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United Kingdom
Martyn Goff, chairman of the Booker Prize committee, aroused debate in literary circles in 2002 when he suggested that by 2004 titles by writers from the United States should be eligible for the prize, which was open only to British, Irish, and Commonwealth writers. The chairman of judges, Lisa Jardine, countered that American authors such as Philip Roth would overwhelm the rest of the competition. "With someone like Roth at his best," she said, "I can't see how an [Martin] Amis or a [Ian] McEwan could touch him. The American novelists paint on a much bigger canvas. If you look at Pulitzer Prize winners, every book there is on a majestic scale." Other Britons agreed, despite the ambitious breadth of much recent British fiction. In November, Booker Prize organizers announced that the prize would remain closed to American writers, however, they were contemplating the establishment of a second prize for lifetime achievement, and for that prize Americans might be able to compete. The Booker also had a modern makeover. The main award was increased from £20,000 to £50,000 (about $29,000 to $72,000), and a new five-year sponsorship partner was found in the Man Group, a global provider of alternative investment funds. (For selected international literary awards in 2002, see below.)
The year's judges read 130 titles, from which the original list of 20 novels was chosen. Young stars such as Zadie Smith, with her novel The Autograph Man, were pitted against seasoned authors such as Anita Brookner, whose elegant The Next Big Thing was a compassionate story of a lonely 73-year-old man. The shortlist, comprising six novels, contained few surprises. Family Matters by Rohinton Mistry (see Biographies), a dark Mumbai (Bombay)-based story about a 79-year-old widower, was a favourite with many critics, as was William Trevor's The Story of Lucy Gault, which featured Protestants living in Ireland's County Cork during the independence struggle in 1921. Carol Shields's offering, Unless, was an admired depiction of the bonds between mothers and daughters. The Sunday Times promised that it would resound in readers' minds "for years, perhaps for a lifetime." (Both Shields and Mistry were Canadian contenders.) An Australian possibility was Tim Winton's Dirt Music (2001), about a woman stranded in a remote fishing community with a husband she does not love and two stepchildren. The only British finalist was Sarah Waters. Her fast-paced Victorian-world Fingersmith was a popular success but was perhaps deemed too conventional in form to win.
The judges' decision was rendered more transparent by the broadcasting of some of their debate on BBC Television. The unexpected winner, possibly a compromise choice, was Yann Martel's Life of Pi (Canadian-U.S. edition 2001), published in Edinburgh by Canongate, a small independent press. A lively and readable fable, with Noah's Ark resonances, the novel charts the voyage of a young boy, Pi, who emigrates from India to Canada with animals from his family's zoo. Lisa Jardine hailed it as an "audacious book in which inventiveness explores belief. It is, as the author says, 'a novel which will make you believe in God—or ask yourself why you don't.'" Martel, who lives in Montreal, said that his book "was the luckiest" and that accepting the prize was like "winning the lottery." Canongate immediately began reprinting 50,000 copies, and its managing director, David Graham, said the win was a "quantum leap" for his press, although it had enjoyed another popular success with the bawdy The Crimson Petal and the White, an 864-page Dickensian-style epic by Michel Faber.
The Booker Prize, although the most famous of British literary awards, was not the most lucrative. The new Northern Rock Foundation Writer Award, worth £60,000 (about $87,000) was established by a Newcastle-based bank for writers living in England's northeast. The first winner was Anne Stevenson, a poet from Durham. Her award, she said, was a challenge to those who "imagine that London is and will always be the only city of culture." The much praised novel Atonement (2001) by Ian McEwan (see Biographies), which had been hotly tipped for the 2001 Booker Prize, was a popular winner of the 2002 WH Smith literary prize, worth £5,000 (about $7,200). Meanwhile, American writer Ann Patchett (see Biographies) won the Orange Prize for Fiction, aimed at women writers and worth £30,000. Her topical novel Bel Canto (2001), about terrorists in Latin America who take hostage an American opera diva and a Japanese CEO, was praised for its attractive simplicity. On receiving the money, she said, "Hopefully I'll give it away. If I can find it in my character." The Whitbread Book of the Year, also worth £30,000 (about $43,000), went for the first time to a children's author, Philip Pullman. The third volume in the His Dark Materials trilogy, The Amber Spyglass (2000), was deemed "exceptional" by the judges and was enjoyed as much by adults as by children; the author insisted that the sharp divide between writing for children and writing for adults was over.
The robustness of the children's market continued. Terry Pratchett, another best-selling author who crossed the child-adult divide, won the year's Carnegie Medal. His The Amazing Maurice and His Educated Rodents (2001) was a dark but humorous take on the Pied Piper tale and was praised by the chair of the judges' panel for its deft questioning of "our society's attitudes and behaviour" and its ability to be at once "funny and irreverent." On receiving the award, the prolific author castigated J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings for its insistence on war as a remedy to evil, saying he preferred to explore the possibility "that peace…can be maintained by careful diplomacy." The international Hans Christian Andersen Children's Author of the Year was Aidan Chambers, the first British writer to win the title since Eleanor Farjeon in 1956. The Carnegie Medal winner in 1999, Chambers was admired for his nonpatronizing handling of complex issues such as war, homosexuality, and death.
There was critical approval when W.G. Sebald, a German writer who had settled in East Anglia and had died in a car crash in December 2001, posthumously won both the National Book Critics Circle fiction prize in the U.S. and the U.K.'s Independent Foreign Fiction Prize. The awards confirmed him as a literary giant whose international reputation was rapidly increasing. Sebald's works were compared to those of Franz Kafka, Jorge Luis Borges, Italo Calvino, and Vladimir Nabokov, and the judges of the British award hailed his novel Austerlitz (2001), a story told in a single 415-page paragraph, as a "novel of the first magnitude." His 1988 prose poem, After Nature, was published in English in 2002 and was applauded as a haunting and sublime interweaving of memory, migration, and identity.
Notable fiction that was omitted from the prize lists included A.S. Byatt's A Whistling Woman, her fourth tale in an engaging series about the lives of post-World War II women, and Linda Grant's Still Here, a Liverpool-set portrayal of family, love, and loss that was autobiographical in tone. John Banville's Shroud, a story about an aging academic, was also praised, for its exceptional fluency, but it made only the Booker long list, while Maggie Gee's The White Family, a gritty drama of a contemporary North London family, reached the Orange shortlist. Tim Lott's Rumours of a Hurricane, about a worker in a printing concern who goes on the picket line, was another deserving offering, with its deft portrait of politics and working-class culture in Margaret Thatcher's Britain.
In nonfiction, themes of insecurity, war, and shifting identities threaded many titles as if echoing larger global trends. Philip Bobbitt's 922-page The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace and the Course of History was a reflection of the growing anxiety that history might be "ending." Charting 500 years of conflict, it claimed that the nation-state was dying, that a new constitutional order was emerging, and that politicians had to grasp the new reality if further warfare was to be prevented. Past wars remained under the historian's lens. Michael Howard's The First World War was a terse summation of that conflict and its aftermath, while Ian Ousby rendered a dense microcosm of one bloody battle in The Road to Verdun: France, Nationalism and the First World War. An original depiction of the Spanish Civil War was Paul Preston's Doves of War: Four Women of Spain, which followed the fortunes of two English and two Spanish women caught up in the conflict of 1936–39. The Oxford historian Robert Gildea offered a thought-provoking study of France under the Nazis in Marianne in Chains: In Search of the German Occupation, 1940–1945. More provocative was Martin Amis's reappraisal of Stalin. His Koba the Dread: Laughter and the Twenty Million was criticized for what some deemed a simplistic equation of Hitler and Stalin, although others welcomed its reappraisal of a regime that killed millions. Richard Fletcher went back farther in time in his Bloodfeud: Murder and Revenge in Anglo-Saxon England, an ingenious early history that used anthropology to illuminate scanty historical sources.
History as it illuminates identity—particularly English identity—was a preoccupation of many writers, perhaps in response to the Queen's celebration of her Golden Jubilee. William Shawcross rendered an upbeat 50-year account of her reign in Queen and Country, while Richard Weight's Patriots: National Identity in Britain, 1940–2000 optimistically expected another 100 years of British Union, despite the increasing resentment of England in Wales and Scotland. Peter Ackroyd pondered English identity across a larger canvas. His 516-page Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination concluded that although the English vision "tended towards the local and the circumstantial," it had made possible a vast creative achievement across many fields. Robert Colls's Identity of England probed the more elusive nature of national definition. Examining imperial expansion and immigration and how these affected what it was to be English or British, he pointed to history as the "first act of recognition" in the process of building a sense of identity. Maurice Cowling, a retired Cambridge historian, delivered the third and final volume of his immense Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England (2001). Subtitled Accommodations, it asked "whether the modern mind can escape religion" and analyzed, often with barbed invective, the basis on which British leaders and thinkers assumed their authority. Eric Hobsbawn's memoir Interesting Times: A Twentieth-Century Life also illuminated England's intellectual life, while The Victorians by A.N. Wilson, a survey of 724 pages, examined the previous century and what its author termed "the period of the most radical transformation ever seen by the world." Another history on the broad scale was T.C.W. Blanning's The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe, 1660–1789, a broadly interpretative vision of the Age of Enlightenment.
Controversy followed when three politicians produced memoirs. Edwina Currie's Diaries 1987–1992 covered her time in the House of Commons and shocked many with its revelation of her love affair with former prime minister John Major. The imprisoned former politician and blockbuster writer Jeffrey Archer broke prison regulations with the publication of his prison diaries, which berated the state of the penal system; the prison authorities decided not to punish him so long as he promised to publish no more memoirs until his release. A third Thatcherite, former defense minister John Nott, published Here Today, Gone Tomorrow: Recollections of an Errant Politician, a memoir containing revelatory inside information, especially on the handling of the 1982 Falklands Islands War.
Well-received biographies included Rosemary Ashton's Thomas and Jane Carlyle: Portrait of a Marriage, which provided the domestic context behind the development of Carlyle's thought, and Vanessa Collingridge's Captain Cook, an adventurous study of the explorer's life. The fourth and penultimate volume in John Grigg's biography of Lloyd George covered his war years, but Grigg's untimely death in the last days of 2001 begged the question of who would complete the study. Claire Tomalin's Samuel Pepys: The Unequalled Self showed Tomalin as mistress of her craft with its sure sense of period and multifaceted portrait of her subject. Wilfred Owen: A New Biography by Dominic Hibberd was only the second study of arguably World War I's most famous poet; it captured Owen's shy charm and thoughtful morality. David Gilmour demonstrated similar shrewd perception in his The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling.
Comedian Spike Milligan, a beloved radio and television personality as well as poet, died at 83. A former member of the radio quartet the Goons, he also authored several volumes of hilarious war memoirs and nonsense poetry, rejoicing in such titles as Floored Masterpieces with Worse Verse, which he penned with Tracey Boyd. Lady Elizabeth Longford, the biographer of figures such as Queen Victoria and the duke of Wellington, also passed away.


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Air France is to take delivery of its third Airbus A380 in April and use the jet to conduct a daily A380 operation on its Johannesburg route.
The SkyTeam carrier is to start flying the A380 on its Paris Charles de Gaulle-Johannesburg route today, following delivery of its second of the type last week.
Air France has been serving the route 10 times per week with Boeing 777s.
But three of its flights each week will instead be flown by the A380 until 28 March.
The frequency will then be taken down to daily, but Air France will offset this capacity reduction by putting its third A380 on the route in April.
Air France says the 538-seat aircraft allows it to "rationalise" frequencies, replacing two flights departing within a short time with a single service.
ATI is accompanying the inaugural Johannesburg A380 flight, which marks the first African route for the double-deck aircraft.
But Air France - which started A380 operations to New York last November - has shelved plans to deploy it to Dubai.
An Air France spokesman says the link had originally been proposed as a training route for A380 pilots. Emirates has since begun its own Dubai-Paris A380 service.
Tokyo will be the third city served by Air France's A380 fleet. This route will be introduced with Air France's fourth A380, although a spokesman for the airline says it has not determined a more precise date for delivery beyond "the end of summer 2010".
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Skip to Content
Students with strong academic performance who are interested in a career in research are eligible for a fast-track PhD admission program in Microbiology. In this program, the last year of undergraduate study and the first year of graduate study for a PhD are merged, allowing the students to complete a PhD earlier than they would by following the usual path.
To be eligible to apply, students at the end of their fifth semester must:
Anyone with an interest in this program should contact Dr. Richard Roller (email@example.com) for more information.


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Commonweal Magazine
Trending Topics:
Terrence W. Tilley September 6, 2004 - 5:35am
Performing the Faith
Bonhoeffer and the Practice of Nonviolence
Stanley Hauerwas
Brazos Press, $19.99, 252 pp.
For the past thirty years, Stanley Hauerwas has been our most prolific, provocative, and profound theological essayist. Always stimulating, sometimes exasperating, never boring, Hauerwas challenges us Christians to rethink our easy accommodations with the dominant culture.
The heart of this book is the essay "Performing Faith," co-written with Jim Fodor. Just as texts are not plays and scores are not music unless they are performed, so faith is neither subjective interpretation nor...
Terrence W. Tilley is chair of the Theology Department at Fordham University.
Tweets by @commonwealmag


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Make It: Wooden Spool Turkeys
Make these adorable wooden spool turkeys for a fun Thanksgiving Day activity.
Heather Weston
What you'll need:
Wooden spool
Covered floral wire (12-inch piece)
Wire cutter or old scissors
Colored paper
Small button
Clear tape
Heather Weston
Step 1
Wrap the middle section of wire twice around spool tightly. Twist together to secure. Bend wire to make a foot on each leg and trim excess with old scissors or wire cutter.
Heather Weston
Step 2
Trace the end of a spool and a button about 1" apart on paper. Connect the circles to form a neck, and add points on head. Cut out shape, and draw eyes, beak, and spiral.
Heather Weston
Step 3
Tape the paper body to one end of spool, then flip over and attach 3 feathers to other side, taping each one individually. Adjust feet so turkey stands.
Originally published in the November 2010 issue of Parents magazine.


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Women make up about half of the workforce in America, but they only represent 24% of the workforce in STEM fields. Why should we care? First and foremost, this statistic calls attention to an untapped potential; talent that we need in science, technology, engineering and mathematics in order to remain competitive from a global perspective. But for women, this is important on another level because careers in STEM industries offer better compensation and more career advancement opportunities. In fact, women who hold STEM positions earn 92 cents to the dollar versus 77 cents for women who are not in these fields.
Yet, creating a pathway for women to be successful in these industries is a complex problem; one that must be addressed on several different levels in order to be effective. Young girls are not encouraged to study these subjects in school and even if they receive STEM degrees, many are not pursuing careers in these fields or staying in STEM professions. There are also cultural stereotypes that young girls face growing up that discourages STEM career choices, and these biases often start at home at an early age. Hence, the Million Women Mentor program was created with the goal of creating a sustainable pipeline of women by mobilizing and engaging one million men and women to serve as STEM mentors by 2018.
Tata Consultancy Services recently published a white paper on this subject. TCS is a technology provider to Million Women Mentors and a founding partner. I spoke with Balaji Ganapathy, Head of Workforce Effectiveness, North America, and Seeta Hariharan, General Manager & Group Head of Digital Software & Solutions to better understand the issue and this new mentor initiative for women in STEM.


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Call JS Appliance Service today at 631-928-3388. If you have any other questions or comments, please contact us at email@example.com
Contact Information


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- Walt Disney's Peter Pan to Screen as Tribute to Ollie Johnston -
The Festival's popular Family Day celebration, sponsored by Playhouse Disney, will take place on Sunday, June 29 from 11:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. on Broxton Avenue. This one-day event features free screenings, games, booths, giveaways, live stage performances, pony rides, a petting zoo, and more. The Playhouse Disney Tent will host activities throughout the day, including an appearance by Playhouse Disney's Handy Manny.* Additional activities and giveaways come from Fox Home Entertainment's Nim's Island, MGM Home Entertainment's Her Best Move, plus the Geffen Playhouse's "Shipwrecked! An Entertainment" activity booth.
* Character(s) subject to change or cancellation without notice.
Family Day will also feature a screening of Walt Disney's beloved classic, Peter Pan, as tribute to the late Ollie Johnston, whose death in April truly marked the end of an era -- that of classic hand-drawn Disney animation. The last of the Studio's "Nine Old Men," Johnston worked on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Bambi, Pinocchio, The Jungle Book, and countless others. For Peter Pan, he was responsible for Mr. Smee, Captain Hook's bumbling sidekick. As animated by Johnston, with his wonderful sense of character and comic timing, Smee provides many of the biggest laughs in this timeless classic. Tickets to see Peter Pan can be purchased at the Festival box office for $5 only. The screening is sponsored by Playhouse Disney.


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I've heard that the single-action Beretta tip-up barrel is pretty good. The only one I personally know about functions 100% with fmj, although I don't know the particular brand of fmj that my friend uses.
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The recommencement of the AFC Champions League after a four-month hiatus proved a positive experience for two west Asian favourites, Saudi Arabia's Al Ittihad and Iran's Sepahan, with the pair taking a significant step towards a semi-final berth. Two-time winners Ittihad recording a 3-1 home victory over FC Seoul, while 2007 runners-up Sepahan dispatched visiting Al Sadd with a solitary-goal win.
Korea Republic's much-hyped representatives fared far worse with none of the remaining trio registering a victory. With FC Seoul outdone at Jeddah, Suwon Bluewings were held to a 1-1 home draw by Zob Ahan, while 2006 champions Jeonbuk Motors suffered a stunning 4-3 defeat at Cerezo Osaka. Join FIFA.com as we take a closer look at the battle for a position amongst the continent's last four.
The match
Al Ittihad 3-1 FC Seoul
In what had been expected to be an evenly-contested game, Al Ittihad emerged 3-1 victors to go into the return leg with a handy two-goal cushion. The opening half proved to be a relatively lacklustre affair, with only forward Naif Hazazi providing an attacking spark for the home side. Having twice come close to opening the scoring, the Ittihad No9 eventually made the breakthrough when he set up Mohammed Noor for the opener just before the break.
The Korean champions pressed hard for an equaliser after the restart. However, it was the hosts that doubled their lead when Osama Al Harbi latched onto a free-kick to fire home from 30 yards. Substitute Choi Tae-Uk secured an important away goal for the visitors on 82 minutes, but Ittihad restored their two-goal advantage courtesy of Wendel's injury-time strike.
The surprise
Cerezo Osaka 4-3 Jeonbuk Motors
Tournament debutants Cerezo continued their unexpected run as they thrice came from behind to outstrip the strongly-favoured Jeonbuk in a 4-3 thriller. Japan playmaker Hiroshi Kiyotake proved the hosts' hero, scoring twice including the winner. In what turned out to be a fluctuating contest, the visiting Koreans went ahead after only six minutes courtesy of Lee Dong-Gook, before Cerezo equalised on the hour-mark through Ryuji Bando.
Lee struck his second in first-half injury-time to give Jeonbuk the lead but Cerezo again drew level on 56 minutes when Kiyotake got his head onto Noriyuki Sakemoto's corner. The tempo was upped thereafter with the visitors soon restoring their lead, before Kim Bo-Kyung levelled for the hosts through a penalty on 64 minutes. With so much at stake, Kiyotake rose to the occasion to seal a memorable victory nine minutes from time.
The other attractions
In Esfahan, Sepahan clinched three points against Qatar's Al Sadd courtesy of Omid Ibrahimi's early strike, despite being reduced to ten men on 58 minutes. The home side took the lead after just nine minutes and continued their dominance, with both Ahmad Jamshidian and Emad Mohammed close to doubling their lead. However, the tide turned when Akbar Imani received his marching orders. Capitalising on the numerical advantage, Al Sadd took the ascendency but having survived a series of scares, the hosts successfully defended their lead.
Elsewhere, Suwon only salvaged a point at home with Park Hyun-Beom striking late to cancel out Mohammad Ghazi's opener for Zob Ahan. The Koreans had the better of the opening half, with Stevica Ristikj twice coming close to breaking the deadlock, before Diego Oliveira forced Shahab Gordan into a diving save. However, they were punished for their profligacy in front of goal when Igor Castro teed up Ghazi to put the visitors ahead on 57 minutes. Park volleyed home nine minutes later to draw the hosts level but after squandering a couple of chances in the closing stages, it was the Iranians that will be more satisfied with their draw on the road.
The player
Having proved the driving force as Al Ittihad conquered Asia in 2004 and 2005, Mohammed Noor again showed his value in continental competition by opening the scoring against FC Seoul.
The stat
20 - Despite their defeat, Jeonbuk remain this season's goal kings having tucked away 20 goals from their eight outings to date.
What they said
"Those who want to see our games should take a check on their heart at hospital first. But our players showed great concentration at a crucial moment and that produced our winning goal. I wanted to deliver a message to our players, stick to our attacking style to the end." Levir Culpi, Cerezo Osaka coach


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Nine Olivet Nazarene University football players have been selected to respective Mid-States Football Association All-Midwest League teams. The Tigers had four selected to the All-Midwest Second Team and five selected as honorable mentions selections.
Sophomore running back David Payne (Chebanse, Ill.) was selected to the Second Team Offense. He started all 11 games for the Tigers. He ran for 575 yards on 133 carries (4.3 avg.) and scored four touchdowns on the ground. He also led the team in receiving with 34 catches for 363 yards (10.7 avg.) and scored a touchdown. Against Waldorf College (Iowa) on Oct. 13 he ran for 160 yards, two scores and caught three balls for 65 yards.
Senior offensive lineman Chad McDaniel (Potterville, Mich.) was selected to the Second Team Offense. He started 10 games for the Tigers helping ONU to the fourth highest rushing attack in the league that racked up 2,135 yards (194.1 avg.) and 16 touchdowns. The offensive line only gave up 13 sacks all season to opposing teams.
Junior placekicker/punter Andrew Muzljakovich (Vicksburg, Mich.) was selected to the Second Team Offense and Second Team Defense. He started all 11 games and led the team in scoring with 64 points. He finished with 16 made field goals (16-23) with a career-long of 45 yards against William Penn University (Iowa) on Sept. 29. He converted 16 of 18 PATs and broke the school record for made and attempted field goals in a season, set back in 2005 and 2007. Also with four made and attempted field goals against Waldorf College he tied the school record that was set 1998. He had 42 kickoffs for 2,485 yards (59.2 avg.) and 18 touchbacks. He finished with 65 punts for 2,481 yards (38.2 avg.) and a long of 82 yards, a new school record. Muzljakovich was named MSFA Midwest League Special Teams Player of the Week four times during the season.
Sophomore linebacker Brandon Ruemler (Williamsport, Ind.) was selected to the Second Team Defense. He started all 11 games for the Tigers, leading the team in tackles 48 unassisted, 38 assisted (86 total). He also led the team in tackles for loss with 13 for 42 yards. Ruemler finished with three sacks for 14 yards, had two interceptions for 40 yards, one forced fumble and recovery, and two pass breakups. He was named league defensive player of the week once.
Five other Tigers earned honorable mention status: Junior offensive lineman Andrew Rothen (Adrian, Mich.), senior defensive linemen Tony Turner (Momence, Ill.), sophomore defensive lineman Myles Toney (Dolton, Ill.), sophomore linebacker Mike Williams (LaGrange Park , Ill.), and sophomore defensive back Mark Kosrow (Elk Grove Village, Ill.).
Rothen started 10 games on the offensive line. Turner led the team in sacks with seven for 24 yards. Toney had eight and half tackles for loss (36 yards) and six sacks. Williams finished with 57 tackles and eight sacks (24 yards). Kosrow had 65 tackles (2nd on team) and six pass breakups.
This is Ruemler and William's second selection to the all-league team. This is the first selection for Payne, McDaniel, Muzljakovich, Rothen, Turner, Toney, and Kosrow.


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From October 02, 2013 6:30 pm until October 02, 2013 7:30 pm Save to calendar
At Grand Blanc-McFarlen Library
Posted by Trenton Smiley
Categories: "How-To" Class , Teens Age 13+ , Adult
This free, three-part class (10/2, 10/9 and 10/16) is for beginning guitarists. Learn about basic techniques; tuning, strumming, and chords. Both acoustic and electric guitars are welcome. Plus, the first 25 people to sign up will receive a Banana 101.5 t-shirt! There is also a class meeting at the Fenton Winegarden Library.


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Multi-family garage sale!
This saturday, June 22, we will have a multi family garage sale at 13 and 15 Nanook Crescent, in the Katimavik neighbourhood in Kanata. Hours are between 8 am and 1 pm, early birds welcome.
Many great items:
* home decor
* kitchen items
* clothing
* shoes and accessories
* kids items
* electronics
* books
* music
* garden tools
* lots more!
In part, this is a moving sale so lots of good deals to be had!
View Larger Map


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6 Ways To Mass Market Your Own T-Shirt Designs
Coming up with a great t-shirt design might be the underlying motivation for you to go into business. Perhaps your idea is well like by those around you, and you have a vision of its potential. Many people go into business but do not know how to market their ideas. Marketing is critical when it comes to any business, because it is the crucial link to informing future customers of who you are and what products you can supply. Without marketing, your idea most likely will not take flight. There are certain steps you can pursue that will help you properly market your t-shirt designs and get them the recognition they deserve.
Create A Relationship With A Reliable Screen Printer
A good screen printer will be one of the life-lines of your business. They will nearly become a partner with you, helping you to create your design and making it readily accessible. The printer may also help you sell, and ship your products. Having a good relationship with the screen printer is important, especially since you will be working together to produce the designs as you envision them. Make sure that he or she communicates well with you and is readily available if you have any questions or concerns.
Set Up Your Site And Other Networking Services
When setting up your website, make sure that it is easy to navigate and user friendly. Make it attractive and inviting, with the latest popular trends for website designs. Create a blog about your t-shirts. Blogs are very effective tools, and give customers an inside view about you, making their experience more friendly and personal. Set up accounts for Facebook and Twitter, to enable direct contact with each potential customer. Make time to contribute often to your blog, and respond to your customers on Facebook and Twitter regularly to keep up good business relations and promote referrals. Also, you can set up a merchant account, such as Paypal, so that you can process no-hassle payments.
Take Promotional Pictures of Your T-Shirt Designs
Studies show that images attached to products will promote the sale of the item quicker than without. People usually want to see what they are buying beforehand, especially with clothing. They need a good visual to imagine how it might look on them. Use multiple angles to suggest to the viewer a more 3D feel. You might consider asking a friend or family member to model your t-shirts with your designs; or hiring a professional model if you can afford one. This may give a potential buyer more of an idea of how it may suit them.
Market Your Designs Through Your Social Media Sites
Take advantage of your blog, Facebook, and Twitter to get the word out. Social media sites are extremely effective ways of marketing your product. Facebook, for instance, has over 800 million members and is still growing. With those kinds of prospects, it is a good idea to invest some time in these options. Put a press-release on your sites and establish active participation with your fans. It is important that once you have activity occurring with your customers that you keep it alive. Have contests and giveaways to promote your new t-shirt designs. Offer prizes, including free t-shirts with your logo on it and other product-related awards that will double the task by promoting your business. Pens with your business logo or other inexpensive gifts are also great giveaways.
Get Your Customers And Fans Involved
Your customers can become one of your best assets for promoting your t-shirt designs. Get them involved by running a t-shirt designing contest. Accept submissions from users with prizes, discounts and other incentives. Offer a grand prize for the winner and perhaps a spot on your website with their picture and winning design.
Find A Celebrity Or Other Spokesman Who Will Endorse Your Line
Many great products are endorsed by famous celebrities or other individuals with prestige. If you can find someone who would be willing to back your t-shirt line, your sales can increase substantially.
Being successful in marketing your t-shirt designs is the key to being successful in your business. It is important to persevere and to have patience, as it takes time for your business to establish and grow. Be creative in your marketing strategies and never lose sight of your dreams, and you may eventually see the rewards of your endeavors in establishing a successful clothing line.


text:
> When using the OpenBSD chrooted Apache, the perl library Socket.pm doesn't
> seem to be able to do any gethostbyaddr() anymore. I guess this module is
> dependent on some library that I've neglected copying over to the
> /var/www-tree.
Try to copy /etc/resolv.conf to /var/www/etc/resolv.conf Maybe you also need to copy /etc/protocols to /var/www/etc/protocols
Oh well.
Solige hilsen,


text:
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Great father and great kids. The area is changing but the pockets of trouble are still there. Can't the police get those areas protected? This kind of thing casts a very dark shadow over the school and the area. It wasn't the school's fault, but because they are the closest high school and the kids were from there, it makes other deter from going there. The area is redeveloping but slowly. More attention needs to be directed to the drugs and the hotspots of crime by the police.
I'm afraid NOTHING is going to get done as it all has to go through a half stupid House of Reps. first. So the lying dog lies!!
Sounds to me by reading all these comments that the public knows nothing about how teachers are paid, what hours they work, and what benefits they get. Perhaps our friend Betsy Hammond can write an article about that so you folks know what the f you're talking about! Ignorance is catching on this thread I certainly can see that!
Let's see what is going on really; Does the public really think that Jefferson will become a "magnet" to attract highly qualified students? Does anyone know what will happen to all the kids that are special needs kids that are going to Jefferson now? Does anyone have an answer to why kids will have to be bussed now to get to school that they walked to presently? Does anyone ever ask why there has been 7 Principals at Jefferson over the past 10 years, and that alone could be the cause of decreased enrollment? Does anyone care that the District has let go so many Special Ed teachers that they then replaced them with regular ed teachers? Where are all the cuts in Administration such as Principals, Vice-Principals, Deans, etc. that would coincide with the cuts in teaching staffs and school closings? HEY--We need answers out here. Money is going down the toilet while nepotism seems to be the rule for hiring replacement admins.
Vote for what? Stupid politics is the reason there is so much hatred in the US towards everyone.
Did you say research and investigate?
Well put! If the Principal's job is so easy it can be done part time and Ms. Hunter's job is so easy it can be done part time, then hire someone part time to do each and help the economy! Ms. Harris was RAILROADED out for sure!
You said it best..............7th Principal in 10 years. Would you replace your CEO that often in a Corporation?
Pitting schools against schools, race vs. race, rich vs. poor, is more than Portland School District gaffes, it's getting to be more of an America credence. I
believe the real reason that Jeff's neighborhood kids don't go to Jeff is that their parents see other schools with swim teams and pools; baseball diamonds; new computers; tennis teams; new equipment for sports; music programs; security on premises; etc. etc. The school board is made up of some really closed minded people, willing to waive with the wind. Time for them to either follow Carole Smith's recommendations or resign their positions, because they are not doing their job. I'm especially mad at Gonzalez on the Board who spoke so eloquently at the Jeff graduation as commencement speaker, then goes on record two days later saying he believes they should close Jeff.
If you were there at the meeting you would have seen there was no shouting and yelling, just cheers and applause!Where were you when this was gong on, like most people sitting on the sidelines and doing nothing!
Mr. Duin is a hypocrite at best. A few months back he wrote a column about Roosevelt kids and all the difficulties they faced. Touting the foursquare church as the savior for these black kids and Neil Lomax being the white knight who would save their football team. Volunteers from the church came to Roosevelt and painted the school, picked up trash, cleaned everything and walked away with the only large media paper The Oregonian endorsing all their actions. This school gets government money to fire their principals of the two schools of the three and consolidating into a neighborhood community school. All of a sudden Roosevelt is off the fast track for elimination and the spotlight turns to Jefferson. Whoa there!! Black kids at Roosevelt are the same as the black kids at Jeff. Less talented in sports, but the same none the less. Why doesn't Mr. Duin now do the sympathetic analysis of Jefferson and the single moms that go to school there (like Roosevelt), the kids from broken homes (like Roosevelt), the kids with ADD and/or Learning Disabilities (like Roosevelt), the kids that are hungry and only eat at school because there is no food at home (like the kids at Roosevelt)? Instead of his playing the race card by saying Jefferson was wrong in using it as a protest tool, he should look at the similarities between the two schools and see MONEY TALKS!!!!!!!!! After all he lives in Lake Oswego yet he pretends to know everything about Portland inner-city schools. I beg to differ with him!!!
This just shows me that there should be only 4 schools in the Portland metro area since everyone wants to go to them. Expand the schools facilities; sell the old properties; bus the kids. No more racial decisions by neighborhood! It wouldn't matter what neighborhood you're in, you just get on the bus and go to school. When you do this, then fire all the teachers that don't want to move and hire new ones.
Sorry but your point would be best understood if you could write properly. Didn't that course get offered at Lincoln? Trying to make out what you said I assume you mean because you had all the better resources you received a better education at Lincoln. Which was my point in the first place. At any rate, I would love to see Lincoln receive the percentage of troubled (or as the District calls them "challenged") kids that Jeff gets because the other schools don't want them. Of course they will excel at Lincoln because its Lincoln. Prior to now Lincoln wouldn't take LD kids because they were over crowded. Bless you for cherishing your education, but realize some folks don't get that same opportunity!
There are kids that recently graduated from Jefferson attending and graduating from Colleges like Brown, Lehigh, USF (San Francisco Univ), California, Oral Roberts, various State colleges etc. etc. If the school is such a loser why do these kids get into these colleges and then go on to succeed? The school is not the problem, get them consistency in management, give them resources and curriculum that are equal to other high schools and I believe more people will attend. Just because you went to Lincoln doesn't make you a better student!
Gee that's news a bit late. If you knew who it was why wasn't it disclosed to the police who are still looking for the culprit. Don't lie cause you can on here!!
There is no god. You jerk around the point. What neighborhood will the values go up when there is a busing of the kids to a school? What diversity is there when all the schools are in predominantly white racial area? Obviously you have no kids in the school or you'd feel differently. I have walked around the Jefferson school area for sports over 10 years and NEVER heard a shot fired. However at Benson my wife and I came out of a basketball game and were within 100 yards of a drive by shooting. Which is safer to you?
Great idea and if the powers to be would open their eyes to the obvious, that being the community WANTS to have the best programs at Jeff, then the attendance would rise by itself. There is more than tuition that brings kids to Jesuit, it's the quality of the education. As a taxpayer, the money would be there with little increase in taxes,which everyone would endorse!!
Terrence Jones is one of the best kids I have ever known. He is kind, considerate and loves people. His smile and demeanor are beyond words. I really hope that he takes his time and announces the last day of the signing period. People are putting too much pressure on this kid who really doesn't need it. We love you at Jeff Terrence, just take your time and show the world who you really are!!!!!
Yes, you should! He is a walking billboard for Oregon sports!


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The Boonville Police Department wants the public to know that a FBI investigation at a home in Boonville is not related to the cases of missing women across the Tri-State.
According to BPD, the FBI raided a home in the 600 block of N. First Street, right across the from Boonville High School.
Neighbors told Eyewitness News the raid involved illegal downloads.
There is a search tomorrow for missing Boonville woman Kristy Kelley. It begins at 9 a.m. at Studio Bee.
A search is also scheduled for Joelle Lockwood on Sunday. Volunteers plan to meet just south of Carmi.


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A method for making a composite fluorinated ion exchange membrane is provided comprising applying a continuous fluorinated ion exchange polymer film to a porous reinforcing substrate, preferably made from a polyolefin such as linear high density polyethylene. The composite membrane is made by applying a solvent to the surface of the film and/or the substrate and then affixing the reinforcing substrate. These reinforced membranes may advantageously be used as separators in fuel cells, and as selective barriers in permeation separation and facilitated transport operations.
1. A process for making a composite membrane comprising:
a) forming an ion exchange film from a fluorinated polymer;
b) forming a porous hydrocarbon substrate;
c) coating at least one side of said film or substrate or both with a solvent for said polymer, said coating being performed at a temperature below the degradation temperature of the substrate and the film; and
d) pressing together the coated side or sides of the substrate and the film at a temperature below the degradation temperature of the substrate and the film to facilitate bonding of the substrate and the film.
2. The process of claim 1 comprising the further step of heating the membrane and/or applying vacuum to remove the solvent.
3. The process of claim 1 comprising the further step of applying pressure to the membrane to facilitate bonding of the substrate to the film.
4. The process of claim 1 comprising the further step of hydrolyzing of the membrane.
5. The process of claim 1 comprising the further step of impregnating the substrate and/or the membrane with an ionic surfactant.
6. The process of claim 1 wherein the solvent is a lower aliphatic alcohol, a perfluorinated cycloalkane, a perfluorinated aromatic compound or a perfluorotrialkylamine.
7. The process of claim 1 comprising the further step of applying heat to the membrane to facilitate bonding of the substrate to the film.
8. The process of claim 1 in which steps c) and d) of the process are performed at or near room temperature.
9. The process of claim 1 wherein the solvent contains dissolved or dispersed ion exchange polymer.
10. The process of claim 9 wherein the ion exchange polymer used to make the film is the same as the ion exchange polymer dissolved or dispersed in the solvent.
11. A process for making a composite membrane comprising:
a) forming an ion exchange film from a fluorinated polymer;
b) hydrolyzing said polymer film;
c) forming a porous hydrocarbon substrate;
d) coating at least one side of said hydrolyzed film or substrate or both with a solvent for said polymer, said coating being performed at a temperature below the degradation temperature of the substrate and the film; and
e) pressing together the coated side or sides of the substrate and the film at a temperature below the degradation temperature of the substrate and the film to facilitate bonding of the substrate and the film.
12. The process of claim 11 comprising the further step of heating the membrane and/or applying vacuum to remove the solvent.
13. The process of claim 11 comprising the .further step of applying pressure to the membrane to facilitate bonding of the substrate to the film.
14. The process of claim 11 comprising the further step of impregnating the substrate and/or the membrane with an ionic surfactant.
15. The process of claim 11 wherein the solvent is a lower aliphatic alcohol, a perfluorinated cycloalkane, a perfluorinated aromatic compound or a perfluorotrialkylamine.
16. The process of claim 11 comprising the further step of applying heat to the membrane to facilitate bonding of the substrate to the film.
17. The process of claim 11 in which steps d) and e) of the process are performed at or near room temperature.
18. The process of claim 11 wherein the solvent contains dissolved or dispersed ion exchange polymer.
19. The process of claim 18 wherein the ion exchange polymer used to make the film is the same as the ion exchange polymer dissolved or dispersed in the solvent.
The invention relates to a method for making an non-porous composite fluorinated ion exchange membrane which is particularly useful in fuel cells, electrolytic cells and other chemical separations. The method comprises the lamination of a fluorinated ion exchange film to a porous substrate made from a hydrocarbon, preferably a polyolefin, such as polyethylene.
In electrochemical cells such as electrolytic cells or fuel cells, it is important to provide a separator between the anode and cathode compartments. Chemically stable ion exchange membranes made from perfluorosulfonic acid polymer, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,282,875; 3,718,627; 4,358,545; and 4,329,434, or from perfluorocarboxylic acid polymer, as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,131,740 and 4,734,170, have found broad use as separators, particularly for the electrolysis of brine.
For reasons of quality, efficiency, cost effectiveness and often safety it is important that the separator in an electrolytic cell be tear, abrasion, puncture and scratch resistant, yet not so thick or reinforced that its resistance to ionic conduction is excessively high, in which case the corresponding power requirements of an electrolytic cell are excessively high.
Fluorinated ion exchange membranes are also well known in the field of fuel cells. Such ion exchange membranes have good chemical and thermal resistance and have been used in fuel cells, such as methanol-air fuel cells and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells. In a fuel cell system, a problem arises which is similar to the problem in an electrolytic cell: reduced electrical energy efficiency arises due to ohmic loss by electrical resistance of the membrane in which case the corresponding power output of the fuel cell is excessively low.
In order to reduce the membrane resistance, it is desirable to decrease the thickness of the membrane and increase the water content. However, a decrease in thickness and an increase of the water content may reduce the electrical resistance, but brings about an abrupt deterioration of the membrane strength.
The mechanical strength of membranes used in an electrolytic cell is important. It is also important in a fuel cell, especially a gaseous fuel cell. Many fuel cells operate at high differential pressure which increases the likelihood of damage to the fragile membrane. Such differential pressure may be subject to fluctuation which also increases the liklihood of damage to the membrane. In addition, fuel cells, especially fuel cells used in motor vehicles or similar applications, are frequently shut down and restarted; such cycling causes the membrane to dehydrate and rehydrate which causes stress and further increases the likelihood of damage to the membrane.
Prior art fluorinated membranes can be in the form of a reinforced or unreinforced film or laminar structure. Use of reinforcement within a membrane, while making it stronger, is not totally beneficial. As noted above, one deleterious effect is that use of reinforcement such as fabric results in a thicker membrane, which in turn leads to higher electrical resistance. A second deleterious effect, which also leads to higher resistance, is caused by a "shadowing" effect of the reinforcing members. The shortest path for an ion through a membrane is a straight perpendicular path from one surface to the other surface. Reinforcement members are usually fabricated of substance which is not ion-permeable. Those parts of a membrane where an ion cannot travel perpendicularly straight through the membrane, and from which the ion must take a circuitous path around a reinforcing member, are termed "shadowed areas." Introduction of shadowed areas into a membrane by use of reinforcement leads to a reduction in the portion of the membrane which actively transports ions, and thus increases the resistance of the membrane. A third deleterious effect of the use of reinforcement within a membrane is poor water management. Particularly, water is being generated in the cathode side of the fuel cell and diffuses through the membrane from the cathode side to the anode side. With a thick membrane having reinforcement, the water diffusion is slow and one side of the membrane dries out, resulting in increased membrane resistance.
Reinforcement mechanisms have been devised in which a fabric, usually made from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibers or expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (EPTFE) fibers, has been partially or wholly encapsulated by or embedded in the perfluoro ion exchange polymer. Commercial products reflect this approach. Such reinforced membranes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,604, 170; and Japanese Patent Applications No. 62-280231 and 62-280230. However, it requires about a 5-10 mil thickness of ion exchange membrane to effectively bond to and encapsulate the fabric. Thinner membranes are unsatisfactory because they may not completely cover the fabric on both sides and the integrity of the membrane is impaired. The electrical resistance in aqueous media of this reinforced 5-10 mil structure is considerably higher than that of an unreinforced thinner membrane because of the increased thickness and the reduced effective cross section available for ion transport because of the encapsulated fabric. With such a membrane, the resistance is high and such a membrane is not necessarily satisfactory for use in electrolytic cell or fuel cells.
More significantly, PTFE, EPTFE or similar reinforcements are too expensive and are difficult to process. For example, ion exchange membranes reinforced with PTFE or EPTFE may be formed by laminating at an elevated temperature the PTFE/EPTFE to a precursor perfluorinated ion exchange film.
The precursor perfluorinated ion exchange polymer is extruded at a temperature less than 300° C. to form a film. As noted above, this film can be perfluorinated sulfonyl fluoride polymer, perfluorinated carboxylester polymer, or a multilayered structure of such sulfonyl fluoride polymers, carboxylester polymers or both, where the different polymers form distinct layers in the coextruded film.
Lamination of the film (single or multilayer) to the PTFE/EPTFE, takes place with surface temperatures of about 270° C.-280° C. and under a pressure differential of not more than about 760 mm mercury. This lamination step is difficult to control and may result in poor reproducibility and poor uniformity. In addition, the process used to make membranes reinforced with materials such as PTFE or EPTFE disadvantageously requires at least one costly heat lamination step. In addition, the fluorinated membrane may be damaged during such high temperature processing.
Reinforced ion exchange membranes are also useful in chemical separations and facilitated transport mechanisms. In the separation of fluids, membranes through which fluids have different permeation rates have been useful in separating mixtures of those fluids. Such membranes have been wound with macroporous separating meshes which permit free flow of fluids to and from the membrane's surfaces and modules have been constructed. Thin perfluoroionomer films have a very high permeability to water and some other polar molecules, but effective permeation separation modules cannot be built from these thin, fragile perfluoroionomer films.
Facilitated transport is a related separation technique wherein a continuous membrane is plasticized or swollen with a liquid. The dissolved liquid complexes with one of the fluids, such as gases, to be separated and selectively facilitates its transport across the membrane. Again, thin perfluoroionomer films offer some unique opportunities for facilitated transport, as, for example, in the separation of amino acids in aqueous media, but the thin perfluoroionomer does not have sufficient dimensional stability or mechanical strength to undergo module construction or withstand operating pressure differentials. U.S. Pat. No. 4,194,041 provides for a waterproof article which is composited with a hydrophobic EPTFE layer and permits the passage of water vapor. The ability to transport aqueous liquids is important not only in electrolytic processes but also in permeation separation and facilitated transport operations.
The disadvantages of membranes reinforced with PTFE, EPTFE or the like may be overcome by using a membrane reinforced with other porous substrates, such as porous substrates made from hydrocarbons, such as polyolefin, especially polyethylenes, polyesters or polycarbonates, preferably made from linear high density polyethylene ("LHDPE"). Such substrates or fabrics provide a relatively inexpensive membrane with good mechanical strength capable of operation at low electrical resistance with good water management. However, such substrates usually cannot be processed at the high temperatures used to process PTFE/EPTFE reinforcement and the accompanying precursor polymer film. Such substrates may be thermally unstable and may, for example, degrade, decompose or melt at temperatures of 260° C. LHPDE, for example, will melt and lose porosity, and possibly degrade, at temperatures of about 130° C.
Therefore, a method is needed to produce a substantially non-porous, composite ion exchange membrane which is reinforced with porous LHDPE or the like and may advantageously be processed at room temperature or low temperatures to prevent the substrate from degrading or melting.
The present invention provides a simple, inexpensive, reproducible process of making a reinforced substantially non-porous membrane with satisfactory mechanical strength and very low resistance to ionic conduction which approaches that of very thin, unreinforced perfluoro ion exchange polymer membranes. The process eliminates the need for a costly heat lamination step and provides an alternate method for making membranes when high temperature lamination will melt, degrade or decompose on the components. The process of the present invention provides composite membranes which overcome the mechanical strength limitations of thin perfluoroionomer films without significantly reducing the high permeation and transport rates possible with these thin perfluoroionomer films. Such reinforced ion exchange membranes are particularly useful in fuel cells.
A process of making a composite fluorinated ion exchange membrane is provided. The process provides a composite membrane comprising a fluorinated ion exchange polymer film bonded to a substantially porous hydrocarbon substrate. The composite membrane is substantially non-porous to bulk flow of fluids but permits ions, especially cations, to transport across the composite structure.
The porous substrate used in the present invention is made from a hydrocarbon, preferably having a melting point below about 220° C., such as polyolefin, preferably LHDPE. The substrate may be a fabric, may be woven or nonwoven. The bond between the substrate and fluorinated ion exchange polymer film is formed by applying a solvent to a surface of the film and then applying the substrate. The fluorinated ion exchange polymer film preferably is perfluorosulfonate or perfluorocarboxylate. The fluorinated ion exchange polymer is solubilized by coating a surface of the membrane with a solvent. The use of certain solvents advantageously enables the membrane to be processed at or near room temperature. A sufficient amount of solvent should preferably be used so as to permit the solubilized fluorinated ion exchange polymer layer to flow into the pores of the substrate so as to facilitate adhesion between the porous substrate and the ion exchange film. In addition, the solvent preferably contains dissolved or suspended fluorinated ion exchange polymer.
The composite membrane made by the present method may be used as a reinforced thin selective barrier in chemical separations, providing mechanical strength without sacrificing low resistance to selective transport inherent in a thin perfluoro ion exchange polymer film alone. The composite membrane may be employed as an electrolytic separator between anode and cathode compartments in an electrochemical cell, especially a fuel cell, providing high voltage operation. The membrane may also be used as a thin continuous barrier in permeation separations and in facilitated transport operations, whereby the fabric provides mechanical support and the spaces between woven fibers provide avenues of passage of fluids to and from the membrane's surfaces without substantially sacrificing the high selective permeation rates to water and other hydrophilic materials inherent in the thin perfluoro ion exchange polymer film.
A method for making a mechanically strong composite fluoropolymer membrane with low resistance to ionic conduction in electrolytic processes and allowing high permeation rates in permeation separation and facilitated transport operations is provided. The membrane comprises a substantially nonporous fluorinated ion exchange polymer film attached on one or both sides to a substantially porous reinforcing substrate. One or both sides of the polymer film may be bonded to a substrate.
The porous substrate layer of the present invention is made from a hydrocarbon, preferably a polyolefin, preferably having a melting point below about 220° C. The polyolefins particularly useful in making the membranes include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene, copolymers of those materials, and the like. Polyethylene is preferred and may be high, medium or low density. The substrate may be a fabric which is woven or non-woven and (a) provides mechanical anchoring sites whereby the ion exchange membrane may be firmly bonded; (b) provides a support preventing the relatively thin ion exchange membrane from being ruptured or damaged; and (c) by virtue of the thinness and high porosity of the fabric does not greatly reduce the effective cross section of the membrane for ionic conduction. In this way, substrates can be used to inexpensively reinforce or armor thin fluorinated membranes without greatly increasing the low resistance to ionic flow inherent in the unreinforced ion exchange membranes.
The substrate layer may be a continuous sheet or may be a fabric, woven using various weaves, such as the plain weave, basket weave, leno weave, or others. Relatively open weaves are preferred because the electric resistance is lower. The fibers used in the support fabrics may be monofilaments or multifilament yarns. They may be of ordinary round cross sections, or may have specialized cross sections. Oblong or rectangular cross sections, if suitably oriented to the membrane, make it possible to get more reinforcing action with a thinner overall membrane.
In the present invention, the performance of an electrochemical cell such as a fuel cell depends largely on the equivalent weight and thickness of the ion exchange resin layer. The substrate primarily provides the support and reinforcement of the ion exchange resin layer. Thus, the membrane made by the process of the present invention is constituted by an ion exchange layer having a continuous barrier to stop bulk flow of the reactants, and a porous substrate having low electric resistance and high mechanical strength.
In the process for making the membrane, an ion exchange resin layer is integrally laminated to and supported by the substrate layer. The substrate is applied to the continuous fluorinated polymer membrane (preferably in its so-called precursor form) by coating the substrate and/or the surface of the membrane or both with a solvent that will dissolve or disperse some of the polymer precursor at temperatures below the degradation temperature of the substrate. Preferably, the solution or dispersion forms a thin, even layer on the membrane and/or the substrate but does not substantially penetrate the membrane. If the solvent is not uniformly applied then the composite membrane may contain airholes which reduces adhesion between the layers and adversely effects the electrochemical properties of the membrane.
It is also possible to apply a solvent to both sides of the ion exchange resin layer. The solvent should preferably be applied in sufficient amount to dissolve or disperse some of the ion exchange resin on the surface of the layer so as to permit some of the ion exchange resin to penetrate into the pores of the substrate. The substrate may then be overlaid on such surface(s) of the ion exchange resin layer. The surfaces of the substrate and/or the membrane to which the solvent has been applied are then pressed together. Optionally, the layers may be heated and fused together provided that the process is conducted at a temperature below that which would cause the degradation of the fabric. For LHDPE, the lamination process must be performed below about 130° C. Heating of the layers also facilitates the dissolution of resin on the surface of the ion exchange resin layer. The solvent may be removed by vacuum and/or at elevated temperatures. The ion exchange resin layer and the substrate layer are thus integrally bonded.
In addition to such a method, it is possible to form a coating layer in which a solution, suspension or paste of the polymer for forming the ion exchange resin layer (optionally with other resins or plasticizers) is coated on one or both sides of the substrate layer, and the solvent is evaporated or the coating is heated to a temperature higher than the softening point of the polymer.
Compounds useful herein as solvents for the ion exchange resin include, without limitation, lower aliphatic alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, perfluorinated cycloalkanes, perfluorinated aromatic compounds and perfluorotrialkylamines.
Perfluorinated cycloalkanes are saturated cyclic compounds, which may contain fused or unfused rings. The cycloalkane compounds may be substituted by perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkylene groups. Perfluoroalkylene group is an alkylene group which is branched or linear and connects two different carbocyclic rings. The total number of carbon atoms in all of the perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkylene groups in a molecular of the solvent are preferably less than the total number of carbon atoms in the carbocyclic rings of the solvent molecule. It is preferred if there are at least twice as many carbon atoms in the rings of the solvent molecule as there are atoms in the perfluoroalkyl and perfluoroalkylene groups. Perfluorinated aromatic compounds are similar to perfluorocyclic alkanes, provided that one or more of the constituents is a phenyl group. The perfluorinated aromatic compounds may also be substituted with perfluoroalkyl groups or perfluoroalkylene groups. Perfluorotrialkyl amines include, for example, perfluorotrihexyl amine.
In order to ensure that the perfluorinated cycloalkane, perfluorinated aromatic compounds or perfluorotrialkyl amine solvents will actually dissolve the polymer, the critical temperature of the solvent should be preferably about 150° C. or higher, most preferably about 180° C. or higher. Such solvents include, but are not limited to, hexafluorobenzene, perfluoromethylcyclohexane, perfluorodecalin, perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene, and perfluorotrihexylamine, preferably perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene.
Other suitable solvents are well known and include fluorinated ethers of the FREON® E series, such as FREON® E1 and FREON® E2.
The chemical structure of the FREON® E series is: ##STR1## where the E number is equal to n.
British Patent Specification 1,286,859, describes a solution of water with at least 5% by weight of an organic solvent which is suitable for dissolving fluorinated polymers having a low equivalent weight; U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,991 describes a solvent of water or water and an alcohol which dissolves perfluorinated ion exchange polymers at temperatures between 180° C. and 300° C. and below the critical temperature of the liquid components. The solvents described herein are not limiting. Any solvent which partially or fully dissolves the fluorinated ion exchange polymer at temperatures below the temperature that the substrate will degrade are suitable. In addition, the solvent which is applied preferably contains dissolved or suspended ion exchange resin. Preferably, the ion exchange resin is the same resin used to fabricate the ion exchange film.
In any case, in the present invention, any method may be employed for dissolving or dispersing the ion exchange resin so long as it provides a membrane in which an ion exchange resin layer is integrally laminated and supported on one or both sides of the hydrocarbon substrate layer. The total thickness will be preferably from 70 to 350 mm.
The preferred process for the manufacture of a two-layer, fabric-reinforced composite ion exchange membrane involves a series of steps, as follows:
(1) The precursor of the fluorinated polymer is melt extruded to form a film. This precursor polymer may be the sulfonyl fluoride copolymer or the carboxylester copolymer. Both materials may be coextruded to form a bilayer film containing a layer of each polymer;
(2) The precursor film is laminated or bonded to a porous hydrocarbon substrate, preferably a polyolefin fabric such as TYVEK®, MYLAR® or PULPLUS® (all of which are commercially available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company) wherein the solvent is used to facilitate bonding between the fabric and the ion exchange layer. The solvent or a liquid solution of solvent and a fluorinated ion exchange resin is applied, sprayed or coated onto the ion exchange resin layer. The fabric is overlaid onto the surface of the ion exchange resin layer. The solvent is then removed by application of a vacuum.
(3) Optionally, the composite membrane is impregnated with a dilute (e.g., 2%) liquid composition of low equivalent weight ionomer (as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,991), and dried.
(4) The precursor film layer is hydrolyzed to the fluoroionomer form in an aqueous alkaline solution (preferably containing a polar organic solvent such as isopropanol or DMSO), rinsed with water, and dried. In particular, hydrolysis may be performed as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,584,071; e.g., 50° C.-100° C. solution of 6-20% KOH (preferred) or other soluble hydroxide, 5-40% polar organic solvent (DMSO preferred) and 50-90% water with a contact time of at least 5 minutes. The composite is next rinsed with water for at least 10 minutes resulting in the potassium salt form of the perfluorosulfonate polymer. If desired, the polymer can be exchanged to the desired ionic form by contacting a bath of at least 1% of a salt of the desired cation, or an acid if the hydrogen form is desired, rinsed again with water and dried.
(5) Optionally, the substrate and/or the membrane is impregnated with a solution (preferably 0.2-5%) an ionic surfactant in a water or a water/salt solution and drying.
Each step of the process can be performed on a separate piece of continuously operating equipment with a roll wind-up. However, to prepare a composite involving a very thin continuous ionomeric film layer, and also for economics at high production levels, steps (1) and (2) can be combined. Step (3) could be integrated with step (2) by spraying or otherwise impregnating the membrane as it comes off the laminator (or melt coater) and drying before wind-up.
The three-layer composite may be prepared by following steps (1) and (2) to yield a two-layer laminate and then repeating step (2) in applying a second substrate to the other side of the continuous film layer. It is possible to form a sandwich-like membrane with a layer of substrate sandwiched between two ion exchange resin layers or a layer of ion exchange resin sandwiched between two layers of fabric. Other multilayer variations may also be prepared.
In an alternate embodiment, the precursor ion exchange film may first be hydrolyzed and then laminated or bonded to the porous hydrocarbon substrate.
The ion exchange film can be of fluorinated sulfonyl fluoride polymer, fluorinated carboxylester polymer, or a multilayered structure of such sulfonyl fluoride polymers, carboxylester polymers or both, where the different polymers form distinct layers in the coextruded film. Alternatively, a multilayer film can be made by extruding separate films and "blocking" the films together; i.e., putting the films together under low pressure and heat so that they adhere together through the lamination process.
Also, hydrolysis can be carried out prior to coating the membrane with ionomer if the water content of the hydrolysis bath is low enough so that the bath solution will fully penetrate the membrane, thus preventing delamination from occurring. This would involve hydrolyzing the structure immediately after lamination of the polymer film in a solution of 5-20% alkali metal hydroxide, 30-90% polar organic solvent and 0-60% water, the solution being such that it will enter into the substrate portion of the composite to completely fill the porous structure, at 50° C.-100° C. with a contact time of at least 5 minutes. The structure is rinsed in water and dried. A 1-6% liquid composition of the acid form of the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer in a polar organic solvent is then sprayed or coated onto the fabric side of the structure in the same manner as above. The surfactant, if desired, and salt, if desired, can be applied with the polymer solution.
The substrate layer may optionally be treated to impart a hydrophilic nature to the interior thereof, prior to or subsequent to the bonding with an ion exchange resin layer. Various methods known in the art may be employed as a means to impart the hydrophilic nature to the porous material. For instance, an inorganic hydrophilic nature-imparting agent is incorporated during the formation of the porous material to impart the hydrophilic nature to the material forming the porous layer.
The ion exchange resin layer constituting the membrane of the present invention is made of a fluorine-containing polymer preferably having an ion exchange capacity of from 0.5 to 2.0 meq/g dry resin, most preferably from 0.8 to 1.6 meq/g dry resin, and having preferably carboxylic acid groups, sulfonyl groups or phosphoric acid groups.
The ion exchange resin layer used in this invention is fluorinated, which means that at least 90%, preferably at least 95% and most preferably all of the atoms attached to the carbons are F atoms or side-chain ether groups, which may contain functional groups hydrolyzable to salts. The nonfluorine atoms, if used, may be H, Cl or Br. The following examples of fluorinated sulfonyl and carboxylic acid polymers are not limiting.
The sulfonyl polymers according to this invention may be fluorinated polymers with side chains containing the group --CF2 CFR'SO2 X, wherein R' is F, Cl, CF2 Cl or a C1 to C10 perfluoroalkyl radical, and X is F or Cl, preferably F. Ordinarily, the side chains will contain --OCF2 CF2 CF2 SO2 X or --OCF2 CF2 SO2 F groups, preferably the latter. The perfluorinated polymers are preferred.
Polymers containing the side chain ##STR2## where k of 0 or 1 and j is 2, 3, 4, or 5, may be used.
Preferred polymers contain the side chain --(OCF2 CFY)r --OCF2 CFR'SO2 X, where R', Y, and X are as defined above; and r is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Especially preferred are copolymers containing the side chain ##STR3##
The salt-form carboxylic polymers have a fluorinated hydrocarbon backbone chain to which are attached side chains carrying, before hydrolysis to the salt form, certain function groups hydrolzable in an alkaline medium to carboxylate groups, such as nitrile or ester groups. The polymers include; e.g,. those containing the --(OCF2 CFY)n --O--CF2 --CF2 --W side chains, where Y is F or CF3 ; n is 0, 1, or 2; and W is COOR or --CN, where R is lower alkyl. Among these polymers, those with n=1 and Y=CF3 are preferred.
Polymerization to form the sulfonyl or carboxylic acid polymers may be carried out by known methods.
The copolymers used in the manufacture of ion exchange resin layers used in the membrane of the present invention should be of high enough molecular weight to produce films which are preferably self-supporting in both their melt-fabricable (precursor) form and in the hydrolyzed ion exchange form.
The equivalent weight of the ion exchange resin is not critical, and depends somewhat on the structure of the salt-containing side chain on each polymer. It may be obtained by using a mole ratio of tetrafluoroethylene to the comonomer in the carboxylate copolymer of 5.0-8.2, preferably 6.0-7.4. In the case where the carboxylate side chains are salts of --OCF2 --CF(CF3)--O--CF2 --CF2 --COOH, the broad equivalent weight of the nonporous layer in contact with the catholyte should be about 908-1230, and the preferred equivalent weight will be about 1008-1150. The equivalent weights are expressed for the --COOCH3 form.
The equivalent weight of the sulfonate polymer is even less critical. In the case where the side chain is the salt of --O--CF2 --CF(CF3)--O--CF2 --CF2 --SO3 H, the equivalent weight should be 800-1500, preferably 900-1300, and most preferably 900-1100. The equivalent weight of the sulfonate layer is calculated for the --CO3 H form.
The ion exchange resin layer may also be made of a laminated layer or a blended layer comprising two or more fluorine-containing polymers having different ion exchange groups and/or different ion exchange capacities. Namely, by using a combination of at least two types such as a combination of a fluorine-containing polymer having carboxylic acid groups and a fluorine-containing polymer having sulfonic acid groups, or a combination of at least two fluorine-containing polymers of the same type with different ion exchange groups, the respective fluorine-containing polymers may be blended to form an ion exchange resin layer, or the respective fluorine-containing polymers may preliminarily be formed into films, and such films are preferably heated and pressed for lamination to form an ion exchange resin layer. Further, the ion exchange resin layer may also be formed by converting ion exchange groups such as sulfonic acid groups on one side or both sides of a fluorine-containing polymer film into carboxylic acid groups.
The ion exchange resin layer may be of any thickness, but it should be recognized that the thickness may be important in the operation of the present invention. Namely, an ion exchange membrane has low water-permeability, and thus has a higher resistance as compared with a fabric layer. Therefore, the thickness of the ion exchange resin layer is made preferably as small as possible, and usually smaller than the substrate layer. Therefore, the thickness of the ion exchange resin layer is less than about 250 μm, preferably less than 100 μm.
The membrane comprising the porous hydrocarbon substrate layer and the ion exchange resin layer may then be used for facilitated transport processes or chemical separations. It may also be subjected to the above-mentioned treatment for imparting the hydrophilic nature by having at least a portion of its interior pores coated with a perfluoro ion exchange polymer. After imparting the hydrophilic nature to the substrate, the membrane is particularly useful in the fuel cell.
The membrane made according to the present invention provides high power efficiency and low membrane resistance for the generation of electricity in a fuel cell; and by the use of a substrate layer, preferably an LHDPE layer, it provides good mechanical strength, especially tear strength required for the membrane during use in the fuel cell or in its handling. Moreover, the process of making the membrane is simple, reproduce and eliminates the need for a costly heat lamination step.
It is also possible to provide a gas and liquid permeable substrate layer containing electrocatalytically inactive particles or a gas and liquid permeable fabric layer on one or both surfaces of the ion exchange resin layer of the present invention, to further reduce the membrane resistance during operation of the fuel cell.
Initial wetting of the membrane may also be facilitated by treatment of the substrate with a water soluble ionic surfactant such as ammonium perfluorooctanoate.
The generation of electricity in the fuel cell, by means of the membrane of the present invention may be conducted under known conditions. Fuel cells have application as a power source for aerospace devices, unmanned facilities on sea or shore, stationary or movable radios, automobiles or domestic appliances. A plurality of electrochemical fuel cells are often used to provide an economical multistage operation.
The present membrane may also find use in certain electrolysis processes, such as a chloralkali cell, although it should be appreciated that the substrate may deteriorate in the harsh chemical and thermal environment of an electrolytic cell. For example, in electrolysis processes producing caustic exceeding 20% in concentration, a continuous bilayer ion exchange membrane comprising a thin layer of perfluorocarboxylate polymer on one surface of perfluorosulfonate ion exchange polymer film (as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,487,668) may be incorporated in the composite of this invention with the thin sulfonate layer interfacing with a substrate, such as LHDPE.
Correspondingly, the composites of the present invention can also be used in permeation separation and facilitated transport separation processes and devices. The substrate provides mechanical strength and support and the spaces between the fibers provide avenues for relatively unencumbered passage of fluids to and from the continuous membrane surface without substantially sacrificing the high selective permeation or facilitated transport rates possible with thin perfluoroionomer membranes. Coating the interior and exterior surfaces of the substrate with perfluoroionomer renders the substrate structure sufficiently hydrophilic to avoid gas locking which would block the free passage of aqueous liquids to the membrane surface. In addition, the external and internal coating provides an inert reinforcement of the substrate structure against compression and collapse under a substantial pressure gradient.
The term "substrate" or "fabric" in this disclosure includes, without limitation, substrates and fabrics woven from fibers and also nonwoven webs and sheets of these fibers laid down by a variety of techniques. Within the intent of this disclosure, the term "fabric" also includes polymeric netting, meshes and screens fabricated as one web or by cutting holes in a sheet, in which the intersections between fibers or strength members are completely fused. The substrate layer referred to herein may be a distinct layer or may be integrally bonded to one or more of the other layers.
The term "bond" between substrate and ion exchange resin in this disclosure refers to a union between the fiber or strength member of the substrate with the ion exchange resin, the union being largely, but not necessarily exclusively, mechanical and involving the intermingling of surface components of the ion exchange resin layer with the structure of the substrate. An adhesive material may also effect the bond.
Composite ion exchange membranes were prepared by laminating NAFION® ion exchange films having thicknesses of 1-4 mils to polyolefin substrates. Substrates used were TYVEK® 1056D, TYVEK® 980, PULPLUS® 161 and calendared PULPLUS® 161. Solutions were made using NAFION® pellets and perfluorotetradecahydrophenanthrene (C14 F24) solvent. The solutions were made at 90° C. so as to increase solubility. The solution was applied to the surface of the substrate and the substrate was then laid on the ion exchange film and the layers were laminated at 120° C., 20 in. Hg Vacuum and a laminator speed of 6 in/min.
The membranes were then hydrolzed to the potassium form. A hydrolyzing solution was made that consisted of 10% KOH (weight) in 50/50 methanol and water (volume). The membranes were hydrolyzed at 80° C. for two hours. Spot testing was done with a SEVRON® stain solution that only satins NAFION®. The stain showed completed penetration of the NAFION® in the substrate.
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Soaps Boards :: General Hospital Forum :: Kiki/Star
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Quote flanndreams: I agree with the comments here. It does make it confusing to keep track of who they are because your brain is seeing Starr, Todd and John but oh, wait, nope, they're new people now. I know this is all because they weren't expecting to be back on OLTL and when it was revived, their show claimed them back, but I can't get used to their new GH characters and just doesn't make sense to me.
With M.E., especially, he was John, then vampire guy Caleb came to town and people confused John with him because they looked alike, but now he's Silas, who looks like his brother Caleb...or something like that, I've lost track. LOL.
I wish the writers could've had a magic ball to see whether the revived OLTL will even make it in the long run; if not, then maybe they could've waited till John, Todd and Starr were free to return. They had started romances with some PC residents that I wanted to see more of.
I agree with you one hundred percent. It doesn't look like One Life to Live is lasting on Prospect Park or going to proceed with all the news going on. So I don't understand the reasons they wont just let GH have the original characters those actors played before returning as the new ones being written for them now. It is clear the actors did not want to go back to One Life to Live after it was gone.
It clear to me the one thing OLTL lost was its writer and that is more important than any actor or character they may have lost in the dispute. I watched all three ABC daytime shows for years, but was not as religious about following OLTL. I have watched the online versions and liked both AMC and OLTL as with anything new it is different then the old version.
i think the idea of playing a new character was probably exciting at first for Kristen since she had played Starr for most of her life. When they first introduced Kiki, it looked like she was going to be the bad girl so she would be very different than the very good, very intelligent Starr. But now she's not so bad but lacks the intelligence of Starr. And I like her with blond hair better.
Kristen Aldersen hair color is a lighter brown and it's very pretty, she lighten it to blond before she left OLTL.
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Janine spontaneously squires the children to an amusement park, but things aren't so amusing when she fails to get CJ's consent. The emotional roller coaster continues for CJ when he discovers Calvin is wooing Tracie.


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