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First anniversary for law partners
Posted: November 28, 2012|
ONE of Cheltenham's newest law firms is celebrating its first year of business.
Headed by family lawyers Mark Saunders and Andrea Davies, DS Legal handles complex family law cases involving financial settlement, abduction, surrogacy and domestic violence.
It brings a combined 60 years of family law experience to the town.
Mark Saunders is one of only a handful of accredited domestic violence specialists in the county with more than 20 years specialist experience gained in South Wales.
Andrea is a member of the highly-regarded Law Society's children panel.


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Since 1938, Dairy Queen has been providing customers with the sweet treat known as soft serve ice cream. The first Dairy Queen was opened in Joliet, Illinois. Since that first location, Dairy Queen has opened over 5,000 stores, expanded its menu, and continues to find new ways of keeping loyal customers.
If you have a love for ice cream, enjoy the feel of classic ice cream and burger restaurant, and have a desire to make others happy, a career with Dairy Queen could be right for you. Whether you seek entry-level employment with Dairy Queen or strive to become part of the corporate family, you can find out more about the restaurant, as well as how to submit your Dairy Queen application by reading through the article below.
Submitting a Dairy Queen Job Application: There are two ways you can apply for employment with Dairy Queen. If you would like to work in at a Dairy Queen location, you must pick up an application in-store. Once you pick up a Dairy Queen application, you can fill it out, and return it to the store. Dairy Queen is a franchised company and does not offer interested applicants the option of applying for a job position online unless it is for a Dairy Queen corporate position.
If you are not sure where your nearest Dairy Queen is located, you can use the store locator link on the Dairy Queen website. You can input your address and choose the distance of the Dairy Queen from your address. You may want to call your nearest Dairy Queen and ask about filling out an employment application, as well as who you should give your application to once you have filled it out.
For Dairy Queen corporate positions, you can submit a job application through the website. You can browse current corporate openings on the website. If you see a job you would like to apply for, you can learn more about it by clicking on the job title link. Under the job description, you can read about the requirements for the job, as well as the functions of the job, and when it was posted.
If you want to apply for the job, you can hit "apply online." Once you choose to apply online, you have to create a member profile. To create a profile, you must upload or copy and paste your resume. You can go back and edit your profile once it is completed.
After you create your profile, you may then complete the job application form.
Common Jobs At Dairy Queen: Dairy Queen provides potential employees with the opportunity to start a rewarding career in food service. Dairy Queen has a variety of job positions designed for people with varying degrees of experience and work history. Positions with Dairy Queen include cashier, restaurant crew member, dining room attendant, cook, cake decorating associate, assistant restaurant manager, and general restaurant manager.
Minimum Age to Work at Dairy Queen: To work in a Dairy Queen restaurant, applicants need to be 16 years of age.
Dairy Queen also has corporate positions. However, certain positions may require additional education and work experience. Certain positions may also require applicants to be 18 or older.
Dairy Queen Employment Benefits: Dairy Queen wants to ensure all employees enjoy working for the company. Employees of Dairy Queen can expect to work in a fast-paced, exciting environment, as well as receive flexible work schedules, and career advancement opportunities. All Dairy Queen employees are entitled to paid job training and food discounts, as well.
Dairy Queen employees who qualify can receive additional benefits such as paid vacation, sick pay, holiday pay, health insurance, vision insurance, 401k retirement plans, and education assistance. Tuition reimbursement is also available to qualified Dairy Queen employees.

subset: commoncrawl


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MEDIA & other Stuff
Bill Update
Legislative Resources
Political Action
We recently wrote on the massive expansion of Indiana's school voucher program. The program has doubled in only 1 year costing taxpayers more than $80 million.
However, SB 322 authored by Sen. Scott Schneider seeks to expand Indiana's private school voucher program even further by enabling private voucher schools to give students something other than Indiana's sanctioned standardized test--the ISTEP exam.
Private schools already benefit from standards different than those of public schools--namely, private schools can refuse admission to students. Enabling private schools to also bypass the same accountability test to which all Indiana public schools must adhere is both shameful and galling to Hoosier taxpayers.
Not lost on anyone in this proposal is that once private schools would no longer be required to administer the ISTEP test to its students, these schools would also no longer receive a letter grade for their school's performance.
Would any legislator even consider allowing a public school to sidestep ISTEP and bypass the school letter grade accountability too? We think not.
That is why we agree with Sen. Luke Kenley who recently said in response to the DOE's latest voucher report, "we need to have a good parallel accountability system for the schools that take voucher students." If these schools are taking taxpayer dollars from our state's public schools, the least we could do is hold them just as accountable for educating our children.
Incredibly, too, SB 322 prohibits Indiana's own Department of Education from requiring that these private schools report any information "that is not necessary" and to reduce "undue reporting burdens" on these schools. This is the height of arrogance and presumption.
Should SB 322 pass—with little to no accountability attaching to the private voucher schools that siphon taxpayer dollars away from public schools that serve all children—then these private and predominantly parochial schools get their cake and eat it, too.
We ask that members of the Senate Education committee oppose this bill at their meeting this Wednesday at 1:30p. Members and supporters of public schools should contact the committee members as well and ask that they vote no to SB 322.


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You need to find creative ways to balance competing demands on your time, energy and affections. More than that you need to understand that you cannot change everything at once. Plan the year ahead of you – then get busy.
or email email@example.com
January 19, 2013 | 5:00am
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Contact us or phone 132 888
Find a Service Centre or rediATM
1, 2 or 3 year terms with package options.
A high ongoing interest rate, no monthly fees and quick access to your money.
Make sure you're ready to enjoy the summer break with comprehensive car insurance and you could save up to 25%*~.
High interest with oncall access
bankmecu super is a simple affordable super product with access to on-going advice. It is part of the Symetry Foundation Super and Pension. With bankmecu super, you can select a range of diversified or strategic funds that give you access to the world's main investment markets – including bankmecu's Fixed Term Deposits.
Fees can make a big difference to the long term growth of your super savings or eat into your pension - particularly if you have more than one super fund. With no establishment, entry, transaction or contribution fees payable with bankmecu super, we are confident you'll find the switch worthwhile.
bankmecu super offers a range of investment options that allow every customer to choose a strategy that best suits them. You also have the facility to construct your own portfolio. Each investment option carries different objectives and levels of risk.
Customers have the option to choose a bankmecu Term Deposit as part of their investment strategy. The available terms range from 3 – 36 months and customers can rest assured in knowing their funds are safe with bankmecu – Australia's first customer owned bank.
Insurance through super can be very cost-effective. Customers in bankmecu super have the option to take out Insurance cover for life insurance, TPD, or income protection within their super fund. For further information on the options available, please contact bankmecu's Wealth Protection Team on 132 888.
bankmecu super makes it simple to combine and roll-over your super. If you would like to learn more about switching to bankmecu super, please fill in our online enquiry form or call 132 888.
Information about bankmecu super
The general information on this website is of a general nature, prepared without considering any particular person's objectives, financial situation or needs.
You should consider whether the general information on this website is appropriate having regard to your objectives, financial situation and needs and consider the information in the PDS before making any decision about whether to acquire bankmecu super.


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Cancer Inpatient ServicesSearch all Services >>
Inpatient Oncology Units
The Inpatient Oncology units serve patients in acute, palliative, and end of life phases of cancer care. Staff provide initial and ongoing assessments, support for treatment modalities which include but are not limited to surgery, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy, bone marrow and stem cell transplantation. Cardiac monitoring as well as care of the critically ill non-ventilator dependent patient is directed by specially trained and Oncology certified nursing staff supported by Clinical Nurse Specialist and Cancer Support Team. Education and counseling for patients and families is ongoing throughout patient admission and hospital stay.


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PATNA: Teachers under the banner of All India Kendriya Vidyalaya Teachers Association (AIKVTA), Patna chapter, have decided to observe 'Demand day' on Thursday to press for the fulfilment of their 11-point charter of demands. As a mark of protest, the teachers will wear special 'demand badge'.
Their main demands include grant of modified ACP as per the Sixth pay commission's recommendations to teachers, switch over from combined provident fund (CPF) to general provident fund (GPF) and extension of retirement age from 60 years to 62 years.
"As none of these three demands have been accepted by the Government of India, we have decided to observe 'Demand day'. If the government still fails to concede our demands, we would observe a 'Demand week' from January 15 to January 22," said SP Singh, general secretary, AIKVTA, Patna chapter.
Earlier, on September 2, AIKVTA members held a meeting with Union HRD minister Kapil Sibal to seek fulfilment of their 11-point demands. "The Union minister had assured us to concede at least three of our demands by September 30, but till date, no progress has been made," Singh told TOI.
Stay updated on the go with Times of India News App. Click here to download it for your device.
Interest Networkitimes | Email


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Bridal Studio Glasgow
Confetti Confection Bridal Studio in Glasgow is more than just a dress shop, more than just a cake shop, it's a whole bridal shopping experience. Not only do we have a fabulous selection of bridal, bridesmaid and flower girl dresses, we do beautiful floral bouquets and arrangements for church and reception venue, we do kilt hire for the groom and, of course, cakes for every occasion. In fact, just so we cater for every special occasion in a girl's life, we stock Christening gowns and First Communion dresses too!
Wedding Gowns
Our bridal department has an extensive range of wedding gowns for you to choose from in a wide variety of sizes and styles to suit all budgets and tastes. As well as bridal gowns we also have a bridesmaid department so that your bridesmaids can find their perfect dress as well.
Wedding Accessories
Confetti Confection Bridal Studio also offer a range of bridal accessories including a glittering selection of head wear with over 100 tiaras and combs in crystal, diamante, and pearl. We also have a wide range of veils for you to try so that you can find the perfect accessories for your bridal gown.
Footwear shouldn't be forgotten and you're sure to feel like Cinderella in a pair of shoes from our ultra comfortable Rainbow Club Collection. We can offer you a wide selection of bridal shoes from bridal trainers to killer heels, we've got it covered. We can also dye your bridesmaid shoes to match their dresses if needed.
Kilt Hire & Communion Wear
Confetti Confection Bridal Studio also offer a range of kilts for hire as well as Communion wear which is a popular range in Spring. First Communicants are treated like Royalty when they come in for something for the big occasion.
Haven't got a florist yet? No worries, speak to us about any ideas you have and we'll be happy to give advice and quote you a price for your fresh arrangements.
Wedding Cakes
We offer a wide variety of wedding cakes using only the freshest of ingredients. Work with us and we'll come up with your perfect design.
In the Studio we offer friendly, helpful advice and are happy to deal with your every query. Fantastic selection, fabulous service and prices to make you smile. Can you afford not to pay us a visit?
To make an appointment at Confetti Confection Bridal Studio to see and try our fantastic selection of wedding gowns or for more information about the wedding services we offer please call us on 01389 710606.


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Below is the poem entitled Break and Repair which was written by poet
Reynolds. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Brittany Reynolds
Bah, rake together the bloody pieces,
if you leave them lying about, they stain.
Any good, that memories hold, decreases,
as does future joy you hope to obtain.
Embrace solitary stillness, silence.
Rediscover a solid foundation.
Gladness can thrive in romance's absence.
Expired connections lead to damnation.
Clean up wretchedness before it bitters
killing chances before you are aware.
Forge yourself into a net that glitters.
Leave the pain and sorrow to just reap air.


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Recipe of the Day
Aunt Kaye's Rhubarb Dump Cake
My Aunt Kaye would make this every summer. It smells so good when it is cooking. She also use many different combinations of fresh fruit and flavored gelatin. Be creative and try it out.
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Staff Picks
Dump Cake III
Easy Dump Cake
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Dump Cake IV
Peach Cobbler Dump Cake I
Blueberry Dump Cake
Pumpkin Dump Cake
Dump Cake From a Mix
Dump Cake I
Dump Cake V
Dump Cake II
Karen A's Chocolate Dump Cake
Apple Spice Dump Cake
Aunt Janet's Pumpkin Dump Cake
Black Forest Dump Cake II
Peach Cobbler Dump Cake II
Unbelievably Easy Slow Cooker Black Forest Cake
Black Forest Dump Cake I
Apple Dump Cake
Pumpkin Upside Down Cake
Peach Dump Cake
Get tips for making rich, buttery cakes with a fine crumb and moist texture.
Soaked with simple syrup and flavorings, these European-style cakes are delectable.
Trying to fit a square cake into a round pan? Find out how much batter you'll need.
An easy, peachy, dump cake ready in under an hour!
This cake is as easy as, well, dumping ingredients in a pan. So yummy!
Wow your sci-fi fan with a birthday cake that looks like a robot!


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Photograph Details
Storm panic
As a storm began to brew, this group of males in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, got more and more agitated. 'I have often observed elephants getting very restless when weather conditions are unstable, and particularly in strong wind,' says Gregoire, 'and this storm turned into an extreme one.' A sudden gust foreshadowing what was to come reached the small group. 'The elephants immediately started to trumpet in panic,' says Gregoire, who took this picture when the agitated giants, caught in the rising sandstorm, fled in front of his vehicle.
Technical specification
Nikon D800 + 16-35mm f4 lens; 1/400 sec at f11 (-0.7 e/v); ISO 200.
Serengeti National Park, Tanzania
Intellectual property rights to all WPY images are retained by the photographers. Reproduction without prior written consent constitutes an actionable infringement. For usage enquiries please contact us.


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Bud Martin
Associate Professor of Community Health Education
Ph.D, University of South Carolina
M.Ed. University of South Carolina
University of Maine at Farmington Professor Maurice 'Bud' Martin is not only a teacher but a graduate of UMF's Community Health Education program who realized his dream of returning to Maine and teaching.
Martin, like many of his students, didn't start out as a Community Health Education major. Martin discovered the field after an injury sidelined his construction career and sent him back to school. And Martin's resume serves as an example of how a Community Health Education degree can open many doors. Before coming back to UMF, he worked in elementary physical education, exercise physiology, fitness programming and family counseling, and served as a school health coordinator and as a research scientist for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta.
Who is A Community Health Major?
"Most students find us in their second or third year. They take a couple of Community Health Education courses, and a light goes on," Martin said. "Right out of the gate, our students have interest in personal health that naturally expands to community heath activities and eventually leads into any number of professions within the field of public health."
"Community Health Education students are a special group. They won't take no for an answer, and I love that about them. They demand that their instructors teach them. I can tell a Community Health Education student as soon as they sit in the classroom. They are listening, ready, and they really want to contribute," Martin said.
"One of the things I like the most about Community Health Education students is that they are so inquisitive and motivated," Martin remarked. "I don't have to tell them twice. I respect them too much for that. They are smart enough to get it the first time."
"At a certain point, my students stop working for me and start working for their community. When they are working for the community and start doing those community service projects they just bloom," Martin said.
Learning by Helping
Service-learning — learning by helping others — is an integral part of the Community Health Education major, according to Martin. "In our classes, we have students go out into the community, and we have the community come into the classroom. It is seamless," Martin said. "Last year, in collaboration with State Representative and faculty member Tom Saviello, we had U.S. Senator Susan Collins and the Maine Governor come talk with our students."
One student assignment is to write testimony on upcoming legislation. Some students will submit their testimony; others will go to the Maine statehouse and testify before legislators. Those experiences make a difference, Martin observed. He and his students also host healthy dinners at local churches as part of diabetes and obesity education programs.
And those experiences inspire students to create their own community service projects. One Community Health Education student started fundraising as part of his plan to start a school lunch program in Sudan, his homeland. Another student helped to author grants that funded Stone Soup Gardens, a sustainable, collaborative community garden in Farmington.
Working Abroad & Rethinking Priorities
Community Health Education students have gone abroad to Peru, Guatemala, Prague and Russia, and the Community Health Education curriculum is flexible enough to help them plan years in advance to accomplish these activities. Martin said he is proud that his students do not isolate themselves on a university campus, but seek out international service-learning projects.
"They go and do some really cool stuff," Martin said. "One of my students just came back from Peru. She told me she came home, emptied her closet, and sold half her clothes because she had an epiphany where she realized how poor these people were." That student worked with young children who walked miles by themselves to a school on the outskirts of a huge poverty-ridden city. She and other volunteers provided health resources like toothbrushes, fluoride treatments, vitamins, and hygiene lessons.
Valuable Research Skills
"I'm dedicated to the idea that my job is a mix of teaching, community service and scholarship. Those three things can't be separated. I think it's important that my students see that," Martin said. He always includes students in his research projects so they can develop their scholarship skills.
Recently, Martin and his students were contracted to evaluate the effectiveness of a program, "Healthy Amistad," a homeless shelter in Portland funded in part by a grant from the Maine Health Access Foundation. The evaluation program resulted in a research paper Martin coauthored with three students.
"All the scholarly works I've worked on in the last four years have had student coauthors. I feel that it's important students participate every time we submit a paper," Martin said. It's rare for undergraduate students to publish their research. Martin's students get a distinct advantage in the academic and professional worlds.
"One student, a brilliant young woman, switched her major to Community Health Education. She did some research about the American Lung Association's Trek Across Maine looking at whether the event increased physical activity in rural Maine. Her work will be published soon. As a result of her work she ended up going to graduate school at the University of Arkansas with a full scholarship, due in part to her ability to do research," Martin recalled.
"I would venture to say that our Community Health Education program has the essential elements of many master's programs in public health and is an excellent stepping off point to graduate school. Most of the students who have gone on to graduate school say that, with the exception of some advanced studies, much of their course work and field work is comparable to the work they did at UMF," Martin said.
"We know a Community Health Education degree is the entry level requirement in the field of public health, and we're trying to train professionals who can hit the ground running," Martin said.
Many Career Choices
"I love working with my students and sharing their success stories. In the last four years, I've written more than 100 reference letters for student who are either applying for a job or going to graduate school. Increasingly, folks in the community are calling and asking if we have any more graduates," Martin noted.
"Over the past few years, we've been tweaking the Community Health Education major, and I think we have a unique ability to tap in to all the other disciplines across the campus," Martin said. "The Community Health Education program will be flexible and provide the needed autonomy for students who are serious about their education and career. We provide the vehicle for them to get where they are going."
Graduates have worked in physical therapy, epidemiology, health communication and healthcare. Some graduates will pursue careers as state health officials, health teachers, curriculum coordinators, grant writers, healthcare consultants or healthcare advocates. Others could find themselves working for lung associations, heart associations, cancer foundations and healthy community coalitions.
"Students know that the job opportunities are wide open for them. There's no end to the possibilities," Martin said. "That's what attracted me to come here."
Horse Lessons
In his spare time, Martin enjoys working with horses. He said people can learn from animals if they are observant. "I really enjoy horse training. In my mind, you can learn everything you need to know about motivating students from observing a talented horse trainer in action," Martin said.
"My teaching philosophy comes from training horses. I believe you can't lead a 1,000 pound horse anywhere it doesn't want to go. As with horses, the only way you can lead strong and willful people is from behind them. You need to get them moving forward mindfully and avoid pushing them into corners that will cause them frustration. I have also learned that you need an environment without corners or 'barriers' because if they get stuck in corners, good people, like horses, will fall apart or turn on you. People are like that, and so I get behind them, I motivate, and I round the corners. Eventually, fear and confusion is gone, and collegiality is achieved. I find myself losing students, but gaining colleagues. It's great," said Martin.
"The way I look at teaching is — it's all about rounding the corners. Stay behind students and motivate them around the corners, so they don't get stuck. And it works. I think we have the success that we do because we create an environment to keep our students moving forward," he said.


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Early voting is a little more than a week away, and as officials prepare to tally votes, they're also counting cost.
For the most part, it doesn't change based on voter turnout, but every taxpayer pays for the election: the preparation and the execution.
"This is actually more than what we expected," said Brazos County Clerk Karen McQueen of absentee ballot requests. "We had to actually order a lot more ballot envelopes than we had planned."
It's a paper provider's dream when voters seem to want to participate. County officials estimate 3,000 absentee forms will be sent out. Each form comes with three envelopes, and with 500 envelopes going for $160, you're looking at a $2,800 bill -- or about a buck an absentee voter.
How about poll workers? For Election Day alone, Brazos County will need 213 for its 42 polling places. Each will work a 10-hour day at $8 an hour. Factor in paying those workers to get trained, and it's about a $21,000 bill for the county.
Again, that's just Election Day. More than 50 workers will help voters cast ballots in early voting. Each will work an average of 122 hours. After 80, they get paid overtime.
Interested in working? Contact the county clerk's office.
"We'll put you on a list, so if you want to work, call us," McQueen said. "Right now, I think we're OK, but there's always last minute dropouts."
Paying poll workers is the bulk of the county's cost each election, but the cost rises for delivery of equipment and renting some polling places. The ultimate goal, of course, is for more voters to turn out so the work in advance and during the election is worth it.
"We get frazzled and rushed trying to get everything done, but this is our right to vote, and we want people to vote," McQueen said.
In 2006, the state reports about 30,000 voters cast ballots in Brazos County, and county officials say that election cost them in the neighborhood of $60,000. In other words, it cost the county two dollars per vote cast.
The cost to the taxpayer doesn't change much if turnout rises, but the value certainly does.
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We interrupt your regularly scheduled Hunger Games casting speculation and Comic-Con reports for another bit of fangirling: Deadline reports that Sony is closing a deal to turn one of my all-time favorite time-traveling romance book series, Diana Gabaldon's Outlander, into a TV show. And it will be Battlestar Galactica exec producer Ron Moore at the helm, so you know it will be epic.
"Big fan of @Writer_DG's Outlander books for many years, excited for the opportunity to do a FAITHFUL interpretation!" Moore tweeted this afternoon. That's the kind of statement a fan can get behind!
Let me take a step back and tell the uninitiated why this is so exciting: Outlander is about an English nurse named Claire Randall who takes a vacation with her husband in Scotland shortly after World War II. While out exploring on her own (OK, following some suspicious ladies doing a Wiccan ritual), she accidentally steps into a portal and winds up in the Scotland of 1743, when a number of Highland tribes are plotting a rebellion against the English king. Claire's outspoken modern ways and her medical knowledge get her in a number of touchy situations, but fortunately a young Highlander named Jamie Fraser keeps coming to her rescue. Unfortunately, she finds out that Jamie's mortal enemy, an English soldier named Jack Randall, happens to be her 1945 husband's ancestor. The story weaves magic, medical drama, historical fiction and humor into a very engrossing (if long) package. Also, two selling points: sexy men in kilts and awesome witch conspiracies.
Without spoiling the series for you (READ IT NOW), I would just like to suggest my own fantasy casting ideas: My favorite swoonworthy Scot James McAvoy as Jamie (hey, he can die his hair red easily enough!), and Kate Winslet as Claire (again, her look's different from the book, but she's got Claire's spirit, and she's hilarious when she's playing super frustrated with men and their manly ways). Though I doubt these two would do regular TV, maybe they'd be up for a shorter, HBO-style series. What do you think, Outlander fans?
[Photos: Getty Images, Dell Books]


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Real Housewives of Beverly Hills
Marisa Zanuck Is Not Jealous of Yolanda Foster!
The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Marisa Zanuck and Yolanda Foster might have gotten into a Twitter tiff earlier this month over some misconstrued blog comments, but Marisa insists there is no ill-will on her part — just a bit of dry humor.
"I was simply having fun with Yolanda's persona... without malice or mean spirit," she wrote in her Bravo blog. "While i don't know her well, what I do see is a wonderful woman who adores her children and husband and lives an immaculate lifestyle."
Marisa went on to point out that if a show like Saturday Night Live poked fun at Yolanda's "immaculate lifestyle" that no one would bat an eyelash.
We'd like to point out that Marisa is now comparing herself to Lorne Michaels, which seems like a bit of a stretch. But we digress.
"The point here is that everything I say (or write) should be taken with a giant salt lick... not too seriously and not too literally," she explained. "Hopefully over time you will learn to know me better and understand my personality."
We'll have to see if Marisa gets more screen time during Season 3.
Source: Marisa Zanuck's Bravo Blog


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"I ordered 1 sleeve of this and 1 sleeve of another design and love them both! They are chic, fun and look great in person. Very girlie...with a little edge. I searched for the "perfect" address labels for a while - and found them at Tiny Prints. My order was printed fast and delivered even faster (about 6 days ahead of when I expected to receive them)!"
"I ordered these to use on my Christmas cards What a great idea. Using these "We've Moved" labels let my cards stay Christmasy. While I like this design, I wish they would have had a few more choices--especially one more holiday themed."
"This address label is great because I wanted to call attention to our new address without sending out another postcard or print 'business cards'. I plan to include the label on my son's birthday party invites. I like the simple design with bold highlight on "we've moved!""
"We moved a few months before the birth of our son. These labels were the perfect addition to our birth announcements (also from tiny prints!) It allowed us to share our new address with the whole family without sending out an additional card!"
"Nice thick stickers, easy to apply, good size so easy to read, lovely little picture, and the final product colours are basically exactly what you see on the computer when ordering."


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There is provided an anodizable aluminum substrate having an increased breakdown voltage. The increase in breakdown voltage is achieved by selecting an appropriate aluminum alloy and appropriate processing parameters. Sealing the anodic film increases the breakdown voltage by decreasing corrosion. A preferred sealant is an epoxy cresol novolac having a low room temperature viscosity that cures to a highly cross-linked polymer.
1. A component for electronic applications comprising:
an anodizable metal core having a yield strength in excess of 30 ksi; and
an anodic film coating at least a portion of said core wherein the alloy constituents within said anodizable metal core are substantially soluble in an anodization electrolyte thereby increasing the breakdown voltage.
2. The component of claim 1 wherein said alloy constituents are substantially soluble in a sulfuric acid based electrolyte.
3. The component of claim 2 wherein a predominant alloy constituent is magnesium.
4. The component of claim 3 wherein said core is an aluminum alloy of the 5000 series.
5. The component of claim 4 wherein said core is selected from the group consisting of:
2.2%-2.8%, by weight, of magnesium and the balance aluminum;
0.6%-1.0% by weight, of magnesium and the balance aluminum; and
0.08%-1.2% magnesium, 0.15%-0.45% manganese and the balance aluminum.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to anodized aluminum substrates for electronic package and printed circuit board applications. More particularly, the breakdown voltage of an anodic film is increased by selection and processing of the aluminum core and by sealing pores in the anodic film.
2. Description of Related Art
Anodized aluminum substrates are used in electronic packaging applications as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,316 to Mahulikar et al. that is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. Mahulikar et al. disclose an adhesively sealed electronic package having anodized aluminum base and cover components. A leadframe is disposed between and bonded to both the base and the cover. An integrated circuit device is adhesively bonded either to the package base or to an intervening die paddle.
The breakdown voltage is one property of interest to electronic package designers. The breakdown voltage is the voltage that when applied across a dielectric layer causes an irreversible degradation of that dielectric layer and is accompanied by an increase in electrical conductivity of several orders of magnitude.
The breakdown voltage is not critical in electronic packages of the type disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,939,316 because a thick polymer layer separates the circuits and the leadframe from the anodized substrate. However, recent electronic package designs include circuitry deposited directly on the anodization layer by processes as diverse as direct writing, screen printing, electrolytic plating, electroless plating, vaporization, sputtering and vapor deposition. With circuits formed directly on the anodization layer, the breakdown voltage has become much more critical.
Examples of electronic packages having conductive circuitry formed directly on the anodization layer are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/134,993, entitled "Edge Connectable Electronic Package" by Hoffman et al. that was filed on Oct. 12, 1993 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/277,387 entitled "Integrally Bumped Electronic Package Components" by Mahulikar et al. that was filed on Jul. 19, 1994, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties herein.
Maximizing the breakdown voltage is now an objective of electronic package design. Several factors influencing the breakdown voltage are illustrated in FIG. 1. An anodized aluminum component 10 has an aluminum or aluminum alloy core 12 coated with an anodization layer 14 having a typical thickness of from about 0.013 mm to about 0.075 mm (0.0005-0.003 inch). The anodization layer is deposited by an electrolytic process as known in the art. One such process, integral color anodization, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,066,368 to Pasqualoni et al. that is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. An anodization layer is formed by immersing an aluminum alloy in an electrolyte containing 1-4 g/l sulfuric acid and 50-120 g/l sulfosalicylic acid. A direct electric current is then impressed across the electrolyte with the aluminum alloy as the anode for a time effective to form an anodic film of a desired thickness,
Common defects that reduce the breakdown voltage include intermetallics 16 and surface defects 18. Pores 20 trap contaminants 22 which can corrode the anodic film, further reducing the breakdown voltage.
The intermetallics 16 average up to 20 microns in length along the longest axis and may contain non-anodizable, electrically conductive alloy constituents such as Al--Fe--Si, FeAl3 and MnAl6.
The anodic film 14 is thin and surface defects are not completely filled in. The result is a crevice or pit that reduces the breakdown voltage.
Increasing the thickness of the anodic film does increase the breakdown voltage, but is not an effective solution. A thick anodic film reduces the dissipation of heat through the film to the aluminum core and increases the propensity of the anodic film to cracking. Additionally, increasing the film thickness increases the anodization time and power requirements, increasing the cost of the component.
To maximize the breakdown voltage, it is therefore desired to reduce the above stated defects as well as others.
Accordingly, it is an object of the invention to provide an anodized aluminum component having a high breakdown voltage. It is a feature of the invention that the breakdown voltage is increased by eliminating defects in both an aluminum alloy core and in the anodic film through proper selection of the core, thermal treatment of the core, polishing of the core and sealing of pores in the anodic film.
An advantage of the invention is that increasing the breakdown voltage improves the electrical performance of electronic packages and printed circuit boards.
In accordance with the invention, there is provided a component for electronic packages. This component has an anodizable metal core and an anodic film coating at least a portion of the core. At least one of the following conditions is satisfied, intermetallics in the core have an average longest axis of less than about 8 microns, the average surface roughness of the core is less than about 3 microns or the anodic film is sealed with a polymer having a thickness of less than about 2 microns that effectively reduces the surface roughness.
The preferred polymer for sealing the anodic film is an epoxy that consists essentially of from about 58% to about 88% of an epoxy cresol novolac, from about 10% to about 40% of a substantially aromatic hardener having multi-functionality, from about 0.1% to about 1.0% of an accelerator and from about 0.001% to about 1% of an additive selected from the group consisting of surfactants, defoamers, levelling agents and mixtures thereof.
The above stated objects, features and advantages will become more apparent from the specification and drawings that follow.
FIG. 1 shows in cross-sectional representation defects that reduce the breakdown voltage of a prior art anodized substrate.
FIG. 2 shows in cross-sectional representation an anodized substrate sealed with polymeric solution.
FIGS. 3-5 show in cross-sectional representation the assembly of a printed circuit board formed from the substrate of the invention.
FIG. 6 shows in cross-sectional representation a multi-layer printed circuit board formed from the substrate of the invention.
FIG. 7 shows in cross-sectional representation an electronic package formed from the substrate of the invention.
FIG. 8 illustrates an apparatus for measuring the breakdown voltage.
With reference to FIG. 1, the breakdown voltage is increased by changing the size, the composition or the number of intermetallic particles 16 in the anodic film 14. The size of the intermetallic particles 16 is reduced by changing the processing of the core. When aluminum alloy A3003 (nominal composition, by weight, 0.05%-0.20% copper, 1.0%-1.5% manganese and the balance aluminum) is direct chill cast and then rolled to gauge, the intermetallic particles are up to about 20 microns in length along the longest axis. strip casting to near gauge, the intermetallic particle length along the longest axis is less than about 10 microns. Preferably, the intermetallic particle 16 have no axis with a length longer than from about 5 to about 8 microns.
Rather than reduce the size of the intermetallics 16, the conductivity of the particles is significantly reduced when the core 12 substantially contains predominantly alloy constituents that are soluble in the electrolyte such as magnesium and is substantially free of alloy constituents that are insoluble in the electrolyte such as iron. The preferred aluminum alloys are those of the 1000, 5000 and 6000 series as designated by the Aluminum Association Incorporated.
1000 series alloys are 99%, by weight, or higher aluminum.
5000 series alloys contain magnesium and usually chromium as well.
6000 series alloys contain silicon and magnesium in approximate proportions to form magnesium silicide.
For electronic package applications, such as printed circuit boards and electronic package components, alloys of the 1000 series are not suitable because the yield strength, in the range of 5-20 ksi depending on the temper, is too low. Processing of components formed from 1000 series alloys leads to surface damage, warping and bending. A yield strength of at least 30 ksi and preferably in excess of 40 ksi is required for the satisfactory processing of electronic components.
Alloys of the 5000 series and of the 6000 series have satisfactory yield strengths and anodization capability. Particularly preferred is aluminum alloy 6061 (nominal composition, by weight, 0.4%-0.8% silicon, 0.15%-0.4% copper, 0.8%1.2% magnesium, 0.04%-0.35% chromium and the balance aluminum). In a T6 temper (solution heat treated and aged for precipitation hardening), the yield strength exceeds 42 ksi and the breakdown voltage exceeds 200 volts for a 0,025 mm (0,001 inch) thick anodic film. When anodized at constant voltage, such as during integral color anodizing, aluminum alloy 6061 anodizes at a higher rate resulting in thicker oxides being formed in a given time than are formed on aluminum alloy 3003.
The increased yield strength of aluminum alloy 6061 means that surface defects 18 are less likely to form during processing and handling of the aluminum alloys.
The major alloying addition to aluminum alloy 6061 is magnesium, which is soluble in a sulfuric acid based electrolyte. The volume fraction of the intermetallic particles included in the oxide formed on aluminum alloy 6061 is less than in the oxide formed on aluminum alloy 3003. This provides for both higher resistivity and higher breakdown voltages for the anodic films formed on aluminum alloy 6061.
When a surface defect 18 forms in the core 12, the anodization layer 14 and metallization 24 tracks the surface. The distance 26 between the metallization 24 and the core 12 is reduced, lowering the breakdown voltage. For optimum performance, the average surface roughness of the core 12, prior to anodization as measured on a laser surface profilometer such as the Rodenstock model RM 600, manufactured by Rodenstock of Munich, Germany, is less than about 1.5 micron and preferably less than about 0.3 micron.
After components are stamped from the aluminum alloy core, the components are deburred by tumbling in an abrasive medium. The tumbling concurrently increases the roughness of the component surfaces. Wet deburring increases the surface roughness the least and is preferred to maximize breakdown voltage. One suitable wet deburring process involves placing the components in an oscillating bowl having an amplitude of from about 1/64 inch up to about 1/4 inch. A combination of abrasive media of different sizes is added as is a fluid medium. Typically, the fluid is an aqueous soap solution and the abrasive, a mixture of large (4.8 mm�8.7 mm) ceramic cylinders, small (6 mm) diameter ceramic spheres and a fine (200 mesh) powder that provides lubricity.
Smoother components are obtained by hard anodizing in a sulfuric acid electrolyte (10%-20%, by weight sulfuric acid) at about 10-15 amps per square foot of direct current with the aluminum alloy core as the anode. While the anodic film is transparent, there may be some applications in which an integral color is not required.
The anodic films formed by integral color anodization owe their color to the presence in the anodic film of intermetallics that cause multiple reflections of light. These intermetallics reduce the breakdown voltage. Additionally, incorporation of the intermetallics into the oxide during anodization causes roughening of both the oxide-metal interface and the oxide surface.
A very smooth surface with a high breakdown voltage is achieved by hard anodizing aluminum alloys of the 5000 series such as aluminum alloy 5252 (nominal composition by weight 2.2%-2.8% magnesium, balance aluminum), aluminum alloy 5657 (0.6%-1.0% magnesium, balance aluminum) and aluminum alloy 5457 (0.08%-1.2% magnesium, 0.15%-0.45% manganese, balance aluminum).
The 5000 series alloys are reduced to final gauge by passing through polished rolls of a rolling mill. After components are stamped, the components are chemically polished by immersion in a 95% by weight phosphoric acid, 5% by weight nitric acid solution heated to 95� C.-100� C. Immersion time in the polish is about 4 minutes.
Anodization is in an aqueous solution containing from about 5% to about 20%, by weight, sulfuric acid and preferably containing from about 10% to about 15%, by weight, sulfuric acid. The more dilute electrolytes produce a harder, smoother anodic film.
Anodic films formed on aluminum alloys during integral color anodization are duplex in nature consisting of a thin barrier layer 28 adjacent to the metal core with a thick outer layer adjacent to the barrier layer. The thick outer layer contains a high frequency of pores with a diameter in the range of 75 to 200 angstroms. During metallization, the metallization or chemicals such as photoresist or developer can deposit in the pores. These chemicals corrode the anodic film, reducing the breakdown voltage.
The breakdown voltage is increased by sealing the pores by any suitable process. One suitable process is chemical sealing by immersing the component in an aqueous solution containing 5 g/l nickel acetate and 5 g/l boric acid. The aqueous solution is heated to 80� C. and the component immersed for about 5 minutes. Typically, the component is then immersed in boiling water for an additional 20 minutes.
A second suitable sealing process is physical sealing, coating the surface of the anodic film with a second layer, such as a dielectric polymer. This dielectric polymer seals the pores, reduces the surface roughness and increases the breakdown voltage.
A dielectric polymer 30 is illustrated in FIG. 2. The polymer 30 is disposed between the anodization layer 14 and the metallization 24 to ensure that the metallization 24 does not approach the core 12 by a distance less than the thickness of the polymer 30. The polymer 30 is a thermal insulator if one or more semiconductor devices are mounted on the substrate 10'. To remove heat from the semiconductor devices, it is desirable to minimize thermal resistance. Therefore, the thickness of the polymer layer 30 is from about 0.0025 mm to about 0.051 mm (0.0001-0.002 inch) and preferably from about 0.005 mm to about 0.015 mm (0.0002-0.0006 inch).
The desired polymer thickness is achieved by a self-levelling, liquid dielectric polymer that thermally cures to a coating having high adhesion to the anodic layer and resists heat, moisture, solvents and chemicals. The preferred coating is an epoxy having an epoxy cresol novolac base combined with an aromatic hardener with multi-functionality.
The resultant coating has high adhesion due to the hydroxyl groups, a high resistance to heat and moisture at temperatures up to 300� C. due to the high aromatic content rendering it hydrophobic and a high resistance to solvent and chemicals by being highly cross-linked. Ordinary hardeners, such as amines, amides, carboxylic acids and acid anhydrides, are not preferred. In addition to being hydrophilic, these hardeners lower the moisture, heat and chemical resistance of the epoxy coating.
Selective additives, such as surfactants, defoamers, levelling agents and mixtures thereof, may be present in the coating, but are kept to a minimum. Typically these additives are present in an amount of less than about 2% by weight, so as not to detract from the coating performance. Generally, when the epoxy solution is applied to an anodic film, wetting of the surface is sufficient that a surfactant is not required, although, small amounts, on the order of 0.001%-0.01% are beneficial. If the epoxy is applied directly to a metal surface, such as directly to the aluminum alloy core, then the inclusion of a surfactant such as a fluoro-aliphatic polymer ester is desirable. One such surfactant is FC-430 manufactured by the 3M Company, St. Paul, Minn.
An accelerator, such as an imidazole derivative, may be added to increase the reaction rate in the temperature range of from about 100� C. to about 200� C.
The polymeric solution has a low room temperature (20� C.) viscosity, on the order of from about 10 to about 1000 centipoise and preferably, from about 15 to about 500 centipoise. The viscosity is dependent on the choice of solvent and the percent solids present. The percent solids in the solution is kept relatively low, from about 15% to about 70% solids and preferably on the order of about 20% to about 60% solid.
The benefits of maintaining the viscosity and the percent solids at low levels are that, first, the polymer solution is immediately absorbed by the anodic film filling in pores, crevices and other defects. Second, it enables deposition of a very thin film, on the order of 1 to 2 microns by any suitable process such as dipping or spraying. Third, the liquid polymer is self-levelling and reduces the apparent surface roughness of the component 10'. Fourth, the liquid polymer readily forms a continuous film at very low thicknesses.
A suitable polymer composite is, by weight, from about 58% to about 88% of an epoxy cresol novolac; from about 30% to about 40% of a substantially aromatic hardener having multi-functionality; from about 0.1% to about 1% of an accelerator; and from about 0.001% to about 1% of an additive selected from the group consisting of surfactants, defoamers, levelling agents and mixtures thereof.
A preferred polymer composite, by weight, is: from about 60.5% to about 68.5% of an epoxy cresol novolac; from about 10% to about 40% of a substantially aromatic hardener having multi-functionality; from about 0.5% to about 0.6% of an accelerator and from about 0.001% to about 0.002% of a surfactant. One preferred polymer composition diluted approximately 50% in a solvent is, by weight:
______________________________________Epoxy cresol novolac resin 33.5%Cresol novolac hardener 15.2%2 methyl imidizole 0.3%Florad Surfactant 0.001%Acetone 50.999%______________________________________
ECN 9511 (Epoxy cresol novolac resin), HT 9690 (Cresol novolac hardener) and 2 methyl imidazole are available from Ciba-Geigy, Ardsley, N.Y. FC-430 (florad surfactant) is available from 3M.
This polymer is cured by heating to from about 150� C. to about 200� C. for from about 30 minutes to about 2 hours.
The anodized aluminum components of the invention are particularly suited for printed circuit boards and electronic packages. FIGS. 3-5 illustrate the manufacture of a printed circuit board. As shown in FIG. 3, there is provided an aluminum alloy core 12 that may contain one or more through holes 32.
The aluminum alloy core 12 and the walls of the through holes 32 are coated with an anodization layer 14 as shown in FIG. 4. The anodization layer 14 has a thickness of from about 0.0025 mm to about 0.13 mm (0.0001-0.003 inch) and preferably from about 0.013 mm to about 0.075 mm (0.0005-0.003 inch). While any anodization process is satisfactory, integral color anodization is preferred.
Circuitry, such as copper or a copper alloy metallization 24, is formed on the anodization layer 14 as shown in FIG. 5 or on an intervening polymer layer as shown in FIG. 2. Referring back to FIG. 5, the metallization forms circuit traces 24 on one or more anodized surfaces and extends continuously through any through holes 32 forming a conductive via 36. The metallization is applied by any suitable process such as evaporation, sputtering, electroless plating, plasma vapor deposition or jet vapor deposition as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,256,205 to Schmitt, III et al. that is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein. The circuit traces 24 can be formed by a subtractive process in which all exposed circuits are coated with the metallization, a suitable photoresist is applied over the conductive metal and photo-imaged to expose a desired circuit pattern. A suitable etchant, one that removes the exposed metallization without corroding the anodized film, for example an ammonium hydroxide based etchant when the metallization is copper, then removes unwanted metallization, forming the desired pattern of circuit traces 24. The remaining photoresist is then removed with a suitable solvent.
As shown in FIG. 6, multi-metal layer printed circuit boards 40 are manufactured by applying a dielectric layer 42 over a first pattern of circuit traces 24 and forming a second layer of circuit traces 44 over the dielectric layer 42. Conductive vias 46 may be employed to electrically interconnect the two or more layers of circuit traces. While FIG. 6 illustrates a multi-layer structure on only one side of the aluminum alloy core 12, it is within the scope of the invention to provide a multi-layer structure on both sides of the core and to have conductive vias extending through the core as illustrated in FIG. 5.
The anodized aluminum components of the invention are also suitable for electronic package components as illustrated in FIG. 7. The electronic package 50 has a base component 52 and cover component 54 joined together by an appropriate adhesive 56, such as a thermosetting epoxy. An anodization layer 14 preferably coats both the base component 52 and cover component 54 to provide electrical isolation. An integrated circuit device 58 is housed within a cavity 60 that is defined by the base component 52 and cover component 56. The integrated circuit device 58 is electrically interconnected to circuit traces 34 formed on the anodization layer 14. Any suitable electrical interconnection may be used, including wire bonds, thin strips of copper foil as utilized in tape automated bonding and direct soldering of electrically active input/output pads on the semiconductor device to the circuitry as utilized in flip chip bonding. Collapsible solder balls 62 formed from a lead/tin alloy are particularly suited for flip chip bonding.
While FIG. 7 illustrates an edge connectable electronic package, the invention is applicable to any type of electronic package, including leaded packages, leadless packages and array-type packages, including pin grid arrays, ball grid arrays and pad grid arrays.
The advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the examples that follow.
The breakdown voltage of an anodized aluminum component 10 was determined utilizing the apparatus illustrated in FIG. 8. A power controller 63 was electrically interconnected in series with an amp meter 64. A first probe 66 was bonded to the anodic film 14 by a silver-filled epoxy resin 68. The area of contact between the silver-filled epoxy resin 68 and the anodic film 14 was accurately measured so that the area over which the voltage was applied could be accurately determined. A second probe 70 was electrically interconnected directly to the aluminum alloy core 12. The voltage provided by the power controller 62 was then gradually increased until the amp meter 64 registered current flow through the anodic film 14. The minimum voltage for current flow was the breakdown voltage.
Table 1 compares the breakdown voltage of aluminum alloy components coated with a 0.025 mm (0.001 inch) anodic film formed by integral color anodization. The direct chill (D.C.) cast alloy A3003 had intermetallics with an average maximum axis length of 16 microns. The strip cast aluminum alloy A3003 had intermetallics with an average maximum axis length of 8 microns. The aluminum alloy A6061 was D.C. cast and had intermetallics that are substantially soluble in a sulfuric acid based electrolyte and the anodic film was essentially intermetallic free.
TABLE 1______________________________________ Measured Breakdown Average Break-Substrate Voltage down Voltage______________________________________D.C. Cast A3003 10, 15, 71, 55, 71 37 46, 17, 10Strip Cast A3003 193, 190, 126, 183, 148 128, 136, 176, 207, 220, 165, 226, 197, 153, 110, 165, 187, 140, 32, 10, 10D.C. Cast A6061 133, 450, 249, 186, 244 351, 142, 84, 356, 289, 157, 161, 180, 313, 148, 163, 500, 170, 185______________________________________
Table 2 compares the breakdown voltage of two aluminum alloy 5252 components and illustrate the increased breakdown voltage achieved with a smoother core surface and hard anodization as compared to an integral color anodized aluminum alloy 6061 component.
TABLE 2______________________________________ Average Maximum Surface Surface BreakdownAlloy Roughness Roughness VoltageCondition (micron) (micron) (volts)______________________________________Bright Roll - 5252 0.21 1.88 930Chemical Polish - 0.11 0.97 >10005252Integral Color - 0.92 7.45 2586061______________________________________
The bright roll sample was reduced to final gauge by passing through a pair of polished rolls in a rolling mill. The chemical polish sample was reduced to final gauge by passing through a pair of polished rolls in a rolling mill and then polished by immersion for 4 minutes in a solution of 95% by weight phosphoric acid, 5% nitric acid at a solution temperature of 95� C.-100� C.
Table 3 illustrates how sealing the pores of an anodic film improves the breakdown voltage after subsequent processing, such as coating with a photoresist or metallization.
56 samples of aluminum alloy 6061-T6 components (32�32 mm) were anodized in an aqueous solution of 60 g/l sulfosalicylic acid and 4.5 g/l sulfuric acid at a temperature of 12� C.-4� C. Anodization was commenced by linearly increasing the current density to 100 amps/foot2 in 2 minutes. The direct current voltage was then increased to 68 volts and held constant for 15 minutes while permitting the current to decay. The samples were then air dried. The anodic film had a thickness of 0.018 mm.
One half the component samples were then sealed by immersing for 17 minutes in a nickel acetate solution at 85� C. at a pH of 5.8 followed by rinsing for 5 minutes in water at 70� C. at a pH of 5.8. The other half of the component samples were retained as unsealed.
The samples were then immersed in a 50% photoresist developing solution that contained a mixture of trisodium phosphate and sodium metasilicate at a pH of about 13 for 4 minutes. The samples were then water rinsed and dried in acetone.
TABLE 3______________________________________Breakdown Voltage (volts) Anodized Anodized Anodized SealedSample Anodized Developed Sealed Developed______________________________________1 619 390 405 2592 367 484 300 2033 341 230 248 2484 303 200 380 3625 395 188 394 4296 424 218 469 4427 292 101 400 3608 354 214 214 4909 322 258 209 49810 374 265 364 28011 368 318 296 33812 391 239 336 386Average 379 259 335 358______________________________________
Table 4 illustrates the levelling effect of the dilute epoxy cresol novolac of the invention. The epoxy was diluted, by weight, in acetone to contain from 8.7%, by weight, solids up to 26% solids. Table 4 illustrates that excessive dilution negatively impacts the surface roughness and the sealing of the pores of the anodic film.
TABLE 4______________________________________ Maximum Average Surface Surface Roughness RoughnessSubstrate Microns Microns______________________________________Uncoated A6061 33.7 3.36Epoxy Coating (26% 11.9 0.77Solids) A6061Epoxy Coating (13% 29.0 3.24Solids) A6061Epoxy Coating (8.7% 28.7 3.19Solids) A6061______________________________________
Table 5 illustrates that the epoxy coating enhances both the breakdown voltage and the force required to separate an epoxy bonded stud from the substrate. This improvement is noted when comparing anodized A6061 to epoxy coated and anodized A6061. The improvement is also noted when comparing copper or nickel jet vapor deposited metallizations on anodized A6061 with the same metallizations on epoxy coated, anodized A6061. The improved adhesion of the metallized substrates noted for the jet vapor deposition process is believed to be equally applicable to other deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation and the like.
TABLE 5______________________________________ Average Average Breakdown Pull ForceSubstrate Voltage Coating (pounds)______________________________________A6061 290 None 89A6061 Epoxy coated 600+ None 99(26% solids)A6061 63 Copper 87A6061 174 Nickel 35A6061 Epoxy coated 600+ Copper 112(26% solids)A6061 Epoxy coated 321 Nickel 68(26% solids)______________________________________
While the invention has been drawn to anodized aluminum, it is believed to be equally applicable to other anodizable materials such as titanium, magnesium and their alloys. The benefits of the epoxy cresol novolac are believed applicable to all metallic substrates, whether anodized, otherwise coated or bare metal.
It is apparent that there has been provided in accordance with the present invention anodized aluminum substrates that have increased breakdown voltages, making the substrates particularly useful for both printed circuit board and electronic package components that fully satisfy the objects, means and advantages set forth hereinabove. While the invention has been described in combination with embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the foregoing description. Accordingly, it is intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.
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Washington College Assessment Links
1. October, 2013 Chairs Workshop
2. November, 2013 Chairs Meeting
3. Provost Office New Approach to Departmental Assessment
Other colleges and universities have assembled helpful assessment information that may provide useful ideas and suggestions about the collection of assessment data, data analysis, and decision-making based on results.
The links below are examples from some of the most informative sites. If you know of other good assessment sites, please let the Office of Institutional Research and Assessment know. Also, if any of the links on this page become broken, please let me know that as well.
1. The University of Delaware is another institution with a very good assessment program. The link below contains numerous links to tools, resources and assessment reporting:
2. The University of Washington has been conducting assessment for a long time and there are two good links with respect to resources and reports:
3. Gettysburg College also has a very good web site with links to much public information about assessment:
4. Georgetown University has a very good site related to institutional assessment. In particular, there is an excellent link to a short 'handbook' for assessing student learning:
5. The Middle States Commission on Higher Education provides this statement about student learning outcomes assessment: "The Commission's standards, Characteristics of Excellence in Higher Education (2006), available for downloading at Publications, focus on student learning in many standards, particularly but not exclusively in the context of Assessment of Student Learning (Standard 14), Related Educational Activities (Standard 13), General Education (Standard 12), Educational Offerings (Standard 11), Student Admissions (Standard 8), and Institutional Resources (Standard 3)."
The various Middle States publications are available as downloads at http://www.msche.org/publications.asp
Updated February, 2011


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A man was arrested after allegedly scaring a woman inside her Orange County home.
A woman returned to her Dahlia Drive apartment and found a man standing in her kitchen, holding a knife, according to deputies.
Investigators identified the accused intruder as Roberto Rivera.
Investigators say Rivera is the woman's neighbor. He apparently told the victim that he entered her apartment because he heard a noise.
Deputies said they found Rivera hiding in his bathtub. They arrested him and booked him into the Orange County Jail.
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At weekends, this four-floor alternative shopping institution crawls with disaffected teens - for a leisurely browse, go midweek. You'll find new designers,...52 Church Street
The venerable old auntie of department stores, clocking up 175 years of trading in 2010, House of Fraser (or Kendal's, as it's better known by locals)...60 Deansgate
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This indoor factory outlet offers clothes, books, gifts and homewares at discounts of between 25% and 75%. What you'll get depends largely on how happy you...The Quays
A flower shop with personal service and knowledgeable staff is something of a rarity in a world where the choice is often limited to wilted garage...58 Tib Street
For designer bargains, TK Maxx is unbeatable. Dedicate at least two hours to searching through the endless racks of last-season and surplus stock designer...51-55 Market Street
This slick shopping centre sprang from the ashes of the Corn Exchange (another casualty of that bomb), and while the old building's unique character has now...37 Exchange Square
One of the first designer flower shops in the city, Venus continues its modern floral revolution. Don't expect to find any feeble carnations here; there's...St James' Building, 95 Oxford Street
Who would have thought that such a simple idea could end up manifesting itself so successfully? The concept is in the name - everything sold in this shop is...21-23 King Street


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August 1, 2015
A Bryan 17-year-old remains jailed on drunk driving charges after police say he crashed into a College Station home and left the scene.
Brazos County Investigators say Bill Clinton Orozco-Garcia has an immigration hold for being in the country illegally.
Police say Orozco-Garcia ran a stop sign, crashed through a backyard fence, hitting the back porch and bedroom side of a home on Magnolia Drive early Wednesday morning.
A couple inside woke up to breaking glass.
They were not injured.
Police arrested Orozco-Garcia at a College Station apartment complex later that morning.
The home's occupant Clint Regmund tell us the wreck caused an estimated $50,000 in damage and that Orozco-Garcia did not have insurance as previously thought.
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Very comfortable.I have to order a full size up in Asics but this sneaker is great! Comfortable, lightweight and very sporty without being too neon bright like many sneakers that are popular now. I have big feet and I don't need to advertise how big by bringing too much attention to them. These are just right.This style would probably be better for someone with a narrow foot.The only thing is they have a little white fabric stripe that accents the lace area mine was a tiny bit altered but I'm super picky and you can barely notice it unless you look really hard. After a few workouts they will get messed up anyway:)
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When it comes to quality and "what's best for the body", Asics goes above and beyond. When Asics athletes visit the facility, Asics creates tailor-made running clothes and shoes that work with that athlete's body. From this research, Asics is able to enhance the running clothes and running shoes that they create for all athletes. Asics takes every opportunity to better their running clothes, so the athletes can better themselves.


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I like tomatoes, a little bit of mozzarella cheese basil, balsamic vinegar, and little rolls of smoked salmon.
i dunno your food preferences, so here's this
Vegetables - chowstalker
yeah you are
I used to think I was funny until I met Kathy Griffin. Im gonna have to call my mama and have her tell me how good I am. - ginger minj
I like tomatoes, a little bit of mozzarella cheese basil, balsamic vinegar, and little rolls of smoked salmon.
try an apple with almond butter, or berries and cream.
I made a lovely paleo smoothie the other morning. A frozen banana, an egg, a spoonful of good cocoa, about half a cup of coconut milk and about half a cup of water. Blended smooth - yummy!
I buy the almost over-ripe bananas for super cheap, peel them all and layer them flat in a ziplock bag in the freezer. They are easy to get out one at a time.
Man oh man am I happy to see some ideas here... First let me say I typically don't eat brekkie on days when I work in the office because it just takes me several hours to even get hungry once I wake up. So I usually have an early lunch in the office. Of leftovers, typically.
Sometimes I will just need something but don't have the time to make brekkie or want to mess with leftovers -- that's when I usually heat up some broth and take it to sip on my commute.
But brekkie at home is another story. Sometimes I eat leftovers, but when I'm at home and have the time and inclination to get in the kitchen and whip something up, I tend to stick with old reliable -- eggs and bacon. This last weekend, I had a moment, as I was diving into my second egg, when I thought -- OK, had enough, don't think I can tolerate another bite of eggs. The puppy benefitted. I think I've just been too monotonous in my egg choices for my weekend brekkies (I fall back on the no-muss, no-fuss scrambled egg). The next day, I just had bacon and half a grapefruit, NO eggs, and that held me fine until lunch. But now I'm thinking about what I might have for brekkie this coming weekend. So, again, thanks for the ideas.


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12/3/2012<< Back to Facilities Management Press Releases Home
Case Study: Auckland Airport Finds Big Energy Savings With Steril-Aire UVC Emitters
Becoming a major gateway to green. That's precisely what New Zealand's Auckland airport's newly remodeled international passenger terminal was tasked with in 2007.
New Zealand's largest commercial building, handling 13 million passenger movements per year, had a goal to reduce its carbon footprint by 5% before 2012. The airport actually reached that goal two years ahead of schedule, and much of that success was directly linked to the decrease in energy expenditure of its HVAC systems.
Find out more about how Steril-Aire UVC Emitters helped save energy in the HVAC system, reduce the airport's carbon footprint and offer passengers and tenants better indoor air quality by downloading a case study here.


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Paul Mitchell Super Skinny Relaxing Balm Review
Paul Mitchell Super Skinny Relaxing Balm ($15.95) is a lightweight balm to help smooth stray hairs and strands that is humidity resistant. It is meant to work in conjuction with your blow dryer, so be sure to apply this to towel-dried hair (e.g. damp hair), and then blow dry to finish smoothing. The scent of the Super Skinny Relaxing Balm is a subtle green apple, which ends up drying down virtually scentless (that's probably a good thing!). This is very much a uni-tasking product, and since my hair is low maintenance, I don't personally have a need that this product fills. However, I do get stray flyaways from time to time, and this does reduce the amount I get, so that is helpful!
Find a salon near you that carries Paul Mitchell products at www.paulmitchell.com.
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the FAQ section (above) for information about purchasing, price, dupes, and the like. If you have general feedback or need technical support, please contact us.
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CLEMSON The as Nkemdiche turns recruiting soap opera will likely not conclude until Februarys signing day, but Clemsons chances to sign the nations No. 1 recruit are diminishing.
Grayson High football coach Mickey Conn confirmed to the Charleston Post and Courier on Thursday that the five-star defensive end has backed off his commitment to Clemson.
Conn told 247Sports.com that Robert Nkemdiche withdrew his pledge last Sunday. It was a family decision he made with his mom and dad, Conn said.
Nkemdiche has faced increasing pressure from inside his family to play at Ole Miss, where his older brother, Denzel, is a redshirt freshman linebacker.
There had been an increasingly shaky commitment from Nkemdiche toward to Clemson coinciding with Nkemdiches mothers return from Nigeria where shes a legislator.
Nkemdiches mother returned to the U.S. for a brief vacation last month.
Last week Nkemdiches mother said her sons verbal commitment to Clemson was meaningless. She also said he had no plans to visit Clemson and stressed that her preference was for her sons to play together at Mississippi.
TigerIllustated.com reported Beverly demanded her son de-commit before she returned to Nigeria, which shes expected to do in the next several days.
The 6-foot-5, 270-pound prep star was the prize of Clemsons 2013 commitment list and was projected to fill a significant need for Clemson as a potential impact pass rusher. Clemsons class remains deep and talented without Nkemdiche and fell only from 12 to 14 in ESPNs Class of 2013 rankings.
Still, the de-commitment doesnt rule out Clemson from signing Nkemdiche in February.
Conn told reporters Nkemdiche is still interested in Clemson. Ole Miss is thought to be the favorite for his services and Alabama, LSU, Georgia and Oregon are also in play.
Clemson coach Dabo Swinney is regarded as a top salesman on the recruiting trail and former Clemson star C.J. Spillers mother didnt want Spiller to attend Clemson. The key for Clemson might be getting Nkemdiche to visit Clemson again to remind him of why he originally committed to the Tigers.
Two of his high school teammates Wayne Gallman and David Kamara remain committed to Clemson.
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I am new so I don't really know about your picture sharing policies but I though I would share this with you. I belong to another message board about cloth diapering. I have been using cloth for 18 months now and love it. There are so many options and patterns out there for cute diapers. Anyway we were just informed that there is a site out there (others too I'm sure that we don't know about) that is stealing pictures of other people kids and posting them for sickos to look at. This is not just babies in cloth either. It is bigger kids and fully clothed kids also. If you are posting pics or links to your albums think before you do it because anyone on the internet can access it. I was thinking of putting an avatar in with my kids on it but I won't now. Some of the moms I know through my other board actually found pictures of their kids on this site. This justs makes my skin crawl. I have been on my other board for 1 1/2 years and consider those ladies my friends and it is so sad that I can't post a pic of my kids for fear of a pervert stealing the pic and posting it for other weirdos to see.[:(]
Michelle Mom to:
Caleb 8/31/99 29 weeks
Luke 12/31/03 36 weeks


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You can indicate the ring size, special gift wrapping or any other request to the designer at checkout.
Ships with
DHL Express: 2 - 5 days from dispatch.
Details: slices carved from vegetable ivory (a sustainable material called vegetable ivory, which gives them the distinctive, smooth texture of elephant ivory - minus the cruelty) are connected together using leather. Lobster sterling silver clasp.
This item's measurements are:
●Drop 7" / 17cm
●Pendant Length 5,5" / 14cm
●Pendant Width 6,5" / 16,5cm
This amazing necklace is truly inspired from the Amazonian rainforest. The colours reflect the tropical colour palette; birds, plants and other natural hues that make this beautiful and exclusive necklace.
Transform the simplest of outfits with this dramatic statement necklace. Trade in boring small pendants by wearing this statement piece with your favorite LBD and an updo for maximum impact.
Ships with
DHL Express: 2 - 5 days from dispatch.


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A sexual preference often expressed by Scouse Monkey. Other expressions would be 'driving one up her marmite motorway', 'doing a spot of uphill gardening', 'going for the difficult brown' or just simply 'taking her up the arse'
"Would you like to come back to my place for a spot of chumba"?
by mc_stoo May 11, 2006
8 more definitions
Top Definition
Secret code used in forums to describe a sexual act of the anal kind with the oposite sex.
To place ones penis in the anus of ones female partner.
To place ones penis in the anus of ones female partner.
"I wonder if she's partial to Chumba"
"I'm gonna get me some Chumba tonight"
"I'm gonna get me some Chumba tonight"
by 2Fast May 12, 2006
in Puerto Rican it means a flat butt
in Central American it is a type of Garifuna music
in Central American it is a type of Garifuna music
Esa chamaca es bonita pero muy chumbada (chumba')
La musica chumba es de los Garifunas equal a La Punta.
La musica chumba es de los Garifunas equal a La Punta.
by La Chicdebreak September 15, 2013
V. to release very potent gases from your ass
oh nooooo, i think im gunna Chumba!
by Hadlock79 May 02, 2012
Another name for cocaine
That was a good bit of chumba we got last night.
by polsky November 23, 2007
A term used by Central American latinos to describe africans. Especially African musicians
I can't stand that chumba music, play some more Gloria Estefan
by Mark Preston March 12, 2003
Chumba is the meaning of awesome, uber. Refers to Me > You. Originated on homestarrunner.net. See elite.
Whoa, Chumba pwned our arse's.
by Chumba/John December 07, 2004


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Gene splicer's field
The crossword puzzle clue today is "Gene splicer's field". To solve this puzzle clue, we look for the similarity crossword puzzle definitions for our clue. Below are the possibilities crossword solution and answer for "Gene splicer's field".
Similar crossword puzzle definitions:
Gene-altering industry;
Field of Gene splicer;
Human Genome Project field;
Try this 7 letters answer:
If there is another crossword solution for Gene splicer's field , feel free to leave a comment below and we will rate as the right answer for this crossword puzzle clue.


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Gastric bypass surgery is a surgery involving the stomach and small intestine. A surgeon specializing in this type of surgery divides the stomach into two sections. There is an upper section and a lower section. The upper section is much smaller than the lower section. The upper section will serve as the "new" stomach. When the surgeon is done separating the sections of the stomach, he then connects the lower intestine to the upper section.
How is Gastric Bypass Surgery done
There are two ways that a gastric bypass surgery can be done. The first way is for a surgeon to cut an 8-10 inch incision in the patients abdomen. He then goes in and takes surgical staples and divides the stomach into two sections. After this is completed, he cuts the small intestine and connects it to the upper section.
The second way that a gastric bypass surgery can be done is by laproscopic surgery. This type of surgery is done by making several small incisions in the abdomen. After this is done, gas is pumped into the patients stomach to cause it to inflate. This makes it much easier for the surgeon to see inside. Next, the surgeon goes into the incisions with a laproscope and some surgical tools. A laproscope is a tool that has a light and camera on it and allows the surgeon to see what he is doing on the inside of the patients body. The surgeon continues with the surgery as stated above. The stomach is divided into two sections and then the small intestine is connected to the upper section.
Estimated hospital stay is 2-5 days. With the laproscopic surgery it may be less.
What is the purpose of Gastric Bypass Surgery
The purpose of the surgery is to help patients that are morbidly obese to lose weight. Morbid obesity can be defined as being 100 or more pounds overweight. Patients with a body mass index of 40 or higher are also considered morbidly obese.
What are some of the possible complications of Gastric Bypass Surgery
1. As with any surgery, there is always the possibility of complications with anesthesia. The risks become greater the heavier a patient becomes.
2. Some patients develop gallstones after gastric Bypass Surgery surgery.
3. Some patients develop a bleeding ulcer where the small intestine attaches to the stomach.
4. Some patients develop malnutrition because they are unable to hold down food.
5. Some patients experience cramping and diarrhea after eating sweets or too many fats.
6. Scar tissue can also develop between the stomach and the small intestine. This can cause vomiting.
7. Scar tissue can develop inside of the intestines. If this happens there can become a bowel obstruction.
8. Sometimes the surgical staples start to break-down. When this happens stomach fluids can leak into the patients abdomen.
9. Death
What are the possible positive outcomes of Gastric Bypass Surgery
1. With proper nutrition a patient can lose a great amount of weight.
2. Many times health related issues will get better. Some of these issues are high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol.
3. Many times the patients self-esteem will increase and depression will decrease.
4. Patients report that they feel less tired and it is easier for them to be mobile.


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Hot Button: The mayor's budget plan
In his city budget plan for the fiscal year that begins in July, Memphis Mayor A C Wharton proposes to permanently close as many as seven library branches and keep community centers closed on Saturdays.
Shutting the libraries would save $1.7 million, the administration says. Those targeted for possible closure include the Cossitt, Poplar-White Station, Levi and Gaston branches.
Under Wharton's budget, $665,950 would be saved by shuttering the community centers on Saturdays. An additional $426,000 would be saved by closing the Whitehaven golf course. And operating costs at city swimming pools also would be reduced by closing the pools on Mondays.
Online readers posted more than 60 comments on the May 1 story at commercialappeal.com that reported Wharton's budget proposals. Here are excerpts:
Antango wrote:
That should help raise the crime levels.
NewGuy wrote:
Hopefully they can get some good money for the Poplar branch. It's a good location for a restaurant or some other business.
XpeopleWHAT wrote:
They need to cut the salaries of people working for the city. No one being paid by taxpayer dollars should be making more than $80,000 a year. That should be the absolute top cap. People who make $80,000 now should be cut to $50,000. No one should be getting rich off of taxpayer dollars. I'd like to see the numbers on how much this would save.
BogeyMan wrote:
This is just some more blackmail from the gang that can't shoot straight at City Hall. If you don't let us rip you off, mercilessly, for more taxes, we're going to have to eliminate some of the things that make life in Memphis tolerable.
No, we're not going to even consider eliminating any of the sacred-cow jobs the mayor hands out like candy. That would be way too sensible. Instead, we're going to shake you down for more of your hard-earned tax money so we can keep giving out sweetheart, patronage jobs.
This, ladies and gentlemen, is a form of corruption, pure and simple.
Ambrose wrote:
Memphis is the most illiterate major city of almost any city that you can drive to. Closing libraries only makes sense, doesn't it? ... Whitehaven golf course should be closed if it loses $426,000 per year. A C has shown time and time again that he absolutely WILL NOT eliminate one city job. He's a nice man, much nicer and friendlier than Willie (Herenton), but he's a complete failure as a chief executive. ...
TennesseeDrew wrote:
The city could probably get a good bit of cash if they sold (the Poplar-White Station library) site. It's got high traffic counts and it's in the middle of East Memphis.
Sherrysc#559380 wrote:
I would like to see the salaries of everyone making $80,000 and over. Closing some libraries on Saturday and staggering the closing days of the golf courses is reasonable since at least one library and (golf) course would still be available each day. However, laying off the REAL workers versus reduction in salaries of the overpaid is just another stop-gap measure to preserve the career/paycheck of the hierarchy/politicians. Could we please start protecting the "little guys" at the bottom of the ladder?
Bartlett79 wrote:
They have probably three times as many people working at the library as needed. Instead of closing all the recommended branches, maybe they should trim the head count at all existing branches.
Gulliver wrote:
Closing libraries is the equivalent of performing neighborhood lobotomies. Not smart, Memphis.
That whirling sound you hear is Ben Franklin turning over in his grave. He knew a big key to growing our country corruption-free was an educated populace. So much for that plan. Sorry, Ben.
As for the city budget, I don't have a clue how to fix this mess we're in but it's becoming painfully obvious that our elected officials don't either.
Anyone have a new broom handy?
Tooelemom wrote:
Everything deserves to be looked at but to just want to close so many libraries is just stupid. Maybe we could subsidize personnel with volunteers. Closing community centers that are so badly needed will not help the situation in Memphis. Also, maybe volunteers can fill the gap. We also must take a look at people and salaries; elimination of some positions will be necessary. Time for a closer look. Increasing taxes will only result in more people leaving Memphis and that is what caused part of this mess to begin with.
Dpw38109 wrote:
Closing libraries is foolish. During the summer libraries harbor (the) majority of the city's youth who are not at the community centers. Can you say crime increase? First Libertyland, now educational recreation.
Malaika79 wrote:
What a surprise -- closing the library on the most valuable tract of land. Never mind that Poplar-White Station is one of the most-visited libraries in the city; let's just sell it off to make some quick scratch.
GWCarver wrote:
All of these cuts amount to less than a third of the bonus money Memphis pols handed out to city employees five months ago. So, the cost of those Christmas bonuses is five closed libraries.
Most communities would be outraged over something like this. Not here, though. Not ever.
TheCityofMemphis wrote:
Tell me what is the problem with closing the listed libraries. The Poplar-White Station branch is 4.2 miles from the main library. The Highland branch (which apparently is already closed) is only about 8 miles from the main library and is close to the University of Memphis library. The Levi Library is only about 4 miles from the Whitehaven branch library. With the possible closures of the library, the area will not be without a public library to access if and when needed.
Sssj wrote:
Infuriating. Tens of millions for another Downtown shopping mall no one will use while the neighborhoods are bled dry. ...
Eamesbyday wrote:
You know, the more I think about it the angrier I get -- libraries, community centers, parks, fire trucks, all things that meet the needs of the citizens of the city. No cuts in government, pensions, salaries, time off, carryover vacations, etc. Just threaten those who pay the taxes and they will be happy to pay more. ...
Jawsfan wrote:
Literate individuals in this city are an endangered species. Closing libraries may or may not make that worse, but it will send a clear message that such vital community services are not a priority, at least not compared to the administrative fat that could and should be trimmed across the board at City Hall before any library system cuts are even considered. ...
A few more years of cuts like this and we'll be hearing "Did you hear about Memphis? The operation was a success but the patient died." What's the use of making these types of cuts to sustain a city when the things being cut are the very things that make the city livable?
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The banana ice cream at The Hop is dairy and nut-free.
- Filed Under
Two local, small-batch ice cream makers are expanding their product lines, and not just because of the warmer weather.
Ultimate Ice Cream Company and The Hop Ice Cream Cafe are each adding production facility space to keep up with demand from grocery stores, restaurants and independent customers.
Kevin Barnes, the owner of the Ultimate Ice Cream Company, has purchased a former cabinet shop on New Haw Creek Road in east Asheville. There, he's built a full-fledged ice cream factory and food-production kitchen, outfitted with freezers salvaged from a Tunnel Road Hooters. ...