text:
A self-locking encephalic electrical probe is used for stereoelectroencephalographic exploration in the treatment of epilepsy or other brain diseases. The probe includes a long, hollow, flexible tube of small diameter, preferably made of medium density polyethylene. A series of at least two electrically conductive rings, preferably made of silver, are located close to one another along the tube for detecting the electrical activity of nerve cells. A series of insulated electrical conductors are located inside the hollow tube, each conductor connecting a conductive ring to a multi-contact terminal located outside the hollow tube. A removable stylet is inserted into the hollow tube to give it rigidity and to control the direction of introduction of the probe into the brain. The stylet is removed from the tube to restore flexibility to the tube after the probe has been introduced in the brain. A self-locking rigid anchor preferably made of stainless steel holds the probe in place. The anchor is funnel-shaped and quickly and firmly fixes the hollow tube to the brain-pan of the patient after the probe has been introduced to the selected depth in the brain. The probe is used in conjunction with other probes for transmitting to a receptor the cerebral activity of the patient which is recorded and analyzed. As a result of this analysis, a medical staff may accurately locate the region of the brain that must be operated upon to cure the patient.
1. A probe for electroencephalographic exploration of a patient's brain after being secured to the patient's brain-pan, comprising:
a flexible tube of small diameter for insertion to a given depth in the brain of a patient;
at least two electrically conductive rings spaced along the flexible tube at relatively small distances from one another for detecting electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain;
a terminal block located outside the tube and having a plurality of terminals;
a plurality of insulated electrical conductors located inside the flexible tube, each conductor connecting one of the conductive rings to one of the terminals of the terminal block;
a removable stylet inserted inside the flexible tube for giving rigidity to the flexible tube and for enabling a directional insertion thereof into the brain whereby when the stylet is removed from the flexible tube after the tube has been inserted into the brain flexibility returns to the tube, the flexible tube and stylet each having one end for insertion into the patient's brain and a free end opposite the one end; and
a self-locking, rigid anchor, the anchor including means for securing the anchor with respect to the brain-pan and means for quickly and firmly fixing the flexible tube to said anchor after the tube has been inserted to a given depth in the brain.
2. A probe as claimed in claim 1, wherein:
the flexible tube is made of medium density polyethylene and has an external diameter of substantially almost 1.5 mm;
the conductive rings are made of silver and comprise from five to ten elements spaced from each other at a constant interval of about 5 mm from the one end of the tube;
the removable stylet is made of stainless steel and is provided at its free end with a loop which is easy to seize so as to facilitate extraction of the one end of the stylet from the flexible tube when the probe has been introduced in the brain; and
the anchor is made of stainless steel and is in the shape of a small funnel through which the flexible tube is introduced.
3. The probe as claimed in claim 2, wherein the anchor comprises:
a first hollow section of cylindrical shape for insertion through the bone of the skull of the patient to the level of the internal tabula of the brain in order to provide an opening for the flexible tube and in order to guide the flexible tube;
a second hollow cylindrical section coaxial with and connected to the first section and having a diameter slightly larger than the diameter of the first section, the second section being for insertion through the muscle which covers the skull to provide an opening for the flexible tube;
a third section, coaxial with and connected to the second section wherein the third section is a hollow truncated cone having a curved and flared internal surface, the third section being for bearing against the skin of the patient and permitting the relatively easy introduction of the flexible tube into the first and second sections and subsequently into the brain; and
a fourth section of cylindrical shape attached to the third conical section, wherein the fourth section includes a lateral slot extending and opening longitudinally and two other slots registered with the lateral slot and extending partially around the fourth section, the slots selectively receiving and wedging the flexible tube in place once the stylet has been removed.
4. The probe as claimed in claim 3, wherein the terminals to which the conductors are connected are located outside of the flexible tube and are arranged side by side within the terminal block and wherein the terminal block is fixed to the free end of the tube so as to form a unit therewith.
5. The probe as claimed in claim 1, wherein the terminals to which the conductors are connected are located outside of the flexible tube and are arranged side by side within the terminal block and wherein the terminal block is fixed to the free end of the tube so as to form a unit therewith.
6. The probe as claimed in claim 1 further including a conductive tip disposed at the one end of the flexible tube, the conductive tip being connected to one of the electrical conductors.
7. A system for conducting an electroencephalographic exploration of a patient's brain comprising a telemetric system, a telemetric receiver, and a probe coupled with said telemetric system so that information detected by the probe is transmitted by the telemetric system to the telemetric receiver, the telemetric receiver including means for decoding and recoding the transmitted information, the probe being for insertion into a patient's brain and being for attachment to the patient's brain-pan, the probe comprising:
a flexible tube of small diameter for insertion to a given depth in the brain of a patient;
at least two electrically conductive rings spaced along the flexible tube at relatively small distances from one another for detecting electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain;
a terminal block located outside the tube and having a plurality of terminals;
a plurality of insulated electrical conductors located inside the flexible tube, each conductor connecting one of the conductive rings to one of the terminals of the terminal block, the telemetric system being connected to the terminal block;
a removable stylet inserted inside the flexible tube for giving rigidity to the flexible tube and for enabling a directional insertion thereof into the brain, whereby, when the stylet is removed from the flexible tube after the tube has been inserted into the brain, flexibility returns to the tube; and
a self-locking, rigid anchor, the anchor including means for securing the anchor with respect to the brain pan and means for quickly and firmly fixing the flexible tube to said anchor after the tube has been inserted to a given depth in the brain.
8. A method of conducting an electroencephalographic exploration of a patient's brain comprising the steps of:
(a) boring a hole through the patient's scalp, scalp muscle and skull to the level of the tubula of the brain;
(b) inserting a hollow guide through the hole and anchoring the guide to the skull;
(c) inserting a flexible probe stiffened by a rigid stylet through the internal tubula and into the brain, said flexible probe being electrically sensitive through the hollow guide;
(d) restoring flexibility to the probe by withdrawing the rigid stylet from the probe;
(e) securing the probe to the guide; and
(f) monitoring electrical activity within the brain by detecting electrical signals with the probe.
9. The method of claim 8 further including the steps of:
repeating steps (a) through (f) at a plurality of locations on the patient's head to obtain signals from various locations within the patient's brain.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein step (f) includes detecting signals at different positions along the length of the probe to determine the depth within the brain at which the signals occur.
11. The method of claim 8 or 9 further including the step of:
obtaining stereoscopic radiographics of the patient's brain prior to boring the holes to locate arteries and veins so that the arteries and veins may be avoided when inserting a probe.
12. The method of claim 8 wherein in step (f) monitoring is accomplished by transmitting radio signals from a transmitter connected to the probe and secured to the patient's head at a location spaced from a remotely located receiver.
13. The method of claim 8 further including the step of monitoring the patient audio-visually while performing step (f) in order to correlate electrical brain activity with physiological behavior.
14. The method of claim 8 further including the step of inducing electrical activity in the brain by supplying electrical current to the probe from a source external to the brain.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a self-locking cerebral probe for stereolectroencephalographic exploration, and more particularly, to such a probe which may be used to assist in treating epilepsy or other brain diseases.
2. Prior Art and Technical Considerations
Epilepsy is a chronic disease essentially characterized by a more or less frequent repetition of cerebral attacks resulting from a sudden, excessive and anarchic discharge of some nerve cells within the cerebral shell. This frequently results in more or less violent muscular movements of the entire body of the patient and eventually to a sudden fainting spell. Treatment of epilepsy has always caused serious problems for the specialist, essentially due to the difficulty of correctly defining the epileptogen zone and of consequently obtaining the information necessary for selection of the surgical operation to be performed.
Several schools of thought exist on the methodologies that may be used for accurately locating in the cerebral cortex, that is in the grey substance of the brain, the group or groups of abnormal cells which produce electrical discharges in an anarchic manner according to a still unknown mechanism that provokes the crisis of epilepsy.
The specialists of the principal school ground their diagnosis mainly in the study of the intercritical epileptic activity for locating the epileptogen region. This study includes clinical observation, scalp electroencephalography for measuring the electrical activity of the brain, and surface electrocorticography. Surface electrocorticography consists of opening the skull of the patient, depositing on the portion of the exposed brain several recording probes and then electrically stimulating the brain so as to reproduce an epileptic crisis in the patient.
This methodology, which has already been successful for many patients unfortunately has a low yield and a major drawback of confusing the "irritative" zone, which is the zone in which the epileptic activity originates between crises, with the "epileptogen" zone, which is the zone in which the crisis starts. These two zones may coincide but it is presently not known if this is always the case.
Moreover, this methodology is quite "subjective" because the crises of epilepsy are always of short duration and arouse much emotivity in witnesses. Furthermore, the electrical cerebral activity recorded by electroencephalography amounts to only millionths of a volt and is often distorted because it is picked up through the scalp, skull and tuft membranes of the brain.
From this main school, a new school has formed, particularly since publication of the works of Drs. Talairack and Bancaud, M.D., of Paris.
The specialists of this new school also ground their diagnoses on the study of intercritical epileptic activity for locating the epileptogen zone, but they have developed in a more rigorous manner the presently known methodology. The new school does not consider it sufficient to record the spontaneous crisis in order to locate the epileptogen region, to provide a clinical description of the crisis by witnesses and to provide an intercritical recording of several electroencephalograms. The new school has also proposed recording electroencephalograms while simultaneously recording the crisis audiovisually in order to obtain maximum information and to verify, in particular, if the recorded crises fully corresponds to the usual crisis of the patient. Above all, the new school attempts to determine if there is coincidence in time between the electrical discharges of the cells and the clinical manifestations of the disorder. After anatomoclinical correlations have been made and the diagnosis has been set, the epileptogen zone, also known as the "epileptic center", which is the group of cells responsible for the crisis of epilepsy, may be searched.
In order to accomplish this, it is necessary to investigate thoroughly the region of the brain that is involved. This includes the cerebral cortex extending to the surface of the brain, the depths of the lines of the brain, the interhemispheric face, the orbital faces of the frontal lobes and in the deep portion of the temporal lobe. In other words, places not accessible with a surface corticography.
This investigation is performed in the operating room, using a rigid frame also known as a stereotaxical frame, in which the head of the patient is mounted so that all the subsequent steps of the anatomic study may be performed with the same rigorous precision. The frame first enables realization of a neuroradiologic evaluation by teleradiography, including bilateral cerebral angiography, fractionated pneumoencephalography and positive contrast venticulography, in order to precisely determine the positions of the arteries, veins and other structures that are to be investigated. The frame also enables the introduction of as many probes as necessary, generally 8 to 10 probes, in the brain with a very great precision and security, in order to locate the abnormal cells.
The probes permit recording of cerebral activity in depth, which is known as "stereoelectroencephaplographic recording". The electrophysiologic evaluation obtained after having recorded several provoked crisis and several spontaneous crisis with the cervical probes, permits the specialists to precisely define where the epileptogen zone is located and to select the surgical treatment which is appropriate, either with or without opening of the skull.
This new methodology is more "efficient" than the classical methodology since it results presently in cures on the order of 70% of the cases.
However, this new methodlogy as it has been used to date, presents a drawback in that, for several technical reasons, the stereoelectroencephalographic recording can only be carried out under "acute" conditions because of the rigidity of the probes. By acute recording is meant a recording that is made in the operation room in the following manner: the probes are located under general anesthesia; the patient is then awakened and must hold his head fixed in the frame for a period of from 6 to 8 hours so as to record at least one spontaneous crisis or at least one induced crisis.
It is obvious that these recording conditions are not propitious and that the obtained information is worth less than information that could be obtained under more diversified physiological conditions.
One object of the present invention is to prevent the drawbacks resulting from rigidity of the probes used to date.
Another object of the invention is to provide a cerebral probe for stereoelectroencephalographic exploration, which is flexible and thus enables the specialists to record the cerebral activity of a patient in a continuous manner, that is in a manner where the patient is free to move in a relatively natural manner under constant surveillance of TV cameras, for a period of time which may amount to several weeks, in order to record non-provoked crisis of epilepsy under various and more physiologically natural conditions.
A further object of the invention is to provide a cerebral probe which may be introduced at a desired depth into the brain of a patient with great precision due to a removable stylet which is inserted therein for giving it enough rigidity during its introduction.
A still further object of the invention is to provide a cerebral probe which may be quickly and firmly fixed to the brain-pan of the patient due to an anchor conveniently locked in the bone for avoiding any movement.
In view of the foregoing objects, the instant invention contemplates a cerebral probe for stereoelectroencephalographic exploration which comprises a long, hollow, flexible tube of small diameter, to be introduced at a given depth in the brain of a patient. A series of at least two electrically conductive rings are located along the tube spaced a small distance from one another for collecting the electrical activity of the nerve cells in the brain. Insulated electrical conductors are located inside the hollow tube and each conductor connects a conductive ring to a terminal located outside the hollow tube. A removable stylet is inserted inside the hollow tube for rigidifying the tube and enabling a directional introduction thereof into the brain. The stylet is removed from the tube to return flexibility to the tube after the probe has been introduced. A self-locking, rigid anchor is provided for quickly and firmly fixing the hollow tube to the brain-pan of the patient after the probe has been inserted to a given depth in the brain.
Further characteristics and advantages of the invention will be understood with reference to the following description of a non-restrictive embodiment of the invention, taken in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view which represents the head of a patient after introduction of self-locking anchors;
FIG. 2 shows the head of a patient in cross section, after insertion of one self-locking anchor;
FIG. 3 shows the head of a patient in cross section, during the introduction of a hollow tube of a probe;
FIG. 4 shows the head of a patient in cross section, when the probe is in position, during removal of a stylet from within the hollow tube;
FIG. 5 shows the head of a patient in cross-section, with the probe fixed to a self-locking anchor;
FIG. 6 shows an embodiment of probe according to the invention in partial longitudinal cross section and of an enlarged scale;
FIG. 7 shows the probe of FIG. 6 in a normal scale;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view partially in section and showing a preferred embodiment of the self-locking anchor in position in a bone;
FIG. 9 shows the anchor of FIG. 8 in perspective and from the other end; and
FIG. 10 shows in perspective the head of a patient after the insertion of self-locking anchors and the introduction and fixation of the probes.
Referring now to FIGS. 6 and 7, it is seen that the cerebral probe 1 for stereoelectroencephalographic exploration comprises: a long, hollow and flexible tube 11 of small diameter; a series of several electrically conductive rings 13, located along the tube 11 at a small distance from each other; a series of insulated electrical conductors 17 located inside the hollow tube, each conductor connecting a conductive ring to a terminal 23 located outside the hollow tube, and a removable stylet 19 inserted inside the hollow tube for giving it rigidity and enabling directional introduction thereof into the brain of a patient.
The hollow tube 11, which is represented at a substantially normal scale on FIG. 7, has a constant diameter of 1.5 mm. Use can be made of tubes having a smaller diameter, insofar as it is technically possible, but it is preferable not to use tubes having a larger diameter so as to prevent any risk of causing brain lesions due to damage or rupture of arteries or veins during introduction of the probe. The hollow tube 11 is made of medium density polyethylene. This material was chosen because of its imperviousness to encephalorachidian liquid and because its texture which renders it acceptable by an organism without occurrence of the rejection phenomenon for a rather long period of time. Furthermore, polyethylene has flexibility which allows the probe, when introduced, to follow the cervical structural movements inside the brain-pan of the patient without risk of injury to the patient.
The thin, electrically conductive rings 13 are located along the tube 11 and fixed to and around the same. The rings 13 are made of silver so as to have a very small electrical impedance and are spaced from each other at a constant interval of about 5 mm from the insertable extremity 15 of the tube. This insertable extremity 15 is also made of silver in order to provide the flexible tube 11 with a rigid tip and thus facilitate the introduction of the probe by giving a solid support to the removable stylet 19. The rigid tip of the insertable extremity 15 is in the shape of a small cap with a nose cone, which is introduced in the hollow extremity of the flexible tube. Of course, the rigid tip can also serve as an electrically conductive element since it is made of silver like the rings 13.
The number of rings disposed along the tube 11 can vary within a range of 2 to 15, including the rigid tip of the insertable extremity 15. The determination of the number of rings to be used of course depends on the number of collecting points that are desired, which number in turn depends on the zone of the brain to be searched. It can be easily understood that the depth at which the probe must be inserted and the surface area to be explored are higher when the probe is inserted for example, in the frontal zone of the brain, than in the temporal lobe of the skull. It can therefore be understood that it is necessary that the probes have a variable number of collecting rings.
The electrically conductive rings 13 as well as the insertable extremity 15 are individually connected to a corresponding number of external terminals 23 by means of a series of insulated electrical conductors 17 passing inside the hollow tube 11. The conductors 17 which are of course very small, are made of silver or copper in order to have a very low electrical impedance.
As aforesaid, each conductor 17 is connected to a conventional terminal 23, such as those manufactured by the Amphenol Company of Chicago, Ill. Each terminal 23 is provided with a contact pin 25 which can be easily connected via a corresponding female plug to a telemetric system 26 attached to the patient, preferably upon his head.
The various terminals 23, the number of which of course depends on the number of conductive rings, are located side by side at small intervals from one another in a small plate 27 made of extruded, insulated plastic material, so as to be perfectly insulated from one another while forming a compact unit. The small plate 27 is fixed to the "free" extremity of the probe 1, that is the extremity which extends outwards the brain of the patient, as an extension of the hollow tube 11, forming an integral unit therewith.
The removable stylet 19 is used for facilitating the introduction of the probe 1 in the brain of the patient by giving the hollow tube 11 some rigidity, thereby providing precision during the introduction of the probe. The stylet 19 consists of a small wire made of stainless steel, having a diameter selected to allow it to slide easily inside the hollow tube 11 without damaging the conductors 17, while ensuring enough rigidity to the probe 1. The stylet 19 has a loop 21 formed at its free end which is easy to seize for facilitating its extraction from the hollow tube 11 when the probe has been inserted in the brain.
Referring now to FIGS. 8 and 9, each cerebral probe 1 after having been introduced in the brain, is fixed and solidly held to the brain-pan of the patient by means of a rigid anchor 3 made of stainless steel. The anchor 3 which is in the shape of a small funnel, comprises four sections coaxially disposed and respectively numbered 31, 33, 35 and 39.
The first section 31 is inserted in a bone 57 of the head 5 of the patient up to the internal tabula 55 thereof. This first section 31, which is hollow and cylindrical so as to provide an opening for and to guide the probe 1 during its introduction in the brain 51 of the patient, is of variable length, for the same reasons as previously indicated in connection with the dimension of and the number of rings on the probes; i.e. the length of the section 31 obviously depends on the thickness of the bone in which it has to be inserted.
The second section 33 is inserted in the muscle 59 which covers the bone 57 of the skull. This second section 33 which is also hollow and cylindrical so as to provide an opening for and to guide the probe 1 during its introduction, has a diameter slightly larger than that of the first section 31 so as to bear against the bone for a better fixation of the anchor to the head of the patient. In addition, the larger diameter of section 33 helps reinforce the connection of the first section 31 to the third conical section 35 and above all, as will be described hereinafter, allows the countersinking of a curved bore 37 inside the anchor to provide the hollow tube 11 with better seating so as to avoid breaking the hollow tube during its fixation. The second section 33, of course, has a variable length depending on the thickness of the muscle that it has to penetrate.
The third section 35 is used for relieving the skin 61 which covers the muscle 59. The third section is a truncated hollow cone with a vertex of about 135░, which has a curved and very flared internal surface 37 forming a funnel. The external shape of the third section 35 has large diameter cross section which is much larger than the diameter of the second section 33, and is intended not only for avoiding an accidental and unfortunate penetration of the anchor 3 into the skull during the treatment, which could be very dangerous for the patient, but also for avoiding, because of its truncated shape, excessive contact of the anchor with the skin, which could provoke allergies or any other trouble generally encountered when an extraneous body contacts human skin. The internal surface 37 of the third section 35 which is inwardly curved and very flared, provides the probe and more particularly the hollow tube 11 with the best possible seating during its introduction into the brain and its fixation thereto, thereby avoiding any eventual breaking or tearing of the hollow tube 11 due to engagement with a sharp edge.
The fourth and last section 39 of the anchor 3 is specifically used for solidly fixing the hollow tube when it has been introduced in the brain at a desired depth. This fourth section 39 is hollow and of cylindrical shape and has the same diameter as that of the great circle of the third section that extends coaxially therewith. The fourth section 39 is provided with a wide longitudinal slot 41 parallel to the axis of the cylinder, which extends over substantially the entire length thereof from the free end of the anchor. The fourth section 39 is also provided with two small lateral slots 43 and 45 which extend in directions perpendicular to the longitudinal slot 41 symmetrically from each side thereof, in the middle of the cylinder over substantially the entire periphery thereof. The two small slots 43 and 45 are of the same width and are slightly smaller than the diameter of the hollow tube 11 so that the latter may be strongly wedged therein thereby solidly holding the probe at the desired depth in the brain of the patient. For this purpose, the two small slots 43 and 45 are each provided with a small round shaped recess (not shown), radially oriented with respect to the cylinder and located at right angle with respect to the plane passing through the large slot 41 on one side or the other of the latter. This recess (not shown) enables the hollow tube 11 to be "centered" in the small lateral slots 43 and 45 when the probe 1 is fixed.
The utilization, insertion and operation of the above described cerebral probe 1 will be now described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 5 and FIG. 10.
In accordance with the methodology of practicing the instant invention, at least three spontaneous crises of the patient are first recorded by electroencephalography and visually and audibly by a TV set or the like, in order to confirm if the recorded crises effectively corresponds to the usual crises of the patient. When this first observation is completed and the diagnoses is settled regarding the zone of the brain to be cured, then an anatomical investigation is effected.
For this purpose, use is made of a stereotaxial frame that is centered with respect to the head of the patient so that the anatomical median line of the patient be parallel to the instrumental line of the frame. Stereoscopic radiographies are taken so as to obtain a three dimensional view of the cerebral structures. Since the coordinates in height with respect to the diagram are constant, the radiographs of the face of the patient can be easily associated to the radiographs of the profile thereof so as to precisely locate the position of the different parts of the brain in space with respect to the frame.
These stereoscopic radiographs are performed in order to locate the arteries of the brain by coloration (bilateral cerebral arteriography) and to visualize the subarachnoidian spaces and the ventricular system by introduction of air or other contrasting products (fractioned pneumoencephalography and positive contrast-ventriculography).
This anatomical investigation is very important since it permits one to locate the position of the arteries, the veins and the various structures or cortical surfaces that must be examined and thus helps plan the subsequent operation which is the insertion of cerebral probes 1 in order to obtain a complementary "electrophysiological" evaluation.
The insertion of the cerebral probes 1 is carried out in a very precise manner by using the stereotaxical frame for supporting the surgical instruments and, as aforesaid, as a spatial reference.
First of all, the skin 61 and the muscle 59 are bored with a drill having a small diameter of about 2.4 mm. After contact with the external portion of the bone, the drilling is continued up to encountering the compact osseous tissue of the internal portion of the skull, usually called internal tabula 55. Generally, the boring is carried out in a direction perpendicular to the anatomic median plane of the patient, that is perpendicularly to the plane P (see FIG. 1) passing through the bridge of the nose and between the eyes of the patient.
The choice of this direction is determined by the method of introducing the probes 1 stiffened by the stylet 19 along a rectilinear direction inside the brain. The diverse points where the probes 1 are introduced, are selected by the specialists so as to enable the probes to follow a linear movement in the brain without risk of damaging arteries or veins. The paths are selected according to the results of the preliminary evaluation of the radiographies which, as aforesaid, have been taken according to a facial or profile directions.
When the bone 57 has been bored, the layers of tough membrane 53 surrounding the brain are burned with a small metallic pin. After the membranes have been coagulated by the heat, a metallic anchor 3 is introduced in the hole. The respective lengths of the first and second sections of the anchor 3 are selected with respect to the thicknesses of the traversed layers of muscles and bone. The end surface of the fourth section 39 is located in a plane parallel to the plane P (see FIGS. 1 and 2). Each anchor 3 is disposed in the skull so that its wide longitudinal slot 41 is oriented to open in a horizontal plane with respect to the head 5 of the patient in order to subsequently solidly fix the hollow tube 11 by wedging in the small slots 43 or 45 in a vertical direction and so as to group all of the terminals 23 or multi-contact terminals 27 on the top of the patient's head (see FIG. 10).
When an anchor 3 has been inserted and is sufficiently held by the bone to avoid any possible movement, a probe 1 is introduced in the brain 51. The probe 1 is gradually inserted to the desired depth. Due to the relative rigidity of stylet 19 one is able to achieve excellent precision regarding the selected direction perpendicular to the plane P (see FIG. 3).
When the probe 1 is introduced to the desired depth, the stylet 19 is removed (see FIG. 4) and the hollow tube 11 is fixed to the anchor 3 by bending the end of the tube and inserting the tube first through the slot 41 and then through either slot 43 or the slot 45 up to the recess (not shown). Since the probe 1 is flexible (see FIG. 5) and therefore able to "follow", without risk of lesions, the continual movements of the brain inside the brain-pan, the patient can be awaked and can live under relatively good physiological conditions during his examination which may last about three weeks. With the probe 1 implanted the patient can move and even walk.
When all the probes are introduced, the various connectors 27 are grouped onto the top of the head 5 of the patient, where they are connected to a telemetric system of the PAM-FM type. This telemetric system can either be wireless or connected by wires and must be of a small size so as to be easily attached to the head of the patient.
The telemetric system transmits on a FM channel, or by means of a wire, the various information collected by the probes. This information includes the durations and intensities of electrical discharges emitted by the cells of the brain. The transmitted information is received by a receiver 63 where it is decoded and recorded by means of a graphic recorder. This recording is carried out simultaneously with other visual and sound recordings performed by a camera, a microphone and a magnetoscope to the correlation between the various apparent symptoms and the recorded information for every crisis.
Usually, three spontaneous crisis are recorded. Several crises provoked by an electrical stimulation are also recorded. To provoke such crises, use can be made of the probes 1 which serve not only for recording electrical discharges from the cells, but also to transmit to the brain electrical impulses programmed by the specialists, according to the information that they want to verify.
The following various types of information exemplify information which can be obtained by using cerebral probes according to the invention:
localization and intensity of low activity during the inter-critical recordings:
localization and intensity of inter-critical irritative activity;
localization of the zone from which the critical (tonic or convulsive) activity starts and the speed at which the same reaches the surrounding probes;
duration and intensity of the critical (tonic or convulsive) activity at each ring of each probe;
intensity and duration of post-critical exhausting;
correlations in time between the electrical activity at the rings and clinical manifestations;
value of electric stimulation necessary for obtaining a local post-discharge; and
diffusion, intensity and duration of the post-discharge after a predetermined stimulation.
The information recorded during the spontaneous and provoked crises is analyzed to determine the general parameters already discussed in the BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION, which parameters enable the specialists to determine the epiloptogen zone with precision. The patient then can be operated by the surgeons who know exactly where and how to proceed.
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Pineapple Dance Studios
The philosophy behind the creation of Pineapple Dance Studios was to break down the elitist barriers surrounding dance, and make it available to everyone, from the absolute beginner to the advanced and professional dancer.
Pineapple offers more classes and a wider variety of dance styles than any other studio in Europe. There are nearly 40 different varieties to choose from, ranging from classical ballet to street jazz, hip hop to salsa, Egyptian dance to Bollywood grooves plus many more.
This content has been supplied by Pineapple Dance Studios
Venue Details & Map
Pineapple Dance Studios
- Address
7 Langley Street
Covent GardenLondonWC2H 9JA
- Telephone:
- +44 (0)20 7836 4004
I have recently started going to Pineapple dance studios as it is very close to my place of work. Initially I wasn't sure what to expect as they do drop in classes and have a massive variety of classes to choose from.
I am currently doing the Zumba class led by Sev and I have to say I Love It.
The first time seems a bit daunting but don't worry at all as everyone is so friendly. You will get...more
I've been attending classes at Pineapple Dance Studios for about a year now. I mainly go for their drop-in classes on a Monday when I have my day off work.
If you're not a member, entry is £2 on weekdays before 5pm and then £4 after (£4 all day on saturdays) which is pretty good if you intend to do a few classes on that same day.
I usually attend the intermediate ballet class by Denzil Bailey...more
This is the most famous drop in dance studio in London and indeed the variety of the classes offered is impressive.
The place is the reconversion of an old pineapple warehouse and has a lot of studios located on various floors. The changing rooms are in the basement and they are quite nice. However, there is nothing glamourous, it is very basic and the lack of air conditioning makes you feel...more
I can't comment on the dance classes or studios but the shop has clothes that look nice and a lot of my friends like it!more

subset: commoncrawl


text:
APS Professor of Economics
- Fall 2015: Economics 520
- Fall 2015 (Fall II): Economics 555 [blackboard.eller.arizona.edu]
- [For older courses please see my teaching page]
Current Research:
- Applications of Statistical Decision Theory to Economics
- Causal Inference and Identification Analysis
- Identification and Estimation of Auction Models
- Model Choice and Forecasting
Recent Papers:
- "Panel Asymptotics and Statistical Decision Theory" (with Jack Porter) [pdf coming soon]
- "Forecasting with Model Uncertainty: Representations and Risk Reduction" (with Jonathan H. Wright) [pdf coming soon]
- "Identification of Time and Risk Preferences in Buy Price Auctions," (with Daniel Ackerberg and Quazi Shahriar) [new version of 2014-07-10: pdf].
- "Location Properties of Point Estimators in Linear Instrumental Variables and Related Models," (with Jack Porter), forthcoming, Econometric Reviews [pdf, revised 11/13/12].
- "Impossibility Results for Nondifferentiable Functionals," (with Jack Porter), Econometrica 80(4): 1769-1790.
- ""Robustness to Parametric Assumptions in Missing Data models," (with Bryan Graham), American Economic Review: Papers & Proceedings 101(3): 538-543
- "Adaptive Experimental Design Using the Propensity Score," (with Jinyong Hahn and Dean Karlan) Journal of Business and Economic Statistics 29(1): 96-108
- "Design of Randomized Experiments to Measure Social Interaction Effects," (with Jinyong Hahn) [pdf], Economics Letters 106(1): 51-53.
- [For more papers please see my research page]
Department of Economics
University of Arizona
401 McClelland Hall
1130 E. Helen Street
Tucson, AZ 85721-0108
tel: 520-621-6065
fax: 520-621-8450
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
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Full detailed profile on Celeste Perrault (Past) Played by Tanya Boyd on Days of Our Lives Daytime Soap Opera.
Tanya Boyd (NBC)
Celeste Perrault (Past)
Actor: Tanya Boyd
Who played Celeste Perrault (Past) over the years
Tanya Boyd (contract from 1994 - 1999, recurring 1999 - Thursday, October 18 2007.)
Useful information on Celeste Perrault (Past)
* Real name is Francesca Perrault.
Current: Grandmother and caregiver to Theo
Past: Employee at Alamain International
Past: Stefano's Right-hand woman
Celeste (Francesca Perrault) is Alexandra Brooks Carver's mother and sister to Lexi's adoptive mother, Grace. The name Brooks comes from Grace and is her married name.
Celeste was Stefano DiMera's right hand woman and mistress from New Orleans. She was a caregiver to Gina, who was really Hope Brady. When Stefano kidnapped John, and came to Maison Blanche seeking answers about his past, it was Celeste who helped kidnap John. She cared for John and ended up giving him tips on how to escape from Maison Blanche. She also helped kidnap Marlena when she came to Maison Blanche looking for John. She was in love with Stefano and would do anything for him at that time. Her love was more of an obsession and turned quickly to jealousy when she realized that Stefano was in love with and obsessed with Marlena. Because of this, she set up a gas leak in John and Marlena's cell and started a fire, which ended in burning down Maison Blanche completely.
After the fire, Celeste moved to Salem. We found that she was Lexi Carver's aunt. She was on Stefano's payroll to plant Hope's memories into Gina until she was exposed by Billie Reed. Lexi had been doing some of her own detective work and found out she was adopted as a baby. She asked Celeste for more information but got nowhere. Eventually, she did find out that Celeste was her mother and they were able to forge a bond that still is tight today. Celeste stopped her work for Stefano and kept up her tarot card reading while she became a mother figure to Lexi.
Celeste is seen when the show has a need for premonitions. Many times her psychic connections have been right. She was seen in many storylines involving the 'Salem Stalker' and saw a premonition of the next death before it happened. After the last 'victim' was killed, she started having visions of them being alive and it was her visions that brought the victims home from Melaswen Island. When she learned that Sami was engaged to Lucas, she had a vision that Sami would wind up with Brandon.
She once had a strange dream about Theo and Lexi and went to Abe with this dream. She felt disturbing vibrations when she read her cards and told Abe that there was a terrible danger coming to them. She helped Abe and Roman with their case against criminal, EJ Wells, but all she had to say was that terrible things would come to those who crossed EJ. She refused to say more because she felt someone would die.
Celeste's premonitions came true when her daughter, Lexi, disappeared. Celeste moved in with Abe and helped him take care of Theo. Celeste suspected that EJ DiMera was at the root of Lexi's disappearance and plotted revenge. She and Sami Brady teamed up and devised a plan to get rid of EJ. They tried to poison EJ and then burn him to death. This plan failed and Celeste double crossed Sami when she revealed that she was in fact working with EJ against Sami. Celeste had made a deal with EJ for more information on Lexi's whereabouts. Later, EJ sought Celeste's psychic powers to learn that he fathered one of Sami's twins.
Once Lexi was found, Celeste helped reunite her with Abe and Theo. Beverly Todd has taken over for Tanya Boyd. Read the rest of what Celeste has been up to since her return in 2012. Celeste Perrault
Theo Carver (grandson)
Grace Perrault (sister - deceased)
Grace Jeffries (niece by adoption)
Alexandra (Lexi) Brooks Carver (daughter with Stefano Dimera)
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At the fishing cabin, Bo tells Hope they're leaving. He wants to turn themselves in and Hope agrees that trying to work out a deal is the best solution. Hope will serve time in a different prison, away from the warden. Bo suggests they call Roman but needs to use the gas station payphone to call a line that isn't tapped. Bo leaves her his gun, in case something happens. He also hands her a barrette that Ciara gave him. Once he leaves, Hope dreams about telling Ciara that she and Bo will come home to her. Ciara asks if her parents are back together. Hope wakes, saying they're not together.
Chelsea and Max meet outside the pub and discuss how much Bo and Hope's situation has changed overnight. They're not sure what's going on, but they agree that Hope's pushing Bo away. Max mentions the phone calls that Bo got at the pier and worries that things will only get worse.
Click Here To Read Previous Related Archives On Celeste Perrault (Past) »


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KING Concert Calendar Features Yo La Tengo at The Boulder Theater
Are you ready for some live entertainment? There's a bunch of it to see around our area this week, including a band from Hoboken, New Jersey.
Yo La Tengo play at the Boulder Theater on Tuesday, May 21, at 8:30 p.m., doors open at 7 tonight. Tickets are $25 the day of the show.


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It's a question that has haunted online advertisers since soon after Google perfected pay-per-click search ads a decade ago: Are those clicks from real potential customers, or are they from scammers draining my ad budget?
Now the issue of "click fraud" has hit Facebook full-force. On July 30, Limited Run, which provides software to enable bands and music labels sell physical products like records, said it was closing its Facebook account after finding that some 80% of the clicks it got during a recent ad campaign on Facebook were likely generated not by real people but by bots. Those are coordinated groups of computers hijacked by scammers or spammers, so any clicks they generate cost advertisers money for no benefit. (In a separate issue, in fact the main reason Limited Run said it's leaving Facebook, the company also said Facebook asked it to spend $2,000 on ads in order to change its Facebook page name, something Facebook has said is not its policy.)
To be clear, Limited Run isn't charging that Facebook itself is responsible for those apparently fraudulent clicks. Often the culprits in click fraud are small-time ad networks and other outfits that pay people to click on Google and other ads they run on their sites, though that's unlikely to be an issue for Facebook, which does not yet run its ads outside its own site as Google and others do. Perhaps, Limited Run has suggested, rivals could be using the bots to cost the company money by forcing it to pay for useless clicks.
The click fraud issue has at times loomed large for Google and other companies because of the potential impact on advertiser trust, and Google continues to fight click fraud–as does Facebook. Indeed, the issue isn't new for Facebook either, with complaints, including lawsuits, bubbling up since at least 2009.
But while click fraud doesn't seem to have driven away a large number of Google advertisers, whether because the company has minimized it or because advertisers simply factor it in as a cost of doing business online, the issue is a particular concern for Facebook now. It's trying to prove to skeptical advertisers and investors that its ads work, and claims that there's rampant click fraud don't help. At the same time, Facebook has said recently that some 1.5% of its nearly 1 billion accounts are "undesirable," meaning "user profiles that we determine are intended to be used for purposes that violate our terms of service, such as spamming.
Facebook has declined to say much about the Limited Run situation, though the company says it believes it catches and filters out the vast majority of "invalid clicks" before they're even charged to advertisers. Its own page on "click and impression quality" doesn't reveal much detail about how it deals with click fraud, however, so I asked the company for more insight on what it's doing about the problem.
Mark Rabkin, an engineering director on Facebook's ads team, responded to questions by email. While at times he's repeating what Facebook has said before, he also reveals that the company has a growing staff of 300 people working on security and safety and explains in more detail the various ways the company tries to catch bad clicks. Here are his answers:
Q: To establish what we're talking about, what is the nature of "click fraud"–people setting up bots to click, or accounts that manually manipulate clicks?
A: Our goal always is to deliver valuable ads to our users and for our advertisers.
We have multiple systems in place to help optimize ads and detect invalid clicks. As is common throughout the industry, we filter out different types of clicks that we believe do not represent a real person intentionally clicking on an ad. We also filter out some other clicks that we determine may have low value to an advertiser based on a variety of factors. For example, we filter out double-clicks and overly repetitive clicks even if they came from real people.
Q: What is the process by which Facebook tries to prevent or ameliorate click fraud? Are there certain qualities of accounts or click activity that are red flags? And once found, what does Facebook do to investigate and then correct as necessary?
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Texas on the Potomac
Washington news with a Texas accent
Posts filtered on Tag
Bill Clinton: Does he help — or hurt — Barack Obama?
Bill Clinton takes to the Democratic convention podium — and the national network airwaves — to make the case for the re-election of President Barack Obama. Analysts say his speech could give Obama's campaign a big boost. Or it could lay an Eastwood.
Here are some of the ways Clinton could help — or hurt — the Democratic incumbent[Read More]


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It is very interesting how the lead stories are often described as "more gun violence," when the same stories last year were described as "more gang violence." Because law enforcement has been completely ineffective in combating street gangs, the focus has been shifted to guns. What an easy way to mask the real problem.
Dave Boesche
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Taldiia Tekkit Server
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Concept Game -=[Autumn Glen]=- (0)
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So I've currently been working on concept game currently titled "Autumn Glen". As of right...
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Explosive Weapons in one command! -ALPHA- (0)
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Hey, I made a new one command creation: Explosive Weapons. Explosive Weapons adds 3 (currently) new ...
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I'm hiring somebody to make texture packs for my adventure maps for free (Mainly Super Paper Mario 3...
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What IrishChaos said...
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110 W. New York Ave.
DeLand, FL 32720
Historic DeLand building struggles to land tenants
By Joe Crews
posted May 16, 2013 - 2:59:03pm
More than a year-and-a-half after buying the historic Dreka Building in Downtown DeLand, owner Joe Daprile of Ormond Beach has just four tenants in place, despite making improvements to the structure on the southeast corner of Woodland Boulevard and New York Avenue.
Mainstreet Grill has leased space for many years, and the restaurant continues to operate below street level at is now called One DeLand Plaza, 100 E. New York Ave.
U-Hear, a hearing-aid specialist, recently opened on the ground floor of the three-story building, on the New York Avenue side. Other new tenants are Lake Disston Land LLC, a private land investor, and JLT Tax Services, which also has offices in Orlando and Mount Dora. Both are on the top floor.
A sale of the building recently got put on hold when the potential buyer decided to "realign assets," said Eric D. Alexander, a Realtor in Orange City and the leasing agent for the building. He said Daprile is willing to sell.
Read the whole story in the May 16-19 Weekend edition of The Beacon. To subscribe to The Beacon online, click here. For a list of newsstand locations, click here. To have the print edition mailed to your home twice a week, send your address via email to firstname.lastname@example.com.
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QU Women's Tennis Homepage
QU Women's Tennis Schedule
NEC Women's Tennis Homepage
2012 Northeast Conference Championships Release
2012 Northeast Conference Championships Bracket
2012 Northeast Conference Championships Headquarters
WEST WINDSOR, N.J. – The Quinnipiac University women's tennis team was recently awarded the #2 seed in the upcoming Northeast Conference Championships, which is set to begin on Friday, April 20, 2012 at the Mercer County Tennis Center in West Windsor, N.J. Fresh off their sixth NEC title last season, the Bobcats open the 2012 playoff against the winner of the #7 Saint Francis (Pa.) and #10 St. Francis (N.Y.) match-up, which will take place on Friday at 9 a.m.
Fairleigh Dickinson, who earned the #1 overall seed, will be shooting for its third NEC title and first since the 1988 campaign. The Knights were the 2011 NEC runner-up; dropping a tightly-contested 4-3 decision to defending champion Quinnipiac in last year's final. Helmed by Miller, FDU enters the postseason with a 13-7 record and 3-2 slate against league rivals.
Quinnipiac enters the tournament with an 8-11 record and a 3-2 mark in conference competition. The Bobcats have been troubled by an extremely difficult non-conference schedule, but have won three out of their last five matches. The dynamic junior duo of Rachel Cantor (Short Hills, N.J.) and Sarah Viebrock (Carmel, N.Y.) has been the driving force of the team's success this season. They have combined for a 13-3 record at No. 1 doubles and 23 wins in singles as well. Also faring well for the Bobcats are freshman Michelle Dassa (Marlboro, N.J.) and Jacqueline Raynor (Garden City, N.Y.), a rookie tandem that has combined for a 22-8 record in doubles play.
Matches begin on Friday at 9:00 am. Admission is free to the event.
For all of the latest news, scores and highlights pertaining to the women's tennis program, please visit www.QuinnipiacBobcats.com.
2012 NEC Women's Seeds
1. Fairleigh Dickinson
2. Quinnipiac
3. Sacred Heart
4. LIU Brooklyn
5. Mount St. Mary's
6. Robert Morris
7. Saint Francis (PA)
8. Monmouth
9. Wagner
10. St. Francis (NY)
2012 Northeast Conference Tennis Championships Schedule
Mercer County Tennis Center - West Windsor, NJ
Friday, April 20 - 9:00 am start
Women's Outbracket matches
#8 Monmouth vs. #9 Wagner
#7 Saint Francis (PA) vs. #10 St. Francis (NY)
Women's Quarterfinals
#1 Fairleigh Dickinson vs. #8 Monmouth/#9 Wagner
#2 Quinnipiac vs. #7 Saint Francis (PA)/#10 St. Francis (NY)
#3 Sacred Heart vs. #6 Robert Morris
#4 LIU Brooklyn vs. #5 Mount St. Mary's
Women's Consolation (9th Place)
Saturday, April 21 - 9:00 am start
Women's Semifinal Matches
Women's Consolation Matches (5th, 7th place)
Sunday, April 22
Men's Championship Match (10:00 am start)
Women's Championship Match (to follow men)
Contact: Tony Distasio; email@example.com


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No longer will you have to leave a shop down beat and disheartened. No longer will you return home feeling let down and unfortunate. Now you are the lucky one, for you get to take your pick of a great range of attractive size 13 men's shoes. Our collection includes: shoes, trainers, sandals and boots; so why not get browsing and fill your shopping basket while you can?
Now that summer is approaching and the sun is shining (most of the time) you will no-doubt be searching for some trendy, comfortable and hard-wearing sandals that you can pair up with all of your essential summer items such as : shorts, linens and jeans. Here at Shoe Zone, we have some lovely classic sandals that can be worn for a range of different occasions, so not only will you have the confidence to attend all of your "dates" this year but you can now do it in style!
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In our safety footwear range, we have quite a few choices for you to try ensuring that you won't go away empty-handed. We have many different styles of lace-ups including trainer type shoes and supportive high top boots which are all equipped with a steel toe-cap and comply with BS EN345 safety standards so you can be sure that you are getting top quality shoes.


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Here Are the Songs They Play At a Kid's Skating Rink Birthday Party
5:21: OK, we're getting close because they're playing the chicken-dance song. Is that a universal thing, or is that just a Texas thing like H-E-B? Real question.
5:30: Malibooyah. Last call for the birthday party was just made. Everyone is gathering into the concession-stand area for cake, which means its time to pretend like I've been into this party the whole time. I don't like to brag, but nobody works a room like Shea Serrano when cake is on the line. NOBODY.
Here's a thing that dads do at parties: At least for a few minutes, they'll pretend to be suuuuuper-into playing with their kids, and make sure all the other parents can hear it happening. Then they finish and look around like, "Cheer for me and my parenting, for it is righteous and thoughtful and egalitarian." Gross.
True story: We were at the park once. My wife set the whole thing up. She always does. She planned activities and packed lunches, snacks and drinks. She brought the bug spray, loaded the bikes in the car, and had sanitary wipes and even sunglasses for everyone if we wanted them. She even made sure to pick a park with all the stuff the boys like to play on, which added an extra ten minutes or so to her drive. We got there and the boys and I just abandoned her. She unloaded everything, got it all set up and made sure everybody had a good time. It was great. I took a picture of one of the boys on a swing and made a joke about him using it wrong and posted it on Facebook, and everyone was like, "Oh my God, you are THE BEST dad."
I took the boys to Kroger once and a lady literally stopped me and said, "I just really love to see great dads like you with their sons." This was like 30 seconds after I almost let one of them get run over in the parking lot because I was checking my Twitter mentions.
It must suck so bad to be a mom.
The 15 Most Ridiculous Band Promo Photos Ever
"Where Did My Dick Go?" The Gathering of the Juggalos' Best Overheard Quotations
I Pissed Off Megadeth This Week, My (Former) Favorite Band
The Top Ten Ways to Piss Off Your Bartender at a Music Venue
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Wal-Mart Traffic Cam Operational
Jeff Whitten
Thursday, June 30, 2011 12:23 pm
The traffic camera at the Wal-Mart intersection became operational either late Thursday night or early Friday morning, according to Selmer Mayor David Robinson. For the first ten days, anyone who runs the redlight or drives faster than the 45 mph speed limit will only receive warning tickets. After that, they will be cited.


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SUB Teacher
- Company: Central Arkansas Development Council
- Updated: 8/28/2014
- Location: Benton Head Start Center
- Status: Part-Time
- Salary: $7.36 per Hour
- Job Level: Entry Level
- Region: Central
- Category: Education
Assist Lead Teacher/Teacher Assistant in providing appropriate development and educational activities for pre-school children.
Assist in maintaining a safe, organized learning environment in pre-school classroom.
Other duties as assigned.
EDUCATION REQUIREMENTS: High School diploma or GED required. CDA preferred.
EXPERIENCE NEEDED: Working w/pre-school children in a licensed pre-school setting.
OTHER REQUIREMENTS: Pre-Employment Drug Screening and Criminal Background Check. Regularly must lift and/or move up to 25 pounds. Occasionally up to 50 pounds.


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Thank you for choosing Dolly Couture! This form should outline all details of your gown order. It is very important to us that the dress you order is the dress we ship you. For this reason, we make it the responsibility of the buyer to confirm all details before purchase. Please consider this description a contract outlining all of the details of your gown. Descriptions of your dress and any customizations noted here represent the final order details and supersede any previous correspondence between yourself and representatives of Dolly Couture. If any information is incorrect, please contact us prior to your purchase so that the adjustment can be made
Dress #1: The Abilene $595.00Size: 6 (34" Bust, 28" Waist)Color: IvoryTotal: $505.75 (15% off $595.00 Wholesale Pink Label Price)
Dress #2: The Brandis $495.00Custom: Detachable Straps $45.00Size: 8 (36" Bust, 30" Waist)Color: Ivory with Champagne bow accentsTotal: $544.00 (15% off $640.00 Wholesale Pink Label Price)
Dress #3: The Oahu $695.00Size: 8 (36" Bust, 30" Waist)Color: Champagne satin underlay w/Oahu lace overlayPrice: $590.75 (15% off $695.00 Wholesale Pink Label Price)
Dress #4: The Black Label Beverlywood $497.50Size: 6 (34" Bust, 28" Waist)Color: WhiteTotal: $422.87 (15% off $497.50 Wholesale Pink Label Price)
Item #5: Manhattan Sash $25Size: 8 (30" Waist)Color: IvoryTotal: $21.25 (15% off $25)
GRAND TOTAL: $1984.62 (-$100 EU Discount $2084.62)
Without fittings we cannot guarantee you will not need a few alterations. We suggest searching for a tailor that is local to you and who has reputable on-line reviews. Yelp.com is a wonderful resource. We suggest EVERY bride make an appointment with a tailor in the two weeks prior to her wedding, even when your gown is a perfect fit on arrival. This exciting time can cause weight fluctuation among some brides. Dolly and her team take pride in packaging and preparing gowns for shipping, however, some wrinkling may occur in transit. Pressing or steaming wrinkles (along with alterations) are the responsibility of the bride. Thank you so much for your order!
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NFDA Home > Media Center > Calendar > Details - Utah Funeral Directors Association Mid-Winter Meeting
Utah Funeral Directors Association Mid-Winter Meeting, Lexington Hotel, St. George, UT. www.ufda.org.
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While most film festivals will take a long time to prepare, they can also be done quickly, and less professionally at the high school level.
Step 1: Naming The Festival
Every film festival has a name.
The better the name, the more interesting it will sound, and more people will look into it.
Here are some of my ideas for our film festival name:
- Greatest Film Festival on Earth
- Second Greatest Film Festival on Earth
- Cannes (ummm....is that taken?)
- Almost Perfect Film Festival
- Mr. Big and Tall Film Festival
- Sears Film Festival brought to you by Wal-Mart, for all of your filming needs.
Feel free to leave ideas in the comments, I will add them in here later.
Step 2: Getting the Venue
This can cost a lot of money, and will need to be booked long in advance.
For instructional purposes, I am using the projector, and Smart Board in my Classroom.
The Smart Board is a great alternative to an expensive theatre that would cost thousands of dollars.
Step 3: Budget
To get money specifically for the film festivals, you could create an entry fee, or even collect sponsorships.
If you are doing this for fun, on a small scale, such as in a classroom
there won't be much of a budget.
You could get a catering company to provide food. Or have the guests and movie makers bring their own food.
A popcorn machine would be an awesome addition to the festival and it would blow everyone's mind.


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We're revamping our
Loyalty Program
We Love Our Customers.
We Love Loyal Cutomers.
And We Want to Reward You.
That's why were taking some time to redesign and redevelop our Customer Loyalty Experience. We want to make it easier for you to receive great rewards for your continued support of Amato's.
Keep an eye out at your local Amato's or sign-up below and we'll be sure to let you know when we re-launch the program.
It's going to be exciting!


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We spotted "original New Yorker" Ian Benardo, the Bronx-born recent American Idol reject, at the Zac Posen after-party last night. Benardo made headlines for being super-rude and untalented — he was also rejected from So You Think You Can Dance — which naturally means he'll soon be making lots of money and is already invited to all the right parties.
So what was Simon's reaction to your remarks on Idol?
He said that I was the rudest person ever on the show, but the truth of the matter is, like, he's always putting people down, and he shouldn't come to New York if he's not expecting someone to talk back. I'm sorry, he was very rude to me. And also I have a lot going for me! I'm a talented person. I'm the Idol correspondent for Extra now. And also I've been on Larry King.
Was there anything else that got edited out?
Simon said that I don't look like an American Idol, and I told him that, with all his money, he has bigger breasts than Paula, and he should do something about it.
How'd you get the balls to say that?
Because I'm from the Bronx, honey. I do not take shit. I refuse to have somebody like Simon Cowell come to my country and tell me that I'm useless. I'm showing him I'm not useless. I'm doing TV, movies, radio, a CD, I've been invited to all these parties.
So the Bronx made you speak your mind?
I think it has something to do with being a gay kid, a known gay kid, always having to defend myself. I was brought up with always people attacking me verbally and me having to stand up for myself. Some moron like Simon Cowell so used to traveling across the country, putting people down, and they can't say anything. I'm the first person to put him in his place. And he called security on me.
I saw the video. You had to be dragged out.
Because he was speechless, which shows that he's not as witty as everyone thinks he is. I'm smarter than him. I'm more than just an American Idol. An American Idol, they say, has a pair of lungs. I have a pair of eyes and ears as well. I'm an international, intergalactic idol. —Jada Yuan


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If you signed up with us after April 9th check our guide on how to upload your Header & Footer in your Chameleon site in this article.
There are many ways to create your white label travel site – WordPress, Joomla!, other CMS systems or plain HTML. Whichever way you choose, you will need to create separate HTML files for your header and your footer. These two files will allow you customize your white label pages so they have similar look and feel as your website.
If you followed the advice in our article, EAN WordPress travel site: 10-step guide to creating yours! your site will almost be ready to start marketing our travel products. In the following article we will teach you how to customize the header and footer of your white label pages so your site can be ready to start earning those all-important commissions!
Extracting your header directly from the WordPress code may be difficult and impractical as wordpress includes a lot of code and links to many different CSS styles. The easiest way to imitate your wordpress blog design with our affiliate pages is to create a simple header file replicating your blog's logo area and tool bar.
You can check the results of the customization we are using as an example in this guide by visiting the following ExampleTravel Las Vegas Hotel page
Creating Our Header File
The header will define how your affiliate pages will look. It's a simple HTML file that holds:
- The CSS through which you can customize the colors of your affiliate pages
- The Header image of your site
- The menu bar of your affiliate site
You can create the file with any HTML editor, with Notepad in Windows or with TextEdit in Mac, just remember to save the file with the .html extension. You don't need to use the normal HTML file structure with the ,  and  tags as they will already be included in your affiliate pages.
If you don't know much about HTML, you can just copy the lines of code that you can find here and substitute the header and menu images urls with your own.
Now let's customize your site's CSS styles!
If you want to customize certain aspects of your affiliate pages such as colors and alignments you will need to define them in a stylesheet between the  tags.
EAN template pages are originally aligned to the left of the page with a white background, so the first thing we are going to do is to centre the page and define a background.
Remember that our Affiliate pages have a maximum width of 770 px so if you have used a colour or pattern background you will need to take this into account and leave a centred 770 px wide space empty or with a plain color as the affilliate site will overlap it.


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Hang tight!
Recipe by BREAKSTONE'S
"Rich, old-fashioned kugel is made with sour cream and egg noodles with a sprinkling of cinnamon sugar on top."
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1 (16 ounce) container
BREAKSTONE'S or KNUDSEN 2% Milkfat Low Fat Cottage Cheese
1 (16 ounce) container
BREAKSTONE'S Reduced Fat Sour Cream
1 cup
eggs, beaten
1/2 cup
margarine, melted
1 tablespoon
imitation vanilla
1 (12 ounce) package
broad egg noodles, cooked, rinsed and drained (Kosher for Passover)
1 tablespoon
cinnamon sugar
If you like sweet kugel, then this is what you want! I loved the cinnamon and vanilla hints, and it was sooo creamy! Will definitely be making this again!
I made this for for the second night of Hanukkah. My father-in-law, who is old fashioned loved it. I did jazz it up a bit. I added 2 personal containers of applesauce, 3 teaspoons of cinnamon, and a das or 2 of nutmeg. To compensate of the added liquid I cutback on the cottage cheese. To make it irressitable I stirred in a couple of handfuls of rasins. This made it more palitable to the nontaditional crowd and gave the older generation a new look at an old favorite.
11 Ratings
Really good. Don't feel you have to use the exact ingredients. Used Feta Cheese, sour cream and cream cheese because that is what I had. Four boys ate the whole thing! Will make this again.
On a snowy day I was thinking of childhood memories of a very soft and sweet noodle kugel and neighbor made for me when I was small. I found this! I used French Vanilla extract, butter (not margarine), and topped it with a mix of melted butter, crushed graham crackers, sugar, and cinnamon. I also added a handful of giant raisins. Smells terrific!
excellent everyone loves it. my go to kugel recipe
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
BREAKSTONE'S Noodle Kugel
Serving Size: 1/18 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 18
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 240
Calories from Fat: 97
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Before you purchase or sell your home or property, please call Inspect-A-Home. We can help protect your investment with a thorough home/property inspection! Call us now to discuss your individual inspection needs. Work Phone: 843-222-5068
About Inspect-A-Home
We perform thorough inspections at reasonable prices. We can help you get to know the condition of the property you are about to buy or sell, and give you the confidence you need to make an informed decision.
We are located in Little River and serve all surrounding areas. We look forward to hearing from you!
- L.H., May 2015
- J.B., May 2015
- S.W., April 2015
- J.S., February 2015
- B.P., Myrtle Beach SC, November 2014
- J.S., August 2014
- C.S., July 2014
- J.H., March 2014
- R.S., North Myrtle Beach SC, February 2014
- S.W., January 2014
- D.P., January 2014
- J.G., July 2013
- R.F., June 2013
- M.S., May 2013
- D.O., May 2013
- B.O., North Myrtle Beach SC, August 2012
- L.G., June 2012
- K.W., June 2012
Gauge Attributes
Customers can Gauge service providers on the following 10 attributes. Not all attributes will apply to all service providers.
- Punctuality and Timely Completion: No one likes to wait or have large windows of time where service providers "might" get to them. No one likes the job to drag out because of the service provider's other projects or if it becomes apparent that the SP did not plan well.
- Workmanship: No one likes shoddy work, shortcuts, or tradesmen who take advantage of the customer's lack of awareness of what is good quality work.
- Responsibility: Many home owners do not wear shoes in their home and service providers should wear covers over their shoes when necessary. SP's should not travel into rooms that are not in the work scope. They should not use the toilet without asking. If the SP soils or breaks something, they should try to replace it.
- Professionalism: A Professional does not try to add unnecessary work to the contract. Nor do they try to make themselves look good by demeaning their competition or by discussing religion or politics. Professionals stand behind their price and make the experience pleasant with the customer.
- Cleans Up Daily: Customers like to know that each day when service providers leave the room, it is in a broom swept condition, meaning nothing laying around loose, dangerous, all cords are rolled up, and trash or debris is contained or removed. SP's should clean up at the end of the job.
- Friendly: No one wants to hear service providers' personal problems. The service provider should be pleasant to be around.
- Responsive to a Customer's Call: Call backs should be made in the same day and the service provider should do what was promised.
- Well Organized: Generally speaking, from start to finish, the process went well, any concerns were addressed or corrected, and the repair or project ended well with everyone satisfied.
- Hygiene: The service provider should look clean, smell clean, and wear shoe covers indoors when needed.
- Recommended: Would you recommend this individual or company?
Workphone: 843-222-5068
Little River, SC 29566


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Ryan Scott Ottney
PDT Staff Writer
LUCASVILLE — Two students from the Scioto County Career Technical Center (SciotoTech) were elected officers during a SkillsUSA conference in Columbus last fall and participated in a week-long training program in Washington D.C. to prepare them as presenters for the opening and closing ceremonies during the SkillsUSA regional competition in Scioto County next month.
"SkillsUSA teaches us how to be better leaders, be better people, be better students, and excel in everything we do," said SciotoTech senior John Williams.
According to its website (skillsusa.org), SkillsUSA is a national non-profit partnership of students, teachers and industry working together to ensure America has a skilled workforce. It was formerly known as the Vocational Industrial Clubs of America.
"It gives you a lot of leadership opportunities," said SciotoTech senior Michael Carver. "In SkillsUSA you also get to go out and meet with hundreds of people that you've never met before. If you're shy or anything, it helps you break out of that."
Williams and Carver attended a conference in Columbus in November, where they campaigned and were elected regional officers. As part of their formal responsibilities, the two students will present the opening and closing ceremonies during the Ohio SkillsUSA south central regional competition in Scioto County next month. The competition will take place at SciotoTech in Lucasville on March 2 and the awards ceremony will follow at Valley High School.
About 800 students from the region are expected to attend, competing in programs such as automotive refinishing technology, carpentry, computer maintenance technology, cosmetology, crime scene investigation, extemporaneous speaking, job interview, medical math, nail care with nail care model, technical drafting, welding, and more.
To get ready for their big presentation, Williams and Carver attended a training program in Washington D.C. last month.
"We had to sit through a lot of meetings. It wasn't just like going to D.C. for free and goof off all week. We had a lot of responsibility to do," Carver said. "We had a checklist that we was given at the beginning of the week, and we had to go through that checklist to get our ROTI (Regional Officer Training Institute) pins. We had about 20 things that we had to do. We also had to sit through a lot of leadership conferences. A lot of employability-type seminars."
Both students admitted they had no idea how much hard work was going to be involved.
"I didn't think we was going to have to sit through so many seminars, but it really paid off in the end," Williams said. "They taught me how to speak better in front of people, and a lot of leadership abilities that I brought back with me."
And it wasn't all work, Carver promised. The students did get to see the Museum of National History, a tour of national monuments, and visit the SkillsUSA national headquarters.
"The most important part of that D.C. trip for me was, when Michael and I hopped on that bus we got on that bus with 51 strangers. A week later when we got back off, we got off that bus with 51 friends," Williams said. "What that organization taught us, how to befriend people and how to be better leaders, I'll never forget that as long as I live."
Principal Kyle Copley said students like John Williams and Michael Carver are why SciotoTech is successful, and participating in the SkillsUSA program will continue to serve them throughout their lives.
"SkillsUSA and the CTC out here, it's a great place. The CTC alone, coming out here you don't know anybody. You might know the people at your home school, but here you've got people from Portsmouth, West, New Boston, you've got people from all around Scioto County. You meet a lot of people and have a lot of friends out here. It's just a great experience. I really advise anybody to come out if they're serious about getting a good job," Carver said.
For more information about SkillsUSA visit them online at www.skillsusa.org or Ohio SkillsUSA at www.ohioskillsusa.org, and the Scioto County Career Technical Center online at www.sciototech.org.
Ryan Scott Ottney can be reached at 740-353-3101, ext. 287, or email@example.com.


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The board is trying to put the controversy behind it.
The chairman of CB9 said the board's rules had not been properly followed.
Sam Esposito denied targeting three members of the board with the remarks.
Sam Esposito has been on the board since 1988.
The growing call for an increased police presence comes after a string of sex attacks in the park.
The board had considered dismissing Mary Ann Carey, who has served the area for 30 years.
Board voted to remove a member after he hasn't shown up for months.
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Charleston Communities for Cruise Control has formed an international partnership with groups in Venice and Florida to address issues with cruise operations in historic port cities, officials announced today.
The Charleston group will work with No Grandi Navi in Venice and Key West Committee for Responsible Tourism to form an international coalition to establish "appropriate standards for cruise industry activity in historically scaled port cities," officials said in a written statement.
"The issue is about balanced co-existence and being proactive," said Carrie Agnew, executive director of Charleston Communities for Cruise Control. "Historically, Charleston has done that, but with the cruise issue we are risking a great deal with no legally binding regulations in place."
The dispute over cruises has been raging for several years.
It started to come to a boil in 2010 when Carnival Cruise Lines permanently based its 2,056-passenger liner Fantasy at Union Pier, giving the city a year-round pleasure-ship industry for the first time. Previously, a handful of seasonal cruises originated in Charleston.
Charleston Communities for Cruise Control is among numerous preservationists and neighborhood associations that have filed lawsuits to block the S.C. State Ports Authority from opening a new $35 million cruise terminal at the north end of Union Pier in downtown Charleston. The groups allege that the new terminal will bring more tourists, traffic congestion and fumes to the historic district.
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The Sunex 5.6mm f/5.6 SuperFisheye Lens is a super-wide fisheye lens that covers 185°, with enough overlap to create a full spherical image from just two shots. This lens was designed specifically for digital SLR cameras using APS-C format imagers. With an image circle size of 14.5mm, the SuperFisheye forms a complete circular image within the camera's imager area.
The fixed focus and fixed aperture design of this lens provides optimized image quality for both indoor and outdoor photography. The fixed aperture also simplifies the operation of the lens, and eliminates potential errors.
It is especially well suited for virtual reality and software-assisted panorama stitching. It provides exaggerated perspectives and unusual distortion effects. Sunex also provides a link to a free download of the Dewarper Plug-In software for Photoshop (PC only). Dewarper is a software plug-in for correcting or optimizing distortion taken with popular fisheye lenses, including Sunex SuperFisheye lenses. This program is based on a proprietary algorithm developed by Sunex based on expertise in real-world lens design and manufacturing.
- The optional Panoramic Rotator (#SUR3S) is designed exclusively for the SuperFisheye lens, to achieve precise lens rotation about its nodal point. It eliminates the need to determine the location of the nodal point for each lens/camera manually. It has 3 detent positions at 120 degree each.
- Made of anodized aluminum with laser-etched markings.


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Festive food for Christmas!
In a span of 2 days I baked over a 100 cupcakes & iced them as well. The first 80 were vanilla cupcakes, the ones for the playschool Christmas party. These last batch I had to do a little different for my own experimentation & therapeutic pleasure! The flavours of chocolate & orange complement each other beautifully. I love the way the Christmassy ones turned out with the red, white & green; & also the pink 'n' purple 'very girly ones'. For the chocolate stars & flowers, I drizzled the stars, flowers, zigzags etc onto butter paper, & peeled them off gently once they were set. These can be made in advance and stored in an airtight box in a cool place. Fix them onto the top of the cupcake with a little melted chocolate. Makes the cupcakes look so good & 'dressed up'.
Flour – 2 cups
Baking powder – 2 tsp
Salt – 1/2 tsp
Butter – 1/2 cup
Sugar – 1 1/4 cup
Eggs – 2
Vanilla Essence / extract – 1 tsp
Milk – 1 cup
Baking Chocolate – 50gms / melted with 1 tsp of cream
Zest of 1 orange
Preheat the oven to 190 degrees Celsius. Line or grease the muffin pans.
Sift flour + baking powder + salt 3 times. Keep aside.
Cream butter + sugar well.
Add vanilla + eggs and beat well.
On low speed, beat in flour mix + milk alternatively in 3 lots.
Mix in the melted chocolate.
Fill muffin cases to 3/4th depth, and bake for 20-25 minutes till done.
Remove from muffin pan immediately & cool on racks.
For the icing, drizzle melted chocolate over the tops, sprinkle immediately with slivered pistachios, Christmas sprinkles, silver dragees etc.
Makes approximately 18 muffins.
Note: For the 2nd lot , if you make 6 muffins in a 12 pan tin, fill a little water in each of the empty cases to ensure even baking.
Served with slices of freshly baked moist & delicious chocolate cake which has whole-wheat flour too!
With the same batch I iced a few differently to gift to a friend of my daughters' where all the girls had gone to spend the day. They disappeared before I could even say something…
This post is for Bindiya at 'In Love With Food' who is hosting a delicious chocolate event "MY FAV THINGS" … & celebrating her wedding anniversary today! All the best Bindiya…hope your day was great!!


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|Home > Guides > Core Developers Guide > Configuration Elements > Namespace Configuration
The namespace attribute subdivides action configurations into logical modules, each with its own identifying prefix. Namespaces avoid conflicts between action names. Each namespace can have its own "menu" or "help" action, each with its own implementation. While the prefix appears in the browser URI, the tags are "namespace aware", so the namespace prefix does not need to be embedded in forms and links.
The default namespace is
"" - an empty string. The default namespace is used as a "catch-all" namespace. If an action configuration is not found in a specified namespace, the default namespace is also be searched. The local/global strategy allows an application to have global action configurations outside of the action element "extends" hierarchy.
The namespace prefix can be registered with Java declarative security, to ensure only authorized users can access the actions in a given namespace.
A root namespace ("/") is also supported. The root is the namespace when a request directly under the context path is received. As with other namespaces, it will fall back to the default ("") namespace if a local action is not found.
If a request for
/barspace/bar.action is made, the
/barspace namespace is searched for the
bar action. If found, the
bar action is executed, else it will fall back to the default namespace. In the Namespace Example, the
bar action does exist in the
/barspace namespace, so the
bar action will be executed, and if "success" is returned, the request will be forwarded to
In the Namespace Example, if a request for
moo.action is made, the root namespace ('/') is searched for a
moo action; if a root action is not found, the default namespace is checked. In this case, the
moo action does exist and will be executed. Upon success, the request would be forwarded to


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Academic Human Resources,
(734) 763-8938
1. "Thank You" to Our Subscribers
2. AIG Customer Service Phone Numbers Available
AIG can provide quotes now for coverage beginning September 1, 2000 or later to current participants in the METPAY plan and any eligible faculty and staff who want to shop comparatively. To request a quote from AIG, call an AIG Worksite Benefits representative at 1-800-256-7385. Options for current METPAY participants are available in the "What's New" section on the Benefits Web site at: http://www.umich.edu/~benefits/new/index.htm
3. Benefits Orientation for New Faculty and Staff Members
4. HRD Offers Customized Training at Your Location
5. HRMS CO Interchanges Keep Staff Informed
6. FASAP Offers Brown Bag Presentations
Following is a list of the "Brown Bag" sessions that are being offered this year:
Communicating With Your Family
Visit the FASAP web site at http://www.umich.edu/~fasap for additional information on FASAP counseling services and brief descriptions of the Brown Bag topics.


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Learn to create Harry Potter–style smoke, fire, and explosions with particle systems in After Effects.
Learn to add motion graphics and color effects to your footage, and retime the results.
Learn to master Trapcode Form and create stunning visual effects and motion graphics.
Explores Trapcode Particular, an industry standard third-party After Effects plugin for generating particle effects.
"I'm learning stuff that I wouldn't necessarily have even considered before, due to time and cost. You guys rule." —Nate M.
more from our members »


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Editor's note: On April 16, we had a major e-mail program crash that stored much of our contact with the outside world. As a result we lost dozens of letters to the editor. So, this week's sampling is unusually small. For those who have submitted letters in the past two weeks, and who didn't see them get printed, feel free to send them along again.
Farm Bill impacts hungry Vermonters
Many Vermonters were listening carefully during the U.S. Senate Farm Bill hearing on March 12 at the Vermont State House.
The consequences of the 2007 Farm Bill reach far beyond our state's struggling dairy industry. The Nutrition Title of the Farm Bill also includes nutrition assistance programs that help thousands of low-income Vermonters put food on the table. Vermont's two statewide anti-hunger organizations — the Vermont Foodbank and the Vermont Campaign to End Childhood Hunger — along with 165 partner agencies and congregations, are united in our efforts to ensure that the Farm Bill provides adequate nutrition resources to reduce the growing problem of hunger in the Green Mountains.
The largest of the food assistance programs in the Farm Bill is the Food Stamp Program, this nation's first line of defense against hunger. Food Stamps ensure that households have access to safe, healthy, and nutritious food during difficult economic circumstances. Studies show that children living in households receiving monthly benefits eat better — and as a result, are healthier, perform better in school, and have reduced rates of obesity. In Vermont, healthier families mean stronger communities, increased educational performance, a productive workforce, and reduced health care costs. A strong Food Stamp program also supports agriculture and builds a strong economy. Food Stamps supplement the buying power of 49,000 Vermonters each month and bring more than $48 million in federal money into our state each year, supporting local businesses and farmers.
The 2007 Farm Bill includes two other food programs that assist hungry families in every corner of the state. The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP) allows the Vermont Foodbank to stock the shelves of its 270 network partners, including pantries, community meal sites, and senior centers across the state. The Commodity Supplemental Food Program (CSFP) nourishes 4,000 income-eligible senior citizens, pregnant women, and new mothers by providing monthly food boxes that include items such as meat, poultry, peanut butter, tuna, cereal, milk, fruits, and vegetables. These programs often make a huge difference for families struggling to make ends meet.
Farm Bill reauthorization occurs once every five years and the stakes are high for both farmers and anti-hunger advocates. A strong Nutrition Title in the 2007 Farm Bill will ensure full funding for these vital programs, increase food security for thousands of low-income Vermonters, build healthier communities, and support local agriculture.
Vermont's advocates can send a strong message to Congress that nutrition assistance programs and agriculture work hand-in-hand to ensure that no child goes to bed hungry and that every Vermonter has access to the fruits, vegetables, and dairy for which our farmers are famous.
Robert Dostis
Christine Foster and Edward Fox
Robert Dostis is the executive director of the Vermont Campaign to End Childhood Hunger. Christine Foster and Edward Fox are interim co-CEOs at the Vermont Foodbank.
Giving voice to Palestinians
I was delighted to see published "Gaza reporter defends stories" (Vermont Guardian, April 19), the excellent and well-informed letter by Mohammed Omer.
He wisely, firmly confronts and refutes the slanderous as well as totally toxic Zionist propaganda that is so pervasive in U.S. newspapers. I have been hoping for years that (for everyone's sake) more people would start sincerely challenging Israel's manipulative public relations games that have created so much havoc (and planted hate) everywhere they can reach.
I have also been hoping that the people of Palestine would be given more chances to simply speak for themselves, although that is quite hard to do in a world where Palestinians are routinely demonized and dismissed.
I do hope that Omer's letter is the beginning of a trend with more and more Palestinians everywhere speaking out to explain what they know to be true about our "friend" Israel. And, I do hope that soon everyone on Earth understands the vital importance of fully respecting the Palestinian refugees' sacred right of return to original homes and lands as clearly spelled out by international law since Israel came to be a sovereign state in 1948.
Anne Selden Annab
Mechanicsburg, PA
Emergency official fiddles two tunes
In Brattleboro the public hears that the buses needed to fulfill the demands of the Radiological Emergency Response Plan will be arriving from Swansea, NH.
Simply put, to evacuate the students from all levels, the day care centers, the nursing homes, the hospital, and the indigent, Brattleboro depends on Laidlaw buses to drive more than 20 miles from Swansea, NH, into the plume pathway to move our residents from harm's way in the event of a radioisotope release at the Entergy Nuclear Vermont Yankee nuclear reactor.
I wish to encourage the state of New Hampshire to coordinate its emergency planning zone bus drills of towns such as Hinsdale and Chesterfield with Vermont's planning drills. Are there enough buses to fill the needs of both states at once?
On April 3, Vermont Emergency Management Director Barbara Farr stated she has faith in the radiological emergency response plan to safely evacuate local residents. The complete plan has never been tested. Most of the public does not know what to do. The state of Vermont's information campaign (a kangaroo — no joke) ran out of money after a few months.
On April 4, we are told that shelter-in-place is the best choice. Does anyone besides me get the notion that we are hearing our emergency planners speak two stories?
New England housing stock is the oldest in the nation. In houses built to 1948 building codes, complete air exchange occurs in less than an hour. Wood and shingles do not stop gamma rays. Shelter in place, if it fails, is like making the local citizens into rats in a box.
Gary Sachs