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Polymer non-dispersed low solids drilling fluids can be prepared to tolerate high calcium and salt concentrations by incorporating therein an effective amount of triamino dihexylene pentakis phosphonic acid, tetramino trihexylene hexakis methylene phosphonic acid, salts thereof, or mixtures of the acids or salts.
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United States Patent [1 1 1111 3,880,764 Donham 1 1 Apr. 29, 1975 15 1 POLYMER NON-DISPERSED DRILLING 3.346.488 10/1967 FLUIDS 3.434.970 3/1969 3.472.325 10/1969 [75] Inventor: James E. Donham. Houston. Tex. 3 ,54 51 4 1973 [73] Assignee: Amoco Production Company, Tulsa. FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS Okla- 717.460 9/1965 Canada 252/85 A [22] Filed: Nov. 6, 1972 Primary Examiner-Benjamin R. Padgett [211 App! 304027 Assistant Examiner-E. A. Miller Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Paul F. Hawley; Arthur [52] U.S. Cl. 252/8.5 A; 252/85 B; 252/85 C; McIlroy 175/65 [51] Int. Cl ClOm 3/40 57 ABSTRACT [58} Field of Search 175/65; g Polymer non-dispersed low solids drilling fluids can be prepared to tolerate high calcium and salt concentrations by incorporating therein an effective amount of [56] References Cited triamino dihexylene pentakis phosphonic acid, tet- UNITED STATES PATENTS ramino trihexylene hexakis methylene phosphonic 3.081.260 3/1963 Park 252/85 A acid, salts thereof, or mixtures of the acids or salts. 3.323.603 6/1967 Lummus et all. 252/85 C 3.338.320 8/1967 Gilson ct a1 252/35 c 10 Clam, 2 Drawmg Flgures (ll LOW SOLIDS-AVG. MUD WT. 8.5 (2) ADDITIVE ADDITIONS-AVG. MUD WT. 8.6 (3) ADDITIVE TREATED INTERVAL-AVG. MUD WT. 8.7 (4) SODA ASH TREATED INTERVAL- AVG. MUD WT. 9.0 (5) DISPERSED-AVG. MUD WT.'9.3
INTERVALI |NT.2 INTERVAL3 l INTERVAL4 INTERVAL 5 9.6
p g 8.8 z
8.0 I l 1 r l 0 2 4 6 8 IO l2 I4 16 DEPTH I000 POLYMER NON-DISPERSED DRILLING FLUIDS The present invention relates to novel drilling fluids and to their use in environments previously considered unsuitable for such fluids. More particularly, it relates to use of amino alkyl phosphonic acids in conventional weighted or unweighted polymer non-dispersed drilling fluids to render the latter useful in the presence of high calcium and salt concentrations.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The use of low solids polymer non-dispersed muds is widely accepted as a valuable adjunct to optimized drilling techniques to allow optimum hydraulics, borehole stability and maximum penetration rates.
Polymer non-dispersed muds are applicable to a wide range of conditions encountered in drillng, both in weighted and non-weighted systems. Their unique dril ling properties are due to the maintenance of low drilled solids content and optimum flow characteristics, allowing maximum advantage to be realized from computerized hydraulic programs, bit weight-rotary speed calculations and optimized bit selection. The desired properties are obtained by utilizing the chemical and physical characteristics of high molecular weight. long chain organic polymers. These polymers are used to simultaneously extend the use of bentonite and flocculate drilled solids, and to lower the fluid loss and alter drilling fluid flow properties without dispersing the drilling fluid.
The long chain high molecular weight polymers perform a dual function extension of bentonite and flocculation of drilled solids and accordingly are referred to as dual-action polymers." Bentonite extension, or increasing the viscosity of a bentonite suspension. is achieved by the active charged sites on the polymer chain reacting with charged sites on bentonite platelets and creating a large polymer-clay structure that is more viscous than an equivalent amount ofbentonite without the polymer. Drilled solids flocculation is carried out by the active sites on the polymer chain reacting with the less highly charged (compared to bentonite) drilled solids and gathering them into a dense mass that is much larger than the individual particles. This denser structure settles according to Stokes Law. A typical slurry of 7 lbs/barrel bentonite and 0.025 lb/barrel of the polymer in water will yield more viscosity than 14 lbs/barrel bentonite without the polymer. This allows a drilling fluid to be formulated with a lower solids content, thereby increasing the drilling rate without sacrificing the hole-cleaning due to viscosity and yield value of the drilling fluid. The effective size of the particles in the drilling fluid is much larger due to the presence of the polymer-clay structure, rather than dispersed bentonite platelets of colloidal size. Selective flocculation of drilled solids by the polymer also prevent their buildup in the system. The absence of colloidal solids is the reason for the much higher drilling rates obtained with polymer non-dispersed muds.
lt is well known that colloidal solids are detrimental to penetration rate. Colloidal solids of less than 1 micron in size are the worst offenders because of their property of forming an instantaneous fllter cake along the fracture planes induced by the bit striking the formation. This filter cake effectively seals the crevice surrounding the freshly broken chip and prevents entry of the turbulent flow of drilling fluid jetting from the bit.
The chip hold-down pressure is sufficiently strong (due to pressure caused by hydrostatic differential) to prevent the chip being washed away by the fluid stream. The chip must be struck again and fractured into smaller particles before being swept away by the jet stream. Cuttings size is smaller. The drilling fluid weight increases, also reducing drilling rates.
The contribution of these smaller solids to plastic viscosity, yield values and gel strength is disproportionally large and also exerts a drastic reduction in penetration rate; so maintenance of the drilling fluid in a nondispersed, low-solids state is highly advantageous to the drilling of the well.
A typical low solids non-dispersed mud contains the following ingredients:
1. Sodium montmorillonite (bentonite) 2. Alkali metal salt (preferably sodium, potassium or ammonium) of a high molecular weight (1 to 12 million) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamidepolyacrylate copolymer for selectively flocculating drilled solids and exerting some effect on viscosity properties; usually lower gel strength and yield points; 0.0l0.5 lbs/bbl.
3. Alkali metal salt of a high molecular weight 3l2 million mole weight polyacrylate for extending the bentonite viscosity -0.0l0.5 lbs/bbl.
4. A low molecular weight polyacrylic acid, or an alkali salt of a low molecular weight polyacrylate (usually less than 100,000 mole weight) for controlling fluid loss and assisting in controlling high viscosities, yield values, and gel strengths contributed by the bentonite and by the bentonitepolymer structure 0.25 5.0 lbs/bbl.
5. Fresh water.
Note: Items 2 and 3 may be added as a blend of the two polymers to simultaneously achieve both bentonite extension and solids flocculation; 2 may be added alone in areas where natural bentonite deposits being drilled would cause viscosities to be too high when the extending polymer is added.
The general practice of the industry is to use these polymer non-dispersed muds in as many areas as possible to decrease drilling costs, contingent upon a favorable drilling environment for utilizing this type of drilling fluid.
Low solids non-dispersed polymer muds have some limitations in areas of use. High calcium content, e.g., in excess of about ppm, has an adverse effect, because of formation of calcium bentonite and reacting with the polymer. High chloride content, e.g., in excess of about 5,000 ppm, has a detrimental effect due to dehydration of the polymer-clay structure. The practice is to treat out calcium with soda ash, caustic, or barium carbonate, and pre-hydrate the polymer-bentonite slurry when high salt conditions are encountered. lf salt and calcium is too high, then the system is usually dispersed or converted to a salt water mud, thereby losing the high penetration rates and other advantages offered by polymer non-dispersed muds.
Naturally occurring formations of bentonitic shales also normally limit the use of low solids non-dispersed muds, particularly in combination with anhydrite or other calcium-containing strata. When these formations are drilled they usually cause a rapid buildup of solids in the drilling fluid, which do not settle out and are reground into colloidal size. Anhydrite formations often underlie these. and the calcium contamination then causes excessive viscosity. These adverse conditions are particularly detrimental to a polymer nondispersed mud that has been weighted with barium sulfate.
The addition of barite to increase drilling fluid weight adds inert solids that can alter the flow properties of the system. Yield values and gel strengths may be higher than desired, particularly in the presence of calcium contamination, mud-making shales, and salt. These viscosity problems have been reported in driling fluids using the high molecular weight polyacrylate and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-acrylate copolymer blend previously referred to, but can occur in polymer non-dispersed muds using other polymers for bentonite extension.
When these problems occur, the practice is to add a dispersant or thinner to achieve manageable lower viscosities, yield values, and gel strengths. This is a self defeating mechanism, because the dispersion of the small particles into even smaller ones makes their removal even more difficult, increases the chip holddown and keeps the cycle going. The only way to handle the situation then is to run large quantities of water, add large amounts of bentonite to maintain desired properties, and use enough dispersant or thinner to reduce yields and gel strength caused by the drilled solids and added bentonite. Sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are added to react with and treat out the calcium contamination. A thinner or dispersant functions by adsorbing onto exposed edges of clay lattices and neutralizing attraction of edge valances between particles. Flocculated clumps are broken up and new surfaces are created by separating aggregated or stacked sheets of clay. The number of individual clay particles is increased and particle size is decreased, resulting in increased plastic viscosity and lower drilling rates. Phosphates, tannins, and lignosulfonates are commonly employed as the thinner or dispersant. The addition of a dispersant results in decreased yield values and gel strength, but increased plastic viscosity due to breaking up aggregates and flocculated clumps of clay into colloidal particles. Since there are many areas in which the previously described conditions prevail, the use of low solids polymer non-dispersed muds has been limited to only those areas favorable to their use.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 of the drawings is a plot showing the difference in drilling rates in formations containing bentonitic shales and high concentrations of calcium and salt. The dashed line represents the drilling rate obtained using a dispersed mud, while the solid line indicates the results obtained with the drilling fluid of my invention.
FIG. 2 is a plot involving the same well as represented by the solid line in FIG. 1, indicating the mud weight during the drilling operation. The additive (a mixture of triamino dihexylene pentakis methylene phosphonic acid and a tetramino trihexylene hexakis methylene phosphonic acid in which the former was present in a ratio of 3 moles to 1 mole of the latter) was employed in a polymer non-dispersed, low solids drilling fluid for the major portions of intervals 2 and 3. The well using the drilling fluid claimed herein and whose drilling rate is shown by the solid curve in FIG. 1 demonstrated a striking increase in penetration rate due entirely to the ability to maintain a polymer non-dispersed mud in this field where previously it had been impossible to use this type of fluid. Protection of the system through most of intervals 2 and 3 as shown in FIG. 2 was made possible by use of the additive during drilling of the troublesome shale and anhydrite formations. In this operation, viscosities, yield strengths, solids content and mud weight were almost optimum for a non-dispersed mud and well below those of a typical dispersed mud.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION I have now discovered an additive for polymer nondispersed muds capable of rendering them useful in drilling types of formation previously regarded by the industry to be unsuitable for such muds. I have further observed that when this additive is present in these muds and used in areas in which they previously have been considered inoperable, said muds still retain all the desirable features of low solids drilling fluids. Specifically, I have found that the addition of a mixture of certain amino methylene phosphonic acids or alkali metal salts thereof to a typical polymer non-dispersed mud, the latter generally containing a clay such as bentonite, polyacrylates and a dual-action polymer or the equivalent, results in a system that is highly resistant to the ordinary harmful effects of calcium and salt contamination, and reduces viscosity buildup due to drilled solids. As previously mentioned, dispersed muds are normally used where substantial calcium and salt concentration are anticipated. This, together with the fact that conventional polymer non-dispersed systems are ordinarily unstable in such an environment. renders totally unexpected the application of the drilling fluids of my invention in high calcium and/or salt systems. The effect of my new additive in a typical low solids drilling fluid is to lower viscosities, yield values and gel strengths without dispersing or deflocculating the system.
Since polymer low solids non-dispersed muds depend upon the maintenance of clay-polymer structures or aggregates and controlling the attractive forces between these structures, a thinner, dispersant or deflocculant will render the non-dispersed mud ineffective and change it to a dispersed state.
The additives of my invention neither disperses nor deflocculates the polymer non-dispersed mud. Although the mechanism is not exactly known, laboratory data indicate that my additive functions by destroying the attractive forces between the polymer-clay aggregates without affecting the integrity of the polymer chain-bentonite platelet structure. The organic high molecular weight phosphonate is of sufficient ionic strength to neutralize the edge valence attractions on the exposed bentonite platelets. but is not of sufficient strength to displace the bentonite platelets from the polymer chains. The phosphonate molecule is of sufficient length to align itself along the polymer-clay structure, and neutralize several edge valences.
The new structure, composed of the polymerbentonite platelet chain aligned with a molecule of my additive, is highly resistant to invasion by calcium ions into the polymer-clay structure. The molecular size of this additive is too great to diffuse into the interplanar area of the clay molecule. It ionizes to give H ions; these displace some monoand di-valent cations inside the clay lattice, thereby giving lower viscosity by decreasing the inter-planar distances and reducing the standoff distance; this releases water from the clay/- polymer aggregate and lowers viscosity. The polymer/- clay aggregates bind more water than clay alone. There is no breakup of polymer/clay aggregates, as is true with a thinner or dispersant. The effect is to lower gel strength by reducing inter-aggregate attractiverepulsive forces, destroying the equilibrium condition.
ture, such as for example, the mixture described in US. Pat. No. 3,472,325.
As a substitute or equivalent of the combination polyacrylate salt and partially hydrolyzed polyacrylatem F W lowered because h particle Size 5 polyacrylamide for flocculation and bentonite extenmbutlon 15 Shlfted tPWard larger p l A dlspersam sion, 1 may use other materials known to possess similar acts the Opposhe mahheh Yleld Values characteristics such as, for example, the vinyl maleic changed or lowered y yi because attracvvefl copolymer described in US. Pat. No. 3,070,543 for l l l fcrces between mdlvldual y Platelets are such uses. Such substances are genereally referred to as re ahve y hhdffected' dual-action polymers,
As previously stated, the add1t1ves of my mvent1on Th 1k 1 h h It th f may be used in combination with any conventional 8 mfnmo y p h ergo polymer-non-dispersed low solids muds, and preferably sul e or use.m h i e n mg s o my m' vent1on are trlammo dihexylene pentakls methylene are used 1n comb1nat1on wlth a relatlvely low molecular h h d t t t 1 h weight polyacrylate for best results as will be com- 15 i f n 2 s mented on in more detail below. The polyacrylates emp 1 S ployed for fluid loss prevention may be any of those or- .zj i q to 2 uce t nove. dinarily used for this purpose. However, in general l 0 my mvhntlon er to emp 0y a.mlx.ure O these two wherem a ma or amount of the triammo deprefer those havmg a molecular weight not in excess of i t f r Xam 16 in a ratio Offrom about about 100.000-for example, from about 50,000 to Z0 fwd we is presen p 1 l00,000. These materials, which are generally prefera- 3 h of the f to about 1 mole of h i bly used in the form of their alkali metal salts, may also ramlho compouhd' Thls group of Compounds be employed in the form ofthe corresponding free acid cloed h N h a memo? for and produce optimum results. insofar as concerns yield prlifamhoh gweh therem' w h quhhhty of values, gel strengths and fluid loss, in concentrations of addmve m accordance wlth my mvenuon i from about 0.1 to 3.0 lbs/barrel of drilling fluid. vary generally Prefer to employ It In the drilling fluid systems contemplated, I may use cohcehfmhohsfahgmg to about 1 lb/bfm a combination of materials for obtaining proper solids mammal pheferably added to the Clrculahhg flocculation, control of yield values and gel strengths m and geherahy at rate Such that the on the one hand, and for extending the Viscosity of the s1red concentration 15 obtained 1n the system after not clay material, such as bentonite, on the other. Thus, for more than about f" threfle homplete ch'culrihohs' solids flocculation and control of yield values and gel For the purpose of i hh h h refernhg 9 strengths 1 may employ a high molecular weight, e.g., these COmPQuhdS as h addmve or an addmve 2 million partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide such term is intended to include each one of the abovepolyacrylate copolymer alkali metal salt, also preferahamedpompouhds separately 1h combmahoh the bly in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.5 lb/bbl free held or form In prepanhg latter any Ohthe of mud The partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide common amines such as ethanol amme, ethyl amine, polyacrylate copolymer while it may Vary in ratio of butyl amme, hexyl amme, etc., may be used in add1t1on free acid groups to amide groups, the polyacrylamide to Shhable alkah metal compounds preferably has from about 2 to 10 percent of its amide 40 The properties of typical polymer non-dispersed low groups hydrolyzed. For bentonite extension I may use solids muds with and without the additive claimed a high molecular weight, e.g., ll2 million, polyacrylherein are shown in the Table I below and were deterate alkali metal salt or the corresponding polyacrylic mined from a 15 lb non-dispersed laboratory mud conacid in amounts ranging, typically, from about 0.005 to taining about 335 lbs of bariet/bbl and other ingredi- 0.5 lb/barrel. A synergistic blend of the copolymer and ents in the amount shown below, and a 10.5 lb field polyacrylate may be employed as a dual-action mixmud- TABLE I Blend of Partially Hydrolyzcd Copolymcr of Polyacrylatc- Polyacrylumide* and Sodium System Sodium Polyaerylate Polyacrylatc*** Additive Bentonite l .l l5 lh/bbl 0 0 9.0 lb/bbl 2 ,I I5 lb/bbl 2 lb/bbl 0 9.0 lb/bhl 3 .l 15 lb/bbl 3 lb/bbl 0 9.0 lb/bbl 4 .l 15 lh/hbl 2 lh/bbl 0.25 lb/bbl 9.0 lh/hbl 5 .1 l5 lb/bbl 3 lb/bhl 0.25 lb/bbl 9.0 lb/bbl 6 ),1 l5 lh/bhl 0 0.25 lh/bbl *Mol weight about 2-4 million **Mol weight about 12 million ***Mol weight about 100,000
Mud Properties:
Apparent Plastic Yield Gel Fluid Cake System Viscosity Viscosity Point Strength Loss 32nd" pH From the above Table it can be observed that the adtrol. Maintaining solids content at a low level had been dition of sodium polyacrylate increases plastic viscosi ible in the past, the muds were dispersed and atity, yield values and gel strengths (Systems 2 and 3). tempts to use apolymer non-dispersed m d b The addition of the additive lowers plastic viscosity, doned. These problems were due to the extremely unyield Values and g Strengths y m 6). When the adfavorable environment a layer of bentonitic mudditive 1S incorporated in a system containing sodium making shales interspersed with layers of anhydrites. y ly (lower molecular W elght) the Pldstic The well was spudded and surface pipe set. Drilling cosity is reduced A dispersant thinner invariably ra s out ofsurface was commenced four days later with gel the plastic viscosity. It will be seen that the use of the wawp High molecular Weight million) copolymer f j alone (system 6 System 1) reduces plasnc additions were begun at a depth of 1,855 feet in order vllscoslty by 4 or by about f lncorpom' to maintain low drilled solids. An aqueous solution of non of the additive to a system containing 2 lbs/barrel the copolymer was added directly downstream of the of the lower molecular welght Sodlum polyacrylate shale shaker prior to entering the reserve pit. The
(System 2 v. System 4) reduces plastic viscosity by 16 dF or abqut 23 l to a System 15 tion of around .01 lb/bbl. Solids flocculation occurred taming 3 lbs/barrel of such sodi umpoly acrylate (Sysimmediately with large flocs forming and settling tom 3 v. System 5) reduces plastic viscosity by 24 units idly. Mud weight at the pump Suction was 84 lbs/gab or by 25 percent. Since the addition of increments of lon- Soda ash was also added during this period down polyacrylate increases plastic viscosity, the observed to a depth M6 399 feetto Control Calcium contaminw increased percent reduction is unique and unexpected. 20 tion The Calcium Content was maintained at 2O 40 The effect 9 pomt also l 36 ppm. Plastic viscosity and yield values ranged from 46 cent reduction with 2 lbs/barrel of sodium polyacrylate and respectively in this fast drming mud making and 37 percent ip wlth 3 lbs/balm of sfldium intervaldNo materials were added at this stage to conpiflyucrylate' The neghglble effectpn fluld l Wlth trol fluid loss with rates running from 32.8 cc/ mindium polyacrylate and the actual increase in System 6 25 Utes API at 2 695 feet down to 14 0 BO minutes API v. System l illustrates the true non-dispersive nature of at 6,000 feet. A mixture of high molecular weight (2-4 the additive of my invention, i.e.. it reduces plastic vis- I million) partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamidecosity. yield values and gel strengths without dispersing or thinning the mud polyacrylate copolymer and sodium polyacrylate (moamount of copolymer added resulted in a concentra- 2 0.04 lbs/bbl 0.2 *Made from 10.5 lb field mud. Ward County, Texas, containing about 72 lhs/hbl harite, 15 lbs/hhl hcntonite.
Apparent Plastic Yield Gel System Viscosity Viscosity Point Strength Fluid Loss Cake pH 1 14.5 10 9 25/40 NA NA 9 2 l0 8 4 2/18 NA NA 9 From Table No. 11 it can be observed that the addilecular weight 10-12 million) in an amount sufficient tion of the additive to a field mud results in lower plast produce a concentration in the mud after one circutic viscosity, yield value. and gel strength without dislation of from about .025 to about .05 lb/barrel was persing, whereas a dispersant would have increased the added at a depth of 4,431 feet to reduce bentonite replastic viscosity while lowering the gels and yield value. quirements. The mud weight was maintained at 8.6 to 8.8 pounds per gallon, with a solids content of from /2 ix gg iig s OF THE to 2 /2 percent. Penetration rates were high during this interval, with an average rate of 27.3 feet/hour in the The following examples illustrate in further detail the 5,869 f t interval between surface and 6,399 feet. effectiveness of the use of my additive in polymer non- Thi compared to an 8.8 foot/hour average rate at approximately the same depth for the well wherein the drilling rate is shown in the dashed line of FIG. 1 in which a dispersant was being used.
EXAMPLE 1 Some tight hole problems were encountered at 6,061
After laboratory testing was completed a full-scale feet and the mud was turned to the steel pits. Weight test well was obtained to determine the effectiveness of per gallon increased to 9.0 pounds and plastic viscosity the additive in rendering polymer non-dispersed muds d yield value increased to 16 and 8. re pec i ly. resistant to calcium and/or salt concentration. The test Befltomte addltlOn W115 ntmued. at WhlCh time th dispersed low solids muds in environments previously considered unsuitable for such drilling fluids. 55
well selected was located in the South Elk Basin field. mud mmained pp m y 20 s/ a l- Add ions Park County, Wyoming. Previous wells drilled in this of high molecular weight copolymer were increased to area attempting to use polymer non-dispersed muds improve flow properties, i.e., the plastic viscosity-yield had been beset with problems caused by calcium convalue ratio. and lower the solids content. The hole con tamination and high solids content. The shales encounditions cleared up and circulation through the reserve tered are bentonitic in nature and very difficult to conpit was resumed. During the time that circulation was in the steel pits, addition of the additive (in a ratio of 3 moles of the triamino dihexylene pentakis methylene phosphonic acid to 1 mole of the tetramino trihexylene hexakis methylene phosphonic acid) was begun to pre condition the system prior to drilling the calciumcontaining formations known to cause problems. Addition of the additive to the mud was begun at a depth of about 6,200 feet and incorporated therein at a rate such that after one complete circulation the system contained .21 lb/barrel. Gel strengths had begun to climb up to this point gel strengths were O-initial and -2 10 min. Prior to conditioning the system with the additive, gel strengths had climbed to 4-initial and 27 10 min with soda ash treatment. After incorporating the additive into the mud system, the weight came back down to 8.6 lbs/gallon. The plastic viscosity range was 8-10 and yield values ran 4-10. The calcium content ranged from 80-340 ppm, with no attempt to remove it. During the depth illustrated by interval 2, FIG. 2, no fluid loss control agent was added. Fluid loss ranged from 12-20 cc/30 min API.
At a depth of 7,500 feet. additions of the additive were discontinued, at which time the system contained .2 lb/barrel. During this 1,300-foot interval the maintenance of flow properties and fluid loss was achieved without addition of soda ash (although 5 sacks were inadvertently added at one point) and no sodium polyacrylate addition. Even after discontinuing the addition of the additive, the system remained in good condition up to a depth of about 9,500 feet. This will also be seen from the curve in FIG. 2 where the mud weight ranged from 8.6 lbs/gallon at 6,200 feet to about 8.8 lbs/gallon at 9,500 feet. The calcium content varied from 150 to 350 ppm. with no attempt being made to remove it, during which time the pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.0.
At a depth of 8,845 feet. low molecular weight (not in excess of 100,000) sodium polyacrylate treatment was begun, with fluid loss being reduced from 13.2 cc/30 min down to 6.4 cc/30 min API and was maintained below cc. At 9,930 feet soda ash treatment was begun (mostly interval No. 4 shown in FIG. 2) and a conventional low solids non-dispersed mud was maintained from this point to a depth of 13,246 feet with mud weight averaging 9.0 lbs/gallon. Fluid loss was controlled 8-10 cc/30 min, with low molecular weight sodium polyacrylate. The concentration of additive at this time in the system was less than .05 lb/barrel. The pH was allowed to increase to 9.5 and ranged from 8-10.
The solids content increased from 3 percent for the additive treated fluid in interval 3 of FIG. 2 to 5-6 percent for interval 4 (FIG. 2) for the soda ash treated interval. Mud weight increased from an average of 8.7 lbs/gallon to an average of 9.0 lbs/gallon during the soda ash treated interval. The use of soda ash to treat out calcium is a common practice. Addition of soda ash precipitates calcium as an insoluble, inert carbonate as shown by the equation:
Na CO CaSO, CaCO;, Na- SO The sodium sulfate acts as a dehydrating agent the same as sodium chloride; sodium carbonate increases pH. Both of these factors tend to interfere with the stability of the polymer-clay structure that is the backbone of a polymer non-dispersed mud. Use of the additive in this system did not contribute to the problem. The additive does not raise the pH or react to form an inorganic salt. It stabilizes the polymer-clay structure by displacing cations from the polymer chain and bentonite platelets and forming a protective layer" adjacent the polymer-clay structure. By modifying electrical charges and releasing some water of hydration at the interface between polymer-clay structures, reduction in gel strengths, yield values and plastic viscosity was achieved without dispersing, and plastic viscosityyield value ratios were maintained at optimum levels.
A conventional dispersant such as, for example, a lignosulfonate, added to a non-dispersed polymer mud destroys the clay-polymer structure by neturalizing all the charges along the polymer backbone" and on the bentonite platelets. The plastic viscosity increases, yield point drops drastically and solids buildup almost invariably occurs. Fluid loss is lowered considerably by dispersing all the large structures to colloidal, submicron-sized particles. This phenomenon was strikingly evident when the mud system in the test well (see FIG. 2) was dispersed at 13,246 feet. Plastic viscosity had been running from 19-25, averaging around 20 and the plastic viscosity-yield value ratio was about 1:1 in the interval (3) preceding the dispersed interval (4, FIG. 2). Gel strengths were 2-inital and 10-25 10 mins. Solids content averaged 5 percent, with mud weight at 8.8 to 9.0 lbs/gallon.
After dispersing, the plastic viscosity went to 36 and averaged around 35. The plastic viscosity-yield value ratio rose to around 2:1 and gel strengths were Z-initial and 5-10 10 min. Solids content rose to 9 percent and averaged 8.5 percent. Mud weight climbed to 9.3 lbs/gallon, accompanied by a decline in drilling rate from 5.6 to 3.5 feet/hour. A computerized run was made and predicted that during the 1,284-foot dispersed interval, a penetration rate of 3.71 feet/hour could have been realized if the mud had not been dispersed instead of the actual rate of 3.09 feet/hour. The savings would have been $5.17/foot or $6,803.60 for the interval, a 15.7 percent reduction in cost.
EXAMPLE 2 After completion of the well involved in Example 1, another test was made to evaluate the effectiveness of the additive in a weighted (15 lbs/gallon) nondispersed mud. This well was drilled in West Texas in an area where it had been determined that the use of the polymer blend for bentonite extension resulted in excessive yield points and gel strengths. Previous attempts with such treatment had resulted in failures. Initially the drilling fluidemployed consisted essentially of fresh water, bentonite l0 lbslbarrel), a polymer blend of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-polyacrylate copolymer (molecular weight 2-4 million) and high molecular weight (10-12 million) polyacrylate (.2 lb/barrel) and a low molecular weight (75.000) polyacrylate (1 lb/barrel).
The well was watched closely and additive was incorporated in the drilling fluid whenever gel strengths rose to undesirable levels. Usually the additive was em ployed in concentrations of about .2 to .25 lb/barrel. On incorporation of the additive into the system. the gel strength would decrease to a manageable level and no further additive was used until gel strengths increased again whereupon the procedure was repeated.
The result was that no problems occurred and the weighted non-dispersed mud was run with good results in an area where previous attempts to use the polymer blend to maintain non-dispersed properties had failed.
From the foregoing description it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the use of the additive of my invention in polymer non-dispersed drilling fluids, weighted or unweighted, will retain their desirable characteristics in drilling environments previously considered unsuitable for such muds and thus permit their use on a greatly enlarged scale by the industry.
The term alkali metal salts as used herein is intended to include the ammonium or amine salts of the acid involved. Also it is to be understood that I consider the free acid in the case of the additive, the fluid loss control material (sodium polyacrylate) and the flocculant (high mol wt polyacrylate copolymer) to be equivalent to the corresponding alkali metal salts.
1 claim:
1. A conventional polymer non-dispersed low solids aqueous drilling fluid having incorporated therein an additive selected from the group consisting of triamino dihexylene pentakis methylene phosphonic acid and tetramino trihexylene hexakis methylene phosphonic acid, the alkali metal salts of said acids and mixtures thereof, said additive being present in an amount effective to render said fluid stable to contamination by soluble calcium and salts.
2. The drilling fluid of claim 1 in which an alkali metal salt of a low molecular weight polyacrylate (not more than about 100,000) is employed as a fluid loss control material.
3. The drilling fluid of claim 2 wherein said additive is employed in a concentration of from about 0.05 to 0.5 lb/barrel.
4. The drilling fluid of claim 2 wherein said additive LII is a mixture of the two acids having a larger amount of the triamino dihexylene pentakis methylene phosphonic acid.
5. The drilling fluid of claim 3 wherein said additive contains the two acids in a ratio of from about 3 moles of the triamino dihexylene pentakis phosphonic acid to about 1 mole of the tetramino trihexylene hexakis methylene methylene phosphonic acid.
6. The drilling fluid of claim 2 in which said alkali metal salt is present in an amount corresponding to from about 0.1 to about 2.0 lbs/barrel.
7. A method of drilling a well in a formation containing components that normally impart abnormal viscosity to conventional polymer non-dispersed low solids mud, comprising circulating in said well, while drilling, the drilling fluid of claim 1.
8. A method of drilling a well in a formation containing anhydrite and inorganic chlorides in an amount sufficient to produce an abnormally high viscosity in a conventional polymer non-dispersed low solids drilling fluid, comprising circulating in said well, while drilling, the drilling fluid of claim 2.
9. A method of drilling a well in a formation containing anhydrite and inorganic chlorides in an amount sufficient to produce an abnormally high viscosity in a conventional polymer non-dispersed low solids drilling fluid, comprising circulating in said well, while drilling, the drilling fluid of claim 4.
10. A method of drilling a well in a formation containing anhydrite and inorganic chlorides in an amount sufficient to produce an abnormally high viscosity in a conventional polymer non-dispersed low solids drilling fluid, comprising circulating in said well, while drilling, the drilling fluid of claim 5.
DATED April' 29, 1975 |NVENT0R( James E. Donham It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 1, line 17, the word "drillng" should read -drilling-.
Column 6, line 15, before the word "phosphonic" insert -methylene-.
Coluntn l2, Claim 5, line 6, before the word "phosphonic" insert methylene--; line 8, delete "methylene" (first occurrence).
Signed and Scaled this fourth Day Of November 1975 [SEAL] Arrest:
RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting Officer Commissioner oflalems and Trademarks UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION PATENT N0. 3,880,764
DATED April 29, 1975 |NVENTOR(5) 1 James E. Donham It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Column 1, line 17, the word "drillng" should read drilling-.
Column 6, line 15, before the word "phosphonic" insert methylene- Column 12, Claim 5, line 6, before the word "phosphonic" insert -methylene-; line 8, delete "methylene" (first occurrence).
Signed and Scaled this fourth Day Uf November 1975 [SEAL] Arrest:
RUTH C. MASON C. MARSHALL DANN Arresting Officer Commissioner oj'Parenrs and Trademarks
Citas de patentes
Citada por
Imagen original


text:
< go back to our Improv Comedy Classes page
LEVEL 101 - "Intro to Improvised Scenework": Students will learn the basic improv concept of "Yes, and.." and discover how a scene can be created through agreement. They will also learn important basic improv skills like: creating characters, establishing relationships, exploring scenes with objects and environment work. Students will then combine these skills to create fully improvised scenes with a partner.
Dates: Sundays, 11/4/2012 through 12/23/2012
Time: 3:30 p.m. - 5:30 p.m.
Location: The Adrienne Theatre, 2nd floor rehearsal space, 2030 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103 (get map)
Show: Saturday, February 2nd, 2013 @ 2:30 p.m.
Location: The Shubin Theatre, 407 Bainbridge Street, Philadelphia, PA 19147
Instructor: Luke Field (bio)
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Cost: $199 until 10/28/2012, $249 aftewards
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(c) 2005-

subset: commoncrawl


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Updated with announcement and blog post from Facebook:
After many months of rumors and delays, Facebook Tuesday announced it will run a test of a video ad Thursday that will run in the central news feeds of its users.
A report by the Wall Street Journal Monday night indicated that the ad to run Thursday, a single video ad from Summit Entertainment and Mindshare for the new film Divergent, was the kickoff of the long-anticipated launch of video ads by the social network. While it seems almost certain Facebook eventually will launch them broadly, the company took pains today to characterize the ad Thursday as a test.
Facebook's shares were rising 1.6%, to $54.66, in early morning trading Tuesday. Analysts say the potential and the risk are large. "We think video content and advertising is a significant and largely untapped opportunity for FB, as the company looks to increase user engagement and monetization," S&P Capital IQ analyst Scott Kessler said in a note to clients. "We do think FB needs to carefully consider potential issues with video advertisements (especially if they start automatically playing without being clicked), despite substantial possible monetization benefits."
The social network has been planning for video ads that will run in the news feed, sources have said in the last few months. But both Facebook and its advertisers have been cautious about the impact of such ads on users, since they could annoy people if they don't fit into the flow of people's existing activities. That's why one recent report said the ads wouldn't be generally available until early next year–which Facebook now has confirmed.
Still, the company had seemed to be prepping for video ads with a recent move to allow regular videos from other users to "autoplay," or play without requiring a user to click on them, on mobile devices and on the Web. It has even distributed a guide to its advertising technology partners on how to sell the ads to marketers, according to a pitch deck obtained by TechCrunch this week. The guide clearly indicates that Facebook intends to compete not only with the likes of YouTube but also television advertising itself, though a Facebook spokesman says that positioning guide is not directly related to the current video ad experiment.
The video ad will autoplay, but without sound until they're clicked or tapped and, on mobile devices, only when it has been pre-downloaded via WiFi networks, so it doesn't use up sometimes expensive cellular data. Users will be able to swipe past the videos to halt them.
It's not clear how long the ads will be, though several earlier reports indicated they may be capped at 15 seconds. They also won't be cheap–up to $2 million a day to reach Facebook's broad audience of people 18 to 54 years old. Facebook didn't confirm any pricing, but said that goal is for this to be a "premium advertising format on Facebook, intended to reach a large audience at specific times."
Facebook will be wading into crowded waters. YouTube's video advertising is up 75% this year over 2012, according to some reports, and have attracted many major brands. Some are diverting ad spending rom television, though at $66 billion in the U.S. alone, TV ads still dwarf the online video ad market.
But online video ad revenues are expected to jump almost 40% to $5.8 billion in the U.S. this year, according to eMarketer. And the huge size and reach of Facebook, especially on mobile, where it's the most popular app, means that it's one of the very few outlets–along with YouTube, Hulu, AOL AOL, and potentially Yahoo Yahoo–that can rival television for the kind of reach big brands expect.


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4:19 pm
Wed July 16, 2014
Lawyer: Man In DEA Lawsuit Fears For His Life
A lawyer for a New Mexico man who says federal agents used him to broker drugs deals in exchange for crack cocaine says her client is getting threatening phone calls.
Erlinda Ocampo Johnson, attorney for Aaron Romero, said Wednesday her client is being wrong accused of working for the DEA, but he was unknowingly targeted.
Romero filed a federal lawsuit this week accusing the DEA of reignited a previous crack addiction after agents directed informants to get Romero participate in drug deals. The lawsuit says Romero was given a portion of crack cocaine for help with deals in an undercover investigation into a New Mexico drug operation.
Johnson says some now believe Romero was a "snitch" and he fears his life is in danger.
The U.S. Attorney's Office in Albuquerque has declined to comment on the case.
Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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More to come, but for now, here are the answers to 18 pressing questions:
1) When does it open?
Mid-December. And according to Tom Sunnarborg, vice president of land development and management for Mosaic, the project is on schedule. "The first cups were cut today," says Sunnarborg.
2) What's Mosiac?
A company specializing in fertilizer. Its motto: "We help the world grow the food it needs." A key ingredient in fertilizer is phosphate, and for the last 50 years, Mosaic has been separating phosphate from, among other things, sand, and then spreading that sand back out across the company's 16,000 acres in middle-of-nowhere Florida. As a result it has been left with an ideal canvas for a golf-course architect (and an especially good base for drainage). "What looks to be coastal dunes might not be natural," says Sunnarborg, "but God has sure been working on them for a long time."
3) How do you get there?
It's an 90-minute drive from the Orlando airport and a 60-minute drive from the Tampa airport.
4) How many holes are there?
There are 18 holes designed and built by Bill Coore and Ben Crenshaw, and 18 designed and built by Tom Doak. Both courses will be par 72. Coore/Crenshaw will tip out at roughly 7,000 yards; Doak's course can be played at about 7,200 yards. The bye hole, the bet-settling short hole just below the deck of the clubhouse, is also a Doak design. (The range was designed by Coore.) Because of the routing, there will be a few of Doak's holes used on the Coore/Crenshaw course, and vice-versa. "It was a real collaboration, not just lip service," says Sunnarborg. "There was a mutual respect among the architects and their crews, who all knew each other. And there was definitely a healthy competition." A majority of the courses are almost ready for play. The last five holes, 1-4 and 6 on the Coore/Crenshaw course, were grassed two weeks ago.
5) What are the lodging options?
The clubhouse, which will also open in mid-December, will have 12 rooms, 16 beds, a three-meal-a-day restaurant (with a masculine steakhouse theme) and 4,000 square feet of conference space.
6) What's the look of the clubhouse?
The clubhouse design was also a collaboration. "We actually asked the architects for input on what it should look like, and all three were taken aback. They had never been asked before," says Sunnarborg. "And we didn't know any better. Doak was most helpful. We pushed it down into the ground, and it sits gently in the saddle of the dunes. We didn't want it to be the star. We didn't want it to dominate the setting."
An artist's rendering of the finished product.
"It's hard to believe, that in seven months, we'll be sitting on the deck,
having a drink, and watching people play the bye hole," says Sunnarborg.
"It's hard to believe, that in seven months, we'll be sitting on the deck,
having a drink, and watching people play the bye hole," says Sunnarborg.
7) Where do I stay if the clubhouse is booked?
In the fall of 2013, there will be a 216-room hotel with amenities such as a spa, shooting range and fishing.
Until the hotel is open for business, there's a Best Western in Bowling Green, 20 minutes from Streamsong, "which was good enough for Ben Crenshaw, a two-time Masters champion," says Sunnarborg. Other options are more chain hotels in Lakeland, which is where the Detroit Tigers stay during spring training. There's additional lodging within 30 minutes, as you get closer to Tampa.
8) What will the courses be called?
The Coore/Crenshaw course is the Red, the Doak course is the Blue. Why? Those are the colors of the pens they used when they drew the original designs. "We like the simplicity, but if something better comes along, we're not opposed to making a change," says Sunnarborg.
and be one of the few forced carries on property.
the same lake as the seventh on the Blue.
9) What other architects were considered?
Rich Mack, executive vice president and general counsel for Mosaic, considered everyone. "Say a name, and they were out here," says Sunnarborg. "Ultimately we liked the design philosophies of who we hired as it relates to this property."
10) What grasses were used?
The tees and fairways are 419 Bermuda. The greens are MiniVerde, another hybrid of Bermuda, which thrives in the heat.
A closer look at the 16th Biarritz-style green
at Streamsong Red (Coore/Crenshaw),
which features a natural swale.
at Streamsong Red (Coore/Crenshaw),
which features a natural swale.
11) What are the green fees?
It's still being sorted out, but Sunnarborg estimates an 18-hole rate averaging $175 throughout the year. It will be roughly half off that in the off-season (summer) and a little more in the peak season (winter).
12) Will walking be an option?
Walking will be strongly encouraged. "We aren't going to be as strict as Mike Keiser at Bandon Dunes," says Sunnarborg. "This is a Florida resort, so we'll have carts, but we'll also have caddies, fore-caddies and pull-carts."
13) Are there plans for more golf?
Not anytime soon. "We have a lot of land, and the zoning in place for more golf," says Sunnarborg. "We might have a par-3 course, we might have a private 18 holes, there might be a municipal course, but there's nothing imminent. We have to get open first and see how it goes for a few years."
14) Will there be beverage carts?
There will be two comfort stations, two lightning shelters, and "lots of beverage carts."
15) Which course will be better?
These two design firms have rarely been accused of building a bad golf course. "We hope there is great debate. We will be disappointed if one is so much better than the other," says Sunnarborg.
16) What are the differences between the two courses?
The biggest differences are the greens and the bunkers. "Tom's greens have more contour, they are steeper and sharper," says Rusty Mercer, the superintendent at Streamsong, formerly at Cuscowilla, a Coore/Crenshaw course in Georgia. "Bill's and Ben's greens are longer and gentler. Tom's bunkers are bigger. He built some big bunkers out here. Bill pulled his bunkers back a bit to make sure the courses are different."
will be left a short wedge shot over the large greenside bunker.
17) Are there any plans for preview play?
Yes, but it will be very limited. "We don't want to open before we're ready," says Sunnarborg. "We don't want to give a first impression we'd wish we could take back."
18) What will the flags look like?
Until the hotel is built, the two courses in a remote setting, with a clubhouse featuring some lodging and a steakhouse, makes it another ideal buddies-trip destination. Even when the hotel is finished, like Bandon Dunes, it still strikes me as a destination for men and/or women who are avid golfers. Either way, it looks appealing to the eye of this avid golfer.
--Matty G.
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comments sponsored by
Asians, Law Professors, Law School Deans, Law Schools, Minority Issues, Racism, Vicious Infighting
(Here are the primary documents concerning the controversy over Professor Maggs's being named as interim dean of George Washington University Law School. They are presented in rough chronological order.)
President Steven Knapp and I are pleased to announce the appointment of Professor Gregory Maggs as Interim Dean of the George Washington University Law School. Professor Maggs will assume this role on January 16, 2013, when Dean Paul Berman moves to his new position as Vice Provost for Online Education and Academic Innovation. Professor Maggs will serve in this interim role while the university and the Law School prepare for and subsequently conduct a search for the next dean.
Professor Maggs brings extensive experience to this role, including a prior term as Interim Dean. He has served the Law School since 1993 as a faculty member, Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, and co-director of the National Security and U.S. Foreign Relations Law Program. He received the George Washington Award for outstanding contributions to the university in 2012, and the Law School's Distinguished Faculty Service Award (conferred by vote of the graduating class) in 1997, 1998, 2004, 2005, 2011, and 2012.
Professor Maggs's past experience includes service as a law clerk for Justices Clarence Thomas and Anthony M. Kennedy of the U.S. Supreme Court and for the late Judge Joseph T. Sneed of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, as a special master for the U.S. Supreme Court, and as an attorney in other legal positions. He has been an officer in the U.S. Army Reserve since 1990 and is currently assigned as a reserve military judge. Professor Maggs also previously was an assistant professor at the University of Texas School of Law.
I am also pleased to report that Professor Maggs has asked Professor Christopher Bracey to continue to serve as Senior Associate Dean and he has agreed to do so. Please join me in thanking both colleagues for their dedicated service to the university.
Steven Lerman
Provost and Executive Vice President for Academic Affairs
The George Washington University
From: W. Burlette Carter
Date: Fri, Nov 30, 2012 at 10:04 AM
Subject: Re: Announcement of Interim Dean
To: Faculty, Staff
Cc: Steven Knapp, Steven Lerman, Rich Collins, Hank Molinengo
While I very much appreciate Gregory Maggs' agreement to step into the deanship at this very difficult time, I must express my own view that any faculty opposition to Sr. Associate Dean Bracey moving into the interim deanship was racially based. This is the first time in my memory that we have ever overlooked a Sr. Associate dean in choosing an interim dean. Chris has done an exceptional job, had significant support, and would have been a fine interim dean.
Because I truly appreciate the tremendous sacrifice that both Greg Maggs and Chris Bracey are making in agreeing to helm this ship together, I will be otherwise cooperative, but I had to state my views — and have them widely known. This is not the law school's finest hour.
W. Burlette Carter
From: Richard Pierce
Date: Fri, Nov 30, 2012 at 10:37 AM
Subject: Re: Announcement of Interim Dean
To: Faculty, Staff
Cc: Steven Knapp, Steven Lerman, Rich Collins, Hank Molinengo
Burlette–That is a very serious charge. If you have evidence to support it, please produce that evidence. Dick Pierce
From: W. Burlette Carter
Date: Fri, Nov 30, 2012 at 10:50 AM
Subject: Re: Announcement of Interim Dean
To: Faculty, Staff
Cc: Steven Knapp, Steven Lerman, Rich Collins, Hank Molinengo
You mistake me for someone who is actually intimidated by you Dick – and who jumps when you bark.
Enough said. My point is made.
If the school had picked a complete outsider I would understand it better although I think it would have been impractical and unworkable. But then you could say, "Alright, I get it. I don't think it's best but I get it."
But they went inside and so in that case, the only reason to look beyond Dean Bracey based on prior approaches to the interim deanship was race. They haven't offered another and I don't know of another. Moreover, Bracey first heard that the school was considering other people in the hallways. Faculty, staffers and other associate and assistant deans knew it before he did. The process of collecting faculty viewpoints was done in the hallways and on phone and the squeaky wheels who couldn't fathom him in that position made sure they got grease. That was neither acceptable nor collegial and I think it reflects the patronizing attitude that some had toward him as a black person. And third, as I said we have followed a pattern with respect to inside people. If Dean Bracey was not acceptable to the faculty then what was the reason? No interim dean we have had has been perfect. I know for a fact that a renegade group of faculty decided to challenge appointing him; we have had in the past white interim deans who were not wholly acceptable. I remember discussions about such and such. And folks would say, "Ok, it's only an interim deanship." The school did not explode. The notion, I believe, is that a black person has to have a tutor or overseer or has to have special rules that don't apply to whites. We have to have super human qualifications, while whites can be ordinary. It is not novel. It dates back to slavery.
I don't know who ultimately played the most significant role in this — the University Administration or the group of faculty who actively lobbied against Bracey and tried to block the appointment. At the end of the day, the interim dean is picked by the administration but faculty usually are consulted. If the Administration was just trying to make peace against a threatening renegade group who wanted to hand pick the interim dean, then they are sullied also.
Having said that, I don't blame Dean Gregory Maggs who will now be the interim dean. He is caught in the middle of this mess with Bracey. It is absolutely not his fault and he is also a great choice as would Bracey have been. But a university is a vibrant community. We should not be pushing under the rug important issues of this nature being fearful of press. I suppose one good thing is I have now forced GW to have this type of conversation — while other schools are not and should be having it.
That is my input.
As the provost has stated, interim deans are selected by the provost after consultation with a variety of people including — faculty, administrators, the president of the university and others. There is not a preset formula.
Professor Gregory Maggs was selected as interim dean of the Law School because in the very recent past, he served in this exact role and did an outstanding job. He is an extraordinary scholar, teacher and administrator who is well respected by his colleagues and by the School's alumni. He is very familiar with, and experienced in addressing, the needs of the School. The provost has expressed his gratitude that Professor Bracey will remain a leader of the School's administration in his capacity as Senior Associate Dean.
Dear Mr. Lat,
Thank you for your email. I regret that I have little information to provide. University Provost Steve Lerman asked me if I would serve as the Interim Dean. After consulting with my friend and respected colleague, Senior Associate Dean Chris Bracey, I accepted this temporary position. I am always willing to work for the Law School if I can be helpful. I am not, however, a candidate for the real deanship. I do not know what went into Provost Lerman's decision regarding the interim deanship, although I understand that he will be issuing an explanatory statement.
Greg Maggs
My understanding is that the Provost intends to issue a statement regarding his decision, and so I would refer you to that source.
Christopher Alan Bracey
Senior Associate Dean for Academic Affairs
Professor of Law
George Washington University Law School
Of course now the fake counterstory comes. They have been making it up for weeks — that Bracey wanted to run for dean instead (which is not true), that he didn't want the job (which is not true), etc, etc. I heard this version of the story was going to come out some time ago to offset concerns; believe me, my concerns about race were no surprise to the administration or to faculty who knew what we had done in the past and who had themselves voiced some of those concerns. Folks were just surprised that I had the guts to voice them publicly.
Chris Bracey was not consulted about any concerns that certain faculty members have against him, IF they have any. This group targeted him to deny him the interim deanship behind his back. He wasn't consulted about the interim deanship until the day before Greg Maggs was picked. By that time, the administration had spoken to others they were considering. Chris had to hear about this from others. This little faction had their say challenging Chris, claiming they had supporters, and intentionally denied him the right to know what was being said, when, and how, denying him fairness. It was inexcusable. And they convinced others on the faculty to go along by deceiving them into thinking that they were being honest and fair and that everything would calm down after their chosen person, Maggs, stepped in. I have been critical of Bracey myself, just as I would criticize any dean. But I went to his face, and on every score he has been reasonable and accommodating. He is no dummy.
Now, let me offer a few more points on the question of evidence (a subject that I teach). Circumstantial evidence can convict as well as direct evidence. You don't need "I am a racist." We have a long pattern here of proceeding in the past and a deviation from that pattern. We have Bracey being kept out of the loop in the discussions with no opportunity to defend himself against those who would challenge him. And there are other facts that I won't present at this time but that could easily rebut claims made by any critics. The question is not whether he is or was a perfect Senior Associate Academic Dean. The question is whether or not he is as qualified as the white guys picked previously.
Moreover, in race discrimination cases, the burden shifts. Here there is evidence of deviation that suggests bias. Chris would have been in the interim dean position for one or two years. It has been longstanding tradition that the interim dean does not run for dean. The interim dean is too involved in the dean's search. The exception was Professor Roger Trangsrud, who one year surprised everyone by asking for special permission to throw his hat in the ring after other candidates had visited and presented to the faculty and he had heard their presentations. To the faculty's credit, Trangsrud's name was not submitted on the final slate sent to the President.
So what was their point in denying Bracey the fairness accorded to white predecessors who were up for interim dean? All I can think of is that this renegade segment of the faculty chafed at the idea of a black man being over them as a dean, even if for a limited period, no matter how competent. And I say this having some sense of the key players and how they have treated black candidates in the past. This is a law school with a small but vocal group of faculty that has lost its sense of what is fair — a group that thought that because the world was not watching, they could do whatever in the hell they wanted to do to achieve their ends, irrespective of the rights of the individuals involved.
And it is a law school with a majority of faculty who are decent people but who want to bury their heads in the sand and get back to work, and ignore the inconvenient issues like fairness or addressing racial discrimination. Dealing with racism and fairness issues is time-consuming and inefficient. Blacks and other persons of color do it everyday; their work and promotional responsibilities are affected by having to navigate it.
With respect to Chris, the renegades who opposed him counted on all of us being so worried about press and so worried about our careers that none of us would speak up. Well, they have overplayed their hand. It is time to spread that burden of dealing with racism and fairness issues around a bit and drain the swamp.
The opponents of Bracey will be trying to solidify Maggs in the deanship. As I said, Maggs is in the middle of this. He too is a good guy. But some may try to pressure him to try to explain this in a neutral way. To come up with a story. I say it can't be explained without reference to Chris Bracey's race.
No one is perfect. But the white guys (and sometimes white women) can stink up the joint in a job and people just bring out the mops and clean the way so he or she can slide over to take the next stair landing.
I have heard from law professors from across the country noting that the problem of recognizing black competency or black excellence when compared to whites and giving blacks a fair shake is bigger than GW. I have heard from lawyers in law firms noting that the phenomenon occurs in law firms and corporate bodies as well.
The insiders count on us being fearful of losing a position or, if we have tenure, losing friends. The troublemakers alter rules at the drop of a hat to suit their liking — simply because they don't like the outcome if the rules were applied. Others go along hoping the troublemakers will be satisfied. It never happens. They never are satisfied.
Dear President Knapp:
My name is Maryam Belly and I am the President of The George Washington University Black Law Students Association ("BLSA"). I write on behalf of the organization with respect to the recent controversy surrounding Professor Gregory Maggs's appointment as Interim Dean of the law school. By now, I am sure you are aware of the article, based on leaked intra-faculty emails, posted on the legal blog Abovethelaw. The subject matter of these emails, whether Senior Associate Dean Christopher Bracey was not selected for the Interim Dean position because of his race, is very concerning.
As an initial matter, I want to expressly state that BLSA has not taken an official position on this issue. Further, the group holds both Dean Bracey and Professor Maggs in high regard and we do not comment on either's ability to lead the law school. We believe, however, that this unfortunate incident, if not completely resolved, should be addressed in a productive matter. Accordingly, we have summarized the three major concerns voiced by BLSA members and other law students.
First, how is the University going to address the allegation that race played a role in the selection process of the Interim Dean? Does the University currently have a stance? We were shocked by the allegation. But we are more frustrated that history, and for many, personal experience, has made it impossible to completely dismiss the charge. Absent further information, it is just as likely that race played a role in the selection of the Interim Dean as it is that there were reasonable grounds, irrespective of race, to oppose a candidate.
Second, setting aside the allegation of racism, why break from what appears to be a pattern of selecting the Senior Associate Dean to serve as Interim Dean when there is a vacancy? It is unfortunate and disquieting that this deviation coincided with a person of color filling the Senior Assistant Dean position. Respectfully, this coincidence would be less of an issue if the University was more transparent about its procedure for selecting deans.
Finally, what are the University's plans to address the possibility of institutional racism or bias within the law school? We understand that the students are in the midst of preparing for finals and that any comprehensive response may be untimely. Nonetheless, now that race has been brought to the spotlight, it cannot be pushed aside. Looking ahead and, in light of the constraints of this semester, BLSA would welcome a dialogue or town hall facilitated by the University during the spring. To paraphrase attorney general Eric Holder, despite the persistence of "unresolved racial issues," and despite it occupying a significant role in our interactions, we simply do not talk enough about race. If not on this occasion, then when? In the interim, we are curious about the University's immediate plans. All the law students have an interest in who is leading the instiution but BLSA students have been uniquely implicated in this incident. The entire affair has uncovered old wounds and given license for several of our peers to make hurtful comments. Considering the unflattering attention that the law school has been subjected to since the current Dean's departure was announced, this is an excellent opportunity to change course by turning an unfortunate incident into a learning experience.
Thank you for your consideration in addressing our questions and we look forward to hearing from you soon.
Very truly yours,
Maryam Belly
President, GW Black Law Students Association
From: W. Burlette Carter
Date: Tue, Dec 4, 2012 at 4:07 PM
Subject: Re: GW Law School Interim Dean Issue
To: Goggo-Maryam Belly
Cc: Gregory Maggs, C. Bracey, Steven Lerman
Thank you for copying me on your letter. I appreciate BLSA's interest in this matter. Please share the views in this letter with BLSA members.
Let me say that I don't think the solution is removing Dean Maggs. He has a great deal of integrity and I think he stepped into a hornets nest not realizing the impact. I don't blame him for this situation nor should you. There are folks on the faculty I do blame — and frankly, the provost is aware, that I think they were given both too much credit and too much power. (And just to be clear, I don't even think Prof. Dick Pierce was the root of the problem.) But I won't bother you with those names now. So I think you and all students are right not to take a position on who should be interim dean.
I also think that students need to think about their studies first not just during exams but always. These types of problems can only eventually be resolved by people like you focusing on getting good grades and being great lawyers. One of the ways that race based prohibitions work their magic is by taking up our time. I wanted to make a point about which I feel very strongly. But my career is set. If I can't speak now, when can I speak (although anyone who knows me knows that I have always tried to speak my mind and with integrity). You and other students on the other hand have your futures ahead of you. It is not that you should not be interested, but rather that you need to have your priorities on the very thing that blacks have historically been denied by racism: education. That is the best revenge to any unfairness. You have opportunities here that many folks dream of. If there are issues concerning student lives that are of concern, then those may be worth adding to the pile. Indeed, the recruitment of minority faculty is a key issue I think.
As for town halls, etc. I have my doubts about their value because I do not think that faculty will be participants or required to respond and faculty control this institution. When one considers the cost benefit analysis — the several hours or even days of time for planning and conducting a town hall versus the time taken away from studying versus the likely return on the time investment I think they are a waste of time. The real discussions have to happen at the faculty level in faculty meetings. Students can be a part of that and can encourage that. The faculty has tremendous power. And I think this faculty would be advised to take up the question of race and — of systemic issues of fairness — very seriously as I know others will. That is my recommendation instead of town halls and mass meetings. If the faculty is not involved, nothing will happen. There are issues of fairness raised that concern not just race but also gender and just plain basic fairness. I think that perhaps with Dean Maggs and Dean Bracey in the drivers' seat we can come up with solutions to avoid this kind of thing in the future and other happenings here that in my view are equally of concern.
I do appreciate your time and concern. I am always impressed with our students. You are amazing. But again, I am a person who thinks seriously about time investments. You want them to pay off, rather than simply to act as the opium of the masses that just lulls folks into thinking we have accomplished something.
Those are my views. I thank you for your thoughts. I know you will knock your exams out of the park. Go get 'em.
Earlier: Law Prof Alleges Racial Bias in Hiring of Interim Dean
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The Illinois Brass Band will take the stage at 7 p.m. Thursday, July 12, for the Summer Sounds on the Green concert series in Hoffman Estates. The Virginia Mary Hayter Village Green is at 5510 Prairie Stone Parkway across the street from the Sears Centre Arena. Free. Bring a blanket or lawn chair. Picnics allowed, but no glass can be brought in. Levy Restaurants sell food, and beer, wine and mixed drinks will be available for purchase. (847) 252-5448, or visit www.hoffmanestatesarts.com.
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Nov 16, 2010 Comments Off on Duck Pat Dollard
Click here for previous "Deep Thoughts" For those of you who are new to the site, "Pat Dollard's The Jihadi Killer Hour" broadcasts live on Blog Talk Radio every Sunday through Thursday at 8 PM PST, 10 PM CST, and 11 PM EST. Here's Your Direct Links To All Recent "The Jihadi Killer Hour" Shows:Follow Pat Dollard, Active, and "The Jihadi Killer Hour" on Twitter.
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Los Angeles, CA (Sports Network) - Dee Gordon lined an 0-2 fastball the opposite way, just over the glove of Chase Headley to drive in the winning run in dramatic fashion as the Dodgers edged the Padres, 5-4, on Sunday.
Gordon's bases-loaded hit in the bottom of the ninth capped off a dizzying three-game series that saw a new Dodgers record for consecutive strikeouts and a walkoff-walk on Friday and an unorthodox triple play in the top of the ninth on Sunday.
Javy Guerra (1-0) recorded the win after getting help from the bizarre triple play, while Brad Brach (0-1) walked two and gave up two singles in the ninth to take the loss. Matt Kemp hit his fourth home run in three games.
The Dodgers brought in Guerra, their closer, with the game tied in the ninth. Guerra allowed a leadoff single to Yonder Alonso and walked Chase Headley, but escaped in peculiar fashion.
Guerra threw up and in on Jesus Guzman, who was attempting to sacrifice bunt. The ball struck Guzman's bat and bounced directly downward. Guzman and both Padres on base believed that home plate umpire Dale Scott had signaled that the ball was foul and therefore did not run, but Scott apparently had not done so. Dodgers catcher A.J. Ellis threw down the line to third baseman Juan Uribe to initiate the around-the-horn triple play.
Padres manager Bud Black was ejected for arguing with Scott over the decision.
"I saw the umpire go up to Guzman and point to his right leg, and thought it was foul. The home plate umpire raised his hands twice, then pointed that it was fair. I wasn't satisfied with his call," said Black.
Los Angeles's series sweep is part of a six-game consecutive win streak, and the Dodgers are 9-1 on the season for the first time since 1981, the year the franchise won its fifth World Series.
Clayton Kershaw got the start for Los Angeles and scattered eight hits while allowing four runs -- three earned -- in 5 1/3 innings. He struck out three and walked three. Padres starter Edinson Volquez also received a no-decision for the four runs on six hits and five walks he gave up in five frames.
"I didn't have my best stuff, but the way we've been playing we were able to pull it out anyway," said Kershaw. "Our confidence level is very high right now and I think we're going to win a lot more games."
Andre Ethier and Juan Rivera opened the scoring in the bottom of the first on an RBI groundout and a sacrifice fly, respectively.
Kemp's sixth homer of the season, a solo shot to right-center in the home half of the third, restored the Dodgers' two-run edge after Chris Denorfia doubled home Cameron Maybin in the top half. Juan Rivera pushed that lead to three later in the inning, plating Ethier with a base hit.
"I think this is the second time I've hit one on Jackie Robinson day," Kemp said. "But we're getting it done. [Pointing to Gordon's locker] He's my dog man. I told him no matter how bad things are at the start, you've always got a chance to win games."
Kershaw walked three around a Will Venable sacrifice bunt in the sixth, and Orlando Hudson made him pay with an RBI single. Kershaw was pulled in favor of Josh Lindblom, who had to face pinch-hitter Jeremy Hermida. Hermida fouled off seven pitches before going the other way for a two-run single to tie the game.
It was the first triple play turned by Los Angeles since June 13, 1998, and only the second to occur in Dodger Stadium...The Dodgers have beaten the Padres in 16 of their last 19 games, dating back to July 2011...San Diego was 2-for-12 with runners in scoring position. LA was 3-for-13.


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Posted: Wednesday, September 4, 2013 3:09 PM
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Shawn Springs
Position: DB
Height: 6-0 Weight: 204 lbs.
Born: March 11, 1975 in Williamsburg, VA
High School: Springbrook
College: Ohio St. (school history) (Springs college stats)
Drafted by the Seattle Seahawks in the 1st round (3rd overall) of the 1997 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 58 (1011th overall since 1950)
1-time Pro Bowler (fine print)
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Output includes all games from 1920 to 2014.


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Banking & Payments Asia
- Language: English
- Published: May 2015
- Region: Asia
This report is an essential source for top-level executives and corporate counsel. The report provides a comprehensive overview of each of the key sub-segments of the financial services industry in South Korea. It details the market structure and regulatory environment, and provides historical and forecasted statistics for each of the key sub-segments. The report compares the investment environment in South Korea with other countries in the region. Profiles of the major companies operating in the financial services industry in South Korea together with the latest news and corporate deals are provided. A concise Briefing Paper, summarizing the most recent developments and drawing conclusions about the current state of affairs in the industry, is also included in this must-read report.
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Executive Summary
Political and Economic Environment Update
- Politics
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Regulatory Environment Update
- Anti-Corruption Regulation
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Industry SWOT Analysis
- Strengths
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Historic and Forecast Data per Industry Segment
Case Studies
Asianius Research's Views on the Industry (Briefing Paper)
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3


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As noted earlier here on the website, TNA talents were told at the last set of TNA iMPACT! TV tapings to not take any photos with Jeff or Karen Jarrett as the photos were being used by Jarrett to promote Jarrett's Global Force Wrestling promotion.
Jeff has been posting photos with TNA talents on his Twitter feed fueling speculation that some talents may be "jumping ship." TNA is especially concerned with "contracted talents" taking the photos as it makes them look bad.