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SARANAC - Carrie Favaro hopes there will one day be a cure for a rare neurological disorder that affects someone near and dear to her.
Favaro's niece, Hannah Sames, who lives in the downstate hamlet of Rexford, was diagnosed with giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) in 2007, at the age of four. The disorder consists of dysfunction of a specific type of protein in the body's nerve cells and has affected how Hannah - daughter of North Country natives Matt and Lori Sames - walks, making it hard for her to maintain her balance.
"Hannah has been doing as well as she can," Favaro said. "She's actually dancing in what will be her last dance recital this weekend. We thought last year would be her last year dancing, but she was able to do it another year."
Hannah loves to dance, said her aunt. Even though Hannah is fully aware of her condition and now has to have assistance when on stage, there's no place she'd rather be, Favaro said.
"I know when she goes on stage Saturday night, she'll be in her glory," Favaro said. "Even with someone holding onto her. She just wants to be on stage."
Though Hannah doesn't question her condition and simply accepts the cards she's been dealt, Favaro said she and the rest of Hannah's family and friends won't stop questioning what can be done for Hannah and others like her. The combined efforts of Hannah's family and friends - under the nonprofit organization Hannah's Hope Fund - have amounted to $2.4 million raised to research and find a cure for GAN.
That is something that still amazes Favaro when she stops to think about it.
"It's overwhelming," she said. "We're so involved with finding a cure and holding all these events that we don't step back and think about that. We really have done a lot with the remarkable group of people we have."
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Not surprisingly, private industry frequently considers hiring current and former federal government employees for their experience, knowledge base, and skill sets. As a reaction to the continuing perception, however, that high-level federal employees jump from the government to private industry and take sensitive government information with them, Congress has reacted over the years with complex and often overlapping revolving door legislation that places post-government employment restrictions on certain employees. While many government employees successfully transition to the private sector, failing to observe the revolving door laws and regulations can result in severe consequences for both the contractor and the government employee. A recent example of what can go wrong for both is the case of Timothy Cannon and The Gallup Organization ("Gallup").
On April 9, 2013, Judge Jackson from the District Court for the District of Columbia sentenced Timothy W. Cannon, former Director of the Human Capital Division at the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to two years of probation for conflict of interest violations. According to Mr. Cannon's plea, he helped Gallup acquire a $6 million contract while at the same time pursuing an employment position with the company. Gallup, as a result of its alleged employment discussions with Mr. Cannon and related conduct, faces potential liability for civil damages and penalties under the False Claims Act (FCA) and Procurement Integrity Act, including treble damages and disgorgement of all money received under the contract. Moreover, these types of cases always raise the risk of the contractor's suspension or debarment, which would preclude any new contract awards for up to three years. This case is a good reminder for private contractors that wish to hire a current or former government employee that they must have rigorous internal controls in place to ensure compliance with the post-government employment requirements.
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Choose or Lose: 'How often do you purchase makeup?
How often do you purchase makeup?
- Few times a month (42%, 269 Votes)
- Monthly (23%, 144 Votes)
- Weekly (21%, 135 Votes)
- Less than once a month (12%, 76 Votes)
- Daily (2%, 12 Votes)
Total Voters: 636
Feel free to elaborate on your answer in the comment section!
Discussion and debate are highly encouraged, and we expect community members to participate respectfully. When asking a question, please check the FAQ section (above) for information about purchasing, price, dupes, and the like. If you have general feedback or need technical support, please contact us.
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Posted at: 03/14/2013 11:26 AM
Updated at: 03/14/2013 5:26 PM
There's been a lot of interest in the motives behind an armed standoff in Victor on Monday.
News10NBC tried to get answers directly from the man accused of keeping dozens of police at bay for more than 12 hours.
31-year-old Ryan Whidden appeared briefly in Victor Town Court Thursday afternoon.
A judge is holding him on $250,000 cash bail or $500,000 bond.
Police responded to his house Monday morning after neighbors said he came outside and fired a gun at two cars in his driveway. He then refused to come out as police from several agencies surrounded the house.
The sheriff says Whidden had barricaded himself inside a closet and kept his wife inside against her will. He's charged with criminal possession of a weapon and could face additional charges.


text:
Phoenix Fostering
Most of Phoenix Fostering's competitor's web sites go overboard with sugery pictures of happy children and good looking young parents, whereas nothing could be further fom the truth.
St Giles Trust at 50
A site in pure celebration of the 50th Annniversary of St Giles Trust with a great video clip, slide show taking you through each decade, and plenty of not so subtle hints to donate to a great cause.
Happy Camper Holidays
Built for a new start up venture, the Happy Camper Holidays web site is aimed to reach a specific market, those wanting to take a nostalgic travelling holiday in a VW campervan....
Drug Discovery World
A business to business site, heavily news based, with dense information for those who need to know about Drug Discovery.
Consumer e-commerce site for buying diamonds
GDV is an e-commerce site (currently in beta) that will be selling diamonds directly to the consumer.
The brief was to create a more "serious" and down to earth looking site than their main American competitors, the Uk on-line taste is rather different.
O'Donoghue Books
Hay on Wye is famous for second hand books, and one of their largest international book stores uses Trafika to keep its huge inventory up to date on thier web site.
Control your Web Site Content
Take control of your web site content. No computer skills are required, its quick and easy to learn, and we offer one-to-one training for all customers.
The Importance of SEO
The primary focus of any web site is to get as high up on search engine listings as possible for key phrases that prospective customers will use to find what they are looking for.
Online Book Shop
Trafika provides book sellers with their own e-commerce web site, and an easy way to keep your site in sync with your stock list.
How We Work
Listening to our customers is the key to delivering a sucessful project. We take the time to understand your business, what you want to achieve, and explain to possible solutions in a jargon free way.
Trafika Customers
Good web site design and search engine performance are prerequisites whatever industry sector you are in. Trafika brings those disciplines to bear however unusual the project may be.
Internet Marketing and Web Design
Listening to our customers is the key to delivering a sucessful project.
We take the time to understand your business and what you want to achieve, and explain possible solutions in a jargon free way. more...
User Generated Content
UGC enables visitors to upload content to your site whilst you retain editorial control, and frees you up from uploading and maintaining Directories and classified ads.
What our Customers Say
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"Trafika's ability to speak in a language that we can understand has been a major factor in our successful partnership and we look forward to many more years of growth and fun under the guidance of Charles and his team., Damian Doherty, Features Editor Drug Discovery World.
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The Most Bizarre Things You Didn't Know You Could Buy Or Sell
We live in a crazy world where it all comes down to one thing: monetization. It's all about making that almighty dollar so when it comes to buying and selling anything you can literally give and have it all, for a pretty penny of course.
Some of these things are truly remarkable and others a bit strange as we have seen no limit as to what people will do. These are the most bizarre things you didn't know you can sell.
8. Someone to stand in line for you, $36 per hour
Do you live in Washington DC and are tired of waiting long hours in line? Well, Linestanding.com provides persons to stand in line anywhere in the greater Washington DC area, and specializes in United States Congressional hearings and their respective committees. You can order online and get a stander to wait at your chosen designation until they are able to rendezvous with you, the attendee. The company also creates a sign with a name of your choice so you can easily identify the stander in line. How cool is that?
7. Human Plasma, $35 per donation
If you're looking to make some quick cash you can always donate your plasma, the clear yellowish fluid portion of the blood that transports water and nutrients to all the cells in the body and is used for transfusions for people who have suffered shock, burns or trauma. Although your body quickly replenishes its supply of plasma, there are a few precautions you should take before using yourself as an organic ATM and donating plasma from your blood.
6. Driving in the carpool lane solo, $8
Minneapolis, San Diego, Houston, Seattle, and other cities have sought to ease traffic congestion by letting solo drivers pay to drive in carpool lanes, at rates that vary according to traffic.
5. Human guinea pig in a drug safety trial for a pharmaceutical company, $7,500
Serving as a human guinea pig in a drug safety trial for a pharmaceutical company is valued at $7,500. The pay can be higher or lower, depending on the invasiveness of the procedure used to test the drug's effect, and the discomfort involved.
4. Your doctor's cellphone number, $1,500 per year
A growing number of "concierge" doctors offer cellphone access and same-day appointments for patients willing to pay annual fees ranging from $1,500 to $25,000.
3. An Indian surrogate mother, $8,000
Western couples seeking surrogates increasingly outsource the job to India, and the price is less than one-third the going rate in the United States.
2. A prison cell upgrade, $90 a night
In Santa Ana, California, and some other cities, nonviolent offenders can pay for a clean, quiet, jail cell, without any non-paying prisoners to disturb them.
1. Fight in Somalia or Afghanistan for a private military contractor, up to $1,000 a day
The pay varies according to qualifications, experience, and nationality.
Top Photo Credit: Getty Images


text:
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The summer transfer of Radamel Falcao from Atletico Madrid to AS Monaco has been well documented. The world class striker was sold to the French club for £52.8 million ($85.4 million). Over the course of two seasons with the Spanish … Continue reading
Based on their records coming into this fixture, the Valencia – Atlético Madrid Saturday fixture did not look to be an appetizing match, but knowing each team's penchant to go forward, their stature in Spanish football, and their performances over … Continue reading
The group stage of the Champions League began on Tuesday evening, and two La Liga outfits looked to initiate the exorcism of their personal demons. Real Madrid and its galácticos played its first Champions League match of the season against … Continue reading


text: Tweet photo by ENOUGH Project (Flickr Creative Commons) Supermodel Naomi Campbell has been in the headlines lately for allegedly receiving 'blood diamonds' from former Liberian leader Charles Taylor at a 1997 celebrity dinner in South Africa, hosted by then President Nelson Mandela. Charles Taylor was reputedly paid in blood diamonds by the Revolutionary United Front (RUF) of Sierra Leone, a rebel group responsible for widespread atrocities – such as using child soldiers and hacking off victims' limbs – during Sierra Leone's civil war. Taylor himself currently faces 11 charges of war crimes and crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court in The Hague, including murder, sexual slavery and the use of child soldiers. From an article in the Independent: Taylor is accused of being criminally responsible for countless atrocities in which innocent victims were shot, hacked and burned to death, and subjected to horrific acts of sexual violence. Naomi Campbell testified in the Hague today that she received some dirty looking stones after the 1997 dinner in South Africa from two men who she was later told worked for Charles Taylor. From a BBC News report: She gave the stones to Jeremy Ratcliffe of the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund because she wanted them to go to charity, and said when she spoke to Mr Ratcliffe on the telephone in 2009, he said he still had them. Campbell's involvement in Taylor's trial has brought the issue of blood diamonds and other conflict minerals – minerals that fund wars in poor and undemocratic countries – to the media's forefront. This is in turn heating up the political pressure for countries to stop all trade in conflict minerals. A new provision signed by US President Barack Obama requires US companies to submit annual reports to the government divulging whether their products contain minerals from the Democratic Republic of Congo or neighboring states. […] in the Democratic Republic of Congo, armed groups that murder and rape civilians trade minerals such as gold, tin, tungsten and tantalum taken from mines under their control for weapons, money and other resources. Some of these minerals end up in cellphones and computers sold in the United States. –Elisa Massimino in the LA Times And not just the United States, obviously, but anywhere in the entire world where mobile phones, computers and other electronics are bought and sold. The opposition 'red-green' coalition in Sweden has also called for a similar measure to prevent Swedish companies from trading in conflict minerals. The coalition is made up of Sweden's Social Democratic, Left and Green parties. They have promised in a press release to adopt such a measure should they win Sweden's forthcoming national elections in September. Read more about this crucial and often-ignored issue in the below-linked article for the LA Times by the president and chief executive of Human Rights First, Elisa Massimino. Blood diamonds: Why Naomi Campbell's testimony at The Hague matters Additional resources: BBC News – Extracts from Naomi Campbell's testimony Enough Project SUBSCRIBE TO NEWSLETTER Thank you, your sign-up request was successful! Please check your e-mail inbox. Given email address is already subscribed, thank you! Please provide a valid email address. Oops. Something went wrong. Please try again later.


text:
Belling agrees. "We urge people
to make sure they really need the loan now,"
she says. In some cases, she says, what a
homeowner really needs is help with home repairs,
taxes or utility bills. And often, there are
local programs that can provide that assistance,
so that the retiree might not have to resort
to a reverse mortgage.
to the confusion ...
There are two different types of reverse mortgages,
and that can make the topic confusing. Federally
backed Home Equity Conversion Mortgages, or
HECMs, are guaranteed and regulated by the
federal government. Private or proprietary
loans aren't required to follow the same regulations.
"But up to this point, private
lenders have, by best practices, complied
with the same regulations," Hicks says.
Because the HECM loans are government-backed,
the rates tend to be lower than with proprietary
loans, Hicks says. In the past, when the amount
of homeowners' equity in their homes was higher
than local lending limits, they sometimes
turned to proprietary loans, he says.
These days, there are not that many lenders making proprietary loans.
In the current economic climate,
"at least 90 (percent) to 95 percent of the
market" is composed of government-backed HECM
loans, Belling says. Many of the companies
that offered private loans "are not making
them at this time," she says.
"The market really has changed," she says.
The trade-off
Reverse mortgage lenders don't consider your
credit history. They will pull a credit report,
but only to see if there are any outstanding
liens that could affect the title to your
home, Hicks says. Instead, they look at your
age, life expectancy, any existing mortgage
and the value of your house. They will calculate
that, along with their standard interest rate
and fees (including $30 to $35 per month to
service your account), and make you an offer.
Borrowers seeking federally
backed reverse mortgages are required to take
a counseling session (usually about one hour)
before they apply for the loans.
For a reverse mortgage, "the
only out-of-pocket costs for consumers are
the home appraisals and the counseling," Hicks
says. In some cases, the counseling is offered
free or at a low cost, but it can run as high
as $125. FHA home appraisals generally run
about $300.
Problems discovered during the
inspection must be corrected, but they can
be taken care of before or after the loan
closes. If the homeowner chooses to do it
after, money is set aside for that purpose.


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text:
Role of Library Liaison Contacts
The primary role of Library Liaison Contact (LLC) is to act as a contact between the Department or Faculty they represent, and the Library, mainly in relation to collection and resource matters.
In some cases the LLC is a Librarian (who may in turn be liaising with Departmental academic LLCs), and in other cases - usually where the collection is based in Fisher - the LLC is an academic staff member nominated by their particular Department. The Library maintains a list of current LLCs.
The LLC system works to facilitate procedures or processes by ensuring that information, documentation, acquisition and budget advice is communicated between academic faculties/departments and the Library. This liaison role is a two-way process - the LLC represents their faculty/department to various Library departments, and receives advice from the Library for communication to their particular constituency. Problems and/or clarifications of Library procedures can also be handled by LLCs.
Matters of policy, while often involving LLCs, are usually raised through faculty or departmental Library or User Committees, or through discussion or representation at the Library Committee, a committee of the Academic Board.
The Library has established a LLC email list to ensure that all LLCs are directly contacted over any procedural or policy matters that need to be considered or communicated through faculties or departments. LLCs are automatically added or removed from the list following advice about new appointments.
Currently, the responsibilities of the LLCs include :
- Suggestions and Orders - suggestions for purchase from research monograph allocations are often made through the LLC to the appropriate subject resource team. The LLC is expected to have an overview of faculty or departmental ordering to ensure an appropriate balance of suggestions to meet research interests, and to ensure the timely commitment of the fund allocations
- Fund, expenditure and commitment information - the LLC receives monthly statements of expenditure and commitment from the Library relating to their particular department/faculty to allow them to monitor ordering and expenditure.
- Course ordering - the LLC plays a key role in encouraging and coordinating the timely ordering of material recommended on Unit of Study reading lists from their department/faculty. The Library has a special fund for the purchase of multiple copies of reading list material - more information is available from the appropriate subject librarian
- Serials review and cancellation - the LLC plays an important role in the process of serial reviews to ensure that any cancellation targets are met, that there is appropriate consultation within their faculty/department, and that any consideration of (re)aligning serial purchases in relation to research/teaching priorities takes place. To facilitate any review LLCs need to contact their appropriate subject librarian
- New serials - new print serial subscriptions can only be ordered on the cancellation of an existing titles of equivalent value. Requests for new titles and suggestions for cancellations are made through the LLC - and it is their responsibility to ensure that there is consensus or agreement in their constituency for the new title and the cancellation
- Expensive items or special purchases - cases for such purchases are usually made through the LLC to the Collections Coordinator
- Relegation and collection transfers - the Library will contact relevant LLCs regarding any collection relegation or transfer to ensure that a full and open consultation takes place with academic staff before any moves are made. The LLC is responsible for ensuring that relevant or interested academic staff are made aware of any consultation.
The role of the LLC can be expected to broaden in the future as the Library moves to greater flexibility in the provision of collection funds, and electronic access to resources becomes more common and important. As the process of the Library providing resources to support the University's programs becomes more constrained in relation to funding, and more complex in the range of resource and delivery options, an effective and efficient means of communicating and consulting with faculties and departments becomes critical. The LLC will continue to play a key role in this process.


text:
A method is provided for forming films comprising TiN or Ti--Si--N employing the techniques of chemical vapor deposition to decompose a vapor comprising a compound of the formula Ti[N(R1)(R2)]x [(R3)N--C(R4)(R5)--C(R6)(R7)--N(R8)(R9)]y wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl, each of R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H or (C1 -C4) alkyl and x and y are 1-3; so as to deposit a film comprising titanium on the surface of a substrate.
1. A method for applying a titanium nitride film on the surface of a substrate comprising employing the techniques of chemical vapor deposition to decompose a vapor comprising a compound of the formula
Ti[N(R1)(R2)]x [(R3)N--C(R4)(R5)--C(R6)(R7)--N(R8)(R9)]y
(a) each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl;
(b) each of R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H or (C1 -C4) alkyl; and
(c) each of x and y are 1-3;
so as to deposit a film comprising titanium nitride on said surface.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H and wherein R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are each CH3.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein x is 2 and y is 2.
5. The method of claim 3 wherein x is 3 and y is 1.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the (C1 -C4) alkyl is interrupted by 1-3 N, non-peroxide O, Si or mixtures thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the substrate is heated to a temperature of about 200°-800° C.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the deposition is carried out under a vacuum of about 0.1-1 torr.
9. The method of claim 1, further employing an inert carrier gas to transport the vapor to the surface of the substrate.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the inert carrier gas is helium, argon or mixtures thereof.
11. The method of claim 9, further employing a reactant gas chosen from the group consisting of nitrogen, ammonia, hydrazine, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen, and an intermediate species thereof.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the reactant gas is present in a mixture with one or more of argon, nitrogen, helium or mixtures thereof.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein the reactant gas is ammonia and is employed at a flow rate of 0.5-1000 sccm.
Titanium nitride (TiN) is a technologically important transition metal nitride. Hoffman, Polyhedron, 13, 1169 (1994). It is a better electrical conductor than is titanium metal and its optical properties resemble those of gold. Toth, Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides, J. L. Margrave, ed., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York (1971). Titanium nitride is also harder than all elemental metals and sapphire and almost as hard as diamond, having a melting point of about 3000° C. Additionally, TiN is a low temperature superconductor.
TiN films have many potential applications because of their unique combination of properties. Fix et al., Chem. Mater., 5, 614 (1993). They are used, for example, as wear-resistant, friction-reducing coatings on machine tools and as gold-colored decorative coatings. Their optical properties also make them useful as wavelength selective transparent films, and in particular as solar control coatings on windows in warm weather climates. In microelectric devices, TiN films can be used a low resistance contacts and as diffusion barriers in interconnect metallization schemes.
Inorganic thin films such as TiN are commonly prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In CVD, a heat decomposable volatile compound (often an organometallic compound), or "precursor", is contacted with a substrate which has been heated to a temperature above the decomposition temperature of the compound. A coating forms on the substrate which may be a metal, metal mixture or alloy, ceramic, metal compound or mixture thereof, depending on the choice of precursor and reaction conditions. Optionally, a volatile reactant gas is employed alone or as a part of the carrier gas to adjust the composition of the final coating. The desirable characteristics of CVD as a thin film formation method include its ability to produce a thin film with good step coverage on a substrate having projections, the ability to readily control the composition of the thin film, and the ability to form a thin film without contamination of, or damage to, the substrate.
However, known CVD processes for manufacturing TiN films suffer many limitations, primarily due to the precursors employed. For example, although it is feasible to carry out CVD employing metalorganic precursors (e.g., dialkylamino-derivatives of titanium [Ti(NR2)4 ]) to product TiN films, the carbon content of the resulting TiN film is typically unacceptably high. This problem can be overcome with the use of ammonia in the carrier gas which also can reduce oxygen content, but this in turn creates problems with gas phase prereactions, with the consequence that the resulting films have poor conformality. Therefore, a need exists for an improved titanium precursor to be used in a CVD process for manufacturing TiN films.
The present invention provides a method for applying a thin film comprising titanium nitride, on the surface of a substrate. The method comprises employing the techniques of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to decompose a vapor comprising a compound of the formula Ti[N(R1)(R2)]x [(R3)N--C(R4)(R5)--C(R6)(R7)--N(R8)(R(9)]y, wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl, each of R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H or (C1 -C4) alkyl, and each of x and y are 1-3; so as to deposit a film comprising Ti on said surface. These compounds are disclosed in co-pending, commonly-assigned U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 08/599,565, filed Feb. 9, 1996. Optionally, the (C1 -C4) alkyl may be interrupted by 1-3N, non-peroxide O, Si or mixtures thereof, most preferably by 1-2N. Preferably, R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H and R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl. More preferably, R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are each CH3. Preferably, the diamino ligand functions as a bischelator. In this preferred embodiment of the invention, it is further preferred that x is 2 and y is 2 (a hexacoordinate complex) or that x is 3 and y is 1 (a pentacoordinate complex). Preferably, the substrate is heated to a temperature of about 200°-800° C. Most preferably, the substrate is heated to a temperature of about 300°-400° C. The preferred total pressure at the substrate is maintained at about 0.1-1 torr.
It is preferred that a carrier gas be utilized to transport the vapor to the surface of the substrate. It is further preferred that the carrier gas be an inert gas such as helium or argon and be employed at a flow rate of from about 0.5 to 500 sccm. Preferably, there is also a reactant gas employed which is chosen from the group consisting of nitrogen, ammonia, hydrazine, nitrogen trifluoride, hydrogen or an intermediate species thereof. The reactant gas may optionally be present in a mixture with one or more of argon, nitrogen or helium. If a reactant gas is employed, it is preferred that it be employed at a flow rate of from about 0.5 to 1000 sccm dependent upon precursor vapor pressure and desired dilution. Furthermore, the bulk resistivity of the resulting films is estimated to be about 1000-3000 μΩ-cm with conformality above about 80%, as measured by the techniques taught below.
FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a chemical vapor deposition apparatus useful in the utilization of the precursors of the present invention.
Applicant has made the discovery that by sterically saturating the metal center of a titanium precursor molecule, i.e., by making it either 5- or 6-coordinate, precoordination of a reactant gas, such as ammonia, is inhibited.
The present invention is thus directed to improved precursors for use in the chemical vapor deposition of titanium-containing thin films.
A. Chemical Vapor Deposition
This invention broadly relates to novel precursors for use in the CVD method of preparing TiN films, which when used in the CVD process, result in the deposition of high quality TiN films, at low temperature on a wide variety of substrates. As described by C. E. Morosanu in "Thin Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition," Elsevier, N.Y. (1990) at pages 42-54, CVD is classified into various types in accordance with the heating method, gas pressure, and/or chemical reaction. For example, conventional CVD methods include (a) cold wall type CVD, in which only a deposition substrate is heated; (b) hot wall type CVD, in which an entire reaction chamber is heated; (c) atmospheric CVD, in which reaction occurs at a pressure of about one atmosphere; (d) low-pressure CVD in which reaction occurs at pressures from about 10-1 to 100 torr; (e) electron-beam assisted CVD and ion-beam assisted CVD in which the energy from an electron-beam or an ion-beam directed towards the substrate provides the energy for decomposition of the precursor; (f) plasma assisted CVD and photo-assisted CVD in which the energy from a plasma or a light source activates the precursor to allow depositions at reduced substrate temperatures; and (g) laser assisted CVD wherein laser light is used to heat the substrate or to effect photolytic reactions in the precursor gas.
The laser CVD method is thoroughly discussed by I. P. Herman, Chemical Reviews, 89, 1323 (1989). Pyrolytic depositions are discussed on pages 1346-8 and photolytic depositions are discussed on pages 1348-9 of this review. An example of ion-beam assisted CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,112. An example of photo-assisted CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,005,519. An example of laser assisted CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,617. An example of electron-beam assisted CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,713,258. An example of plasma assisted CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,721,631. Examples of low pressure CVD and hot wall CVD are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,923,717. An example of atmospheric CVD is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,022,905. Examples of low pressure CVD and cold wall CVD are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,868,005. Heating of substrates in a cold wall CVD reactor may be accomplished by several methods including the use of hot stages or induction heating.
Broadly, thermal CVD includes any type of apparatus in which the substrate and/or the gaseous precursor is heated and could include standard thermal reactors such as cold wall/hot substrate reactors and hot wall type reactors, as well as radiation beam reactors in which a beam (such as a laser beam) is used to heat the substrate and/or to decompose gaseous precursor.
B. The CVD Process
In a typical CVD process, the substrate on which deposition is to occur is placed in a reaction chamber, and is heated to a temperature sufficient to cause the decomposition of vapors of the precursor complex. When these vapors are introduced into the reaction chamber and transported to the vicinity of the substrate, they will decompose thereon to deposit a film containing the metal, and selected elements from the precursor or reactant gas.
In a thermal reactor CVD system, it is preferable that the decomposition reaction occur at the substrate, and for this reason it is preferable to heat the substrate to a temperature in excess of the decomposition temperature of the precursor. In a radiation beam induced CVD technique, the radiation (such as an ion beam) is preferably used to heat the substrate so that decomposition of the precursor occurs at the substrate.
These CVD processes can be used to provide blanket deposition of titanium nitride films on substrates, as well as to provide deposition of these films on selected areas of the substrate, i.e., by use of a masking material, such as a resist material. Additionally, selected area depositions may be accomplished by energy beam assisted CVD where a beam of energy, such as an ion beam selectively heats small portions of the substrate.
Any CVD apparatus design may be used when depositing TiN films from the precursors of the present invention including hot wall reactors, cold wall reactors, radiation beam assisted reactors, plasma assisted reactors, and the like. For blanket depositions, a cold wall-hot substrate reactor may sometimes be preferred as this design is efficient in regards to precursor consumption. For selected area depositions, a radiation beam assisted reactor may be preferred as the radiation beam may be used to "write" metal containing films onto small areas of the substrate.
As described in Example 3, hereinbelow, the growth of TiN films is conducted with an inert carrier gas, e.g., helium, argon and a reactant gas such as ammonia, nitrogen trifluoride or hydrazine optionally mixed with one or more of hydrogen, nitrogen, argon or helium, under 0.1-100 torr in a standard CVD reactor. Such a reactor is depicted in FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, the precursor is contained in a reservoir (1) at one end of a reaction chamber (2). The precursor is exposed to a vacuum by opening a valve (8). The vacuum can be provided by a suitable vacuum pump (7) and/or forepump (10) (with exhaust means (13)) positioned at the opposite end of the reaction chamber (2). The precursor is vaporized and carried to the reaction chamber (2) using a carrier gas (12), which is bubbled through the precursor. Carrier gas flow rate is typically 0.5-500 sccm dependent upon precursor vapor pressure and desired dilution. The precursor vapor then passes through warmed connecting lines (5) into a reaction chamber (2) that contains one or more units of the substrate (3). The substrate, e.g., wafers of Si<100>, are preferably held in horizontal position on top of a heater (4). Preferably, the heater (4) maintains the temperature of the substrate (3) at about 200°-800° C. during the deposition process, most preferably at about 300°-400° C. The system also includes a reservoir containing the reactant gas (6). The precursor vapor stream and a reactant gas are combined either prior to (i.e., in the connecting lines (5)) or inside the reaction chamber (2). The combined vapor stream is then delivered into the reaction chamber (2) through a showerhead (9) where the heat of the substrate (3) is sufficient to decompose the precursor vapor so as to deposit a Ti-containing film. The system may further comprise auxilliary pumps (11).
Generally, vacuum systems are used for CVD of titanium-containing films. There is no criticality with respect to the pressure in the system, operating pressures of 1 to 100 mtorr have been used in the absence of carrier gas and higher or lower pressures are also acceptable, i.e., up to about atmospheric pressure. These pressures are largely determined by the pumping speed of the vacuum equipment, the vapor pressure of the precursor complex, and inert carrier gases can be added to increase the total pressure.
It is often desirable to use a carrier gas in a CVD process, which is passed through or over a solid or liquid precursor. In this case, an inert carrier gas is used, e.g., argon or helium. The vapor stream comprising the precursor and the inert carrier gas is then mixed, either in the transfer lines or in the reaction chamber, with a reactant gas such as ammonia, nitrogen, hydrazine, hydrogen, water, nitrogen trifluoride, silane, hydrogen sulfide, and the like. When carrier gases are used pressures may range from about 0.01 torr to about 760 torr (atmospheric pressure) and are more typically in the range of 0.1 to 300 torr. However, these pressures do not appear to be highly critical to the deposition of the films.
The precursor is generally maintained at a constant temperature during the vaporization process for ease of handling; however, this is not critical. the temperature is generally below the respective decomposition temperature, but at a temperature such that it is sufficiently capable of being volatilized in the process of chemical vapor deposition.
C. Substrates
Any type of substrate can be used in CVD, including metals, graphite, semiconductors, insulators, ceramics and the like as long as the substrate is not substantially deteriorated under the deposition conditions. Furthermore, suitable substrates may have one or more deposit layers already present. Such substrates include, but are not limited to, silicon, tin oxide, gallium arsenide (GaAs), silica, glass, alumina, zirconia, as well as polyimide, polymethyl-methacrylate, polystyrene and other synthetic polymers. More specifically, substrates useful for electronic device applications include Si<100>, Si<311>, Si<111>, Si<110>, GaAs<110>, GaAs<111> and GaAs<311>. Prior to initiating CVD, the substrates, such as Si<100> wafers, can be pre-cleaned by the standard means of sequential soaking in baths of tetrachloroethane, methanol, distilled water, dilute hydrofluoric acid, and distilled water.
CVD can be used to deposit metals on either planar substrate surfaces or as continuous layers into recesses, trenches, and vias, and over stepped surfaces, such as those which are topologically microstructured. The substrate can be of any desired shape, either regular or irregular. Thus, the substrate can be a rectangular solid or other solid characterized by flat exterior surfaces. Cylindrical surfaces, such as rods and wires, can also be coated according to this invention. Spherical surfaces and other curves surfaces can also be coated. The substrate can even be particulate and/or be hollow, as for example, a tube or a hollow or porous sphere or irregular particle having openings to the exterior.
D. The Precursors of the Present Invention
The present invention recognizes that conformal TiN films can be achieved only if film deposition rates are limited by the surface reaction rate rather than the rate of delivery of the reactants. This prerequisite requires that a relatively low substrate temperature and a controlled rate of reaction of the reactant gas and the titanium-containing precursor be employed. The precursors of the present invention have thus been specifically engineered to inhibit their reactivity with the reactant gas. Specifically, the precursors of the present invention contain 5- or 6-coordinate molecular species of titanium which are sterically saturated and thus, protected from attack in the gas phase. By virtue of this specifically engineered property, the precursors of the present invention will have activation energies which can only be reached at the substrate surface, allowing the deposition process to proceed at the desired rate.
Specifically, the precursors of the present invention are of the general formula Ti[N(R1)(R2)]x [(R3)N--C(R4)(R5)--C(R6)(R7)--N(R8)(R9)]y wherein each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are (C1 -C4) alkyl, each of R4, R5, R6, and R7 are each H or (C1 -C4) alkyl and x and y are each 1-3. Preferred precursors useful for the deposition of TiN are bis(dimethylamino)-bis-(N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamino)titanium, i.e., each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are each CH3, x is 2 and y is 2 and tris(dimethylamino)-mono(N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamino)titanium, i.e., each of R1, R2, R3, R8 and R9 are each CH3, x is 3 and y is 1.
The examples hereinbelow describe preparation of a preferred precursor complex. The volatility of the precursor produced in Examples 1-2 indicates that the material is suitable for chemical vapor deposition of titanium-based thin films in ULSI applications. The specific precursor compound produced is likely to be the most volatile of the any of the compounds of the class. It is believed that this specific compound is suitable for chemical vapor deposition of titanium-based materials such as (but not limited to) titanium nitride. Also, use of the compounds should also reduce difficulties in gas phase prereaction between silane and Ti(NR2)4 complexes when amorphous titanium-silicon-nitrogen (Ti--Si--N) diffusion barrier layers are employed for aluminum and copper metallizations. In either case, process knowledge currently within the skill of the art may be employed to design a complete chemical vapor deposition process using the compounds produced in the examples hereinbelow. Specifically, Example 3 hereinbelow demonstrates that the precursors of the present invention have a blend of physical and chemical properties that render them highly useful as liquid precursors for titanium nitride films in chemical vapor deposition processes.
The invention will be further described by reference to the following detailed examples.
A Schlenk flask was dried and purged with argon, then charged with 10.0 ml (9.6 g, 0.043 mol) of TDMAT that had been cooled in an ice bath. To this, 10.88 ml of N,N,N-trimethylethylenediamine was added dropwise. The mixture became orange-red slowly and was stirred overnight. The next day, a miniature distillation apparatus with cowl and receivers was attached and distillation begun. The first fraction was collected at approximately 40° C. and 90 mTorr and was identified to be a few milliliters of TDMAT. The next fraction was a red compound collected between 80°-95° C. One week later, the red compound was further purified by distilling off any remaining TDMAT. A sample was analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance by a commercial laboratory and confirmed to be essentially pure Ti[N(CH3)2 ]3 [(CH3)NCH2 CH2 N(CH3)2 ].
A dry, argon-purged vessel was charged with 10.0 mL (9.6 g, 0.043 mol) of tetrakis(dimethylamino)-titanium (TDMAT). To this was added 10.88 mL (0.086 mol) of N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamine (Aldrich Chemical Co.). The mixture became darker orange during the addition.
After 72 hours the crude mixture was distilled at reduced pressure under an argon atmosphere. The first fraction was taken off at 30° C. (60 mtorr)-corresponding to the boiling point of TDMAT.
A second, major fraction was taken off at 94° C. (75 mtorr), and found to be a dark red compound which crystallized at room temperature, but readily melted above 30° C. This second fraction was distilled a second time, withdrawing the fraction which came off between 90° and 94° C. (65 mtorr). The compound was identified by its NMR spectrum (Spectral Data Services Inc., Champaign, Ill.) in benzene-d6 : 3.16 ppm (s, 18H), 1.95 ppm (s, 6H), 3.20 ppm (s, 3H), 3.12 ppm (tr, 2H), 2.50 ppm (tr, 2H). Integration of the peaks was consistent with the formulation Ti[N(CH3)2 ]3 [N(CH3)CH2 CH2 N(CH3)2 ]. A diagram of the proposed structure follows:
The reservoir (1) was charged with tris(dimethylamino)(N,N,N'-trimethylethylenediamino)titanium and maintained at 50° C. The vapor was delivered to the reaction chamber (2) using a carrier gas (helium at 5 sccm) bubbled through the precursor. The lines (5) connecting the reservoir to the reaction chamber were warmed to 60° C. The substrate (3) (1"×1.5" silicon wafer with silicon oxide deposited on it or a portion of processed wafer with 5:1 aspect ratio contact holes) was maintained at 350° C. (measured by a thermocouple in contact with the substrate surface) inside the reaction chamber (2), which was held at a pressure of 0.5 torr. A reactant gas mixture containing 50 sccm N2 and 50 sccm ammonia (from reservoir (6))was introduced to the precursor vapor, upstream of the reaction chamber (2). The precursor vapor was delivered for 2.5 minutes
The final TiN growth rate was determined to be 3.5 angstroms per second. The mean thickness was determined to be 520 angstroms using a Tencor P-1 Long Scan profiler. The sheet resistance was found to have a mean value of 1800 microohm-cm using a Prometrix OmniMap RS-50/e. XPS was used to determine the composition of the film, which was 48 atom % titanium, 32 atom % nitrogen, 5 atom % carbon and 15 atom % oxygen. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine step coverage for a 2 micron×0.4 micron contact hole (5:1 aspect ratio). The ratio of coverage on the lower sidewall to that on the upper sidewall was 80%.
All patents and publications are incorporated by reference herein, as though individually incorporated by reference. While only certain preferred embodiments of this invention have been shown and described by way of illustration, many modifications will occur to those skilled in the art and it is, therefore, desired that it be understood that this is intended herein to cover all such modifications that fall within the spirit and scope of this invention.
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a community supporting ambient music, art, poetry, photography, games and more
Views: 69
A memorable one for me is being introduced to someone at a lunch party thing - I forget what it was for - but the person introducing me to their friend was excited because they knew we were both musicians.
He asked me what music I compose - and I said mostly ambient music - like film soundtrack background music. I could see the quizzical look so I said mostly with electronics and synths.
His reply... "Oh... you're a dj then."
I could have gone into my piano or trumpet or whatever experience... but that point... there really wasn't much interest in me to continue the conversation.
Oh yeah, been through that many times.
Similarly, when I played something rather electronic for my older brother - specifically, Frontline Assembly - his reply was: "Oh....it's DISCO! I didn't know you're into DISCO...."
My most typical reaction when mentioning to people that I do ambient music is: "Ohhhh, so you're into that whole New Age thing, huh? Yanni and John Tesh and stuff? Study crystals and your chakras?"
Interestingly, the people I tend to hear this from the most are jazz/fusion fans - the types who can't seem to go 2 sentences without saying something like "Well, if it was good enough for Jaco...." I have no idea why this is.
By contrast, and (to me) equally interesting is that the people I find who seem to "get" what I do with ambient music and are often the most supportive are metal fans.
I used to say 'ambient' which got furrowed brows, then I said 'electronic music', which people confused with DJ/Electronica, then I tried saying 'kinda like film soundtrack or video game music' which isn't exactly true.
Now I just say 'I write weird stuff'.
Yeah Har that's the response I get when I use the 'ambient' line. 'Sonic explorer' is another term I've had waiting in the side lines but to me it's a little pretentious but it has a better meaning for me. Another one is 'electronic experimental' which often ends that conversation ?


text:
110 W. New York Ave.
DeLand, FL 32720
DeLand hosts regonals
posted Feb 13, 2013 - 5:29:44pm
The DeLand Bulldogs (21-7) used a 21-16 fourth-quarter surge in the district championship game at Hagerty Feb. 9 to topple the Huskies, 59-54, and earn the right to host the regional quarterfinal game in The Doghouse at 7 p.m. Thursday, Feb. 14, against the Jacksonville Mandarin Mustangs.
The 'Dogs and Huskies were tied, 38-38, going into the final eight minutes of play. Monolito Hamilton netted 20 points for the victors, with Jason Burnell and Larry Chavers adding 13 points and 10 points, respectively. J.P. Dean grabbed seven rebounds.
In one of the other regional quarterfinal matchups, it will be Hagerty on the road to face the Jacksonville Sandalwood Saints. Should DeLand and Hagerty both win, they will be squaring off against each other again in the regional semifinals at 7 p.m. Tuesday, Feb. 19.
The regional finals will be played at 7 p.m. Saturday, Feb. 23, with the winners heading to Lakeland for the Class 8A state tournament Feb. 26-March 2.
Reader Comments
The comments posted below are posted by readers, not by The Beacon staff. These comments express the views and opinions of the authors, and not the administrators, moderators or webmaster. The comments forum is governed by these rules. Please use the report abuse link if you find offensive comments.
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You need to watch it more carefully. The attack will stay in place, but it will only attack with the armies that end up there. In fact, you can type any number into the attack dialog - try just opening it and typing 999. It will enter the order, but it's still not an exploit since it will just use as many armies as it can.
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When Ohio started removing science and social studies from its elementary school curriculum, Patty Elwell took action. Rather than opting for a private school or home school, however, Elwell in 2004 became one of the first parents to enroll her kids in an online public school.
?In spite of everyone?s best efforts the local school couldn?t meet their academic needs,? says Elwell, a former full-time teacher in southwest Ohio who has a son in 12th grade and a daughter in ninth. ?My only regret was I didn?t do it sooner."


text:
Cheat (game)
|Alternative name(s)
|Bullshit, I Doubt It
|Skill(s) required
|lying, card skills
|Age range
|depends on number of players
|Standard 52-card deck
|Related games
|Valepaska, Verish' Ne Verish', Poker Bull
Cheat (also known as Liar, Bullshit and I Doubt It[1]) is a card game where the players aim to get rid of all of their cards.[2][3] Normally played with at least three players, it is often classed as a party game,[2] and is a game of deception. A challenge is usually made by players calling out the name of the game, and the loser of a challenge has to pick up all the cards in the middle.
As with many card games, cheat has an oral tradition and so people are taught the game under different names. The game is called I Doubt It by Hoyle[4] and is sometimes known as Bullshit in the USA.[5]
Normally, a pack of 52 playing cards is used, but the game can accommodate more players by shuffling together multiple packs of cards[5] and often includes the jokers as wild cards.[citation needed] A dealer is chosen and the cards are shuffled and dealt (normally using a Western deal) until all the cards are dealt. The first player is either the first player dealt to or sometimes in variants the first person with a specified card (usually the Ace of Spades). Play proceeds in the order of the deal. The object of the game is to be the first player to get rid of all your cards.
A turn consists of a player placing a specific number of face-down cards into the middle of the table, from their hand, and making a claim as to what those cards rank are (e.g. "two sevens"). You can lie about the number of cards you place on the pile, and you can lie about the rank of the cards you place. The claim may have to be a lie if the player has no cards of the required ranks. The first play of the game must call aces; subsequent calls must be exactly one rank higher, with kings being followed by aces and continuing again.[5]
Once a player has made a claim, every other player has until the next player places their cards down to call "cheat" (or a similar phrase) if they think the player was lying. If a claim is challenged in this way, the cards played by the challenged player are revealed. If the challenge was correct and the player was lying, the lying player must take the entire stack of cards as a punishment. If the challenger was wrong, however, they must take the stack.[5] Play continues in normal rotation as the next player starts a new pile.[5]
The first player to empty their hand (and not lose a challenge on the final play) is the winner. The game may be continued to determine second and subsequent places, and in some versions the game continues until a loser has been established.
- Some variants allow a rank above or below the previous rank to be called.[5] Others allow the current rank to be repeated, or progress down through ranks instead of up.[5]
- In some variations a player may also lie about the number of cards they are playing, if they feel confident that other players will not notice the discrepancy. This is challenged and revealed in the usual manner.[5]
National variants[edit]
Canadian/Spanish Bluff[edit]
Similar to Russian Bluff, it is a version used by at least some in Canada and known in Spain. The rules are rather strict and, while a variation, is not open to much variation. It is also known in English as Fourshit (single deck) and Eightshit (double deck), the game involves a few important changes to the general rules mentioned above. Usually two decks are used[5] instead of one so that there are 8 of every card as well as four jokers (though Jokers are optional), though one deck may be used if desired. Not all ranks are used, the players can arbitrarily chose which ranks to use in the deck and if using two decks, should use one card for each player plus two or three more. Four players may choose to use 6,8,10,J,Q,K,A or may just as easily choose 2,4,5,6,7,9,J,K, or any other cards. This can be a useful way to make use of decks with missing cards as those ranks can be removed. The four jokers are considered wild and may represent any card in the game.
All cards are dealt, some players may get more cards than others.
The first player can be chosen by any means.[6] Spanish variation calls for a bidding war to see who has the most of the highest card. The winner of the challenge is the first player. In Canada, a version is the first player to be dealt a Jack face up, and then the cards are re dealt face down.
The first player will make a "claim" of any rank of cards and an amount of their choice. In this version each player in turn must play as many cards as they wish of the same rank.[5] The rank played never goes up, down nor changes in any way. If the first player plays kings, all subsequent players must also play kings for that round (it is non incremental). Jokers represent the card of the rank being played in each round (if the first player played Kings, then a Joker represents a King, meaning there are 12 possible Kings to be played in that round. A player may place whatever they like face down on the table (the first player may choose Jacks, but he or she is not obliged to play any jacks), though it is important that if a challenge is made, the exact cards played can be identified. A player may also play more cards than they claim to play though hiding cards under the table or up the sleeve is not allowed. This is also penalised if the claim is challenged.
At any moment any player can challenge the last player to play cards on the table by saying "bullshit" and turning the cards around. If the cards played were correctly called, the challenger picks up all cards on the table, if the challenger was correct and the cards don't match the claim, the player who made the claim has to pick up all the cards. Whoever won the challenge (did not pick up cards) begins a new round by making a claim of any amount of any card rank.
If at any point a player picks up cards and has all eight natural cards of a certain rank, he declares this out loud when realised (players should always be checking for this) and removes them from the game (placed somehow to the side). If it is realised that a player had had all eight cards and leads a round with this card, he or she automatically loses the game and is severely penalised (i.e. will have to do something embarrassing, drink lots of alcohol or say something ridiculous to a common friend the next day).
With jokers included, a player may claim to have up to 11 of one card (seven natural ones and four jokers).[7]
Once a player has played all his or her cards, he or she is out of that particular hand. Play continues until there are only two players (at which point some cards have probably been removed from the game). The players continue playing until there is a loser.
The object of the game is not so much to win, but not be the loser. The loser is usually penalised by the winners either in having the dishonour of losing, having to do something undesirable or having to drink a quantity of alcohol or something disgusting (mustard in milk or equally revolting).
Verish' Ne Verish'[edit]
In Russian the game is known as Verish' Ne Verish' ("Trust, don't trust"). This variant is also known as Russian Bluff, Chinese Bluff or simply as Cheat.
The dealer deals out all the cards to all players, as evenly as possible. The first player to go chooses any rank to start with, and places one, two or three of cards of that rank face-down, and calling out what they claim to have played. A player's claim need not be truthful.[8]
The next player may either call the previous player's bluff by saying "ne veryu" ("I don't trust") or simply turning over the played cards, or accept their play, either by saying "veryu" ("I trust") or taking their own turn without comment.[8]
If a bluff is called, the played cards are revealed to see whether they match the previous player's claim - if the challenger is right, the previous person picks up all the cards and the challenger starts a new round. If the challenge is wrong, the challenger picks up all the cards and the next person (in some variants, the previous person gets the right to start a new round) starts a new round with the rank of his choice. Whenever players pick up cards in this way, they may - if they wish - reveal four of the same rank from their hand, and discard them.[8]
If player accepts the previous player's call, they themselves must then play (or pretend to play) between one and three of cards of the same rank as the previous player.[8] In some variants, if the player does not have any of the rank in their hand, they may call "skip" or "pass" and the next player takes their turn. If every player passes, the cards on the table are removed from the game, and the last player to play a card starts the next round.
There is a variant rule where, upon a call of "I don't trust", the caller reveals one of the cards played at random. If the card is of the declared rank, the caller picks up the cards; if it is not, the previous person picks up all the cards and a new round begins.
- ^ Guide to games: Discarding games: How to play cheat, The Guardian, 22 November 2008, [1] retrieved 28 March 2011
- ^ a b The Pan Book of Card Games, p288, PAN, 1960 (second edition), Hubert Phillips
- ^ The Oxford A-Z of Card Games, David Parlett, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-860870-5
- ^ Hoyle's Rules of Games, Albert Morehead
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Rules of Card Games: Bullshit / Cheat / I Doubt It". Pagat.com. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Dupyup.com". Dupyup.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ "Bullshit, the Card Game". Khopesh.tripod.com. Retrieved 2013-06-24.
- ^ a b c d "Rules of Card Games: Verish' ne verish'". Pagat.com. 1996-11-17. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
- General
- Albert Morehead (1996). Official Rules of Card Games. Ballantine Books. ISBN 0-449-91158-6.
- USPC Card Game Rule Archive (under the name "I Doubt It") accessed on 2006-05-10.


text:
Upcoming Operas
August 8
The Marriage of Figaro — Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart The wily barber and part-time matchmaker has finally fallen in love, but--like everything else in Figaro's life--it's complicated. On the eve of Figaro's marriage to Susanna, Count Almaviva's wandering eye has landed on the lovely bride-to-be. Servant and master go head ...
August 15
The Ghosts of Versailles — John Corigliano and William M. Hoffman Trapped in the spirit world, the ghost of Marie Antoinette bitterly reflects on her final suffering. Her favorite playwright tries to entertain the melancholy queen with the continuing adventures of his beloved characters from The Barber of Seville and ...
August 22
Thaïs (archival broadcast - from 2013-2014 season) — Jules Massenet The incomparable Nino Machaidze returns as Thaïs, with Plácido Domingo as her would-be savior. Patrick Fournillier conducts a thrilling production by Nicola Raab that has taken European opera houses by storm.
August 29
Rigoletto (in Italian) — Giuseppe Verdi One of opera's most vivid and compelling characters, a vengeful court jester, desperately tries to protect his daughter from disaster in this heart-wrenching tragedy.
September 5
Madame Butterfly (in Italian) — Giacomo Puccini Puccini's heartbreaking tale of innocence, betrayal and sacrifice returns in a bold and beautiful production by Jun Kaneko, designer of San Francisco Opera's dazzling production of The Magic Flute (2012).
September 12
Norma (in Italian) — Vincenzo Bellini In Bellini's bel canto masterpiece, a Druid high priestess betrays her people by falling in love with an occupying Roman soldier. When the soldier abandons her for another, her volatile mix of anger and guilt threatens the lives of the innocent and guilty alike.
September 19
Susannah (in English) — Carlisle Floyd In the backwoods of Tennessee, a beautiful young woman is accused of indecent behavior after she is discovered bathing naked in a stream. Will the charismatic traveling preacher who sets his sights on her soul be her salvation, or her downfall? Carlisle Floyd's all-American score, ...
September 26
A Masked Ball (in Italian) — Giuseppe Verdi A Swedish king laughs off a fortune-teller's warning of a plot against his life. But when his closest aide discovers the monarch is having an affair with his wife, the threat of assassination becomes real.
October 3
Partenope (in Italian) — George Frideric Handel Disguises and cross-dressing reveal deep truths about the human heart in Handel's brilliantly entertaining comedy about Queen Partenope of Naples and her three royal suitors, which features one of his greatest scores.
October 10
Cinderella (in Italian) — Gioachino Rossini Thanks to her open heart and determination, Cinderella triumphs over her mean-spirited relatives in Rossini's sparkling version of the story. Karine Deshayes, lauded for her "emotional depth and vibrant, beautiful sound" (The New York Times), makes ...
October 17
La bohème (in Italian) — Giacomo Puccini When an aspiring poet falls in love with a fragile seamstress, their intense passion is only matched by their youthful idealism. Can their tender relationship survive the cruelties of life?
October 24
Two Women (in Italian) — Marco Tutino The cruelty of war, the loss of innocence and the intense love of a mother for her daughter make for moving drama in this world premiere—based on a novel that was adapted into a classic movie starring Sophia Loren. As the Allies invade Italy toward the end of World War II, a strong-willed ...
October 31
The Trojans (in French) — Hector Berlioz One of the largest, most magnificent pieces in the entire repertory, this rarely staged epic is presented here for the first time in 47 years, the way it was originally meant to be seen: two operas—The Fall of Troy and The Trojans at Carthage—in one spectacular ...


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In this client alert, we revisit some best practices for using documentary letters of credit as the payment mechanism under commodities contracts. We also look at L/C confirmation and confusion which can arise with "may confirm" provisions. A further alert will look at the problems around price escalation clauses in L/Cs.
A brief introductory reminder - what, why and how?
A letter of credit is defined in the UCP 6001 as "…any arrangement, however named or described, that is irrevocable and thereby constitutes a definite undertaking of the issuing bank to honour a complying presentation."
In other words, a letter of credit is an irrevocable undertaking by a bank to make payment to a named beneficiary (Seller) within a specified time, against the presentation of certain documents which comply strictly with the terms of that credit. Essentially, the use of a letter of credit enables a Seller to substitute the creditworthiness of his Buyer with that of a creditworthy bank, provided the correct documents can be presented.
Documentary letters of credit are common in some trades (agri, sugar, veg oils), but less common in the petroleum trade for example, which tends to use a standby L/C which requires a beneficiary statement of non-payment to trigger the bank's obligation to pay, with no or minimal further documentary requirements.
Best practice pointers
Recent issues: 'May Confirm'/Optional Confirmation
Traditionally, sale contracts would require a "confirmed" L/C if the Seller wanted the comfort of a second bank; however one also now sees sale contract terms which seek to make confirmation optional for the Seller. Commercially, the Seller may not be sure if he wants or needs confirmation at the time of the sale, and the Buyer may be unwilling to pay confirmation charges.
Unfortunately, clauses introducing "optional confirmation" are often not clearly drawn and lead to confusion and disputes. Given that the time of opening of the L/C is so important, it is vital to have clearly defined payment provisions within the contract, setting down in detailwhich party is obliged to do what, and when. In particular, if the Seller wants a confirmed credit in an "optional" contract, there should be a specified time for Seller's notification to the Buyer, so that the Buyer is able to open the correct L/C in time.
Where the sale contract requires confirmation at the option of the Seller, it is unlikely to be sufficient for the Buyer to open a "may confirm" credit. If the Seller exercises the option to have confirmation, the Buyer should ensure the L/C contains an instruction to "confirm" and ensure that the second bank adds its confirmation on time.
To confirm or not to confirm – the Seller's problem?
Reed Smith recently acted for the successful Sellers in an arbitration which considered a clause in a sale contract requiring payment to be effected "by an irrevocable letter of credit to be opened in favour of Sellers by a first class bank… To be advised and confirmed to them by a first class bank nominated by Sellers". However, the sale contract went on to provide: "Advising bank must consult beneficiary before adding confirmation". The clause also provided that confirmation costs were to be for the beneficiary's account.
So the parties had used usual confirmation language in the opening part of the L/C provisions, but had added an option for the beneficiary, in terms that the bank had to check with the beneficiary. In addition, there was usual language providing a latest date for opening the L/C.
This highlights several issues:
The clearest solution is to take more care at the contract stage:
Note: Buyer still has a risk that the "confirming" bank will refuse to add confirmation or moves too slowly.
1. International Chamber of Commerce, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits 600 at Article 2. At the time of writing this alert, the 6th edition of these Rules is in force. The Rules are applicable to any credit which expressly indicates that it is subject to the Rules.
See more »
DISCLAIMER: Because of the generality of this update, the information provided herein may not be applicable in all situations and should not be acted upon without specific legal advice based on particular situations.
© Reed Smith
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text:
County free to make electoral changes
The U.S. Supreme Court handed down a 5-4 decision to strike down Section 4 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Tuesday morning.
Section 4 was a formula to decide which counties and municipalities that had to seek pre-clearance for electoral decisions. Union County and other areas are named under Section 5.
"Technically, the Court did not strike down Section 5," Michael Crowell, a professor of public law and government and the University of North Carolina School of Government, said. "Instead, what it did was it struck down Section 4, which was the formula for saying who was subject to Section 5."
"Theoretically, Section 5 is still on the books and Congress could go back and write a new formula saying who has to submit things," Crowell said.
Chief Justice John Roberts noted in his majority ruling that they only struck down the formula, not Section 5 itself and that Congress may draft a new formula based on current conditions to determine which states or counties would be named in Section 5. The formula that was struck down was based on data from 1965 and many argued it was outdated.
Crowell said he does not believe Congress will create a new formula because it is unlikely they could agree on any new formula.
As a result of the ruling, the
county does not have to seek pre-clearance approval from the U.S. Department of Justice before making any changes to elections.
"The most dramatic effect will occur for those boards that use districts for their elections the next time they redraw those districts," Crowell said. "It also means that if the county commissioners or the school board or whoever want to change the way they're elected, increase the size of the board, change from partisan to non-partisan...whatever they wanted to do, they can do it now without having to go through the pre-clearance process."
Crowell noted that if a change has a discriminatory effect, there are still parts of the Voting Rights Act where voters can challenge a change in court.
Nathel Hailey, president of the Union County chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, said he was disappointed by the ruling.
"I'm very disappointed," Hailey said. "I thought we had a good case...I know we still have problems here in Union County."
Hailey pointed to a switch from districted elections to at-large elections as potentially harmful.
"The other municipalities and the county itself has some big problems and to take away the voting rights act is going to be very detrimental," Hailey said.
Hailey was concerned that an updated formula might not include Union County.
Joseph Ellis, a political science professor at Wingate University, said this was a controversial ruling that will ignite passions.
"When you include the racial dynamic and the legacy of the south as it pertains to race, it brings out very heated feelings," Ellis said. "The controversy here is the controversy of our history, particularly the history of some states in the country."
Ellis said that Congress can act quickly if they believe something is pressing, he pointed to the bank bailouts in 2008 as an example. He said if there is enough public pressure on Congress, they could act to update the formula.
"When you think about what Supreme Court Justices or legal scholars or lawyers do is they interpret and try to understand the law," Ellis said. "That is what they have done here, but with incredible political and historical and social overtones."
Roberts wrote in his opinion that the conditions that prompted the act no longer exist.
"At the same time, voting discrimination still exists; no one doubts that," Roberts wrote. "The question is whether the Act's extraordinary measures, including its disparate treatment of the States, continue to satisfy constitutional requirements."
U.S. Sen. Kay Hagan, D-NC, released a statement Tuesday expressing her disappointment.
"I am deeply discouraged that the Supreme Court struck down Section 4 of the landmark Voting Rights Act that exists to prevent racially discriminatory voting practices. Though our country has come a long way since this law was enacted, injustice still exists and still threatens the rights of minority voters," Hagan wrote. "It is clear that in striking down Section 4, the Supreme Court has effectively gutted Section 5 – the heart of the law. This is a step backwards. I hope that my colleagues on both sides of the aisle will join me in fighting for honest and just elections that afford everyone an equal opportunity to participate in the democratic process."


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¡Uno!'s arrival is just two weeks out, and Green Day have kicked things into high gear, dropping videos and performing new material in order to build anticipation before then. Bright and early this morning they played on the roof of Good Morning America, high above Times Square, for a crowd that began gathering late last night. Their four song set included some new ("Oh Love" and "Stay The Night"), some classic ("Holiday" and "Basket Case"), at least one "FREE PUSSY RIOT" cry and a lovely moment during the last act of "Oh Love" where Billie Joe Armstrong's yell-singing turned sing-songy for a few notes. Check out their performances below, and look for ¡Uno! on September 25th.
"Oh Love"