text:
A panel assembly and method of manufacturing the panel assembly, especially adjusted for use in vehicle panels, include locating a preformed gasket in a support fixture in a predetermined pattern to be bonded to a sheet-like panel. The gasket is formed from a polymeric material separately from the panel. The panel is of appropriate size and geometry to fit within a desired vehicle opening. At least one panel surface to receive the gasket is prepared by being primed with a bonding reagent. The panel and primer may be preheated before receiving the gasket to drive off remaining carriers/solvents and improve the bonding process. The panel and preset gasket are pressed together such that the securing flange is in intimate contact with the panel. Locator pins may be used to properly position the panel with respect to the gasket. Once located, heat and pressure are applied, preferably substantially simultaneously, the heat being applied from a side opposite the primed surface, preferably by focused or tuned infrared irradiation.
1. A method for manufacturing a panel assembly comprising:
providing a sheet-like panel having at least one surface;
supporting a preformed gasket in a predetermined pattern with a bonding surface arranged to face said panel portion;
priming at least one of said panel surface and said bonding surface of said gasket by applying an adhesion promoting priming composition thereto;
locating said panel on said preformed gasket following arrangement of said gasket in said predetermined pattern;
forcing said panel against said gasket to form a contact boundary; and
heating said contact boundary between said panel and said gasket to bond said gasket to said panel to form said panel assembly.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, further including heating said panel after priming to promote adhesion.
3. A method as recited in claim 2, further including heating said gasket prior to locating said panel thereon.
4. A method as recited in claim 1, further including:
generating infrared energy;
directing said infrared energy through said panel;
monitoring said infrared energy being absorbed by said contact boundary; and
controlling said infrared energy to maximize heat transfer to said contact boundary.
5. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein the step of directing said infrared energy includes focusing a controlled, infrared beam of radiation into said panel from a side opposite that receiving said gasket.
6. A method as recited in claim 4, wherein the step of directing said infrared energy includes selecting an optimum frequency of infrared radiation adapted to be transmitted through said panel without significant attenuation from a side opposite that receiving said gasket.
7. A method as recited in claim 1, further including placing said gasket in a predetermined pattern.
8. A method as recited in claim 1, further comprising the step of forming said gasket into a continuous closed-loop prior to locating said panel thereon.
9. A method as recited in claim 1, further including heating said gasket prior to locating said panel thereon.
10. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the step of heating said contact boundary includes focusing radiation on said contact boundary from a side of said panel opposite said gasket.
11. A method as recited in claim 1, further including molding said gasket into said predetermined pattern.
12. A method as recited in claim 1, further including extruding said gasket prior to the step of supporting said gasket in a pattern.
13. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said molding includes injection molding said gasket.
14. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said molding includes pour molding said gasket.
15. A method as recited in claim 11, wherein said molding includes blow molding said gasket.
16. A method as recited in claim 13, wherein said injection molding includes reaction injection molding said gasket.
17. A product formed by the method as recited in claim 1.
18. A product formed according to the method as recited in claim 2.
19. A product formed according to the method as recited in claim 9.
20. A method for manufacturing a panel assembly comprising the steps of:
locating a preformed gasket in a retaining fixture, at least a portion of said gasket having a positive relief with respect to said fixture;
preparing at least one surface of a panel having a frit layer adapted to engage said gasket including priming said at least one surface with an adhesion promoting primer composition; and
bonding said gasket to said prepared surface of said panel by pressing said panel and gasket into intimate contact with each other to form said panel assembly.
21. A method as recited in claim 20, further including heating said preformed gasket.
22. A method as recited in claim 21, including heating said gasket to a temperature to promote bonding to said panel.
23. A method as recited in claim 21, including heating said preformed gasket to a temperature sufficient to make said gasket flexible for locating in said fixture.
24. A method as recited in claim 20, further including heating said frit layer.
25. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer occurs prior to the step of bonding.
26. A method as recited in claim 24, further including heating said frit layer from a side of said panel containing said frit layer.
27. A method as recited in claim 25, further including heating said frit layer from a side of said panel opposite said frit layer.
28. A method as recited in claim 30, wherein the step of heating said frit layer occurs during the step of bonding.
29. The method as recited in claim 28, further including heating said frit layer substantially simultaneously with the step of pressuring said panel into contact with said gasket.
30. The method as recited in claim 28, further including heating said frit layer after pressuring said panel into contact with said gasket.
31. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer occurs after the step of bonding.
32. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes irradiating said frit layer with infrared radiation.
33. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes using convection heating.
34. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes using conduction heating.
35. A method as recited in claim 24, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes using induction heating.
36. A method as recited in claim 30, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes using microwave energy.
37. A method as recited in claim 30, wherein the step of heating said frit layer includes using resistive heating.
38. A method as recited in claim 20, further including molding said preformed gasket.
39. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein said molding includes injection molding said gasket.
40. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein said molding includes pour molding said gasket.
41. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein said molding includes below molding said gasket.
42. A method as recited in claim 20, wherein said molding includes casting said gasket.
43. A method as recited in claim 20, further including extruding said preformed gasket.
44. A panel assembly, comprising:
a sheet-like panel having first and second surfaces terminating in a peripheral edge;
a primer coating applied to at least one of said surfaces;
a gasket, formed separately from said panel, bonded to said at least one surface having said primer coating by applying heat to a contact boundary between said panel and said gasket and forcing said panel against said gasket.
45. A panel assembly as recited in claim 44, wherein said gasket includes:
a tubular body; and
at least one securing flange extending from said tubular body to define a bonding surface engaged with said at least one surface.
46. A panel assembly as recited in claim 44, wherein said gasket includes a lip seal extending beyond said peripheral edge of said panel.
47. A panel assembly as recited in claim 45, wherein said gasket includes a lip seal extending beyond said peripheral edge of said panel.
48. A panel assembly as recited in claim 45, wherein said tubular body is disposed outboard of said peripheral edge of said panel.
49. A panel assembly for use in a vehicle opening, comprising:
a sheet-like panel of size and geometry adapted to fit in the vehicle opening, said panel having a first and second surfaces terminating in a peripheral edge;
heat activated bonding means on a portion of said first panel surface proximate said peripheral edge; and
a polymeric gasket formed separately from said sheet-like panel and having a bonding surface engaging said heat activated bonding means on said portion of said first panel surface.
50. A panel assembly as recited in claim 49, wherein said heat activated bonding means is a primer composition on said portion of said first panel surface.
51. A panel assembly as recited in claim 49, wherein said gasket is formed from polyvinyl chloride.
52. A panel assembly as recited in claim 49, wherein said sheet-like panel is a window.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/897,764 filed Jun. 12, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,784.
This invention relates to panel assemblies especially adapted for use as windows in vehicles, buildings or other structures, as well as a method for manufacturing such panel assemblies.
Relatively recent in the history of vehicle panel assemblies, gaskets have been molded or extruded directly onto the window panel. In molded window panels, a sheet of glass is closed within a molding tool and a polymeric material is then injected around the opposing surfaces of the peripheral edge, thereby capturing the peripheral edge of the glass panel within the injected polymeric gasket. After the gasket is cured or hardened, the mold is opened and the panel assembly is removed. To retain the molded panel assembly within the vehicle, studs or clips may be molded within the gasket and used to engage the pinch weld flange forming the vehicle opening. Alternately, or in addition, a bead of adhesive is also often applied to bond the glass panel and gasket directly to the pinch weld flange. A decorative bezel may be molded with the gasket to conceal space between the vehicle and the window assembly. A disadvantage with molding gaskets directly onto the glass panel is the not infrequent breakage of the glass panel during the molding process. Glass panels are not perfectly uniform and are occasionally crushed when the molding tool is closed about the panel.
New styling requirements are calling for flush mounted glass panels having an exposed edge. One flush mounted vehicle panel assembly on the market includes extruded gaskets deposited directly on one surface of a glass sheet. Often the extrusion includes two adhesive beads of polyurethene compounds, one deposited by the panel assembly manufacturer and the other applied by the vehicle assembler. Disadvantages associated with extruded gaskets include long cure time for the first bead, adding cycle time to manufacturing, and constant cross-sectional profiles. In addition to being limited to uniform cross-sectional profiles, the gasket material used in forming extruded gaskets is typically not UV stable by itself and can degrade over time. Moreover, the extrusion does not easily adapt itself to receive mounting studs or clips. The extrusion compound is expensive and requires special storage and handling once formed and cannot be fully completed without creating a seam or gap in the gasket layout.
Another window assembly intended for use in flush mounted applications had a gasket molded directly to a single surface in a molding machine using reaction injection molded (RIM) urethane. Although this technique offered some variable cross sections, the presence of the glass and tooling limitations prevented or precluded gaskets having undercuts or lips. Other disadvantages include instability when subjected to prolonged exposures of ultraviolet light, long cycle times in forming, and increased material costs compared with other materials such as PVC. In addition, tensile or shear forces applied between the glass and gasket result in failure of the adhesive seal of the gasket with the panel as opposed to the desired loss of cohesion in the gasket itself.
None of the prior panel assemblies or methods are as versatile in providing flush mounted panel gaskets having unique cross-sectional profiles, with or without attaching or otherwise capturing fasteners. Moreover, none of the prior methods or panel assemblies can provide flush mounted panel gaskets having cross-sectional profiles which are variable along the panel assembly and satisfy complex sealing requirements.
The present invention includes a unique panel assembly, especially for vehicles, and method for manufacturing the panel assembly.
The method of this invention is preferred in the manufacture of a panel assembly especially suited for use in vehicles. More particularly, the method is used to manufacture window panel assemblies for vehicles wherein the glass panel is flush-mounted within the vehicle opening and sealed therein by one or more gaskets or grommets bonded to a single surface of the panel. Moreover, the method includes adhering a polymeric gasket or grommet to a single surface of a vehicle panel so that the panel may be mounted flush with the vehicle exterior. The method includes the steps of preparing a surface area of the panel adapted to receive the gasket using a material specially adapted to bond the panel with the gasket. The desired gasket profile is formed from a polymeric material separately from the glass panel. The desired gasket is then located with respect to the panel and heat and pressure are applied to the contact boundary to establish the bond.
In one embodiment of the method, the panel and gasket are preheated. Heat is applied to the panel to improve adhesion to the gasket. The gasket is heated to make it more pliable and promote adhesion. The preheated panel is positioned on the gasket and pressed into intimate contact.
In another form of the method, the panel assembly, especially adapted for use in vehicle windows, includes the steps of priming a surface of the panel adapted to receive the gasket, using a material especially adapted to prepare the panel surface to bond with the gasket and allowed to dry. Drying time may be decreased by preheating the panel to drive off any carriers/solvents in the primer coating and to elevate the energy level of the bonding agents. Preheating of the panel may be reduced or eliminated by applying the primer to the gasket surface. Moreover, if preheating is desired, heat may be applied to the panel. Additional heat may also be applied to the interface between the panel and gasket when the panel is forced against the gasket. The additional heat is preferably directed upon a frit layer between the panel and the gasket to further the bonding process.
The panel assembly of this invention is formed according to the method outlined above and includes a sheet-like panel of predetermined size and geometry. The panel has two surfaces terminating in a peripheral edge, one of which may have a cosmetic ceramic frit coating to conceal the vehicle opening and the manner in which it is attached to the vehicle. A primer coating is applied to the panel surface-adapted to receive the gasket and is applied to a restricted area proximate the peripheral edge. The gasket is formed separately from the panel and bonded to the primed surface by the application of heat and pressure. A securing flange or surface of the gasket defines a bonding surface adapted to engage the panel and which may retain mounting hardware to retain the panel in the vehicle. The resulting product made according to the method is a sheet-like panel having a gasket securely attached to at least a portion of at least one surface of the panel and installed as a unit securely within the opening from the exterior.
The panel assemblies and the method of manufacturing them have advantages over the prior art in that the gasket may be mass produced separate from the panel using conventional extrusion or molding techniques. Moreover, the assembly may be accomplished without complex machines to fix the gasket to the panel. Moreover, because bonding the gasket to the panel requires lower pressures than direct molding techniques, fewer panels are broken during the manufacturing process and less waste results. Yet another advantage of the panel assembly and the method of making it is the ability to install the panel assembly in existing vehicles with specific gasket designs for sealing the panel assembly in the vehicle.
These and other objects, advantages, purposes and features of the invention will become more apparent from a study of the following description taken in conjunction with the drawings described below.
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary plan view of a generic panel assembly of this invention;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are fragmentary, cross-sectional views taken along line II--II of FIG. 1;
FIGS. 3A-3L schematically illustrate one embodiment of the method and panel assembly;
FIGS. 4A-4G illustrate one embodiment of a machine used to carry out the method;
FIGS. 5 and 6 are two plan views of machine components shown in FIG. 4;
FIGS. 7 illustrates an alternate technique used the method of this invention;
FIGS. 8 and 9 schematically illustrate heating devices which may be used in this invention; and
FIGS. 10 and 11 generally illustrate alternate embodiments of panel assemblies made in accordance with the method.
In the following description, reference will be made to "gaskets" and "grommets," and will be used interchangeably herein to refer to strip, elongated or string-like seals, as well as complete loop seals, extruded and molded, and adapted to be placed between two or more surfaces. Although the following description will be made primarily with reference to a gasket made from extruded materials, this is not to be construed as a limitation but is provided merely by way of illustration. The method and panel assembly produced according to the method may also be accomplished using gaskets preformed using injection molding techniques, of which specific examples are described in detail below.
Referring now to the drawing figures in greater detail, FIGS. 1 and 2A illustrate one embodiment 20 of the window panel assembly of the present invention specifically adapted for use in a vehicle as a window and includes a panel or sheet of glass 22 which may be tempered, laminated, or otherwise strengthened using conventional techniques. Sheet 22 has two substantially parallel sides or faces 24, 26 which terminate in a peripheral edge 28. Although a transparent sheet of glass is preferred, other panel materials such as opaque tinted glass, or transparent, tinted, or opaque plastic materials, or multi-composite laminates such as glass and plastic could also be used. Panel assembly 20 is of a particular size and geometry adapted to fit within and conform to a window opening 30 formed by sheet metal pinch flange 32 of the vehicle body.
Fixed to inner surface 24, and extending along and around at least a portion of sheet 22 proximate peripheral edge 28, is a flexible, resilient gasket or grommet 40 intended to provide a weather seal with a portion of a vehicle body when assembly 20 is installed. In FIG. 1, gasket 40 is shown to extend around the entire perimeter of surface 24, disposed between sheet metal pinch flange 32 and sheet 22. Gasket 40 may be fixed to a ceramic frit layer 38 (FIG. 2A) applied and bonded to a restricted area on surface 24 proximate peripheral edge 28 to cosmetically conceal gasket 40 and pinch weld flange 32. Alternately, gasket 40 may be fixed directly to surface 24 of sheet 22 if frit layer 38 is not used.
Gasket 40 is preferably resistant to ultraviolet radiation and preformed using conventional extruding or molding techniques from an elastomeric material, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or RIM urethanes. Other materials may also be used to form gasket 40 so long as the material is compliant and compatible with adhesives used to bond panel 22 in the opening. According to one embodiment, gasket 40 may be extruded as a substantially continuous, elongated, strip, string or strand. For example, one possible extruded cross section of gasket 40, as seen in FIG. 2A, includes a substantially tubular body 42 having a concentric inner chamber 44 formed by inner wall 46. At least one securing flange 48 extends from tubular body 42 so that a bonding surface 50 is tangent to the exterior surface of tubular body 42. A second securing flange 49 may extend from the opposite side up tubular body 42 co-planar with securing flange 48. The bonding surface of flange 49 may also be tangential to tubular body 42. The width and thicknesses of securing flanges 48, 49 may vary depending upon the desired bonding area and particular application. It is anticipated that a width of several centimeters will be suitable for most vehicular window applications, while the size and thickness of tubular body 42 will vary depending upon the sealing force necessary in the vehicle after installation along a given portion of the gasket.
One of the many possible cross sections of molded gasket 40a, shown in FIG. 2B, includes a generally rectangular body 42a which has one surface 50a adapted to be adhered to surface 24a of sheet 22a having frit layer 38a. If desired, rectangular body 42a may be molded about and retain mounting hardware 47a such as locating or mounting studs, clips, and the like, and adapted to retain panel assembly 20a in the vehicle opening. Gasket 40a may also include a lip 48a which extends from rectangular body 42a and bridge or otherwise close gap 51a between panel peripheral edge 28a and the vehicle body. As in the embodiment shown in FIG. 2A and described above, the width of rectangular body 42a and the thickness of lip 48a may vary depending upon the desired bonding area and particular application. Gasket 40a may be molded using conventional molding techniques such as injection molding, blow molding, pour molding, and the like. Advantages provided by molded gaskets include the forming of a continuous gasket with variable cross section suited for specific applications and the encapsulation of mounting studs, clips, and the like, retain the panel in the opening.
Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3L, one method of making panel assembly 20 includes obtaining a panel such as previously cut and shaped transparent sheet-like panel 22 having the desired size and geometry adapted to fit within vehicle opening 30 (FIG. 1). Sheet 22 may have one or more peripheral areas of surfaces 24, 26 cleaned with a solvent such as methylethylketone to remove oils, dirt or other debris which may interfere with the bonding process. After the optional cleaning, at least one coating of primer material 60 is applied to one or both of surfaces 24 or 26, or to frit layer 38 (FIG. 2A), to prepare the panel or frit surface to receive gasket 40. The primer is selected to enhance the adhesion/bond between gasket 40 and sheet surface areas 24, 26 or frit layer 38 and may be any of several varieties depending on the material of gasket 40 and sheet 22, such as heat and/or pressure activated compositions. The primer may be applied by brush, pad, roller or spray and allowed to wholly or partially dry to obtain a substantially uniform, even coating to the sheet surface. For panels having the ceramic frit layer, the primer may be applied directly thereto to achieve substantially the same results for preparing the surface for bonding. If gasket 40 is made from a polyvinyl chloride material, a preferred primer is sold under the designation A-1100-B combined with an adhesion promoter designated A-1167-B, both produced by B. F. Goodrich Co. of Akron, Ohio.
Generally simultaneously with the preparation of sheet 22, gasket 40 (FIG. 3F) is loaded in a fixture 62 having a channel 64 corresponding in shape to the exterior surface of body 42 and adapted to retain gasket 40. The bonding surfaces of gasket 40 adapted to be adhered to panel 22 extend above upper surface 65 of fixture 62 in order to make contact with sheet 22. Channel 64 is in a pattern corresponding to the pattern gasket 40 to be attached to sheet 22. The gasket pattern may be a complete or continuous loop outlining the sheet periphery, a straight or curved shape partially outlining the sheet periphery, or numerous other shapes or patterns adapted to match the requirements for the particular vehicle window opening.
If the pattern of gasket 40 is such that it forms a loop, and the gasket material is in the form of an extruded strip, ends 66 may be trimmed at matching angles (FIG. 3G) using a hot wire or similar technique. After the trimming of the gasket ends, the hot ends may be joined to form seam 67 (FIG. 3H). On the other hand, if the gasket pattern is other than a continuous loop, the extruded strip need only be laid in the fixture pattern, terminating the ends in an appropriate manner. In the case of the tubular gasket shown in FIG. 2A, the joining of gasket ends 66 may hermetically seal inner chamber 44, trapping a volume of gas therein, thus rendering gasket 40 quite resilient. If the ends are not joined, each end 66 may be pinched closed in order to achieve the same results. In another embodiment, the gasket may be extruded and preformed to a specific shape by a secondary operation having the ends joined prior to being located in fixture 65. In either case, extruded gasket 40 may include one or more perforations or vents (not shown) extending through body 42 and joining chamber 44, thus making gasket 40 more compliant. Gasket 40, in such case, retains its cubular shape based upon the inherent memory of the material from which it Is made. Moreover, although gasket 40 is shown to have securing flanges 48, 49 and body 42 having substantially the same thickness, it may be made such that walls of body 42 have a different or gradational thickness about its circumference, or that securing flanges 48, 49 are of different thickness or width. In addition, gasket 40 may include locating pins, mounting studs of clips, or other hardware accessories fixed therein, depending upon the desired application.
If gasket 40 is formed from molded material, some of the same principles described above may apply, depending upon the desired shape. For example, if gasket 40 is molded in a strip and is to be joined to form a loop, the ends may be joined, as described above. However, it is preferred that gasket 40 be molded in the desired shape to be attached to the panel. In this manner, the extra step of mending or welding together of the ends of the gasket material to complete the loop is removed. If a molded gasket 40 is to be placed around only a portion of panel 22, it may be molded to that particular shape, or a section of a looped gasket may be removed to obtain the desired configuration. The benefits of molding gasket 40 include encapsulation of mounting hardware such as location studs, mounting studs or clips, and the like, within the gasket material. Another advantage is that the corners and bends are preshaped and need little if no stretching to fit in fixture 62.
After forming gasket 40 using one of the two extrusion methods or by molding, and locating gasket 40 in fixture 62 so as to expose the bonding surface 50, gasket 40 is ready to be adhered to sheet 22. With reference again to the example of extruded gasket 40, shown in FIGS. 3A-3L, prepared sheet 22 is located on gasket 40 such that primed surface 24 engages bonding surface(s) 50 of securing flange 48, 49 and tubular body 42 (FIG. 3I). Sheet 22 is properly located with gasket 40 by sheet locater pins 82 (FIG. 5) extending substantially perpendicular from fixture 62. The sheet is then pressed into intimate contact with bonding surface 50 (FIG. 3J). Locater pins 82 are situated to engage peripheral edge 28 of sheet 22 so that sheet 22 may nest therein in only one particular configuration. The force used to press sheet 22 against gasket 40 may range between 7 and 100 pounds per square inch (psi), depending upon the width of bonding surface 50, the length of gasket 40 to be fixed to sheet 22, the temperature of gasket 40 and/or sheet 22, the nature of the adhesive and gasket material, and the geometry of sheet 22. For the latter characteristic, the amount of force may vary along sheet 22 for complex sheet geometries.
Generally simultaneously with the application of the pressure, heat energy is applied to the interface between sheet 22 and gasket 40 by heating frit layer 38 (FIG. 2A) between sheet 22 and bonding surface 50 of gasket 40 to between 100° and 350° F. (FIG. 3K). It is preferred that both pressure and heat be applied for between three and thirty seconds in order that heating of frit layer 38 activate primer 60 to bond gasket surface 50 with frit layer 38 and/or panel 22, providing a secure adhesion of gasket 40 to sheet 22. Following the application of pressure and heat for the prescribed period of time, the finished panel assembly 20 is allowed to cool before being moved from fixture 62 (FIG. 3L).
The above method may be carried out with a fixture 62 retained within an apparatus 70, such as shown in FIGS. 4A-4G. Device 70 may include a platen 72, spaced directly opposite an assembly 74, housing an extensible foot 76 and a heat energy source 80 Both foot 76 and source 80 may be moved with respect to platen 72. Fixture 62 and platen 52 may include a heat source (not shown) to preheat gasket 40 to at least 100 degrees Fahrenheit (°F.) once loaded-therein. Several techniques may be used to hold gasket 40 in fixture 62, such as undercuts in the gasket channel, and/or projections defined along the flexible, resilient gasket which are then adapted to snap into corresponding recesses in the fixture. Alternatively, a vacuum may be used to retain the gasket. It should be understood that platen 72 may be adapted to receive many different fixtures 62, each having one or more channel patterns to retain gasket 40. Each fixture may be readily removed and replaced with another, depending upon the desired application. For example, as seen in FIG. 5, fixture 62 retains gasket 40 wherein two legs 40a and 40b form a right angle. A third leg 40c interconnects legs 40a, 40b, forming an arcuate hypotenuse.
With sheet 22 located on gasket 40, sheet 22 is urged against securing flange 48. This may be accomplished mechanically by foot 76 disposed at the end of a ram 82 integral with assembly 74 (FIG. 4C). Foot 76 is adapted to engage sheet 22, having a plan form to fit within locator pins 82 and inboard of the gasket outline. It is preferred that foot 76 not conceal gasket 40 when engaging sheet 22, but extend only to the inside edge of the outline to apply a pressure between 7 and 100 psi opposite gasket 40.
Generally simultaneously with the extension of foot 76, heat energy source 80 is positioned by ram 82 (FIG. 4D) to a predetermined distance away from sheet 22. Source 80 may be moved using one or more rams similar to 82, or the like. It is preferred that source 80 be a controlled focused source of radiation (CFIR) 110, such as shown in FIG. 8. Controlled focused infrared source 110 includes one or more infrared emitter assemblies 112 such as Model 5305-104 produced by Radiant Energy Research, Inc. of Minneapolis, Minn. Emitter 112 may be positioned with respect to sheet 22 in a pattern conforming to that region of sheet 22 adapted to receive gasket 40 (FIG. 6). In the alternative, a single infrared emitter assembly 112 may be moved above sheet 22 in a pattern conforming to that of the gasket layout by a guided robotic arm or other mechanisms such as a cam-operated guide. Computer/process controller 114 preferably causes infrared emitter assembly 112 to emit infrared energy having a wavelength between 7.0×103 and 4.0×104 Angstroms into sheet 22 from a side opposite that containing primer 60 and frit layer 38 to heat the interface or frit layer 38 between the sheet and the gasket. A spectrophotometer 116, disposed above sheet 22 and coupled to computer/process controller 114, detects the energy reflected and radiated from sheet 22. Based upon the feedback from spectrophotometer 116, controller 114 adjusts the power of infrared energy emitted by assembly 112 such that most of the energy is absorbed by frit layer 38 in the area of primer 60 to raise the temperature to the desired level. Although CFIR 110 has been described for use in both preheating and heating after location with the gasket, it is contemplated that CFIR 110 will be most effective to heat frit layer 38 after panel 22 is located with respect to gasket 40.
In an alternate embodiment, a controlled area source 118 of infrared radiation (CAIR, FIG. 9) is located at a predetermined distance above sheet 22. Controlled area infrared source 118 may include one or more infrared emitters 120 such as Model FB122425B3 made by Cassso-Solar Corp. of Pomona, N.Y. The energy of radiation generated by emitter 120, having a wavelength between the range of 2.7×104 and 4.0×104 Angstroma, is controlled by computer/process controller 122 based upon input from a thermocouple 124 attached to emitter 120, and a spectrophotometer 126 angularly disposed with respect to sheet 22. A reflector 128 may be disposed beneath sheet 22 to redirect energy back into sheet 22. The CAIR is better adapted to simultaneously heat an exposed area on sheet and may be used to preheat the panel, if desired. Contemplated in both of the heating options described above, but shown only in FIG. 9, is a plenum 130 and exhaust fan 132, cooperating to vent fumes driven off during the heating process.
Since the radiation produced by emitters 110, 118 may be introduced into sheet 22 from a side opposite that containing primer coating 60, it is preferred that sheet 22 have a high transmissivity to the wavelength of radiation selected. Emitters 110, 118 both produce infrared radiation having a wavelength greater than 7.0×103 Angstroma. The transmissivity of the radiation is greatly affected by the particular characteristics of sheet 22. For example, optically clear glass panels have a higher transmissivity (ratio of radiation transmitted through the panel to that of radiation incident upon the panel) for infrared radiation than clear non-glass panels because a certain amount of the radiation is absorbed by the atomic lattice comprising the non-glass sheet. Tinted or opaque panels may have a lower transmissivity since the pigments or coloration within the material may absorb a portion of the radiation. For materials having lower transmissivities, it is preferred to select wavelengths of radiation which promulgate better through the tinted or opaque materials, yet are absorbed at the contact boundary or frit layer between sheet 22 and primer coating 60, such as in the range of 5.0×103 and 4.0 ×104 Angstroms. In the preferred embodiment of this invention, sheets 22 are optically clear glass sheets and may be single sheet or laminated sheets, depending on the desired function in the vehicle.
In order to reduce problems associated with heating and cooling large expanses of glass or plastic panels, it is preferred that each of the above radiation sources direct its energy to a restricted portion of panel or sheet 22. For example, since it is desired to heat only that portion of sheet 22 adapted to engage gasket 40, CFIR 110 or CAIR 118 may be adapted so that the radiation is applied only to the peripheral margin or other location receiving the gasket. Alternatively, a single source may be moved around sheet 22 by a guided robotic arm, as mentioned above. Moreover, one or more emitters may be recessed within a tool patterned to coincide with the area of the panel to be heated. In an alternative to energy sources 110 and 118 described above, sheet 22, frit layer 38 and primer 60 may be heated using convection, conduction, induction, radiation, resistive and microwave energy heat sources.
In an alternate embodiment of the above method shown in FIG. 7, the forcing of sheet 22 against gasket 40 may be accomplished by creating a negative pressure or vacuum within a chamber 90 formed by the inside perimeter 92 of closed-loop gasket 40, upper surface 65 of fixture 62, and surface 24 of sheet 22. Suction lines, such as 94 extending through platen 72 and fixture 62, are coupled to a vacuum source (not shown) adapted to create a negative pressure ranging between one-half and five atmospheres (-7 and -70 psi). The vacuum created in chamber 90 draws sheet 22 toward fixture 62 and against gasket 40. Another method better adapted for use with gasket patterns which are not closed-loop is by creating a vacuum between suction cups (not shown) at the ends of vacuum lines 94 within cavity 90.
Although the above description has been made with reference to sheet 22 being moved with respect to gasket 40, it should be understood that gasket 40 may be moved as supported in a fixture with respect to sheet 22 in the bonding process. Moreover, the amount of pressure required to optimize the contact between panel 22 and gasket 40 is dependent upon several factors, including the total surface area to be bonded, the temperature, size and geometric shape of sheet 22, and the exact nature and temperature of the adhesive and the material forming gasket 40. For example, for a substantially flat glass sheet 4 millimeters thick, a surface area of approximately 1 square meter, and a PVC gasket having a 2.5 centimeter wide bonding surface extending substantially around the entire perimeter of the sheet in a closed loop, the pressure required to effect a secure bond is between about 0.5 and 3 atmospheres (7 to 45 psi).
In addition to the steps outlined above, it is preferred to preheat sheet 22 add gasket 40 before bonding the two together. In one embodiment, sheet 22 is primed in the desired areas and preheated to drive off any remaining carrier/solvents and raise the temperature of surface 24 and frit layer 38. A preferred method of heating sheet 22 is irradiating sheet 22 with infrared radiation produced by CAIR 118, described above and shown in FIG. 9. Once sheet 22 is preheated (100° F. to 350° F.), gasket 40 is bonded to sheet 22 by reheating the frit layer 38 between sheet 22 and gasket 40 to between 100° and 350° F. to activate primer 60. Preferably, heating the contact surface between sheet 22 and gasket 40 is accomplished by CFIR source 110 (FIG. 8) focused on frit layer 38 to heat bonding surface 50 and primer 60 from a side of sheet 22 opposite that of gasket 40, as described above. Sheet 22 is substantially transparent to the infrared radiation (less than 4.0×104 Angstroms) passing therethrough and impinging upon the contact surface between gasket 40 and sheet 22. Pressure is also applied, either prior to or simultaneously with the heating, in order to maximize the surface area of each component in contact with the other. After approximately three to thirty seconds of applying pressure and heat, both are removed and assembly 20 is allowed to cool, curing or hardening the bond between gasket 40 and sheet 22. Once assembly 20 is cooled, it may be moved on in the assembly process as finished goods.
Because the heating sources described above with reference to FIGS. 8 and 9 are adapted to heat sheet 22 and frit layer 38, gasket 40 is preferred to be heated using a separate heating source. Gasket 40 can also be heated by built-in heaters in the fixture. Gasket 40, made from PVC or similar polymeric material, may be quite stiff before being loaded into fixture 62. In order to make gasket 40 more flexible and promote adhesion, it is preferred that gasket 40 be preheated to raise the temperature level of gasket 40 to approximately 100° F. At that temperature, gasket 40 becomes substantially pliable and may readily be stretched if necessary to make appropriate curves or bends in the gasket layout.
Following the above steps, a substantially flat sheet of glass having a thickness of 4 millimeters, and a flat layer, was primed with A-1100-B and A-1167-B primer mixture. A gasket, such as shown in FIG. 2B, was preformed separate from sheet 22 using injection molding techniques in a 250 ton press using 200 tons of clamping pressure. The melt temperature of the gasket material was 380° F. and had a nine second cure time in the mold. While the gasket was being formed, the frit layer on the glass panel was preheated to approximately 300° F. After the gasket was formed and had cooled to approximately 100° F. it was removed from the mold and located in a fixture such that the bonding surface was exposed. The preheated panel was then located with respect to the gasket and pressed thereon using 14 psi of force maintained for approximately seven seconds. Simultaneously with the pressure, the frit layer was heated from a side opposite the gasket to activate the primer. Following the application of heat and pressure, the panel assembly was allowed to sit for less than one minute before being removed from the fixture.
Although in each of the above embodiments gasket has been described generally as being made from PVC, other materials may also be used, including reaction injection molded (RIM) urethane or thermoplastic elastomers such as thermoplastic rubber (TPR), thermoplastic olefin (TPO), and thermoplastic urethane (TPU). The preferred material, PVC, offers several advantages, including ease in handling, is readily available, inexpensive, and recyclable. Moreover, PVC material is substantially resistant to ultraviolet radiation and pliable in a variety of climatic conditions. A preferred PVC material is 48562 obtained from Vista Chemical Co. of Aberdine, Miss. Moreover, the gaskets may be mass produced using any one of the above materials separate to the bonding process.
FIGS. 10 and 11 generally illustrate two additional embodiments of a panel assembly made in accordance with the method of this invention. FIG. 10 is a fragmentary section view of one embodiment 200 of panel assembly 20 shown in FIG. 1 and taken along lines XI--XI. Panel assembly 200 includes a panel or sheet 222 which may be tempered, laminated, or otherwise strengthened using conventional principles. Sheet 222 has two opposing surfaces 224, 226 joined at a peripheral edge 228. Surface 224 may include a ceramic or similar material frit layer 238 bonded thereto to conceal the mounting of panel assembly 200 in the opening. Fixed to frit layer 238 and/or surface 224, and extending around at least a portion of sheet 222 near peripheral edge 228 is a flexible, resilient, extruded gasket 240 adapted to locate and seal panel 222 with sheet metal pinch flange 232 forming in the opening. In this embodiment, panel or sheet 222 may be movable with respect to pinch flange 232.
Gasket 240 includes a tubular body 242 having a generally concentric inner chamber 244 formed by wall 246. Tubular body 242 is interconnected by an integral rib or web 243 to a securing flange 248 having a bonding surface 250 adapted to contact and bond with sheet 222 and/or frit layer 238. Also extending from tubular body 242 is a lip 252 adapted to engage the outer surface of sheet metal 254 and drape within opening 256 between sheet metal 254 and peripheral edge 228. This panel assembly 200, satisfying flush-mounted panel requirements for next generation vehicles, preferably has gasket 240 extruded from UV-stable PVC or similar material, as described above.
FIG. 11 generally illustrates in partial cross section one embodiment of a fixed panel assembly 300 made in accordance with the above method. Sheet 322, with or without a frit layer as described above, receives an extruded bulb seal 340 adhered to surface 324 near peripheral edge 328. Seal or gasket 340 includes a tubular body or bulb 342 having a gas filled chamber 344 defined by wall 346. Extending from bulb 342 generally normal to wall 346 is a securing flange 348 having a securing surface adapted to contact and be adhered to surface 324. An opposite side 354 of flange 348 includes a channel 356.
Gasket 340 is bonded to surface 324 of panel 322, as described above, with respect to the general method such that bulb 342 is located between peripheral edge 328 and sheet metal 358 on the vehicle exterior. The panel 322 and gasket 340 are bonded in the opening by a bead of adhesive 360 extruded into channel 356 and pressed against pinch flange 362. The resilient nature of bulb 342 seals the gap between the sheet metal and glass with a generally smooth transition, which results in reduced wind noise and dirt infiltration and provides an aesthetically pleasing appearance. Since a portion of gasket 340 is exposed in the panel opening, it is preferred that gasket 340 be made from UV-stable material such as PVC.
The invention has been described with respect to specific preferred embodiments thereof and many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the heat activated primer composition may be substituted by a chemically activated adhesive. This is particularly the case for panels made from materials other than glass such as acrylic or similar polymeric material. It is, therefore, the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications.
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BOILING SPRING LAKES—Wearing a red shirt and red tie, South Brunswick High School senior A.J. Ferguson was all smiles as he put on the red Wolfpack hat and signed a four-year scholarship Feb. 4 to attend N.C. State University.
At least 100 people attended the signing Wednesday afternoon in school media center: fellow football players, friends, members of the school board, the sheriff, the school board superintendent and, of course, Ferguson's mom, Pam, who cried she was so excited.
BOILING SPRING LAKES—South Brunswick won its ninth straight conference basketball game by beating North Brunswick 43-36 Friday night.
Center Reggie Cobia's ankle injury has healed and he outjumped South's Joey Hines for the tip-off this week by a good 6 inches, and North was in total control of the game early. The Scorpions hit the boards harder and ran and passed, while the Cougars looked tired and could not find the basket. Cobia was everywhere on defense, rebounding and scoring (eight points).
BOILING SPRING LAKES—The North Brunswick Lady Scorpions stayed in the running for a conference basketball championship by beating South Brunswick 62-20 Friday night.
Spartanburg Methodist avenged a three-point defeat by beating Brunswick Community College 79-77 Sunday afternoon at West Brunswick High School.
BCC, which missed a score-tying basket in the final seconds, dropped to 6-3 in Region X, 18-5 overall. BCC won the first meeting Jan. 18 61-58. The Pioneers are 7-4, 13-9.
Lamonte Theus led BCC in scoring with 19 points. He scored 16 of those points in the second half as he helped rally the Dolphins from a 57-51 deficit to a 64-59 lead with 7 minutes, 30 seconds left.
South Brunswick's Cody Spencer was a top-10 finisher in the North Carolina High School Athletic Association Class 1-A/2-A state swim meet Saturday in Raleigh.
Spencer finished 10th in the 100-yard backstroke in 61.63 seconds. The winning time was 53.66.
Spencer also was a member of South's only other top-10 finish, the 200 freestyle relay. Spencer, Jonas Gilbert, Will Spencer and Myles Williams finished seventh in 1:38.21. The winning time was 1:32.66.
South Brunswick's run for a state wrestling championship ended in the third round of the Class 1-A/2-A duals Feb. 5.
South, after winning two duals Feb. 3, lost 41-30 to Croatan Feb. 5. Croatan lost in the next match, the East region championship, to Newton-Conover.
Against Croatan, South won three of the 11 contested matches.
At 171, South's Michael Fayak lost by pin in 5 mintues, 10 seconds. South's Robert McHenry gained three points with a 12-7 decision at 189.
The season-opening Nextra Energy 250 will kick off the 2009 NASCAR Camping World Truck Series. It will be the first race with a sponsor other than Craftsman since the series inception in 1995.
For Chad McCumbee, the race will mark a reunion with SS Green Light Racing. The 24-year-old drove for the team in 31 races in 2006 and 2007. The team has gone through a major rebuilding since that time and has high hopes for a strong 2009.
Sprinting to beat a throw to first base, Ryan Hill not only got a single for his West Brunswick High School baseball team but ultimately an offer from the Naval Academy to play football.
Hill, West's all-conference quarterback, signed a letter-of-intent Feb 4. to accept a scholarship to attend Navy.
"I knew they had a great football team," Hill said, "but the education I'm going to get said it all for me."
There isn't a lot of fishing going on now as water temperatures range from cold to colder, but if you are determined and hardy you can still find a drum or two out there. When it comes to being hardy, though, you can't beat a drum. Both red and black drum are still swimming our local waters, and at times they'll bite almost as well as they would in warmer weather.
High school girls' golf has come a long way, baby.
Three of our four daughters played on high school golf teams. They enjoyed it and did reasonably well, winning points during the season and helping their teams.
Copyright © 2015
The Brunswick Beacon is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Brunswick County, North Carolina and surrounding areas.

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Why has Barack Obama's popularity come crashing down? In a recent Gallup poll, the President's approval rating hit a record low — below anything that either George W. Bush or his father experienced. The only President in modern times to get a lower rating was Richard Nixon, shortly before he resigned.
Why such abysmal ratings? Do you think it might have anything to do with the far-left policies Obama has pursued? His disastrous healthcare program? The National Security Agency spying scandal? Or maybe the use of the Internal Revenue Service to intimidate conservatives?
No, according to the man himself, none of those are the reason why his approval ratings have plummeted. When asked by New Yorker editor David Remnick to explain his dismal approval, Obama reached into his bag of tricks and played the race card again:
"There's no doubt that there's some folks who just really dislike me because they don't like the idea of a black President," Obama said.
Well, sure, in a country of more than 300 million people, no doubt there are some people who are prejudiced. Just ask any Muslim you know. But the truth is Obama's color isn't the reason his popularity has plummeted. On the contrary, it's the reason he was elected President in the first place, to which Obama alluded in the New Yorker article:
"Now, the flip side of it is there are some black folks and maybe some white folks who really like me and give me the benefit of the doubt precisely because I'm a black President."
Think about it. What if Obama had been white? Do you think there's any chance that an obscure white politician from Illinois who hadn't even completed a single, undistinguished term in the Senate would have been elected President? Heck, if Obama had been white, do you really believe he would have defeated Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination?
Not a chance.
If Obama had been white, do you believe the media would have ignored his very dubious associations or his lack of any real accomplishments as a U.S. Senator, an Illinois State Senator or a community organizer? Do you he would have been given a pass on such mysteries as the grades he got in college or why he can't produce an authentic birth certificate?
No, Obama's skin color has nothing to do with his plunging popularity. On the contrary, Obama was elected President in 2008 precisely because he was black, not in spite of it. He won because there was a vast reservoir of good will in this country toward him from whites who genuinely wanted him to succeed.
Had they known what he actually believed and the kind of far-left policies he would try to implement, there's not a chance he would have been elected. It was precisely because he was able to hide his Marxist associations and his far-left agenda that he is sitting in the White House today.
Despite the fact that a majority of Americans say he's taking the country in the wrong direction, Obama says he is more determined than ever to implement his radical agenda. And if he can't get Congress to pass the legislation he wants, then he'll do it without their approval.
He said so himself. As he convened his first cabinet meeting of the new year, Obama said: "We're not just going to be waiting for legislation in order to make sure that we're providing Americans the kind of help they need. I've got a pen and I've got a phone."
He then rattled off a long list of issues that he says Federal bureaucrats will begin implementing, regardless of what Congress does.
For a man who once taught Constitutional law, Obama sure doesn't think much of the system our Founding Fathers created. Forget about checks and balances between three branches of government. Creating the laws under which we must live is supposed to be the responsibility of the legislative branch, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Obama's job, as the head of the executive branch, is to implement the laws Congress passes.
Of course, Obama knows that is how the system is supposed to work. He just doesn't like it. He doesn't want to be bound down by the chains of a Constitution.
And he isn't. Last year, for every law that Congress approved, the executive branch created hundreds of new rules and regulations. In 2013, the Federal Register, where such new dictates must be published, was more than 80,000 pages long.
Obama is sounding more like the dictator of a banana republic than the President of the American republic. He and his staff have repeatedly changed the rules for Obamacare in an effort to keep the program from totally collapsing. The Environmental Protection Agency is doing the same to destroy the coal industry in this country, as well as to implement the Administration's agenda on "climate change." (Remember, we're no longer calling this trumped-up crisis "global warming." In the wake of the winter storms that have been paralyzing much of the country, the environmental extremists needed a phrase that didn't make them look totally ridiculous.)
Disturbing as his comments may have been, Obama hasn't gone as far as Andrew Cuomo. During a radio interview last week, the New York Governor actually wondered out loud if conservatives should even be allowed to live in the State.
Here's what he said: "Who are they? Are they these extreme conservatives who are right-to-life, pro-assault-weapon, anti-gay? Is that who they are? Because if that's who they are and if they are the extreme conservatives, they have no place in the state of New York, because that's not who New Yorkers are."
Be sure to note how Cuomo twists things to portray honest conservatives as extremists. If you believe that marriage should be between a man and a woman, that somehow makes you an anti-gay extremist. If you support the right to "keep and bear arms," as the 2nd Amendment promises, then you must be a "pro-assault weapon" extremist.
If other words, if you disagree with the liberal agenda, you are an extremist. And not only does the Governor of New York want to exclude you from the political debate, but he doesn't even want you to live in his State.
The bad news is that the left is getting even more open and arrogant about their intentions.
The good news is that more and more Americans don't like it. A majority of our fellow countrymen now agree that the country is heading in the wrong direction.
How do we turn it in the right one? One way is to nominate, and then elect, politicians who will stick to their principles after they are elected. Pay attention to what they say now. And even more important, hold their feet to the fire once they get to Washington.
Nobody said it would be easy defending our liberties. But somebody's got to do it. So it better be us.
Until next time, keep some powder dry.
–Chip Wood


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The Ripple Factor
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Join Date: Apr 2006
Location: Royersford, Pennsylvania
Posts: 258
The Ripple Factor
Tough day today...please pardon my sharing this with all of you...
I spent Christmas Eve, "eve" 2008 attending the funeral of the 25 year old son of a co-worker and friend. No one should die at age 25 and no one should die at Christmas. No one should leave that memory to two little children. Christmas is a time of birth, a time of celebration, a time of childlike wonder, not a time of grief and sorrow.
Looking around at all of the people who came to say goodbye it struck me how interconnected people become. Like life is a big pond and everyone who comes into our lives causes a ripple. Some with a big splash, some with the gentleness of a raindrop. Some start close by and some far away on the other side of the pond. Some ripples we see and some we may never notice but they are all a part of our pond.
All of those ripples spread out, concentric circles spreading until in time they each reach their own end as they reach the shore. Life is like that for sure. We never know how our ripples will spread, how they may affect other ripples sometimes changing their course, sometimes simply quickly and gently brushing by on their journey.
What waits for us when we all arrive at that shore? Is it a distant shore or will reach the end of our rippling journey in only a short time. I have my beliefs; I know you may have yours. Will we know what effect we may have had on others as we ripple across the pond? I hope so, I hope to see all those who I love and whom I have loved standing there waiting for me on that shore.
So as you all prepare to celebrate Christmas this year or perhaps simply acknowledge the passing of another year, think about those who you love, those who you miss, and those whose lives have touched yours as you have touched theirs. Never take it for granted and always try to take some time simply to watch the ripples.
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text: Prev | Next Purchase this photo Mark Webb/The Herald-Dispatch Huntington Prep's Andrew Wiggins hits a dunk against Arlington Country Day during the Boyd County Roundball Classic on Saturday, Dec. 15, 2012, at Boyd County Middle School in Summit, Kentucky. Gallery: Mark Webb's top sports photos of 2012 Dec. 30, 2012 @ 04:40 PM MARK WEBB The Herald-Dispatch photographer Mark Webb sums up 2012 with a gallery of his best sports photos of the year. ()


text:
Meet Eller Students
Alexia Hoff
BSBA Management Information Systems
Minor in French
Graduating May 2010
- Eureka, California
Student Organizations and Activities
- Chi Omega Fraternity
- Order of Omega
- Blue Key National Honorary
About Alexia
Alexia Hoff came to Eller College from her hometown of Eureka, California. Her mother was born in France, which has given Alexia the exposure and appreciation of her mother's country and culture. Alexia is an Honors College student and is majoring in Management Information Systems with a minor in French.
While at the University, she has been very active in the community, including the Chi Omega Fraternity, Zeta Beta Chapter where she leads the executive committee in coordinating the participation of over 200 women in the Push for America Philanthropic competition.
Alexia also serves on the Student/Alumni Association Board, where she recruits almuni to host a dinner for students/mentees to inspire and guide them in future career choices; the Order of Omega, as the Greek Awards Coordinator, where she plans the Greek-Or-Treat event in which 25 fraternities and sororities on campus to re-enact Halloween for the children of the Tucson communit; and the prestigious national Blue Key National Honorary, where she is responsible for continuing the tradition of A-Day.
Alexia is the 2009 recipient of the Eller College of Management Undergraduate Deans Award,
Sophomore Greek Woman of the Year 2007, and Freshman Greek Woman of the Year 2006.
Meet other Eller students or contact us for more information.


text:
Nanofiber Scaffolds Support Bone Regeneration Associated with Pulp Stem Cells
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ISSN: 2212-3946 (Online)
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Nanofiber Scaffolds Support Bone Regeneration Associated with Pulp Stem Cells
Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy ,
9(4): 330-337.
Gerson Arisoly Xavier Acasigua, Lisiane Bernardi, Daikelly Iglesias Braghirolli, Manoel Sant'Ana Filho, Patricia Pranke and Anna Christina Medeiros Fossati
Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, St. Ramiro Barcelos, n. 2492 Room: 503, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
Currently, there are a number of alternatives for bone grafting, though when used correctly they present physical, chemical or biological limitations, which justifies the pursuit for new alternatives for bone regeneration. This study gives a report on the potential for bone regeneration in the use of biodegradable nanofibers from poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) in association with human mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp of deciduous teeth (SCDT). Five samples of SCDT were seeded with scaffolds (test) or without scaffolds (control) for cell adhesion and viability assay. To evaluate the ability of the association in promoting bone formation, critical defects were made in the calvarium of rats (n=20), which were then divided into the following groups: I – sham group; II – implant of scaffolds; III – scaffolds/ SCDT; and IV – scaffolds/SCDT. They were kept for 13 days in osteogenic media. After 60 days, the histomorphometric analysis was performed. It was observed that the adherence and viability of SCDT in the control and test group were similar throughout the experiment (p>0.05). The association of scaffolds/SCDT maintained in osteogenic media, showed greater bone formation than the other groups (p<0.05). The study demonstrated that the association of SCDT seeded in biodegradable PLGA scaffolds has the ability to promote bone regeneration in rats, which is a promising alternative for application in regenerative medicine.
Bone regeneration, deciduous teeth, human mesenchymal stem cells, nanotechnology, scaffolds, tissue engineering.
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C Diff
Clostridium difficile also known as CDF/cdf, or C. diff, is a species of Gram-positive spore-forming bacteria that is best known for causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. C - difficileis a bacteria in your intestines. It is found normally in healthy and ill people alike. There are millions, perhaps billions of different types of bacteria in your body. Bacteria are an important part of your health. They help break down and digest food. They also ward off many "bad" or foreign bacteria that you may come in contact with. In fact, the "good" or normal bacteria on your hands can kill certain bad bacteria which you may pick up handling food or touching everyday items and fixtures.
Your body has lots of "good" and necessary bacteria. It also has some "bad" or dangerous bacteria. Clostridium difficile is a "bad" bacteria. Fortunately, when you are healthy and not taking antibiotics, the millions of good bacteria in your system keep the c - diff under control and in smaller numbers. However, when you take an antibiotic, the levels of good bacteria are reduced down to a smaller number. If your c-diff is strong and doesn't get killed by the antibiotic along with the good bacteria, then it is possible that the c-diff will overpopulate inside your intestine or colon. When this happens, you may get the illness called clostridium difficile colitis.
When you have an imbalance of bacteria and c-diff takes over, it creates two main types of toxins that affect your body and give you the symptoms of the actual disease. The toxins attack your intestinal wall and left untreated may cause ulcerations. Your symptoms may include diarrhea and cramping at first. The later stages are commonly flu-like symptoms of weakness, dehydration, fever, nausea, vomiting and in advanced stages - blood in your stool / feces.
Call today for you or someone you know to see if you qualify!!


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Jimmy John's Customers Offended by Obscene Sandwich Doodle
Uncool, Jimmy John's.
Uncool, Jimmy John's.
Founder Jimmy John Liautaud is considering a move to Florida.
Could Jimmy John's leave the state?
Rounding up the region's restaurant reviews.
Salmonella strikes again.
The bar that once ejected Jim Morrison and rejected homosexuals has a birthday, while easy access to fruit leads to bruising.
Plus: Iron Chef fizzles in Australian debut, and "drunkorexia" plagues American youth, all in our morning news roundup.
Both loop outlets are offering incredible deals today.
Is a restaurant legally negligent for messing up someone's order?


text:
A fine piece by Gretchen Morgenson in the International Herald Tribune (as part of a series entitled "The Reckoning"):
How the thundering herd faltered and fell
By Gretchen Morgenson
Sunday, November 9, 2008
International Herald Tribune
"We've got the right people in place as well as good risk management and controls."–E. Stanley O'Neal, 2005
There were high-fives all around Merrill Lynch headquarters in New York as 2006 drew to a close. The firm's performance was breathtaking; revenue and earnings had soared, and its shares were up 40 percent for the year.
And Merrill's decision to invest heavily in the mortgage industry was paying off handsomely. So handsomely, in fact, that on Dec. 30 that year, it essentially doubled down by paying $1.3 billion for First Franklin, a lender specializing in risky mortgages.
The deal would provide Merrill with even more loans for one of its lucrative assembly lines, an operation that bundled and repackaged mortgages so they could be resold to other investors.
It was a moment to savor for E. Stanley O'Neal, Merrill's autocratic leader, and a group of trusted lieutenants who had helped orchestrate the firm's profitable but belated mortgage push. Two indispensable members of O'Neal's clique were Osman Semerci, who, among other things, ran Merrill's bond unit, and Ahmass Fakahany, the firm's vice chairman and chief administrative officer.
A native of Turkey who began his career trading stocks in Istanbul, Semerci, 41, oversaw Merrill's mortgage operation. He often played the role of tough guy, former executives say, silencing critics who warned about the risks the firm was taking.
At the same time, Fakahany, 50, an Egyptian-born former Exxon executive who oversaw risk management at Merrill, kept the machinery humming along by loosening internal controls, according to the former executives.
Semerci's and Fakahany's actions ultimately left their firm vulnerable to the increasingly risky business of manufacturing and selling mortgage securities, say former executives, who requested anonymity to avoid alienating colleagues at Merrill.
To make matters worse, Merrill sped up its hunt for mortgage riches by embracing and trafficking in complex and lightly regulated contracts tied to mortgages and other debt. And Merrill's often inscrutable financial dance was emblematic of the outsize hazards that Wall Street courted.
While questionable mortgages made to risky borrowers prompted the credit crisis, regulators and investors who continue to pick through the wreckage are finding that exotic products known as derivatives–like those that Merrill used–transformed a financial brush fire into a conflagration.


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Koch wins lackluster decision over Brookins
UFC-fight-night-25-results-erik-koch-outstrikes-jonathan-brookins-for" target="_blank">read entire article...
Jonathan Brookins Vs. Erik Koch
Fight was scheduled for 3 rounds (5x5x5)
Erik Koch def. Jonathan Brookins via unanimous decision (30-27, 29-28, 30-27)
Related MMA gear from the UG Store
Recent Comments »
9/18/11 9:47 PM by BrCutter
Those were good judges. Love it if that's a new trend nationally, but I doubt it. More fights in New Orleans at least!
9/18/11 7:33 PM by Chiron
Amen. Hopefully the judges are starting to realize some fighters are trying to alienate the rules to score points instead of fight and are deciding to start scoring fights more as they should be. That's probably wishful thinking though. lol
9/18/11 7:31 PM by Chiron
In a street fight if the guy is busy devoting his hands to holding onto you you can ram your hands in his eyes and he'll have to let go or go blind. In a street fight a guy cant drop level and hang out there trying to get a takedown, knowing you're not allowed to hit him in the back of the head, because you can elbow the back of his skull and spine and he'll go unconscious. The whole dynamic of the hugging strategy doesn't work as well once those protections are removed. Not saying we should remove those protections, but lets recognize they make some things artificial and not count things that really dont matter in the grand scheme of a fight. Holding in a fight is like a 1st down in football. Is it useful? Sure. Should it score points? Nope.
9/18/11 7:18 PM by catman
9/18/11 5:04 PM by rowil
Well, in a street fight Koch would probably knee Brookins in the balls or something in that situation, so I don't really follow that argument.
9/18/11 4:53 PM by adamscheulen
Everyone keeps talking about "damage" but koch was the only one with any visible damage at the end his eye was swollen brookins was clean, if in a street fight a guy can tie you up I dont care how good you can punch or kick it's not gonna do a thing
9/18/11 4:31 PM by Glovegate
Probably the most annoying part was Rogan's "I guess they gave it to Koch for _____" as if there was any way Brookins won that fight.I don't like to crap on pros trying hard but come on. He really didn't do much except fail TD's.
9/18/11 3:32 PM by rowil
I guess it could be argued that Brookins was more active/offensive since he was the one pushing Koch to the fence for most of the fight. I don't know why Rogan had such a hardon for Brookins either though.
9/18/11 3:32 PM by Infamous Ed
i hope this is a new trend in MMA judging
9/18/11 2:53 PM by PJ Benn Fan
I also couldnt figure out what fight rogan was watching because i very easily had koch winning. He stuffed brookins entire gameplan and in turn easily controlled the standup while landing way better shots.


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Mike the Knight and his trusty steed, Galahad, practice galloping, jumping over barrels, and collecting treasures on the way to the finish line!
Mike the Knight, weekdays @ 3:00PM ET on Nick Jr.
Mike is training Galahad to be the most gallant galloper in all of Glendragon, and your child can help them practice! Use the arrow keys to move faster and slower, and press the space bar to make Galahad jump over barrels. There are also gold coins, crowns, trophies, and many other treasures to jump up and collect along the way. While galloping through Glendragon, your kids are developing hand-eye coordination and learning that practice makes perfect. So gear up and get ready for a dashing fun time!
Parent Tip: There are two levels, easy and hard. In the hard level, Galahad automatically runs faster, which makes jumping over barrels more difficult.
Little knights will love helping Mike use his bow and arrow to collect apples
Vanquish the Vikings from the village with a bouncy shield!
Evie needs the motions to mix some potions to cast silly spells on Mr. Cuddles
Give Blaze and AJ the speed they need to win the race against Crusher!
Dive into the deep with Dora to retrieve the stolen treasure.
The race is on to stop Crusher from taking Gaby's tools
The race is on! Help Nick Jr. pals collect party favors in time for the fiesta
Meet Dora's new friends and discover the secrets of her new city!
Kids can learn how to be super sorters by helping the pups save the crops!
Gather up your cowboys & cowgirls & let them saddle up for Dora's big horse race
Dora's on a musical mission to get to the rockin' party at Benny's barn!
Help the pups save their friends around Adventure Bay!
Kids can play six games in one with Todee, Muno, and the rest of the Gabba gang
Join the team on their flag-collecting Grand Prix mission!
Collect the ingredients and create a ginormous pizza!
How many nuts can Peter and his pals catch? Play now to find out!
This high-flying adventure is out of this world!
Count with Dora and Perrito on their search for the puppies!
Up, up, and away--to save the baby dinosaurs!
Speed down the beach to the ferry with Team Umizoomi's supercharged friend
Island hop across the seven seas collecting treasure!
Ahoy, matey! Join Molly & Gil on their hunt for buried treasure
Kids cruise through the zoo and help find a friend for Monty the rhino
Collect super power shapes, avoid obstacles & speed past Dump Truck to win!
Have a Tickety-tastic adventure before chime time with Tommy and Tallulah!
Dan hops on a dino's back & races down a track to see which dino is the fastest
Find the missing books from Story Castle and rescue the famous Don Quixote!
Take off with the team! Speed by obstacles & robots in a race to the finish line
Go on a tour of Dora's house and find surprises through every door!
Kids help Dora save the Crystal Kingdom from the greedy king!
Help Dora vacuum the garbage on the beach so she can turn into a mermaid!
Help Dora explore the sea and get Maribel the mermaid back home!
The Wonder Pets need help saving baby animals!


text: Personal GPS trackers seem to be a dime a dozen these days. It's actually making me a little paranoid, not that anyone would want to keep tabs on me… or would they? Transystem's i-Tracker is the latest to come to my attention and it comes with both a GPS and a GSM module to transmit tracking information to a computer or phone in real time.


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Quick and Easy Pressure-Cooker Chicken and Black Bean Stew
@VeganWithaYoYo - I would heat the tofu through separately so that it crisps up with texture so that you could mix it back through and let it warm like Kenji does with the shredded chicken.
@VeganWithaYoYo - I would heat the tofu through separately so that it crisps up with texture so that you could mix it back through and let it warm like Kenji does with the shredded chicken.
Carl Weathers approves of this stew!
Thoughts on injecting the marinade?
@Shao - Any thoughts on letting them cool down and dry off after the braise, to then lightly bread and re-fry chicken wing style?
I think Massaman or Yellow Curry would be the best for potatoes. Par boil them, cut into the size you like and then finish cooking it in the curried soup.
@Scalfin - Maybe some white loaf (crust removed) soaked in water so that it starts to fall apart instead of milk?
This is awesome. Steamed spare ribs are one of my favorite dim sum and all of the Asian grocery stores in my area are Vietnamese.
On my short list for Super Bowl recipes and hopefully I'm in the running to win the book!
I'm getting married in December and we're getting a couple of kegs of Cigar City beer (close by in Tampa). Most likely their Maduro brown ale and Hotter Than Helles lager in addition to wine. Figure those styles will go best with most any food.
I made gefilte fish from scratch with my grandfather a few years ago. Very expensive (getting whitefish and pike (or carp)), cleaning extremely hot fish which then took somewhere north of 4 hours to cook and make.
In the end it tasted just like gefilte fish from the jar, just a tiny bit better ;)
How does one make lardo?
I'm in Florida and don't have a wine fridge as I've heard those things are bad (our weather) and useful (small temp controlled space).
Definitely pickles.
I like it really crispy or cold right out of the fridge. From the fridge, I put kim chi on it or sriracha.
I grew jalapenos once and dried them with a dehydrator. Ground them with a coffee grinder with the seeds and got an explosively hot chile powder.
The salt is really important to grilling. I've found that large flake sea salt is much better than anything fine and when in doubt, add some extra since a decent amount will come off on the grates. It's best to apply the salt and then give it a decent push in with the heel of your palm instead of just sprinkling it on and then grilling.
Another trick for those who have thicker, cast iron grill grates is to use a clean scouring pad and use it to apply salt to the grates.
@Leejay - I would do it just after frying the hot chillies and before the green pepper. Only for a few seconds so neither burns.
Yup, making these tomorrow night.
Anyone here doing home made food gifts for Hanukkah, Christmas, {Your Holiday} this year? What have you been or what will you be making?
@bkhuna - Give Anthony's Coal Fired a try. There's a location on Sand Lake and I believe at least one more opening soon.
I dug this review immensely. Now apologize to them all since Yom Kippur starts tomorrow.
Saturday is the first tailgate of the year and I'm trying different kinds of kebabs/skewers each weekend.
This time around I'm going with chicken yakitori and whatever veg I find at the farmers market. All goes well with Sam Adams Octoberfest.
That Za'taar looks made from very fresh, possibly untoasted spices instead of the dry version usually found. Can you confirm which is in the picture and which you used in the recipe?
@kenji - Do you have an instructional or post about roasting a pig? I'm going to do one in the next few months and am considering using the following guide which uses a stationary frame to roast in. I want to ensure I get a quality result the first time.
The chicarrones method is a revelation. The Colombian bakery near me does them in about 8" strips with meat and skin, chopped so that the meat is in chunks, but still attached. Served with a plain arepa.
I'm not a big dessert guy, but creme brulee or key lime pie get an instant nod.
And for dinner, I love greens and offal.
The travesties and injustices perpetrated by the writers of a free website shall not go unsomethinged. In between recipes for an omelet, squash soup, kimchi and spaghetti, this one was worth bitching about?
I'm glad we've got a stream of recipes like this coming. Far better for a link to this get passed around and folks learn about something new than to wait years and years till a crappy chain restaurant manages to appropriate it.
I think, like anchovies the best ones are salt packed.
We have amazing seafood and citrus. My favorites are stone crabs, smoked mullet, red snapper, grapefruit and our native (giant) avocados.
One piece may be useful for chicharrones. How about the rest?
Right now it's all vacuum packed in the freezer.
Hi, I've been attempting to make onigiri and yaki onigiri with Nishiki brand medium grain polished rice for sushi. I cook it in a rice cooker using 1 part rice to 1 1/2 parts water and a little salt. I... More
Chicken skewers are all too often dry and and flavorless, but a sweet and pungent marinade ensures this chicken satay is anything but. More
Leave it to carnivores Vinny Dotolo and Jon Shook, the fearless chefs behind the meat-centric LA restaurant Animal to give us a platter of blackened, sticky ribs, as documented in Adam Roberts' new book, Secrets of the Best Chefs. I'm calling this rib sauce black magic from now on. More
For creamier potatoes with a slightly less crisp crust, substitute Yukon Gold potatoes for russets. Duck fat, turkey fat, or chicken fat will give the best results, but bacon fat or olive oil will work well. More
When it comes to frying chicken nobody—and I mean nobody—does it better than the Koreans. My apologies to all you Southerners. Korean fried chicken (or KFC as those in the know call it) differs vastly from American-style fried chicken. Rather than the craggly, crusty, significant coating you'd get on say, a Chick-Fil-A sandwich or a Popeye's drumstick, you get an eggshell-thin, ultra-crisp crust around a drippingly juicy interior. The end goal is clear, but the road to get there required a bit of bushwhacking. More
Nigel Slater's Crisp pork belly, sweet peach salsa from Ripe is a fabulous surprise of a recipe. The warm, vaguely Asian spice blend rubbed into the belly may not seem an obvious complement to a Southwestern-style peach salsa, but a quick glance through the ingredients reveals commonalities: cilantro, lime, and chile all play their parts in both cuisines, and peaches themselves are one of America's favorite imports from China. Not to mention, that once the peach salsa is piled on top of thinly sliced, quiveringly rich belly, it's hard to imagine doubting Slater's genius. More
Mapo Tofu kind of perfectly sums up what I love about Sichuan cuisine. It's feisty and slightly out of control, and yet it still feels homey and relaxed. Sure, the chili bean paste adds a wallop of heat, and the Sichuan peppercorns numb the inside of your mouth, but it's not overly greasy or heavy. It's meaty, but as much of the umami punch comes form the fermented black beans as the ground pork. This recipe comes from Fuchsia Dunlop's Land of Plenty, and she really hit the necessary balance here. More
I'm still new to this whole Korean barbecue world, but my first foray into the cuisine amazed me. It was kalbi (or galbi), and it has you take thinly sliced short ribs (one of the toughest, fattiest cuts on the... More
Recently I received an email from a man who was angry. He was angry that his "spicy chicken" instant noodles weren't spicy whatsoever. Are any flavors out there actually spicy? Here are 10 that should get your mouth's attention. More
This sweet, tangy and spicy pork preparation has a wonderful aroma of spices that fills Mangalorean homes in India during festivals. More
A light, green version of the classic French gratin, this baked zucchini crumble is inspired by Avignon and full of the flavors of wine, herbs, and lots of cheese. More
It's because of my addiction to MacGyver as a kid (along with a healthy addiction to Mr. Wizard and Jacques Pépin) that I constantly press myself to try and come up with unique solutions to common kitchen problems. They're not always successful, but when they are, you get so much more satisfaction out of developing a novel recipe or technique than you do out of merely tweaking what's standard. Here are a few of my favorite kitchen hacks. Some are my own, others are not, all of them are pretty awesome, if you ask me. More
Manhattan is home to many smells, but perhaps the most delicious is the chicken-y, savory scent that emanates from from the city's countless halal carts. Serving lunch to late-night, these carts dish up a container full of chicken rice that tastes like nothing else, crave-worthy and totally singular. To taste this particular chicken and rice you can get yourself to Midtown or try the home version, Kenji's Halal Cart-Style Chicken and Rice with White Sauce, a spot on rendition of the street food classic. More
The Bloody Mary should be made fresh—this is a drink that deteriorates over time, losing its bright, fresh flavors and all the complexity that makes it delicious. But if you're not hosting a fancy brunch, just desperately seeking the hair of the dog, you may want to keep things simple. So you're wondering: which is the best premade Bloody Mary mix? More
Turmeric, along with cumin and cinnamon, gives intense flavor and color to this Moroccan tagine of lamb shank, caramelized onion, and green olives, served over a bed of fluffy couscous. More
Pickled eggplant should join the pantheon of classic pickles. It deserves a spot up there between the kosher dills and dilly beans. Zippy and flavorful, it's perfect for pickle plates and quick appetizers. This recipe is adapted from one in... More
For best results, use Popeye's chicken nuggets or popcorn shrimp. Other brands will work if necessary. More
The beauty of Nancy Silverton's Pizza Dough is that she went about creating it from a bread baker's perspective stemming from her beginnings at L.A.'s La Brea Bakery. Her goal for the pizzas at Mozza was to create a dough with an open hole structure, where the just baked crust was full of big, irregular air pockets, giving it an airy cornice (or outer rim). For The Mozza Cookbook, Silverton tweaked her dough recipe used in the pizzeria for home cooks (those of us who don't have the luxury of a high heat wood-fired pizza oven). More
Parked in the backyard of an Austin dive bar, East Side Kings is imaginative Asian-inspired drinking food done right, run by talented chefs from the city's best sushi restaurant. SE editors Erin Zimmer and Robyn Lee tried it last year on their SE book research trip, and left a little obsessed with the late-night fried beets, fried brussel sprouts, and this Thai Chicken Karaage. It's genius drinking food: the sort of crunchy, fried, salty, spicy stuff that was born to be paired with cold beers. More
We thought we'd start out this week's Cook the Book series by highlighting one of Jamie Oliver's favorite recipes from Cook with Jamie. It's a dish he playfully calls Tender-as-You-Like Rabbit Stew with the Best Dumplings Ever. Though rabbit is... More
[Photographs: Greg Takayama] While there's nothing particularly nasty about rabbits, many eaters are discouraged by the idea of cooking that which you can buy at a pet store. Every time I remove rabbits from their packaging, I'm struck by the... More
[Photograph: Max Falkowitz] This is not your typical chicken and rice dish, but it may be my new favorite. The chicken is cooked two ways: first braised on the bone in rich coconut milk, steeped in turmeric and chile; then... More
This snack has all the traditional elements of Cracker Jacks—peanuts, popcorn, and caramel—but the flavors are kicked up a notch. Each little peanut nugget is an addictive combination of spicy, sweet, and salty flavors. It will keep for up to... More
Like pound cake, three teacup chicken refers to the "small Chinese teacup," which is used to "measure the soy sauce, vinegar, and sugar." At least that's what Grace Young and Alan Richardson claim for this rendition in The Breath of a Wok. Cute anecdote aside, what's amazing is how simple this sauce is to make. It's tart, sweet, astonishingly complex. Plus it comes together in a matter of seconds, and pairs nicely with the chicken. More


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Tuesday, April 16, 2013
Friends and family of Jane Langston gathered at Azalea Park on Sunday to honor her 30 years of work with Meals on Wheels. Wayne Lodge, chairman of the board, said Langston was one of the driving forces behind starting Meals on Wheels here, and she served as executive director for 18 years before serving on the board. Meals on Wheels serves 150 people per day, Monday through Friday, or 43,000 meals annually. It costs about $1,000 to feed one person for a year, and the organization manages its task solely through donations. It doesn't receive government funding. Langston retired from her position on the board in January. Current board members raised the money to designate a tree in her honor and place a plaque there. The tree is on the Magnolia Street side of Azalea Park, near the footbridge leading from the gazebo to the pond.
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Keurig® K-Cup® 96-Count Portion Packs – Celestial Seasonings® Southern Sweet Perfect Iced Tea – Case Pack
- Six–16 K-Cups® packs (96 total)
- A southern tradition perfected!
- Robust and smooth, this sweet treat features bold, black tea and a generous helping of natural cane sugar for a distinctively Southern approach to sweet tea
- Works with Keurig® coffee machines
- Imported
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If you love high quality makeup and mineral eye shadow products, have I got a deal for you! MAC and Bare Escentuals are well know, high end makeups that offer quality pure mineral pigments but the prices can be startling! For example, take this Mineral Makeup from MAC:
Get 4.5 grams of this pure mineral pigment eye shadow for $21 each!!! Plus, most people don't realize that many MAC products contain Parabens and some even contain cheap fillers like talc! No wonder they don't list their ingredients on their website! Or, check out the ever popular Bare Minerals/ Bare Escentuals line:
These mineral eye shadow pigments are a much better deal at $14 each and are also made of great, high quality ingredients. But they still cost $14 a piece and are for just .57 grams of makeup!!! Yikes! I like to have a wide variety of colors to choose from and there is no way I could afford to have a great collection at this price. So, check this out!
Only from Younique can you get the same high quality mineral eye shadow pigments in 5 gram pots (NO FILLERS! NO CHEAP INGREDIENTS! NO TALC!) for less! And every ingredient included in their products is listed on their website. Wahoo for being open and forthcoming about their cosmetics!!! Each pot of Younique mineral eye pigments sells for $10 each but if you buy them in sets of four (because, why wouldn't you?) you can get them for $8.75 each!!!
And, shipping is flat rate $5.50 or free on orders over $100! So if you love amazing, vibrant, high quality mineral makeup, don't break the bank trying to look fabulous. With Younique, you can look amazing for less! Check out all of their amazing products here.