarb Lip Tint inside of BIRCHBOX's Limited Edition: Free for All box. This collection is jam-packed with amazing products that are free from parabens, phthalates, sulfates, petrochemicals, and GMOs.
Isolt is the Celtic Goddess of love and fertility. She is known as a powerful force of energy, passion, love, endurance, and healing. Inspired by Isolt, we created a collection of complementary shades that create a strong and romantic look.
Our Isolt Collection includes Eternal a shimmering bronze eyeshadow, Cosmic a golden toned blue eyeshadow, and Tender Radiant Finishing Powder a sheer nude with a soft golden finish.
On Sarah, we created and alluring smokey eyed look perfect for spring nights. Here is how you can get the look.
1. Start with a sheer layer of Satin Matte Foundation applied with our most loved #25 Foundation Brush. Sarah's shade is Beige 3 Satin Matte Foundation.
2. With our #17 Blush Brush apply a very soft application of our Satin Matte Blush in Melon to the apples of your cheeks and blend lightly to your temple.
3. Work a small amount of our Radiant Finishing Powder in Tender in the bristles of our favorite multi-tasker the #23 Kitten Brush, and apply with a light hand as you would a bronzer. With the #37 Eye Blending Brush you can target the brow bone and upper cheekbone for more of a highlighting effect.
4. Now for the eyes…start by wetting the #33 Angle Liner Brush and line your upper lash line with Eternal. Applying our shadows wet will give you the maximum depth and color pay off.
5. After your liner has had a moment to dry, use the #39 Large Shadow Brush to blend Eternal up into your crease. For bolder coverage this can also be applied wet.
6. Line the bottom lash line with Eternal using our #33 Angle Liner Brush.
7. With a #37 Eye Blending Brush pop Cosmic to the center of the lids to create a burst of color. You can also use your finger to reapply for more intensity.
8. We filled in Sarah's brows with our Satin Matte Eyeshadow in Mahogany. Our #33 Angle Liner Brush is the perfect tool for the job. Sweep the shade sparingly along your brows for extra definition and face framing.
9. Next, coat your lashes with Natural Definition Mascara in Brown.
10. Our Lip Tint in Mango on the lips is the perfect finishing touch for this look.
This romantic look is lovely on all, and so simple once you follow the steps. We hope you love the look! Be inspired, be daring, be naturally gorgeous you.
Image via Pinterest
You'll need a gallon of organic apple juice and a good sized knob of ginger (I use one about half the size of my hand). Scrub the ginger, slice it into chunks, and put it into a large non-reactive (stainless steel or enameled cast iron rather than aluminum) pot. Bring it to a low simmer and let it cook for an hour or so until it's well flavored and somewhat reduced. Strain out the ginger (it can get too spicy if the ginger remains), pour the juice into glass jars, and refrigerate. The apple ginger concentrate will keep for 3 days or so in the refrigerator. Reheat cup by cup as needed, or mix with bubbly water for a refreshing cold drink. Cinnamon is also a lovely addition.
What do you crave when the weather turns?
Be well!
It's that time of year again! We asked around the office this week to see what everyone was loving this season and here's what we found. Don't forget to share what your loving or coveting this spring too!
"I've been wearing Natural Definition Mascara in Brown almost everyday for the past few weeks and I can't get enough of it. The Brown in particular brightens the eyes."- Sara, Marketing
"I love Melon Satin Matte Blush for spring and it pairs perfectly with Orchid Pearluster Eyeshadow" -Candice, Customer Care
"The Gaia Collection is so different for spring and I think that's why I'm drawn to it. It's strong and wearable, perfect for nights out." -Hannah, Operations
"When I think spring I think of the shade green and Atlantis Pearluster Eyeshadow is a gorgeous wearable shade of green that I love to wear." Charlene, Operations
"Lotus Lip Tint is such a fun berry shade for spring. If I'm in a rush, I'll dust on some foundation, mascara and then pop some Lotus on and it looks like a full spring look." – Alyson, Marketing
"Sombra Contour Powder is the best mult-tasker for spring! You can use it to contour, add warmth to the skin, and also as an eyeshadow." – Kate, CEO
"Tigereye Luminous Shimmer Eyeshadow has to be my favorite because I wear it every single day!" – Karin, Operations
"It's all about brows for me. The #33 Liner/Brow Brush is definitely in my bag for spring." -Urmila, Sales
"I am really into Olympia Radiant Finishing Powder right now. I usually wear Keiko Satin Finishing Powder for it's matte finish in the winter but I'll be wearing it's radiant counterpart all spring and summer long." -Portia, Operations
Sombra Contour Powder is deeply pigmented to enhance natural bone structure and sculpt the face by creating shadow and definition. Whether you want to make your face thinner, your nose longer or your cheekbones stand out, adding shadows give the appearance of depth to balance your overall face shape.
Swirl your #7 Half Moon Brush in Sombra Contour Powder and outline your hairline or sweep it along your jawline for a stronger jawbone. This versatile shaping powder is a luxurious matte for a natural finish. The Half Moon Brush is the perfect shape to sculpt your naturally gorgeous bone structure and is on sale for a limited time only!
Dust, glow and go!
Formerly known as our "Luminous Shimmer Powders," our natural mineral Highlighters are a great pick-me-up for the cheeks, forehead, eyes and shoulders. Lightly dust under the eyes, above the brows and on the browbone to add life and brightness to your peepers, or add a dab above your cupid's bow for a fuller pout.
Incandescent and brightening, our Highlighters can also perk up your complexion, accentuate the features you love and add an overall youthful, healthy glow. They are free of irritants, dyes, fillers, gluten and toxins and certified natural by BDIH. Go ahead—highlight and radiate your inner beauty. It's illuminating.
Greek mythology tells us that out of Chaos Gaia was born. As the creator of the universe she is mother earth, and everything that exists in the world originates from her. Gaia represents strength, power, creation, and maternal nurturing. Inspired by this, we created a collection of strong earth tones. Our Gaia Collection features two Limited Edition Eyeshadows, and our all new Limited Edition Radiant Finishing Powder. The eyeshadow in Chaos is a fiery copper, Celestial eyeshadow is a deep blacked gold, and Radiant Finishing Powder in Sacred is a soft glowing peach. Together these shades create a strong and enchanting look. Follow these simple steps to achieve this powerful look:
1. Start by applying a sheer layer of Satin Matte Foundation (Sara's shade is Warm 1) using the #25 Foundation Brush.
2. With the #17 Blush Brush add just a touch of Satin Matte Blush in Carnation to the apples of the cheeks.
3. Lightly dust Radiant Finishing Powder in Sacred along the forehead, cheekbone and jawline; as you would with a bronzer or highlighter. The #23 Kitten Brush is the perfect tool for the job, this way you will get a sheer glowing application.
4. With the #37 Eye Blending Brush sweep the Sacred Radiant Finishing Powder from the lash line to brow bone. This acts as a nice base and brow bone highlight.
5. Pick up a small amount of Chaos on the #39 Large Shadow Brush. Then work the shadow into the bristles, spritz with water, and pat the shadow onto your lid and into the crease.
6. Dampen your #33 Angle Liner Brush with water and blend with Celestial to create a liquid liner. Apply Celestial to the upper and lower lash line for intense definition. Bring the line as close to your lashes as possible.. Extend the liner slightly past your natural lash line and wing it up for an eye widening effect.
7.. With the #36 Pointed Crease Brush blend (dry) Celestial along your crease, but concentrate the color along your outer crease.
8. Coat your lashes with several layers of Natural Definition Mascara in Black to add drama.
9. Finish the look with Rhubarb Lip Tint to moisturize and enhance your natural lip color.


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|Wheeler Reid Oakes
|Thursday, 27 February 2014 00:46
Wheeler Reid Oakes, age 91 of Knob Lick, died Wednesday February 26, 2014, at his home. He was the son of the late James Payton and Dellie Smith Oakes. Mr. Oakes was a World War II veteran and a retired farmer.
He is survived by three sons Reid and wife Carol Oakes of Lancaster, Ronnie and wife Kelly Oakes of Knob Lick, Glen and wife Bernadette Oakes of Knob Lick, daughter in Law Rhonda Oakes of Edmonton, one sister Lizzie Stephens of Edmonton, six grandchildren and eleven great grandchildren also survive.
Besides his parents he was preceded in death by his wife Eula Mae Oakes, one son Doug Oakes, two brothers Lee Oakes, Vernon Oakes, four sisters Olive Gray, Ovelia Gray, Orlena Nance, and Iris Polson.
Funeral services will be 2:00pm Sunday at the Butler Funeral Home in Edmonton with burial in the New Liberty Cemetery.
Visitation will be Saturday from 4:00pm until 8:00pm at the funeral home.


text: News from the Heights If you need more information, call Le Moyne's Office of Communications at 315-445-4555 or contact via email Joe Della Posta or Molly McCarthy. Read past issues of the magazine Dr. Tom Brockelman Named Interim Provost Following a consultative process with members of the faculty, administrators and senior leadership, the College has selected Dr. Thomas Brockelman as interim provost and vice president for academic affairs. He will take over the position on July 1. A professor of philosophy who has been at Le Moyne since 1994, Tom is the author of two books and numerous articles, and his research interests include modern and postmodern studies and critical theory. He currently serves as director of the core curriculum and teaches departmental courses in philosophy and technology, Freud and philosophy, aesthetics and the history of philosophy. Serving on the committee that reviewed all candidates were Doug Egerton from history, Barb Carranti from nursing and Bernard Arogyaswamy from the Madden School of Business. All three deans and the vice presidents were also part of the selection process, and faculty were invited to attend open presentations from all candidates. "As core director, it was fulfilling to see the implementation of the new curriculum and how it impacted virtually all students this past year," said Dr. Brockelman. "I look forward to the challenge of being provost and to playing an integral role in key academic strategies and decisions that will impact both faculty and students." The College will launch a national search for a permanent provost in the fall. "I would like to thank all those who were involved with the process to select Tom," said Le Moyne President Linda LeMura. "I'm confident that he will bring to this position the knowledge, experience and enthusiasm displayed in all that he's done here at Le Moyne. I'm grateful he has agreed to serve the College as interim provost."posted on: 6/2/2014


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It's hard to create anything commemorating the Sept. 11, 2001, terror attacks without stirring up some degree of controversy.
The 9/11 memorial's design and construction were bound to be controversial, given the emotional delicacy of the subject.
Oliver Stone's new movie "World Trade Center" seems designed to be controversial.
Tara Modlin, a former competitive skater and the founder of the 9/11 Families Give Back Fund, which raises charity money with an annual celebrity ice skating show, says she was caught off guard, however, by the response to her free 9/11-theme activity book.
The book -- which includes trivia questions, word games, and a connect-the-dots picture for school kids -- is raising eyebrows for potentially trivializing the terror attacks as the fifth anniversary approaches.
Modlin says people who find the coupling of word games and the 9/11 attacks for children over age 4 a bit presumptuous for a nonprofit aren't getting the point of the exercise.
"They don't understand what we're trying to do," she said. "We are trying to inspire kids to ask questions of their elders. That's all that we can ask for. In kids' terms, you can say there were two important buildings in New York. And we are emphasizing the many, many heroes, and that thousands were saved. We are trying to focus on that."
The connect-the-dots exercise, when completed, reveals the pre-9/11 New York skyline. A word puzzle is solved to reveal answers like "Giuliani," "Taliban," and "George Bush."
A math quiz exposes some of the curiosities of the number 11.
"After 9/11/01, people noticed relationships between the number 11 and the attacks."
For instance, Question 2 points out that Sept. 11 has nine letters and two numbers. Add them up and you get 11. Question 3 points out that Sept. 11 is the 254th day of the year -- 2+5+4=11.
Sure, the kids are doing a little addition, but the numerology may be suspect.
The purpose of the 9/11 Families Give Back Fund is "to maintain awareness of the 9/11/01 tragedy among current and future generations of young Americans via the creation and distribution of age-appropriate booklets and other publications, as well as through the production of special events," according to a statement in the activity book.
The activity book, which is still in the works, will be the first such publication.
Advance copies, however, have been distributed at ice skating rinks.
It's an activity book for kids, according to the book, ages "4 and up" -- kids so young they probably wouldn't remember the attacks, even if they were alive when they happened.
This is also the main problem with the book, according to Demy Kamboukos, who has a doctoral degree in child psychology and is the research director of the Families Forward Program in the Institute for Trauma and Stress at the New York University Child Study Center.
"My concern is that younger kids won't understand the importance of what happened. Four- and 5-year-olds are not at that cognitive level," Kamboukos said, though she thinks the educational sentiment behind the book is admirable.
"Children 4 to 7 [years old] probably don't have the cognitive abilities to deal with the issues of death and the permanence of death."


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