text:
A synthetic replacement for down is described which comprises a blend of
(a) 80 to 95 weight percent of synthetic, spun and drawn, crimped, staple, polyester microfibers having a diameter of from 3 to 12 microns; and
(b) 5 to 20 weight percent of synthetic, thermoplastic, staple macrofibers having a diameter of from more than 12, up to 50 microns.
1. A synthetic fiber batt thermal insulator material, which comprises a blend of
(a) 80 to 95 weight percent of spun and drawn, crimped, staple synthetic polymeric microfibers having a diameter of from 3 to 12 microns; and
(b) 5 to 20 weight percent of synthetic polymeric staple macrofibers having a diameter of from more than 12, up to 50 microns, said batt having the following characteristics:
a radiation parameter defined as the intercept on the ordinate axis at zero density of a plot of kC PF against PF less than 0.075 (Btu-in/hr-ft2 -°F.) (lb/ft3)
a density PF from 0.2 to 0.6 lb/cu ft and an apparent thermal conductivity KC measured by the plate-to-plate method according to ASTM C518 with heat flow down of less than 0.5 Btu-in./hr ft2 °F.
2. The material of claim 1 having in the dry state a compressive strain of at least 90% under a compressive stress of 5 lbs/square inch and a long-term compressive recovery of at least 95% after removal of this stress.
3. The material of claim 1 in which at least one of the fibrous components is treated with a water repellant finish.
4. The material of claim 1 in which at least one of the fibrous components is treated with a lubricant finish.
5. The material of claim 1 in which the crimp in the microfibers is within the range 8 to 20 crimps per inch.
6. The materials of claim 1 in which the synthetic polymeric fibers are poly(ethylene terephthalate).
7. The material of claim 1 in which the synthetic polymeric fibers are polyaramide such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide).
8. The material of claim 1 in which the microfiber component is a polyolefin.
9. The material of claim 1 in which the macrofibers are crimped.
The U.S. Government has rights in this invention pursuant to contract DAAK60-83-C-0022 awarded by the Department of the Army.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a synthetic thermal insulator made of fibrous components and more particularly relates to such a material which is a replacement for down.
2. Brief Description of the Prior Art
Representative of the prior art are disclosures given in the U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,892,909; 4,042,740; 4,118,531, 4,134,167; 4,167,604; 4,364,996; 4,418,103; and U.K. Patent Application No. 2,050,818A.
The superiority of down as a lightweight clothing and bedding insulator has been recognized for centuries. ln spite of several recent and very worthwhile advances in synthetic insulation, down has retained its status as the ultimate, lightweight insulator. Its insulating efficiency has not yet been equalled by a commercially-available product with the minimal density of a typical down filling. The loftiness that characterizes down and makes it such an efficient thermal barrier is unique in a further sense; it is recovered almost completely when a compressed down assembly is agitated. The loft-related virtues of down exist only under dry conditions, however, and loss of loft and an accompanying deterioration in thermal performance when wet is the primary shortcoming of down in field applications.
I have discovered that a very particular blend of microfibers and macrofibers produces a synthetic alternative to down. The blend of the invention compares favorably to down or mixtures of down with feathers as an insulator in that it will:
a. Provide an equally efficient thermal barrier,
b. Be of equivalent density,
c. Possess similar compressional properties,
d. Have improved wetting and drying characteristics, and
e. Have superior loft retention while wet.
Background information relating to some of these performance characteristics is given below.
Down sleeping bags and garments are extremely efficient thermal insulators because they have a very low internal heat transfer coefficient at all bulk densities when compared to the alternative materials presently employed. Moreover, experimental data also shows that the relative advantage of down becomes greater at the very low bulk densities at which it is generally used. In the literature it is common practice to compare the thermal performance of materials in terms of an `apparent or effective thermal conductivity`. However it is extremely important to realize that for fibrous insulating materials at the bulk densities that are of interest in personal cold-weather protection applications, the heat transfer is as much due to radiation and convection as it is to conduction in the fibers and the air. Consequently, improvements (decreases) in heat transfer by any of the three mechanisms of conduction, radiation and convection can potentially lead to performance improvements, and the present invention pays particular attention to the radiation component of the heat transfer, and takes advantage of a previously unappreciated characteristic of radiative transfer.
In practice the balance between the three heat transport modes depends on the test or usage conditions as well as the sample structure and configuration. For instance, when we measure the `apparent` thermal conductivities of various webs at a certain temperature gradient and mean temperature (ΔT=50° F., tm =75° F. were selected as standard in our case) we have to remember that the results depend on the direction of heat flow. It is known that heat flow `down` tests eliminate convection, so most samples were evaluated in this configuration. This simplifies the interpretation of the experimental data since only two modes of heat transfer, namely conduction and radiation are operative, and moreover since the conductive component is readily calculable for assemblies of these densities the critical role of radiation is easy to demonstrate.
Heat transfer by thermal conduction in a low density fibrous web occurs by conduction across the air gaps and by conduction through and between fibers. The conduction can be treated theoretically as taking place in a two-phase mixture of air and fibers - the air being the matrix and the fibers the included component. The standard mixture laws for two-phase systems apply and the overall conductivity kC is given by
kC =f(ka,kf,VF)
where ka and kf are the conductivities of the air and solid fiber and VF is the volume fraction of fiber in the web assembly, such that
VF =PF /Pf
and PF and Pf are the web and fiber material densities.
The form of the appropriate mixture law depends upon the geometry of the system and many attempts have been made to derive generalized representations of the functionality expressed by the expression of KC above. Examination of these results shows that the general form for low density assemblies is
kC ≈ka +ΓVF
where Γ is a function of the geometry and ka <Γ<kf.
When VF is very small (˜0.01), then a good approximation (within 2%) is simply
kC ≈ka
and this approximation is generally adequate over the range of densities that is of interest in the applications considered here. Thus it is possible to conclude that the heat transfer by conduction is essentially controlled by the conductivity of air, ka, and this can not be reduced unless some form of evacuated system is used. Hence in order to reduce the heat transfer it is necessary to manipulate the radiation and natural convection conductivities. Since the test methodology used is such that the convective component is suppressed, it is sufficient to focus attention on the radiative component.
We have seen that if the only (or the main) heat transfer mechanism in low density fiber batts or webs was by heat conduction, we would expect the `conductivity` to be constant--or to increase slightly with increased density. This is not found to be the case, however, as shown by the experimental data of Finck.sup.[1], Baxter.sup.[2], Fournier and Klarsfeld.sup.[3], and Farnworth.sup.[4] for various materials and by Rees.sup.[5] for down. In fact, if the `conductivity` is measured for the same material over a range of decreasing densities, it is seen that the conductivity decreases to a minimum and then the conductivity increases as density decreases, at a faster and faster rate.
The large conductivity at low densities is due to radiation if the heat flow direction is downwards or to radiation and natural convection when the heat flow direction is upwards. Experimental data for down at a range of densities measured with the heat flow down is shown in FIG. 1, and since there is no convective component the increase in heat transfer at low densities is clearly attributable to radiation. The direct plot of effective thermal conductivity as a function of density PF does not permit ready comparisons between materials since it is not easy to estimate relevant characterizing parameters from a curvilinear plot. However, it is found that a plot of the product kPF against PF for low density fiber assemblies gives a straight line with a slope equal to the conductivity of air, ka, and the intercept of this plot on the kPF axis permits a quantification of the radiative heat transfer. This intercept, C, with units of (Btu in/hr ft2 °F.) (lb/ft3) in the British system is called the radiation parameter, and in order to produce the lowest possible heat transfer through a fiber assembly, this radiative parameter should be reduced to its minimum value.
Table I gives measured values of this parameter for a wide range of polymeric fiber assemblies, together with details of the test materials, and FIG. 2 shows a plot of the radiation parameter against fiber diameter. The general tendency that is clear from the experimental results is that the radiative parameter is reduced as the fiber diameter is decreased, with the result that the effective thermal resistance of the assembly is increased. It is equally clear, however, that this reduction in fiber diameter is not beneficial without limit, since the samples of fiber assemblies containing microfibers show a sharp increase in radiation parameter. One of these assemblies is a commercial manifestation of the material described by Hauser (U.S. Pat. No. 4,118,531) and Hauser's unequivocal statement (col. 4, line 24) that "The finer the microfibers in a web of the invention the better the thermal resistance" is demonstrably untrue. It is interesting and significant that down, in which the fine fiber component has a diameter range of 2.5 to 11.0 microns, appears to be situated at the minimum of the curve relating the radiation parameter to fiber diameter, and any synthetic polymeric fiber assembly attempting to emulate the thermal properties of down must also be so situated. One of the surprising and novel aspects of the present invention is that it is demonstrated that this will not be possible if the fiber assembly contains a significant proportion of very fine fibers (here defined as having diameters smaller than 3 microns), and since the slope of the curve is extremely steep on the small diameter side of the minimum, then only a small fraction of very fine fiber is sufficient to compromise the low value of the radiation parameter. In order to maintain a minimal value of the radiation parameter it is desirable that the fiber assembly contain no more than 5% of fiber material with a diameter smaller than 3 microns.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Values of the Radiation Parameter C Radiation Parameter, C PfDensity Denier d(μ)Diameter ##STR1##__________________________________________________________________________Down 1.30 -- 2.5-11.0 5.92Albany Res. Co. PET 1.38 0.5 7.5 5.92Teijin PET 1.38 0.8 10 6.50DuPont D102 PET 1.38 1.6 13 7.32Celanese Polarguard PET 1.38 5 23 10.10Hollofil 808 PET 1.17 5.5 26 11.85Hollofil II PET 1.17 5.5 26 12.77Hollofil 91 PET 1.17 15 42 15.56Melt-blown polyolefin 0.90 -- 1-3 14.25Melt-blown PET 1.38 -- 1-3 7.55Hollofil II (εo = εL = .05) 1.17 5.5 26 10.10Kevlar 49 1.4 1.4 12 9.16Black PET 1.38 4.5 21 15.10__________________________________________________________________________
Examination of FIG. 2 allows reasonable estimates of the upper levels of fiber diameter permissible if the thermal properties of the assembly are to be maintained. It we set a limit of 0.075 units (Btu in/hr ft2 °F.) (lb/ft3) for the radiation parameter, then the plot indicates that the bulk of the fibers must lie within the diameter range of 3.0 to 12.0 microns and measurement of the thermal conductivity of a number of webs confirms this conclusion.
The discussion presented above dealt with the physical parameters that control the thermal properties of low-density fiber assemblies; in order to produce a satisfactory down substitute material it is necessary also to examine the mechanical behavior of such an assembly, and attempt to determine the optimum configuration for the assembly. This relates not only to the ability of the assembly to maintain its preferred geometrical form but also gives some indication of the degree of difficulty that might be encountered in establishing the assembly during the manufacturing process. Measurements of the thermal behavior indicate that improved performance is generally associated with small diameter fibers, but that there is a lower limit of about 3 microns below which the thermal performance begins to deteriorate significantly. From a mechanical standpoint it is a matter of experience that extremely fine fibers suffer from deficiencies of rigidity and strength that make them difficult to produce, manipulate and use, and there is therefore a minimum fiber diameter below which efforts to realize improved performance are not worthwhile. It is generally acknowledged that very fine fibers produce assemblies that exhibit very poor recovery from compressive deformation. All the currently-available commercial webs made from microdenier fibers exist only as dense structures, since they fall within the practical limits set by the fiber rigidity and are continuously subjected to consolidating forces throughout their use-life. It is interesting that this behavior is in marked contrast to that of down, which is renowned for the renewable nature of its loft. It is likely that the unusual behavior of the down is related primarily to the system of nodes that exist on the fibrillae, which lead to a predisposition of a low density configuration under certain circumstances. The recovery behavior is probably also aided by the presence of the small fraction of large diameter, stiffer filamentary material in the down assembly. Whatever the reason for the lofting potential of down, the maintenance of a low density is extremely important to the concept of lightweight warmth and is an essential feature of any viable down substitute material.
The problems associated with the mechanical stability of fine fiber assemblies are exacerbated in the wet condition since the surface tension forces associated with the presence of capillary water are considerably greater than those due to gravitational forces or other normal use loading and they have a much more deleterious effect on the structure. A simple calculation suggests that the residual deformation in a wet assembly is likely to be at least one order of magnitude more severe than for a dry assembly due to gravitational loading even under the best conditions. This calculation illustrates dramatically the extreme vulnerability to collapse of fine fibrous assemblies under capillary forces. Moreover the estimate unquestionably underestimates the situation since the Young's modulus of polymeric materials can typically be reduced by at least one order of magnitude when wet, which will further increase the seriousness of the effect. Under wet conditions, analysis suggests that an assembly made of filaments with diameters below 10 microns could be extremely vulnerable to collapse under saturating conditions and experimental evidence fully confirms this expectation both for down and for synthetic polymer assemblies. It is highly desirable to have the filaments made from a polymer such as polyester, polyolefin or polyaramid whose mechanical properties are not significantly reduced on wetting. Even if the polymer itself is insensitive to the effects of moisture it is also important to treat the fibers with a water-repellant finish. The down of commerce is usually treated in this way, and all the experimental data on down presented herein is for down so treated; similarly the synthetic polymer insulator materials described of this invention also require water repellant treatments to realize their full insulating and mechanical potential in the wet state.
The mechanical limitations of fine fiber assemblies discussed above present a serious conflict in light of the fiber diameters needed for improved thermal performance. The range of requirements, both thermal and mechanical, that the down substitute must fulfill make it almost inevitable that the assembly be made up from fibers of more than one diameter class: the small diameter fibers being responsible for the thermal performance of the assembly, with their diameter falling within the range that was discussed in the previous paragraph, namely between 3 microns and 12 microns, and the large diameter fibers being responsible for the mechanical performance of the assembly. Just as there are limits to the diameter range of the smaller active diameter component of the blend, so there are reasonable limits that can be set on the large diameter component. We consider first the length lf of filament of denier D that is contained in a unit cube of assembly of volume fraction VF and can show that an assembly of 0.01 volume fraction made up entirely of 1 denier fibers contains approximately 104 cm of fiber. This is given by:
lf =9×105 Pf VF /D,
and this expression demonstrates that if we attempt to improve the mechanical performance of the assembly by the addition of large diameter fibers, we obviously have available a shorter length of material: for example the addition of 10% of 100 denier fiber involves only a 10 centimeter length of material. In order to be effective, this length of fiber must be distributed uniformly within the 1 cm cube in a configuration that permits good recovery from compressive loading in any direction, and such a distribution is essentially impossible to attain. Calculation indicates that the maximum fiber diameter that can be tolerated as a recovery modifier in a low density assembly is approximately 30 denier, and smaller denier materials would be preferred for minimum impact on the volume fraction.
The foregoing discussion addresses the issue of how much additional high denier material can be tolerated: it is equally important to attempt to estimate how much is needed. The mechanism of deformation of the high-denier component will be principally bending and torsion, and in each of these modes of deformation the flexural rigidity of a circular filament varies as the fourth power of the diameter, and the stiffness of a flexural or torsional beam varies inversely as the third power of the length of the element. The deformation stiffness S of the assembly can be written
where l is the free length of fiber between contact points. Since Iαd4 and lαd/VF it is possible to write:
S∞dVF 3.
This expression shows the extreme sensitivity of the stiffness of the assembly to the volume fraction, and the relative insensitivity to the fiber diameter, since the geometrical parameters of the assembly geometry offset the large changes in filament properties. This suggests that the use of high denier fibers is particularly valuable in very low density assemblies. The combined analysis suggests that the larger fiber in a low density mixed assembly should ideally have a diameter of approximately 50 microns in order to maximize the mechanical performance at a given density, and that a 10% weight of mixture should be adequate.
The invention comprises a thermal insulation material, which comprises a blend of
(a) 80 to 95 weight percent of spun and drawn, crimped, staple, synthetic polymeric microfibers having a diameter of from 3 to 12 microns; and
(b) 5 to 20 weight percent of synthetic polymeric staple macrofibers having a diameter of from more than 12, up to 50 microns.
The insulation material of the invention is useful as a replacement for down and down/feather mixtures in clothing, bedding and like articles of insulation.
FIG. 1 is a graph plotting the effective thermal conductivity as a function of density for down insulation.
FIG. 2 is a graphical representation plotting the radiation parameter against fiber diameter for a number of different fibers.
The thermal insulation material of the invention comprises a blend of two different textile fibers. The fibers differ, essentially, in their diameters. The majority of the fibers in the blend are microfibers, with a diameter within the range of from 3 to 12 microns. The minor proportion of the blend is made up with macrofibers, i.e., fibers having a diameter of more than 12 microns, up to about 50 microns.
The microfibers employed in preparing the blended materials of the preferred form of the invention are spun and drawn microfibers of a polyester, preferably of polyethylene terephthalate, though other polymeric materials may also be used in this invention. Methods of their manufacture are well known; see for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,148,103. Advantageously the microfibers are drawn following their extrusion, to achieve a high tensile modulus, which is about 70 to 90 gms/denier in the present example. A relatively high tensile modulus contributes to a high bending modulus in the material of the invention, and helps with the mechanical performance.
Advantageously, the macrofibers are also spun and drawn fibers of a synthetic polymeric resin such as a polyester (preferably polyethylene terephthalate). We have also found macrofibers of polyaramids such as poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) to be advantageous. Macrofibers of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamine) are commercially available under the trademark Kevlar.
The microfibers and preferably the macrofibers making up the thermally insulative blends of the invention are crimped fibers since this makes it possible to produce low density intimate blends of the two components. The techniques for crimping fibers are well known and process details need not be recited here. Advantageously the average crimp number for both the microfibers and the macrofibers is within the range of from 8 to 20 crimps per inch. It is possible to achieve satisfactory results with uncrimped macrofibers but I believe that the presence of crimp on the microfiber component is critical to the successful operation of a low density, lofty assembly. The presence of individualized opened and crimped microfiber also helps to make it possible to reestablish loft in the fiber assembly after compression or wetting, and hence improve the long term utility of the invention.
The microfibers and the macrofibers employed in the blends of the invention may, optionally, be lubricated. Representative of lubricants conventionally used are aqueous solutions of organopolysiloxanes, emulsions of polytetrafluoroethylene, non-ionic surfactants and the like. Such lubricants may be applied to the fibers by spray or dip techniques well known in the art.
The macrofibers and the microfibers are blended together to form batts consisting of plied card-laps, although other fibrous forms may be equally suitable. The card-laps, or output webs from a carding machine, are intimate blends of spun-and-drawn microfibers and macrofibers. The batts are advantageously made to achieve densities comparable to the densities characteristic of down, i.e., on the order of less than 1.0 lb/cubic foot, typically around 0.5 lb/cubic foot.
The following examples describe the manner and process of making and using the invention and set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor for carrying out the invention but are not to be construed as limiting. Where reported, the following tests were employed:
Density: The volume of each insulator sample was determined by fixing two planar sample dimensions and then measuring thickness at 0.002 lb/in.2 pressure. The mass of each sample divided by the volume thus obtained is the basis for density values reported herein.
Thickness was measured at 0.002 lb/in.2.
Apparent thermal conductivity was measured in accord with the plate/sample/plate method described by ASTM Method C518.
Compressional Strain: Strain at 5 lb/in.2, which was the maximum strain in the compressional recovery test sequence, was recorded for each test.
Compressional Recovery and Work of Compression and Recovery: Section 4.3.2 of Military Specification MIL-B-41826E describes a compressional-recovery test technique for fibrous batting that was adapted for this work. The essential difference between the Military Specification method and the one employed is the lower pressure at which initial thickness and recovered-to-thickness were measured. The measuring pressure in the specification is 0.01 lb/in.2, whereas 0.002 lb/in.2 was used in this work.
Water Absorption Capacity: ASTM Method D1117 provided the starting point for development of the water absorption- capacity and absorption-time test used. However, wetted- sample weighings were made at frequent intervals during the first six hours of immersion and another weighing was made after twenty-four hours (Method D1117 requires only one wetted sample weighing). A unique sample-holder and a repeatable technique for draining excess water prior to each weighing were adopted after some initial experimentation.
Drying Time: After each absorption capacity test, weighings were made at one-half hour intervals as the sample air-dried on a wire rack in a 70° F., 65% r.h. atmosphere.
The down used throughout the examples was actually a down/feathers mixture, 80/20 by weight, per MIL-F-43097G, Type II, Class I. This mixture is commonly and commercially referred to as "down" and is often referred to as "down" herein.
A quantity of spun and drawn 1.2 inch long microfibers having a diameter of 7.5 microns is provided. The fibers are lubricated with a silicone finish. The spun-and-drawn microfibers are polyester and have been drawn to achieve a relatively high tensile modulus (60-90 grams/denier), which contributes significantly to a high bending modulus. After drawing they have been crimped, cut into staple and thoroughly opened, or separated, in a card. The high bending stiffness and crimp are essential characteristics which provide and help to maintain advantageous loft. The average crimp frequency is 14/inch and the average crimp amplitude is 0.04 inches. Loft and compressional characteristics are improved further through the blending with 10 percent by weight of macrofibers of the same polyester (polyethylene terephthalate) having diameters of 25.5 microns. The macrofibers are lubricated with a silicone finish and are characterized in part by a staple length of 2.2 inches, an average crimp frequency of 8.5/inch and a crimp amplitude (average) of 0.06 inches. The blend is carded into a batt. The physical properties of the batt are shown in Table II, below, compared to a batt of down.
The procedure of Example 1, supra., is repeated except that the macrofiber as used therein is replaced with 20 percent by weight of uncrimped poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers having a diameter of 12 microns, a length of 3.0 inches, and a silicone lubricant finish. The physical characteristics of the material formed are given in Table II below.
TABLE II______________________________________ Exam- Exam- Down ple 1 ple 2______________________________________Apparent thermal conductivity 0.280 0.281 0.271(Btu-in./hr-ft2 -°F.)aThermal cond. test density (lb/ft3) 0.45 0.47 0.48Minimum density (lb/ft3) 0.24 0.25 0.25Comp. strain at 5 lb/in.2 (%)b 95 96 92Comp. recovery from 5 lb/in.2 (%)b 102 112 112Work to compress to 5 lb/in.2 4.91 3.49 3.57(lb-in.)Resiliencec 0.53 0.62 0.60Wetting during ImmersionWater absorption after 20 min. 1.16 2.16 1.41(× dw)dDensity after 20 min wetting 0.48 0.50 0.51wetting (lb/ft2)Water absorption after 6 hr (× dw) 3.75 5.15 3.44Density after 6 hr wetting (lb/ft3) 3.55 0.94 1.02Drying after 24 hrs. Water ImmersionWeight after 30 min drying (× dw) 3.88 4.83 3.29Density after 30 min drying (lb/ft3) 5.20 0.95 0.90Weight after 6 hr drying (× dw) 2.45 1.68 1.01Density after 6 hr drying (lb/ft3) 3.20 0.41 0.44______________________________________ a Heat flow down: 2.06 inch specimen thickness. b Gauge length: 2.00 inches; density at 2.00 inch thickness was 0.5 lb/ft3. c Resilience equals: workof-recovery divided by workto-compress. d × dw: times dryweight-
It can be seem from the above Table II that, in most instances, both examples of the invention offer performance equivalent to that of the down/feathers mixture, and that the values of compressional recovery, work to compress, and resilience measured for both embodiments represent some improvement over those of down. Improvement of perhaps greater significance is apparent through comparison of densities at the "6 hr wetting," "30 min drying" and "6 hr drying" intervals in the wetting/drying cycle. The much lower densities measured for the two forms of the invention show that it retains its loft while wet and, most probably its insulating value, to a far greater degree than does down. Resistance-to-wetting and resistance to loss-of-loft while wet are inherent advantages of the fiber combination described. The hydrophobic nature of polyester and the microporous structure of the insulators are assumed to contribute to these desirable characteristics.
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Teachers Mutual Bank has credited 11 technologists and a last minute all-nighter for rebranding all phone and online banking systems, webpages, and core applications ahead of its April 1 launch.
The 46-year-old organisation was known as Teachers Credit Union until a November 2011 decision to apply for mutual bank status.
Its name change was approved by financial services regulator APRA early this year, giving e-business and contact centre manager Gerard Smith and his team less than four months to prepare for the move.
"When you change your name, your name seems to be in every file that you can find, right down to what is the core banking application called," Smith told the BankTech conference this week.
"We really had to go through and do a lot of work and planning up front to do that."
Smith said the rebranding exercise involved core systems, more than 2000 files in its interactive voice response (IVR) system and 720 webpages.
"You can't just do a control find and replace; you've actually got to go into every page," he noted.
"It takes about 20 minutes to change every page; I had less than four months and one staff member to do it all."
Smith said the bank engaged a third party vendor to develop its rebranded mobile applications, but found the timeframe challenging.
While the new website, phone and internet banking systems went live in the early hours of April 1, the bank was unable to release its new iPhone applications for an additional two weeks, due to Apple's testing and approval regime.
Smith said his team worked through the night of March 31 to rebrand its channels, only leaving the office at about 7am the next day.
But when web traffic ramped up between the usual peak hours of 7am to 9am the next morning, the site was unable to keep up with the load.
"We hadn't cached our banners, causing a bit of a load issue," Smith said.
In addition, Mac users were unable to access the site through Apple's Safari browser, due to a coding error that took 48 hours to fix.
"We tested Safari, but on an iPad, not on a Mac," Smith explained, urging conference attendees to run web traffic analytics and ensure they supported more popular platforms.
"On day one, we discovered very quickly that there was a problem on Safari on Macs. That's a bit of a problem when you look after teachers, and in Australia, the majority of them use Macs … we resolved that in about 48 hours."
Smith said Teachers Mutual Bank had since improved its technology testing processes, noting that the next phase of its channel overhaul was to redevelop its entire website.
"We had a fairly rigorous testing framework, but at the time, not a really dedicated testing team, which we've now resolved," he said.
"We've now updated our test plans and put in a testing team to ensure that we do testing across all channels."
The bank also underwent a change of CIO earlier this year, with former Westpac technology executive Dave Chapman joining the company in January.
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The Federation of Uganda Football Associations (FUFA) has terminated the contract of head coach Bobby Williamson. The former Kilmarnock, Hibernian and Plymouth manager, 51, took control of the Cranes in 2008 but failed to secure qualification to the CAF African Nations Cup throughout his five-year tenure.
Uganda are currently bottom of FIFA World Cup™ qualifying Group J at the halfway stage having taken two points from games against Senegal and Angola. A statement published on fufa.co.ug read: "FUFA hereby informs the public that a notice of termination of contract has been given to the Cranes' head coach Robert 'Bobby' Williamson.
"The Emergency Committee of FUFA sitting today took the decision of notice in compliance with the contract of employment and other relevant labour laws of Uganda including the Employment Act 2006. The technical committee will later next week convene to discuss more details that will be made public at an appropriate time if found necessary."
Williamson played as a striker for Clydebank, West Bromwich Albion, Rotherham United and Kilmarnock before starting his coaching career at Rugby Park in 1996.


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Review: Piano Wizard Part Two
Play a game and learn the piano at the same time. (April 11th, 2008)
MacNN Rating:
Product Manufacturer: Music Wizard Group
Price: $49.95 - $199.95 US
The Good
- Easy to use. Fun for the whole family. Includes a wide selection of music. Reasonable price structure.
The Bad
- MIDI files sound tinny. Prefer a slimmer keyboard. Interface is not Mac-like.
Piano Wizard-Part Two - As previously noted in Part One, Piano Wizard is a complex product that probably took years to develop. There are so many options in each learning level inside of Piano Wizard, it's a hard product to review without spending many hours using the program. I've used the program for a couple of months, but have yet to progress to the second level. Learning to play the piano is very hard for me. I had three years of lessons as a kid, and hated every minute of it. Piano Wizard is significantly more fun than sitting next to my drill sergeant of a teacher, who was plastered in too much makeup and perfume. She constantly made frustrated faces over my inability to move my fingers lithely over the keyboard. I don't think she would approve of the little progress I've made with Piano Wizard either. I can hit the right notes, but as soon as I put the keyboard vertically in level 2, my fingers get confused.
The Test of TimeAs with any learning tool, the trick is time. The more time you spend playing the game, the better you play and the more you learn. The difference between traditional lessons and Piano Wizard is that the video game reduces boredom and you subtly learn everything you need to know, instead of trying to memorize note placement, music staffs, timing, and the keyboard at the same time. Once you achieve an 80% or higher score in the presented songs, you can progress through to the next level or keep playing until your scores are perfect; it is your choice.
The MusicIf you don't like the included music, you can add your own MIDI files and Piano Wizard plays them with the same annotated notes. Be warned, the MIDI files you download free from the Internet will be significantly more complex than the songs they give you, plus they often show guitar chords, not one-by-one notes. I could not keep up with most of the rock tunes I tried. The one feature of Piano Wizard that irritated me is the quality of the included MIDI files. I don't see why in this day of great compressed music they need to use those old-style tinny sounding recordings.
There is also a Free Play mode, in which you can choose from hundreds of instruments sounds, including drum, harmonica, woodwinds, various kinds of guitars and pianos, plus some you may never have heard before. In this mode, you use your keyboard to play whatever you want and are not restricted to their song choices. I was limited to Chopsticks, but it was fun listening to the different instruments nonetheless.
Purchase OptionsYou can purchase your own USB keyboard or purchase a keyboard and software bundle from the site. The unit I received uses an M-Audio Keystation 49e USB Midi Controller with normal-sized keys. This bus-powered entry-level 49-key piano keyboard includes pitch blend and modulation wheels, sound level control. The Piano Wizard PREMIER Keystation 49e Package sells for $199.95, while the bundle with only the easy mode software and the Keystation 49e is $149.95. If you only want the software, the site sells the whole version for $119.95 or the easy mode only for $49.95. When you consider that the M-Audio keyboard normally sells for about $130, the bundle is a good deal. At Macworld Every tenth person at Macworld seemed to be carrying the bundle away from the West Moscone Hall.
I am not happy with the Keystation 49e though. It felt big and clunky, plus sat too high on my computer desk, which made my hands tire quickly. Make sure you have a slightly lower desk to put the keyboard on to avoid that problem.
I can play most songs in the first level with my right hand perfectly, but my left hand doesn't respond as well. I don't feel like I've learned anything yet. I plan to continue to work with the program as the year progresses, and hope to report my results later. Just remember, there's a world of practice between pressing individual notes and actually playing a song with sheet music.
Piano Wizard Review Part One covers the software in depth.


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The North Fork Local School District will return to the ballot in May, asking voters again to renew its 1 percent income tax. But this time, voters will be asked to approve a three-year renewal, instead of a permanent renewal, Superintendent Scott Hartley said.
The North Fork school board voted unanimously to approve the final ballot language at its Monday meeting. The board took the first steps Jan. 14 in putting the renewal on the ballot.
The renewal will cost voters 1 percent of their earned income and will raise $1.8 million for the school district if it's approved , Treasurer Jack McDonald ...


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Kids and faith: inspiring spiritual growth through prayer
Last October, Catholics worldwide began the observance of the Year of Faith. It began with the 50th anniversary of the opening of the Second Vatican Council and will end Nov. 24 with the Solemnity of Christ the King. Pope Benedict XVI announced this Year of Faith to awaken among Catholics a desire to strengthen their relationship with God. This renewal of faith is for adults as well as children.
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By Jim GaramoneAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 16, 2000 Deputy Defense Secretary John Hamre will give DoD personnel an update via the Internet on the Defense Reform Initiative March 23.
This is another in a series of Electronic Town Hall meetings. Entitled "DRI Checkpoint 2000: On the Road to Excellence," this will be the last DRI Secretary Hamre will participate in. He leaves office March 31.
For more information on the Webcast, go to www.defenselink .mil/dodreform and click on satellite broadcast.
The Electronic Town Hall will allow DoD employees around the world to ask questions via e-mail, fax or phone. It begins at 1:30 p.m. and will run through 3 p.m.
The Town Hall will be hosted by Stan Soloway, assistant secretary of defense for acquisition reform. Soloway is also in charge of coordinating DoD's Defense Reform Initiative effort. He is quick to say the two efforts have not merged.
"The Defense Reform Initiative office has a small staff, but it is separate from acquisition reform," he said. "What this allows us to do is cross-pollinate a bit to leverage off the skills of each other, because clearly acquisition and logistics reform is a huge piece of the DRI."
The panel will consist of Jerry Hultin, undersecretary of the Navy; Army Lt. Gen. John McDuffie, the Joint Staff director for logisitcs; Tom Bloom, the Defense Finance and Accounting Service director; and representatives from Defense command, control, communications and intelligence and the Air Force.
Those wishing to ask questions can call (800) 897-7227. Those wishing to fax questions can do so to (800) 879-2166. Those wishing to e-mail questions in to the panel will be directed how to do so on the Web site.


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Aiken businesswoman Delores Dee Crawford has been elected vice chairman of the South Carolina Arts Commission Board of Commissioners. Crawford is president of a McDonalds organization that includes seven restaurants with more than 400 employees.
She serves on the advisory boards for GRU-Augusta State University School of Business, USC Aiken School of Business, SCANA, the USC Aiken Inclusion Advisory Council and the Center for African American History, Art and Culture of Aiken County.
She is an adviser to the executive committee of the Augusta Chapter of Ronald McDonald House Charities and to the board of directors of Juilliard in Aiken Music Festival.
She is also a Fellow of the Riley Diversity Leadership Institute at Furman University. Crawford was appointed to the Arts Commission Board of Commissioners in 2010.
Crawford elected as vice chairman
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American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Feb. 11, 2005 Army Lt. Gen. Thomas Metz handed off command of Multinational Corps Iraq to Army Lt. Gen. John R. Vines during a Feb. 10 ceremony at Al-Faw Palace near Baghdad.
Metz, commands 3rd Corps and Fort Hood, Texas; Vines leads 18th Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg, N.C. The generals' staffs have worked over the past few weeks in preparation for the transition.
"There is never a good time to make a change of this magnitude," observed Multinational Force Iraq commander Army Gen. George Casey, who attended the ceremony.
However, coming on the heels of the successful Jan. 30 Iraqi nationwide elections, he noted it's "not a bad time either."
The Metz-Vines change-of-command ceremony, Casey observed, marks the "first in a year of critical transitions for Iraq."
Other transfers will include the transfer from the interim Iraqi government to the Iraqi transitional government, the drafting and adopting of an Iraqi constitution, and the holding of elections for a constitutionally elected Iraqi government that will take place at the end of 2005.
The year will also see more responsibility counterinsurgencies transferred to Iraqi security forces preparing to become more independent.
"Each of these transitions and the coalition's role in them is singularly focused on helping Iraq secure the liberty it gained on the 28th of June and that it cemented on the 30th of January," Casey said. The then-Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi interim government on June 28, 2004.
"All of these transitions will be in some way dependent upon the great 18th Airborne Corps team that General Vines has built," Casey said. "We welcome the corps and its associated units, and we wish them all the best in the year ahead."
The future of Iraq and America's significant national interests there, Casey observed, "rest squarely with J.R. Vines and his team. And I am confident they are up to the task."
Casey said part of what gives him so much confidence in the airborne unit is based on the accomplishments of Metz's 3rd Corps over the last year.
"Members of the Phantom Corps," Casey said, addressing 3rd Corps troops at the ceremony, "you have made an incredible difference here in Iraq over the past year, and it culminated in the elections on the 30th of January."
While handing command of Multinational Corps Iraq to Vines, Metz said he is proud of the job his soldiers did in Iraq and expressed his belief that the 18th Airborne Corps will successfully continue the mission.
Metz noted he is departing with more confidence than ever that a "free prosperous Iraq that lives by the rule of law and does not harbor terrorists" is in the very near future.
"There are few people wearing the uniform who have personally done more for the global war on terrorism than you," Metz said to Vines, "and there is no other commander to whom I would rather have given the colors to."
(Compiled from Multinational Force Iraq news releases.)


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This 2-door hardtop is powered by a 318 ci V8 engine rated at 230 hp with a 2bbl carburetor and 3-speed automatic transmission. It... More
A 100 ci Flathead engine is paired with a 3-speed manual transmission to power this 2-door pickup. An older restoration, it's in good condition,... More
With a water-cooled 800 cc engine and 5-speed transmission, this unique Candy Glory Red bike is in good condition. Mechanically stock, it features a... More
A 134 ci I4 "Go Devil" engine and Borg-Warner T-90 3-speed manual transmission are paired to power this civilian-model utility truck. It features a... More
A great 2-door cruiser powered with a 389 ci V8 engine, 4 barrel carburetor and 3-speed automatic transmission, this teal colored beauty is in... More
This 2-door coupe's 4-bolt main 496 ci V8 engine produces up to 815 hp, and is paired with a 700R4 4-speed automatic transmission. Additional... More
With a 5.0L V8 engine and 4-speed automatic transmission, this 8-passenger limousine is in good condition. It features cruise control, AM/FM radio, cloth bench... More
This 4-door hardtop is powered by a 390 ci V8 engine and 3-speed automatic transmission. It features tilt steering and an AM radio, with vinyl... More
This 4-door limousine is in good condition, with a 500 ci V8 engine and 3-speed automatic transmission. It features leather front seating, cloth rear... More
A 454 ci V8 engine and Turbo 350 automatic transmission power this restored 2-door sedan. It features custom ghost flames, as well as a... More
An 88 ci carbureted engine powers this very nice 5-speed bike. It features Flanders 6-Bend handlebars, Raptor Claw foot pegs and kickstand, forward controls,... More
This 2-door convertible is powered by a 4.5L V8 engine and an automatic 3-speed transmission. It features leather bucket seating, cruise control, AM/FM radio... More
This impressive convertible show truck features a 396 engine, punched out to 404 ci, and a 3-speed automatic transmission. It features dual Flowmaster exhaust,... More
This beautiful smoke silver metallic roadster is powered by a 5.5L V8 rated at 227 hp and a 4-speed automatic transmission. It features air... More
With a 385 hp Jasper 383 ci V8 engine and 3-speed automatic transmission, this 3-door truck is in good condition. It features power brakes... More


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The aliens I tell you.

The aliens I tell you.
i understand dana there but if anyone does deserve it it is gsp but its a company and a business if he is an active fighter in the company, he should have to defend the belt. even if it may be a dick move to not give him the time off, they are entitled to not allow it to happen.
however dana is being such a dick. who the fuck is he to determine that gsp's problems aren't that bad? some things affect different people in different ways and dana, the asshole, probably doesn't care but a genuine good guy like gsp does. dana cannot relate so he shouldn't judge.
Hopefully it isn't anything negative. The last thing anyone would need is something negatively impacting their life. If he needs to step away for a prolonged period, he should be able to do so.
If it isn't anything terribly serious as Dana stated, let him take a couple of months off to clear his head before possibly coming back for the rematch. If he doesn't want to come back, he owes it to himself to drop the belt and step away if he wants to move on and not force himself to go through with it because he doesn't want to disappoint anyone.
Kudo's to Kevo's call.
If GSP needs personal time I'm fine with it, but his contract may say different. In the US we have FMLA Family Medical Leave Act, but GSP is Candian and not sure how it applies to contracts either.
In the end how much time he needs is the issue. If he can't/ won't accept a fight in 8 or any predetermed months give up the belt.
Maybe he just wants some time to answer the questions and fights in 6 months?
the LGBTQ community will go absolutely insane...and he'll become an even bigger PPV draw.
I'm probably wrong...but I certainly wouldn't be shocked.


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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|Look up scuba in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Scuba is an acronym for self-contained underwater breathing apparatus. It may also refer to:
- Scuba diving, the use of a self-contained breathing set to stay underwater for periods of time
- Scuba set, the equipment used for scuba diving
- Scuba (database), a proprietary in-memory database developed by Facebook
- Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array, an instrument used on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
- Scuba (musician)
See also[edit]
|This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Scuba.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.


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Event Name- OR - Select an option below
A fun and very laidback sports bar replete with tasty grub and cold beer. TV monitors and (mostly) St. Louis sports memorabilia cram the walls, while the requisite snacks - chicken wings, pizza, burgers - fill your tummy. The wings are good: spicy, meaty and crisp-skinned. You can also order the "Blazin' Chicken Dip," which folds together chicken, Buffalo sauce and cheese. Burgers are simply adorned and tasty, while pizzas are amply loaded with cheese and toppings. Stop in for happy hour Monday through Friday for 4 to 7 p.m. and start planning your fantasy sports team strategies.


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Genius Recipes
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The Obama Administration has spent $4.6 billion overhauling failing schools. But critics say the investment might not pay off in the long run.
The federal School Improvement Grant program is one of the most aggressive -- and, at $4.6 billion and counting, arguably one of the most expensive -- investments ever made toward fixing the nation's most struggling schools. But is it working?
The existing grant program had been modestly funded until 2009, when it was revamped as a centerpiece of President Obama's education reform initiative. The overhauled program received an unprecedented $3 billion infusion in stimulus dollars through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Another $1.6 billion has since followed. SIG money is now earmarked for schools with the weakest student achievement, with the funding prioritized by both need and a willingness to implement reforms.
U.S. Education Secretary Arne Duncan announced earlier this week that the first-year data suggest student achievement is on an upswing at campuses that have received a slice of the SIG pie. He reported that at nearly 60 percent of SIG schools, more students are demonstrating proficiency in reading and math. At nearly a quarter of those schools, the improvement in math is in the double digits, and close to 20 percent of schools saw double-digit gains in reading.
At the same time, state officials -- surveyed by the Center on Education Policy for two new reports -- say they believe the federal initiative is helping schools improve the quality of instruction for students. However, those same officials also have concerns that because not every eligible school ultimately received a grant, many campuses are unable to provide more intensive services and programs for their equally needy students.
As Duncan pointed out at Monday's Build A Grad Nation Summit in Washington, D.C., more data and more time are necessary before the SIG effort can be evaluated fully. However, "At the heart of all these successes are teachers and school leaders who are excited about the prospect of change," Duncan said.


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Posing to Flatter Every Woman
With Jennifer Rozenbaum
In this segment, Jen shows her top posing tricks that make everyone woman look better. Often our camera sees things differently than we do. These posing tricks will help with that as well as "trick" the camera into seeing what we want it to see. Accentuate what you like; diminish what your client doesn't!


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ST. GEORGE - A lawsuit over rights to more than $500 million in church property and identifying marks of the Diocese of South Carolina marched through an eighth day of testimony Thursday with experts debating the nuances of trademark law.
Bishops on both sides of the schism joked about the tedious nature of the civil court proceedings over issues surrounding trademarks, property rights and state corporate law.
Bishop Mark Lawrence and most parishes in the formally called Protestant Episcopal Diocese of South Carolina, which spans the coastal half of the state, left The Episcopal Church in 2012 after years of dissension over theology and administrative powers. The Episcopal Church is the U.S. province of the global Anglican Communion.
The diocese and those parishes then filed a lawsuit in January 2013 against the national Episcopal Church to retain control of diocesan property, names and seal. Circuit Judge Diane Goodstein issued a restraining order that has since allowed Lawrence's group to continue using them.
Goodstein has been presiding over the non-jury trial since it began July 8. It appears likely to last more than the two weeks scheduled.
Florida attorney Leslie Lott, who works with trademark law, testified that The Episcopal Church's registered name could be infringed upon by other unrelated entities if the use confuses the public. That is true even if a diocese or parishes individually used names such as "episcopal" long before the national church registered it.
"If it is used in such a way as to create confusion by the public, it is definitely trademark infringement," Lott said. Using it long ago wouldn't be as relevant, because the issue is "what is happening today."
In 1789, the diocese was one of nine that founded The Episcopal Church. Lawrence's group contends, the diocese is as it was before joining: an independent entity. Therefore, it is seeking to retain rights to the names and mark of all versions of the name Protestant Episcopal Church of South Carolina.
Lawrence's group just wrapped up nearly a week of calling parish leaders to describe their governance structures and other issues aimed at showing their historic and current independence from the national church.
Local parishes and missions that remain with the national church, temporarily calling themselves The Episcopal Church in South Carolina, argue that national church is a hierarchical institution that controls its property. A diocese, they contend, is a subordinate unit of the church and cannot leave with property and the diocesan name. That group is now led by Bishop Charles vonRosenberg.
Eleanor Koets, who served on the vestry of St. Paul's in Summerville before the split occurred, said that after the church's clergy decided to disaffiliate from the national church, she and others who remained loyal to it were not allowed to use church property to continue worshiping there on their own with different clergy.
"Even though it's like a death you know is coming, it was stunning," Koets said. She now worships at an Episcopal mission meeting in a Methodist church building.
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|Thread Tools
Breast Enlargement Pills
I just wanted to post this here for your info and your comment/experience.
My girlfriend has been losing weight over the last few months in preparation for our wedding at the beginning of September, and because of this weight loss her bust has decrease by a cup size, which she was pretty upset about (C to a B).
She was getting very upset about it to be honest, so, completely out of character for me, I did a bit of searching on the internet for what I would normally consider to be a complete rip off "natural breast enlargement pill". They all seemed to have pretty much them same ingredients as each other and ended up buying a months supply from Ebay (for about $10), not expecting it to work, but thought it couldn't hurt.
Just over 3 weeks in to it, my other half actually says that her boobs do feel fuller and firmer (I can't see an increase in size myself, although they do seem perkier [img]/forum/images/graemlins/laugh.gif[/img]) and that her new (smaller) bras that she bought are now feeling a little tight. But she hasn't put any weight on!
She has now of course demand that I buy her another months supply.
Has anyone here ever tried them and had any success, or knowledge on them?
I'm guessing the sort of response that will be coming, as that is exactly what I thought....waste of money etc etc...but they do appear to be working.
Here are the ingredients
Fenugreek Extract: Fenugreek is a unique herb indigenous to countries on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean. Rich in phyto-estrogens, fenugreek aids in hormonal production, and facilitates the development of the mammary glands which 'feed' on estrogens. Trigonelline, a chemical found in Fenugreek, has been in testing as a potential treatment for cancer as well.
Saw Palmetto: Saw Palmetto is a small palm tree with large leaves and large deep red-black berries found on the North American Atlantic Coast. Saw Palmetto berries contain an oil with a variety of physosterols. Studies have shown Saw Palmetto to successfully reverse atrophy of the mammary gland.
Fennel Seed: Found in the coastal and sub-mountainous regions of southern Italy, Fennel has long been praised for its abundance of flavonoids. These compounds exert mild estrogenic effects and are completely harmless and non-toxic.
L-Tyrosine: A naturally occuring amino acid, Tyrosine plays an important role in the functioning of the adrenal, pituitary, and thyroid glands, which control hormone production. Some studies suggest that Tyrosine may also stimulate the production of growth hormone, which helps build muscle and reduce body fat.
Mexican Wild Yam: Commonly used as a treatment for osteoperosis, Mexican Wild Yam is a excellent source of Beta-Carotene and diosgenin, which are powerful Phytochemicals aiding in optimal breast development.
Kelp: Kelp is an excellent source of minerals from the sea, including iodine, which is essential for proper thyroid function. Cultural studies relating to the result of diet including kelp have determined a link to a lower breast cancer rate, and a healthier hormonal balance.
Damiana: Damiana is a small shrub found in the West Indies. It is high in phytochemicals such as alpha-pinene, beta-carotene, beta-pinene and beta-sisterol. Damiana is primarily used for treating female hormone imbalances.
Dong Quai: For centuries, this Asian root has been used to treat menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes and cramps. Dong Quai has been shown to assist the body in efficiently using hormones.
Mother's Wort: Mother's Wort is native to many parts of Europe on river banks and under hedges. Mother's Wort contains, Leonurine which is a uterine stimulant.
Black Cohosh Extract: Native to the Eastern Woodlands of North America, numerous studies have been conducted to show the medical benefits of Black Cohosh. Studies suggest that Black Cohosh is similar to the drugs used in hormone replacement therapy.
Avena Sativa: Avena Sativa came to the United states by way of Scotland. Avena Sativa is rich in saponins, flavonoids, minerals, and alkaloids necessary for a healthy hormonal system.
Blessed Thistle: Native to South Europe and Western Asia, Blessed Thistle has long been used around the world as a hormonal balancing agent in women.
Humulus Lupulus: Humulus Lupulus is a Eurasian shrub rich in flavonoids, whose action in regulating the hormonal production facilitates development of the mammary glands.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
Doesn't work. In middle school I never took it because I naturally had breasts, I say had because with track I've gone from a D down to a ...well you don't need to know. lol.
Yeah it's never worked with any girl that has every been MY friend and has taken it. Sorry. I suggest a good lingerie store. Tell her to bring her dress in and get some nice padding. A good seamstress can even sew in something into the dress if she absolutely cannot wear a bra.
Hope this helps,
Being a Trackbunny
Power&Glory:The body in its infinite widsom knows that hidden beneath sturdy bones and sinewy muscles is a bit of magic that can make all the difference.
Tap into it and glory is yours.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
The breast is made up of fat tissue, mainly. No pill will cause her to gain fat in only one place. I believe the results she is seeing are only in her head. Possibly explanations are 1) bras fit differently at different times of the month, 2)she may not have put on weight, but has her body fat increased slightly, 3)she's gained some water weight that has made her breasts feel fuller, 4) the muscle building is starting to show.
Having said all that, what could it hurt you or her to pay for pills that do nothing but make her feel like her breasts are getting bigger, therefore making her feel better about herself before the wedding.
I'm not sure what all those herbal supplements do, but I do know I've never heard of using Saw Palmetto for women. It's usually used for good prostate health in men. It does sound as if you two are sexually active, so be careful about any interactions with birth control pills. I'm sure that there are some since most of the ingredients are for controlling hormones.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
The same reasons why we can't spot reduce areas that hold fat are the same reasons why we can't spot increase areas that are fat. Maybe the pills increase water retention or something but there is no way they are actually enlarging her breast composition of fat.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
These things have been around for ages and don't do anything.
I believe I've heard women say they have had minimal results that only last as long as they continue using the pill.
I suppose it wouldn't hurt as long as they don't interfere with other medications and make her feel better.
How about telling her she's perfect the way she is? [img]/forum/images/graemlins/tongue.gif[/img] [img]/forum/images/graemlins/smile.gif[/img]
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
How about telling her she's perfect the way she is? [img]/forum/images/graemlins/tongue.gif[/img] [img]/forum/images/graemlins/smile.gif[/img]
Lol. If she is anything like me, he's tried this, and it failed miserably. That kinda of satisfaction and contentment comes from within. And frankly, I'm still looking for it.
Very good point however. [img]/forum/images/graemlins/grin.gif[/img]
Btw, I love your title, thunder bunny.
Being a Trackbunny
Power&Glory:The body in its infinite widsom knows that hidden beneath sturdy bones and sinewy muscles is a bit of magic that can make all the difference.
Tap into it and glory is yours.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
How about telling her she's perfect the way she is?
Women never seem to go for that...
Stats as of 8/17/04
Age - 18
Weight - 244 lbs
Height - 6'2"
Bench - 440 lbs
Squat - 505 lbs.
Dead Lift - 545 lbs.
Power Clean - 315 lbs.
My Training Journal
Proverbs 3: 25-26...
Be not afraid of sudden fear, neither of the desolation of the wicked,when it cometh. For the Lord shall be thy confidence, and shall keep thy foot from being taken.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
Hehe, True. But it's worth a shot. We still enjoy hearing it even though we might shoot it down. [img]/forum/images/graemlins/wink.gif[/img]
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
How about telling her she's perfect the way she is? [img]/forum/images/graemlins/tongue.gif[/img] [img]/forum/images/graemlins/smile.gif[/img]
Lol. If she is anything like me, he's tried this, and it failed miserably. That kinda of satisfaction and contentment comes from within. And frankly, I'm still looking for it.
Very good point however. [img]/forum/images/graemlins/grin.gif[/img]
Btw, I love your title, thunder bunny.
Yep, been there tried, that, didn't work! [img]/forum/images/graemlins/tongue.gif[/img]
I agree with you lot, I don't believe they will work, but she is definitely feeling more confident, so I am happy to spend a few $$$'s for that alone!
I will reply back in this thread in a few weeks time if there is any change though! She is still claiming that she thinks that they are working.
Re: Breast Enlargement Pills
I had a friend that I use to work with and she tried some kind of pills (not sure what kind though) and they did her more harm than good.
Let not the wise man boast of his wisdom or the strong man boast of his strength or the rich man boast of his riches, but let him who boasts, boast about this: that he understands and knows me, that I am the Lord, who exercises kindness, justice and righteousness on earth, for in these I delight,' declares the Lord" (Jeremiah 9:23-24).
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photos and videos here!
Involvement:Expert (understands the inner workings) - Ownership:more than 1 monthPros:
- Very confortable
- Very cheap (almost a deal)
- It have like a foamy feel
- It looks cool
- Ir have these wavy shape to put your fingers and you grab the handlebar stronger
- It comes with the handlebar caps
- It have a very good grip with the hand and with the handlebar (it doesn't turn on the handlebar)
- You can't choose the colour
- The sponge material which are made doesn't seem very resistent and absorb water
- Sometimes it also can be very foamy
- If you have small hands they can be a litle big
- What else do you want for this price?
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LOGAN COUNTY, Okla. – Families who fled the flames on Sunday had no idea if their home would still be standing when they returned.
Sadly, some returned to find only a pile of ashes.
Other homes sustained only smoke damage.
One Logan County fire survivor, Evelynn Ritter said, "Thank you Oklahoma, thank you all emergency people, I don't know your names, but right now it doesn't matter, thank you."
A mother and daughter hugged and cried after finding out their home is still standing.
Elizabeth Ritter said, "I'm relieved we got some place, but also thinking about that family that lost their loved one and those who don't have a home."
Their house is on land that has been in the family for more than six decades.
So far there has only been smoke damage to their home.
Other families are not as lucky.
A couple that lived in Andy's Acres, near Pine and Seward, lost more than 60 years of memories, two mobile homes, a workshop and are now left homeless.
As the fire continues to burn, dozens of families are seeking shelter at The Community Church along I-35 near exit 151.
That is where the American Red Cross is helping survivors with food, water and a place to sleep.
"The people of Oklahoma, I don't care where you're from, they step up, they're there for us," said Evelyn Ritter.
The Red Cross said it will keep their temporary shelter open until the need is met.


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|Return to syslink.2 CVS log
|Up to [DragonFly] / src / lib / libc / sys
1.1 ! dillon 1: .\" Copyright (c) 2007 The DragonFly Project. All rights reserved. ! 2: .\" ! 3: .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The DragonFly Project ! 4: .\" by Matthew Dillon <email@example.com> ! 5: .\" ! 6: .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without ! 7: .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions ! 8: .\" are met: ! 9: .\" ! 10: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright ! 11: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. ! 12: .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright ! 13: .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in ! 14: .\" the documentation and/or other materials provided with the ! 15: .\" distribution. ! 16: .\" 3. Neither the name of The DragonFly Project nor the names of its ! 17: .\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived ! 18: .\" from this software without specific, prior written permission. ! 19: .\" ! 20: .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ! 21: .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT ! 22: .\" LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS ! 23: .\" FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE ! 24: .\" COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, ! 25: .\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, ! 26: .\" BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; ! 27: .\" LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED ! 28: .\" AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, ! 29: .\" OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT ! 30: .\" OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF ! 31: .\" SUCH DAMAGE. ! 32: .\" ! 33: .\" $DragonFly$ ! 34: .\" ! 35: .Dd March 13, 2007 ! 36: .Dt SYSLINK 2 ! 37: .Os ! 38: .Sh NAME ! 39: .Nm syslink ! 40: .Nd low level connect to the cluster mesh ! 41: .Sh LIBRARY ! 42: .Lb libc ! 43: .Sh SYNOPSIS ! 44: .In sys/syslink.h ! 45: .Ft int ! 46: .Fn syslink "int fd" "int flags" "sysid_t routenode" ! 47: .Sh DESCRIPTION ! 48: The ! 49: .Fn syslink ! 50: function establishes a link to a kernel-implemented syslink route node ! 51: as specified by ! 52: .Fa routenode . ! 53: If a file descriptor of -1 is specified, a file descriptor representing ! 54: a direct connection to the specified route node will be allocated and ! 55: returned. ! 56: If a file descriptor is specified, it will be connected to the specified ! 57: route node via full-duplex communication and kernel threads will be ! 58: created to shuttle data between the descriptor and the route node. The ! 59: kernel may optimize and shortcut this operation. ! 60: .Pp ! 61: It is also perfectly legal to allocate two route nodes and then connect them ! 62: together by passing the file descriptor returned by the first ! 63: .Fn syslink ! 64: call to the second ! 65: .Fn syslink ! 66: call. It is legal (and usually necessary) to obtain multiple descriptors to ! 67: the same kernel-managed syslink route node. ! 68: .Pp ! 69: The syslink protocol revolves around 64 bit system ids using the ! 70: .Ft sysid_t ! 71: type. A system id can be logical or physical. ! 72: Physical system ids are negotiated dynamically as system links are created ! 73: and destroyed, while Logical system ids are persistently associated with ! 74: particular resources in the cluster. ! 75: For example, a particular filesystem mount will have a persistent logical ! 76: sysid and would have one or more physical sysids depending on how it ! 77: connects into the cluster mesh. ! 78: .Sh SYSLINK PROTOCOL - PHYSICAL SYSIDS ! 79: The Syslink protocol is used to glue the cluster mesh together. It is ! 80: based on the concept of reliable packets and buffered streams. Adding a ! 81: new node to the mesh is as simple as obtaining a stream connection to any ! 82: node already in the mesh, or tying into a packet switch with UDP. ! 83: .Pp ! 84: The first stage of the protocol is to negotiate a physical sysid space. ! 85: Each connection to the mesh negotiates its own space, meaning that ! 86: multi-homed entities (which are expected to be common) may be accessible ! 87: through multiple physical sysids. The physical sysid space can take time ! 88: to settle down and may change while the cluster is operational due to changes ! 89: in the cluster topology. For example, you can reconfigure the system id ! 90: space propogated out from a seed node (or a seed node could go down, or come ! 91: up), and effectively change some of the physical sysid assignments for ! 92: every node in the mesh while the mesh is live. ! 93: .Pp ! 94: Assignment of physical sysid space is simple. The seed nodes take their ! 95: statically assigned sysid space (specified by a 64 bit CIDR block), cut out ! 96: enough bits to handle the number of connections that need to be supported, ! 97: and then dole out a subnet to each connectee. If a connectee is a route node ! 98: it is then able to cut up the subnet CIDR block and dole out subnets to ! 99: nodes that connect to it. Leaf nodes have fixed SYSID space requirements, ! 100: typically 10 bits. If a leaf node is handed a 24 bit sysid space it will ! 101: still use only 10 bits of it. A leaf node handed a sysid space below its ! 102: minimum requirement simply ignores that space. ! 103: .Pp ! 104: Eventually every seed node propogates its physical sysid space to every other ! 105: node in the mesh. If a mesh has four seed nodes, then every node in the mesh ! 106: will wind up with at least four SYSID spaces. Nodes may obtain additional ! 107: physical SYSID assignments due to loops in the graph. For example, if you ! 108: create a triangle between nodes A, B, and C, with B as the seed node, then ! 109: SYSID will propogate B->C->A->B and B->A->C->B and node A will wind up with ! 110: two physical SYSID assignments (and node B will have four) even though ! 111: there was only one seed node. Physical SYSID assignments represent routing ! 112: paths. Because the mesh is potentially too large to store the full graph ! 113: in memory, the SYSLINK protocol only requires that the four largest SYSID ! 114: spaces for any given seed be retained by every node. This creates a ! 115: self-healing mesh with reasonable, but not ultimate redundancy. ! 116: .Pp ! 117: Only a limited number of hops are supported in the mesh due to the ! 118: limitations of the 64 bit ID space and the need to be able to route ! 119: messages simply with a single 64 bit id - without having to retain a ! 120: route table for the whole mesh. Very large meshes require some attention ! 121: to the design of the topology to retain reasonable redundancy. For ! 122: example, if you are trying to create an internet-wide mesh to handle ! 123: a massively distributed problem which requires low data bandwidths, ! 124: you might implement a couple of very large CIDR distribution blocks ! 125: for people to connect to via TCP streams. ! 126: .Pp ! 127: Once physical SYSID space is assigned (and remember, the physical SYSID ! 128: space can change on the fly as nodes go up and down), messages may be sent ! 129: from one physical SYSID to another, or broadcast across the entire mesh. ! 130: Only messages to immediate neighbors are guarenteed to be reliable, but ! 131: for the cluster to operate efficiently packet loss is not tolerated. ! 132: Message delivery failures must be almost solely due to losses which occur ! 133: when the mesh changes (due to a node going up or down). ! 134: .Sh SYSLINK PROTOCOL - LOGICAL SYSIDS, REGISTRATION, AND LOOKUP ! 135: .Pp ! 136: Logical sysids are unique, persistent entities which bear little resemblence ! 137: to the physical sysid representing a node's connection to the mesh. ! 138: An entity might be a particular filesystem, piece of storage, or device. ! 139: The key to understanding the logical sysid is that it migrates with the ! 140: entity it represents. If you move a hard drive from one machine to another, ! 141: the logical sysids representing the ANVIL partitions on that hard drive ! 142: will also migrate. ! 143: .Pp ! 144: Whenever a leaf node connects to the mesh, it must register all entities ! 145: under its direct control with the route node it connects to. ! 146: A route node always collects all logical sysid registrations from all ! 147: directly connected leafs, and may optionally propogate the registrations ! 148: to other route nodes to further consolidate the lookup database. In ! 149: very large clusters route nodes typically do not propogate logical sysid ! 150: registrations very far since this would create a massive burden on internal ! 151: route nodes. They need propogate only far enough to reduce the overhead ! 152: of a LOOKUP. LOOKUP requests translate logical sysids to physical sysids. ! 153: A LOOKUP request is a broadcast entity which must be propogated through ! 154: the mesh until it hits route nodes with complete registration tables. ! 155: The fewer such nodes exist, the less overhead a LOOKUP takes. ! 156: LOOKUP operations almost always return multiple physical sysids. Multiple ! 157: sysids may be returned due to having multiple seeding nodes or due to loops ! 158: in the graph, potentially providing a more optimal communications path for ! 159: a packet. ! 160: .Sh SYSLINK PROTOCOL - MESSAGE ROUTING ! 161: A syslink message contains the logical sysid of the originator and the target, ! 162: and may cache the physical sysid for routing purposes. Once cached, the ! 163: physical sysid contains all information required to fully and trivially route ! 164: the message through the mesh. ! 165: A leaf in the mesh typically specifies a physical sysid of 0 and lets the ! 166: nearest route node do the logical sysid lookup of the target. The route ! 167: node will attempt to cache translations along with propogation times to ! 168: choose the best physical sysid to use to get to the target. A simple hop ! 169: count is not used, as links might have different bandwidths and propogation ! 170: delays. ! 171: .Pp ! 172: Syslink messages are transactional in nature and it is possible for a single ! 173: transaction to be made up of multiple messages... for example, to break down ! 174: a large buffer into smaller pieces for the purposes of transmission over the ! 175: mesh. The syslink protocol imposes fairly severe limitations on transactional ! 176: messages and sizes... syslink messages are not meant to abstract very large ! 177: multi-megabyte I/O operations but instead are meant to provide a reliable ! 178: communications abstraction for small messages. ! 179: A transaction may contain no more then 32 individual messages, allowing ! 180: the route node to use a simple bitmap to track messages which may arrive ! 181: out of order. ! 182: Multiple transactions may be run in parallel between two logical sysids. ! 183: .Pp ! 184: A 32 bit transaction space field is used to encode the whole mess. ! 185: One bit is used to tag the first message in a transaction, one bit ! 186: to tag the last message (both bits would be set if the transaction ! 187: consists of a single message), one bit indicates which side initiated ! 188: the transaction, allowing both sides to initiate transactions without ! 189: creating conflicts or having to negotiate the transaction space, ! 190: 20 bits implement a unique transaction number that will not be reused for a ! 191: very long time, allowing route nodes to weed out duplicate packets, and 8 bits ! 192: are reserved for the sequence number within the transaction (just in case ! 193: we want to expand the maximum number of messages to 256 in the future). ! 194: which is discussed in another section. Note that a portion of the 20 bit ! 195: unique transaction number is a timestamp. ! 196: .Pp ! 197: The messages making up a transaction can arrive out of order and will be ! 198: collected by the target until all messages are present. The originator ! 199: must hold onto all messages it sends (so it can re-send if requested by ! 200: the route node), until it has the complete response. ! 201: .Pp ! 202: The route node for a leaf is responsible for weeding out duplicate messages, ! 203: monitoring transactions, and handling timeouts (returning a retry indication ! 204: to the leaf). ! 205: If the physical sysid becomes invalid the route node is typically responsible ! 206: for locating a new physical sysid and returning a transaction abort to the ! 207: leaf. ! 208: Even though dynamic rerouting is possible, the route node and ! 209: originator has no idea whether the new physical sysid represents the same ! 210: actual leaf or some different leaf with access to the same logical entity ! 211: (such as you might find in a SAN environment). ! 212: Because of this, changes in the physical id require a transaction abort ! 213: and full transaction retry. ! 214: This greatly simplifies operation of the leaf node. ! 215: .Pp ! 216: The SYSLINK protocol is not intended to take the place of a reliable link ! 217: level protocol such as TCP and mesh links should only use UDP when packet ! 218: delivery can be virtually guarenteed (such as when operating over switched ! 219: ethernet). UDP-based syslinks may still buffer multiple messages within ! 220: the limitations of the UDP packet. ! 221: .Pp ! 222: The SYSLINK protocol is not intended to provide quorum guarentees. Quorum ! 223: protocols operate over SYSLINK, but are not implemented by SYSLINK. ! 224: .Sh SYSLINK PROTOCOL - MESSAGE BUFFERING ! 225: Syslinks which operate over buffered connections where messages may be ! 226: sent or received in bulk must adhere to certain alignment and cross-over ! 227: requirements to allow buffers to be implemented as FIFOs. The message length ! 228: field in a syslink message is not particular aligned, but syslink messages ! 229: themselves must always be 16-byte aligned, creating small amounts of dead ! 230: space in the buffer (and the data stream). Additionally, the physical ! 231: sysid propogation protocol also propogates a FIFO cross-over size, which is ! 232: always a power of 2. Typical values range from 64KB to 1024KB. Messages ! 233: received on a stream can be written into a buffer in FIFO fashion. No single ! 234: message may straddle the end of the FIFO's physical buffer (that is, cross ! 235: back over to the beginning). All transmitters must adhere to the FIFO ! 236: size supplied in the initial message traffic by generating a PAD message ! 237: when necessary. Larger FIFO sizes are usually better since they result ! 238: in smaller PADs. I/O transactions containing data are typically broken up ! 239: into smaller messages not only to accomodate limitations in transport ! 240: protocols (such as UDP), but also to reduce the dead space created by PADs. ! 241: On the bright side, these requirements allow very optimal hardware and ! 242: software buffering of syslink message traffic. ! 243: .Sh BLOCKING TRANSACTIONS ! 244: Certain operations can block. That is, the target may not be able to ! 245: immediately complete the requested transaction. When a transaction blocks ! 246: the target is responsible for returning a keep-alive blocking indication ! 247: to the originator to prevent the originator from retrying or aborting ! 248: the transaction. Keep-alives can be directly handled by the route node ! 249: connected to the target (since it knows if the leaf disconnects), ! 250: simplifying leaf operation. A route node will very occassionally do a sanity ! 251: check request to the leaf (perhaps once a minute) to verify that ! 252: transactions blocked for a long time are still known to the leaf. ! 253: .Pp ! 254: Blocking indications are special response messages that set the ! 255: blocked-operation bit in the sequence field and do not set the ! 256: end-transaction bit. ! 257: .Sh TRANSACTION ABORTS ! 258: A transaction can be aborted. Normally aborted transactions still ! 259: required an acknowledgement (since the abort may race completion). ! 260: If the target completes the transaction before receiving the abort ! 261: request, it is as if the abort never occured. ! 262: .Sh ASYNCHRONOUS PUSH TRANSACTIONS ! 263: Most syslink transactions require an acknowledgement to terminate the ! 264: transaction. The acknowledgement is typically a single message in the ! 265: return direction with both the start and stop bits set. Multi-message ! 266: responses are of course possible, such as when the transaction is ! 267: implementing an I/O read operation. ! 268: .Pp ! 269: Certain syslink transactions do not require an acknowledgement and do not ! 270: implement the retry or timeout protocols. Such transactions are typically ! 271: cache-push operations which are used to optimize operation of the cluster ! 272: by allowing a node to asynchronously push data to places where it thinks ! 273: it will be needed immediately. The most commmon use of this sort of ! 274: operation is the read-ahead optimization. When one node performs a read ! 275: transaction with another node, and the target node is capable of read-ahead ! 276: and detemines that read-ahead is useful, the target node can initiate the ! 277: read-ahead and push the data to the originating node in a separate ! 278: asyncnronous transaction. Read-aheads are typically not directly adjacent ! 279: to the read that just occured in order to allow the originator to initiate ! 280: the next synchronous transaction without it crossing paths with the ! 281: asynchronous read-ahead push (resulting in the same data being returned to ! 282: the originator twice). ! 283: .Sh OPERATING AS A ROUTE NODE ! 284: Most userland applications using syslink will operate as leaf nodes, but ! 285: there is nothing preventing you from oprating as a route node. Operating ! 286: as a route node requires implementing all route node requirements including ! 287: the handling of logical sysid registrations and the tracking of transactions ! 288: initiated by nodes that directly connect to you. In fact, sysid seeding ! 289: nodes are user processes which operate as degenerate route nodes. ! 290: .Sh RETURN VALUES ! 291: The value -1 is returned if an error occurs in either call. ! 292: The external variable ! 293: .Va errno ! 294: indicates the cause of the error. ! 295: If a descriptor is supplied and the system call is successful, 0 is ! 296: returned. If a descriptor is not supplied and the system call is successful, ! 297: a descriptor is returned representing a direct connection to the mesh's ! 298: route node. ! 299: .Sh SEE ALSO ! 300: .Sh HISTORY ! 301: The ! 302: .Fn syslink ! 303: function first appeared in ! 304: .Dx 1.9 .


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Discover how to integrate and enhance video and audio to create a more engaging PowerPoint presentation. In this course, author Alicia Katz Pollock emphasizes the technical details necessary to make a multimedia presentation work: from working with appropriate file formats, to applying video styles, to reducing the file size of multimedia presentations for sharing.
The multimedia universe has dozens of file types for video and sound. PowerPoint 2010 can import the most common file types. Let's take a look at the types of movie files PowerPoint renders and explore some of the considerations when choosing between them. First, let's take a moment to explain two terms: file format and codec. The file format is the file type of video editing program exports. You can tell the file format by the extension at the end of the file name. A codec is the program used to encode, compress, and decompress the digital data.
Video clip quality is measured either in fps, frames per second, or kbps, kilobits per second. For fps, 15 frames per second is low quality and HD comes in at 60 fps. In kbps, 380 is the minimum for decent audio and 2100 kbps is high quality. This isn't oversimplification, however. Because of the complexity of working with audio visual, it's possible to make a small video look fantastic at only 500 kbps if you use the right codec.
In PowerPoint 2010, DirectShow renders the media right inside the program providing for speed and smooth graphics. Windows Media Player is the digital media application for audio, video, and images on computers running Windows, Pocket PC, and Windows Mobile. If your presentation contains media that was inserted in PowerPoint 2007 and has not yet been converted to 2010, Windows Media Player will process the media for your PowerPoint presentation instead. If you will be sharing your file with someone using a Macintosh, then you can download a free WMV Player from flip4mac.com.
Here are the file formats PowerPoint will show natively. A Windows Media Video file or WMV is the default file format you'll come across on your PC. It's recognized by all Windows applications because it's a native Microsoft format. This file format compresses audio and video by using the Windows Media Video codec, a tightly compressed format that requires a minimal amount of storage space on your computer's hard disk. If you create movies using Windows Movie Maker, which used to come on all PCs but you do have to download it for Windows7, it will save in this file format by default.
Audio Video Interleave or AVI is another common Windows video file format. This is a multimedia file format for storing sound and moving pictures in Microsoft Resource Interchange File Format or RIFF. It is one of the most universal formats because audio or video content that's compressed with a wide variety of codecs can't be stored in an AVI file. If you'll be sharing your PowerPoint file on a Macintosh however, you may need to install an AVI video handler. Advanced Streaming Format or ASF is another common Windows media file type that was originally designed for use with Windows Media Encoder and Streaming Server.
This file format stores synchronized multimedia data and can be used to stream audio and video content, images, and script commands over a network. The Moving Picture Experts Group has a movie file format called mpeg or MPEG. This is an evolving set of standards for video and audio compression. This file format was designed specifically for use with video CDs and DVDs. MP3 is famous of course as a digital audio file format and MP4 now has become a standard for video used online and across the platforms.
Almost every music device now supports this format. You can easily use an MP4 container with an H.264 codec on a new computer and it will play on almost all computers. MPEG also supports subtitles. Flash Video has the extension SWF, FLV, and F4V. Adobe Flash Media is generally used to deliver video, an interactive graphics over the Internet using Adobe Flash Player. Note that some mobile devices do not currently support Flash files, so many viewers may see a broken image instead of your Flash content.
Apple's QuickTime formats include MOV and QT. QuickTime will also produce MP4 files. There are a few more obscure file types as well, including M2TSV used in broadcast systems and Blu-ray. Now let's do a little troubleshooting. Video compatibility can occasionally be quite problematic. Is your video not playing properly, even though it has the same file extension as one I listed earlier? The correct version of the codec may not be installed on your computer. You can download more recent codec files from Microsoft's website.
You may also download open source viewers like VLC that support Mac, Windows, and Linux and we'll also install some missing open source codecs. Next, as of the recording of this video, embedding Adobe Flash Video only works in 32-bit installations of Microsoft Office and Windows, but 64-bit compatibility will be available in the future. QuickTime files may not run automatically on your computer. If your QuickTime files don't run, download QuickTime for Windows first. It's a good idea to install QuickTime for Windows anyway, so that you can be confident that your video files will work on a Mac.
If you'll be giving your PowerPoint presentation on another computer, you may want to convert your QuickTime file formats to WMV just to be safe. But this issue only crops up on older machines. If you're sharing files with the person running PowerPoint 2007, SWF, MOV and MP4 movies won't work at all. You can use Microsoft Windows Media Encoder, a free program, to convert these programs to WMV so that they are compatible with PowerPoint 2007, and if you have video on a different format than the ones I've listed, you can use several third-party programs to convert your video files to the Windows Media Video file format, WMV.
Microsoft Windows Media Encoder or the new Expression Encoder is designed to integrate with Microsoft Office and other Microsoft products. Find it at www.microsoft.com. PFCMedia is a PowerPoint add-in that automates the formatting of multimedia. For more information, visit www.playsforcertain.com. HandBrake is great software for converting MP4s and it works seamlessly with VLC, the codec player software mentioned earlier. You can find it at www.handbreak.fr.
Another great Windows conversion tool for all formats is Super C at erightsoft.com/S6KG1.html. While PowerPoint has evolved to include the most common video formats, there are dozens more that it cannot manage natively, but all you have to do is convert your movies to one of the common file types and your visuals will work seamlessly.
There are currently no FAQs about PowerPoint 2010: Audio and Video in Depth.
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The Alzatex Inc. RYG13A Flush-Mount Red-Yellow-Green Unit is equipped with 1/2" (12.7mm) diameter dome LEDs in a black metal plate. The Electronic Digital Timer indicator light unit consists of red, yellow, and green lights. It is designed to be connected to the TimeKeeper series Electronic Digital Timers using a standard modular phone cord.
- Applications
- City council, courts, and other public meetings
- School board or corporate meetings
- Speech and debate classes, mock trials
- Manufacturing and production timing and/or counting
- Hospital emergency rooms, ICU, and patient care compliance
- Benefits
- RJ11 / 45 connectors are convenient and easy to use and any indicator can be plugged into any TimeKeeper unit
- Large easily-readable indicators
- Indicators can be permanently mounted on tabletop


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