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A low-E sputter-coated layer system for automotive and architectural purposes of the basic Si3 N4 /NiCr/Ag/NiCr/Si3 N4 type improved by either an undercoat of TiO2 or the use of stainless steel in the Si3 N4 layers, or both. By selection of appropriate thicknesses the layer coatings may be rendered heat treatable. I.G. units are an advantage product in which the coatings may be employed.
1. In a method of making an insulating glass unit comprised of at least two sheets of glass sealed at their peripheral edges to each other thereby to define at least one insulating chamber therebetween, said method including the steps of spacing said glass sheets apart, heating said sheets at an elevated temperature, and sealing the peripheral edges of said sheets to each other at or above said elevated temperature, the improvement comprising using as at least one of said glass sheets a coated glass substrate having on a surface thereof a layer system including the following layers extending outwardly therefrom:
a first layer of Si3 N4 ;
a first layer of nickel or nichrome;
a layer of silver;
a second layer of nickel or nichrome; and
a second layer of Si3 N4 ;
wherein at least one of said Si3 N4 layers includes from about 0.5-15% by weight stainless steel, and wherein
when said glass substrate has a thickness of about 2 mm-6 mm said coated glass substrate has a normal emissivity (En) of about 0.06 or less, a hemispherical emissivity (Eh) of about 0.08 or less, a sheet resistance (Rs) of about 7.0 ohms/sq. or less and having a substantially neutral visible reflected color when viewed from the glass side.
2. In the method of claim 1 wherein said glass sheet having said layer system thereon is heat treatable.
3. In the method of claim 1 wherein said layer system on said at least one glass sheet consists essentially of the following layers having about the following thicknesses:
______________________________________ Layer Thickness Å______________________________________ TiO2 100-400 Si3 N4 20-150 NiCr 7-100 Ag 75-250 NiCr 7-50 Si3 N4 50-600______________________________________
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/552,366, filed Nov. 2, 1995 now abandoned.
This invention relates to coating systems for glass substrates which exhibit very low emissivity values and are substantially neutral in color. More particularly, this invention relates to glass articles, such as insulating glass units (e.g. doors and windows) which are provided with these coating systems, and methods of making them.
The importance of sputter-coated glass layer systems for achieving solar management properties in many types of glass articles, such as architectural windows and doors, is now well established in commerce. In addition, the importance of using such layer systems in insulating glass units (known as "IG" units in the art) is equally well established. Examples of this latter use include multipaned windows and doors made up of at least two panes of glass sealed at their peripheral edges to form an insulating chamber therebetween. Such chambers, after the edges are sealed, are then popularly made commercially by displacing the air in the chamber with another gas such as argon. However, in certain modern technology mostly under development (or in certain older, more expensive technology) a vacuum chamber is employed while the glass sheets are heated to a temperature whereby the glass edges are fused together.
Important to the acceptance of solar management glasses, including IG units, in the marketplace are the following characteristics which relate directly to the sputter-coated layer system employed:
1) the desired amount of visible transmittance coupled with an acceptable level of infrared radiation reflectance;
2) a non-mirror-like appearance (i.e. a low visible "reflectance" as defined below);
3) a substantially neutral visible reflected color when viewed from the glass side (i.e. a color falling within the range of from colorless to slightly blue);
4) resistance to weathering or other chemical attack, often referred to as "chemical durability" (this term is defined below); and
5) resistance to abrasion (often referred to as "mechanical durability", a term also defined below) during handling, particularly during the various steps necessary to produce an IG window or door from two or more sheets of glass, at least one of which has been pre-sputter-coated with the aforesaid layer system.
In addition to these physical characteristics, the coating system employed must be economical to produce. If it is not, the ultimate product, such as in an IG unit, may become so expensive as to inhibit demand.
It is well-known in the art that these desired characteristics often conflict when attempting to achieve them, and that, therefore, trade-offs often become necessary. For example, achievement of acceptable levels of transmittance or IR (infrared) reflection may have to be at the expense of durability (either chemical or mechanical, or both). In other trade-offs, undesirable colors and mirror-like windows (or doors) become unavoidable. In still further trade-offs, cost of production becomes a significant factor. Such problems create a need in the art for a new sputter-coated layer system which can achieve a better balance among these characteristics.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,718 there are disclosed various excellent sputter-coated layer systems which achieve acceptably low values of emissivity (E), and thus are properly classified as a family of "Low-E" systems (i.e. a family of high IR reflectance coatings). In addition, such coating systems, as a family, generally exhibit durability characteristics which approach or equal those of pyrolytic coatings and thus are quite acceptable. Still further, these coatings, particularly in their preferred embodiments, exhibit high visible transmittance. At the same time they also exhibit a reasonably neutral color, ranging somewhat into the green side of blue which is, however, reasonably masked by the level of visible reflectance achieved to thereby appear substantially neutral. In addition, these visible reflectance characteristics are below 20% and thus also avoid an undesirable mirror-like appearance when viewed from either the inside or outside when used, for example, as a window or door.
The family of layer systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,718 employs various layers of Si3 N4 and nickel or nichrome to sandwich one or more layers of IR reflecting metallic silver between them, in a selected order, thereby to achieve the desired end properties. The entire disclosure of this patent, including the "BACKGROUND" section thereof is incorporated herein by reference.
Generally speaking this prior patent ('718) achieves its unique results by the use of a system comprised of five or more layers wherein from the glass outwardly the system comprises:
a) an undercoat layer of Si3 N4 ;
b) a layer of nickel or nichrome;
c) a layer of silver;
d) a layer of nickel or nichrome; and
e) an overcoat layer of Si3 N4.
When the system consists essentially of these five (5) layers, the following thicknesses are generally employed:
______________________________________Layer Range (approx.)______________________________________a (Si3 N4) 400Å-425Åb (Ni or Ni:Cr) 7Å or lessc (Ag) 95Å-105Åd (Ni or Ni:Cr) 7Å or lesse (Si3 N4) 525Å-575Å______________________________________
When, in this prior patent ('718), more than five layers are employed, such as when two silver layers are employed, the system from the glass outwardly usually includes the following layers:
glass/Si3 N4 /Ni:Cr/Ag/Ni:Cr/Ag/Ni:Cr/Si3 N4, and the total thickness of the silver remains the same (e.g. 95 Å-105 Å) such that each layer of silver itself is only about 50 Å, to make up the total.
While such systems as disclosed in this prior '718 patent constitute a significant improvement over then existing prior art systems, particularly those discussed in the "BACKGROUND" section of that patent; nevertheless, there remained room for improvement in the characteristic of "emissivity". For example, in the systems of the '718 patent, normal emissivity (En) was generally less than or equal to about 0.12 while hemispherical emissivity (Eh) was generally less than about 0.16. However, in practice, the lower limits realistically or commercially achievable were generally, for En about 0.09 and for Eh were about 0.12. Achievable sheet resistances (Rs) in this respect were generally from about 9-10 ohms/sq.
Inhibiting the achievement of better IR reflection (i.e. decreased "E" values) was the generally held belief that if the thickness of silver were increased to achieve higher IR reflectance (and thus lower "E" values) at least one or more of the following four detrimental effects would occur: (1) there would result a loss of durability; (2) the ultimate product would be too highly reflective, and thus become mirror-like; (3) the color would be driven to an unacceptably high purple or red/blue appearance; and/or (4) visible transmittance would become unacceptably low.
Durability, both mechanical and chemical, is an important factor to achieve in architectural glass generally whether used as a monolithic sheet or, for example, when used in an IG unit. As aforesaid, the handling, assembling and sealing of IG units places a premium on mechanical durability, while the need to edge seal the panes to create an insulating chamber therebetween creates the need for chemical durability due primarily to the nature of the sealant which inevitably contacts the coating. Aesthetically, both mirror-like and purple color qualities may eliminate the marketability of any product exhibiting these characteristics. Loss of visible transmittance while undesirable, does not become truly undesirable until, in a monolithic sheet, it drops below about 70% and in an IG unit it drops below about 63%. However, in certain uses, particularly where low shading coefficients (i.e. less than about 0.6) are desired, transmittance may actually be too high, even though emissivity is reasonably low. Generally speaking, where shading qualities are desired (i.e. to lower air conditioning costs), monolithic visible transmittance should be kept below 75% and preferably below 73%, while in a typical IG unit visible transmittance should be about 65% to 68%.
In partial confirmation of the above beliefs, is the rather complex layer system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,449 as well as its presumed commercial counterpart in IG unit form, known as Cardinal 171 sold by Cardinal IG Company. The layer system as taught in this patent varies the thicknesses and types of materials in the layer stack to achieve certain solar management qualities, as well as employing an overcoat of an oxide of zinc, tin, indium, bismuth, or oxides of their alloys including zinc stannate, to achieve abrasion resistance. In addition, the system employs one or two layers of gold, copper or silver to achieve its end results. When two layers of silver are used it is said that the first is between 100 Å-150 Å and preferably about 125 Å in thickness while the second, based thereon, is to be between 125 Å-175 Å. When only one silver layer is employed, it is taught that its thickness is to be about 100 Å-175 Å, and preferably 140 Å. Nowhere does this patent disclose the use of nickel or nichrome, nor the use of silicon nitride as an element(s) in the stack arrangement.
In actual commercial practice, the aforesaid Cardinal IG units have been found to achieve quite acceptable solar management properties including acceptable color characteristics and relatively good non-mirror-like visible reflectance (an example is reported hereinbelow for comparison). However, this otherwise quite acceptable system has been found lacking in chemical durability, and, as defined herein, may be said to lack chemical durability since it fails the prescribed boil test. While the precise reason for this is not known, the simple conclusion is that, as has been indicative of the prior art, sacrifices had to be made in at least one desirable characteristic, in order to achieve desirable levels of the others. In addition, due to the nature of the stack and elements used, the system is quite expensive to produce principally due to the number and thickness of the layers required to achieve the desired result.
In the "BACKGROUND" section of the aforesaid '718 patent there is disclosed a further prior art architectural glass layer system which commercially has become known as Super-E III, a product of the Airco Corporation. This system, from the glass outwardly consists of the following layer stack:
Si3 N4 /Ni:Cr/Ag/Ni:Cr/Si3 N4
It has been found in practice that in this Super-E III system the Ni:Cr alloy is 80/20 by weight Ni/Cr, respectively (i.e. nichrome), the two nichrome layers are reported as being 7 Å thick, the Ag layer is specified as being only about 70 Å thick [except that it is stated that the silver may be about 100 Å thick], and the Si3 N4 layers are relatively thicker (e.g. 320 Å for the undercoat and about 450 Å for the overcoat). In reality, because of its thinness (i.e. about 70 Å), the silver (Ag) layer has been found, in practice, to actually be rather semi-continuous in nature.
While this coating achieved good "durability" (i.e. the coating was scratch resistant, wear resistant and chemically stable) and thus achieved an important measure of this characteristic as compared to pyrolytic coatings, for glass at about 3 mm thick, Eh is only about 0.20-0.22, and En is about 0.14-0.17. Both of these emissivity values are rather high. In addition, sheet resistance (Rs) measures a relatively high 15.8 ohms/sq (the more acceptable value being about 10.5 or less). Thus, while both mechanical and chemical durability are found to be quite acceptable and its monolithic sheet visible transmittance was a rather high 76�1%, and while these coatings also proved to be compatible with conventional sealants used in IG units, its ability to handle IR radiation was less than desirable. In addition, its rather high monolithic visible transmittance of 76�1% made such a system rather undesirable when lower shading characteristics were required.
Airco has followed its Super-E III system with what it has designated as its Super-E IV system. This system includes as its layer stack from the glass outwardly the following:
______________________________________ Element Thickness (Å)______________________________________ TiO2 Approx. 300 NiCrNx Approx. 8 Ag Approx. 105 NiCrNx Approx. 8 Si3 N4 Approx. 425______________________________________
This system is quite similar in performance to the Super-E III except that visible transmittance is higher (e.g. greater than 80%), emittance is lower (e.g. less than about 0.10) and shading coefficient is significantly higher (e.g. approx. 0.80). In addition, due to the use of TiO2 as an undercoat, the system is expensive to produce.
Another group of layer systems, somewhat similar perhaps to those of Super-E III and IV, is reported in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,377,045 and 5,563,734. In the systems reported in these two patents, a single silver layer (for example) is sandwiched between two nichrome layers (wherein the Cr is nitrided in '734) which, in turn, are sandwiched between a lower layer of, for example, TiO2 or Si3 N4 alone or doped with Zr; and an outer layer of Si3 N4 or Si3 N4 doped with Zr. When TiO2 is used as the lower layer, Si3 N4 is not used between this lower TiO2 layer and the next above precoat nichrome layer. When Si3 N4 is used as the lower layer, TiO2 is not used beneath it.
The above-described layer system of this '045 patent, in practice, is known to generally be of a purple color, has been found not to be chemically durable as defined by the below-described boil test, is not heat treatable, and has a rather high emissivity. The nitriding of the Cr in the '734 patent virtually assures that the system will not be heat treatable. Moreover, according to both of these patents, special sputtering techniques are advised in order to reduce what is referred to as the "tintrinsic stress" in one of the dielectric layers in order to achieve mechanical and chemical desirability.
A significant improvement in the prior art is disclosed in our co-pending application Ser. No. 08/356,515 filed Dec. 15, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,476, and entitled LOW-E GLASS COATING SYSTEM AND INSULATING GLASS UNITS MADE THEREFROM. The unique layer systems disclosed therein are comprised of a silver layer sandwiched between two nichrome layers which, in turn, are sandwiched between a lower and outer layer of Si3 N4. By appropriate adjustment of layer thicknesses, the coating systems of that invention achieved advantageously low emissivities (i.e. En <0.07, Eh <0.075, Rs <5.5 ohms/sq.). In addition, the reflectance characteristics made them quite acceptable (i.e. no mirrorlike appearance) for use in insulating glass units ("IG's"). The transmittance characteristics, as well, were in the appropriate range and the problem of undesirable purple color of past prior art systems was eliminated.
While these layer systems were quite advantageous, it has been found that as one seeks to achieve even lower emissivity values (i.e. reduced infrared transmission, which is a principal object of many layer systems used in architectural and automotive glass), principally through the attempt to thicken the silver layer (the primary IR-reflecting layer), visible transmittance, color, and reflectance characteristics are adversely affected. For example, thickening of the silver layer has been found to severely decrease visible transmittance to below the acceptable 70% level. In addition, the glass side appearance of an article (e.g. IG unit) so coated with too thick a silver layer can often become highly purple and mirrorlike. Thus while the system described above achieved properties theretofore unachieved in combination by the prior art, there was still a need for improvement, if at all possible.
In addition to the layer systems described above, other coatings containing silver and/or Ni:Cr as layers for infrared reflectance and other light management purposes have been reported in the patent and scientific literature. See, for example, the Fabry-Perot filters and other prior art coatings and techniques disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,682,528 and 4,799,745 (and the prior art discussed and/or cited therein). See also the dielectric, metal sandwiches created in numerous patents including, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,179,181; 3,698,946; 3,978,273; 3,901,997; and 3,889,026 just to name a few. While such other coatings have been known or reported, it is believed that prior to our invention, none of these prior art disclosures teach or have achieved the ability to employ the highly productive sputter-coating process and, at the same time, achieve an architectural glass which not only approaches or equals the durability of pyrolytic coatings, but which also achieves excellent solar management qualities as well.
In view of the above, it is apparent that there exists a need in the art for a sputter-coated layer system which optimizes rather than unduly sacrifices on a perceived priority basis, the above-described characteristics for coated glass sheets generally, and IG units more particularly, in an economical way. It is a purpose of this invention to fulfill this and other needs in the art which will become more apparent to the skilled artisan once given the following disclosure.
This invention achieves its superior results by using as a starting point the very advantageous layer system as just described above [i.e. as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,514,476 which for simplicity may be illustrated as: glass/Si3 N4 /NiCr/Ag/NiCr/Si3 N4 ] and changing this layer system in one of three basic, alternative ways:
1. admixing stainless steel with the layers of Si3 N4, or
2. employing an undercoat of TiO2 between the glass substrate and the first Si3 N4 layer; or
3. a combination of 1) and 2) above.
In those instances, in this respect, when the NiCr layers comprise a substantial amount of nitrided Cr (i.e. CrNx) the systems are generally not "heat treatable". However, by employing a requisite range of thicknesses of the layers and forming the NiCr layers so as to be substantially free of any nitrided Cr, the layer systems so formed are found to be "heat treatable" as that term is defined herein below.
In all instances, however, whether heat treatable or not, excellent emissivity values are achieved, and equally unexpectedly, the visible reflectance and color appearance of the article when viewed from the glass side remains non-mirrorlike and is substantially neutral (i.e. falls within the color range of truly neutral to only slightly blue), while the layer system itself remains chemically and mechanically durable despite at times an increase in silver layer thickness. As such, especially when heat treatable, the layer systems of this invention find particular utility as layer systems in insulating glass units such as IG doors and windows, especially when such units are manufactured using heat sealing techniques.
In one aspect of this invention then there is provided in a sputter-coated glass article comprised of a glass substrate having on a planar surface thereof, from the glass outwardly, a layer system including:
a first layer of Si3 N4 ;
a first layer of nickel or nichrome;
a layer of silver;
a second layer of nickel or nichrome; and
a second layer of Si3 N4 ;
the improvement selected from the group consisting of: (a) at least one of said Si3 N4 layers including from about 0.5% -15% by weight stainless steel, (b) an undercoat layer of TiO2, and (c) a combination thereof, and wherein
when said glass substrate has a thickness of about 2 mm-6 mm, said unheat-treated coated glass substrate has a normal emissivity (En)of about 0.06 or less, a hemispherical emissivity (Eh)of about 0.08 or less, a sheet resistance (Rs) of about 7.0 ohms/sq. or less and having a substantially neutral visible reflected color when viewed from the glass side.
Given the above alternatives, then, in a particular embodiment of this invention there is provided a sputter-coated glass article comprised of a glass substrate having on one of its planar surfaces, from the glass outwardly, a layer system including:
a) a layer comprised of Si3 N4 and stainless steel, wherein the stainless steel is in an amount of about 0.5%-15% by weight of said layer;
b) a layer of nickel or nichrome;
c) a layer of silver;
d) a layer of nickel or nichrome; and
e) a layer comprised of Si3 N4 and stainless steel,
wherein the stainless steel is in an amount of about 0.5%-15% by weight of said layer, wherein
when the glass substrate has a thickness of about 2 mm-6 mm, the coated glass substrate has a normal emissivity (En) of about 0.06 or less, a hemispherical emissivity (Eh)of about 0.07 or less, a sheet resistance (Rs) of about 5.0 ohms/sq. or less and has a substantially neutral visible reflected color when viewed from the glass side.
In yet another embodiment of this invention there is provided a sputter-coated glass article comprised of a glass substrate having on one of its planar surfaces, from the glass outwardly, a layer system including:
a) an undercoat layer of TiO2 ;
b) a layer comprised of Si3 N4 ;
c) a layer of nickel or nichrome;
d) a layer of silver;
e) a layer of nickel or nichrome; and
f) a layer comprised of Si3 N4 ; wherein when the glass substrate has a thickness of about 2 mm-6 mm, the coated glass substrate has a normal emissivity (En) of about 0.04 or less, a hemispherical emissivity (Eh) of about 0.05 or less, a sheet resistance (Rs) of about 5.0 ohms/sq. or less and has a substantially neutral visible reflected color when viewed from that glass side.
In certain embodiments of this invention, stainless steel, as aforesaid, may be combined in either or both of the Si3 N4 layers in an amount of about 0.5%-15% by weight of said layer.
In certain embodiments of this invention the layer system consists essentially of the above-described six (6) or five (5) layers. In both such embodiments, moreover, the relative thicknesses of the layers may be adjusted so that in further preferred embodiments the layer system is "heat treatable" as this term is defined below.
In certain further embodiments of this invention an aforesaid single sheet of glass of about 2 mm-6 mm having a layer system as contemplated by this invention on one of its planar surfaces, has the following reflectance and color coordinate characteristics:
a) when viewed from the GLASS SIDE
RG Y is about 8 to 18
ah is about -3 to +3
bh is about 0 to -15 and
b) when viewed from the FILM SIDE
RF Y is about 4 to 15
ah is about 0 to +8
bh is about -5 to -20
wherein RY is reflectance and ah, bh are the color coordinates as measured in Hunter units, Ill. C, 10� observer.
In certain further embodiments of this invention a sheet of glass, provided on one of its surfaces with a layering system as above-described, is employed with at least one other sheet of glass such that each is substantially parallel to the other, but spaced therefrom and sealed at their peripheral edges to form an insulating chamber therebetween thereby to form an insulating glass unit useful as a window, door or wall wherein the layer system is located on surface 24 as shown in FIG. 2 such that the reflectance and color coordinate characteristics when viewed from outside are:
RG Y, about 10 to 20
ah, about -2 to +2
bh, about 0 to -10
and when viewed from inside are:
RF Y, about 8 to 18
ah, about 0 to +4
bh, about 0 to -10
and the visible transmittance is at least about 61%. When the coating system is located on surface 26, the reflectance and color coordinates are reversed from that above, but the transmittance remains the same.
The term "outside" as used herein means as observed by a viewer from outside the dwelling in which the coated glass sheet (i.e. IG unit) is employed. The term "inside" as used herein means the opposite of "outside", i.e. the side as observed by a viewer from inside the dwelling in which the unit is placed (e.g. from within a room of a house or office building looking toward the "outside").
As stated above, it is further contemplated by this invention that certain of the layer systems that are within the scope of this invention have the characteristic of being heat treatable. As used herein, the term "heat treatable" means that a layer system is capable of being subjected to at least one of the following conventional heating processes and not have its desired end-characteristics adversely affected thereby. The conventional heating processes contemplated are tempering, bending, heat strengthening or the heat sealing step(s) employed to seal two or more glass sheets together when forming an IG unit. In this latter instance, this may or may not include heating the glass stack sufficiently high to slump the edges of the glass sheets themselves.
By having the characteristic of being heat treatable, a particular coating system of this invention may be chosen for a particular end use. For example, if the layer system is to be used in an automotive bent and/or tempered windshield, it will be one chosen so as to be capable of going through these processes. If useful in architectural windows requiring the same appearance in both untempered and tempered panes, as another example, then the coating is so chosen to achieve this result by being heat treatable via the tempering process. of course, to be "heat treatable" the coating need only be capable of going through at least one, but not all, of the above-listed heat treatments.
In this respect, certain coatings contemplated may or may not be capable of withstanding tempering, hardening or bending, but are still considered "heat treatable" if they can withstand the heat employed to seal an IG unit during its fabrication (either with or without glass slumping), particularly when the method of forming the IG unit includes the step of evacuating the air from (i.e. degassing) the insulating chamber during sealing and leaving the chamber in vacuum or refilling it with an inert gas such as argon. Thus in certain embodiments of this invention there is fulfilled yet another need in the art by providing:
in a method of making an insulating glass unit comprised of at least two sheets of glass sealed at their peripheral edges to each other thereby to define at least one insulating chamber therebetween, the method including the steps of spacing the sheets apart, heating the sheets at an elevated temperature, and sealing the peripheral edges of the sheets to each other at or above the elevated temperature, the improvement comprising using on a planar surface of at least one of the glass sheets, a sputter-coated, heat treatable layer system according to this invention so located that the layer system is within the insulating chamber of the IG unit formed by sealing the glass sheet edges to one another.
This invention will now be described with respect to certain embodiments thereof, along with reference to the accompanying illustrations, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a partial side sectional view of an embodiment of a layer system according to this invention.
FIG. 1A is a partial side sectional view of another embodiment of a layer system according to this invention.
FIG. 2 is a partial cross-sectional view of an IG unit as contemplated by this invention;
FIG. 3 is a partial schematic perspective view of a house employing as a window, door and wall an IG unit such as illustrated in FIG. 2; and
FIG. 4 is a partial cross-sectional schematized view of an embodiment of an IG unit in its pre-fabrication stage prior to evacuation and sealing as contemplated by this invention.
Certain terms are prevalently used in the glass-coating art, particularly when defining the properties and solar management characteristics of coated glass used in the architectural field. Such terms are used herein in accordance with their well-known meaning. For example, as used herein:
Intensity of visible wavelength light, "reflectance" is defined by its percentage and is reported as RX Y (i.e. the Y value cited below in ASTM 308-85), wherein "X" is either "G" for glass side or "F" for film side. "Glass side" (e.g. "G") means, as viewed from the side of the glass substrate opposite that on which the coating resides, while "film side" (i.e. "F") means, as viewed from the side of the glass substrate on which the coating resides. When reported for an IG unit the subscript "G" denotes "outside" and "F" denotes "inside" (i.e. from "outside" the dwelling, or from "inside" the dwelling, as the case may be).
Color characteristics are measured on the "a" and "b" coordinates. These coordinates are indicated herein by the subscript "h" to signify the conventional use of the Hunter method (or units) Ill. C, 10� observer, according to ASTM D-2244-93 "Standard Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences From Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates" Sept. 15,1993 as augmented by ASTM E-308-85, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 06.01 "Standard Method for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System".
The terms "emissivity" and "transmittance" are well understood in the art and are used herein according to their well-known meaning. Thus, for example, the term "transmittance" herein means solar transmittance, which is made up of visible light transmittance, infrared energy transmittance, and ultraviolet light transmittance. Total solar energy transmittance is then usually characterized as a weighted average of these other values. With respect to these transmittances, visible transmittance, as reported herein, is characterized by the standard Illuminant C technique at 380-720 nm; infrared is 800-2100 nm; ultraviolet is 300-400 nm; and total solar is 300-2100 nm. For purposes of emissivity, however, a particular infrared range (i.e. 2,500-40,000 nm) is employed, as discussed below.
Visible transmittance can be measured using known, conventional techniques. For example, by using a spectrophotometer, such as a Beckman 5240 (Beckman Sci. Inst. Corp.), a spectral curve of transmission is obtained. Visible transmission is then calculated using the aforesaid ASTM 308/2244-93 methodology. A lesser number of wavelength points may be employed than prescribed, if desired. Another technique for measuring visible transmittance is to employ a spectrometer such as a commercially available Spectragard spectrophotometer manufactured by Pacific Scientific Corporation. This device measures and reports visible transmittance directly. As reported and measured herein, visible transmittance (i.e. the Y value in the CIE tristimulus values, ASTM E-308-85) uses the Ill. C., 10� observer.
"Emissivity" (E) is a measure, or characteristic of both absorption and reflectance of light at given wavelengths. It is usually represented by the formula:
For architectural purposes, emissivity values become quite important in the so-called "mid-range", sometimes also called the "far range" of the infrared spectrum, i.e. about 2,500-40,000 nm., for example, as specified by the WINDOW 4.1 program, LBL-35298 (1994) by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories, as referenced below. The term "emissivity" as used herein, is thus used to refer to emissivity values measured in this infrared range as specified by the 1991 Proposed ASTM Standard for measuring infrared energy to calculate emittance, as proposed by the Primary Glass Manufacturers' Council and entitled "Test Method for Measuring and Calculating Emittance of Architectural Flat Glass Products Using Radiometric Measurements". This Standard, and its provisions, are incorporated herein by reference. In this Standard, emissivity is reported as hemispherical emissivity (Eh) and normal emissivity (En).
The actual accumulation of data for measurement of such emissivity values is conventional and may be done by using, for example, a Beckman Model 4260 spectrophotometer with "VW" attachment (Beckman Scientific Inst. Corp.). This spectrophotometer measures reflectance versus wavelength, and from this, emissivity is calculated using the aforesaid 1991 Proposed ASTM Standard which has been incorporated herein by reference.
Another term employed herein is "sheet resistances". Sheet resistance (Rs) is a well-known term in the art and is used herein in accordance with its well-known meaning. Generally speaking, this term refers to the resistance in ohms for any square of a layer system on a glass substrate to an electric current passed through the layer system. Sheet resistance is an indication of how well the layer is reflecting infrared energy, and is thus often used along with emissivity as a measure of this characteristic. "Sheet resistance" is conveniently measured by using a 4-point probe ohmmeter, such as a dispensable 4-point resistivity probe with a Magnetron Instruments Corp. head, Model M-800 produced by Signatone Corp. of Santa Clara, Calif.
"Chemical durability" or "chemically durable" is used herein synonymously with the term of art "chemical resistance" or "chemical stability". Chemical durability is determined by boiling a 2"�5" sample of a coated glass substrate in about 500 cc of 5% HCl for one hour (i.e. at about 220� F.). The sample is deemed to pass this test (and thus the layer system is "chemically durable" or is deemed to have "chemical durability") if the sample's layer system shows no pinholes greater than about 0.003" in diameter after this one hour boil.
"Mechanical durability" or "mechanically durable" as used herein is defined by one of two tests. The first test uses a Pacific Scientific Abrasion Tester (or equivalent) wherein a 2"�4"�1" nylon brush is cyclically passed over the layer system in 500 cycles employing 150 gm of weight, applied to a 6"�17" sample. In the other, alternative test, a conventional Taber abrader (or equivalent) is used to subject a 4"�4" sample to 300 revolutions of two C.S. 10F abrasion wheels each having attached a 500 gm weight. In either test, if no substantial, noticeable scratches appear when viewed with the naked eye under visible light, the test is deemed passed, and the article is said to be mechanically durable.
Thicknesses of the various layers in the systems reported are measured by, and thus the term, "thickness" as used herein is defined by alternative techniques. In one technique, known optical curves, or, in the alternative, the use of a conventional needle ellipsometer (i.e. profilometer) is employed. In another and particularly advantageous technique, an "n & k" analyzer is used (n & k Technology, Inc., Santa Clara, Calif.). This technique is believed to be generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,905,170, along with the ability to determine the "n" (i.e. refractive index) and "k" (i.e. the coefficient of extinction) values of the film under investigation. The disclosure of this patent is incorporated herein by reference. Such procedures and techniques are well-known to the skilled artisan and thus need no further explanation, except to note that thicknesses reported and used herein are reported in angstrom units.
Turning now to FIGS. 1 and 1A, there is shown a partial cross-sectional sketch of two embodiments of this invention. As can be seen, there is employed a conventional glass substrate 1 used in the architectural art. Such glass is preferably made by the conventional "float" process and thus is referred to as "float glass". The usual thickness thereof may be from about 2 mm-6 mm. The composition of the glass is not critical, and may vary widely. Typically, the glass employed is one of the soda-lime-silica family of glass well-known in the glass art.
The process and apparatus used to form the various layers on glass substrate 1 may be a conventional multi-chamber (multi-target) sputter-coating system such as is produced by Airco, Inc. In this respect, the preferred sputter-coating process for use herein is the same as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,718. It is to be noted here that it is an aspect of this invention that its unique results are achieved through the use of conventional sputter-coating techniques without the need for special processes to relieve intrinsic stresses as reported in U.S. Pat. No. 5,377,045 or 5,563,734.
Turning first to the layer system shown in FIG. 1, five layers (a)-(e) are employed. Here no TiO2 undercoat is employed and the Si3 N4 layers have stainless steel admixed therewith. From the glass outwardly the layers and a preferred range of thicknesses, measured by the "n & k" technique above, for this particular embodiment are:
______________________________________layer ingredient thickness (Å)______________________________________a Si3 N4 /SS* about 200-600b Ni or nichrome** about 7-100c silver about 115-190d Ni or nichrome** about 7-50e Si3 N4 /SS* about 50-600______________________________________ *SS = stainless steel, preferably SS #316 **preferably nichrome is employed (e.g. 80/20 Ni/Cr by weight)
In particularly preferred embodiments, the thicknesses of the layers are:
______________________________________layer thickness (Å)______________________________________a about 400-500b about 7-30c about 140-170d about 7-15e about 400-600______________________________________
In the five (5) layer embodiments represented by FIG. 1, particularly preferred thicknesses of the layers are about:
______________________________________ (nonheat-treatable) (heat treatable)*layer thickness (Å) thickness Å______________________________________a 450 450b 20 30c 155 155d 7 15e 550 550______________________________________ (*for heat treatability layers b and d contain substantially no nitrided Cr)
In sputter-coating the layers (a) and (e), silicon (Si) targets are preferably employed which have admixed with the Si, the desired amount of stainless steel (e.g. #316) to achieve the desired end amount in the film layer. By conducting the sputtering in nitrogen, Si3 N4 is formed and at least some of the chromium in the stainless steel forms chromium nitride. Optionally, aluminum may also be employed as a dopant in small amounts (e.g. 6% by wt.) for the purpose of keeping the target conductive. However, stainless steel also serves this purpose, and thus Al is not required to achieve the desired level of conductivity.
In this respect, it is stated herein that, in general, the amount of stainless steel generally contemplated for use in each layer is about 0.5%-15% by weight of the film. Since the sputter process generally involves sputtering the Si, and stainless steel (and Al if optionally present) at approximately the same rate, the amount of each ingredient employed (if reasonably uniformly disbursed) in the target itself may be assumed to be with reasonable accuracy for the purposes of this invention, the resultant amount in the layer after sputter-coating (as confirmed by analysis). Thus when stating herein that a layer includes a certain weight percent of stainless steel, it generally means that it was about that amount that was employed in the target.
Reference is now made to FIG. 1A where a six (6) layer embodiment of this invention is illustrated. Here the five top layers (a')-(e') are of the same ingredients as their counterpart layers (a)-(e) in FIG. 1 or the Si3 N4 layers may be formed free of any stainless steel (i.e. one or both of the Si3 N4 layers a' and e' need not be provided with stainless steel and the unique results of this invention may still be achieved). The sixth layer added, of course, is an undercoat layer UC of TiO2 such that the thicknesses of these layers are preferably about:
______________________________________ layer thickness (Å)______________________________________ UC 100-400 a' 20-150 b' 7-100 c' 75-250 d' 7-50 e' 50-600______________________________________
In certain preferred embodiments the layers have about the following approximate thicknesses:
______________________________________ (nonheat-treatable) (heat treatable)*layer thickness (Å) thickness Å______________________________________UC 200-250 180-250a' 40-110 90-150b' 7-30 20-30c' 150-180 130-150d' 7-15 10-20e' 400-500 450-500______________________________________ *In the heat treatable embodiments layer b' and d' are substantially free of any chromium nitride.
If NiCr targets are used, for example, and no stainless steel is employed in forming layers a' and e', the sputter process of layers b', c' and d' is generally conducted in argon to prevent nitriding. For non-heat treatable embodiments where NiCr is employed, the Cr may be partially or substantially completely nitrided if desired (e.g. by conducting the sputter process in N2). As described below, if stainless steel is employed, heat treatability is still attainable despite some nitriding of Cr in the layers of the system, except when the higher temperatures associated, for example, with tempering, are used (e.g. about 1050� F./3 min. or above).
In the six (6) layer embodiments of FIG. 1A, in this respect, particularly preferred thicknesses are about:
______________________________________ thickness Å (without stainlessthickness Å steel) (with stainless (non-heat heatlayer steel) treatable) treatable*______________________________________UC 225 224 224a' 50 45 100b' 20 21 30c' 165 166 140d' 7 7 15e' 450 480 480______________________________________ *In this heat treatable embodiment layers b' and d' are substantially fre of chromium nitride.
As stated above, the unique use of either stainless steel in the Si3 N4 layers and/or the use of an undercoat of TiO2 has proven to give rise to a family of layer systems (as represented by the examples of FIGS. 1 and 1A) which, if provided on the planar surface of a monolithic sheet of glass (e.g. "float glass") having a thickness of about 2 mm-6 mm, produces a glass article having a normal emissivity (En) of about 0.06 or less, a hemispherical emissivity (Eh)of about 0.08 or less, a sheet resistance (Rs) of about 7.0 ohms/sq. or less and exhibits a substantially neutral visible reflected color (i.e. from neutral to slightly blue) when viewed from the glass side. By choosing the appropriate thicknesses, the visible transmittance is at least about 70%, and the monolithic sheet may be rendered heat treatable as defined above.
A typical range of reflectance and color coordinates for the embodiments of this invention using the thicknesses of monolithic glass sheet and layers as described above, are:
RG Y, about 8 to 18
ah, about -3 to +3
bh, about 0 to -15
RF Y, about 4 to 15
ah, about 0 to +8
bh, about -5 to -20
In preferred embodiments such characteristics are:
RG Y, about 9 to 15
ah, about -1 to +3
bh, about -2 to -10
RF Y, about 4 to 10
ah, about +3 to +7
bh, about -10 to -20
In the embodiments of FIG. 1 when the particularly preferred thicknesses above set forth for this five (5) layer embodiment are employed, the reflectance and color coordinates are:
RG Y, about 10.2
ah, about 0.4
bh, about -4.7
RF Y, about 4.6
ah, about 6.5
bh, about -15.8
In the embodiments of FIG. 1A when the particularly preferred thicknesses, above set forth for this six (6) layer embodiment are employed, and stainless steel is employed in the Si3 N4 layers, the reflectance and color coordinates are:
RG Y, about 11.0
ah, about 2.3
bh, about -8.8
RF Y, about 6.0
ah, about 5.4
bh, about -17.5
Such a monolithic glass sheet so produced from clear float glass, has in fact been found to have a visible transmittance of about 76%, while the visible transmittance of the above-described particularly preferred five (5) layer system is about 71%. In both instances the layer system has been found to be heat treatable, mechanically durable, and chemically durable.
While the amount of stainless steel may be varied to meet individual requirements, it has been found preferable in sputter-coating either the five layer or six layer embodiments of FIG. 1-1A when stainless steel is, in fact, employed to employ a silicon (Si) target having about 6% by weight stainless steel, and thus by the above-described assumption creating a layer with about 6% by weight stainless steel. It is also preferred in the practice of this invention when sputter-coating the two sandwiching nucleating layers b,d or b'd', to conduct that sputtering in a nitrogen environment if nichrome (e.g. 80/20, Ni/Cr by wt.) is employed, thereby to convert at least a portion of the chromium in the nichrome to a nitride (unless, as described above, the higher temperature heat treatable processes, e.g. tempering, are to be used). Similarly, of course, at least a portion of the chromium in the stainless steel will form a nitride when sputtering the Si/SS target in a nitrogen environment to form Si3 N4 (i.e. silicon nitride).
It is a surprising finding of this invention that when stainless steel is employed in the above-referenced layer system, and thicknesses are adjusted as above set forth, not only does the nitriding of the Cr in the stainless steel not prevent the attainment of heat treatability (as opposed to the nitriding of the Cr in the NiCr layers which usually prevents heat treatability at the aforesaid higher temperature processes), but it also aids in achieving certain enhancements in solar management properties as well, such as: reduced visible reflectance and improved reflected color.
As referenced above, FIG. 2 illustrates, somewhat schematically, a typical IG unit in accordance with this invention. In order to differentiate the "inside" of the IG unit labelled "In" from its "outside", labelled "Out", the sun 9 is schematically presented. As can be seen such an IG unit is made up of "outside" glass pane 11 and "inside" glass pane 13. These two glass panes (e.g. 2 mm-6 mm thick) are sealed at their peripheral edges by a conventional sealant 15 and desiccant strip 17. The panes are then retained in a conventional window or door retaining frame 19 (shown in partial schematic form). By sealing the peripheral edges of the glass sheets and replacing the air in chamber 20 with a gas such as argon, a typical, high insulating value IG is formed. Chamber 20 in this respect is typically about 1/2" in width.
By employing the layer systems of this invention, as above-described, as layer system 22 on wall (i.e. inner planar surface) 24 of outside glass sheet 11 within the chamber 20, as illustrated, or alternatively on wall (i.e. inner planar surface) 26 of the inside glass sheet 13 within chamber 20 (not shown), a particularly unique, non-mirror-like IG unit is formed which is substantially neutral in color when viewed from either the inside or outside of the dwelling in which the IG unit is installed. In this respect, it is understood, of course, that FIG. 2 illustrates only one embodiment of an IG unit in which the unique layer systems of this invention may be employed. In fact, the layer systems of this invention are available for use in a wide variety of IG units generally, including those having more than two panes of glass. Generally speaking, however, the IG units of the subject invention, when the layer system is located on the wall of either glass sheet within an insulating chamber of the IG unit, will typically have the following range of characteristics:
TABLE 1______________________________________Performance Wall 24 Wall 26Characteristics Range Preferred Range Preferred______________________________________Visible >61 70 >61 70Transmittance (%)Reflection (%, 14-20 16 11-18 13visible outside)Reflection (%, 11-18 13 14-20 16visible inside)Shading 0.45-0.60 0.53 0.55-0.69 0.63coefficient (S.C.)Solar heat gain 0.38-0.58 0.45 0.47-0.60 0.55coefficientU (Winter) 0.23-0.28 0.25 0.23-0.28 0.25[BTU/ft2 /hr/� F.]U (Summer) 0.23-0.28 0.25 0.23-0.28 0.25[BTU/ft2 /hr/� F.]Relative heat gain 90-120 110 110-150 130[BTU/ft2 /hr/� F.]______________________________________
In this respect, in certain embodiments typical reflectance and color coordinates will fall within the following range when viewed from the outside or inside:
______________________________________OUTSIDE INSIDE______________________________________RG Y about 14 to 20 Rf Y about 11 to 18ah about -2 to +2 ah about 0 to +4bh about 0 to -10 bh about 0 to -10______________________________________
and the visible transmittance is at least 61% and preferably at least 63%.
In addition to the above characteristics, in certain preferred embodiments where the aforesaid particularly preferred five layer system represented by FIG. 1 (using the particularly preferred thickness listed above), the following performance characteristics are achieved if such a system is used in an IG unit with a 1/2" wide chamber 20 filled with argon as those characteristics are computed according to the software program known as "WINDOW 4.1" from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories of Berkeley, Calif.; and, in addition, using a Hitachi spectrophotometer to get input data for: (1) visible and solar transmittance; (2) solar reflection, film side and glass side; and (3) a Beckman infrared spectrophotometer to measure emittance. The WINDOW 4.1 program, 1988-1994 is a copyrighted program of the Regents of the University of California entitled "Fenestration Production Thermal Analysis
TABLE 2______________________________________PerformanceCharacteristic Wall 24 Wall 26______________________________________Tvisible 66 66Rvis., outside 15 12Rvis., inside 12 15Tsolar 41 41Rsolar 34 35Shading coeff. 0.51 0.63Solar heat 0.44 0.54gain coeff.UWinter 0.26 0.26USummer 0.25 0.25En 0.06 0.06Eh 0.07 0.07Relative heat 105 129gainRs (ohms/sq.) 4.7 4.7______________________________________Color (monolithic sheet, Hunter Ill. C 10� observer)______________________________________ Ty 70.9 ah -2.4 bh 6.4 RG Y (outside) 10.2 ah 0.4 bh -4.7 Rf Y (inside) 4.6 ah 6.5 bh -15.8______________________________________
In like manner using the same technique of measurement, the following performance characteristics are achieved in the aforesaid system when the particularly preferred six layer system represented by FIG. 1A (using the particularly preferred thicknesses listed above) is the layer system on either Wall 24 or Wall 26 (FIG. 2) as noted below:
TABLE 3______________________________________PerformanceCharacteristic Wall 24 Wall 26______________________________________Tvisible 70 70Rvis., outside 16 13Rvis., inside 13 16Tsolar 42 42Rsolar 31 33Shading coeff. 0.53 0.63Solar heat 0.45 0.55gain coeff.UWinter 0.25 0.25USummer 0.24 0.24En .05 .05Eh .06 .06Relative heat 110 130gainRs (ohms/sq.) 4.8 4.8______________________________________Color (monolithic sheet, Hunter Ill. C 10� observer)______________________________________ Ty 76.2 ah -2.7 bh 3.1 RG Y (outside) 11.0 ah 2.3 bh -8.8 Rf Y (inside) 6.0 ah 5.4 bh -17.5______________________________________
In both these embodiments, the monolithic glass sheet may be subjected to both the boil test to determine chemical durability and the aforesaid Pacific Scientific Abrasion tester to determine mechanical durability. Both tests are passed for both embodiments.
An Airco ILS-1600 research coater was employed to form the layer stacks of both FIG. 1 and FIG. 1A. This coater has the capability of employing either three or four targets (in the case of four targets, two at least must be by c-mag, e.g. Si and Ti). Here, for the embodiment of FIG. 1A, cathode #1 is titanium; cathode #2 is silicon with 5% Al and 6% #316 stainless steel admixed; cathode #3 is silver; and cathode #4 is nichrome (80/20 by weight Ni/Cr). As stated, cathode #1 and #2 may be in c-mag form. For the embodiment of FIG. 1, the titanium cathode is eliminated and the other three remain the same.
The two layer stacks are formed on a monolithic, glass sheet of soda-lime-silica float glass having a thickness of 0.087 inches. The following coater settings are employed:
__________________________________________________________________________(Five Layer System - FIG. 1) PRESSURE CATHODE CATHODE CATHODE % LINE No. OFLAYER MATERIAL N2 % Ar % (Torr) POWER VOLTAGE AMPS SPEED PASSES__________________________________________________________________________1 Silicon 50 50 4.0 � 10-4 4.9 KW 483 V 10.5 A 42.5 92 Nichrome 50 50 3.1 � 10-4 0.7 KW 387 V 2.0 A 100 13 Silver 0 100 5.7 � 10-4 5.0 KW 498 V 5.0 A 100 14 Nichrome 50 50 3.1 � 10-4 0.3 KW 344 V 1.0 A 100 15 Silicon 50 50 4.0 � 10-4 4.9 KW 483 V 10.5 A 45 11__________________________________________________________________________(Six Layer System - FIG. 1A) N2 Ar O2 PRESSURE CATHODE CATHODE CATHODE % LINE No. OFLAYER MATERIAL (sccm) (sccm) (sccm) (Torr) POWER VOLTAGE AMPS SPEED PASSES__________________________________________________________________________1 Titanium 0 45 15 2.0 � 10-3 5 KW 580 V 8.8 A 45 132 Silicon 80 20 0 2.0 � 10-3 3.5 KW 550 V 6.4 A 45 13 Nichrome 80 20 0 2.0 � 10-3 0.9 KW 391 V 2.2 A 100 14 Silver 0 100 0 2.0 � 10-3 4.4 KW 479 V 9.4 A 100 15 Nichrome 80 20 0 2.0 � 10-3 0.3 KW 332 V 1.0 A 100 16 Silicon 80 20 0 2.0 � 10-3 3.5 KW 550 V 6.4 A 45 5__________________________________________________________________________
The thicknesses, measured by the "n & k" technique above-described, are:
______________________________________(Five Layer System - FIG. 1) (Six Layer System - FIG. 1A)Layer (Å) Layer (Å)______________________________________ UC 225a 450 a' 50b 21 b' 21c 155 c' 166d 7 d' 7e 550 e' 450______________________________________
The optical and electrical properties of each system are as follows:
______________________________________(Five Layer System -- FIG. 1) Glass Side Film Side RG Y, 10.2 Rf Y, 4.6 ah, 0.4 ah, 6.5 bh, -4.7 bh, -15.8Vis. Trans, 70.9ah, -2.4bh, 6.4ElectricalRs, 4.7En, 0.06Eh, 0.07(Six Layer System -- FIG. 2) Glass Side Film Side RG Y, 11.0 Rf Y, 6.0 ah, 2.3 ah, 5.4 bh, -8.8 bh, -17.5Vis. Trans, 76.2ah, -2.7bh, 3.1ElectricalRs, 4.8En, 0.05Eh, 0.06______________________________________
These two layer systems, as above described, are each formed into an IG unit of the type shown in FIG. 2 (coating on Wall 24, 1/2" argon insulating chamber or vacuum chamber). Its optical, thermal and electrical properties (by applying the above-described WINDOW 4.1 technique) are:
______________________________________Six Layer Five Layer______________________________________RYoutside, 15.5 15.0ah -0.2 -1.9bh -2.6 -1.0RYinside, 12.6 11.5an 0.9 2.0bh -5.6 -4.9Vis. Trans. 70.0 66.0ah -2.4 -2.1bh 1.5 4.8Winter U-value 0.25 (argon chamber), .26 0.05 (vacuum chamber) --R value 4 (argon chamber), 3.85 20 (vacuum chamber) --Shading Coefficient 0.53 0.51Rs 4.8 4.7En 0.05 0.06Eh 0.06 0.07______________________________________
The effect of the stainless steel (and/or a TiO2 undercoat) on the optical and electrical properties is demonstrated by a comparison of the above five layer system characteristics (with 6% by wt. #316 stainless steel) and the later presented TiO2 undercoated six layer examples of this invention, with a duplicated five layer system of substantially the same thicknesses employing the same three targets, but in the duplicated system employing a Si target doped with 5% Al without any stainless steel admixed therein or an undercoat of TiO2. Here, the coater settings for the duplicated, non-stainless steel, non-TiO2 undercoated layer system are:
__________________________________________________________________________ PRESSURE CATHODE CATHODE CATHODE % LINE No. OFLAYER MATERIAL N2 % Ar % (Torr) POWER VOLTAGE AMPS SPEED PASSES__________________________________________________________________________1 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 244 KW 429 V 569 A 175 12 Nichrome 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 1.16 KW 312 V 3.7 A 175 13 Silver 0 100 2.0 � 10-3 8.6 KW 382 V 22.5 A 175 14 Nichrome 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 0.4 KW 350 V 1.1 A 175 15 Silicon 80 20 2.0 � 10-3 322 KW 394 V 817 A 175 1__________________________________________________________________________
The optical and electrical properties of this duplicated monolithic five layer system (on the same glass substrate) without stainless steel are:
______________________________________GLASS SIDE FILM SIDE______________________________________RG Y, about 13.9 Rf Y, about 7.9ah, about 0.2 ah, about 5.3bh, about -6.9 bh, about -16.4 Vis. Trans. 70.7 ah, -2.7 bh, 4.7Electrical Rs, 5.2 ohms/sq. En, 0.07 Eh, 0.08______________________________________
As can be seen (and as shown further below), the use of stainless steel and/or a TiO2 undercoat creates a significant improvement in the characteristics of the glass article, particularly in the lowering of the E values, which, in the case of the six layer system combined TiO2 /stainless steel aspects of this invention, are even lower.
By way of further comparison, and in contrast to the characteristics of the above two embodiments of this invention are the following characteristics by applying the above-described WINDOW 4.1 technique (1/2" argon chamber) to the aforesaid prior art commercial IG product "Cardinal-171".
TABLE 4______________________________________PerformanceCharacteristic Wall 24 Wall 26______________________________________Tvisible 73 73Rvis., 11 12outsideRvis., 12 11insideTsolar 41 41Rsolar 33 36Shading coeff. 0.52 0.62Solar heat 0.443 0.531gain coeff.Uwinter 0.25 0.25Usummer 0.24 0.24En 0.051 0.051Eh 0.060 0.060Relative heat 106 127gainRs (ohms/sq.) 3.27 3.27______________________________________Color (h) Hunter, Ill. C 10� Observer (monolithic______________________________________sheet) Ty, 80.7 ah, -1.26 bh, +2.62 RG Y, 5.98 ah, +2.37 bh, -5.68 RF Y, 4.90 ah, -2.01 bh, 0.60______________________________________
It is to be pointed out, in this respect, that this Cardinal-171 IG product has achieved significant commercial acceptability in the marketplace. Its drawbacks are its lack of chemical and mechanical durability and unheat-treatability. Its precise layer stack system is not known. However, it is believed to be consistent with that as taught in the aforesaid U.S. Pat. No. 5,302,449.
A zoned Airco Corporation sputter coater as generally illustrated in FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,455 (and as generally described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,356,073 and 4,422,916) was employed to form two non-stainless steel containing layer systems on a clear float glass. The layer systems formed are illustrated in FIG. 1A. However, Example A is non-heat treatable, while Example B is heat treatable. Both have an undercoat of substantially stoichiometric TiO2.
In Example A (non-heat treatable), the line speed was 170 in/min. and the formation of the two nichrome layers (80/20 by wt. Ni:Cr) was conducted in a nitrogen/argon atmosphere in the same coater zone as silver so as to create a substantial amount of CrNx (i.e. nitrided chromium). In Example B (heat treatable), on the other hand, the line speed was 194 in/min. and the formation of the two nichrome layers (80/20 by wt. Ni:Cr) was conducted in the same coater zone as silver, but here in a substantially 100% argon atmosphere so as to prevent any significant amount of chromium nitride from being formed. The parameters of operation were as follows.
__________________________________________________________________________(Line Speed 170 I.P.M.) Total Gas 1 Gas 2Coat Power Power Voltage Amperage Power Pressure Type/Flow Type/FlowZone Material Supply (P) KW (v) (i) KW (Torr) (SCCM) (SCCM) T visible__________________________________________________________________________1 Ti 1 99.7 497 185 Ti 2 98.9 496 188 Oxygen Argon Ti 3 101.5 509 184 583.5 3.6 � 10-3 926 1377 85.5 Ti 4 96.0 494 182 Ti 5 94.2 475 182 Ti 6 93.2 473 1852 Ti 7 91.3 459 182 Ti 8 92.6 461 187 Oxygen Argon Ti 9 106.1 535 185 486.7 3.3 � 10-3 1107 1401 81.9 Ti 10 99.2 504 185 Ti 11 104.2 525 184Ti 12 97.5 516 179 1070.2 TOTAL TITANIUM KW3 Si 19 7.22 394 16.6 Si 20 6.06 389 14.5 Nitrogen Argon Si 21 5.60 357 14.5 38.6 2.0 � 10-3 1470 326 76.2 Si 22 6.60 374 16.3 Si 23 6.76 394 15.8 Si 24 6.30 420 16.14 NiCr 31 1.41 369 3.82 Nitrogen Argon Ag 16 10.94 418 24.1 14.45 1.5 � 10-3 535 510 46.1 NiCr 33 2.10 474 4.425 Si 25 42.6 466 91.3 Si 26 42.6 462 88.8 Nitrogen Argon Si 27 40.9 442 87.3 258.6 2.2 � 10-3 1600 343 74.9 Si 28 41.6 453 87.5 Si 29 42.4 448 87.4 Si 30 48.5 526 87.8 1381.5 TOTAL TARGET KW__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________(Line Speed 194 I.P.M.) Total Gas 1 Gas 2Coat Power Power Voltage Amperage Power Pressure Type/Flow Type/FlowZone Material Supply (P) KW (v) (i) KW (Torr) (SCCM) (SCCM) T visible__________________________________________________________________________1 Ti 1 90.3 517 168 Ti 2 88.8 517 172 Oxygen Argon Ti 3 87.9 516 161 534.9 3.6 � 10-3 965 1120 86.5 Ti 4 88.8 498 169 Ti 5 88.1 529 157 Ti 6 91.0 520 1662 Ti 7 89.2 502 167 Ti 8 91.0 499 172 Oxygen Argon Ti 9 93.5 518 171 450.0 3.2 � 10-3 1330 1110 85.9 Ti 10 89.9 496 171 Ti 11 89.9 522 163Ti 12 86.4 516 158 984.9 TOTAL TITANIUM KW3 Si 19 14.51 433 31.0 Si 20 12.85 404 29.0 Nitrogen Argon Si 21 13.20 421 28.9 81.4 2.1 � 10-3 1634 267 77.7 Si 22 13.91 417 30.7 Si 23 13.60 409 30.3 Si 24 13.40 408 29.44 NiCr 31 2.50 434 5.76 Argon Ag 16 6.83 442 14.6 10.21 1.5 � 10-3 1127 39.6 NiCr 33 0.90 320 2.755 Si 25 60.7 471 115 Si 26 46.0 448 93.1 Nitrogen Argon Si 27 53.4 486 110 329.2 2.1 � 10-3 1817 208 71.3 Si 28 53.5 474 1115 Si 29 58.8 481 111 Si 30 56.8 463 112 1405.71 TOTAL TARGET KW__________________________________________________________________________
The coating so formed and with reference to FIG. 1A, had the following layer thicknesses:
______________________________________ EXAMPLE A EXAMPLE BLayer (thickness Å) (thickness Å)______________________________________UC 224 224a' 45 100b' 21 30c' 166 140d' 7 15e' 480 480______________________________________
The optical and thermal characteristics were determined for the monolithic sheet (Ill. C, 10� observer, Hunter) and for an I.G. unit made of two such sheets of glass having 1/2" argon filled space between them (the latter's characteristics being determined by the Window 4.1 technique as described above). The layer system in the I.G. unit with reference to FIG. 2, was layer 22 on inner planar surface 24 of the I.B. unit. The characteristics are:
______________________________________(Ill. C., 10� observer, Hunter)(Monolithic 2.3 mm clear)TY 74.72 GY 12.49 FY 7.90 Rs = 4.28 ohms/sq.ah -3.73 ah 2.82 ah 6.86bh 1.48 bh -5.19 bh -13.51 En 0.03 Eh 0.04(I.G. UNIT)TY 69.5 GY 16.9 FY 15.4ah -4.38 ah 3.19 ah 7.91bh 4.71 bh -4.27 bh -11.06I.G. UNIT (THERMAL PERFORMANCE)(2.3 mm glass sheet/1/2" argonfilled space/2.3 mm glass sheet)Tsolar 37.9Rsolar 40.1Shading Coeff. 0.48Relative Heat Gain 99U-value (Winter) 0.24U-value (Summer) 0.23______________________________________
______________________________________VISIBLEOPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS(Ill. `C`, 10� observer, Hunter)Monolithic (3.1 mm, clear)Before Heat TreatmentTY 72.61 GY 10.67 FY 4.08 Rs = 6.67 ohms/sq.ah -2.60 ah -1.23 ah 4.63bh 0.05 bh -3.07 bh -15.16 En 0.07 Eh 0.08After Heat Treatment*TY 74.09 GY 12.26 FY 6.68 Rs = 5.09 ohms/sq.ah -2.95 ah 0.26 ah 3.42 En = 0.06bh 0.77 bh -6.88 bh -14.49 Eh = 0.08(*heating the coated sheet at 665� C.for a 16 minute ramp cycle)After Insulating (3.1 mm/1/2 Ar/3.1 mm)TY 66.1 GY 15.9 FY 13.8ah -3.70 ah 1.05 ah 3.14bh 0.36 bh -3.60 bh -4.77I.G. UNIT (THERMAL PERFORMANCE)(3.1 mm glass sheet/1/2" argonfilled space/3.1 mm glass sheet)Tsolar 38.4Rsolar 31.3Shading Coeff. 0.49Relative Heat Gain 102U-value (Winter) 0.26U-value (Summer) 0.25______________________________________
As can be seen, by comparing the results of this invention with those of the above Cardinal-171 already commercially accepted product, the subject invention has achieved a high level of competitiveness using a significantly different and less expensive layering system. For example, while the Cardinal product achieves a bit higher visible transmittance than certain embodiments of the subject invention (73% vs. 70%), nevertheless this 70% value is not only well within acceptable levels but, when lower shading coefficients as explained above, are desirable (e.g. to reduce air conditioning costs), this 70% is more desirable commercially than the 73%. Of particular importance, moreover, is this invention's achievement of superior chemical and mechanical durability, as well as heat treatability (as demonstrated above). Both products have very low emissivities and substantially equal and excellent U values.
With respect to the above-referenced IG performance characteristics not previously defined herein, such as UWinter, R value etc., those terms are well understood in the art and are used here in accordance with their accepted meaning. For example, the "U" value is a measure of the insulating property of the IG system. UWinter and USummer are determined according to NFRC 100-91 (1991), a standard subsumed in the WINDOW 4.1 software. "Shading coefficient" ("S.C.") is determined in accordance with NFRC 200-93 (1993), by first determining "Solar heat gain coefficient" and dividing by 0.87. "Relative heat gain" is determined by this same NFRC 200-93 procedure. "Tsolar " means total solar energy transmittance, a known combination of UV, visible and IR transmittance. "Rsolar " similarly, means total solar reflectance, a known combination of UV, visible, and IR reflectance.
FIG. 3 is a partial schematic view of a typical family dwelling 28 having various portals in which the subject invention may be employed. For example, window 30 may employ either a monolithic sheet of glass having a layer stack of this invention thereon, or employ as a "storm window" an IG unit of this invention such as is illustrated in FIG. 2. Similarly, sliding wall panel 32 or non-sliding wall panel 34 as well as front door panel 36 may be so constructed by employing this invention, either as a monolithic glass sheet or as an IG unit.
FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a typical two-pane IG unit stack prior to sealing. In certain embodiments of this invention, as stated above, the layer systems are heat treatable. In this Figure, the prestack employs two typical, clear float glass sheets 31 and 33 separated a selected distance (e.g. 0.1 mm) by glass beads 35. Lower sheet 33, of slightly larger size than upper sheet 31, has a layer system 37 according to this invention sputter-coated onto its inner planar surface (optionally, the inner planar surface of sheet 31 may be used for the layer coating). A conventional sealant 39 (e.g. a low melting ceramic) is then provided in the peripheral area 41 defined by centering the smaller sheet 31 on the larger sheet 33.
In conventional fashion, sufficient heat (e.g. approx. 500� C.) is applied to flow sealant 39 to thereby create an insulating chamber 43. During this process a vacuum is applied to remove as much air and water vapor as is economically feasible, and optionally to either leave a vacuum or replace the air and water vapor with an inert gas such as argon. In an alternative technique the edges of the glass are flame sealed, rather than using a sealant. In either instance, heat must be applied to create the seal and drive off the water vapor. Thus the heat treatable embodiments of this invention find unique applicability in IG units of the type shown in FIG. 4 wherein the layer system must be able to withstand the heat employed during sealing without adversely affecting its desired characteristics.
In yet another alternative, a vacuum process is not employed and a spacing of 1/2" for the chamber is effected by various known, conventional techniques. In such a process the insulating chamber is usually filled with argon so as to displace the air and any water vapor (i.e. humidity or moisture) that might be present.
Once given the above disclosure many other features, modifications and improvements will become apparent to the skilled artisan. Such other features, modifications and improvements are therefore considered to be a part of this invention, the scope of which is to be determined by the following claims:
Patent Citations
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text: The battle for the Arkansas starting quarterback job is expected to continue throughout the spring. But the Razorbacks' first scrimmage showed sophomore Brandon Allen has an early lead on senior Brandon Mitchell. Allen worked with the first-team offense during the 74-play scrimmage inside the Walker Indoor Pavilion on Saturday, while Mitchell practice with the second unit.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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This 1951 Mercury Convertible has a 255 C.I. Flat Head V8 w/ Dual Down Draft Carbs, Merc-O-Matic Automatic Transmission, Dana 44 Rear w/ 3.23:1... More
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For sale in our Detroit showroom is this award winning 1949 Mercury Sportsman Coupe. The 1949 Mercury Sportsman Coupe was the first post-war Mercury... More
IM CLASSICS IS PROUD TO PRESENT THIS METICULOUSLY FINISHED 1956 MERCURY MONTCLAIR RESTO MOD. FINISHED IN PERSIMMON AND ARCTIC WHITE WITH A CUSTOM MATCHING... More
When it comes to '50s cruisers Chevrolet definitely isn't the only shop in town. While the hallowed Bel Air might be the best known... More
SUMMARY454 cubic inch Chevrolet V8700R4 4-speed automatic transmission / 2500 RPM stall converterFiberglass body / Porsche Basalt Metallic paintCustom ultraleather interior / Vintage Air... More
For sale in our Orlando showroom is a 1948 Mercury Eight Convertible. The Mercury Eight was the first vehicle to be produced by the... More
For sale in our St. Louis showroom is a striking 1965 Mercury Comet Caliente. Caliente which translates to Red Hot in spanish and just... More
Frank Nicodemus Castle Cadillac is presenting for sale: Chopped Top - Car is frame off - solid straight car Air Conditioning 351 Windsor engine, .030over w/272Crane cam Edelbrock... More
This 1946 Mercury Convertible is for sale in our Louisville KY showroom. 1946 was the first year for new car production since the war... More
'57 Mercury INDY 500 Pace car convertrible, One of only 1,265 Pace Cars ever built & less than 200 left today! Pace cars came... More
This 1949 Mercury coupe is for sale in our Louisville KY showroom. The first postwar Mercury was introduced in 1949 and began the whole... More
1949 Mercury "Lead-Sled" Drop Dead Beautiful New "Candy Brandywine" Oxblood Red Leather Interior, 350 cu.in. 350 Hp V8 Engine, 3-Speed Manual/OD 3-on-the-Tree, Ice Cold Air Conditioned! AM/FM... More
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Gorgeous frame-off restored '56 Montclair! Red/White with matching interior! Equipped with power steering & brakes, power seat, power windows, and more! Strong 235 horsepower 312ci V8... More


text:
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- Red Sox President Larry Lucchino To Be Replaced
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Alfredo Silverio Rumors
Minor Moves: Langerhans, Silverio
We'll keep track of tonight's minor moves here..
- Blue Jays outfielder Ryan Langerhans elected free agency earlier this month, according to the MLB.com transactions page. Langerhans, 33, posted a .748 OPS in 248 PA with Triple-A Buffalo this season between two minor league stints in Toronto's sytem. The outfielder also spent some time playing for the independent Sugar Land Skeeters, hitting .287/.420/.500.
- The Marlins outrighted outfielder Alfredo Silverio to Triple-A New Orleans, according to the MLB.com page. Silverio was plucked from the Dodgers in the 2012 Rule 5 draft but hasn't played since 2011 after being badly injured in a car accident and undergoing two Tommy John surgeries. The 26-year-old hit .306/.340/.542 in 572 Double-A plate appearances in '11.
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Full Story | 0 Comments | Categories: Alfredo Silverio | Miami Marlins | Ryan Langerhans | Toronto Blue Jays | Transactions
Florida Notes: Abreu, Young, DeJesus
Here's the latest from both of the Sunshine State's Major League teams…
- The Marlins will "at least show temperate interest" in Jose Dariel Abreu, Juan C. Rodriguez of the South Florida Sun Sentinel reports. While the Marlins like Abreu, however, Rodriguez says the club "are not smitten" with Abreu as they were with another Cuban outfielder (Yoenis Cespedes) two years ago. Miami offered Cespesdes a six-year, $36MM deal and it has been reported that it could take at least $60MM to get Abreu under contract.
- It seems likely that the Marlins will send Rule 5 draft pick Alfredo Silverio back to the Dodgers, Rodriguez reports. Silverio was taken by Miami in the 2012 Rule 5 draft but the outfielder hasn't played since 2011 after being badly injured in a car accident and undergoing two Tommy John surgeries.
- Delmon Young had offers from a few different teams but returning to the Rays was his first choice, agent Joel Wolfe told reporters (including Marc Topkin of the Tampa Bay Times). Young signed a minor league deal with the Rays today. Topkin's piece also includes quotes from Young and Rays executive vice-president Andrew Friedman about the signing.
- Also from Topkin, it seems as if the Rays will end up with David DeJesus, who they claimed off waivers from the Nationals earlier today, though it remains to be seen if the Rays will get him via the claim or if a trade will be worked out with Washington.
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Full Story | 0 Comments | Categories: Alfredo Silverio | David DeJesus | Delmon Young | Jose Dariel Abreu | Los Angeles Dodgers | Miami Marlins | Washington Nationals
NL Notes: Byrd, Pirates, Dodgers, Gregg, Marlins
With nearly half the season in the books, the Washington Post's Barry Svrluga took a look at the offseason's biggest bargains. He starts his list with Marlon Byrd of the Mets, who signed a minor league deal but has contributed 12 home runs and a .258/.309/.493 line in 237 plate appearances.
- The next player to get a nod in the article is the Pirates' Francisco Liriano, who inked an incentive-driven deal with Pittsburgh. He has been nothing short of stellar thus far, carrying a 2.30 ERA over 54 2/3 innings and 10.0 K/9 against 3.6 BB/9. Liriano's excellence has combined with a stunning earlygoing for Jeff Locke, continued renaissance for A.J. Burnett, and now the emergence of top prospect Gerrit Cole to give the Buccos a surprisingly excellent rotation.
- Of course, the Bucs just became the first MLB team to fifty wins after decades of poor performances. While the team may not necessarily have any obvious areas that require immediate attention, then, one must wonder whether it will contemplate any bold moves to seize the opportunity this year. As MLB.com's Tom Singer writes, Pittsburgh will be very interesting to watch as the trade deadline approaches. Manager Clint Hurdle explained: "You always need to look and see if you can add to the team strength. … You pay attention to chemistry, and try to do the right thing."
- In spite of the rotation's excellence thus far, then, one wonders whether it could be an area that the club looks to improve. While the staff currently sports the league's second-lowest ERA, it ranks 11th in FIP, 18th in xFIP, and 20th in WAR. (All links to Fangraphs leaderboards.) Locke, in particular, looks destined for some pretty heavy regression, with his 2.06 ERA belied by a 3.85 FIP and 4.11 xFIP. In addition to possible regression, Pittsburgh's starting depth has been tested already. As Singer reports, the Pirates could be looking at long absences for starters Wandy Rodriguez and James McDonald. Rodriguez, in particular, would be a major loss if he misses substantial time. He reportedly has been shut down after experiencing forearm tightness following a toss on flat ground.
- Another team that has experienced pitching injuries, the Dodgers, has made an internal move to try and shore up its late-inning woes. The team announced on Twitter that it has brought up right-handed reliever Jose Dominguez. As Dylan Hernandez of the Los Angeles Times explains, the 22-year-old has a legitimate 100+ MPH heater. After two drug suspensions earlier in his career, the Dominican native will look to make a bullpen acquisition unnecessary for the Dodgers.
- Sticking with the relief side of the rubber, the Cubs' Kevin Gregg has emerged as an unlikely trade candidate. As MLB.com's Carrie Muskat writes, Chicago already seems to be sizing up replacements for their newly minted closer. Of course, Gregg blew his first save this evening, which could take some of the luster off of his outstanding start. (Gregg's potential replacement, Blake Parker, went on to pick up his first big league save.) But as MLBTR's Steve Adams recently explained, Gregg's results have largely been supported by his peripherals.
- Another obvious trade candidate, the Marlins' Ricky Nolasco, also struggled in his latest showcase. Nevertheless, as Clark Spencer of the Miami Herald writes, Miami has already lined up Nolasco's rotation spot to be occupied by Henderson Alvarez as soon as Wednesday. Manager Mike Redmond says that Alvarez is "going to be on his way" to Miami and that the team will "figure out what we're going to do as far as where we're going to fit him in."
- The Marlins may be forced to return top Rule 5 pick Alfredo Silverio to the Dodgers after the 26-year-old outfielder had to undergo a second Tommy John surgery, writes Spencer. The former prospect had his career derailed by a car accident, but was hoping to re-establish himself in Miami.
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Full Story | 0 Comments | Categories: Alfredo Silverio | Chicago Cubs | Francisco Liriano | Kevin Gregg | Los Angeles Dodgers | Marlon Byrd | Miami Marlins | New York Mets | Pittsburgh Pirates | Ricky Nolasco
NL East Links: Marrero, Prado, Silverio
A few notable NL East players and teams are mentioned in Paul Swydan's ESPN Insider piece (subscription required) about "certain players who get overlooked by their own teams." Swydan suggests that the Phillies may have lost faith in Domonic Brown and could trade him to a team like the Twins, while the Mets could explore acquiring Casper Wells, who is struggling for playing time in Seattle.
Here are some links from around the NL East…
- Chris Marrero could become trade bait for the Nationals during Spring Training, opines MLB.com's Bill Ladson. The Nats took Marrero with the 15th overall pick of the 2006 draft but the first baseman has struggled to stay healthy and looks to be blocked at first base behind Adam LaRoche and Tyler Moore. Marrero, 24, has hit .284/.353/.452 with 86 homers in 2791 minor league plate appearances and received 117 PAs at the Major League level with Washington in 2011.
- The Braves "had gained a strong sense this would have been [Martin Prado's] final season in Atlanta" after difficult arbitration negotiations and Prado's demands for a $12MM average annual salary in a multiyear deal, MLB.com's Mark Bowman writes. This made him expendable enough to be traded to the Diamondbacks in last week's deal for Justin Upton.
- It was just over a year ago that outfielder Alfredo Silverio was severely injured in a car accident that sidelined him for the entire 2012 season. Clark Spencer of the Miami Herald chronicles how Silverio has recovered and is now trying to catch on with the Marlins after being selected off the Dodgers' roster in the Rule 5 Draft. Silverio, 25, hit .292/.326/.479 in 2385 minor league plate appearances in the Dodgers' system, topping out at an .883 OPS at Double-A in 2011.
- Over at Roto Authority, MLBTR's fantasy baseball affiliate, I recently looked which of two NL East pitchers (Roy Halladay and Kris Medlen) was a better fantasy bet for the 2013 season.
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Full Story | 0 Comments | Categories: Alfredo Silverio | Atlanta Braves | Chris Marrero | Martin Prado | Miami Marlins | Washington Nationals
2012 Rule 5 Draft Results
Each year, Major League Baseball's Winter Meetings conclude with the Rule 5 Draft. For those who are unfamiliar with the event, MLBTR offers an in-depth description, but here's a quick overview.
Players are eligible for the Rule 5 Draft if they aren't on the 40-man roster four or five years after signing, depending on the age at which they signed. Teams draft in the reverse order of the previous season's standings but aren't required to make a selection. If they do choose a player, they pay his former team $50K and must keep that player on the Major League roster all season or offer him back to his original team for $25K.
The results from the Major League phase:
- Astros take righty Josh Fields from Red Sox
- Cubs take righty Hector Rondon from Indians
- Rockies take lefty Danny Rosenbaum from Nationals
- Twins take righty Ryan Pressly from Red Sox
- Indians take first baseman Chris McGuiness from Rangers
- Marlins take outfielder Alfredo Silverio from Dodgers
- Red Sox take second baseman Jeff Kobernus from Nationals; traded to Tigers for infielder/outfielder Justin Henry
- Royals
- Blue Jays
- Mets take lefty Kyle Lobstein from Rays; traded to Tigers for cash considerations
- Mariners
- Padres
- Pirates
- Diamondbacks take righty Starling Peralta from Cubs
- Phillies take outfielder Ender Inciarte from Diamondbacks
- Brewers
- White Sox take infielder Angel Sanchez from Angels
- Dodgers
- Cardinals
- Tigers
- Angels
- Rays
- Orioles take lefty T.J. McFarland from Indians
- Rangers take righty Coty Woods from Rockies
- Athletics
- Giants
- Braves
- Yankees
- Reds
- Nationals
Second round of Major League phase:
- Astros take first baseman Nate Freiman from Padres
- Marlins take lefty Braulio Lara from Rays
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text:
MECH 4224 - Mechanical Systems Design, 4 Credits
Prerequisite(s): MECH 3224 with D or better or MECH 3223 with D or better
Level: Lower
This course will emphasize the application of mechanical design for industrial machinery. The lecture material for this course will be enhanced through a laboratory experience using design techniques that include the creation of working industrial drawings, parametrically driven spreadsheet solutions of design problems, and component sizing and dimension determinations. This course will include the study of linear motion devices, fluid power, rigid coupling design and flywheels. Also covered in this class is spring design and selection, bolted and welded joint design, column support and lifting lug design. The techniques of component design will also include extensive use of online database information, standards and manufacturers' specifications, and manufacturing for assembly. At all times in this class, the design and development for manufacturability will be paramount.


text:
Helen Gray
About me
I am a passionate traveller who loves new experiences and fresh challenges. I have recently been backpacking around the world and had the time of my life doing it. I love sky diving, snow boarding and salsa dancing, although I can't say I've mastered any of them! As a fully qualified broadcast journalist I am inquisitive and eager to meet people which is a bonus when I'm on the move.


text:
Travel & Lodging
Applicants who are invited for an interview will be provided with one night's lodging at the program's expense.
Visitor Parking:
Lot 14-Saunders Lot: Located on Crittenden Blvd., opposite the Psychiatry entrance at 300 Crittenden Blvd.
Our airport designation is "ROC." The University of Rochester Medical Center is a short 5-10 minute drive from the Greater Rochester International Airport, which offers service from most major carriers.


text:
Lemuel Jackson Barney
Position: DB
Height: 6-0 Weight: 188 lbs.
Born: September 8, 1945 in Gulfport, MS
High School: 33rd Avenue
College: Jackson St. (school history)
Drafted by the Detroit Lions in the 2nd round (34th overall) of the 1967 NFL Draft.
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 99 (126th overall since 1950)
7-time Pro Bowler & 2-time First-Team All-Pro (fine print)
Inducted into Hall of Fame in 1992, finalist in 1991
Our primary support comes from users like you. Sponsor this page for $10. Your message will replace this ad.


text:
Gear Question
Mic ChecK!!! Do these headphones include...
Mic ChecK!!! Do these headphones include a mic attached to the cord, so you can use them on your phone?
Yes, these do have an inline mic. Works with iPhone, Blackberry Curve and Storm.
here's the iPhone only variant w/ mic.
_ nw ninja
just a lil Fyi,, mic yes,, volume control no,, wishin' that they'll add this feature in the near future..//Go Get IT!!!
View More Details on Skullcandy Full Metal Jacket Bud Headphones


text:
IRAWMA RETURNS TO SOUTH FLORIDA FOR 32nd STAGING
May 4, 2013,
Coral Springs Center for the Arts
September 28, 2012, Chicago, IL -
By special request and popular demand, the Annual International Reggae and World Music Awards (IRAWMA), produced by Martin's International returns to South Florida for its 32nd Anniversary, for the fifth time in 26 years. On Saturday, May 4th, 2013, the prestigious Coral Springs Center for the Arts, 2855 Coral Springs Drive, in Coral Springs/Fort Lauderdale, Florida will be the site for the staging of the star-studded 32nd Annual IRAWMA.
The red carpet arrival with the glitz, glamour and interviews, kicks off at 6:00pm. Special early-bird tickets go on sale Friday, October 5th, 2012 at www.coralspringscenterforthearts.com
For information call
877-9-REGGAE (734-423) or 312-427-0266.
For Sponsorship Information contact:
Riddims Marketing, Inc at 954-251-1643 email firstname.lastname@example.com
Martin's International at 312-427-0267 email email@example.com
The 31st IRAWMA featured 30 categories and 4 special Categories of Honorees. See below this year's award winners.
1. Bob Marley Award for Entertainer of the Year - Damian Marley
2. Best Male Vocalist - Tarrus Riley
3. Best Female Vocalist - Queen Ifrica
4. Best Song - "Jah Army"- Stephen Marley, Damian Marley & Buju
5. Best Album/CD - "Revelation Part 1 The Root of Life"-Stephen Marley
6. Best Crossover Song - "Man Down"- Rihanna
7. Best Gospel-Oriented Song - "Air I Breathe"- J. CEE
8. Best Latin-Oriented Entertainer -Pitt Bull
9. Best Music Video - "Live Your Life" - Richie Stephens and Gentleman
10. Best New Entertainer - J. Boog
11. Best Female Disc Jockey/Rapper - Queen Ifrica
12. Best Male Disc Jockey/Rapper - Beenie Man
13. Best Calypso/Soca Entertainer - Machel Montano
14. Best Poet/Spoken Word - Mutabaruka
15. Most Cultural/Educational Entertainer - I-Octane
16. Concert of the Year - Rototom - Spain
17. Best Caribbean Entertainer - Third World
18. Best Instrumentalist - Dean Fraser
19. Most Popular Sound System/Selector - Stone Love
20. Best Chutney Entertainer - Kris "Ki" Persad
21. Best African Entertainer - Akon
22. Best Soukous Entertainer - Top One Frisson
23. Most Popular R&B/Hip Hop Entertainer - Rihanna
24. Most Consistent Entertainer - Calypso Rose
25. Most Promising Entertainer - Nkulee Dubee
26. Most Outstanding Show Band/Group - Third World
27. Best Compas/Racine Entertainer - T-Vice
28. Most Outstanding Dance Group - Black Blangaz
29 SPECIAL: Marcus Garvey Humanitarian Award - Ziggy Marley- Urge
30. Chicago- Reggae and World Music Entertainer of the Year - Guero Loco
31. SPECIAL: Int'l Reggae & World Music Hall of Fame/Lifetime Inductee - Fred Baker
32. SPECIAL: Martin's International - IRAWMA Award of Honor -
On Stage TV - Winford Williams For Most Valuable Media Contributions to Reggae in the Last Decade
Berko - African Spectrum - For Outstanding Musical and Journalistic Contribution to African and World Music
Field Marshall and Art Bailey - For Outstanding Radio Media Contribution to the Music Industry
Recognizing and honoring Living Legend and icons since the 1960s or in the last 50 years, who have been consistent performing and working in the music industry.
Rita Marley - For Your Work in Preservation and Promotion of Reggae's Legacy
Marcia Griffiths - The Most Indomitable Entertainer In all Decades Since the Early 1960s
Judy Mowatt - For Spiritual Service Through Music
Freddie McGregor - For 50 Years of Dedicated & Untiring Services to Jamaica and the World Through Music
Ken Boothe - Most Consistent to the Preservation of Rocksteady Music
Eric Donaldson – King of Jamaican Song Contest in the Past 50 Years
Copeland Forbes - For 50 Years of Valuable Contributions to the Music Industry
VP Records- Pat Chin - For Outstanding Contributions to Jamaica & Caribbean Music Since Independence 1962
SPECIAL: 2011 IRAWMA'S SOCIAL MEDIA ATTRACTION AWARD - Gyptian
**July 5, 2012**
International Reggae and World Music Awards Video Highlights
The mission of the International Reggae & World Music Awards (IRAWMA),
established in 1982 acknowledges and honors the accomplishments and
contributions of reggae and world music artists, including:
songwriters, performers, promoters and musicians. Produced by
Martin's International & Associates, the IRAWMA has been staged in
many major cities including: Atlanta, Chicago, Fort Lauderdale,
Miami, New Orleans, New York as well as both Montego Bay and Ocho
Rios Jamaica. The impetus behind the IRAWMA is it's commitment to
promoting greater participation and acceptance of Reggae, Caribbean
and World Music, Internationally.
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