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University & College Poetry Prizes
Established in 1955, the University and College Poetry Prize program began with ten schools. The Academy of American Poets now sponsors over two hundred annual prizes for poetry at U.S. colleges and universities, and has awarded more than $350,000 to nearly ten thousand student poets since the program's inception.
University and College Poetry Prize Winner Quotes:
"This prize really set the wheels in motion for my belief that this is worth doing, that the life of a poet is something to be championed."
-Alicia M.
"I won two college prizes, and as a young poet it not only made me feel as if my work had something of value, it made me feel connected with the broader poetic community. It increased my confidence in my writing and encouraged me to continue working at my craft."
-Emily F.
- History
- Establishing a Prize
- Prize Eligibility
- Contest Procedures
- Participating Colleges & Universities
- Contact Information
Many of America's most esteemed poets won their first recognition through an Academy College Prize, including Diane Ackerman, Toi Derricotte, Mark Doty, Alice Fulton, Tess Gallagher, Louise Glück, Allen Grossman, Jorie Graham, Kimiko Hahn, Joy Harjo, Robert Hass, Li-Young Lee, Brad Leithauser, J. D. McClatchy, Heather McHugh, Gregory Orr, Robert Pinsky, Sylvia Plath, Mark Rudman, Mary Jo Salter, Gjertrud Schnackenberg, George Starbuck, Mark Strand, and Charles Wright.
Establishing a Prize
The majority of the active University and College Poetry Prizes are endowed in perpetuity.
New U.S. schools are admitted into the program only with a $5,000 endowment contribution, which allows a cash prize of $100 to be awarded each year in perpetuity, enables the Academy of American Poets to provide a year-long membership to the winning student, and assists with the administrative costs of the program. We encourage anyone wishing to endow a college prize to contact the Awards Coordinator before selecting a school. We want to ensure the school's ability to annually award the prize. Additionally, some of our oldest prizes do not yet have endowments, and we would very much like to see them secured.
A prize may be named by the donor or donors, and all contributions are tax-deductible to the full extent of the law.
Donors receive copies of their schools' winning poems each year, as well as a lifetime subscription to American Poets, the Academy's biannual journal.
Prize Eligibility
Each participating school determines whether to make its prize open to undergraduates, graduate students, or both, and sets restrictions on submission length, deadline, and number of poems. No restrictions may be made regarding theme or style. Only registered students of a given participating school are eligible for the prize offered through that institution. If you are a student and have already determined that your school hosts an Academy prize, but do not know whom to contact for guidelines, feel free to contact us for details. Be sure to include the name of the school.
Skip to our list of participating schools
Contest Procedures
A faculty member at each participating school, usually in the English department or writing program, works to coordinate the contest with the Academy to ensure that it is properly conducted each year. The prize coordinator serves as a liaison with the Academy, selecting judges and controlling such matters as the contest deadline, eligibility (a contest may be open to undergraduates, graduate students, or both), the number of poems to be submitted by each student, and local publicity.
The Academy supplies each coordinator with a form for reporting the contest results. The coordinator is required to provide contact information for the winner and data about the contest administration, as well as copies of each winning poem.
Each school awards $100 to a sole winner. In addition, one student may be selected for honorable mention.
The Academy issues prize checks and letters of congratulation to the winners, and also sends letters of congratulation to honorable mentions. All winners are announced in the Academy's Annual Report.
Participating Colleges and Universities
|Agnes Scott College
Prize Name: Janef Preston Poetry Prize
Founded: 1976
Donor: Agnes Scott College
University of Alabama
|Aquinas College
Prize Name: Academy of American Poets Prize
Founded: 2001
Donor: Mrs. Linda Nemec Foster
Arizona State University
University of Arizona
|University of the Arts
Prize Name: Sylvia B. Caplan Memorial Award
Founded: 1989
Donor: Mr. Albert J. Caplan
|Auburn University
Prize Name: Robert Hughes Mount Jr. Prize in Poetry
Founded: 1984
Donor: Mrs. Frances Mayes
Augsburg College
Bard College
Baylor University
Beloit College
Bennington College
Bergen Community College
Bloomsburg University
Boston University
Bowdoin College
Bradley University
Brandeis University
Brigham Young University
Brooklyn College, CUNY
Brown University
Bryn Mawr College
California State University, Fresno (undergraduate)
California State University, Fresno (graduate)
California State University, Los Angeles
California State University, Northridge
University of California, Berkeley
University of California, Davis
University of California, Irvine
University of California at Los Angeles
California Polytechnic State University
Calvin College
Carnegie Mellon University
Central Michigan University
Central Pennsylvania College
|Centre College
Prize Name: Paul Cantrell Poetry Prize
Founded: 2000
Donor: Mr. Phillip Sterling
|Chatham College
Prize Name: The Laurie Mansell Reich Poetry Prize
Founded: 2005
Donor: Laurie and Henry Reich
|University of Cincinnati
Prize Name: Academy of American Poets Prize
Founded: 1999
Donor: The George Elliston Poetry Foundation
|The City College of New York
Prize Name: The Colette Inez Poetry Prize
Founded: 2013
Donor: Mr. Jack Miller
The City College of San Francisco
Prize Name: The Felicia Farr Lemon Poetry Prize
Founded: 1982
Donor: Mrs. Felicia Farr Lemmon
|Cleveland State University
Prize Name: Alberta Turner Poetry Prize
Founded: 2008
Donor: Cleveland State University
Colorado State University
Columbia College Chicago
Columbia University (undergraduate)
Columbia University (graduate)
Prize Name: Bennett Poetry Prize
Founded: 1959
Donor: The New York Times Advertising Department
Connecticut College
Prize Name:Charles B. Palmer Poetry Award
Founded: 1979
Donor: Connecticut College
Cooper Union
Prize Name: Elizabeth Kray Prize
Founded: 1983
Donor: Cooper Union
Cornell College
Prize Name: Prize in Memory of Clyde and Jewell Bothwell Tull
Founded: 1990
Donor: Ms. Alice Louise Haug
|Cornell University
Prize Name: Academy of American Poets Prize
Founded: 2007
Donor: Litowitz Foundation
Creighton University
|Dartmouth College
Prize Name: Academy of American Poets Prize
Founded: 1957
Donor: Dartmouth College
University of Delaware
University of Denver
Dickinson College
Drew University
Duke University
Emerson College
Emory University
Florida International University
Florida State University (undergraduate)
Florida State University (graduate)
Fordham University
Franklin & Marshall College
George Mason University
George Washington University
Georgetown University
Georgia Perimeter College
Georgia College & State University
Gettysburg College
Grinnell College
Hamilton College
Harrisburg Area Community College
Hartwick College
Harvard University
Haverford College
University of Hawai'i
Hofstra University
University of Houston
Hollins University
College of the Holy Cross
Hope College
Hunter College
University of Idaho
Illinois College
Illinois Wesleyan University
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Indiana University
Indiana State University
University of Iowa Writers' Workshop
Johns Hopkins University
Kean University of New Jersey
University of Kansas
Kenyon College
Keystone College
Lafayette College
Lewis & Clark College
Long Island University, C.W. Post Campus
Loyola College
Loyola University of Chicago
Macalester College
Marietta College
University of Maryland
University of Mary Washington
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
University of Massachusetts, Boston
University of Memphis
Messiah College
Miami-Dade Community College
Miami University (undergraduate)
Miami University (graduate)
University of Miami
University of Michigan (undergraduate)
University of Michigan (graduate)
University of Minnesota
University of Missouri at Columbia
University of Montana
Mount Holyoke College
Muhlenberg College
Muskingum College
Naropa University
University of Nebraska, Lincoln
University of Nebraska, MFA
New Jersey City University
University of New Mexico
New Mexico State University
University of New Orleans
New York University
University of North Dakota
University of North Texas
University of Notre Dame
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of North Carolina at Greensboro
North Carolina State University
Northeast Ohio Master of Fine Arts
Northwestern University
Oberlin College
Ohio State University
Oklahoma State University
Old Dominion University
Oregon State University
Pace University
Pennsylvania State Harrisburg
Pennsylvania State University
University of Pennsylvania
University of Pittsburgh
University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown
Portland State University
Pratt Institute
Princeton University
Purdue University
Randolph-Macon Woman's College
University of Redlands
Reed College
University of Rhode Island
Rhode Island School of Design
Rice University
University of Richmond
University of Rochester
Rollins College
Rutgers University
St. John's University
St. Lawrence University
Saint Mary's College of California
St. Peter's College
Sam Houston State University
San Francisco State University
San Francisco State University (undergraduate)
San Jose State University
Santa Clara University
Sarah Lawrence College (undergraduate)
Sarah Lawrence College (graduate)
Shimer College
Sinte Gleska University
Skidmore College
Smith College
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (undergraduate)
Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (graduate)
Spelman College
Spring Hill College
Stanford University
Stetson University
SUNY Albany
SUNY Binghamton
SUNY Buffalo
SUNY Farmingdale
SUNY Oswego
SUNY Purchase
Sweet Briar College
Temple University
University of Texas at Austin
Trinity College
Tufts University
Tulane University
Union College
United States Naval Academy
University of Utah
Valdosta State University
Valparaiso University
Vanderbilt University
Vassar College
University of Vermont
Virginia Commonwealth University
University of Virginia
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Wartburg College
Washington College
Washington & Lee University
Washington University
University of Washington
Wayne State University
Wellesley College
Wells College
Wesleyan College
Wesleyan University
Westminster College
Wichita State University
College of William and Mary
Williams College
University of Wisconsin, Madison
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Prize Name: Edward W. Ryan Poetry Prize
College of Wooster
Yale University
Yonsei University / Underwood International College
For more information, please contact:
Patricia Guzman
Programs Coordinator
(212) 274-0343, ext. 13
Academy of American Poets
75 Maiden Lane, Suite 901
New York, NY 10038


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text: WVUPros on the Hardwood Report 4/29/14: Alex Ruoff forges ahead WVUPros on the Hardwood Report 4/29/14: Alex Ruoff forges ahead Basketball Pros Featured In the Pros SHARE Caleb Wygal , April 29, 2014 / 721 0 Da'Sean Butler knocking down a free throw – photo by Alex Ruoff In this week's Hardwood Report, Joe Alexander's season came to a close on Saturday night, and we see Alex Ruoff lead BG Goettingen to the next round of the playoffs in Germany. Then, with a few days off, Ruoff decided to watch his old team and former WVU teammate Da'Sean Butler play in Belgium. Alex Ruoff - The Mountaineer sharpshooter led Goettingen in a sweep of their German Pro-A playoff series against the Giessen 46ers on Friday night. Ruoff poured in 20 points to go along with 5 rebounds and 4 assists. They move on to face Crailsheim on Friday night. Da'Sean Butler - On Sunday, Ruoff traveled to Antwerp where his former team Okapi Aalstar was in action. Okapi is now led by Da'Sean Butler who is in the midst of a comeback after a series of knee injuries dating back to the 2010 NCAA Tournament. Okapi prevailed over Antwerp behind 16 points, 4 rebounds, 4 assists and 4 steals from Butler. Joe Alexander - The dunking machine that is Joe Alexander saw his comeback to the court after multiple leg injuries come to a close in the D-League finals on Saturday night. The Santa Cruz Warriors fell to the RGV Vipers 119-113 to take the best-of-three series 2-0. Alexander had 2 points and 4 rebounds in the deciding game, playing 10 minutes off the bench. In Game 1 last Thursday, he played 31 minutes, scoring 12 to go along with 5 rebounds and 2 blocked shots. We will have more on Alexander's season later this week. John Flowers - JL Bourg won their game last week over Lille 97-75. Flowers had 14 points on the strength of 3 for 4 shooting behind the 3-point line. Deniz Kilicli - Anadolu Efes prevailed over Turk Telekom 82-77, and Kilicli's play off the bench was a big reason. A force inside, he made 6 of 11 shot attempts on his way to 13 points. Marcus Goree - Brasília lost the first two games of their Brazilian Quarterfinal series against San José. Goree was consistent in both games, scoring 12 and 13 points in the contests. D'or Fischer - Brose Baskets (Germany) played in two games last week, and the shot-blocking extraordinaire had 5 blocks over that time. He also contributed 15 points in both contests. Bookmark on Delicious Digg this post Recommend on Facebook Share on Posterous share via Reddit Share with Stumblers Tumblr it Tweet about it Buzz it up Subscribe to the comments on this post Print for later Tell a friend


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The World of Beryl Cook
written by Jess Wilder
Prestel Publishing | ISBN 9783791342375
Paperback – 191 pages
Member's price: $53.96
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
This highly popular book, the last to be published with Beryl's cooperation, is now available in a revised version featuring her last four paintings, alongside many other rarely seen works not included in the previous edition. It also offers an appreciation of her life and work. News of Cook's death in May 2008 prompted an outpouring of admiration from the art world and the general public alike. The London Times wrote: "Cook was the mistress of evanescent facial expressions and body language - the furtive glance, the hint of competitiveness, the deep concentration, the studied indifference and the momentary indecision"
Today Beryl Cook's pictures hang in the Glasgow Museum of Modern Art and in the Plymouth and Bristol City Art Galleries. In London the Portal Gallery has represented Cook's work exclusively for her entire painting career, staging 18 solo exhibitions. Collected by celebrities such as Yoko Ono, Jackie Collins and Whoopi Goldberg, Cook's work continues to attract loyal fans, making her one of the British public's best-loved painters.


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Just a quick update on the future of my workshops and some speaking I'll be doing soon. For the last two years I've been teaching my workshop "A Greater Story" around the world. It's taken me around Australia, to New York, Vancouver, London, Paris, Cape Town, Sweden and a few other places and it's been a very interesting learning experience for me and hopefully all the attendees. I see what people are struggling with and it's helped me get a better understanding what I have to do to better myself and run a smarter business and richer life. Today everyone is a photographer, just look around you on any given day, photos are taken of everything all the time. And the cameras are getting better and better. As photographers we need to learn to be more than just image makers. We need to tell stories and we need to create emotional connection. For me story and connection is everything. It's what separates pretty from beautiful and what makes our images captivating. The stories are the key to everything.
Because of this I've decided to focus on stories this year. I've always done it in my work, but I feel it's time to start preaching it more. I'm taking a brief break from my two day workshops and instead I'm going to offer a one day intense storytelling workshop where I go through everything from how stories affect our brands and client interactions to how to physically craft our stories, both the visual and the written. When you understand the power of the story, everything will change.
I'm putting together a more detailed page for all this, but if you feel you're interested in me coming to your city teaching on this subject, please drop me a note. The price for the One Day Storytelling Workshop (name coming soon) will probably be $995 USD.
To kick all of this off, I will be speaking at WPPI in Las Vegas early next month.
I will be teaching a Masterclass on Storytelling for Photographer March 3 at 8am and a Platform Class called the Business of Being You March 5 at 3pm.
A lot of people have also asked me if I can do One on One Mentoring, so I'm launching that soon too. Basically we put together a day of teaching where we go through all the things you're interested in. If you want to know how I built my social media presence, we'll talk about that, if you want to know how I edit, we'll talk about that. It's your day and the focus will be to grow your business, not mine. We can focus heavily on one subject or cover several, it's all up to you, but we'll plan the content together beforehand.
And yes, I'm also going to try to set up some kind of Skype mentoring sessions as well.
If you're interested in any of these things, let me know.
The One Day Workshop on Storytelling ideally needs 10-20 people to work well, so if you feel you have a large enough group in your area, just send me an email.
foto: Annelie Johansson


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Rice Creek
Months After Train Derails, Birds Still Feeding On Corn
Some people in the north metro are still dealing with the after effects of a train derailment nearly three months ago.
Train Derailment Causes Concern Over MN Infrastructure
From the backyard of his Fridley home, on the banks of Locke Lake, Ken Schultz has a front row seat to a spectacle that features heavy cranes, crawlers and fast working track crews.
Bridge Washes Out, Train Derails In Fridley
Authorities are on the scene of a bridge that washed out in Fridley due to area flooding and likely caused a train derailment early Saturday morning.


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Sarah Smith didn't commit to business school. "I committed to an experience, an exploration," she says. After serving as a platoon leader and captain in the U.S. Army—including service in Iraq—and starting an outdoor education program, Smith wanted to discover which of her career interests were viable. "I wanted to learn how to create a professional opportunity for myself, so business school seemed a good direction." But not so obvious was Tuck. "I didn't know if Tuck would be my top choice. But after one visit I knew my family would adore this environment and Tuck became the only school I applied to. The great value of Tuck is in the range of opportunities and resources it presents, and that's not just talk. I knew I would achieve my goals here."
The great value of Tuck is in the range of opportunities and resources it presents." Sarah Apgar T'11


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- Alfalfa —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Chamomile
- Chondroitin —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Cranberry —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Danshen —Harmful Interaction
- Devil's Claw —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Dong Quai —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Feverfew —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Garlic —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Ginger —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Ginkgo —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Ginseng —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Green Tea —Possible Harmful Interaction in Very High Doses
- Ipriflavone —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Papain, Bromelain —Possible Harmful Interaction
- PC-SPES —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Policosanol —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Reishi —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Royal Jelly —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Soy —Possible Harmful Interaction
- St. John's Wort —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Vinpocetine —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Vitamin A —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Vitamin C —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Vitamin E —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Vitamin K —Possible Harmful Interaction
- White Willow —Possible Harmful Interaction
- Other Herbs and Supplements —Possible Harmful Interaction
1 Janetzky K, Morreale AP. Probable interaction between warfarin and ginseng. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:692-693.
2 Mortensen SA, Leth A, Agner E, et al. Dose-related decrease of serum coenzyme Q 10 during treatment with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Mol Aspects Med. 1997;18(suppl):S137-S144.
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11 Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA, Spangenberg P, et al. Extracts of feverfew may inhibit platelet behavior via neutralization of sulphydryl groups. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1987;39:459-465.
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14 Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S. A comparison of the effects of an extract of feverfew and parthenolide, a component of feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42:553-557.
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16 Gadkari JV, Joshi VD. Effect of ingestion of raw garlic on serum cholesterol level, clotting time and fibrinolytic activity in normal subjects. J Postgrad Med. 1991;37:128-131.
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29 Rosenblatt M, Mindel J. Spontaneous hyphema associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract [letter]. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:1108.
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33 Taylor JR, Wilt VM. Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33:426-428.
34 Monostory K, Vereczkey L, Levai F, et al. Ipriflavone as an inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Br J Pharmacol. 1998;123:605-610.
35 Shaw D, Leon C, Kolev S, et al. Traditional remedies and food supplements. A 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf. 1997;17:342-356.
36 Arruzazabala ML, Mas R, Molina V, et al. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation in type II hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Tissue React. 1998;20:119-124.
37 Arruzazabala ML, Mas R, Molina V, et al. Effect of policosanol on platelet aggregation in type II hypercholesterolemic patients. Int J Tissue React. 1998;20:119-124.
38 Arruzazabala ML, Valdes S, Mas R, et al. Effect of policosanol successive dose increases on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res. 1996;34:181-185.
39 Arruzazabala ML, Valdes S, Mas R, et al. Comparative study of policosanol, aspirin and the combination therapy policosanol-aspirin on platelet aggregation in healthy volunteers. Pharmacol Res. 1997;36:293-297.
40 Maurer A. Interaction of St. John's wort extract with phenprocoumon. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55:A22.
41 Jobst KA, McIntyre M, St. George D, et al. Safety of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) . Lancet. 2000:355:575.
42 Johne A, Brockmuller J, Bauer S, et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction of digoxin with an herbal extract from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) . Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1999;66:338-345.
43 Yue QY, Bergquist C, Gerden B. Safety of St. John's wort [letter]. Lancet. 2000;355:576-577.
44 Hitzenberger G, Sommer W, Grandt R. Influence of vinpocetine on warfarin-induced inhibition of coagulation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol. 1990;28:323-328.
45 Harris JE. Interaction of dietary factors with oral anticoagulants: review and applications. J Am Dietet Assoc. 1995;95:580-584.
46 Harris JE. Interaction of dietary factors with oral anticoagulants: review and applications. J Am Dietet Assoc. 1995;95:580-584.
47 Schrogie JJ. Letter: Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins. JAMA. 1975;232:19.
48 Rosenthal G. Interaction of ascorbic acid and warfarin [letter]. JAMA. 1971;215:1671.
49 Smith EC, Skalski RJ, Johnson GC, et al. Interaction of ascorbic acid and warfarin [letter]. JAMA. 1972;221:1166.
50 White JG, Rao GH, Gerrard JM. Effects of nitroblue tetrazolium and vitamin E on platelet ultrastructure, aggregation, and secretion. Am J Pathol. 1977;88:387-402.
51 Kim JM, White RH. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol. 1996;77:545-546.
52 Corrigan J, Marcus FI. Coagulopathy associated with vitamin E ingestion. JAMA. 1974;230:1300-1301.
53 Schrogie JJ. Letter: Coagulopathy and fat-soluble vitamins. JAMA. 1975;232:19.
54 Pedersen FM, Hamberg O, Hess K, et al. The effect of dietary vitamin K on warfarin-induced anticoagulation. J Intern Med. 1991;229:517-520.
55 Chow WH, Chow TC, Tse TM, et al. Anticoagulation instability with life-threatening complication after dietary modification. Postgrad Med J. 1990;66:855-857.
56 Weinrobe MC, Montgomery B. Acquired bleeding diathesis in a patient taking PC-SPES [letter]. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:1213-1214.
57 Lambert JP, Cormier A. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:509-512.
58 Su C, Shiao M, Wang C. Potentiation of ganodermic acid S on prostaglandin E(1)-induced cyclic AMP elevation in human platelets. Thromb Res. 2000;99:135-145.
59 Engelsen J, Nielsen JD, Winther K. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in stable, long-term warfarin treated outpatients. A randomised, double blind, placebo-crossover trial. Thromb Haemost. 2002;87:1075-1076.
60 Kiss B, Karpati E. Mechanism of action of vinpocetine [in Hungarian; English abstract]. Acta Pharm Hung. 1996;66:213-214.
61 Sovak M, Seligson AL, Konas M, et al. PC-SPES in prostate cancer: an herbal mixture currently containing warfarin and previously diethylstilbestrol and indomethacin. Presented at: 93rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; April 6-10, 2002; San Francisco, CA.
62 AbdelFattah W, Hammad T. Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine: A review of their safety profile. JANA 2001;3:16-23.
63 Yuan CS, Wei G, Dey L, et al. American ginseng reduces warfarin's effect in healthy patients. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:23-27.
64 Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:592-599.
65 Committee on Safety of Medicines. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Current Problems in Pharmacovigilance. 2003;29:8.
66 Kohler S, Funk P, Kieser M. Influence of a 7-day treatment with Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on bleeding time and coagulation: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis. 2004;15:303-309.
67 Kudolo GB, Dorsey S, Blodgett J. Effect of the ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract on platelet aggregation and urinary prostanoid excretion in healthy and Type 2 diabetic subjects. Thromb Res. 2002;108:151-160.
68 Bal Dit Sollier C, Caplain H, Drouet L. No alteration in platelet function or coagulation induced by EGb761 in a controlled study. Clin Lab Haematol. 2003;25:251-253.
69 Hauser D, Gayowski T, Singh N. Bleeding complications precipitated by unrecognized Gingko biloba use after liver transplantation. Transpl Int. 2002;15:377-379. Epub 2002 Jun 19.
70 Fong KC, Kinnear PE. Retrobulbar haemorrhage associated with chronic Gingko biloba ingestion. Postgrad Med J. 2003;79:531-532.
71 Cambria-Kiely JA. Effect of soy milk on warfarin efficacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2002;36:1893-1896.
72 Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of St John's wort and ginseng on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;57:592-599.
73 Beatty SJ, Mehta BH, Rodis JL. Decreased warfarin effect after initiation of high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets. Ann Pharmacother. 2005;39:744-747.
74 Segal R, Pilote L. Warfarin interaction with Matricaria chamomilla. CMAJ. 2006;174:1281-1282.
75 Greenblatt DJ, von Moltke LL, Perloff ES, et al. Interaction of flurbiprofen with cranberry juice, grape juice, tea, and fluconazole: In vitro and clinical studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79:125-133.
76 Kudolo GB, Wang W, Barrientos J, et al. The ingestion of gingko biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibits arachidonic acid-mediated platelet aggregation and thromboxane B 2 production in healthy volunteers. J Herb Pharmacother. 2005;4:13-26.
77 Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59:425-432.
78 Buckley MS, Goff AD, Knapp WE, et al. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38:50-52.
79 Jiang X, Williams KM, Liauw WS, et al. Effect of ginkgo and ginger on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;59:425-432.
80 Li Z, Seeram NP, Carpenter CL, et al. Cranberry does not affect prothrombin time in male subjects on warfarin. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:2057-2061.
81 Pham DQ, Pham AQ. Interaction potential between cranberry juice and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64:490-494.
82 Welch JM, Forster K. Probable elevation in international normalized ratio from cranberry juice. J Pharm Technol. 2007;23:104-107.
83 Lee NJ, Fermo JD. Warfarin and royal jelly interaction. Pharmacotherapy. 2006;26:583-586.
84 Rombouts EK, Rosendaal FR, van der Meer FJ. Daily vitamin K supplementation improves anticoagulant stability. J Thromb Haemost. 2007 Jul 31. [Epub ahead of print]
85 Lee SH, Ahn YM, Ahn SY, et al. Interaction between warfarin and Panax ginseng in ischemic stroke patients. J Altern Complement Med. 2008 Jul 20.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 09/2014 -
- Update Date: 09/18/2014 -
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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text:
Mining Publication: Safety Concerns Associated With the Use of Electrically Powered Haulage to Remove Workers from Mines During Main Fan Stoppages
Original creation date: October 2002
The roles of main mine fans in underground mines are to induce airflow and continuously remove hazardous gases and dust. While most larger mines use multiple fans to accomplish these tasks, many smaller mines employ only a single fan. This paper concentrates on those mines having only one fan to provide ventilation needs. If this fan should cease to function, it is likely that methane concentrations will increase in some areas of the mine. As a safety precaution, Federal Regulations require that personnel must begin evacuating the mine within fifteen minutes after fan stoppage. Powered haulage can be used to transport workers to the mine portal as long as travel is through areas where hazardous levels of methane are not expected. To determine where methane will accumulate along haulageways during a fan stoppage, air samples must be taken at specific areas and analyzed for hazardous gases. During this study, procedures were developed for measuring methane levels along haulageways that are used to exit a mine following stoppage of the main mine fan. Methane levels were measured in four different mines at selected underground locations during four planned fan stoppages. In these mines the measurements taken only at the specified locations showed that, if workers had used electrically powered haulage to exit the mine following a fan stoppage, the methane accumulated along haulageways during fan stoppages would not have significantly increased the risk of an ignition.
Conference PaperOctober - 2002
NIOSHTIC2 Number: 20023154
In: De Souze E, ed. Mine Ventilation: Proceedings of the North American/Ninth U.S. Mine Ventilation Symposium (Kingston, Ontario, Canada, Jun 8-12, 2002). Lisse, The Netherlands: A. A. Balkema; 2002 Oct; :649-653
Contact Us:
- Office of Mine Safety and Health (OMSHR)
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
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text:
dual display - primary, secondary monitor...
nv driver don't seem to support dual head setting...
i use now nvidia driver.... i have 2 crt monitor....
on my gf4 i have a vga and dvi port...
if both monitor connected, monitor connected on the dvi port is the primary....
is there a way to said primary monitor is connected to vga port?
i would like to use my best monitor on vga port... i can use it on the dvi port... but i need a dvi to vga converter and we lost quality... ( i use this adapter for my older monitor...)
dell p1130 to dvi port (primary monitor)
aoc 9klr to vga port (secondary monitor)
i would like to do
dell p1130 to vga port (primary monitor)
aoc 9klr to dvi port (secondary monitor)
Re: dual display - primary, secondary monitor...
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Critics' Lists: Summer 2012
7:03 am
Wed August 15, 2012
Lit, Illustrated: Five Fantastic Graphic Novels
By editor
Originally published on Fri December 6, 2013 3:15 pm
This year, some of the biggest names in cartooning offered major releases in genres ranging from alternative science fiction to historical fiction to memoir. Through a masterful blending of words and images, these five titles reveal the vast storytelling possibilities of the graphic-novel medium. Each book is created by a singular writer/artist, and offers a wholly unique point of view in both narrative and illustration.
Great entry points to the world of graphic storytelling and must-haves for longtime fans of the form, these picks are a tonic — and the perfect summer-reading adventure.
Copyright 2013 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.


text:
JoAnn Trejo
Professor of Pharmacology
Ph.D., University of California, San Diego
Phone: 858-246-0150
Fax: 858-822-0041
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Key Words: proteases, G protein-coupled receptors, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, ubiquitination, inflammation, endothelial cells, breast cancer
The focus of our research is on protease signaling in vascular cells and cancer progression. Endothelial cells line blood vessels and form a semi-permeable barrier. During vascular injury and inflammation breakdown of the endothelial barrier occurs. We are examining how activation of GPCRs by distinct proteases differentially regulates endothelial barrier permeability through selective activation of signaling pathways. The capacity of distinct ligands to elicit unique signaling responses through activation of the same receptor is a phenomenon termed biased agonism. The mechanisms that control PAR biased signaling in endothelial cells and other cell types is not known and is a focus of our research. PARs are a family of GPCRs that are uniquely activated by proteolysis. Due to the unusual irreversible proteolytic mechanism of activation, endocytic trafficking is critical for controlling the fidelity of PAR signaling. We have discovered a novel ubiquitin-independent sorting pathway that regulates PAR1 trafficking from endosomes to lysosomes. We are currently examining how the function of this unique endocytic sorting machinery is regulated. We also discovered that PAR1 trafficking is dysregulated in invasive breast cancer and consequently the receptor signals persistently and transactivates EGFR and ErbB2 to promote tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The molecular mechanism responsible for dysregulated PAR1 trafficking in invasive breast cancer is not known and currently being investigated. We are examining how signaling by PAR is regulated by post-translational modifications and dimerization with other PARs at the cell surface and on endosomes and the impact on cellular behaviors. We use biochemical, cell biology and molecular biological approaches including BRET, TIRF and confocal imaging as well as siRNA library screens.
Selected Publications | PubMed Listing
U.J.K. Soh and J. Trejo. (2011) Activated protein C promotes protease-activated receptor-1 cytoprotective signaling through beta-arrestins and dishevelled-2 scaffolds. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.108: E1372-E1380
M.R. Dores, B. Chen, H. Lin, U.J.K. Soh, M.M. Paing, W. A. Montagne, T. Meerloo and J. Trejo. (2012) ALIX binds a YPX3L motif of the GPCR PAR1 and mediates ubiquitin-independent ESCRT-III/MVB sorting. J. Cell Biol. 197: 407-419
H. Lin and J. Trejo. (2013) Transactivation of the PAR1-PAR2 heterodimer by thrombin elicits beta-arrestin-mediated endosomal signaling. J. Biol. Chem. 288:11203-1121


text:
My new exhibition at Exeter University Innovation Centre
Here's some advance notice of my new show at the Innovation Centre, starting a week tomorrow (July 2nd).
The theme of the exhibition is exploring ideas of evolution - biological evolution, and the evolution of pattern and form.
I will be showing sequences of photographs which trace possible evolutionary pathways as expressed in different media - ink/water, ink/glycerol, smoke, and light/glass. The different media reveal connections that illuminate the development of pattern, and time-based sequences join the dots between different stages of the evolutionary journey.
The image featured on the brochure below is a detail from 'Rhythm and counter-rhythm'. This image, created using the Ahlborn tank at the University, shows patterns of parallel flows of ink running at different speeds. The complete image can be seen below in my June 21st entry 'Complex flows', and shows how paths of similar direction may be followed with very different results.
OK ......... on with the preparations - lots to do!!


text:
An apparatus and method are provided for detecting physical memory connected to a memory slot of a computer. The amount of physical memory within each bank is determined during boot up of the computer. Specifically, an extended physical address range exceeding 232 bytes can be accessed and, therefore, detected from boot up code contained within a ROM. The ROM contains translation tables which allow a 32 bit linear address to be translated to a physical address which can reside at boundary address locations of the fill extended physical address range. Each boundary location can be tested by writing to and reading from the specific boundary addresses to determine if physical memory is present within a sector in which the boundary address page resides. The sectors are equally spaced across the physical address range so that boot up can detect physical memory sequentially along the sector boundaries, either beginning with the lowest addressable sector or beginning at the highest addressable sector.
1. A method for detecting physical memory size within a memory bank, comprising:
addressing a read only memory (ROM) containing a page translation table which points to a base address within a memory page among a plurality of memory pages evenly spaced across the physical memory size;
writing data at an address offset from the base address;
reading data at the address previously written to;
comparing the read data with the written data to determine if physical memory is present within a sector of the memory bank containing the memory page; and
repeating said addressing, writing, reading, and comparing steps for at least a portion of the plurality of memory pages in sequentially increasing page order beginning with the page having the smallest address within the physical memory size, wherein said addressing, writing, reading and comparing occur during boot up of a computer embodying the memory bank.
2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said comparing comprises recognizing physical memory size within the memory bank as being equal to the largest sector containing an address at which the read data equals the written data.
3. The method as recited in claim 2, further comprising configuring a memory controller with the recognized physical memory size.
4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein said addressing comprises pointing to a base address greater than 232 bytes of contiguous physical memory.
5. A method for detecting physical memory size within a memory bank, comprising:
addressing a read only memory (ROM) containing a page translation table which points to a base address within a memory page among a plurality of memory pages evenly spaced across the physical memory size;
writing data at an address offset from the base address;
reading data at the address previously written to;
comparing the read data with the written data to determine if physical memory is present within a sector of the memory bank containing the memory page; and
repeating said addressing, writing, reading, and comparing steps for at least a portion of the plurality of memory pages in sequentially decreasing page order beginning with the page having the largest address within the physical memory size, wherein said addressing, writing, reading and comparing occur during boot up of a computer embodying the memory bank.
6. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein said comparing comprises recognizing physical memory size within the memory bank as being equal to the smallest sector containing an address at which the read data equals the written data.
7. The method as recited in claim 5, further comprising configuring a memory controller with the recognized physical memory size.
8. The method as recited in claim 5, wherein said addressing comprises pointing to a base address greater than 232 bytes of contiguous physical memory.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a computer and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for detecting, during computer reset, the size of a contiguous physical memory size residing within one or more memory banks inserted into the computer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Modern microprocessors and/or computers address according to byte granularity. This means memory is generally organized and accessed as a sequence of bytes, and a byte address is used to address memory. Byte addressable memory encompasses what is generally referred to as memory address space.
The memory address space, and therefore processors operating from that space, can be segmented. Segmented addressing supports programs operating from separate and distinct address segments. For example, a program can keep its code (instructions), stack addresses, data and various global or local descriptor tables in separate segments independent from one another. This allows the execution environment within each of the various segments to operate independent of one another to achieve multi-tasking.
The execution environment of each segment can be paged. Paging is a mechanism of memory management which allows the most recently accessed pages to be held in physical memory instead of slower disk space. As such, physical memory herein refers to semiconductor memory involving a rather large contiguous address space which can be written to and read from. Generally speaking, physical memory may refer to random access memory (RAM). A benefit of paging is the ability to swap byte addressable space between physical memory and disk storage, where more recently addressed memory is chosen to reside in RAM rather than disk storage.
The location of pages, often referred to as page frames, reside in physical memory and is contained in a two-system data structure—a page directory and a page table. When coupled with segmentation, paging provides a mechanism for implementing a conventional demand-paged, virtual-memory system where sections of a program's execution environment are mapped into physical memory as needed. As such, paging allows a data structure to partly reside in physical memory and partly within disk storage. To minimize the number of bus cycles required for address translation, the most recently accessed page directory and page table entries can be cached in the processor in devices called translation lookaside buffers (TLBs).
Modern processors support several modes of operation, whereby addressing differs depending on which mode the processor currently resides. For example, a Pentium Pro� processor supports protected mode and real mode addressing schemes. In real mode, the microprocessor can address a limit of 1 Mbyte of real mode memory. However, in protected mode, the addressable memory can be extended to 4 Gbytes. The Pentium Pro� microprocessor resides in real mode following power-up or reset. However, a flag can thereafter be set in the control register of the processor to determine if the processor is to operate in protected mode.
Although protected mode allows the microprocessor to access more than 1 Mbytes of memory, many modern microprocessors such as the Pentium Pro� processor utilize an address bus exceeding 32 bits. This allows the address bus to access, for example, 36 bits of information comparable to 236, or 64 Gbytes. In many server applications, it is desirable to use physical memory exceeding 4 Gbytes. However, to do so, paging is needed to translate from 4 Gbytes to 64 Gbytes. Conventional techniques for performing such translation is both time consumptive and burdensome.
Conventional paging and/or translation between a linear address space seen by a processor and physical address space of actual physical memory and disk storage occurs within page tables and page directories which form a part of, and are derived from, the physical memory. In order to translate between 4 Gbytes and 64 Gbytes, the page translation tables and directories must first be established within RAM, and then the formulated page translation tables will allow translation to the extended (greater than 4 Gbyte) range.
A problem exists, however, whenever the computer is first initialized during reset or boot up. During boot up, the computer must detect or "feel" for physical memory present within the computer. The detection process involves the processor determining physical memory size by writing to an address and reading from that address. The fact that the stored value equals the address read indicates that physical memory is present at least at that address. The concept of writing to and reading from an address proves advantageous over setting jumper wires or dual in-line package (DIP) switches.
If the translation tables are to be established in RAM, then boot up must entail detecting physical memory less than 4 Gbytes and then, from the detected memory space, establishing translation tables within a portion of that detected space. Only at this time can the extended memory range be detected from the translation tables.
The sequential operation of detecting a limited physical address range, then building translation tables within a portion of that range, and then finally detecting the remainder of the physical address space within the extended range exceeding 4 Gbytes adds significant time to the boot-up procedure. Thus, translation tables built within either cache or RAM pose significant limitations against being able to detect the entire 36-bit physical address range during a single boot-up step.
The problems outlined above are in large part solved by an apparatus and method for detecting an entire extended physical address range using translation tables stores in read only memory (ROM). The ROM can either be configured on a mezzanine bus (i.e., PCI bus) or a more distal bus, such as an ISA or EISA bus. The ROM maintains the translation tables in hardware, and is accessible whenever the processor is initiated during computer boot up or reset. The computer BIOS stored in ROM will load a control register within the processor, and that control register will point to a base address within a page directory pointer table (PDPI). The base address, coupled with a page directory entry and an offset of a linear address will access a physical address within a page equally spaced from other pages across the entire extended 64 Gbyte physical address range.
The combination of a linear address forwarded from the processor and the base address forwarded from a control register within the processor defines at least one address within a page among numerous pages within a sector. There may be numerous sectors evenly spaced across the physical address space so as to allow mapping or translation from a linear address to a physical address residing within a page and, more importantly, to one page within a sector. Separation between adjacent sectors are known as boundary addresses which can be written to and read from in order to test (or detect) physical memory present at that boundary.
Detecting physical memory at only one physical address within a sector, preferably at or near the boundary address, allows for quick determination of the extent (or size) of physical memory present within the entire physical address space, including the extended physical address range (e.g., physical address range extending above 236 to 236 bytes). By placing the translation tables within ROM, translation to the entire extended range available to the processor address bus can be achieved during boot up. This avoids the limitation of detecting only a portion of the physical memory space, build translation tables, and then detect the remaining, extended physical memory space as in conventional designs.
According to one embodiment, an apparatus is provided for detecting physical memory size within a computer system. The apparatus comprises ROM embodying a page translation table for translating a first address within a first address range to a second address residing possibly at a boundary address separated from another boundary address by a plurality of contiguous addresses within a second address range. The boundary address is therefore an address within a page located at the boundary within a sector closely adjacent another sector. The page translation table is accessed during initialization of the computer system. After the ROM-based translation tables has determined the whereabouts and size of physical memory, the page translation tables can thereafter be implemented, during post boot-up operation, within the physical memory space or RAM.
According to another embodiment, a computer is provided. The computer includes a processor and physical memory operably coupled to the processor. ROM is also operably coupled to the processor for receiving a plurality of linear addresses from the processor and for translating the linear addresses to a corresponding plurality of physical addresses equally spaced across the physical address space.
A method is further provided for detecting physical memory size within a memory bank. The method includes addressing ROM containing a page translation table which points to a base address within a memory page among a plurality of memory pages evenly spaced across the physical address size. Data is then written at an address offset from the base address. Data at the address previously written to is then read so as to compare the read data with the written data. If the comparison is such that the bits are equal, for example, then it is determined that physical memory is present within a sector of the memory bank containing the memory page.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a computer system comprising various buses, bus interface units and a ROM in which page translation tables are stored;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of page translation from a linear address to a physical address in general;
FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the ROM based page translation tables used to translate a linear address to one of a plurality of pages during times when the physical memory (or system memory) is being detected during computer boot up from ROM;
FIG. 4 is block diagram of memory address translation of the plurality of pages across granular boundaries of an extended physical memory detected during computer boot up from ROM;
FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of steps used to detect the size of extended physical memory by incrementing upward along granular boundaries during computer boot up from ROM, according to one embodiment; and
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of steps used to detect the size of extended physical memory by decrementing downward along granular boundaries during computer boot up from ROM, according to another embodiment.
While the invention may be modified and have alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit the invention to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Turning to FIG. 1, a computer 10 is illustrated having multiples buses, including a CPU bus (processor bus), a mezzanine or PCI bus, and a peripheral bus or ISA/EISA bus. The CPU bus connects a CPU or processor 12 to a bus interface unit or north bridge 14. A cache memory is preferably embodied within processor 12 and/or linked to processor 12 by the CPU bus. Bus interface unit 14 provides an interface between components clocked at dissimilar rates. Bus interface unit 14 preferably contains a memory controller which allows communication to and from physical memory 18. A suitable physical memory 18 comprises RAM.
Bus interface unit 14 is generally considered an application specific chip set or application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) that provides connectivity to various buses, and integrates other system functions such as memory interface and P1394. Physical memory 18 is considered the main memory and refers to a portion of physical address space that the majority of memory accesses target. A disk may also be present such that the combination of physical memory and disk is seen by the processor as virtual memory. The RAM or semiconductor memory is considered the largest continuous memory space of computer 10.
Coupled between the mezzanine bus and the peripheral bus is another bus interface unit 20 often referred to as a south bridge. Similar to interface 14, south bridge 20 operates to buffer transfers between buses of dissimilar clocking speeds. The interface units may also include an arbitration mechanism necessary to grant mastership of the buses to which they connect. According to one embodiment, ROM 22 is connected to the PCI bus. ROM 22 embodies specific instructions needed during reset, initialization or boot up of computer 10. Those instructions form a part of the BIOS execution. According to another embodiment, ROM 22 can be connected to the peripheral bus. In either instance, ROM 22 contains initialization software and, as will be described below, translation needed to access an extended range of physical memory space during initialization. Further shown are peripheral devices or input/output devices 24 and 26 which operate as master/slave units coupled to their respective buses for transferring input information or receiving output information. Input/output devices are well known in computer architecture. For example, devices 24 and 26 can include hard disk drives, floppy drives, an electronic display, and a printer, or any other device which is physically separate from a monolithic printed circuit board on which processor 12 is either directly or indirectly coupled. Devices 24 and 26 contained separate from the processor-embodied board are hereinafter referred to as peripheral devices. Thus, peripheral devices are mechanically separate from the printed circuit "motherboard" (i.e., board having sockets into which the processor-embodied board can be coupled, or sockets into which leads of the processor can be coupled).
FIG. 2 illustrates various translation tables 30 contained within ROM 22 of FIG. 1. The translation tables serve to translate between a linear address space 32 seen by the memory bus agent (i.e., the processor or input/output device) and a physical address space 34 associated with the physical memory. FIG. 2 thereby shows the general concept of paging, whereby the processor's address space (linear address space) is divided into protected address spaces called segments. Each segment is divided into a plurality of pages, which are stored either in physical memory or on the disk. When a program (or task) attempts to access an address location in the linear address space 32, the processor uses a page directory 36 and a page table 38 to translate the linear address into a physical address and then performs the requested operation (read or write) on the memory location. If the page being accessed is not currently in the physical memory of space 34, the processor interrupts execution of the program, reads the page into physical memory from the disk, and then continues executing the program.
The linear address dispatched by the processor is shown as reference numeral 40. Address 40 includes three address portions: a first portion used to determine offset within page directory 36, a second portion used to determine offset within page table 38, and a third portion used to determine offset within a page of physical address space 34. The base address of page table 38 is determined from the address forwarded from page directory 36, and the base address of a page within space 34 is determined by an address dispatched from page table 38. The conventional concept of segmentation and paging is generally well known and described in various articles, some of which include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,481,688; 4,680,700; 5,564,052; and 5,640,528 (herein incorporated by reference).
While the concept of translation from a linear address to a physical address within a physical address space is well known, performing translation during initialization of the computer system and, more specifically, during the time in which physical memory is detected is not well known. In fact, this concept forms at least a portion of the ROM-based page translation tables described herein below. FIG. 3 illustrates one such mechanism for converting a linear address to a physical address, such that the physical address can extend to the maximum capacity of the processor address bus. Modern processors, such as the Pentium Pro� implement a 36 bit address bus. However, the internal registers of the processor are limited to 32 bit registers mandated by the X86 instruction set. This means the linear address is limited to 32 bits. However, the physical address space can extend to 236 or 64 Gbytes. It is thereby noted that in order to access beyond 232, or 4 Gbytes, translation is needed. Translation however becomes a problem and is relatively burdensome during the initialization of the computer since conventional translation involves direct mapping (absent paging and/or translation) to physical memory in order to detect the size of physical memory and then once detection is complete, the translation tables are generated within the physical memory. The problem is further compounded if the physical memory of a modern microprocessor extends beyond 4 Gbytes.
According to one embodiment hereof, the linear address space is translated during initialization or boot-up of the computer, across the entire physical address space, and even within the extended physical address space exceeding 4 Gbytes. This feature is carried forth by placing the translation tables within the ROM itself.
Included within the processor is a control register, noted in the Pentium Pro� architecture as register CR3, or PDBR. Control register CR3 is shown as numeral 41, and encompasses any register within the processor which can be loaded by the BIOS routine so as to contain an address indicative of a base address for a page directory pointer table 42. Page directory pointer table (PDPT) 42 is contained within ROM 22 (shown in FIG. 1), as is page directory (PD) 44. In order to access the extended range, page directory pointer table 42 is added, beyond that shown in FIG. 2. Also, the size of entries within PDPT and PD tables 42 and 44, respectively, are increased from 32 bits to 64 bits, and the maximum number of entries in tables 42 and 44 is 512.
The outcome of page directory entry within page directory 44 points to a base address of a page shown, according to one embodiment, as a 2 Mbyte page 48. Linear address 50 thereby determines the offset within tables 42 and 44, and also determines the offset of the page frame 48 so that a specific physical address entry can be determined.
In addition to register CR3, the processor also contains various other control registers. For example, register CR0 contains a bit which determines whether page translation mechanism is to be enabled. It is noted that the processor operating mode begins in real mode, and then can change to protected mode by setting the paging flag within register CR0. Another register CR4 determines whether the page size will be a 2 Mbyte page or a 4 Kbyte page. The flag which enables either the 4 Mbyte or 2 Kbyte page length is dissimilar from another bit within register CR4 which is used to enable the extended 36 bit physical address. As such, a Pentium Pro� can accommodate a physical address of 64 Gbytes by simply enabling a bit within register CR4. Register CR0, CR3, and CR4 can be loaded during initialization of the computer by a simple software routine such as, e.g., MOV.
FIG. 3 illustrates another embodiment in which the page size extension flag is set for 4 Kbyte page size 52. In this embodiment, ROM 22 may include three tables, table PDPT 54, table PD 56, and another table (page table) PT 58. The combination of tables 54, 56, and 58 determine the base address of a 4 Kbyte page 52. A linear address 60 forwarded from the processor register will determine offsets within each of the various pages and an offset within the 4 Kbyte page frame 52.
According to the embodiment in which a 2 Mbyte page is used, it is noted that 2 bits may be attributed to determining the offset within PDPT table 42 and 9 bits can be used to determine the offset within PD 44. This provides a translation of 4�512 or 2K pages. The combination of 2K pages and a 2 Mbyte page size allows for access of 4 Gbytes of physical memory. However, accessing the full extended physical address space beyond 4 Gbytes can be achieved by changing the pointer in register 41 to point to another page directory pointer table, which in turn points to another set of page directories and page tables. Sixteen different sets of table 42, each having an associated table 44, can achieve 4Gbytes�16 or 64 Gbyte physical memory. If, however, a 4 Kbyte page is used, then the translation afforded by a 2 bit input to table 54, a 9 bit input to table 56, and a 9 bit input to table 58 provide 4�512�512, or 2220 (1 M) pages. The combination of 1 M pages and 4 Kbyte page size offers 4 Gbyte address range. However, when coupled with another 15 possible tables 54, and associated page tables 56 and 58, a full 64 Gbyte physical address range can be accessed.
FIG. 4 indicates, in more simplistic fashion, the translation offered by translation tables within ROM 22. More specifically, FIG. 4 indicates an embodiment in which a 2 Mbyte page is addressed, similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The base address of each 2 Mbyte page is addressed by the ROM-based translation tables. As noted earlier, translation can access two thousand 2 Mbyte pages. As shown in FIG. 4, each Mbyte page is located within a sector 70, and therefore there are 1,000 sectors 70 which make up a 64 Gbyte physical address size. In other words, translation afforded by ROM 22 (shown in FIG. 3) translates a plurality of 2 Mbyte pages spaced equal distances apart across the 64 Gbyte physical address range. In the example shown, each sector 70 is 32 Mbytes in size, equal to 16 potential changes in the pointer outcome from control register 41 (FIG. 3), whereby 16�2 Mbyte equals 32 Mbytes.
According to the example shown in FIG. 4, the granularity at which a 64 Gbyte physical memory is detected is established as a 32 Mbyte boundary. In this manner, the linear address space can access a boundary address within one page of each sector 70. The remaining pages and/or addresses within those pages need not be accessed in order to detect if physical memory is present within that sector. Accordingly, a sector represents the smallest amount of physical memory (granularity) than can be detected. Since translation affords a potential for 2K boundary addresses spaced across respective 2K separate pages, a 64 Gbyte physical memory can be detected during computer boot up exclusively from the ROM.
FIG. 5 illustrates a methodology, or series of steps, used to detect physical memory. Once the computer system is initiated during boot up or reset 72, the processor is initialized 74. This means the processor control registers are written to and all code, data, stack and system segments, as well as the global descriptor table or local descriptor table can be paged. Initializing the processor involves reading an address from control register CR3 once CR0 establishes protected mode, and the page size extensions as well as physical address extension bits are set in register CR4.
Given that the processor initializes the various registers, a select bank of memory can be detected among possibly numerous banks at step 76. Beginning with that bank only, a write operation occurs at the minimum grain size 78. According to the example shown in FIG. 4, the minimum grain size is established by sector 70 as a 32 Mbyte grain size. In this manner, the lowest addressable sector is written to preferably a boundary immediately above the lowest address of the physical address space. Thereafter, the data written to that address boundary is read 82. If comparison 84 yields read data equaling written data 82, then it is determined that physical memory resides within the lowermost sector. This allows the next sector to be written 86. Preferably, the boundary address immediately above the lowest sector is written to. Thereafter read 82 occurs for each sector extending upward toward the highest available sector.
If the first sector read information is not consistent with the data written to that sector boundary address, then determination must be made on whether this is the first read operation, i.e., whether this is the first sector or lower most sector within the physical address range 90. If so, then it is noted there is no physical memory present within that bank, and the memory controller is configured accordingly at step 92.
If, however, the sector being read is not the lowermost sector, then once the comparison of a sector is not favorable, the bank size is determined to be the previously written sector or sectors 94. The memory controller is configured accordingly 96.
The process of determining the presence of physical memory across sectors of an extended physical address space must be repeated for each bank which forms that space. Thus, determination 98 must be made as to whether all banks were processed, i.e., whether all banks have been detected. If not, then the entire process shown in FIG. 5 is repeated again for the remaining banks. If, however, all the banks have been processed, then step 100 occurs to allow paging to be disabled. This means that the pertinent bits within register CR0, CR3, and CR4 are cleared before memory detection is ended 102.
FIG. 6 illustrates an alternative methodology for detecting physical memory. Steps 72, 74, and 76 are similar to that shown in FIG. 5. However, instead of writing at the minimum grain size, writing occurs at the maximum addressable space within the selected bank. This is dictated by the SIMM hardware size which a bank can accommodate. Write step 104 occurs at an address boundary of a page within the maximum memory address. The address which was written to can then be read 106 to determine if memory resides at that address. Thus, a comparison 108 is performed. If the read and write data favorably compares, then the bank size is equal to the previously written size 110, and the memory controller is configured accordingly 112.
If the read data does not favorably compare, then the maximum memory address is divided by two. For example, a 1 Mbyte maximum bank size can be reduced to 512 K via step 114. A new address within the reduced size can then be written to 116 and read from 106 to determine if memory has retained the written to data. If not, the process is repeated by dividing the memory offset by another factor of two (e.g., to 256 K, etc.) Once favorable comparison is achieved, then the previously written size is determined to be the proper bank size.
The aforementioned process is repeated for all banks 118. Once physical memory in each bank has been detected and quantified, then paging is disabled and the process is ended as shown by steps 120 and 122.
It will be appreciated to those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure that the embodiments described herein are believed to be capable of detecting a physical address range exceeding 232 using translation tables contained within the boot up hardware of a ROM. It is intended that the following claims be interpreted to embrace various modifications and changes to the embodiments described herein. Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense.
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Chloe is on Jimmy Fallon to promote her latest film, Hugo which opens in theatres today. Check out her pics:
November 22 2011: Visits Late Night With Jimmy Fallon
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UPDATE 8th July 2013
PROJECT ACCOMPLISHED - 'The Bridge to Nowhere' has finally been completed. Click here to find out about the completed project.
Sustrans is working in Glasgow on the unfinished 'Bridge to Nowhere' – which links central Glasgow to Anderston and beyond – to create a number of safe and attractive traffic free routes for pedestrians and cyclists between the City Centre, the Clyde Waterfront and the West of Glasgow.
The Bridge to Nowhere was funded by the Big Lottery Fund, Strathclyde Partnership for Transport, Cycling Walking and Safer Streets, Cycling Action Plan for Scotland funding directly from Transport Scotland, Community Landfill Tax and Road Safety Framework through Sustrans.
As well as completing the iconic Bridge to Nowhere (pictured in its unfinished state, above) the scheme will create a garden link from Kelvingrove Park via Elderslie Street and Argyle Street and rearrange Waterloo Street to allow two-way cycling along to Glasgow Central Station.
This project goes a long way to overcoming the barrier formed by the M8 which cuts through Glasgow and not only will provide a link to the riverside but also a link between the riverside promenades, the magnificent Kelvingrove Park and up the River Kelvin Way to the Forth and Clyde Canal. This route will become National Cycle Network Route 756.
The project will be completed in early July 2013 and launched on 8th July 2013.
A further event is planned on the 7th September 2013 to celebrate the successful project and promote it to route users throughout the area.


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Posted at: 06/16/2013 10:56 PM
By: Stuart Dyson, KOB Eyewitness News 4
The state has caught a break in recent days with more humidity, lower winds, and cooler temperatures - a chance to slow down wildfires and get them under control, but it looks like that could be changing by mid-week.
A firefighters' nightmare: Strong west winds, lower humidity, higher temperatures - a return to blast-furnace weather that could result in contained fires jumping the lines and uncontained fires going wild.
Federal forecasters at the Southwest Coordination Center see that coming Wednesday and Thursday.
"Looks like we have another hotter and drier period coming up starting in the middle of the week for a few days, but it's tough to get the moisture out of here once it's here - so that's one thing we've noticed through the years - unless you have strong southwest-west winds it's real difficult to get this moisture out of New Mexico," Rich Naden, a fire meteorologist, said.
Last year 380 fires burned 357,000 thousand acres, and this year here have been more fires in the state, but only a fraction of the acres burned.
"We had some timely moist events in April and May and brief cooler periods also helped - and those things all combined with the luck of the human draw to produce a slower season," Naden explained.
But while the state is at the peak of fire danger the end is in sight. The federal forecasters say the signs are pointing to fire season ending in the first week of July with the arrival of cooler wetter air from the Gulf of Mexico.


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Cucina Pazzo serves upscale but unpretentious Italian food from its prime spot in the Central West End. Infused with a rustic American element, Cucina Pazzo also draws influence from various Italian regions. The appetizer menu is extensive, with items such as pork rillettes, mortadella corndogs and housemade chicken and pancetta sausage with Brussels sprouts leaves and blackberry agrodolce. Most of the pastas are made in house; rigatoni al forno is a delicious bake of the tube-shaped pasta, fontina, goat cheese and an Italian sausage version of Bolognese sauce. Notable entrees include hearty short ribs with an apple balsamic glaze and marinated swordfish simply dressed with lemon caper butter and fresh herbs. Cucina Pazzo also serves brunch, and when the weather is nice, there is no more quintessential Central West End experience than a Sunday morning on its patio.


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Establishing a reading culture at school and home is the key to developing reading skills and fostering a passion for books. Such a foundation provides a solid base on which to build further learning that will be sustained through the years.
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Christa Skelton
Search & Social Media
Starting with ddm in 2010 as an email specialist, Christa has grown her skill set considerably. She now occupies one of the few female seats in the interactive department as a UX designer and programmer. Not only has she infiltrated the boys' club, she's got an impeccable record of growing clients' online visibility and viability.


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Everyone's favorite guitar strumming freshman, Gangstern22, is back at it again – this time, it goes out to all you college ladies looking to increase your carnal knowledge if you know what I mean. Enjoy!
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Jersey Shore
Check Out the Trailer For Melanie Iglesias's New MTV Show, Girl Code! (VIDEO)
The beautiful Melanie Iglesias has been having a pretty sweet year so far. She recently get back together with her Guy Code co-star Vinny Guadagnino, and the two have been spending lots of quality time together, even living it up on a recent trip to Vegas with his awesome family.
Now things are about to get even sweeter, as Melanie's snagged herself a role in the brand new MTV show, Girl Code — the spin-off of and "sister show" to MTV2's Guy Code, if you will. (Not to mention she's got yet another MTV show in the works!)
Though we thought we'd have to wait until April to see the show, we got a sneak peek in a brand-new trailer that promises plenty of hilarious stories, girl commentary, and gossip, plus venting plenty about jobs, guys, and everything in between. And based on the video below, it looks pretty damn funny!
According to an MTV press release, Girl Code is strong, smart, and female-driven, "bringing millennial viewers to a new, hilarious how-to manual full of over the top tips to push the envelope and open the dialogue about the wonders and woes of womanhood." The show will feature female stand-up comics, actresses, and musicians, and even a few guys to weigh in along the way.
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Will you be tuning in? Check out the trailer, and then share below!


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With Instructables you can share what you make with the world, and tap into an ever-growing community of creative experts.
In this Instructable I will tell you how to not only be green but save the greens. Read this Instructable and educate yourself to reduce and help the ...
Replace your ordinary light bulbs with Compact Fluorescent Bulbs (CFL Bulbs).Because CFL's last longer and are more Eco friendly.
You can use solar power to power things , because solar power is a great way to reduce your impact on the earth.
Don't let your sink keep running when you brush your teeth, and when you are done washing your hands or brushing your teeth make sure the sink does no...
Turn off the TV and computer in your house when not in use, it saves money on your electric bill and helps the environment of course.
Go out and volunteer, plant trees in your community make the earth greener.
Recycle your family's paper, plastic ,aluminum ,and glass each week.
Turn off the lights after you leave a room. Often many people forget do to so. And this step also save money on your electric bill and helps the earth...
Make sure your car tires are fully inflated every month. This is why, it takes more power and gas to power a car with flat tires then fully pumped one...
Use reusable tote bags in the mall or store, instead of the plastic bags.
Take shorter showers to saves money on your water bill and saves water for the earth.
Drink from refillable water bottles. This way you save money on bottled water and pollute less.(please if you use bottled water recycle your plastic b...
Use e-mail rather then regular mail, try paying your bills online too. It saves paper and time.
Buy rechargeable batteries rather then the ordinary batteries. (If you use ordinary batteries please recycle.)
Choose recycled products for your home and school.Such as reusable coffee filters, recycled paper and so on.
Unplug thing like a microwave, coffee maker,blender when not in use. Because even if there are not on, as long as there plugged in it still uses elect...
Go on the web and find more ways to be green. So that then you could be even green. The Web is a great tool do to so.
The Smart Grid is a program on the computer, that shows you how much electricity things in your home use. This knowledge can ne used to reduce your el...
Make people in your family or friends homemade gifts. For one it saves resources and it's sweeter, it makes people think you toke the time to make som...
To reduce your impact by walking, biking, jogging, riding a scooter, and etc. It saves gas from polluting the earth and you get good exercise.
Last but not least use mechanical pencils instead of regular pencils.Because you can refill them instead of sharping every time it breaks, saves time ...
We have a be nice comment policy. Please be positive and constructive.
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Sheer Pleated Button Up Hi-Lo Blouse
Style # 202163
Pretty and sharp, this bebe button up blouse features crisp pleat style front, sheer lightweight fabric and hidden button up detail. Try it tucked in a party skirt with a statement necklace for an instant going-out look.
- 100% polyester.
- Center back to hem: 29" (74 cm).
- Hand wash.
- Imported.
- Model is 5'9" and is wearing a US size S
Rated 5 out of 5�by 2 reviewers.
Rated 5 out of 5�by Ashleyh It is so comfortable I'm actually wearing the shirt right now. I have already recevied a couple of compliments from co-workers. It is super cute and so comfortable. Love this shirt! November 21, 2012
Rated 5 out of 5�by shell the mineral yellow is a great color for this blouse. i just ordered this blouse im so excited for it to come in. its such a beautiful shirt. its light weight and the color i picked is amazing. can't wait to wear it with some leopard heels. bee is my number one store. October 11, 2012
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