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What's a doorbell "ditcher"? Is that someone who rings the bell then runs away?
iPhone 4 used to catch doorbell ditcher [humor]
Here's a fun story about how an iPhone 4 was used to catch a pesky doorbell ditcher.
James, a UK iOS developer, was being harassed by a doorbell ditcher every morning for a week and wanted to catch the culprit in the act. When he realized that standing at the door all morning looking out his peephole was impractical, he noticed that his iPhone 4 could do it for him. So James grabbed some blue tac, stuck his iPhone to the door, and waited nearby while enjoying his morning coffee with his girlfriend. When he saw the doorbell ditcher arrive, he snapped a photo. Turns out it was the neighbor kid being a prankster on his way to school every day.
After grabbing the pic and quickly opening the door with a loud "HELLOOO!" and watching the poor rascal's skeleton leap out of his body in shock, we were able to show his mother the picture and peace was restored.
Such a great story! Anyone else use their iPhone in an unconventional way?
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
iPhone 4 used to catch doorbell ditcher [humor]
Ding dong ditch
Nicky Nicky Nine Door in Canada. I am assuming is just recorded video.....
@David: Yes; they ring the doorbell and ditch (run).
It's when you ditch your doorbell. Like throw it in the ditch and run away. I'm not sure why ditching your doorbell is fun. I've ran a doorbell and then run away.
It depends on what part of the US you're in. It translates just fine here in CA; we've always called it either "doorbell ditching" or "ding-dong-ditch." But that's the first time I've ever heard "ring and run," "ghost knocking," "knock door run,", and "nicky nicky 9 Door." Funny how we can come up with so many different names for the same things.
I've never heard "ring and run" out here on the west coast, but it makes sense.
I always called that "Ring and Run" I used to do it when I was a kid.
UNTIL, I rang a bell, ran across this guys lawn, tripped over a drain pipe for his gutters that went across the lawn, and totally got busted.
Needless to say, check the area you plan to escape through ahead of time.
Or dont do it, if you do, dont cry to mommy when you get a swift kick in the heiney. Ahh the good old days.
Everyone here calls it ding dong ditch.
"Ghost knocking..." I like the sound of it.
Something's missing from the story. Instead of waiting by the door he... waited by the phone? Was he using FaceTime? I don't get it.
Ok so still no word on how the picture was snapped if the guy wasn't near the iPhone. Useful.
For everyone asking, here is the detail from the linked story:
"Sure enough though, this morning my girlfriend and I were sitting by the door, coffee in hand and able to chill out and watch the iPhone screen from a distance. As we hoped the culprit approached our door and rang the doorbell several times. I hit the camera button and got a great pic, catching him red handed."
what is all this drama, im from puerto rico (spanish speaker) and i totally got what was a door ditcher...
in the other hand, wtfffffff, this storry is so copy-pasted they didnt even cared to analize it. how in the world is taking a picture different from standing looking at the hole, omg there was nothing improved need to it. if you told me instead: the guy recorded (VIDEO) the whole morning, and then they played it back, i would be enjoying this post. there isnt even proof of this, which would be the only reason to make news out of this.


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OK, confession: I'm on Weight-Watchers. And a major part of the program isn't completely restricting what you eat and drink, but you DO have to watch and control your portions. This goes for wine, too. And since I do like a glass of vino now and then, I thought I'd made my own special glass […]
Tag Archives: portion control glass
Etched Portion-Control Wine Glass
January 26, 2011

subset: commoncrawl


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Hiya I hope your self and your horses are fine and hows the driveing going.
Its been raining here again so coverd him up and took him out for a walk so hopefully tomorrow we can have a drive.
Its nice chatting to you and hope to chat to you soon.
Michael and tricky.


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Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia
Diagnosis. Fibromyalgia Network website. Available at: http://www.fmnetnews.com/fibro-basics/diagnosis. Accessed August 8, 2013.
Diagnosis. National Fibromyalgia Association website. Available at: http://fmaware.org/site/PageServerda3b.html?pagename=fibromyalgia%5Fdiagnosed. Accessed August 8, 2013.
Fibromyalgia. American College of Rheumatology website. Available at: http://www.rheumatology.org/Practice/Clinical/Patients/Diseases%5FAnd%5FConditions/Fibromyalgia. Updated February 2013. Accessed August 8, 2013.
Fibromyalgia. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed.ebscohost.com/about/about-us. Updated July 15, 2013. Accessed August 8, 2013.
Fibromyalgia. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases website. Available at: http://www.niams.nih.gov/Health%5FInfo/Fibromyalgia/default.asp. Updated August 2012. Accessed August 8, 2013.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD
- Review Date: 09/2014 -
- Update Date: 09/17/2014 -
This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.
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I've read many books on Feng Shui. This one has got to be the best!Published 9 months ago by Christine J. Reichert
Mr. Spear is an internationally recognized educator, consultant, lecturer and writer on feng shui. He was the first honorary president of the International Feng Shui Society which... Read morePublished 17 months ago by Amy A. Christensen
Best Feng Shui Book I have read thus far. Amazing how it was intended for my real estate career in staging and selling homes. Read morePublished 19 months ago by J. Sauer
Brilliant and thoughtful. Very usable. You can start with this but if you know nothing about the subject you might enjoy Terah Collins' "The Western Guide to Feng Shui"... Read morePublished 23 months ago by Shelley Coss
I learned the background of "Feng Shui" and this was an easy book to read. Very informative as to the reasoning of the subject.Published on May 29, 2013 by Alice Wilkinson
Great Book, easy to understand. Not pages and pages of reading to understand. This book comes to the point fast.Published on August 1, 2011 by Alexander J. Borzych
I haven't really understood Feng Shui before I found this book. I saw this and I said wow, this could really explain to me what feng shui is. I was right. This book is amazing! Read morePublished on February 23, 2011 by Debra C


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If you've dreamed of traveling the world and winning big, then look no further than Trump Taj Mahal, where you can audition for the chance to be on the CBS Hit Reality Show, AMAZING RACE!
On August 30 from 12PM - 3PM, you will have the opportunity to audition on video and tell us why your team should be the next contestants on the AMAZING RACE.


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By Alastair Gordon | Photographs by Todd Eberle | Styling by Michael Reynolds
The title of his autobiography, "Too Much is Never Enough," says it all. Morris Lapidus believed in the breathtaking moment of arrival, in crossing the glittering threshold into a world of make-believe: "I finally realized that American taste was being influenced by the greatest mass-media entertainment of that time, the movies," he said—and he went on to design resort hotels disguised as movie sets. The surprise is that he also distilled that urge into an almost completely forgotten little house on Biscayne Bay.
It is still hard to get a handle on the man and his buildings. His place in architectural history wavers somewhere between outright canonization and bemused mockery. Much of his work has been shadowed by speculative mythology (often of his own making). But Lapidus remains the reigning deity of Miami Beach development—he did as much as anyone to shape its modern image with his string of hotel extravaganzas: the Sans Souci (1949), the Algiers (1951) and his masterpiece, the Fontainebleau (1954). And his name continues to carry remarkable cachet with both developers and tourists—even after the recent wave of trendy boutique hotels by Ian Schrager, André Balazs, Philippe Starck and others.
"Lapidus, who never forgot his vaudeville days, loved slapstick comedy."
After a $500 million face-lift, the towering white bend of the Fontainebleau reopened last November with celebrity-studded fanfare and a Victoria's Secret fashion show. Original Lapidus elements—such as his signature bow-tie-patterned floors and hovering neoclassical columns in the lobby—were lovingly re-created while new features, including a 40,000-square-foot spa, were added. The equally renowned Eden Roc reopened in October after a lavish, $180 million, 18-month renovation by architect John Nichols.
Given his penchant for baroque-modern excess, curving façades, faux classical columns and swooping staircases that lead nowhere, it's hard to imagine Lapidus as a less-is-more sort of architect. "This house is only 3,500 square feet, but it lives like it's a 6,000-square-foot home," says Deborah Desilets, a Miami-based architect and keeper of the Lapidus archives. "He was a master of making the small seem expansive, the way he integrated interior and exterior spaces."
"My mouth dropped when I first saw it, even though it was in total disrepair," says the Miami-based radiologist who bought the property in 1991 without even bothering to look at any other houses. (He and his wife had just relocated from Cincinnati.) "We could see that it had good bones, like the Neutra and Lautner houses in Los Angeles," he says.


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Emerson office hours are M-F, 9-5 pm. The Jessie Wilber Gallery is open T-F from 12 - 5 pm and Sat. from 10am -1 pm.
The tenants have individual hours. Please contact them for info. MOST Galleria Hall hours are Monday-Saturday 11-6pm.
The Emerson Grill, has been serving home-style northern Italian cuisine with an authentic, rustic flair for nearly two years. more...
The Emerson is home to 8 galleries! Visit "Galleria Hall", (more information)
located in the West Wing of the first floor or visit the 3 different Emerson run gallery spaces. The Jessie Wilber Gallery, the Emerson Lobby and the Weaver Room... (more information)
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History The Emerson is a thriving arts and community center. The building began its days as an elementary school built in 1918, and thousands of Bozeman children were taught here before its closure in 1991. more...
Click here to view building floorplan!


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Frogbeats C3
The C3 is what we like to call the "baby brother" to the C5. Featuring the same sound signature as the C5, the C3 is our entry level CIEM. However don't be put off by "entry level", this gem will still shine through and sound absolutely fantastic. We've examined all possible routes for our sound signatures, and felt that a slight mid-bass hump was the most...
Frogbeats C4
"The seller is a good person. " --sherry1218
Frogbeats C5
The flagship CIEM from Frogbeats, featuring a 5 driver configuration of Sonion balanced armature drivers. The C5 was designed for those audio enthusiasts looking for an extremely detailed, full-bodied sound with a slight emphasis on the bass. The Frogbeats C5 is the ultimate choice from the line up and delivers astounding sound quality coupled with excellent craftmanship. Each C5 comes with...
HiSoundAudio BA100
" So after a day of somewhat abusive run in (free and impatient) and tip rolling, I can say these easily play in a realm at or above their $100 price point. The stock tips are fine and Grado tips also work well but try a few doubles on them all the way to the base and you may get really great results. The stock tips are short and I prefer those up near the tip, the Grado/Orto tips..." --goodvibes
HiSoundAudio Crystal
"Introducing HiSound Audio's Crystal IEMs After reviewing HSA's E212 and PAA-1Pro recently, Jack approached me and asked if I'd like a review sample of the Crystal (IEM) and Living (Earbuds). I jumped at the chance, and after paying for the freight - they duly arrived a couple of weeks ago. I've listed price at the RRP of ~ USD $69 – this is not what I paid for them..." --Brooko
HiSoundAudio E212
"I am a Grado fan. More precisely, I am a Grado modder. Everything I listen to is tinkered with, and woodied….Needless to say, I favor a bright sound signature, open-backs and am not very into IEMs. For all of my listening I use my FiiO X5 on low gain, loaded with 16/44 FLAC files. IEMs are a necessary evil in an occasionally noisy world, but given I have oddly shaped ear canals (thanks to a..." --fleasbaby
HiSoundAudio E300
"REVIEW: HisoundAudio E300 Specs: Type: Dynamic Size of the driver: Φ 7mm Impedance: 16 Ω Sensitivity: 100 db Maximum SPL: 125db(1khz,1 Vrms) Frequency response: 20-20000 Hz The length of the cable: 124 cm Cable wire :High quality OFC Price: U$D 19.99 Accessories: As mine are just a sample, I didn't receive any extra accessories, but according..." --Zelda
HiSoundAudio Golden Crystal
"Hisoundaudio Golden Crystal First I'd like to thank Jack at Hisoundaudio for giving me the opportunity to purchase the Golden Crystals, or GC as I'll reference them, as they are not yet available from any US dealer. Meet the super tiny Golden Crystals. They are the smallest dynamic driver on the planet (I think the Monster Tributes are 5mm as well, if..." --shotgunshane
HiSoundAudio Living
"Foreword: I'm a production manager, but mainly focus on live sound engineering and lighting. I install and tune P.A equipment, and mix live acts in: - live venues, - concert halls, - bars, and - nightclubs. I've taken a huge liking to headphones - IEMs in particular. I like the idea of having my own personal PA system that I can take with me anywhere. With Rockbox being in such..." --White Lotus
HiSoundAudio PAA-1
" Disclaimer: Rather than being an audiophile like most of the members here, I consider myself to be just an enthusiast consumer. I have very limited experience with headphones and anyone looking at my current review should be aware of that. The PAA-1's are my first decent earphones. Despite being entry-level if judged by price and appearance alone, the sound they produce is good and..." --horizon21


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Recipe by Ginger
"This is a sweet creamy pie with a cherry topping. Very easy and very good!!! You'll be glad you tried it!"
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1 (8 ounce) package
cream cheese
1 (14 ounce) can
sweetened condensed milk
1/3 cup
lemon juice
1 teaspoon
vanilla extract
1 (9 inch)
prepared graham cracker crust
1 (21 ounce) can
cherry pie filling
I'm giving it a 4 star because it is easy and after 36 hours, it did have a nice, firm, creamy, consistency... a bit too much lemon flavoring for me, the batter was still very loose and puddding-like, even after 18 hours of refrigeration...good thing I had made this 2 days before it was eaten. This is the exact same recipe as a few others on this site..(cherry cheese pie, for one), and I had read a review for one of them that suggested decreasing the lemon and increasing the cream cheese. If I ever make this recipe again, that's what I'll do..4 oz more cream cheese, and use only 1/4 cup of lemon juice.
didnt look good didnt taste good at all...just my opinion though.
61 Ratings
I've been making this pie for at least 30 years and it is always a hit. There are always requests for this pie on the holidays. I use one can of cherry pie filling for two pies and it is plenty. Leave about an inch wide strip around the outer edge of pie uncoverd with the cherries and it makes a very pretty presentation.
My oldest son and I made this pie together. I made the graham cracker crust from scratch and we used reduced fat cream cheese in the filling. Though it looked pretty and set up perfectly, it wasn't a huge hit. My husband politely asked me not to make this pie again. It's not the recipe's fault, just a personal family preferance.
Setting Issue***KNOX GELATIN...will correct problem. I've done this for years. Into your 1/3 cup fresh squeezed lemon juice, mix in 2 tsp. of Knox (unflavored) Gelatin. Note**Strain your juice or break the pulp. Let stand 1 minute before incorporating into cheese/milk mixture. No need to reduce lemon juice (if you think to much liquid) nor add more cream cheese. For me--adding more cheese cuts into the other flavors. If you reduce your lemon juice to half...use maybe 1/2 - 1 tsp of Knox. Either way let stand 1 minute before use. It will thicken (swell) but don't worry--use it. I prefer sweetened strawberries or frozen cherries mixed with sugar. I don't use cherry filling anymore. Never really cared for it but when I did use it, I believed it aided in filling not setting like I would have liked. I also think that 'cherry goo' is too heavy (weight) & wet for a cream pie. For this reason I thought it made for a poor 'potluck' pie because after cutting it started looking unappetizing later. Mine was never 'runny' or 'soupy' but I always thought it could be bit firmer without sacrificing taste & texture. The recipe is good. Always has been but Knox WILL give a firm, CREAMY, clean slice of pie. TRUST me. As long as you don't use too much, it will not be 'gelatinous' in texture but creamy. Yes, I know it's pretty with the topping covering pie but try spooning over individual slices instead. This will prevent a 'sagging' pie. Firmer, better looking...tasty. Now it's a potluck pie.
Delicious! Perfect for summer bbqs! I followed the recipe ingredients exactly, but "toasted" the graham cracker crust slightly in the oven (5 minutes or so @ 350ish) to give the crust a little more stiffness so it doesn't soften as easily when the filling is added and sits overnight. I also have no issues with it chilling for only 3 hours. The texture is supposed to be creamy and smooth... not firm. The pie may fall apart when cutting it, but that's to be expected from a pie like this. I highly recommend topping it with fresh sliced strawberries... that's our favorite and looks gorgeous too!
Great recipe to make on hot days when you don't want to use the oven. Best to beat the cream cheese and condensed milk for a few minutes (3-5 minutes) to ensure creaminess. Also beat 3-5 minutes after adding lemon and vanilla. Top with favorite fruit topping or serve plain.
Family loved it, easy to make and delicious! Took longer than three hours to set, though. Took overnite but well worth it!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Cherry Cheese Pie II
Serving Size: 1/8 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 8
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 492
Calories from Fat: 194
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In 1840, Catherine Brewer Benson became the first American woman to graduate from college, gaining a bachelor's degree from what is now Wesleyan College in Georgia. Nine years later, Elizabeth Blackwell became the first American woman to earn a medical degree. But women remained a small minority in U.S. higher education well into the 20th century, concentrated in single-sex and teachers' colleges and a rarity in prestigious professional schools.
All that has changed over the past generation. In 1981-82, women for the first time outnumbered men in bachelor's degrees awarded. Now, for full-time students in four-year schools, women's graduation rates surpass men's by 7 percentage points. They finish college faster and get better grades. Today, they comprise nearly 60 percent of undergraduates and graduate students in the arts and sciences; in medicine and law schools, women are only slightly less common than men. Among low-income, minority, and older students, women dominate the class rolls; community colleges struggle to recruit and keep qualified men on campuses that may be 3-to-1 female.
Meet Camille Sabino, the 20-year-old daughter of Filipino immigrants. She's excelling at the University of Arizona, where 52 percent of the students are women. She is majoring in management-information systems—a male-dominated and highly technical field—but is far from intimidated. "I see a lot of men who aren't reading the newspaper, aren't aware of what's going on with the world, aren't doing much with their lives," she said.
Sabino's academic success raises two questions: Why do women perform so much better in school than their male classmates? And why hasn't this academic prowess translated into higher earnings for women than for men? The answer to the first question, it turns out, may supply the answer to the second.
Now that almost 30 years have elapsed since women began their educational climb, it's hard to argue that the solution is patience. For full-time, year-round workers who were 25 and older in 2009, men with a bachelor's degree earned a median $62,440, versus $46,830 for women, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. Men with only a high school degree earned more than women with an associate's degree, and men with an associate's degree earned more than women with a bachelor's. Women with a master's degree earned less, on average, than men with only a B.A.
Why this stubborn gap? As students enter the working world, the disparity doesn't show up right away. Right out of college, women tend to best the men in the job hunt, just as Sabino confidently predicts for herself. "Young, single, college-educated women without children earn pretty close to what their male counterparts do—even more in some cities," said Nancy Folbre, an economist at the University of Massachusetts.
But later, things change. A lot of the problem, experts say, lies in the complexities of child-rearing. "Women tend to take time out of paid employment to care for children and other family members," Folbre explained. "In fact, I think women try harder to get a college education precisely so that they can make the family commitments they care about and also make a decent salary."
Career paths, especially in higher-paying, formerly male-dominated fields, are often timed in ways that make it harder to bear children, according to Mary Ann Mason, a University of California (Berkeley) law professor who was the first woman to serve as the school's graduate dean. In academia, she pointed out, tenure isn't granted until well into an aspiring professor's 30s, toward the end of a woman's childbearing years. Lawyers trying to make partner, doctors completing their residencies, and MBAs climbing the corporate ladder face similar obstacles.
It may be in anticipation of this dilemma that so many college women still choose historically female, relatively underpaid—and flat—careers. In the 1970s and early 1980s, women made great inroads into traditionally male-dominated college majors such as business and science, according to research conducted by Paula England, a New York University sociologist. But since then, their progress has halted. Undergraduate majors and fields of Ph.D. study "continue to be very sex-segregated," England said. "Women are still going into majors that lead to jobs that don't pay as well."
This squares with what Sabino sees. "Out of all my girlfriends, I'm the only actual business major," she said. "A lot of my friends are sociology, anthropology, education, psychology, communications." In 2009-10, five times as many undergraduate men as women majored in engineering, the discipline that pays the most to recent graduates. Four times as many women as men majored in education and seven times as many in social work—among the lowest-paying majors. Both of these professions tend to require master's degrees, which helps explain why females with a master's earn less, on average, than males with a bachelor's.
This article appears in the March 13, 2012 edition of National Journal Magazine.


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Landice The E7 ElliptiMill® Elliptical Trainer #1 Rated in Consumer Reports 2015!
Landice is excited to announce that we received the #1 rating in two product categories with Consumer Reports! Each year Consumer Reports rates a wide variety of treadmills and ellipticals on factors such as Ergonomics, Construction, Ease of use, Exercise range and User safety. These five categorize all play into the overall score of the product which provides the final product ranking. The L7 Cardio treadmill came in #1 with a score of 84 under the "Non-folding treadmills"! The E7 Pro Sports ElliptiMill was also rated #1 under the Ellipitcal "No Heart Rate Programs" category with a score of 69. The online article is available NOW and the magazine should hit newsstands any day, so please pick-up a copy.
Landice E7 ElliptiMill Executive Trainer
Console Features
The Most Natural Stride
Patented Rollmentum™ center-drive replicates the body's natural motion.
Lowest Step Up Height
Integrated rear step provides for lowest step up height of any elliptical.
The Most Comfortable Feel
Orthopedic "gel" footpads provide optimal comfort and relieve foot fatigue.
Metabolic Equivalent Speed and Distance
An advanced algorithm calculates your equivalent speed and distance based on your effort level and pedal speed.
Adjustable Stride
Stride adjusts between 17 and 23 inches.
High-Tech Entertainment Center
Integrated fan, water bottle holders, and iPod® or MP3 connectivity to play your favorite music on the built-in stereo speakers.
The Ultimate in Flexibility
Integrated side frame foot rests with non-skid surface allows for isolated upper body workouts.
Choose from Four Control Panels
Executive Trainer, Cardio Trainer, Pro Sports Trainer, or Pro Trainer.
Lifetime Residential Warranty
Incorporates all technology and commercial grade components from our "Club Series" which are placed in the harshest commercial environments throughout the world.
This item is usually delivered via Common Freight Carrier. Handling time is 2-5 days plus shipping time from Chicago. Please review the terms below and contact us ASAP if there may be a problem.
1. The freight carrier will make attempts to contact you by your phone number on your order to schedule delivery. Please double check the phone number current. If they cannot reach you, or cannot arrange delivery, the item will have to be shipped back to us. If this happens, you may lose any shipping fees you paid for the item when the item is refunded.
2. Delivery is scheduled beforehand and usually takes place MONDAY-FRIDAY during business hours. You must be present for delivery and a signature is required. If you schedule an appointment then are not present without contacting the carrier, the carrier may charge a redelivery fee.
3. If you wish to change the delivery address after the order has shipped, you must contact us directly as soon as possible. Some changes may be not possible. If you wish to change the address after the item is already in your area, the carrier may charge a fee.
4. The carrier will arrive in front of your address and it is your responsibility to UNLOAD THE FREIGHT FROM THE TRUCK, drivers usually do not assist. We do not include a lift gate fee to drop the items on the curb, because most customers would prefer do it themselves and save money. If you wish to add this service, there may be an additional fee. The boxes may be taken apart in the truck to ease with unloading.
5. It is your responsibility to INSPECT the merchandise prior to delivery agent's departure. If the merchandise appears to be damaged in any way, please note the damage on the freight bill. This will aid in the return/replacement process.


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Larvae range from about 2mm in length on hatching to about 40mm when mature. The body length of adults is approximately 24–35mm with a wing span of over 60mm.
Larvae are obligatory endo-parasites of living African rhinoceros, but adults do not feed. Females lay eggs on African rhinoceros. The eggs probably take less than a week to hatch. After hatching, larvae develop in the host's stomach over a period of several months. When mature they release their hold on the stomach mucosa, pass through the digestive tract and are excreted with the faeces.
They burrow into the soil under and around the dungpile and pupate, emerging as adults after about 6 weeks for a very brief life (less than 1 week) on the wing.
Because both rhinoceros species defecate in regularly used dungpiles, adult flies are likely to emerge in an area where they have a relatively good chance of encountering a rhinoceros on which to lay their eggs. In South Africa Gyrostigma rhinocerontis has 2 generations per year, with adult flies active in March–April and October–December.
Despite their large size, adults only live for a few days (3–5 days in captivity) because they have very reduced non-functional mouthparts and do not feed. Within that short life span, female flies have to locate a male, mate and then find a new rhinoceros host for their eggs.
Adults of Gyrostigma rhinocerontis are strong fliers, but no estimates of their flight range have been made. There is no known natural migration of this species. However, on several occasions it has been carried unwittingly inside the stomachs of rhinoceros bound for zoos in Europe, Asia and South America, eventually emerging as mature larvae in an inhospitable environment.


text:
The Department of Defense announced today the death of two soldiers who were supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom. They died in Baghdad, Iraq, on Dec. 10, as a result of enemy small arms fire. Both soldiers were assigned to the 1st Battalion, 502nd Infantry Regiment, 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 101st Airborne Division, Fort Campbell, Ky.
Killed were:
Staff Sgt. Travis L. Nelson, 41, of Anniston, Ala.
Sgt. Kenith Casica, 32, of Virginia Beach, Va.
For further information related to this release, contact Army Public Affairs at (703) 692-2000.


text:
the end of the ODP program the greatly improved quality of the cores permitted the useful employment of core scanning devices that measure density, magnetic susceptibility, P-wave velocity, natural gamma radiation, color, and magnetic polarity. These digital measurements are in addition to pore water chemistry, physical properties, microbiological samples, biostratigraphy, and other measurements that were standard in the days of DSDP. In ODP the shipboard scientific party grew to as many as 30 scientists who operated the machines, did the descriptions, made the measurements, and carried out the scientific studies. Their efforts over 12-hour shifts, 7 days/week, on a 56-day expedition constitute an aggregate 9 to 10 man-years of work achieved during the at-sea time. These expeditions are very productive efforts.
The substantial improvements made in the recovery and documentation of the recovered section came in parallel to improvements in how we used the holes that were drilled. Logging of the holes has come very close to keeping pace with developments in the industry. Other measurements such as heat flow and vertical velocity profiles have also been commonly made. Perhaps one of the most elegant innovations in down-hole instrumentation has been the circulation obviation retrofit kit (CORK), a device that seals off one or more sections of the drill hole and allows measurements of the chemical and physical nature of the waters in that section to be made over time. Thus, the holes themselves can become deep-sea observatories or laboratories for chemistry, microbiology, and seismology.
As our knowledge of the deep-sea environment and the scientific questions we address expands, our technical capabilities continue to improve. Now with the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) we have also been able to go beyond the limitations first accepted as necessary in the early days of DSDP. We have drilled in the ice-covered region of the high Arctic and brought back a startling record of climate change associated with the CO2 rich atmosphere of the Eocene. We have drilled on the very shallow shelf off New Jersey and the reefs of Tahiti to delve into the history of sea level changes and its impact on the sedimentary architecture of shallow water environments. And we are beginning an ambitious program of exploring the tectonic, depositional, and hydrologic environment of convergent margins. We no longer have to drill lacking the well control provided by a riser and will hopefully extend the water depth in which we can operate in the riser (or "well control") mode beyond the present 2,500 m.
The envisioned scope of the great exploration that awaited us in the beginning days of scientific ocean drilling has been exceeded. Not only have we applied crucial tests to the plate tectonic theory but also we have created a whole new scientific field—paleoceanography. Through the exploration of the deep-sea environment we have also expanded the science we address far beyond that envisioned in the early days of DSDP. The chemistry and hydrology of water in the sediments and the crust are now thought to play a key role in the chemistry of the oceans and the weathering of the basalt both near the ridge axes and far off the axes into the older crust. The structure of the oceanic crust itself is gradually being revealed as we penetrate deeper into the basaltic sections. And we are just beginning to realize the great importance of microbes in the ocean environment. These are just some of the aspects of scientific ocean drilling that continue to intrigue the scientific mind and expand both the science and the scientific community that use scientific ocean drilling to increase the scope of our knowledge.
Supporting References
Coffin, M.F. and J.A. McKenzie. 2001. Earth, Oceans and Life: Scientific Investigation of the Earth System Using Multiple Drilling Platforms and New Technologies, Initial Science Plan, 2003-2013. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.
Gornitz, V. 2009. Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments. Springer, The Netherlands.


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Occupational Safety Alumni Meet
The occupational safety department had its Homecoming 2013 alumni event at Sports City Café in Durant October 4th with 42 alumni in attendance. It was a great 77 degree evening as we met on the patio for snacks and a time of remembering and re-acquaintance! Some of those in attendance were (In pics from L to R):


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Lohse, Brewers up next for D-backs
APR 04, 2013 3:20p ET
Pitching matchups: Friday – LHP Wade Miley (16-11, 3.33 ERA in 2012) vs. RHP Kyle Lohse (16-3, 2.86 ERA in 2012). Saturday -- LHP Patrick Corbin (6-8, 4.54 ERA in 2012) vs. RHP Mike Fiers (9-10, 3.74 ERA in 2012). Sunday -- RHP Ian Kennedy (1-0, 2.57 ERA) vs. RHP Yovani Gallardo (0-0, 5.40 ERA).
Who's hot for the D-backs: After tying a career best for a single game with four hits in the season opener, Gerardo Parra collected four more in the series to start the year 8 for 16 with an RBI and five extra-base hits. … Martin Prado has an early team lead with four RBI on 5 for 16 batting with two doubles and a home run.
Who's not: Though he drove in a game-winning run in the 16th inning Wednesday, shortstop Cliff Pennington is off to a 3-for-14 start to the year. … Second baseman Aaron Hill, the current No. 3 hitter, has started the year a respectable 4 for 14 but has only driven in one run.
Who's hot for the Brewers: Ryan Braun is already doing what Ryan Braun does, starting the season 4 for 10 with four RBI, a home run and three walks. … Second baseman Rickie Weeks has a team-high six hits through 11 at-bats and has scored a team best five runs.
Who's not: In two appearances, closer John Axford has given up more hits (six) than he has gotten outs (five). He blew a save on Opening Day and has already allowed three home runs. … Catcher Jonathan Lucroy notched a sacrifice fly on Opening Day but has started the year 0 for 9 in two starts and one pinch-hit appearance.
Notes, quotes, odds and ends: Before Saturday's game, the Brewers will hold a ceremony to present Braun with the NL Silver Slugger trophy and the Josh Gibson Award for being the NL home runs leader in 2012. … Yovani Gallardo, starting on Sunday for the Brewers, has never lost to the D-backs. He is 6-0 with a 1.02 ERA in seven outings against the D-backs. … D-backs outfielder Cody Ross joined High-A Visalia on Thursday for his rehab assignment. He'll pinch hit and DH at first before playing the field and hopes to return next week.
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Charleston County
BOATWRIGHT, Wilsey G., 89, of North Charleston died Thursday. Arrangements by Hilton's Mortuary.
DUGGINS, Brenda Lee, 52, of North Charleston, a homemaker and wife of James Tracht, died Dec. 22. Arrangements by Simplicity Lowcountry Cremation and Burial Services.
FLESHMAN, David Lionel, 50, of James Island, owner and operator with Dawg House Auto Body Shop and spouse of Janet Boyd, died Friday. Arrangements by McAlister-Smith's James Island Chapel.
HAMILTON, Martha Green, 96, of Johns Island, a retired seamstress and businesswoman, died Thursday. Arrangements by Walker's Mortuary.
HANSON, Thomas Preston Jr., 62, of Mount Pleasant, president and owner with PT Environmental Inc. and husband of Cynthia Spencer Hanson, died Thursday. Arrangements by Stuhr's Mount Pleasant Chapel.
McQUEEN, Richard Jefferson, 90, of Charleston, former pastor with Harbor Light Baptist Church and husband of Betty McQueen, died Thursday. Arrangements by Stuhr's West Ashley Chapel.
RANDALL-MARTIN, Debra Renee, of North Charleston, wife of Ricky C. Martin, died Wednesday. Arrangements by Hilton's Mortuary.
SCHLAYER, Suzanne Louise, 82, of Hollywood, a retired accountant, died Friday. Arrangements by Simplicity Lowcountry Cremation and Burial Services of North Charleston.
SMITH, James D., 72, of Charleston died Monday. Arrangements by Murray's Mortuary of North Charleston.
SNELGROVE, Joseph, 70, of North Charleston, a retired self-employed gas pump technician, died Thursday. Arrangements by Carolina Memorial Funeral Home.
YOUNG, Renea, 37, of Charleston died Wednesday. Arrangements by Murray's Mortuary of North Charleston.
Berkeley County
COTE, Albert Joseph, 74, of Summerville, owner with Cote Construction and husband of Cheryl Cote, died Thursday. Arrangements by Palmetto Cremation Society of Charleston.
JENKINS, Fred, 70, of Pineville, husband of Ruth Jenkins, died Friday. Arrangements by Henryhand's St. Stephen Chapel.
WALLACE, Adline, of Cross died Friday. Arrangements by Eutawville Community Funeral Home.
Colleton County
DARDEN, Rosamae Moultrie, 72, of Walterboro died Thursday. Arrangements by Allen Funeral Home.
HAWKINS, Leo Milton, 75, of Islandton, a Navy retiree, died Thursday. Arrangements by Herndon and Sons' Walterboro Chapel.
DEJAMOUR, Adam, 60, of Bluffton, a web designer, died Thursday. Arrangements by Simplicity Lowcountry Cremation and Burial Services of North Charleston.
HINES, Ronald Venton, 65, of Beaufort, owner with Ronnie's Construction Cleaning, died Monday. Arrangements by Simplicity Lowcountry Cremation and Burial Services of North Charleston.
HOLDER, Donna Kinser, 76, of Kinston, N.C., formerly of Charleston, S.C., widow of Raymond L. Holder, died Thursday. Arrangements by
KEARNS, R. Ray, 88, of Beaufort, owner with Kearns Chiropractic Clinic and husband of Jean Kearns, died Wednesday. Arrangements by Anderson Funeral Home.
LAURENS, John, 95, of Spartanburg, a retired Naval Reserve commander and widower of Helen Laurens, died Friday. Arrangements by J.M. Dunbar Funeral Home of Roebuck.
MANESS, Woodrow Baldwin, 52, of Raleigh, an engineer with Verizon Wireless and husband of Cari Byrd Maness, died Thursday. Arrangements by Bryan-Lee Funeral Home of Garner, N.C.
PEEBLES, Floyd, 83, of Beaufort, an Army veteran, former employee with Merritt Motors, Napa and J.C. Lewis Ford and widower of Betty Peebles, died Thursday. Arrangements by Anderson Funeral Home.
PURCELL, James Paul, 91, of Millbrook, N.Y., a Navy veteran, owner and engineer with James P. Purcell Associates and widower of Rita Cantwell Purcell, died Dec. 17. Arrangements by Anderson Funeral Home of Beaufort, S.C.
STRONG, Clarice Elizabeth, 85, of Andrews, wife of Jack Strong, died Friday. Arrangements by Williamsburg Funeral Home of Kingstree.
WALKER, Patricia Ann, 65, of North, a homemaker and wife of Allen Walker, died Thursday. Arrangements by Parks Funeral Home of Summerville.
WASHINGTON, Theodore, 76, of Eutawville died Thursday. Arrangements by Eutawville Community Funeral Home.
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New From UKC - Video News!by Jack Geldard - Editor - UKC Jan/2010
This news story has been read 7,851 times
We hope you enjoy it and we are aiming to make it a regular feature if it proves popular. It features some of the major recent news items and we explore these items with interviews and on the spot reporting.
Items featured in the first news show:


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Energy Journal: Investors to Big Oil: We Need to Talk
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Now the Big Oil earnings season has been and gone, serious questions are being asked about whether the future of exploration and production will involve the super majors in their current form.
The integrated oil business model is under pressure, writes The Wall Street Journal's Liam Denning; investors are no longer convinced that scale and integration, the touchstones of the 1990s' consolidation drive, deliver value.
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By James Herron Here's your morning jolt of news, insight and analysis on the global energy business. Send us tips, suggestions and complaints: email@example.com and email@example.com Click here to receive this morning email newsletter SOLAR WARS The usually tranquil world of European renewable energy just got exciting, as a plucky band of rebels led by [...]
It is all on the line for the two finalists in the DJ FX Frenzy championship: the pride and glory of being named the first global winner of this bracket-style foreign-exchange competition.
For them, everything hinges on whether recent global growth concerns drive investors into the classic safe-harbor currencies, the U.S. dollar and the Japanese yen.
Dan Dorrow, head of research at Faros Trading in Stamford, Conn., and Michael Hewson, senior market analyst with CMC Markets in London, are fighting for the global championship this week, in a tournament that started with 24 traders and strategists across the Americas, Asia and Europe pitting their best trade ideas against each other's.
Among the companies with shares expected to actively trade in Friday's session are J.P. Morgan Chase & Co. (JPM), Wells Fargo & Co. (WFC) and Infosys Ltd. (INFY, 500209.BY).
J.P. Morgan Chase & Co.'s first-quarter net income jumped 33%, beating analysts' expectations, as strong investment-banking results offset declining mortgage revenue at the nation's largest bank by assets. The bank also benefited from continued improvements in loan quality that allowed it to set aside less money for future losses.
Wells Fargo's first-quarter profit jumped 22%, topping Street estimates, as the San Francisco bank reported stronger credit and controlled expenses, although it logged lower mortgage-banking income as mortgage originations and applications both fell. Shares fell 1.5% to $36.95 premarket.
Infosys reported that its fiscal fourth-quarter net profit rose 3% from a year earlier but revenue came in below expectations. The company blamed a "volatile" world for disappointing results and said sales will grow at just 6% to 10% over the next 12 months, well below industry forecasts. American depositary shares of the India-based software exporter plunged 18% to $44.57 premarket.
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Think of 'an OPEC nation' and more likely than not this will conjure images of a Gulf state, swimming in petrodollars that it uses to cushion their people against such preoccupations as tax and work.
But there are other OPEC nations, where accumulated wealth isn't ostentatiously displayed as glimmering skyscrapers, and two of those countries find themselves at a crossroads.
One is Venezuela, a founder member of the cartel. Far from the oil industry propping up its economy, these days gasoline is just about the only affordable consumer product available.
During the 14-year rule of the late President Hugo Chávez, gasoline went from being cheap to seemingly almost free, The Wall Street Journal's Ángel González reports from Caracas where premium gasoline costs 5.8 U.S. cents a gallon.
Needless to say this subsidized price has meant both a huge increase in gasoline use and a huge decrease in the amount of cash available to the state oil giant PdVSA. As a consequence of that, crude output has dropped by one quarter since 1998.
There are fears Venezuela's economy could be heading for trouble unless subsidy adjustments are made. Sunday's election result will go some way to determining whether this happens, although the new government will be aware that removing fuel subsidies in a poor country can lead to trouble, as Egypt has experienced.
On the other side of South Atlantic Ocean, another OPEC member is also suffering. The Journal's Benoît Faucon reports from the swamps of the Niger Delta, where a good living can be made by stealing oil from the network of pipelines there.
The levels of theft are remarkable—some 7.5% of the country's total production is allegedly being siphoned each day. This, coupled with a shrinking market for Nigerian crude in the U.S., is causing a real headache for the country and the huge oil firms that operate in the Delta.
On the face of it, tackling the theft would appear to be easier than finding new customers for its oil, but the problem looks to be spiraling out of control.
Royal Dutch Shell, the biggest operator in the region, has described it as "a well-financed and highly organized criminal enterprise" that uses "influence, corruption and violence."
The latest WikiLeaks cables served as a reminder that Nigerian oil production topped 2 million barrels a day for the first time in 1973. Four decades later daily output has increased by just 100,000 barrels.
It's tough to be a doubter in the markets these days. Or bearish. Or bearesque. Or anything that betrays an inclination to sell or short stocks.
The markets are starting to get that feeling. You know the one. The one where doing anything except blindly buying gets portfolio managers in trouble. No news is good news. Bad news is good news. Good news is good news.
"This feels like the housing market of 2006," Sam Zell said yesterday afternoon on CNBC. "Everybody feels they can't afford to miss it."
It's been especially hard on the skeptics who thought they saw a big sell-off coming. Back in February, Dennis Gartman, a well-known trader who edits and publishes the daily Gartman Letter, came out with a strongly worded warning for investors. ""Did you hear/feel and then understand the tectonic plates shifting beneath our feet in all of the capital markets yesterday?" he wrote. He wasn't alone in that feeling at the time.
By Vincent Cignarella
The DJ FX Frenzy field has narrowed to three regional champions and one wild card entrant who outperformed the rest as this international tournament of currency analysts, strategists and traders moves into its global semi-finals phase.
Dan Dorrow, head of research at Faros Trading in Stamford Conn., was the top competitor in last week's head-to-head match-up. He will be paired against the wild card entrant, Stockholm-based SEB chief currency strategist Carl Hammer.
Dorrow's pick for this week's battle is to buy the Australian dollar against the Japanese yen while Hammer has chosen to sell the Norwegian krone versus the Swedish krona. Dorrow is betting that yen bears will continue to test the currency's vulnerabilities as investors make the yen the carry trade of choice by selling the currency and buying just about everything else.
While a number of investment banks, among others, have been contending General Electric has made a pricey deal in agreeing to buy oilfield-services firm Lufkin for $3.3 billion, some perspective is warranted.
The conglomerate notes its deal's valuation, at 13.5 times Lufkin's estimated current-year EBIDTA, compares with the 14.6 multiple for Robbins & Myers' 2010 deal for T-3 and 2011′s agreements between Lufkin and Quinn (13.6) and GE and Wood Group (14).
Still, Tudor Pickering says today's announcement "reinforces why stock market is generally paying up for oilfield manufacturers. If the stock market won't, M&A market will."
By Vincent Cignarella and Erin McCarthy
Standings in this week DJ FX Frenzy took a decided turn — thanks to the actions of the Bank of Japan.
The BOJ's massive new easing program, announced Thursday, upended trades of competitors in the bracket-style tournament, in which strategists from three regions compete in head-to-head matchups based on weeklong foreign exchange trade ideas.
The two competitors battling it out for the Americas regional championship had fallen on different sides of the yen trade this week, leaving their fates largely in the hands of BOJ Governor Haruhiko Kuroda.
Google fell under its 50-day moving average on Thursday, and is under it again on Friday. It's not the only one.
Google shares were down another 1.5% today to $783, below its 50-day moving average of $796. A larger number of its peers in the S&P 500 are joining it under that level, and the drop is one more sign that the bull run that began in November is wearing itself out.
These moving average are technical markers that can have some significance, and which chart watchers keep an eye on to look for signs of growing weakness. Google hasn't been under the mark since mid-December, a period during which the stock jumped about 21% through early March, to about $840, before the recent downdraft started.
Google isn't the only stock falling under the 50-DMA.
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Mario Draghi, president of the European Central Bank, chided euro-zone governments yesterday for stumbling through their bailout of Cyprus, making up the rules as they went along. The initial plan to force losses upon–or "bail in," in the jargon–small depositors was "not smart, to say the least," Mr. Draghi said at his monthly press conference.
Later he expounded on the lessons of Cyprus: "A bail-in by itself is not a problem," he said. "It's the lack of rules, ex-ante rules, known to all parties which can make a bail-in a disorderly event." He urged swift passage of pan-European regulations to set a "pecking order" of creditors so that everyone knows what will happen when a bank goes bust.
But in Cyprus, the ECB appears to have made up a de facto rule of its own, one that puts central-bank lending very high up in the pecking order.
Cyprus's most troubled bank, Cyprus Popular Bank PCL, also known as Laiki Bank, will be "resolved"–that's to say, put through a form of bankruptcy. Its shareholders, bondholders and uninsured depositors will suffer losses ranging from a heck of a lot to everything.
The Central Bank of Cyprus, Laiki's largest single creditor, won't lose a cent.
Why is the central-bank lending, known as Emergency Liquidity Assistance, or ELA, so favored?
Read on…
Wall Street is feeling the heat from the solar industry. As costs come down and more people take advantage of leasing deals and make the switch, Wall Street is seeing dollar signs.
One of the companies taking advantage of the growing market is OneRoof Energy out of San Diego, which recently got a $100 million investment from Morgan Stanley. OneRoof's CEO, David Field, stopped by the Markets Hub this morning to talk about the new opportunities for solar.
The lease-finance option for solar panel – where customers are leasing rather than buying outright the panels and associated infrastructure- is making it more affordable for customers. The cost of installed solar has been coming down "significantly," he said, and in a number of markets, solar is competitive in terms of pricing with other utilities. For Wall Street, it's a stable revenue stream.
"These leases actually act much like a high-quality mortgage security," Field said. "That's the attraction for Wall Street."
To put that $100 million investment in perspective, last year, Field said, the company originated about $100 million of residential leases. This year it expects to originate about $300 million.
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The communications methods will keep changing, but there's a more timeless debate at the heart of the Securities and Exchange Commission's scrutiny of a Facebook post by Netflix Inc. Chief Executive Reed Hastings. That's the question of what represents new "material" information.
It's an important, if ever-present, point in all discussions about corporate communications with the public and compliance with Regulation Fair Disclosure, which mandates that non-public, material information be broadly disseminated and not selectively disclosed.
The SEC decided not to go forward with any civil action in the Hastings case or allege any wrongdoing on his part because of a Facebook post in July 2012, in which Hastings noted more than one billion hours of Netflix programming had been viewed the prior month, a milestone.
Among the companies with shares expected to actively trade in Wednesday's session are Global Payments Inc. (GPN), Zynga Inc. (ZNGA) and ConAgra Foods Inc. (CAG).
Global Payments' fiscal third-quarter earnings edged up 0.9% as the credit-card processor posted stronger revenue that helped offset higher costs. However, shares dropped 5.1% premarket to $46.50 as the company missed analysts' estimates for the period.
Online game maker Zynga said via its blog that the company will roll out real-money gaming today in the U.K. via its partnership with Bwin.Party Digital Entertainment PLC (PYGMF, BPTY.LN). Needham said it's an "important first step toward what could ultimately become an important source of revenue" as the potential for US online gambling markets grows. Zynga shares rose 11% to $3.41 premarket.
ConAgra's fiscal third-quarter profit shrank 57% as the packaged-foods company's results were dragged down by costs related to its acquisition of Ralcorp Holdings Inc., though the new business also pushed revenue higher. Shares slipped 3.5% to $34.30 premarket as results missed expectations.
MarketBeat looks under the hood of Wall Street each day, finding market-moving news, analyzing trends and highlighting noteworthy commentary from the best blogs and research. MarketBeat is updated frequently throughout the day, helping investors stay on top of what's happening in the markets. Lead writers Paul Vigna and Steven Russolillo spearhead the MarketBeat team, with contributions from other Journal reporters and editors. Have a comment? Write to firstname.lastname@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com.


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To the Editor:
Let's talk about handicap parking spaces. They are for people who need them because they have restricted or limited mobility. The spaces are usually near the entrances to buildings because people with limited mobility are often in danger of falling and walking across a parking lot full of reckless drivers, icy patches and uneven pavement, which increases their risk.
The parking spaces are bigger because people with limited mobility need more room to maneuver themselves and their mobility devices (wheelchairs, walkers, etc) safely and without damaging other vehicles.
If you do not need these spaces, please don't park in them, not even if you're "just gonna be a second." Also, please don't park partially in them. Have some consideration for people who, through no fault of their own, are not able-bodied as a typical person. It's frustrating that people need to be reminded in this day and age, especially in this close-knit community.
Mary Molesky
Amsterdam, OH
The Free Press Standard invites you to post your thoughts on the story in the box below.
These posts do not reflect the views of the The Free Press Standard or its employees.
©2010 The Free Press Standard
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Hyundai: Research
Home > Car Research > Hyundai
Hyundai started as a construction company and was founded by Chung Ju-yung in 1947. As it stands today, Hyundai Motor Company is South Korea's largest and world's sixth largest automaker. Head-quartered in Seoul, Hyundai started it's operations as an automaker in India in 1998 with the Santro which went on to become one of the largest selling cars in the country. The Korean company continued on the success of Santro by launching the stylish Sonata and the Accent but the Terracan and the Elantra failed to capture the buyer's imagination. Still going strong with the current line-up which also includes Getz Prime, and the successfull Verna, Hyundai will enhance it's existance with a new Elantra sometime next year. Wish them luck!
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A method and apparatus for oxidizing materials used in semiconductor integrated circuits, for example, for oxidizing silicon to form a dielectric gate. An ozonator is capable of producing a stream of least 70% ozone. The ozone passes into an RTP chamber through a water-cooled injector projecting into the chamber. Other gases such as hydrogen to increase oxidation rate, diluent gas such as nitrogen or O2, enter the chamber through another inlet. The chamber is maintained at a low pressure below 20 Torr and the substrate is advantageously maintained at a temperature less than 800° C. Alternatively, the oxidation may be performed in an LPCVD chamber including a pedestal heater and a showerhead gas injector in opposition to the pedestal.
1. A method of treating a surface of a substrate to be formed into an integrated circuit, comprising the steps of:
maintaining a processing surface of said substrate at a temperature; and
flowing from a first gas port into a processing chamber accommodating said substrate an oxygen-based gas mixture containing at least 30% ozone.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
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13. The method of
14. The method of
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. The method of
19. The method of
20. The method of
21. A substrate treatment apparatus, comprising:
a vacuum chamber;
a support within the vacuum chamber for supporting a substrate to be oxidized; and
a ozonator capable of producing a gas comprising at least 30% ozone, an output of the ozonator conveying the ozone into the vacuum chamber through a first gas port.
22. The apparatus of
23. The apparatus of
24. The apparatus of
25. The apparatus of
26. The apparatus of
27. The apparatus of
28. The apparatus of
29. The apparatus of
30. The apparatus of
31. In a substrate processing chamber including means for heating a substrate to be processed, a fluid cooled injector configured to inject processing gas from a side wall of said chamber toward said substrate.
32. The injector of
The invention relates generally to fabrication of integrated circuits. In particular, the invention relates to thermal oxidation of and other oxygen-based treatment of electronic materials such as silicon.
The fabrication of silicon integrated circuits typically includes one or more steps of forming layers of silicon dioxide, having a general composition of SiO2, although some variation in its stoichiometry is possible. In some applications, dopants are added. For brevity, this material may hereafter be referred to as oxide. Silicon dioxide is a rugged material that bonds well with silicon and is electrically insulating, that is, dielectric. Thicker layers of oxide are typically deposited by spin-on glasses or by chemical vapor deposition, particularly when they form inter-level dielectric layers, which may be formed over metal and other oxide features. However, thin oxide layers formed over silicon may be formed by oxidizing the silicon to form silicon oxide. The silicon to be oxidized may be monocrystalline silicon of the wafer or polysilicon deposited as a layer on the wafer in a multi-level structure. Gate oxide layers may be formed by oxidation of typically about 1 nm or less. Pads and STI (shallow trench isolation) liners may similarly be formed to thicknesses of typically 5 to 10 nm. The oxide layer not only electrically insulates the underlying silicon but also passivates the silicon/dielectric interface.
Oxidation is conventionally performed by heating the silicon surface to approximately 1000° C. to 1200° C. or higher and exposing it to gaseous oxygen for dry oxidation or to steam (H2O) for wet oxidation. Such thermal oxidation may conventionally be performed in a furnace accommodating large number of wafers, but furnaces have in part been superseded by single-wafer processing chambers utilizing a process called rapid thermal oxidation (RTO), a form of rapid thermal processing (RTP). In RTO, high-intensity incandescent lamps rapidly heat a silicon wafer to very high temperatures and oxygen is flowed into the RTP chamber to react on the surface of the hot wafer to react with the silicon and produce a layer of silicon oxide on top of the wafer. Gronet et al. disclose oxidation in an RTP chamber in U.S. Pat. No. 6,037,273, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. One advantage of RTO is that the walls of the RTP chamber are typically much cooler than the wafer so that oxidation of the chamber walls is reduced. Gronet et al. disclose injecting oxygen and hydrogen gases into the RTP chamber to react near the hot wafer surface for in situ generation of steam.
It has been recognized that oxygen radicals O* provide several advantages in silicon oxidation. The oxygen radicals more easily react than oxygen gas so that the oxidation rate is increased for a given temperature. Further, the radicals promote corner rounding, an important feature in STI.
Oxygen plasmas have been used for oxidation, but they are felt to subject the semiconducting silicon and dielectric layers to damage particularly when the oxygen species is charged, e.g. O− or O=.
Ozone (O3) is an unstable form of oxygen gas that may be considered an oxygen radical since O3 spontaneously dissociates into O2 and O*, particularly when exposed to surfaces held at temperatures of greater than 400° C. It is known to use ozone in silicon oxidation, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,294,571 to Fujishiro et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,578 to Nakanishi et al. However, most known prior art for ozone-assisted oxidation occurs at relatively high temperatures and low ozone concentrations.
Another approach for low temperature oxidation supplies the reactor chamber with a gas mixture of oxygen gas O2 and ozone O3, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,935 to Dobuzinsky et al. (hereafter Dobuzinsky). Ozone is a metastable form of oxygen that may be generated in a microwave or UV generator and which readily dissociates into O2 and the oxygen radical O*. Dobuzinsky supplies the ozone-rich mixture into a thermal reactor operated at a relatively low temperature but including additional RF plasma excitation of the ozone. However, Dobuzinsky's reactor is still a hot-wall reactor so that the ozone quickly dissociates inside the chamber and equally reacts with the chamber walls. Dobuzinsky does however mention the possibility of RTO after their plasma oxidation.
More recent technology has imposed different constraints upon silicon oxidation processes. In view of the very thin layers and shallow doping profiles in advanced integrated circuits, the overall thermal budget and maximum processing temperatures are reduced. That is, the typical oxidation temperatures of greater than 1000° C. are considered excessive even when used with the rapid temperature ramp rates available in RTP. Furthermore, the gate oxide thickness are decreasing to well below 1 nm, for example, 0.3 to 0.6 nm in the near future. However, to prevent dielectric breakdown and increase reliability, the gate oxides must be uniformly thick and of high quality. Plasma oxidation may be a low temperature process because it produces oxygen radicals O* which readily react with silicon at low temperatures. However, charging and other effects on the fragile thin oxide prevent plasma oxidation from being widely adopted. The fabrication of advanced integrated circuits is not only constrained by a reduced thermal budget, they it is also facing decreasing limits in the maximum temperature to which the ICs may be exposed even for short times. The known prior art of ozone oxidation does not satisfy the more recent requirements.
It is felt that the prior art insufficiently utilizes the advantages of ozone for low temperature oxidation without the use of plasmas.
Furthermore, ozone is considered explosive. Safety concerns are greatly alleviated if the pressure within a chamber containing ozone is held at a pressure of no more than 20 Torr. Such low pressures, however, disadvantageously decrease the oxidation rate.
Silicon or other material in a semiconductor substrate is oxidized by exposing it to a high concentration of ozone at a relatively low temperature, for example, between 400 and 800° C. in a plasma-free process. Even lower temperatures are possible. The processing chamber may be maintained at a relatively low pressure, for example, less than 20 Torr, which low pressure simplifies the safety requirements. The pressure may be even lower, for example, less than 10 Torr or even less than 5 Torr. The invention is particularly useful for growing a gate oxide or a passivation layer on silicon.
The ozone may be produced in an ozonator, which includes several types of apparatus producing ozone from oxygen. The ozonator should be capable of producing a stream of oxygen-containing gas that is at least 30% ozone, more preferably 70% ozone, still more preferably at least 80%, and even more preferably at least 90%.
The ozone may be combined with a diluent gas such as oxygen gas or nitrogen.
The ozone/oxygen mixture may be combined with hydrogen to increase the oxidation rate. The hydrogen may be essentially pure hydrogen gas or be a forming gas of H2/N2, for example, having 7% hydrogen.
The ozone/oxygen mixture may be combined with a nitriding gas such as nitrous oxide or ammonia so that the oxidation product is a silicon oxynitride.
The oxidation may be performed in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) chamber including an array of incandescent lamps or a scanned laser source to radiantly heat the substrate.
The ozone is preferably introduced into the RTP processing chamber in a first inlet port separate and offset from a second inlet port supplying the diluent gas of oxygen or nitrogen, hydrogen, and nitriding gas. Preferably, the two ports are angularly spaced on the chamber wall with a separation of between 15° and 120°, 90° being a preferred separation. The first inlet port for the ozone preferably includes a cooled injector that projects into the processing chamber and is cooled by water or other cooling fluid.
Alternatively, the oxidation may be performed in a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) chamber including an electrically heated pedestal supporting and heating the substrate and a showerhead positioned in opposition to the substrate. The showerhead includes a supply manifold in which the ozone/oxygen gas and other gases may be mixed and a large number of apertures between the manifold and the processing chamber over an area approximately covering the substrate.
The invention in part concerns the thermal oxidation of silicon or other materials in the presence of ozone in an RTP (rapid thermal processing) chamber.
The vacuum chamber 12 includes a chamber body 20 and a window 22 resting on the chamber body 20. The window 22 is composed of a material that is transparent to infrared light, for example, clear fused silica quartz.
The chamber body 20 may be made of stainless steel and be lined with a quartz liner (not shown). An annular channel 24 is formed symmetrically about the central axis 18 near the bottom of the chamber body 20. The wafer support 14 includes a magnetic rotor 26 placed within the channel 24, a quartz tubular riser 28 resting on or otherwise coupled to the magnetic rotor 26, and an edge ring 30 resting on the riser 26. The edge ring 30 may be composed of silicon, silicon-coated silicon carbide, opaque silicon carbide, or graphite. During processing, a wafer 34 or other substrate rests on the edge ring 30 in opposition to the window 22. A purge ring 36 outside and below the edge ring 30 supplies a purge gas such as argon to the back of the wafer 34. A magnetic stator 40 located externally of the magnetic rotor 26 is magnetically coupled through the chamber body 20 to the magnetic rotor 26. The rotor 26 may be mechanically supported on ball bearings or be magnetically levitated by the magnetic rotor 26. When an unillustrated motor rotates the magnetic stator 34 about the central axis 18, it induces rotation of the magnetic rotor 26 and hence of the edge ring 30 and the supported wafer 34 about the central axis 18.
The quartz window 22 rests on an upper edge of the chamber body 20 and an O-ring 44 located between the window 22 and the chamber body 20 provides a vacuum seal between them. A lamphead body 46 of the lamphead 16 rests on the window 20. Another O-ring 48 located between the window 20 and lamphead body 46 provides a vacuum seal between them when a clamp 49 presses together the chamber body 20 and the lamphead body 46 with the window 22 and O-rings 40, 48 sandwiched between them. A vacuum-sealed processing space 50 is thereby formed within the chamber body 20 below the window 22 and encompasses the wafer 34 to be processed. The wafer 34 is transferred into and out of the processing chamber by means of an unillustrated wafer port in the sidewall of the chamber body 20, a slit valve selectively sealing the wafer port, a wafer paddle insertable through the wafer port, and lift pins in a bottom wall 52 of the chamber body 20 which selectively raise the wafer 34 above the edge ring 30 and the paddle. The top surface of the bottom wall 52 may be coated with a reflective layer to act as a reflector plate defining one side of a black body cavity 54 on the backside of the wafer 34.
The lamphead 16 includes a plurality of lamps 56 loosely disposed in respective downwardly directly lamp holes 58. The lamps 56 are supported by and electrically powered through electrical sockets 60. The lamps 56 are preferably incandescent bulbs that emit strongly in the infrared such as tungsten halogen bulb having a tungsten filament inside a quartz bulb 62 filled with a gas containing a halogen gas such as bromine and diluted with an inert gas to clean the inside of the quartz bulb 62. The upper portion of each bulb 62 and its socket 60 are potted into its lamp hole 58 with a ceramic potting compound 64, which is relatively porous. The lamps 56 are located inside the reflective walls of the vertically oriented cylindrical lamp holes 58 within the lamphead body 46 to form respective light pipes. The open ends of the lamp holes 58 of the lamphead body 46 are located adjacent to but separated from the window 20.
Interconnected cooling channels 66 are defined within the lamphead body 40 by upper and lower lamphead chamber walls 68, 70 and cylindrical walls 72 surrounding each of the lamp holes 58 as well as an exterior side wall 74 of the lamphead body 46. A recirculating coolant, such as water, introduced into the chambers 66 via an inlet 76 and removed at an outlet 78 cools the lamphead body 46 and traveling adjacent the lamp holes 58 cools the lamps 56. Baffles may be included to ensure proper flow of the coolant through the cooling channels 66.
A thermally conductive gas, such as helium, is supplied from a pressurized gas source 84 and metered by a mass flow controller 86 to be delivered to the lamphead 16 to facilitate thermal transfer between the lamps 56 and the cooling channels 66. The helium is supplied through a port 88 to a manifold 90 formed in back of the lamp bases between the lamp holes 58 and a lamphead cover 92. Opening the mass flow controller 86 causes the thermal transfer gas to flow into the manifold 90 and further flow through the porous potting compound 64 around the sides of the bulb 62 of each lamp 56 to cool by heat convectively transferred through the thermal transfer gas to the cooling water in the channels 66.
A vacuum pump 100 reduces the pressure within the lamphead body 46, particularly when the processing chamber 50 within the chamber 12 is vacuum pumped so that the reduced pressure in the lamphead body 46 reduces the pressure differential across the quartz window 20. The vacuum pump 100 is connected to the air passages in the lamp holes 58 surrounding the lamps 56 through a port 102 including a valve 104. The pumping of the vacuum pump 100 must be balanced with the supply of helium from the gas source 84 to maintain the desired pressure of helium within the lamphead 16 for promoting thermal transfer.
Thermal sensors such as seven pyrometers 110 (only two of which are shown) are supported by the chamber body 20 and are optically coupled to light pipes 112 disposed in respective apertures 114 in the bottom wall 52. The pyrometers 110 detect respective temperatures or other thermal properties at different radial portion of the lower surface of the wafer 34 or of the edge ring 30, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,511 to Peuse et al. The pyrometers 110 supply temperature signals to a power supply controller 116, which controls the power supplied to the infrared lamps 56 in response to the measure temperatures. The infrared lamps 56 may be controlled in radially arranged zones, for example, fifteen zones, to provide a more tailored radial thermal profile to compensate for thermal edge effects. All the pyrometers 110 together provide signals indicative of a temperature profile across the wafer 34 to the power supply controller 116, which controls the power supplied to each of the zones of the infrared lamps 56 in response to the measured temperature profile.
The chamber body 20 of the processing chamber 12 includes two perpendicularly arranged processing gas inlet ports 120, 122 (inlet port 122 is not illustrated in
Although the RTP chamber 10 represents the most prevalent type of RTP chamber in use today, advanced RTP chambers are being developed using one or more lasers whose beams are scanned over the substrate, as has been disclosed by Jennings et al. in U.S. Patent Application Publication US 2003/0196996 A1, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
According to one aspect of the invention involving oxidation, a gas source 130 supplies oxygen gas (O2) through a mass flow controller 122 to an ozonator 134, which converts a large fraction of the oxygen to ozone gas (O3). The resultant oxygen-based mixture of O2 and O3 and perhaps some radicals O* and ionized oxygen atoms or molecules is delivered through a process gas supply line 136 to the first inlet port 120 and into the processing chamber 50, The oxygen-based gas reacts within the processing chamber 50 with the surface of the wafer 34, which has been heated to a predetermined, preferably low temperature by the infrared lamps 56. Ozone is a metastable molecule which spontaneously quickly dissociates in the reaction
The ozonator 134 may be implemented in a number of forms including a capacitively or inductively coupled plasma or a UV lamp source. It is preferred that the ozonator be capable of a stream of gas containing at least 70% ozone, more preferably at least 80%, and most preferably at least 90%. Even an ozone concentration of at least 30% would provide advantages over the prior. An capable of producing the higher ozone concentrations is commercially available from Iwatami International Corp. of Osaka, Japan as Model AP-800-LR. Other ozonators and sources of ozone may be used with the invention.
At these high ozone concentrations, the wafer need not be heated very much to achieve relatively high oxidation rates. The high ozone concentration also allows the ozone partial pressure to be reduced. Safety rules in place in many countries require that special procedures and equipment be implemented whenever ozone is present at pressures of greater than 20 Torr. Below 20 Torr, the strict rules do not apply. Accordingly, a high ozone fraction allows the ozone oxidation to be performed at pressures of less than 20 Torr.
Highly concentrated ozone may be used not only to oxidize bare silicon but may be used in a two-step process. In the first step, a thin oxide is grown perhaps using only oxygen at a relatively low temperature. In the second step, concentrated ozone is used to treat the preexisting oxide film and to increase its thickness to a reliable level. The concentrated ozone may also be used to treat and possibly increase the thickness of a metal oxide film, such as tantalum oxynitride (TaNO). Similarly, high-k dielectric films, for example, of perovskite material, may be treated with concentrated ozone to stabilize them and for other reasons.
One problem with ozone oxidation is that a high temperature, for example, above 400° C., of any surface to which the ozone is exposed promotes the dissociation of ozone before it reaches the hot wafer surface. As a result, the ozone should be maintained relatively cool except adjacent the wafer being oxidized. An RTP chamber is advantageous for ozone oxidation because it may be considered a cold-wall reactor in which the chamber walls are typically much cooler than the radiantly heated wafer. In contrast, in a hot-wall reactor such as an annealing furnace, the wafer temperature is no more than the temperature of the surrounding furnace wall or liner. Although high wafer temperatures are achievable in RTP chambers, a sidewall 138 of the processing chamber 50 and the window 22 are typically maintained at much lower temperatures, particularly if the thermal process performed over a relatively short period. Nonetheless, even the walls of an RTP chamber become somewhat warm and any ozone adjacent the warm walls is likely to dissociate far from the wafer and perhaps oxidize the chamber wall rather than the wafer.
To reduce the effect of a warm chamber, the ozone is supplied into the chamber through an injector 140 which projects from the chamber sidewall 138 towards the center 18 of the processing chamber 50 parallel and above the surface of the wafer 34. In one embodiment, the nozzle tip of the injector 140 is radially spaced about 2.5 cm outwardly of the edge of the wafer 34. Furthermore, the injector 140 is preferably water cooled or otherwise temperature controlled by a fluid.
One embodiment of the injector 140 is illustrated in the orthographic view of
A central gas line 150 is machined in the tubular body 144 and terminates at the injector nozzle 148 at its distal end. A supply tube 152 is fixed to the base 142 and communicates with the central gas line 150. A gland 154 captures the end of the supply tube 152 and is threaded onto the gas supply line 136 from the ozonator 134 of
Returning to
The liquid-chilled injector 140 cools the ozone and injects it closer to the wafer 34, thereby decreasing the likelihood of premature dissociation and oxidation of other chamber parts. It also tends to cool the chamber wall 138 in its immediate vicinity.
A cross-sectional view of
Gaseous hydrogen from a gas source 192 is metered by a mass flow controller 194 into the processing chamber 50 via the second gas inlet 122 to increase the oxidation rate, if desired in a process similar to in situ steam generation. The hydrogen gas may either be essentially pure hydrogen or be part of a mixture, such as a forming gas having about 7% hydrogen and 93% nitrogen. It has been found that pure hydrogen supplied with the highly concentrated ozone to a fraction of 33% provides the desired high oxidation rate. It is believed that hydrogen increases the concentration of oxygen radicals.
Gaseous oxygen may be supplied from the oxygen gas source 130 through another mass flow controller 198 to the second gas inlet 122 to act as a diluent to reduce the oxidation rate, which may be desired for very thin gate oxides. While it is possible for the ozonator 134 to pass additional gaseous oxygen to the first gas inlet 120, the additional flow would increase the back pressure in the injector 140 and its supply line. An alternative diluent gas is nitrogen supplied from a gas source 200 through a mass flow controller 202 to the second gas inlet 122. The nitrogen is also used to purge the processing chamber 50. Other diluent gases may be used, for example, argon or helium.
Other processing gases may be used. For example, nitrous oxide (N2O) supplied from a gas source 204 through a mass flow controller 206 acts as a nitriding gas. The nitrous oxide may be used when a film of silicon oxynitride is desired as the oxidation product. It may also be supplied separately from the ozone to effect a forming anneal. Gaseous ammonia (NH3) may alternatively be used as the nitriding gas, or other nitriding gases may be substituted.
Although the gas distributions from both the first and second gas inlets 120, 122 are non-uniform across the wafer 34, the wafer 34 is rotating about the axis 18 fast enough to time-average out the non-uniformity.
The RTP chamber illustrated in
High-concentration ozone oxidation has been verified in an RTP chamber. The resultant oxide films have been observed to exhibit many fewer interfacial defects, presumably arising from dangling bonds, than oxide grown with oxygen radicals formed in a steam generator. Ozone oxidation has been observed at wafer temperatures down to 600° C. and reasonable oxidation rates should occur at lower temperatures, for example, down to 400° C. However, 800° C. appears more workable at the present time. Wafer temperatures of 1000° C. produce very low defects densities. It is contemplated that future generations of integrated circuits will require oxidation temperatures even lower than 400° C., perhaps even room temperature. Chamber pressures of between 3 and 5.5 Torr have been used, far below the safety limit of 20 Torr. Even lower pressures may be used. Ozone-based oxidation with 33% hydrogen has been observed to produce a 2 nm oxide thickness for 1 minute of processing. Ozone flow rates need to be maximized to achieve high oxidation rates.
The relatively low process temperatures achievable with high-concentration ozone allows the use of a chamber resembling an LPCVD (low pressure chemical vapor deposition) chamber 210, schematically illustrated in cross section in
The planar geometry made possible in the LPCVD chamber 210 by the narrow processing space 218, the wide showerhead 222, and the annular pumping manifold 214 provides good uniformity for ozone-based oxidation without the need to rotate the pedestal 216. The high-concentration of ozone allows relatively low oxidation temperatures provided by a simple resistively heated pedestal. As a result, the ozone-based oxidation may be performed in a relatively simple and inexpensive chamber and not impose particularly high temperatures on the wafer 34.
Although oxidation of silicon is the most widespread use of the invention, the invention is not so limited and different aspects of the invention can be applied to oxidizing other materials.
The gas injector of the invention is not limited to injecting ozone or other oxidizing gases and may be used with other types of CVD.
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Our View: Teen pregnancy rate alarming
In last Wednesday's issue of The Daily Courier, we learned that the teen pregnancy rate in Rutherford County had gone up over 21 percent in 2011 from 2010.
In 2011, there were 124 pregnancies among girls aged 15-19, with 24.2 percent of those being repeat pregnancies.
To us, this is alarming to say the least.
It becomes even more alarming the more you dive into other statistics.
There were over 280 cases of sexually transmitted diseases — chlamydia and gonorrhea — reported for all ages in the county in 2011.
But, the statistic that sheds the most light on the issue in Rutherford County is that the statewide rate of teen pregnancy dropped almost 10 percent over the same year.
It means that less than 5 percent of teenage girls had gotten pregnant in 2011.
We, along with Jimmy Hines, health director for Rutherford, Polk and McDowell counties, hope that this represents just a one-year spike in the numbers.
But, one has to find a reason why the pregnancy rate has become as high as it is in Rutherford County.
It has been no secret that the health and well-being of citizens in Rutherford County is among the lowest in the state.
And, while that is just a small part, there are still many other issues that can factor into the increase that we may never be able to grasp.
Now, there has to be a solution.
Of course, education is one avenue of that education. Educating our children on proper contraception is potential method to help decrease the numbers.
However, part of that education has also got to be abstinence.
When you live in a county that has had its fair share of economic issues, like Rutherford County, to bring a new life into the fray is not the most conducive thing to do at the present time.
But, we have to come together as a community to educate our children on what they should and should not do. It is certainly not an easy task, but it is a task that we are all responsible for, regardless of whether we have children or not.
Hines said it best when he said "we need to work together as a community to prevent teen pregnancies."
That, perhaps, is the most important message to get across.
By Matthew Clark, for the Editorial Board
The Daily Courier Editorial Board consists of community members Jerry Brewer, Kyle Bingham, Tom Padgett, Dr. Shermaine Surratt and Cliff Strassenburg as well as Editor Matthew Clark


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Does Capitalism Have a Future?by Wallerstein, Immanuel; Collins, Randall; Mann, Michael; Derluguian, Georgi; Calhoun, Craig
Oxford University Press
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In Does Capitalism Have a Future?, a global quintet of distinguished scholars cut their way through to the question of whether our capitalist system can survive in the medium run. Despite the current gloom, conventional wisdom still assumes that there is no real alternative to capitalism. The authors argue that this generalization is a mistaken outgrowth of the optimistic nineteenth-century claim that human history ascends through stages to an enlightened equilibrium of liberal capitalism. All major historical systems have broken down in the end, and in the modern epoch several cataclysmic events-notably the French revolution, World War I, and the collapse of the Soviet bloc-came to pass when contemporary political elites failed to calculate the consequences of the processes they presumed to govern. At present, none of our governing elites and very few intellectuals can fathom a systemic collapse in the coming decades. While the book's contributors arrive at different conclusions, they are in constant dialogue with one another, and they construct a relatively seamless-if open-ended-whole.
Written by five of world's most respected scholars of global historical trends, this ambitious book asks the most important of questions: are we on the cusp of a radical world historical shift?
Written by five of world's most respected scholars of global historical trends, this ambitious book asks the most important of questions: are we on the cusp of a radical world historical shift?
Author Biography
Immanuel Wallerstein is Senior Researcher at Yale and founder of Fernand Braudel Center at Binghamton University.
Randall Collins is President of American Sociological Association.
Michael Mann teaches sociology at UCLA.
Georgi Derluguian teaches Social Research and Public Policy at New York University Abu Dhabi.
Craig Calhoun is Director of the London School of Economics.


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The Real McCaw: The AutobiographyPaperback
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- Publication date: 1 November 2013
- Publication City/Country: London
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Richie McCaw, Rugby World Cup winning captain and the New Zealand All Black's most capped player of all time, is unquestionably the greatest player of his generation. He is arguably the most talented player of all time. In his bestselling autobiography, McCaw talks with brutal honesty about the roots of his family life that defined his character and how it gave him the strength to emerge from the lowest moment in his career to lift the Webb Ellis Cup, and become the most successful captain world rugby has ever seen. As he prepares to become the first captain to successfully defend the World Cup, McCaw has set the standard of what a professional rugby player should be. Hugely popular and respected, his sheer presence means that he is a natural leader both on and off the pitch and his story is not just a brutal account of life on the front line, but an exhilarating portrait of modern rugby.
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Since RICHIE MCCAW's debut in 2001 the All Blacks have won seven Tri Nations titles, completed three successful Grand Slam tours and won the Bledisloe Cup eight times as well as the 2011 Rugby World Cup. He is the All Blacks most capped player of all time and has been named the International Rugby Board (IRB) Player of the Year a record three times.
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'His story is not just a brutal account of life on the front line, but an exhilarating portrait of modern rugby.' News Letter (Belfast) 'McCaw's book offers an intriguing and unflinching insight into leading the All Blacks in a home World Cup' Guardian 'Thanks to one of the finer rugby brains of all time and some excellent wording from co-writer Greg McGee, a riveting rugby read it most definitely is.' Planet Rugby 'Beautifully written. Sports bios are usually droll affairs. This one is different.' Irish Independent