text:
This invention provides apparatus for collecting parameter disturbance information from each connected apparatus which can disturb measuring vital signs, and broadcasting a message regarding the disturbance and a coordinating clock signal to all apparatus. Connected sensors susceptible to parameter disturbances identify them from the message and suppress their audible alarm during an interval given in the message. This eliminates false audible alarms caused by such disturbances. The disturbance interval can be extended for later disturbances unless it is a new source or disturbance type and the alarm is already suppressed. A brickwall timer limits the total maximum suppressed interval to a safe maximum. A recovery timer allows a sensor to recover from a parameter disturbance before responding to a subsequent one.
1. In a patient monitoring system having a plurality of devices wherein at least one of said devices is a PPD generator which creates a PPD event and at least one of said devices is a susceptible sensor which can cause an error condition as a result of said PPD event, the improvement comprising:
notifying means coupled to said plurality of devices for providing an encoded message notifying said at least one susceptible sensor of the identity and characteristics of said PPD event, said characteristics always including at least the PPD event initiation time and duration, and wherein said notifying means is centralized.
2. The improvement according to claim 1, wherein said notifying means is adapted to couple to an additional susceptible sensor.
3. The improvement according to claim 1, wherein said notifying means is adapted to couple to an additional PPD generator.
4. The improvement according to claim 3, wherein said notifying means is adapted to couple to an additional susceptible sensor.
5. A patient monitoring system comprising: a PPD generator which causes a PPD event:
a susceptible sensor which is susceptible of producing an error as a result of a PPD event; and
notifying means coupled to said plurality of devices for providing an encoded message notifying said at least one susceptible sensor of the identity and characteristics of said PPD event, said characteristics always including at least the PPD event initiation time and duration, and wherein said notifying means is adapted to couple to an additional PPD generator wherein said notifying means is centralized.
6. A patient monitoring system comprising:
a PPD generator which causes a PPD event:
a susceptible sensor which is susceptible of producing an error as a result of a PPD event; and
notifying means coupled to said PPD generator and said susceptible sensor for notifying said susceptible sensor of said PPD event by means of an encoded message containing at least the initiation time and duration of said PPD event, wherein said notifying means is adapted to couple to an additional susceptible sensor wherein said notifying means is centralized.
7. A patient monitoring system comprising:
a first patient monitor having a first visual display, the first monitor including PPD generator which generates a PPD event message in response to a PPD event;
a susceptible second monitor having a second visual display in a housing separate from that of the first monitor, the second monitor being susceptible to producing an error as a result of a PPD event; and
notifying means coupled to said PPD generator and said susceptible second monitor for notifying said susceptible second monitor of said PPD event by means of an encoded message containing at least the initiation time and duration of said PPD event, wherein said notifying means is centralized.
8. A patient monitoring system according to claim 7, said notifying means including means adapted to couple to an additional susceptible monitor.
9. A patient monitoring system according to claim 8, said PPD event message having a disturbance identifier and a disturbance beginning time.
10. Apparatus for monitoring vital signs of a mammal comprising:
a plurality of test apparatus connected to said mammal;
means having input means and output means for respectively receiving messages from each connected test apparatus over said input means and for transmitting all said messages over said output means back to all said connected apparatus;
at least one connected test apparatus being a parameter disturbance apparatus which will disturb at least part of its operation, said parameter disturbance apparatus further comprising:
means for generating parameter disturbance messages comprising a disturbance identification, an indicated beginning time and an estimated duration time;
means for transmitting said disturbance message to said communication means over its said input means;
at least one connected test apparatus being a vital sign sensor apparatus having means for sensing a vital sign and generating a proportional output signal, said output signal being disturbed and inaccurate during the time certain identified parameter disturbances are operating, said vital sign sensing means further comprising:
alarm means for indicating whenever said output signal is outside a predetermined range;
means for receiving said parameter disturbance message generated by said disturbance apparatus from said output means of said communication means:
means for suppressing said alarm means in response to said parameter disturbance message from the indicated beginning through the estimated duration time.
11. Apparatus according to claim 10, wherein said parameter disturbance message further comprises an estimated disturbance duration.
12. Apparatus according to claim 11, wherein said suppressing means suppresses said alarm through said estimated duration time, excepting that a suppression of said alarm shall end earlier when an indicated ending time is received during an estimate duration time, provided further however that said alarm means will be suppressed only if the parameter disturbance identity indicates that the parameter disturbance is one which disturbs the operation of that particular sensing means.
13. Apparatus as in claim 12, wherein the suppression of the alarm is limited to a predetermined maximum time interval.
14. Apparatus as in claim 13, wherein successive parameter disturbance messages received within a predetermined minimum time interval will be ignored.
15. Apparatus as in claim 14, wherein the suppression of an alarm will be extended for a predetermined amount of time after the said alarm has been suppressed.
16. Apparatus as in claim 15, wherein any parameter disturbance message received during the suppression of an alarm of a previous parameter disturbance duration, which indicates an extended estimated parameter disturbance, will extend the parameter disturbance duration as provided in the message, excepting that parameter disturbance messages regarding a new identified disturbance will be ignored whenever the sensor is out of range.
17. Apparatus as in claim 16, wherein each said sensor has first in- first out means for receiving parameter disturbance messages and storing them such that messages received first are made available first, said sensor also having time decrementing means for decrementing of all stored parameter disturbance messages an amount equal to the time that each is stored in said first in- first out means, said sensor further having register means for receiving said messages made available to said sensor from said FIFO for processing.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/504,399, filed Jul. 19, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,367.
The present invention relates to suppression of false audible alarms in any number of patient vital sign sensing apparatus interconnected with any number of devices which cause a disturbance and resulting false alarm.
The problem of a patient monitoring system which includes a pulse oximeter sensor and a blood pressure module which inflates a cuff during its active cycle resulting in a false audible alarm by the pulse oximeter was addressed in Friedman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,309,908. Friedman et al., which is typical of the prior art, provides fixed interconnected logic elements which suppress the audible alarm of the pulse oximeter sensor and only during the time that the cuff inflation affects the pulse readings.
As with the prior art, this apparatus is severely limited in scope. In the actual clinical environment, a number of devices can cause disturbances in reading a given body vital sign during their operation. Similarly, a number of sensors may each be susceptible to various disturbances resulting in false indications. An example of equipment which can cause such disturbances and resulting errors in vital sign sensors includes electrocauterization and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) apparatus. These produce intense electrical fields which can cause read-out errors in susceptible sensors.
Further, Friedman et al. does not address problems which may be presented in the future by additional apparatus which can produce disturbances resulting in reading errors in new vital sign sensing apparatus.
The instant invention addresses the problems of interconnection and interaction between any number of sensors and any number of devices which can produce an erroneous indication resulting in a false audible alarm in any one or more of these sensors. Further, the instant invention is open ended to permit adding new apparatus in the future, while still providing the protocol to eliminate false alarms caused by interaction between any of the previous or new devices.
Operation of certain equipment used in patient procedures create disturbances which can cause an error in the sensing of a vital sign by a sensor susceptible to the disturbance. Such a disturbance is hereafter herein referred to as a Patient Parameter Disturbance (PPD). A typical PPD results when a blood pressure monitor inflates a cuff for detecting blood pressure. A cuff inflation will cause a pulse or oxygen saturation detection sensor attached to the same limb to indicate a false pulse missing error. Other PPD generators include such devices as electrocauterization and TENS excitation apparatus. These produce intense electrical fields which can cause read-out errors in susceptible sensors.
A key feature of the present invention involves providing a common communication protocol for notifying each of the sensors concerning the occurrence, the timing, and the nature of each PPD event. In the preferred mode of practicing the present invention, a generalized PPD message format is defined, which can specify both timing and nature of any anticipated PDD event. A suitable PPD message is generated and transmitted to each sensor to provide notification of an approaching PPD event. If the proper PPD message is transmitted to each potentially effected sensor, the degree of centralization or decentralization of the communication functions may vary from one embodiment to another.
In a first, highly centralized approach, the instant invention may use a communication timing (CT) unit to interconnect all equipment which includes such devices as: sensors which are susceptible to a PPD, sensors which are not susceptible to a PPD but which create a PPD themselves, and non-sensing apparatus which create PPDs. The CT unit may provide a master timing signal for synchronous communication or the individual devices may communicate asynchronously using separate clocks. In the preferred mode, asynchronous communication operates effectively assuming a delivery delay of less than one second.
For this centralized approach, the Communicator Timer (CT) unit incorporates a communication network arranged to collect a PPD message from all PPD generating equipment, and broadcast this message to all connected apparatus. If synchronous communication is preferred, a time signal generated in the CT unit is also broadcast to all connected equipment to coordinate all PPD timing and any other data collected by any attached equipment.
Each connected device, which can produce a PPD, generates a PPD message describing the PPD characteristics, an estimate of the PPD duration, and a PPD identifier. Each PPD generating device also creates another message which identifies the PPD and signifies the termination of the event. These PPD messages are obtained, encoded and transmitted from each PPD generating apparatus over the CT network to the CT unit.
All of the PPD messages (plus a CT generated master time base, if synchronous transmission mode is used) are broadcast back over the same CT network to all connected equipment. These PPD messages provide information from all PPD generators to all susceptible sensors of all pertinent data regarding any PPD.
All sensors susceptible to a PPD, upon receiving a PPD message use the PPD identifier to identify the PPDs to which they are susceptible, and if susceptible, take appropriate action through the estimated duration of the PPD event.
The audible alarm signal of a susceptible sensor may be suppressed during a parameter disturbance interval, however, the visual alarm need not be suppressed to permit continual visual monitoring of all out-of-range conditions. The alarm suppression interval can be extended by later messages from the same apparatus or a new PPD message from a different apparatus which resets the parameter disturbance interval to the longest time interval. Because successive PPD messages could extend a PPD interval indefinitely, the maximum suppression time is preferably limited by a Brick Wall Timer (BWT). The BWT limits the maximum alarm suppression interval time to a predetermined length. This maximum alarm suppression time length, regardless of the number of successive PPD messages, though dependent upon the technology used and physiology involved, is preferably limited to 120 seconds, less a recovery timer interval of six seconds which will be described later, for adult or pediatric patient monitoring, and to 60 seconds, less six seconds for the Recovery Timer (RT) interval, for neonate monitoring. This ensures that audible alarms are not suppressed beyond a safe time interval.
The PPD interval ends either at the end of the PPD time interval after the indication, or earlier, if a stop message for that particular PPD generating apparatus is received at any time during the PPD interval. In either event, when the time of a PPD termination is determined, a Recovery Timer is started, wh ich extends the alarm suppression interval six seconds beyond the PPD terminati on time. This avoids sounding an alarm before a disturbed parameter can return to normal.
The RT is also started by the BWT counting through its limit of 54 or 114 seconds to end the alarm suppression six seconds after the BW timer counts through zero. The BWT timer has 6 seconds subtrated from its total count to account for the amount of RT time.
In addition the above the PPD message is ignored if th e sensor is out-of-range at the time of the receipt of any PPD start message when no alarm suppression has yet occurred.
The CT unit, used to collect the PPD messages from all PPD producers and broadcast the PPD messages and time to all attached devices, interconnects any number of PPD generators and sensors susceptible to PPD disturbances into a single system. This permits informing all susceptible sensing apparatus of any potential parameter disturbances and provides a time reference for all units. Sensors, whether or not they are affected by PPDs, and non-sensor apparatus, whether or not they create a PPD, can be added initially or later to the CT unit merely by incorporating the capabilities required to communicate with the unit. This open ended capability permits expanding the system to incorporate present or future apparatus, whatever its function, whenever the interchange of PPD or time information is deemed useful.
A second, highly decentralized approach distributes the functions of the CT unit amongst the PPD generators and suspectable sensors. In a preferred mode, all such devices are coupled via a token ring using a standard protocol such as ANSI 878.1. Each PPD generator broadcasts a PPD message as appropriate during its assigned time slot. Each susceptible sensor device reviews the PDD messages transmitted for those PDD events to which it is susceptible. According to this approach, each device is synchronously timed. In the most general case, a given PPD generator may also be a susceptible sensor device.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the apparatus including interconnected parameter disturbance generators and sensors using a centralized approach.
FIG. 2 is the arrangement of a parameter disturbance message word.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C are block diagrams showing the logical processes and timing for operating the apparatus in the centralized mode.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment utilizing the decentralized approach and asynchronous timing.
A block diagram of the Parameter Disturbance Response 10 apparatus is shown in FIG. 1. Communication Timing unit (CT) 12 incorporates a clock 14 which generates a Master Time (MT) base. Sensor 16 will generate a patient parameter disturbance (PPD) in sensing a patient parameter but is not susceptible to any PPDs. Sensor 18 senses a patient parameter and is susceptible to PPDs but does not generate a PPD. Non-sensor apparatus 20 does not sense a patient parameter, and is therefore not susceptible to a PPD, but generates a PPD. Sensor 21 both generates and is susceptible to PPD events. This equipment is representative of the types of equipment which are connected to a CT unit 12. The CT unit 12 also includes input 22 and output 24. A Master time (MT) base derived from clock 14 is included in output 24. This MT base is used by all PPD susceptible equipment to coordinate timing information contained in the PPD message.
FIG. 2 shows the organization of the PPD message generated from either sensor 16, or any other PPD generator, or non-sensor 20 or 21 through input 22 and broadcast by output 24 of CT unit 12. The PPD message has an upper byte 26 and a lower byte 30 with a MSB 32. The upper byte 26 gives the parameter disturbance interval in seconds. The beginning of a PPD is indicated by a MSB of one in the lower byte 30, and the end of a PPD is indicated by a MSB of zero in the lower byte 30. The remaining bits of lower byte 30 gives the identifier of the disturbed parameter.
FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C, which show logic flow charts and related timing, give the response of sensor 18, or any other susceptible sensor, to a PPD. In FIG. 3C, PPD interval timer 34 stores and then decrements the PPD estimated time interval in PPD message 25 in regular intervals through zero, and its register 36 stores the associated PPD identifier. PPD ID register 37 and PPD interval timer 35 provide for a second simultaneous PPD message. The outputs are or-ed and inverted by OR 40. Note that additional simultaneous PPD messages may be accommodated in this fashion. Brick Wall Timer (BWT) 38 and Recovery Timer (RT) 42 also decrement time in regular intervals from their respective initial values through zero. Upon reaching zero, RT 42 sets flip-flop 44 via line 46 enabling an alarm signal from alarm source 49 via AND 47 to generate an alarm via alarm output 50. The alarm is disabled by the clearing of flip-flop 44 via line 48 from transition detector 45. The transition of the output of AND 41 from 0 to 1 signifies that a PPD event has been signaled by a PPD start message. This transition occurs upon the output of BWT 38 and OR 40 both becoming 1. Similarly, transition detector 43 starts RT 42 upon a transition from 1 to 0 signifying the end of the PPD event or timeout via BWT 38.
Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B and operating simultaneously with the circuitry of FIG. 3C, sensor 18 is initialized by block 53 and has an input 54 which receives PrD messages 25 from output 24 of CT unit 12 and stores them in FIFO 56. Block 53 sets BWT=0, PPDT=0, and RT=0. Messages 25 are entered into the top of FIFO 56 and are read from the bottom of the FIFO on a First In/First Out basis into a two byte storage register 57. FIFO 56 retains messages 25 until read, but while retained in the FIFO the PPD interval in all stored PPD messages are decremented by timer 55 at regular intervals. This ensures that if a PPD message is not read immediately, the PPD interval will not be effectively and inadvertently increased by the amount of time it remained in FIFO 56. Messages 25 are cleared from FIFO 56 as they are read into register 57. Register 57 does not need a timing capability because it is read and responded to in microseconds by a microprocessor used to generate the operations shown in FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C.
When any of the following described tests require information about message 25, that information is obtained from register 57. Other data are obtained as implied from prestored data in other registers or from timer registers. As an example, test 60 requires information regarding to which PPD disturbances a particular sensor is susceptible. These identifiers are prestored in as many registers as required and all compared successively with the PPD identifier from the PPD message in this test. While the tests and various other operations, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, are being performed in the sequence shown, the various timers and logic of FIG. 3C are operating independently.
The system is arranged such that until a PPD message 25 is received the system waits for a word to be entered into FIFO 56. When a message 25 is entered into FIFO 56 that message is then read from the FIFO into register 57.
Test 58 determines whether RT is greater than zero . If yes, control is maintained. If not, control is given to test 60 which uses the PPD identification information of message 25 loaded into register 57 to determine whether the sensor reading the message is susceptible to a disturbance from the identified disturbance source. The question of Test 60 is: Is this sensor susceptible to the identified PPD? If the answer is no, the next word in FIFO 56 is read. If FIFO 56 is empty the process is again halted until another message 25 is received, at which time the next PPD message in the FIFO is stored in register 57 and the above described sequence repeated.
Test 62 asks the question: :Es the MSB of the lower byte one? A no indicates a PPD stop message and control is transferred to test 68. If the answer is yes, the PPD message is a start message and control is given to test 63 which determines whether BWT is zero.
When test 63 results in a yes, test 64 determines whether the sensor is within range before the PPD disturbance is entered into the system. Test 64 asks the question: Is this sensor in range? If the answer is no, control is returned to process the next PPD message. If the answer is yes, process 65 sets the PPD ID 36 or 37 from register 57, starts BWT at the maximum suppression time, and transfers the PPD event duration from register 57 to timer 34 or 35. If the answer to test 62 is yes (i.e. stop message), test 68 is performed. The question of Test 68 is: Is the PPD interval timer greater than zero? If the answer is yes, this is a normal termination and control is given to process 69 before returning to accommodate the next PPD message. Process 69 starts RT, sets BWT 38 to zero, and sets the PPD timer 34 or 35 to zero. If the answer is no , the next available word in FIFO 56 is read.
Test 66 asks the question: Is the PPD interval in register 57 greater than the current PPD interval timer 34 or 35 value? If the answer is no the interval stated is smaller than that currently in the PPD interval timer 34 and the next available word in FIFO 56 is read. If the answer is yes, then block 67 is executed where PPD interval timer 34 or 35 is set to the PPD interval stored in register 57 to extend the PPD interval, the PPD identifier stored in register 57 is read into PPD identification register 36 or 37 of PPD interval timer 34 or 35, and the next available word in FIFO 56 is read.
As shown in FIG. 3C, if during the above operations either all PPD interval timers (34 and 35), or BWT timer 38 decrement through zero from their initial value then Recovery Timer (RT) timer 42 will be started. When RT timer 42 decrements through zero from its initial value then Flip/Flop 44 is set which will enable Alarm 50 and permit it to sound.
This sequence of operations, while expressed as a series of test questions plus timing sequences, covers the necessary operations for this equipment. Any appropriate microprocessor can be coded with instructions to accomplish the operations described above by one skilled in the computer art.
This apparatus and procedure for operating the same describes a complete structure and apparatus for sensors, whose accuracy is susceptible to certain PPD disturbances, to mute their alarms during those particular PPD disturbances in order to avoid false alarms. Additional important features include means to extend the disturbance interval limit for repeat or new disturbances, means to limit the total disturbance interval to avoid muting the alarm beyond a safe interval, and recovery timer means which extends the disturbance interval to allow the sensor to recover from a disturbance to improve its performance. These features are important for certain patient procedures using a variety of devices. A number of the additional features described above can be eliminated under certain conditions, for example, when there is only one PPD generator or type of PPD generator PPD identification can be eliminated, or if successive and different PPDs can not occur within a given PPD disturbance interval then the extension of the PPD disturbance interval is unnecessary.
As described above, the functions of the Communications Timing (CT) unit may be highly centralized as in the embodiment of FIG. 1. FIG. 4 shows a system 60 wherein these functions are highly decentralized. System 60 contains a number of devices consisting of susceptible sensors and PPD generators as in the above centralized example. For clarity, only devices 62, 64, 66, and 68 are shown.
System 60 has each of the devices (i.e. devices 62, 64, 66, and 68) coupled in a token ring employing a standard interface protocol (e.g. ANSI 878.1). This is most easily implemented using a "daisy-chain" approach as shown. As it is added to system 60, device 62 is coupled into the daisy-chain via cable 70 to an existing device (not shown). Similarly, device 64 is coupled via cable 72, device 66 is coupled via cable 74, and device 68 is coupled via 76 through devices not shown and through cable 80.
Interface circuitry 82 of device 62 provides the electrical and functional interface between device 62 and the ANSI standard token ring. This circuitry is readily known in the art and enables device 62 to transmit PPD messages if it is a PPD generator and to receive and decode PPD messages if device 62 is a susceptible sensor. The other devices of system 60 are similarly equipped with appropriate interface circuitry.
While this invention has been described with respect to specific embodiments, this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the invention, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to this description within the scope of the appended claims.
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Below is the poem entitled Someone's Son which was written by poet
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For Windows users, all data in the My Documents or Documents folder is automatically backed up to server / storage area network with a number of fault tolerant features (redundant drive arrays, controllers, etc.). If your hard disk fails, a copy of your data will be able to be restored from the server / SAN.
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What will happen to the laptops that we are turning in?
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text: Turning Stone Resort Casino Hotel rating Quick Specs Commissions 10.0%Rates $85-$595Year Built 1993Year Renovated 2013 View Large Interactive Map Address 5218 Patrick RdVerona, NY 13478 Web http://www.turningstone.com Phone + 1 315-361-7711 Fax + 1 315-361-7999 Toll-free 800-771-7711 Email firstname.lastname@example.com OverviewMeeting SpecsPhotos & videos Description Contemporary Hotel located 1/2 mile east of Exit 33, off the New York State Thruway.Year Built: 1993Year Renovated: 2013Check in Time: 3:00 PMCheck out Time: 11:00 AMNumber of Floors: 20Total Number of Rooms: 709Rates: $85-$199Commissions: Room Only 10.0% GDS Hotel Reservation CodesAmadeus GDS: WV SYR189Galileo/Apollo GDS: WV 62597Sabre GDS: WV 079048WorldSpan GDS: WV 14189 Turning Stone Resort Casino Location & Neighborhood30 miles from Syracuse. Located at Exit 33 off I-90-NYS Thruway. Rural. Turning Stone Resort Casino Rates & PoliciesTurning Stone Resort Casino rates are Daily in USDStandard: $85-$199 - approx 410 sq ftSuite: $295-$595 (USD) - approx 2,000 sq ftCredit Cards Are AcceptedReservations must be guaranteed with a credit cardMeals: No Meals IncludedDeposit Policy: Full deposit or credit card to guarantee room reservationCancellation Policy: Full refund if cancelled 48 hours prior to arrivalHotel Discounts offered: AAAGroup discountCorporate discountAARP discountTravel Agents 10.0% Nearby AirportsHancock Intl (26 miles west)Ithaca Tompkins Regl (61 miles southwest)Binghamton (65.75 miles southwest)More Airports » Turning Stone Resort Casino Room AmentitiesTurning Stone Resort Casino amenities are in All rooms unless noted otherwiseAir ConditioningBalcony/Terrace (some)CoffeemakerDaily Maid ServiceFireplace (working) (some)Fitness Equipment (some)Iron/Ironing BoardKitchen/Kitchenette (some)Microwave Oven (some)Mini-Bar (some)Rooms for Non-smokersTelephoneVoicemailRefrigerator (some)Safe (In Room) (some)Cable/Satellite TelevisionTelevisionDVD/VCR (some)Whirlpool (some)Internet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Guest ServicesATM/BankBarber/Hair StylistComplimentary CoffeeConcierge/Club FloorConcierge ServicesCrib/Rollaway BedCurrency ExchangeGift ShopLaundry/Dry Cleaning ServiceMulti-lingual StaffFree Onsite ParkingRoom ServiceWheelchair Access to Common/Public AreasCommon Area Internet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Security ServicesElectronic Key/LockParking Area Well LitSmoke Alarm in RoomsSprinkler in RoomsUniformed SecurityValet Parking ServiceSurveillance Cameras On Site Nearby SightseeingRosemond Gifford Zoo (30 miles west)Destiny USA (25 miles west)Saranac Brewery (20 miles east)DiningTS Steakhouse (Onsite)Peach Blossom (Onsite)Season's Harvest (Onsite) On-Site RecreationCasinoGame RoomGolf CourseHealth ClubHealth Spa/MassageHot TubJogging TrailsPool (Children's Pool, 2 Indoor Pools)Tennis (Indoor Tennis, Outdoor Tennis)Nearby RecreationBeachBicyclingBoating/SailingFishingHorseback RidingShopping Mall/AreaSnow SkiingWater Skiing Turning Stone Resort Casino Meeting Rooms & Events25 Meeting Rooms holding 5,000 people.120,000 sq ft of Meeting Space29,375 sq ft of Exhibit SpaceEvent CenterLocation: Floor 2, Portable walls AvailableFlooring: carpetCapacity: Theater- 5,000, Classroom- 1,500, Reception- 3,500, Banquet- 2,200Conference CenterLocation: Floor 1, Portable walls AvailableFlooring: carpetCapacity: Theater- 2,060, Classroom- 1,200, Reception- 2,200, Banquet- 1,400Oneida RoomLocation: Floor 1, Portable walls AvailableFlooring: carpetCapacity: Theater- 1,100, Classroom- 1,125, Reception- 1,100, Banquet- 750Cypress RoomLocation: Floor 2, Portable walls AvailableFlooring: carpetCapacity: Theater- 572, Classroom- 288, U-Shape- 25, Reception- 500, Banquet- 350 Turning Stone Resort Casino Business ServicesA-V EquipmentBusiness CenterCopierPersonal ComputerFaxMeeting FacilitiesMeeting Room Internet Access (High Speed & Wireless) Turning Stone Resort Casino Images, Videos, & Virtual Tours Photos & Videos Turning Stone Resort Casino ExteriorTurning Stone Resort Casino LobbyTurning Stone Resort Casino RoomTurning Stone Resort Casino PoolTurning Stone Resort Casino MeetingTurning Stone Resort Casino RestrBarTurning Stone Resort Casino SuiteTurning Stone Resort Casino BanquetTurning Stone Resort Casino Spa Nearby Verona Hotels More Nearby Hotels Hilton Garden Inn SyracuseBest Western Plus Carrier Circle HotelCourtyard by MarriottCresthill SuitesDoubletree Hotel East SyracuseEmbassy Suites SyracuseHoliday Inn UticaHotel Utica, an Ascend Collection HotelRadisson Hotel Utica CentreResidence Inn Syracuse Carrier CircleWingate by Wyndham RomeDays Inn Canastota SyracuseRed Carpet InnSuper 8 MotelQuality InnRamada New HartfordThe Beeches Inn & Conference CtrEcono Lodge Hoteliers! Is your listing up to date? With over 130,000 hotels in our database, no other source compares to our depth of information. Click here to review and be sure the travel professional knows your hotel's latest details.


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Course Abstract Details
BUAD-101, Introduction to Business
Credits: 3
Course Description
BUAD-101, Introduction to Business, provides an overview of the concepts underlying business. Major topics of discussion include forms of business ownership, management theory, human resource management, marketing, accounting, and finance. Prerequisite: exemption/completion of READ-091. Three credits. Three billable hours. DIVERSITY/WORLD VIEW.
Course Objectives and Grading Information
COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
1. Explain basic economic concepts such as types of economic systems, supply, demand, profit, economic stability and growth, and types of competitive environments. (BUAD PG 1)
2. Describe basic forms of business ownership and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each. (BUAD PG 1)
3. Define social responsibility and ethics and discuss strategies for encouraging ethical behavior. (GE GOAL 7, BUAD PG 1)
4. Understand the role of international trade in the economy and describe protectionist measures. (GE GOAL 6, BUAD PG 1)
5. Relate basic concepts of management: managerial skills, effectiveness and efficiency, the four management functions, and the management hierarchy. (BUAD PG 1)
6. Describe the process of human resource management and identify legal and ethical issues. (BUAD PG 1)
7. Describe basic theories of motivation. (BUAD PG 1)
8. Identify the four strategies in the marketing mix and major decisions in each. (BUAD PG 1)
9. Explain the purpose of accounting and interpret basic financial statements. (BUAD PG 1)
10. Describe how companies use stocks and bonds as a source of long-term financing. (BUAD PG 1)
11. Understand the role of the financial manager in financial planning, financial control, and risk management. (BUAD PG 1)
12. Communicate effectively in writing. (GE GOAL 1, BUAD PG 2)
13. Demonstrate the ability to use word processing and spreadsheet software to communicate information and analyze data. (GE GOAL 4, BUAD PG 4)
14. Use inductive and deductive logic to draw valid conclusions. (GE GOAL 2, BUAD PG 5)
15. Demonstrate information literacy through locating an appropriate information source and providing a correct citation. (GE GOAL 4, BUAD PG 6)
Learning Goals
The abbreviations in parentheses represent Learning Goals which have been identified for this course and program of study:


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Pixel representations for each of a plurality of superimposed (or splitscreen) display portions are accumulated in a band buffer prior to being transferred to the display. The actual pixel representations are made available to the band buffer from an image memory, with addresses provided by a display list memory. This system minimizes the need for buffering and high speed storage to service the video, by addressing first the display list memory, then in turn using the content of the display list memory to address the image storage, and then in turn using the content of the image storage as the actual pixel representations for accumulation in the band buffer. Two band buffers operate alternatively. The current band buffer is feeding a band of pixel representations to the video shift register while the next band buffer is accumulating the pixel representations of the subsequent video display band. The band buffer accumulates actual pixel representations equivalent to the related band of the display. The pixel representations sent to the band buffer from image memory are gated by controls which ensure that the proper pixel prevails in the case of a composite display made up of a primary display with a secondary display which might have higher priority, as, for example, a text announcement superimposed over a normal entertainment program image.
1. A composite display system of the multi-port type, having a composite display as a primary display selectively modified by one or more superimposed or inset secondary displays, the composite display being a video raster including K multiple-line video bands, the system having video input means matched to the display, and having a source of pixel representations for the primary display, the system comprising:
(a) band buffer means including at least a temporarily assigned "next" band buffer for accumulating a band of the composite display as a plural line subimage of actual pixel representations;
(b) image memory means for providing to said band buffer means actual pixel representations of the secondary display;
(c) display list memory means, for storing the addresses in said image memory means of various segments of display data stored in said image memory;
(d) data address storage means, for storing the addresses of data in said display list memory means so as to derive addresses for a composite display;
(e) gating means for gating pixel representations from predetermined locations in said image memory means, called for by said display list memory means according to addresses specified by said display list memory means and said data address storage means, to storage locations in said band buffer means, whereby said "next" band buffer accumulates pixel representations for an assigned band of the composite display;
(f) transfer means for transferring the accumulated pixel representations from the band buffer means to the video input means; and
(g) control means to control said gating means and said transfer means to accumulate in said "next" band buffer the pixel representations for a band of the composite display, and to control said transfer means to transfer the pixel representations accumulated in said "next" band buffer to the video input means.
2. A composite display system according to claim 1, wherein said band buffer means comprises a plurality of band buffers, each storing a plural line subimage, including a temporarily assigned "current" band buffer and one or more temporarily assigned "next" band buffers,
and wherein said control means effectuates said one or more next band buffers of said band buffer means to accumulate the pixel representations of the appropriate next band and concurrently effectuates said current band buffer of said band buffer means to transfer the pixel representations previously accumulated in said current band buffer while said current band buffer was temporarily assigned as next band buffer.
3. A composite display system according to claim 1, wherein said image memory means includes a memory data register for loading said band buffer means,
wherein said control means includes means to detect a sequence of image memory read operations directed to the same image memory access address, and wherein said control means also includes means responsive to said detecting means to load said band buffer means directly from the memory data register of said image memory means rather than from said image memory means.
4. A composite display system according to claim 2, wherein said control means includes means to sense completion of transfers and band buffer address changes and includes means to bypass writing into the band buffer except when the band buffer address changes or when a transfer is complete.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to visual display devices, and more particularly relates a repetitive copy system into to a band buffer for economical synthesis of subimages of actual pixel representations of a composite display of superimposed coded or uncoded images.
Buffering schemes are well known in the context of video displays as well as in computer systems. Webster's new Collegiate Dictionary defines buffer in the context of this invention as "a temporary storage unit (as in a computer); esp: one that accepts information at one rate and delivers it at another."
The vast amount of picture element (pixel) representations required to support a video display, particularly a multi-viewport composite video display in which two or more separate pictures appear simultaneously on the same video screen (split screen or picture inset, etc.) requires buffering in most cases involving a computer. Each pixel may require a substantial number of binary bits to provide a complete pixel representation, especially in color systems. A large buffer may be required because the display pixel representation stream forwarding rate may differ significantly from the rate at which information for a particular viewport is generated by the computer for accumulation in the buffer. Character information, for example, may very well arrive several bits in parallel but at relatively low speed as contrasted to the high speed serial forwarding of pixel representations to the video raster.
It is known to provide a double raster memory, in effect two buffers, to provide a multi-viewport superimposed picture. The double raster memory technique requires a significant amount of storage and related circuitry and is expensive as a result.
Techniques for developing a second viewport display with less than a full double raster memory include techniques for partitioning the image and utilizing separate registers or small memories for storing designated portions of the image. One such technique is to accumulate the image by segments and unload the segments into a shift register which drives the video circuitry. Another technique is to provide separate line buffers which are alternately read and stored to generate consecutive lines of data to be displayed.
The prior art discloses the broad concept of generating complex video data and storing such data in various types of buffers. The demand for storage, however, is such that the costs of straightforward segment buffering may be prohibitive. A sophisticated approach which provides for the multi-viewport composite display, with a minimum of buffer usage, and therefore with a minimum cost, is a known requirement.
A key technical problem in the design of the display controller and display generator is to allow update of the displayed picture quickly when either the content of an application's graphical window changes or the arrangement of viewports in the picture changes. This problem is especially difficult when the graphical entities to be displayed include images, line drawings, and multi-font proportionally spaced characters, all in color.
One solution to the problem, when the graphical entities are restricted to fixed pitch characters with fixed line spacing, is to use a conventional character generator and to manage the character buffer entirely with software in a display controller processor. This solution may suffice if the complexity of the program that the display control processor executes is relatively low. When the graphical entities to be displayed include variable-size characters at arbitrary positions, with both image and graphics, a common solution is to assemble a one-bit-per-pixel representation of the picture in a bit buffer. This solution is often inadequate because the complexity of the program in the display control processor is high, and the number of instructions necessary to update the bit buffer is high and the rate at which the bit buffer can be updated is correspondingly limited.
In an effort to improve the adequacy of this solution, a known solution is a high speed copy operation from one rectangular area in the bit buffer to another. The bit buffer can be extended to contain a nondisplayable region which contains character fonts. Building an image, then, consists of the display controller specifying a series of copy operations from the nondisplayable region to the displayable region: the image can be modified by either copying within the displayable region or by rebuilding the image. The Xerox Alto system, for example, carries out this solution in a hardware addition called the BITBLT operator.
This solution is often adequate, but for simple modifications of complex images the image update time may still be too long. One source of this time is the memory access time of the bit buffer. Typically, even for high resolution displays (768 by 960 pixels) the required access time to support refresh at 60 Hz is 400 nanoseconds, so that each copy operation takes at least 800 nanoseconds. Additionally, the time necessary to determine the parameters of the copy operation and to sequence it must be added. The image distorts as the copy from a non-displayable to a displayable region is done. Extensions to color are possible, but reduce performance. Finally, when some area is moved from a displayable region to another displayable region, the region vacated must be erased. If only part of the information is to be moved, say from a region in which several sources of information have been superimposed, the only general solution is to rebuild the picture.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,005,390, Findley, MERGER AND MULTIPLE TRANSLATE TABLES IN A BUFFERED PRINTER, January 1977. Findley uses two line buffers which alternately load and print. Findley uses an intermediate buffer, a page buffer and a modification data buffer in addition to the two line buffers.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,093,996, Hogan et al, CURSOR FOR AN ON-THE-FLY DIGITAL TELEVISION DISPLAY HAVING AN INTERMEDIATE BUFFER AND A REFRESH BUFFER, June 1978. Hogan et al stores partial rasters for assembly storage of data and of address. An intermediate buffer is used to hold a conic section of six 32 bit words, which conic section may appear on several raster lines. The partial raster assembly store is a high-speed memory with capacity for two or three full display raster lines in explicit non-coded video dot pattern form.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,094,000, Brudevold, GRAPHICS DISPLAY UNIT, June 1978. Brudevold shows parallel-to-serial conversion and a pair of buffers. Brudevold includes a begin display register which can identify the position on the screen of a display change.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,858, Hara, PARTITIONED DISPLAY CONTROL SYSTEM, December 1978. Hara stores the image by partitioned regions. A refresh memory is provided with capacity enough to store the entire CRT display and a special display data memory stores data for a limited specific region. The limited specific region may, for example, be the bottom two lines of the CRT display to be pointed by a light pen.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,149,145, Hartke et al, FAX PROCESSOR, April 1979. Hartke et al shows a horizontal line buffer which accumulates the image by segments and unloads the image segments into a shift register. Hartke et al combines a facsimile processor and a character generator; the character generator provides the character image components while the facsimile processor fills in the rest. Character logic is applied to a horizontal line buffer organized as a ping-pong buffer which accumulates by segments, the data comprising a video signal while concurrently unloading a shift register.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,757, Ichimi, CHARACTER DISPLAY APPARATUS, April 1980. Ichimi shows two buffer memories each fed by a dedicated read only memory. Each buffer stores a character and is selectively sampled by a selector circuit to provide that character data to a display memory unit.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,200,869, Murayama et al, DATA DISPLAY CONTROL SYSTEM WITH PLURAL REFRESH MEMORIES, April 1980. Murayama et al shows the use of plural refresh memories each with a dedicated data buffer to provide data for a video signal forming circuit. The video signal forming circuit includes picture element generators and parallel serial converters.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,310, McMann Jr., et al, TELEVISION TITLING APPARATUS AND METHOD, May 1980. McMann, Jr. et al shows the use of a stroke memory with first and second auxiliary memory units for use in a television titling apparatus. Each character is formed on a display as a series of strokes during successive scan lines.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,502, Klauck et al, RESOLUTION FOR A RASTER DISPLAY, February 1981. Klauck et al presents two character generators each with a dedicated shift register, the shift registers being controlled by a complementary clock so that their outputs, when combined in a mixer, can provide double resolution without increased signal bandwidth.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,376, Dion et al., RASTER DISPLAY REFRESH SYSTEM, Nov. 4, 1980, shows a revolver refresh for a raster scan, using a charge coupled device in place of the more expensive frame buffer memory. Changes are inserted dynamically into the revolving video. A random access memory contains X, Y addresses and new values for the pixels which are to be changed. These changes are inserted in the video stream so as to override refresh values of the current video. Dion et al. states "The large, expensive random access memory can be replaced by a large, but much less expensive, charge coupled device (CCD) serial recirculating refresh memory. Then there arises the problem of changing portions or all of the displayed information by changing some or all of the data stored in the CCD recirculating memory." Col 1, lines 20-25. Dion et al. does not accumulate subimages of actual pixel representations, and does not show any analog of the band buffer. Dion et al. does not accumulate the next band of the composite display as a subimage of actual pixel representations.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,341, Thorson, APPARATUS FOR SCAN CONVERSION, Dec. 23, 1980, shows vector-to-raster conversion, in real time, from easily-stored calligraphic data to easily-presented raster data by determining points of intersection of a (calligraphic) line segment with a (raster) scan line, with the declared advantage of " . . . raster scan display without the use of a frame buffer memory . . . " Hardware includes mechanism (picture information generator 100, FIG. 1; display file memory 101; and display processor 102) to calculate the intersection points and provide intersection point attributes to scan line buffer memory 103. One scan line buffer memory 700 is filled while another scan line buffer memory 705 is emptied into raster scan device 105, after which the scan buffer memories swap functions for the next line. Thorson does not accumulate the next band of the composite display as a subimage of actual pixel representations.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,258,361, Hydes et al., DISPLAY SYSTEM HAVING MODIFIED SCREEN FORMAT OR LAYOUT, Mar. 24, 1981, shows a mechanism for achieving columnar (side-by-side) split screen display, using a full-raster refresh buffer with address control to split the screen. Hydes et al provides separate layout selection and attribute logic for each column. Hydes et al. follows prior art (shown in Hydes et al. FIG. 1) to the extent of providing compressed data (characters) at the raster-size refresh buffer, then forwards characters to attribute decode logic and refresh logic for expansion to " . . . sixteen character slices of dots for each character code for display along scan line . . . attributes stored with character codes . . . determine how characters are displayed." Col 2, lines 49-55. Hydes et al expands on the prior art by providing address selection for the columnar split (Hydes et al FIG. 3) and individual attribute logic for the columns. Hydes et al shows a repetitive copy operation into a full display refresh buffer (characters), dynamically decoding to actual pixel representations subsequently, on line, by refresh logic. Hydes et al does not accumulate the next band of the composite display as a subimage of actual pixel representations.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,925,776, Swallow, DISPLAY TERMINAL SYSTEM, Dec. 9, 1975, shows a system wherein a display is compactly coded as edge segments (horizontal lines) which are converted to video in real time. Edge segments are held in buffers which group together edges of similar y-coordinate value. The buffers hold coded edge information, not pixels. Multiple buffers permit a hierarchy of edge definitions which permit a 2D display to create the illusion of 3D. Pixels are developed by two stages of decoding the edge information, using the same technique for new display and for refresh. The Swallow et al buffers have no capability for direct presentation of image data in the format of actual pixels, and alphanumeric data must be described in terms of edges.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,554, Tweedy et al, VIDEO ADDRESS GENERATOR AND TIMER FOR CREATING A FLEXIBLE CRT DISPLAY, Sept. 13, 1983, shows a row buffer, but for coded data, not pixel data. In the Tweedy et al specification, character codes are stored in a line buffer so that as each raster line is generated the character codes can be quickly retrieved. This differs from the BAND BUFFER DISPLAY SYSTEM of this patent specification, which needs no correspondence between lines of characters and band buffers, and in which characters may overlap band buffer boundaries because the presentation in the band buffer is in the format of actual pixels.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,454,507, Srivanasan et al, REAL-TIME CURSOR GENERATOR, June 12, 1984, shows a real-time video generator in which control words cause sequences of pixels to be generated and merged with other video. Such generation does not relate to "bands," nor does it relate to the essential operation of the BAND BUFFER DISPLAY SYSTEM of this patent specification, which is to copy images from a library, to assemble a swath of a picture in a band buffer, and to transmit at high speed a stream of video pixels to create or to refresh a display.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,879, Nicholson et al, VISUAL DISPLAY WITH COLUMN SEPARATORS, March 1979, shows two row buffers in a system having column separator lines displayed as an operator aid, between character matrix positions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,217,577, Roe et al, CHARACTER GRAPHICS COLOR DISPLAY SYSTEM, August 1980, shows the use of multiple character buffers, one for each color, in a color graphic display system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,232,376, Dion et al, November 1980, RASTER DISPLAY REFRESH SYSTEM, shows a raster display refresh system in which picture elements are stored in raster scan sequence in a small random access memory. Whenever a picture element address in the data register of the random access memory equals the video address, a corresponding new picture element is substituted for the old picture element previously circulating in the refresh memory.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,543, Nishio et al, MICROPROCESSOR CONTROLLED DISPLAY SYSTEM, December 1980, shows a video display system refresh memory sectioned by byte with an upper byte memory and a lower byte memory. A microprocessor controls the display system so as to provide selective access to the display register.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,342,051, Suzuki et al, METHOD OF AND SYSTEM FOR REPRODUCING OR TRANSMITTING HALF-TONE IMAGES, July 1982, shows a method of producing halftone images by means of a number of selecting circuits for each of several line paths.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,999,168, Findley et al, INTERMIXED PITCHES IN A BUFFERED PRINTER, December 1976, shows a printing technique for providing variable pitch characters. Findey et al uses an intermediate buffer as a print line buffer and also a compression algorithm, a page buffer, a modification data buffer and a pair of line buffers. The compressed graphic code bytes in the page buffer are decompressed by a decompression algorithm which is the reverse of the compression algorithm and are passed, together with data from a modification data buffer, to one of the pair of line buffers. The modification data buffer stores data used in making minor changes between copies when plural copies of the same page are to be printed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,533, Wiener, IMAGE BIT STRUCTURING APPARATUS AND METHOD, January 1983, shows a set of line buffers multiplexed into a printer in a technique for structuring printed characters.
D. A. Canton, IMPLEMENTATION OF REFRESH MEMORY IN MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED DISPLAYS, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, July 1982, p. 843, shows the use of two random access memories and a buffer cache to provide a continuous refresh logic for a display.
P. A. Beaven et al, PROGRAMMABLE SYMBOLS TECHNIQUE FOR RASTER-SCANNED DISPLAY, IBM Technical Disclosure Bulletin, Vol. 25, No. 2, July 1982, pp. 844-845, shows the use of a single store made up of character slices with a two part load/unload buffer.
F. C. Crow, et al, A FRAME BUFFER SYSTEM WITH ENHANCED FUNCTIONALITY, Computer Graphics, Vol. 15, No. 3, August 1981, pp. 63-69, shows a frame buffer system in which comparisons between incoming and stored data are used to implement conditional writes. Update and refresh ports are designed for a simultaneous use by separate tasks. By providing the frame buffer with an arithmetic logic capability, but no program storage or sequencing, Crow et al removes some computational load from the processor. All changes to the image are made through data registers at a single update port. Old data and new data are blended by a blending function downstream from the frame buffer. The frame buffer system was designed for quick turnaround of animation sequences. The frame buffer can be used to store four full frame pseudo color images, sixteen quarter frame images or even sixty-four sixteenth frame images. These can be presented to the video tape at full speed by synchronously updating the frame buffer output control.
The invention provides a video display in which the actual signals applied to the video raster are provided on a serial pixel by pixel and line by line basis, which is the simplest video presentation, from a plurality of successively active band buffers. The video data for a plurality of horizontal lines is generated and stored in the next band buffer; subsequently this first band buffer is read out for display while data is being generated and stored in an alternate second band buffer. In this fashion, the video raster is developed band by band in succession.
Multi-viewport composite video display, for example of a picture with superimposed text, is accomplished by successive transfer of the pictorial and textual data to a band buffer, for transfer at the appropriate time to the video shift register.
The band buffer in turn is loaded from an image memory according to selection information from a display list memory. A band buffer assembly register may be used to reduce the number of accesses to the band buffer.
It is the object of the invention to build up a video band image within one band buffer, using a band display list which is stored in the display list memory, designating subpictures to be extracted from image memory, and then forwarding the band image for display.
An advantage of the invention is that it may be used with displays or printers of standard types and with all-points-addressable display/printer systems.
Another advantage of the invention is that picture components can be moved in the composite picture without moving their pixel representations, simply by changing the X-Y values in the display list memory.
FIG. 1 is an overall system diagram showing how multiple picture components can be superimposed according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic diagram of the band buffer presentation to the video display.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of the copy controller.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating copying and clipping procedures.
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating typefont storage.
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating band buffer mapping.
FIG. 7 is a diagram showing band buffer link structure in the display list memory.
FIG. 8 is a composite diagram (FIGS. 8.1 and 8.2) explaining links and viewports.
FIG. 9 is a diagram showing alternate forms of display lists in the display list memory.
FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating display list prefetch unit operation.
FIG. 11 is a diagram of the parameters determination unit.
FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating slice transfer in the image memory.
FIG. 13 is a diagram of copy transfer data flow.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the band buffer of this invention. The band buffer unit functions to build up a pattern of pixel data bits, equivalent to a video band (where K video bands make up the video raster), and thereafter functions to provide those pixel data bits to a video shift register for presentation to the video device. Where the video raster is N pixels vertically and M pixels horizontally, the full screen of N�M pixels is built up sequentially in K bands of (N /k)�M pixels each.
FIG. 1 illustrates how picture components are provided to the display. The display 101 is provided with the image of an automobile, for example, by image memory 102, and with text words by character generator 103.
The image and character composite display is built up, band by band, in band buffer unit 104 under control of control unit 105.
Band buffer unit 104 in turn contains two or more band buffers, including BB1 (106) and BB2 (107) which are controlled to be accessed alternately. The accessed band buffer is loaded in parallel from image memory 102 and character generator 103.
The band buffer is then used as a source register for video shift register VSR 108 to provide the several lines of pixel data appropriate to the stored band. At the same time, the next band can be fed to the other band buffer. The band buffers thus alternate to provide band data to display 101 via VSR 108.
FIG. 2 shows more detail of the band buffers 106, 107, VSR 108 and display 101 as regards the composite display. In the simple composite shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the words chauffeur and chassis are included with the picture of an automobile with driver.
The various size relationships are shown in FIG. 2. Display unit 101 is arranged with a finite number K of bands 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 . . . (K-2), (K-1), K.
The display is a raster of N�M pixels with N pixels in the Y dimension and M pixels in the X dimension. Each band is (N/K)�M pixels; for clarity the dimensions of BB1 and BB2 are shown as Y�X bits. The dimensions of VSR 108 are 1�X bits.
The band buffer receives complex control information from the copy controller, which may be actually controlling the production of multiple viewport pictures which the band buffer accumulates simply as video coded picture elements (pixels). Pixels may be complex multi-unit picture elements requiring many bits for definition. In the preferred embodiment, for simplicity and understanding, a single bit binary pixel is used. The size of each band buffer is N /k bits tall and x bits across, which in the preferred embodiment is equivalent to a horizontal band N /k bits high across the entire width of the video raster.
It has been pointed out that a key technical problem is provision for a quick update when either the content of the application's graphical window changes or the arrangement of viewports in the picture changes.
This embodiment is based on the concept of a repetitious copy operation, done at full refresh rates, from an image memory to a band buffer, from which band buffer the video to refresh the display is derived. The essential difference between this system and an intrabuffer copy operator such as BITBLT lies in its continuous repetitive nature, and the interbuffer copy from an image memory to a band buffer.
The concept of the band buffer is illustrated in FIG. 2. Serial video (to refresh one raster line) is shifted out of a parallel-in unidirectional-shiftout video shift register. This shift register is loaded in parallel from the band buffer, which contains N /k raster lines of video information. The band buffer is in turn loaded in parallel by the copy controller, not shown. At any one time, the band buffer contains the video information for one band of the raster.
FIG. 3 shows a system consisting of the copy controller (CC) 105, two band buffers (BB1, BB2) 106, 107, an image memory (MI) 102, a display list memory (MD) 109, and a display control processor (DCP) 110, with its own private memory (MP) 111. Under some circumstances the display list memory and the private memory of the display control processor can be combined. Two band buffers are shown, so that one can be filled by the copy controller while the other is being emptied to derive serial video.
The operation of the copy controller can now be described with respect to FIGS. 3 and 4. The copy controller (CC) 105 first fetches an image descriptor from the current band display list (see FIG. 4) in (MD) 109. This descriptor is shown as a four-word block containing information about an image in image memory (its address, height H, and width W) and where the image is to be placed in a band. There is one band display list per band in the display list memory. The image descriptor also contains a CLIP flag bit which indicates whether or not the image is to be clipped to a rectangular boundary. For the moment, assume no clipping is required.
The display image and any superimposed characters are unlikely to be fully contained within a given band. FIG. 4, for example, shows that only the top portion of the character "A" being placed in the band buffer falls within the band. Processing of the MD data describing the character "A" is carried out under control of the copy controller CC as shown in FIG. 4.
Once the copy controller has obtained the image descriptor block it analyzes this information and sets up a transfer from image memory to the band buffer. This operation is closely analogous to a DMA (direct memory access) memory-to-memory move operation. The image memory requires an address and a function (always FETCH) for each word transfer. The band buffer requires an address, a function (always STORE), and a write mask for each word transfer. The write mask specifies which bits of the band buffer word are to be stored; the other bits in a band buffer word are not affected. The purpose of the copy controller is then to:
(a) fetch and analyze an image descriptor;
(b) derive the image memory starting address;
(c) derive the band buffer starting address and write mask;
(d) initiate an image memory fetch;
(e) initiate a band buffer store;
(f) update image memory and band buffer parameters and do steps d and e until the transfer is complete.
Once a single word has been transferred from image memory to the band buffer, new parameters for the next word transfer must be derived by the copy controller. These parameters depend on the way images are stored in the image memory. For example, suppose that a character font matrix is stored in image memory as shown in FIG. 5, then the next image memory address is just the current address plus one.
The format (or mapping) of the band buffer determines the write mask and the way that the next band buffer address is determined. Suppose that the word addresses are assigned in the band buffer as in FIG. 6, then the next band buffer address is just the current address plus 48, provided the X offset (see FIG. 9) is a multiple of 16 and band buffer words are 16 bits long.
It is seen, then, that for an X offset of 128 and a Y offset of 4, the band buffer starting address is
and the next band buffer address is the current one plus 48. The write mask for this example is:
In order to accommodate the situation where the X offset is not a multiple of 16, the copy controller must shift the output of the image memory and may have to store twice in the band buffer. For example, if the X offset were 122, then for each word fetched from image memory the copy controller would store into two successive locations in the band buffer, first with a write mask of:
and a right shift of 10, and then with a write mask of:
and a left shift of 6.
If the clipping of the image is required in order to confine the image to a viewport (or for any other purpose) the copy controller can limit the information to be copied. In FIG. 4, for example, an "A" is shown clipped on all four sides. If the CLIP bit of the image descriptor is set, the image descriptor would be extended to contain the clipping parameters XSTART, YSTART, WIDTH, and HEIGHT. YSTART would normally affect only the starting address in image memory, and addresses generated to the band buffer. In the running example of FIGS. 4, 5 and 6, if the X offset were 128, and the clipping parameters were XSTART=5, YSTART=2, WIDTH=4, and HEIGHT=13, then the starting address in the image memory would be two greater than in the previous case and the write mask would be 0000011110000000.
Note that the X and Y offsets in the image descriptor can be negative, but that the clipping parameters are all positive.
The role of the display control processor in this system is twofold:
(1) to maintain display lists, one for each band, in the display list memory; and
(2) to maintain images in the image memory.
The display list memory must be addressable directly by the display control processor to permit picture rearrangement, and may in fact be a portion of the memory of the display control processor.
Access by the display control processor to image memory can be on a word-by-word basis or on a block transfer basis. The latter is recommended because it simplifies the circuitry for sharing the relatively high speed image memory between the copy controller and the display control processor. If block transfer is selected then the transfer can be asynchronous with respect to the display control processor. The demands of the copy controller would take precedence over those for the block transfer to minimize disturbances of the picture, unless a massive update of image memory contents were desired, in which case the display control processor could set a flag which would control the arbitration circuitry for the image memory.
A structure for band display lists is shown in FIG. 7. In FIG. 7, reserved locations in display list memory (MD) contain the addresses of the various band display lists. Each of the band display lists is, in turn, made up as a linked list of display list segments, each of which contains image descriptors.
The purpose of this structure is to allow the copy controller fast access to display control data and to allow the display control processor to change that data quickly. The dotted links in FIG. 7 chain display list segments for use by the display control processor. To see how this linked structure is used, consider the multi-viewport examples of FIG. 8.1 and FIG. 8.2, which respectively show the display configuration and storage pattern in display memory MD.
Here, the picture in bands I, I+1, I+2 consists of two overlapping viewports V1 and V2. V1 consists of three rectangular areas; V1A, V1B, and V1C; V2 also consists of three rectangular areas V2A, V2B, and V2C. The display list memory contains display list segments for each of these areas. All the blocks for a band are linked by the solid links; all the blocks for a viewport are linked by the dashed links. The solid links are used by both the display control processor and the copy controller, while the dashed links are used only by the display control processor to determine which display list segments constitute a viewport.
An alternate form of the image descriptor is also possible, in which the absolute X and Y coordinates of the upper left corner of the image are given. In this form of the display list the computation of the parameters that control a copy operation involve the copy controller's knowledge of the current band number and the Y coordinate of the first raster line of each band. In this case, all image descriptors for a particular image block are the same, regardless of the band display list in which they appear. In this case the structure of the band display list may be changed as in FIG. 9 below--this structure is more compact and easier to update, but copy transfer parameters are somewhat harder to derive. The X offset field is unchanged, but the Y offset must be computed by subtracting the band height times the band number from the absolute Y coordinate.
The internal structure of the copy controller is shown in FIGS. 10, 11 and 13. FIG. 10 shows the display list prefetch unit, whose purpose is to supply a continuous stream of image descriptors to the parameter determination (FIG. 11) component. The display list prefetch unit (DLPU) 112 has responsibility for locating a band display list given a band number. This is done through the reserved locations in display list memory. Additionally, the DLPU follows the link from one display list segment to another.
The output of the DLPU is a first-in-first-out list of image descriptors. Additionally shown in FIG. 10 is a function block which determines relative list occupancy, increasing the priority of accesses to the display list memory when the supply of image descriptors to the parameter determination component runs low. Arbitration unit (AU) 113 signals display memory (MD) with a higher priority when list-almost-empty unit (LAE) 114 determines that the first-in-first-out list is almost empty.
FIG. 11 shows the structure of the parameter determination unit of the copy controller, whose purpose is to interpret image descriptors and derive the actual parameters of a transfer. The mechanism of FIG. 10 supplies a FIFO stream of image descriptors from display memory (MD) 109 (FIG. 10) to image descriptor source register (S-FIG. 11) 115. Register S provides address information to ROS/PLA 116, to invoke previously stored parameter data. Parameter data words are transferred to the appropriate one of two alternate sets of parameter registers 117 or 118, which may be considered odd cycle parameter registers and even cycle parameter registers, respectively.
FIG. 12 illustrates shifting.
As in the example described previously, the parameter determination unit must supply parameters relating to image memory address sequences, band buffer address sequences, write masks, and shift specifications to the copy transfer dataflow of FIG. 13. Each transfer consists of the transfer of a number of horizontal slices of an image. The pattern of addresses generated and the write masks and shift counts are the same for each slice. Specifically, with reference to FIG. 12, each slice transfer is specified by:
a starting image memory word address;
a starting band buffer word address;
a left-part word shift specification and write mask;
a right-part word shift specification and write mask;
a last-part word shift specification and write mask; and
a number of transfers.
In FIG. 12, an image is being shifted to a non-word boundary in the band buffer, and the horizontal slice of the image is not an integral number of words long. The transfer of the left part of an image memory word requires a different shift specification and write mask than the right part. The last-part shift specification is the same as either the left-part or the right-part (depending on where in the image memory word the last part resides), while its write mask may be unique. In addition to the parameters for a slice transfer additional parameters are needed to determine the number of slices transferred and the image memory address increment.
The determination of parameters given an image descriptor is straightforward and can be implemented in either a programmable logic array (PLA) or a read-only memory. Two sets of parameter registers are shown in FIG. 11 to permit determination of the parameters of the next transfer while one is in progress.
FIG. 13 shows the copy transfer dataflow component of the copy controller. This component consists of an image memory address adder (MIAA) 119 for the image memory and a band buffer address adder (BBAA) 120 for the band buffer, a shift unit (SU) 121 and controls including both a slice counter (CS) 122 and a horizontal slice cycle counter (CCHS) 123. Note that in case an image is clipped the address increment to image memory at the end of a slice may not be 1; the address increment to the band buffer at the end of a slice is generally not 1. The mask multiplexer (MM) 124 selects the left-part mask, the right-part mask, or the last-part mask depending on circumstances.
In order to reduce the number of accesses to image memory (MI) 102 (FIG. 3) the included image memory data register can be used as a holding register. The copy controller invokes a comparator function to determine that the next memory access address is identical to the previous memory access address. In this case, if the copy controller (CC) 105 (FIG. 3) generates the same address to image memory twice in succession, no actual access is made the second time; the contents of the image memory data register can be used directly. The copy controller bypasses the access to image memory 102 when the next memory access address is identical to the previous memory access address.
The image memory, which can be changed by the display controller, is disturbed only for one refresh cycle when it is being changed. Such temporary disturbances can be tolerated in displays.
For practical purposes, the image memory is only read--never written. The data stored in it, therefore, does not change between successive accesses, for practical purposes. It is thus possible to avoid unnecessary references to image memory when a second access is made to the same location, by simply making multiple references to the data previously read out from image memory.
In order to reduce the number of accesses to the band buffers, a "band buffer assembly unit" can be introduced in Band Buffer Unit 104 (FIG. 1). FIG. 1 illustrates the band buffer assembly unit which is set by transfer operations; data is written into the band buffer only when the band buffer address changes or when a transfer is complete. The copy controller bypasses writing into the band buffer unit 104 except when the band buffer address changes or when a transfer is complete. A second register (the "write mask assembly register") contains the logical OR of the write masks for a single band buffer address.
As an example, consider the case of FIG. 12 and assume that the first image memory address is I1 and that the first band buffer address is B1. First, the copy controller accesses I1 and shifts the data right into the band buffer assembly register, setting the write mask assembly register to the write mask (0 . . . 01 . . . 1). Then the copy controller determines that the next band buffer write operation will be to B2 so the band buffer assembly register contents are written into B1 with the control of the contents of the write mask assembly register. Now the next image memory access is to I1, so the fetch is suppressed and the left part of the image memory data register is written to the band buffer assembly register. The write mask assembly register is set to 11 . . . 10 . . . 0. No fetch is made from image memory; no store is made to the band buffer. Next, the image memory is accessed at I+2. The band buffer assembly register is written and the write mask assembly register is ORed with 00 . . . 01 . . . 1 (and thus set to all ones). At this time the copy controller determines that the next band buffer address is B3, and so stores the entire contents of the band buffer assembly register into B2.
Various configurations of bands may be configured into a band buffer display system without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as pointed out in the following claims.
Patent Citations
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ELIZABETHTON — It took Elizabethton a little while to get cranked up.
Once the Lady Cyclones did, West Greene was in trouble.
Getting a combined 38 points, 11 rebounds and seven steals from freshmen twin sisters Kelci and Kayla Marosites, Elizabethton pounded the Lady Buffaloes 72-38 in the Region 1-AAA basketball quarterfinals at Treadway Gym on Friday night.
The Cyclones improved to 25-4 and will take on South Greene (22-12) in Monday's semifinals at 6 p.m. South Greene held off Sullivan East 71-68.
The other semifinal will match Happy Valley (14-14) against undefeated Grainger (31-0) at 7:30 p.m. The Warriors beat Chuckey-Doak while the Grizzlies made Unicoi County end the season with a three-game losing streak.
Throughout the night, it was the Marosites who did damage to West Greene. Kelci had 15 of her 21 points in the first half. Kayla had 12 of her 17 in the second half.
With West Greene content to sit in a 2-3 zone, the Marosites got plenty of open looks from the perimeter.
"I thought we had good ball movement," said Lady Cyclones head coach Len Dugger.
Both Marosites benefitted from that movement.
"My teammates did a good job of finding me," said Kelci. "They made good passes."
Kelci totaled four rebounds and five steals while Kayla had seven rebounds and two steals. Kelci hit four 3-pointers.
But it wasn't a two-player show. Reazyn DeMoss, Whitney Roberts and Sarah Bradley also made big contributions for the Lady Cyclones. DeMoss had nine points and eight rebounds while Roberts totaled six points with eight rebounds.
Bradley, the Cyclones' point guard, had eight points, five assists and five steals.
"Sarah is getting better," said Dugger. "She was a spark. She is our unsung hero. She was making big plays on both ends of the floor."
DeMoss said defense is the key to continuing the team's postseason success.
"Focusing on defense, that's the most important thing," she said.
With impressive center Charlotte Murphy keeping her team afloat, West Greene led 15-14 after one quarter of play. However, the Cyclones turned up the defensive pressure and opened the second quarter with a 13-0 run.
The Lady Cyclones keep that edge until finishing the third quarter with a 13-0 run to take a 57-32 advantage. Elizabethton then opened the fourth quarter with an 11-2 spurt.
Dugger said it was a good win because it's the region tournament.
"When you're still playing, it's huge," he said.
Murphy finished with 23 points, 10 rebounds and two assists for West Greene which finished with a record of 9-21.


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text:
Dudley Moore Biography
- Born: 19-04-1935
- Died: 27-03-2002
- Birth Place: Dagenham, Greater London
Dudley Moore Biography
Dudley teamed up with Peter Cook at Oxford University, forming a comedy duo who appeared together in such hit films as 'The Wrong Box' and 'Bedazzled', with Raquel Welch.
Dudley John Stuart Moore was born on 19 April 1935 at Charing Cross Hospital, London to railway electrician John Moore and secretary Ada. He was notably short (5ft 2.5 in) and was born with two club feet. His right foot responded well to corrective treatment and had straightened by the time he was six. However, his left foot did not respond and left him with a withered leg.
Seeking refuge from this, he became a choir boy at the age of six and took up the piano and violin. His talent on the piano and violin saw Moore playing the organ at church weddings by the age of 14 and obtained him a scholarship to Magdalene College, Oxford.
While at university, he performed with Alan Bennett in the Oxford Revue, before being recommended to the producer putting together 'Beyond the Fringe', which was at the forefront of the 1960s satire boom. This is where Moore met Peter Cook.
He regularly played at Cook's nightclub 'The Establishment' in London and was then offered his own show 'Not Only … But Also' (1965) by the BBC as a showcase for his comedic talents. After asking Cook to be a guest star, a comedy duo was born.
They are most remembered for their sketches of working class men and the fact that most of the shows were recorded live. Cook and Moore starred in 'Bedazzled' together in 1967. He continued working with Cook until the late 1970s when his drinking problems were affecting his work and Moore wanted to focus on films.
He moved to Hollywood and starred in 'Foul Play' and 'The Hound of the Baskervilles' in 1978 but it was '10' that made him a star - and a surprise sex symbol in 1979.
The diminutive star replaced George Segal to play a middle-aged man in a midlife crisis, who falls for the sexy Bo Derek.
Two years later, he hit success again with 'Arthur', earning a Best Actor Oscar nomination playing a happy drunken heir to a fortune who falls in love with a working-class girl, played by Liza Minnelli. He made 'Arthur 2' in 1988 with the same cast.
More recent films featuring Moore include the farce 'Blame it on the Bell Boy', also starring Patsy Kensit, and 'Crazy People', where he played opposite Daryl Hannah. In 1993, he starred in a short-lived TV sitcom called 'Dudley'.
Described by Oscar Peterson as one of the great jazz pianists of his generation, Dudley was also highly rated as a player and composer, writing scores for films like 'Bedazzled', 'Inadmissible Evidence' and 'Staircase'.
He attributed his success at both music and comedy to a childhood spent fending off bullies who teased him about his height. "I think most comedians start off defending themselves with comedy," he said. "Generally they feel inferior in some way. I certainly did feel inferior. Because of class, because of strength, because of height... I guess if I'd been able to hit somebody on the nose, I wouldn't have been a comic."
His last of four marriages - Nicole Rothschild - ended in allegations of abuse and tabloid reports of domestic upsets.
Other stories of falls, slurred speech and car crashes in the late 1990s - later explained by his deteriorating health - led to rumours of drink and drug abuse and, in 1999, he was seen falling during a TV interview with Barbara Walters.
'Cuddly Dudley' announced he had Progressive Supranuclear Palsy in 1999 and admitted in his last years that he felt trapped in his own body, scared of the horrible death he knew was coming.
However, at the time he made light of his illness, saying that one person in 100,000 suffered from the disease and, as there were 100,000 actors in his union, he had been "considerate" in saving the other 99,999 from his fate.
He co-founded the charity Philadelphia's Music for All Seasons - which brings concerts to nursing homes and hospitals - and, in 1999, launched the Dudley Dudley Fund, aimed at finding a cure for PSP.
Dudley Moore died of pneumonia in 2002 after losing his battle against Progressive Supranuclear Palsy. Following a private ceremony, he was buried in the small town of Watchung, New Jersey.


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the 'We ♥ Starla thread' Resurrected x2 lol
10-07-2011, 12:41 PM (This post was last modified: 10-07-2011 12:42 PM by sophia11.)
Post: #100
RE: the 'We ♥ Starla thread' Resurrected x2 lol
(10-07-2011 10:03 AM)BEE. Wrote: Guess whaaaaat! I passed my Level 1 course in Animal Care! :'D
Congrats Well Done !
(09-26-2011 05:45 AM)Zacefronitis Wrote: How's my Starla peeps today? I'm getting a bad case of crazy head in the Zanessa thread so give me something normal here
I dont know sorry . Does anyone know when Starla's Birthday is ?
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