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Managing Editor
Joined: 7/28/06
The XBOX One and PlayStation 4 have a number of high-profile MMOs coming to them. Could what appears to be a much more MMO friendly console generation mean significant growth for the MMO genre? Read on for our thoughts and share your own in the comments.
Read more of Michael Bitton's Could Next-Gen Consoles Bring an MMO Renaissance?
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Joined: 7/01/08
Nothing is til it is and even then you never know until its been.
No, but kickstarter will.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 8/11/10
Kickstarter is great for the niche game but consoles, may make a leap into mmofps, and mmo fighting games. They can also allow companies to make more money thus making a game like tor which had over a million subs a failure.
The sad fact is to many studios have aimed for wow like numbers and thats a once in a lifetime freak thing thats never gonna happen again. Blizzard and titan may be able to make that happen but i doubt it.
consoles can help add more players that dont use pc's or play pc games to they could help the mmo market take leaps forward. and lets be honest i have lots of skills on my wow hotbar b ut truth is my rotation is basicly a 4-5 ability mash.
its like that in alot of mmo's where in the end u may have 30 abilities but u never really use them all. so having to dumb down the skills to 8-10 slots isnt a big deal.
Elite Member
Joined: 9/26/04
I'm sure the Next-Gen consoles will result in HUGE growth for MMO's
Sadly, they will do nothing for "classic" MMORPG's, which seem to be an endangered species currently...
Modern MMO's are very different from their counterparts of 10-15 years ago. They are almost indistinguishable from online co-op games, and continually seem to be moving closer to that genre. They are ever more casual, action-oriented, instanced and phased with pseudo-grouping that allows players all the benefits of being in a group without actually formally joining other players. As long as you are near some other people...
Hard Core Member
Joined: 3/30/07
The only revolution consoles will bring is the further dilution of the genre. Developers will be given a wider audience to appeal to and creativity will decrease. Sadly, there is no way around this because MMOs run on money, and the only way to make significant money is to appeal to the masses.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 9/03/08
Playing: Everquest 2
Only time will tell but I really like what I am seeing from consoles this gen. Games like The Division and Destiny look really good.
Novice Member
Joined: 4/25/13
I' ve said this many times during the last few days/weeks, just look at FFXIV:ARR : great example of multi-platform ( cross platform even ) done RIGHT. There is nothing dumbed down because of the console, the game would be the exact same with or without console compatibility.... and it works GREAT with a controller, easy to use dozens of spells and very reactive !
Elite Member
Joined: 2/17/07
NGE, LOTRO, STO, KOTOR, Lego Star Wars > NGE 2 (SWTOR). SWG>ALL. Above hopefully subject to change.
I think games like The Division, The Crew, MGS 5, Watchdogs could do well on console, but typical MMOs like EQ2, Vanguard, WOW, SWG etc are too complex for consoles.
Watch Dogs looks cool, you can play with a smartphone and help a friend out to evade the police, either by affecting traffic lights (although not sure how that helps much as in open world games I always ignore the traffic lights!), or even hinder and help the police.
These games are more than open worlds, they are forever open and changing and living. Games like GTA IV are only active when you have the game running, and single player, but now they are like MMOs where always online.
It would be good if there was more to do in the game than the game itself, like Sim City meets Sleeping Dogs. In Sleeping Dogs you visited several safe houses and shops - It would be good if players could create and build safe houses, shops, garages etc Then other players buy these houses and run shops, hotels, night clubs etc Then other players just play the game content, and visit the player run shops, hotels, night clubs etc Basically the game starts as an empty canvas, and built up by the players more so than the devs. Devs could still add their content, and build it around the structures that players have created. Something like this, would then be finally close to what SWG was.
Elite Member
Joined: 5/24/10
I definitely agree that the larger potential audience is a good thing. My concern is that the state of the game industry due to companies like EA has essentially turned into where the music and movie industry are.
What i mean by that is they're not interested in making a game unless its going to sell like gang busters. They'd rather milk the same IP's over and over then produce a game that could sell great but could also just do OK. They're not interested in making just a profit, it has to be a HUGE profit. Even if they make a game that only costs them 2 mil to make and it sells enough to make them their development costs plus another million in profits, nope, not good enough.
Games have become the justin bieber / michael bay movies of games. Basically freeze dried crap based on a formula that generally does well.
"The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently."
- Friedrich Nietzsche
Advanced Member
Joined: 5/20/06
I agree with everything this article wrote including the dream that they could all play together.
There Is Always Hope!
Novice Member
Joined: 12/18/11
Originally posted by keithian
Always will be just a dream, because keyboard/mouse > controller. MOAR buttons FTW.
Elite Member
Joined: 4/12/11
RIP City of Heroes!
Originally posted by Hrimnir
Pretty much sums up the mindset they have. Good enough isn't good enough. We need homeruns not base hits. Consumers don't help when they clamour for bleeding edge graphics which don't add to gameplay but are sparkly shinies that capture their attention.
We need to be better consumers.
MMORPG.com Community Manager
Joined: 5/27/09
Originally posted by Four0Six
This has nothing to do with it, actually. For example, FFXIV PS4 players will play with FFXIV PS3 players and FFXIV PC players. It has more to do with the fact that Microsoft and Sony will not allow crossplay between their platforms and likely never will.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 7/26/04
Fat, drunk and stupid is no way to go through life, son.
Only if you're a console only player. The selection of MMO's are limited and this will expose a entire segment of gaming to a new population . On the other hand PC gamers will now need to look to indie devs for MMO's , because the big studio's have all but abandoned developing MMO's for PC. The ones that are being developed are almost all cross platform games , that will preform better overall then for the past systems, but will be still be limited by console constrictions ( currently based on tech that is 2 to 3 y/o ) . ( all be it these constriction are less then they would on the old systems they are replacing. ) In 5 years games we will again find games stagnating, while awaiting the introduction ( 3 to 4 year further down the road ) of the next gen platforms by $ony and Micro$oft.
Advanced Member
Joined: 11/10/05
It could be the start of a new golden age. Consider the fact that mmos have been striving to have more action based combat ala console action/adventure games. Combined with the fact that for the past 8 years, consoles have been the frontrunners for open world/ sandbox style games and you have the potential for an mmo revival.
Hard Core Member
Joined: 11/06/08
Doubt it. It depends on how well the next gen consoles do. Really you want as many customers as possible, if they also release on current gen then maybe. Next gen is an incremental improvement over current gen much like DVD to Blu-Ray was. This time around we have higher pricetags that don't really provide much value for the increased prices other than slightly better graphics.
Also there are a number of unknowns, a lot of people don't use Vent because they don't want to do voice chat for whatever reasons. While being more or less required for raiding, raiding is a very small percentage of MMORPG players overall. Being there are no keyboards, voice chat is really the only method of communication, it remains to be seen how many of your average casual MMO gamers are cool with voice being the only feasible means of communication.
Also people tend to play MMORPGs in long chunks of time, for people living by themselves or people with several TVs in their house this is probably not an issue, but for many people and especially teenagers the other people in your family may not be cool with you hogging the TV all day.
That said, Tom Clancy's "The Division" looks totally badass.
Elite Member
Joined: 2/27/07
Just got done in another thread debunking that theory. It is simple. A console game requires a simplex UI because it has to support the controller. Simplistic MMO's are something people play for a month or two and then move on to the next game. Hence no developer is going to spend much time on a MMO when their audience won't stick around long.
So yeah, you might see some console MMO's, but they will not be something to get excited about.
A MMO Renaissance? Pardon me while I chortle at such a suggestion.
You really need a PC to play a full blown MMO.
Joined: 12/11/08
And how exactly are consoles supposed to make MMORPGs less risky? Developing a game for multiple platforms doesn't decrease your costs. It increases them.
Most likely, only a small fraction of MMORPGs will come to the new generation of consoles, for most of the same reasons that few MMORPGs were released on the old generation of consoles. The increased system memory will help, but that's about it. And at least early on, the new generation of consoles will have a much smaller install base than the old generation.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 1/11/04
Hey Devs, just so you know. The more you give us to play with, the more we play.
I'm gonna go slightly off topic because I somewhat have issue with what was said about Warhammer.
I think if you look back WAR had one of the better launches they hit what around 1.2M sold. And as we all know there was considerable drop off after the 1st month. But WAR held significant sub numbers, 500K thru Lich King, and still about 300k for almost 8 months after release till Mythic/EA just more or less lost those numbers because they were stupid about it.
Second point I have, you make it sound as if the PC MMO market isnt thriving. Honestly, I'd say the problem is that its over saturated. Kind of like what happened to the 80's Atari cartridge market.
The problem we have is that all a developer has to do is inject into the title "MMO" and boom, someone is throwning money at it. Doesnt matter if its a quality game or not. Most investors dont have a clue what makes a good MMO, hence all the WoW clones.
And the biggest issue I have is what you wrote is your thinking that consoles would be good for MMO's...!
Not being, or trying to be insulting. But are you f*****g serious?!? Consoles are the worst thing that can happen to our genre.
Can you imagine Oblivion and Skyrims f'd up inventory system in a MMO? That would be a reality in a shared console/PC MMO market.
Not only that we'd see less variety in our items. Cant remember the exact video, but it was a Dust514 dev blog and he was talking about designing for console as a challenge, coming from PC design. About how he was always making decisions and cutting what he could add because of the limitations of consoles HD capacity.
Or how about having the game engine de-tuned to support the limitation of console GPS. Theres a video out there on Youtube about the Crytec engine. About how it was so improved, per the developer. And someone did a side by side comparison to the old engine and the new improved one. And guess what? It improved on the console, and boned the PC players, because they lowered the draw ranges because the GPUs on the consoles couldnt render that many objects 50 feet infront of the player. So console players got a less GPU laggy game and the PC players got a crappy looking game.
Consoles would be the bane of PC MMO's. You think they will make two game engines, one for the stagnated specs of a console and one that can take advantage of evolving PC hardware? They will design for the lowest common denominator, the console.
Dont believe me? Look at Skyrim. Even though Bethesda succeeded because of PC games Arena and Morrowwind, look how quick they thru to the wayside their PC fans.
I didnt buy Skyrim for about 4 months because I was waiting for the modding community to fix the horrid console...everything.
Sorry Mike I just cant believe youre heralding one of the last bastions of PC focused gaming with thinking that consoles would add to it, instead of taking away from it.
When all of PC gaming has suffered because if it. And its right there in front of your face for the last 8 years.
I respect you and your article, but I think you are so far off on this its almost scary.
"I understand that if I hear any more words come pouring out of your **** mouth, Ill have to eat every fucking chicken in this room."
I think it could like others are saying mmorpgs are catching up with action style combat and now console technology is catching up. Wow has made people realize its not just flashy graphics and you actually can have less than mediocre graphics and produce a fun and sustainable title.


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Swing Monkey SwingSwing Monkey Swing (1937) - A Color Rhapsody Theatrical Cartoon Series
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- Columbia Pictures Corporation
- Animated Characters: Monkeys.
- Originally Released in 1937.
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Résumé disponible en
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Description (Le texte OCR peut contenir des erreurs.)
United States Patent 1191 Fuqua et al. Oct. 8, 1974 [54] DYNAMIC STORAGE HIERARCHY SYSTEM 3,729,712 4/1973 Glassman 340/1723 [75] .lnventors: Robert Randolph Fuqua, Underhill; I
Gerald Bernhard Hash, Primary Exammer-Harvey E. Sprmgborn Burlington, both of Vt. Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Howard J. Walter, Jr.
[73] Assignee: International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, NY. [57] ABSTRACT [22] Filed, 0c 23 1973 A data processing system having a main storage-buffer memory hierarchy in which various congruence map- [21] Appl. No.: 408,958 ping class configurations are dynamically provided by utilizing a fixed format main storage-buffer array unit. A directory is'provided which generates buffer slot ad- Ill. dresses in response to the class address portion of a 58] Fieid 340/172 5 main storage address word. Various block sizes of data may be associatively mapped into predefined areas of l 56] References Cited a buffer array. A single integrated circuit chip containing both main memory and buffer arrays may be used UNITED STATES PATENTS to implement various congruence classes by the selec- 3,569,938 3/197! Eden et a] 340/l72.5 tive application of input signals provided by the main 31675125 7/1972 ATPOld 340M715 storage address and a hierarchy directory. 3,693,165 9/l972 Relley et al IMO/[72.5 3,699,533 10/1972 Hunter 340/1725 7 Claims, 6 Drawing Figures m UPDATE ADDRESS MAIN ARRAY LOGIC STORAGE :D ADDRESS m H: I
Slit] 1 0f 3 JBLOCK '67 0 K n BOOMn-m) I MAIN 3 I2. STORAGE g E; (MS) 1 1 0 CLASS (m-k] ST g R GE H BUFFER MBQED Q ARR-AL UPDATE wil xz (B) REPLACEMENT M LOGIC 2 k k ARRAY j STMASRT 2 22 I 22 24 1 8mm Li I 14 COMPAREANOCONTROL L 3 J START a 0 BAR [DIRECTORY FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART) i E 2 CLASSES it I I 4 CLASSES 2" f T 4 i I 20H FI |-1 2| 8 I L suns FIG.2A FIG. 2B
DYNAMIC STORAGE HIERARCHY SYSTEM BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION l. Field of the Invention This invention relates to data processing systems having a memory hierarchy including a high speed buffer store and more particularly to a data storage system having a reconfigurable hierarchy.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
A data processing system generally comprises a main memory or main storage for holding data and instructions to be acted upon by a central processing unit (CPU). The CPU is generally composed of circuits that operate at a high speed while the main memory is generally composed of devices that operate at a lower speed. The system performance is greatly determined by the slow speeds at which the memory can be accessed. The gap between the circuit speed of the CPU and the memory access time has been accentuated by the trend to make computers faster in operation and larger in storage capacity.
The purpose of a storage system is to hold information and to associate the information with a logical address space known to the remainder of the computer system. For example, the CPU may present a logical address to the storage system with instructions to either retrieve or modify the information associated with that address. If the storage system consists of a single device, then the logical address space corresponds directly to the physical address space of the device. Alternately, a storage system with the same address space can be realized by a hierarchy of storage devices including a fast, but expensive, buffer memory and a slow but relatively inexpensive main memory. In such storage hierarchies, the logical address space is often partitioned into equal size units that represent the blocks of information capable of being moved between adjacent devices in the hierarchy.
A hierarchy management facility is intended to control the movement of blocks and to effect the association between the logical address space and the physical address space of the hierarchy. When the CPU references a logical address, the hierarchy management facility first determines the physical location of the corresponding logical block in main storage and may then move the block to a fast storage device or buffer where the reference is effected. Since these actions are transparent to the remainder of the computer system, the logical operation of the hierarchy is indistinguishable from that of a single-device system.
The goal of the hierarchy management facility is to maximize the number of times that logical information is contained in the buffer when being referenced. As this goal is approached, most references to storage are directed to the faster buffer memory while the logical address space remains distributed over the slower main memory. The net efiect is that the system acquires the approximate speed of the buffer storage while maintaining an approximate cost-per-bit of the slower and less expensive main storage device.
In a two level storage hierarchy, main storage and buffer storage are logically divided into blocks of data. Block size depends upon the system performance requii'ements, the main storage capacity, and the physical configuration constraints of the system. A block is the unit of data transferred between one storage level and its nearest neighbor. Optimum block size may vary from system to system or application to application. Since the buffer cannot contain all the information in main storage, circuitry normally referred to as the directory is provided. The directory is comprised of an address array, a replacement array and control circuitry. The address array determines whether or not the addressed data is located in the buffer. The replacement array records and executes the buffer replacement algorithm which determines which blocks of data in the buffer should be replaced when new information is required to be placed in the buffer and a block must be returned to main storage. The directory is implemented entirely by hardware and is transparent to the system user. Techniques for choosing a particular block size and replacement algorithm are described in A Study of Replacement Algorithms for a Virtual Storage Computer." L. A. Belady, IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 78-l0l (1966).
There are two general schemes used for mapping the main storage space into the buffer. They are associative, or unconstrained mapping and partial associative or unconstrained mapping. In the associative mapping scheme, any block in main storage can map into any block frame or slot in the buffer. The advantages of associative mapping are that all available block frames in the buffer can be used, and also that seldom used blocks cannot become locked into the buffer by mapping constraints. The disadvantage of associative mapping is that extensive associative searches may be necessary to locate blocks in the buffer. Moreover, the implementation of overhead of the replacement algorithm may be excessive, since relative priority information must be maintained for all blocks in the buffer. In the partial associative mapping scheme, main storage is divided into classes and books. A class is an addressable subdivision of both main and buffer storage. A class in main storage contains X number of blocks and in buffer storage N number of blocks, where N is considerably smaller than X. All blocks in a given class within the main storage compete for residence in the limited number of blocks in the buffer within a particular class. A book is equal to the row partitioning of main storage. The total number of book addresses is the same for each class in main storage. A book contains as many blocks as there are classes, hence book capacity in words is the product of the number of classes times the block size.
The row partitioning of bufi'er storage is called a slot. A buffer containing N slots is also said to have N way associativity.
For further more detailed description of storage hierarchy techniques reference is made to the article Evaluation Techniques for Storage Hierarchies," R. L. Mattson et al., IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 78-117 (1970).
An example of a computer hierarchy system using a single unconstrained class is the IBM 8/360 Model 85. A description of the storage hierarchy of this system is described in the IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 7, No. l, 1968 beginning at page 2. An example of a system using multiple classes is the IBM 8/360, Model 168, which partitions main memory and buffer into 64 separate classes. The following documents describe various aspects of the Model 168: A Guide to the lBM S1370, Model 168," IBM Corp., Document No. GC 20-1775 I973) and "System/370 Model I68 Theory of Operation/Diagrams Manual, Vols. l-4, IBM Corp. Document Nos. SY22693 l-4, herein incorporated by reference.
Additional descriptions of typical prior art memory hierarchies using buffer storage are disclosed in US. Pat. Nos. 3,248,702, Kilburn et al. and 3,588,829, B- land et al., both assigned to the assignee of the present application.
Traditionally, prior are memory hierarchy systems have been designed at the computer systems level and specific hardware components of memory hierarchies have been physically designed to operate in a fixed hierarchy organization. That is, entire computer systems have been optimally designed to include only a single particular form of constrained main storage to buffer mapping. Because main storage, initially magnetic core memory units and presently integrated circuit semiconductor memories, is an integral and separately manu factured component from that of the buffer memory, variations in the actual physical interconnections between main storage components and buffer storage components are selectively provided at the system as sembly level.
With increases in the sophistication of integrated circuit manufacturing techniques, it is now possible to in tegrate into a single fixed design component, or field replaceable unit, (board, card, module or ultimately a single integrated circuit chip) the entire memory hierarchy system.
Although the ability to place both main memory and buffer in the same physical component allows reduction in manufacturing cost and increases in performances. each different hierarchy configuration requires separately designed components as the actual interconnections between main memory and buffer are different for each hierarchy configuration.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of this invention to reduce the manufacturing costs of integrated memory hierarchy components by providing a single component useful for multiple applications.
It is another object of this invention to provide a hierarchical memory system capable of being reconfigured to meet various computer system needs.
It is yet another object to provide a memory hierarchy capable of dynamic reconfiguration within a given computer system to improve overall system performance.
The instant invention accomplishes the above objects by providing a novel fixed relationship between main storage and buffer memories which is capable of providing transfer of various size blocks of data between main storage and the buffer, as well as selectively providing various constrained mapping configurations of data within a variable number of addressable classes. A two level main storage-buffer hierarchy is provided in a fixed physical format and includes means for decoding and transferring blocks of main storage data to associated blocks of the buffer independent of the particular address word format. A directory is provided which generates buffer slot addresses in direct response to the congruence class and book portion of the main storage address word. The fixed format hardware is designed initially for the maximum flexibility required by various applications and is thereafter initialized by selectively programming the directory either permanently or with logic to provide either a fixed hierarchy configuration or a dynamic configuration.
The foregoing and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of the preferred embodiments of the invention. as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of a typical memory hierarchy system found in the prior art.
FIGS. 2A through 2C are pictorial representations of the congruence mapping concept illustrating the parti tioning of main storage and buffer memory storage space into independent congruence classes.
FIG. 3 is a partial schematic block diagram of an embodiment of the instant invention implemented using conventional directory concepts.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a preferred embodiment of the invention in which the fixed format between the main storage and buffer is shown for various hierarchy configurations.
A two level prior art memory hierarchy system and directory are shown in FIG. I comprised of main storage l0, buffer storage 12, hierarchy directory [4. and storage address register (SAR) l6. SAR I6 is provided with n address bits which describe a 2" Byte main storage space. Main storage space is divided into 2"""' books, 2"""classes, and a Z byte block size. Any byte within this main storage address space may be ad' dressed by the 11 bits of SAR l6. Buffer 12, as shown, is implemented with four way associativity, that is the buffer has four slots. The four slot addresses A are provided by directory 14.
The directory monitors and directs all store and fetch requests made by the CPU via the storage control unit (SCU), not shown, to the proper destination. Directory 14 is comprised of an address array 18 and a replacement array 20. Address array 18 contains the main storage address of each block currently residing in buf fer l2. Whenever main storage 10 is referenced. its storage address is compared with the contents of the directory. A replacement array 20 records the frequency of data references of the various blocks in the buffer, and is implemented in a Last Recently Used (LRU First-In-First-Out (FIFO) or other replacement algorithm. Replacement array 20 may also contain a Stored In Status (SIS) bit which indicates whether a store operation from the SCU has modified the block or parts of it in the buffer, causing the data in the lower levels of the hierarchy to become invalid. The address and replacement array have (m-k) entries, as many entries as there are congruence of classes. Additional logic is provided for comparing, controlling and updating arrays 18 and 20 as represented by functional units 22 and 24.
The number of bits required to implement the address array depends upon the number of congruence classes C, the buffer associativity A, and the number of address bits required to describe the book address (nm). Thus, the address array capacity for a particular hierarchy configuration equals CA (n-m) hits. Likewise, the number of bits required to implement the replacement array is a function of the buffer associativ ity A, the number of bits representing the replacement algorithm REP, the number of congruence classes C, and the number of additional control bits B required per block. The total replacement array capacity is therefore equal to the quantity C(REP(A) BA) bits.
Various hierarchy directory designs may be implemented as described in the previously referenced documents which provide detailed descriptions of both the specific functions and logic circuits necessary to implement these prior art designs. Hierarchy systems may be optimized for minimum hardward, hence, minimum cost, best performance or high reliability and availability. In addition, associative arrays also represent a suit able technology to implement the address array. The search argument in an associative address array represents the book address, the data output provides a matched signal and the appropriate buffer slot address whenever the search argument has been located in the associative array.
Referring briefly to FIGS. 2A-2C there is shown schematically how a main storage unit containing 2" addressable units may be partitioned into congruence classes using a buffer having eight slots or eight way as sociativity. FIG. 2A represents a single class heirarchy where each of the 2" transferable units in main storage may be placed in any of the eight slots in the buffer. FIG. 2B represents a two class system in which the first (2")l2 addressable units in main storage may be placed only in the first four slots of the buffer and the second (2")l2 addressable units may be placed only in the second four slots of the buffer. FIG. 2C represents a system containing four classes in which main storage is divided into units of (2")/4 which are limited by the system to be placed in only two slots of the buffer.
As previously described, data communications between buffer and main storage in prior art systems is performed through cables. The buffer is packaged on a board and is physically separated from main storage. The buffer is usually located in a storage control unit, which also contains the channel hardware, the address translation units and the hierarchy directory. Because of cabling limitations, sequential transfers are required between main storage and buffer to achieve the desired block size. Advances in large scale integration technology have made it possible to integrate high performance buffer storage cells and low performance high density main memory cells into the same package or the same semiconductor chip. Main storage array is buffered by registers or high speed arrays provide the improved average performance. Large block transfers. approaching virtual storage page sizes, can easily be achieved by integration. The block transfer time between the two levels becomes equal to the main storage array cycle time.
Referring now to FIG. 3 there is shown a preferred embodiment of the instant invention which includes the advantageous use of a fixed format main storage and buffer combination made possible by recent large scale integration techniques. Functionally equivalent items in FIG. 3 utilize the same reference characters as used in describing the system of FIG. I.
FIG. 3 illustrates the system organization concepts necessary to implement a dynamically reconfiguraable storage hierarchy according to the invention. Most of the individual elements making up components of the system are similar in function and designed to those of the conventional hierarchy described previously in connection with FIG. 1. These functionally equivalent units include main storage 10, buffer 12, storage address register 16, address array 18, replacement array 20, compare circuit 22', update address array logic 26 and update MRU logic 28. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that the function of the directory in determining whether or not a particular address has been stored in the buffer is independent of the particular configuration of the hierarchy as all of the book and class addresses are considered as a single identifying characteristic. Thus, it is necessary to provide an input to the address and replacement arrays for both the book and class addresses.
In order to enable the hierarchy to be dynamically reconfigured, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the values of n, m, and k must be variable and the directory must be designed such that it can accommodate any of the desired hierarchy configurations. The address array I8 and replacement array 20 must have (m-k) entries, as many entries as there are classes.
The address array, its associated compare and encoding circuitry are designed as follows. First, determine for the overall possible configurations the maximum n-m value. Second, determine the maximum desirable associativity A. Then the address array directory word length and the number of compare circuits becomes A times (nm) bits. If, for example, the buffer is designed with a smaller associativity A, then some additional class address bits (mk) are utilized to degate, or disable the appropriate compare circuits in the encoder logic unit 30 by applying the appropriate class address bits to the unit through bus 32 in order to enable the appropriate address lines A for buffer I2.
The following example illustrates the design of a directory for a two megabyte main storage and a 32k byte buffer with the following four different buffer organizatrons:
BOOK (2 64 64 64 64 Class (2M4) (14 I6 I28 64 Byte (2*bytes) 32 12s 64 12s Associativity (2") I6 In 4 4 In this case, the book address (n-m) requires 6 book bits which are constant. The maximum associativity 2 equals 16 and the address array directory word length equals A -(nm) 24 bits. Hence it is necessary that the address array be organized as 64 words by 24 bits. Also note that the smaller the block size the greater the address array capacity requirement. A system using a fixed number of blocks, does not require anymore address array bits than a conventional directory without dynamic hierarchy parameter allocation. The only additional circuitry required is in the compare, encode units and the replacement array size which mainly depends on the LRU algorithm.
Referring again to FIG. 3, consider a hierarchy system including two congruence classes implemented in a system initially designed to have a minimum of one class and a maximum of 16 buffer slots. Within the al tered hierarchy configuration the buffer will then consist of eight effective slots for each class. Since address array comparison is made on a word basis a compare output from the address array utilizing only the first eight slots of the buffer cannot distinguish in which of the classes in the buffer the information is located. In
order to provide selective addressing of any of the 16 slots physically present in the buffer, enable logic unit 30 is responsive to the class bits (mk in this case one bit, which is applied to enable logic unit 30 to override the normally generated slot address to provide, for example, the high order address bit of A independent of the normally generated address bit determined from a compare unit 24.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that various configurations may be utilized in order to generate the appropriate number of buffer slot address bits in response to the system class address. Further specific details of typical circuits are contained in the previously referred to documents.
lt will also be rocognized that additional functional forms of the directory may be provided such as the use of an associative directory wherein the entire buffer address is generated directly from a fully associative address and replacement array. An associative array is independent of the number of classes and the associativity. It is simply a function of the number of entries A times (m-k) and the entry size (n-m).
It will also be apparent that the system designer may choose to provide CPU responsive logic in order to dynamically control the configuration of the memory hierarchy during computer system operation as opposed to physically fixing the configuration by selective wir ing of the class address bits. Implementation of such logic will be obviously apparent to those skilled in the art. Such a dynamic control may be initiated through the use of a program control input 34 to encode logic unit 30.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a block diagram of the main storage-buffer portion of the hierarchy showing the fixed physical interconnection network in order to enable the manufacture this portion of the memory as a single discrete unit 40. Unit 40 may be an integrated circuit chip, a module, or a card. An important aspect of unit 40 is that it is capable of the manu facture as a single part number and may be utilized in computer systems requiring various heirarchy configurations. Main storage array 10 is comprised of relatively low performance high density one-device storage cells such as described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 3,387,286 to Dennard. The buffer 12 is comprised of high performance four-device or six-device storage cells such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,541,530 to Spampinato et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 3,588,846 to Linton et al., respectively. A functional hierarchy-on-chip (HOC) with a 2" bit main storage array and a 2' bit buffer array is shown in FIG. 4. Storage address register 16, located off chip, contains the main storage address bit designations (n-m) for book addresses, m-k for class addresses and k for bit addresses within a block.
Main storage 10 is organized as an array with 2"" word lines and 2" bit lines. The 2"" bit lines from main storage are decoded down to 2" bits which are connectable to the buffer array 44, the swap register 46, or the data in/data out interface 48. Buffer array 44 is organized as 2 word lines by 2" bit lines. Each of the 2" word lines potentially represents one buffer slot. Each word line and bit line can be uniquely selected by the decoders, allowing one bit to be read or written. Eight identical units or chips 40 addressed in parallel make up a 2"-byte two-level main storage hierarchy.
A total of n+A address lines are required to operate the hierarchy-on-chip of FIG. 4. The (nkj) addresses decode one out of the 2"" word lines in main storage array 42. As shown,j of the book-class address lines are connected to a decoder 50 which selects one of the 2 possible combinations. The k bit block address lines decode one of 2" buffer bit lines and the A buffer slot address lines connected to the directory select one of the 2 buffer word lines. Either the data in or data out circuit may be connected to one of the 2" bit lines through a 2" bit decoder 52. The same decoder is used to connect the data lines to a buffer or main storage cell to perform a one bit read or write operation.
Various storage space, or class, configurations for the hierarchy-on-chip are represented. Chip 40 can be operated as a 2 2 or one way associative hierarchy. All of these configurations have a 2" bit block size indicating the total number of lines between main storage and the buffer. Consider first the one class configuration. A 2" bit group of data can be transferred into nay one of the 2* buffer slots. The 2" bit group can originate from any one of the 2" word lines and any one-quarter of the 2* bit lines in main storage 42 therefore originating in any one of the 2" books in the one class configuration. All n+A address bits are required for the one class configuration. Two class configuration provides a 2 way associativity. The capacity of the buffer is constant at 2" bits. The mapping of the 2" books is now constrained in the following manner. v
A total of 2" books are mapped into the first half of the buffer array 44, and the remaining 2" books mapped into the second half of the buffer array. As an example, the two classes in main storage array 42 represent the upper and lower half of the word lines, decoded by one of the address bits of decoder 50. The upper half of the word lines in main storage 42 always transfer into the left half of the buffer array 44 and the lower half of the word lines in main storage 42 always transfer to the right half of the buffer array 44. The two class configuration requires a storage address word of n+Al bits. One of the A buffer word line address bits is common with one of the address bits decoding the upper or lower half of the main storage array, that is, the class address contained in SAR 16. Accordingly, n+A-2 address bits are required for the four class configuration.
The following example of a specific implementation will more clearly illustrate the dynamic hierarchy concept of the invention.
Consider, for example, a main storage array of 32k bits and a buffer of 512 bits. The main storage address presented to the storage address register requires a total of n=l 8 bits, where 6 bits are common to the main storage and the buffer. That is, k=6. The maximum associativity of the buffer is 8 requiring that the buffer slot address A=3 bits. A one class configuration contains eight slots (associativities) and Sl2 books, representing a general case. The following table illustrates that with a single part number four different configurations may be obtained.
These four configurations can be related to the book, congruence class, and byte addresses. The following Table illustrates how the address bits at the chip level are associated with the various configurations.
Configuration No. l
Book (mm) Congruence Class (m k) Byte (kl Associalivity (AI Total Chip Address Bits Required l6 I In these configurations a seven word decode (n-k-Z) and the two decode bits to decoder 50 provide the book and congruence class address, a total of nine bits. It will be noticed that all configurations except No. l have more address inputs than necessary. For example, configuration 3, a four class configuration, requires only lb of the 18 available address bits. Therefore, two address inputs can be dotted, connected in common, with two of the 16 required paths. However, to allow for dynamic reconfiguration, the adresses are combined and controlled at the directory as previously described.
Those skilled in the art will recognize that various permutations of the above described example may be achieved in order to provide various additional configurations including larger block size or a greater number of congruence classes. For example, decoder 52 may be provided with an additional one or two control inputs, via input line 36, generated off chip by encode logic block 30 which will allow the transfer of half of the 2" bits provided to decoder 52 such that any one of the first half of these bits may be placed in any of the' storage locations in buffer 44. This will effectively increase the associativity of the buffer 44. In a fixed sized buffer utilizing one of the k bits as an additional class address bit reduces the block size to 2".
The above examples illustrate how a memory hierarchy appearing to a computer system as a conventional fixed configuration may be dynamically varied such that the associativity, block size and number of congruence classes may be varied according to desired system requirements.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. In a data processing system including a first and second memory, wherein data is organized in said first memory in at least one data class and wherein each data class is composed of a number of blocks of data, each containing a plurality of bytes. each of said blocks of data being addressable in response to a first memory block address provided by said system, and wherein data is organized in said second memory in the same number of classes as in said first memory, each of said classes in said second memory composed of a smaller number of blocks of data than in said first memory. each block of data in said second memory being addressable in response to a second memory block address provided, at least partially, by a directory, means responsive to a byte address provided by said system for addressing individual bytes within a block of data in said second memory, means for transferring blocks of data between said first and second memories. and directory means for controlling the transfer of blocks of data and for providing at least a portion of said second memory block address, the improvement comprising:
means for changing the number of classes in which data is organized in said memories, said means altering said portion of said second memory block address provided by said directory to provide accessing of all blocks of data in said second memory.
2. A data processing system set forth in claim I wherein said means for changing the number of classes is responsive to an initiallizing input signal provided by said system.
3. The data processing system set forth in claim I wherein said means for changing the number of classes increases the number of classes by a factor of 2", where n is an integer greater than zero. by effecting the substitution of n address bits of the addresses provided by said system for n address bits in said second memory block address.
4. The data processing system set forth in claim 3 wherein the n address bits of the addresses provided by said system used to increase the number of classes are a part of said first memory block address.
5. The data processing system set forth in claim 3 wherein the n address bits of the addresses provided by said system used to increase the number of classes are a part of the byte address.
6. A memory hierarchy for a data processing system comprising:
a large memory,
a smaller memory,
means for transferring blocks of data between said large and smaller memories, and
means for selectively changing the number of locations in said small memory to which blocks of data in said large memory may be transferred.
7. The memory hierarchy as set forth in claim 6 wherein said means for selectively changing the number of locations in said small memory to which blocks of data in said large memory may be transferred also changes the size of said blocks.
i i i =0
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Literacy Leader Award:
Literacy Educator of the Year Award:
Francis graduated from Loyola in 2007 and became the reading specialist at Our Lady of Grace Catholic School. She has continued to embrace the Karl Heldrich Reading Center which was established in the Fall of 2004 to service the students of OLG as well as children in northern Baltimore County. She has continued to reach out to other organizations and institutions in the community to enhance the KH Reading Center and its ability to service the community. She administers and evaluates screening and assessment of students, provides support or enrichment for students, and mentors teachers within the building through staff development and modeling exceptional literacy teaching.
Collins is a middle school literacy educator at Archbishop Borders Catholic School in Baltimore. She has assisted in providing professional development to her fellow teachers on the language and literacy development of culturally and linguistically diverse learners as her school serves a predominantly Latino and African American population. Collins's knowledge of culturally relevant pedagogy and her use of culturally relevant practices serve as a model to other teachers at her school and in the broader Community Catholic schools in the Archdiocese. Collins also has coordinated and assisted teachers in implementing the use of EasyCBM as a formative assessment tool that would help teachers use data to learn about the literacy strengths and needs of their students. She also is a leader in guiding the teachers at the school to develop effective lessons and implement best practices in literacy education.
Scarry earned her Master's degree from Loyola in 1995, and is currently the coordinator of reading K-12 for Harford County Schools. She is passionate in her commitment to literacy as the essential component to success in life. Her dedication to the cause of enriching the lives of all students with the gift of literacy is evident to the teachers and administrators in Harford County Public Schools who have attended her professional development sessions and reflected on their own practices in post-observation conferences with her. She continues to build upon her own knowledge base by staying current with the latest research and attending national conferences. She "translates" the research for teachers by modeling lessons and supporting collaborative lesson planning with grade-level teams. Finally, Scarry especially loves getting back into classrooms to model for teachers how to help students use close reading strategies, support their interpretaions, and identify universal themes in literature.
Maher-Baker represents all that a teacher should be. She dedicates herself to bettering her students, her scores, and herself. She is constantly thinking, creating, and revising lessons to better meet the needs of her students. She has taught the range – from AP 12 to 9 Standard Inclusion, with her fair share of electives as well. She loves working with fellow teachers to improve the literacy instruction and student learning at Loch Raven High School.
Sunday is a high school social studies teacher and reading specialist, M.Ed. RSP ('10) with more than 13 years of experience teaching diverse learners in Baltimore City. In 2011, he designed a comprehensive literacy program for the charter school that he cofounded, Independence School Local #1. He currently serves as his school's literacy lead and chairs his school's instructional committee. In addition, he volunteers time tutoring struggling readers after school. Sunday is a firm believer that the most important skill that he could impart to his students is a confidence and desire to improve oneself through reading.
Antonino is an English teacher and reading specialist, M.Ed.RSP ('08) teaching at-risk/high-risk high school students in Baltimore City. She serves on the School Improvement Committee, the Instructional Leadership Team, the Attendance Committee, and is the English department team leader. In addition, she teaches developmental reading at the Community College of Baltimore County and is an affiliate professor at Loyola, where she works with the McGuire Scholars and MAT graduate students. This is Antonino's 13th year teaching. Prior to Baltimore City, Antonino worked for the Pittsburgh Public Schools and Orange County Public Schools in Florida. An accomplished urban educator, Antonino has extensive experience teaching diverse students and works vigorously to meet their instructional, emotional, and curricula needs. Antonino's motto for working with challenging students is, "Love me when I least deserve it, because that's when I really need it."
Nilsson completed her M.Ed. as a reading specialist from Loyola in 2004. Her teaching experience has been primarily in the area of elementary education in Baltimore City schools. In 2006, she teamed up with Erika Brockman to form Southwest Charter School located in a high needs area of Baltimore City. The mission of this school is to "develop eager learners and critical thinkers who are committed to personal success and the success of their communities." As director of instruction for the Southwest Charter School, Nilsson continues to be at the forefront of literacy instructional leadership and innovation.
Lewis is a master teacher who is committed to continuous self improvement and growth. For 10 years, Lisa has worked at Baltimore Lab School in various capacities including classroom teacher, reading specialist, case manager, and director of tutoring services. Since 2008, Lisa has been an instructor and division director of Loyola's Literacy Scholars Program in which she serves as a mentor and supervisor to graduate students in Loyola's reading specialist masters program. She works with the graduate students in constructing a vibrant, productive learning environment in which children from the community receive individualized instructional support to strengthen their literacy skills. As a division director, Lewis fosters a collaborative community between graduate students, deeping their expertise and professional confidence. More recently, Lewis has worked to expand the Literacy Scholars Program's family/parent engagement, establishing partnerships with parents and other family members to initiate and reinforce children's literacy practice at home.
Casagrande is this year's Literacy Leader, which recognizes an alum from the Literacy Program. Casagrande is an alumna of the Loyola's Master's in Literacy program, and is an accomplished reading specialist at Graceland Park Elementary Middle School. She has also started a business working with children who need help with literacy skills, called Hand in Hand Tutoring, as well as worked to develop and implement the summer school literacy curriculum for Baltimore City Schools.
Chilipko is this year's Educator of the Year, which recognizes a local literacy educator. Chilipko is a first grade teacher at Solley Elementary School with 23 years of experience. She is also a mentor teacher for Loyola University and has mentored 26 interns in her 13 years of teaching in Anne Arundel County Schools. She is primary lead teacher and has presented several workshops to her entire staff. She operates on the philosophy of "catching her students being good" and getting children to believe in themselves.


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Prep football: Fired-up Fort Myers rips up Golden Gate
Second quarter
GG — Gause 98 fumble return (kick failed), 9:42
FM — Brown 66 interception return (kick failed), 6:33
FM — Douglas 33 run (Brosy kick), 3:30
FM — Battle 3 run (Brosy kick), 1:11
Third quarter
FM — Smith 24 run (Brosy kick), 7:33
FM — Battle 3 run (Brosy kick), 4:01
GG — Rojas 27 FG, 1:06
FM — Morgan 15 run (Brosy kick), 0:15
When the field is named after your late father and the mayor proclaims the first home game each season as "Sam Sirianni Night," you've got some things to live up to.
And that's just what the Fort Myers High Green Wave did Friday night in beating Golden Gate 41-9 in the first-ever meeting between the two schools.
"Our kids really didn't know Coach Sam, but when we had the pep rally today, they got fired up," said Sam Sirianni Jr., whose legendary father and community figure Sam Sr. died in 2002.
"I think we probably were a little too fired up at the beginning," Sirianni Jr. said. "I didn't quite know what I was watching out there. But we settled down and played much better. I'm proud of the kids. Yet we've got a long way to go to be a good football team."
Golden Gate (1-1) squandered two early opportunities, driving to the Fort Myers 8-yard line on one possession and to the 5 on another. Both drives stalled.
But the Titans got on the board first when Jayln Gause picked up a Green Wave fumble at the Golden Gate 2-yard line and raced all the way to the enemy end zone for the touchdown with 9:42 to go in the first half.
The Green Wave (2-0) rallied, however with 20 unanswered points. Charles Brown caught an over-the-middle pass from Tyler Douglas and sped the rest of the way for a 66-yard TD play with 6:33 left in the half.
Three minutes later, Douglas got loose on a 33-yard TD run, breaking tackles to get into the open field.
With 1:11 to go before halftime, Dalvin Battle took it in from 3 yards out. Steven Brosby's second PAT kick of the night made it 20-6.
Fort Myers scored on its first possession of the second half. Quinton Smith scooted 24 yards for the score with 7:33 to go in the third.
Save for a 27-yard field goal by the Titans' Daniel Rojas late in the third period, it was all Fort Myers the remainder of the game. Leading 41-9 at the start of the final quarter, Fort Myers subbed in some new faces.
The Titans did march it down the field to the opponents' 3 late in the game, but again could not capitalize.
"Early in the game we had opportunities but couldn't punch it in," Titans coach Mike DiGrigoli said. "That hurt. When we didn't get it in the second time, I think we got a little flat."
Fort Myers ground out 315 rushing yards. Battle sparked the Greenies with 111 yards on 18 carries.
The Titans are on the road again next Friday night when they visit Tampa-Berkeley Prep. The Green Wave travel within Lee County to face Cypress Lake.
The Titans' C.J. Jones had 59 yards on 15 carries and Breon Brown ended up with 51 yards on 13 rushes.
DiGrigoli said the loss will help his team grow.
"We'll go back and look at our mistakes and where we failed to capitalize," he said. "We will look at our game management and look at the opportunities we had and how they could have changed the game if we had taken advantage of them."
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Ecopod Shipping Container Homes
Ecopod shipping container homes are a relatively new concept in the architecture world. Ecopods are homes made from old shipping containers and are a great option to look into if you are considering a sustainable, attractive, unique and portable home option.
Eco-friendly living
An Ecopod is an excellent way to show your commitment to environmentally friendly design and innovation without sacrificing the creature comforts of a traditional home. Living in a used shipping container keeps more waste out of landfills and saves you money - especially if solar powered and fully insulated. Many Ecopods are indistinguishable from normal homes because they are fabricated to look like they have siding.
The Ecopod enterprise
Ecopod is a company based in Toronto that has been in the shipping container home industry for quite some time. The folks at Ecopod pride themselves on using other recycled and environmentally friendly design elements, such as flooring made with recycled tire rubber, paperless interior walls, sustainable soy insulation, an innovative water mill and optional composting toilet.
Uses for your Ecopod
Ecopods are different from other shipping container homes because they are portable. With such a convenient design, Ecopods are easily used as mobile product showrooms and powered with solar panels to create a nearly self-contained mobile unit. There are limitless possibilities for Ecopods since their convenient design makes them suitable for a number of other purposes.
If you are looking to reduce your ecological footprint and put your creativity to good use, the Ecopod is the perfect home choice. There are endless ways to accessorize your new home and make it even more environmentally friendly and with these shipping boxes as dwelling spaces. Thinking outside the box is more fun that ever!


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EA Sports' NHL '12 bits: First video preview, release date set at September 13
May 26, 2011, 8:00 AM EDT
With the 2011 Stanley Cup playoffs still in high gear, EA Sports is starting to allow some information about NHL '12 to come out. Last week we discussed an intriguing screenshot that indicated that the Winter Classic would be playable in the game, but more information came through on Wednesday.
Before we delve deeper into some of the interesting information made available in that preview, it's important to note the expected ship date is September 13. There was some concern that the NHL series would follow Madden's example of shipping shortly before the beginning of the 2011-12 season, but it's a relief to see that NHL '12 will only come out about a week later than NHL '11 did in 2010. (NHL '11 released on September 7, 2010.)
Before we get into some of our analysis of the preview, check out the video EA Sports released on your own if you feel like it. (Video via Operation Sports.)
Our take
A lot of people will get excited about the possibility of checking their friends' (or online foes) players through the glass or into the benches, but the gameplay changes are probably the most exciting thing about the video.
Most precisely, seeing that goalies might have a little more personality is heartening. Too often goalies are either a) impregnable digital forces or b) gullible, padded masses of Swiss cheese. I haven't enjoyed fighting in hockey video games since the Sega Genesis days so the goalie fights aren't a huge draw for me, but it's amusing that the feature will be added nonetheless.
The fact that the game is paying more attention to some of the "little things" like screening goalies (and goalies fighting through those screens) should help improve the depth of an already deep game. If there's one thing NHL '11 lacked it was a certain sense of spontaneity, so hopefully that will be fixed a bit in NHL '12.
Additional takes
IGN points out that the game is expected to have a presentation style that will ape the league's TV presentations. The preview details stats that might go a little deeper than previous editions, which could be an exciting thing for dorks such as myself.
Operation Sports points to an EA Sports press release that details the game's revamped "Be a Pro" mode as another possible area of improvement.
In the revamped Be a Pro mode, experience the pursuit of greatness and legendary moments in your playing career, shatter historic records and cement yourself in NHL history. Additionally, the better you play, the more ice time you'll get where you can simulate to your next shift so you're always on the ice as you play out your entire career in pursuit of the Stanley Cup.
Overall, it seems promising. EA Sports might not feel much competition nipping at its heels (more on that later), but the company is still making some tweaks to a winning formula. Hopefully the company will continue to prove that it won't just crank out "annual roster updates" for its great hockey franchise.
If they follow through on some of the promises they made in that preview, then NHL '12 could be another great hockey title.
(Screenshot via Operation Sports.)
- sknut - May 26, 2011 at 10:26 AM
The NHL titles are the ones I get every year and every year they seem to impress a little more. I am glad screening the goalie is improved upon, it seems in '11 its hard to do that consistently.
- James O'Brien - May 26, 2011 at 11:11 AM
It'll be interesting to see how well it is implemented. I was worried about broken sticks going into NHL '11, but they did a great job with it. Tough not to give them the benefit of the doubt going forward after that …
- govtminion - May 26, 2011 at 12:02 PM
I give EA this much- while Madden is stagnant, only good for updating rosters per year at this point, NHL seems to add every year to what already is a pretty good game. I worried as well about broken sticks being overdone or pointless, and they got it pretty well actually- I have little doubt that these tweaks can only help for '12. Looking forward to it greatly.
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The Hazard Lady Bulldogs hosted the Perry County Central Lady Commodores on Saturday in the soccer version of the Black Gold Cup. The Lady Commodores jumped out to the early lead, and held on for the 5-1 victory.
Perry Central got on the board first with a goal in the 13th minute. Ashley Morris took a pass from Brandi Campbell and placed it in the back of the net.
A few minutes later, Hazard collected a free kick after a foul outside the box. Amanda Asher took the kick and bent it into the upper 90, just outside the reach of the goalie (1-1).
The Lady Commodores wasted little time erasing the goal as Brandi Campbell dribbled through the defense and took a shot one-on-one with the goal. The shot passed through the goalie's legs for the 2-1 lead.
Campbell collected her second goal of the game just minutes later. This time Campbell took a crossing pass from Kelsey Lowe and fired in a hard shot past the goalie.. The Lady Commodores took the 3-1 lead into the break.
Perry Central picked up an early goal in the second half. Sarah Melton dribbled through the Hazard defense and shot a ball into the box where Kelsey Lowe collected it and deposited it in the goal (4-1).
With time running out in the contest, Brandi Campbell completed her "hat-trick" with a goal. Dallas Coots picked up a ball in front of the net and pushed it back to Brandi Campbell outside the box. Campbell fired the shot from 25-yards out, and hit the back of the net.
The Lady Commodores went on to win the game by the final count of 5-1.
Hazard stats: Goals: Amanda Asher 1.
Perry Central stats: Goals: Brandi Campbell 3, Ashley Morris 1 and Kelsey Lowe 1. Assists: Dallas Coots 1, Sarah Melton 1, Kelsey Lowe 1 and Brooke Campbell 1.


text: Items 61 to 72 of 175 total View 12 / 24 / 48 Previous 1 ... 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 ... 15 Next A must have for a saltwater tank By butterflyx8i8x on 12/30/2013 butterflyx8i8x would recommend this product to a friend I love this product!!! I was having trouble with lots of algae in the tank. It's been up for a week now and I'm dealing with less algae in my tank. Works really good. Great product By brian on 12/19/2013 brian would recommend this product to a friend Ordered this unit for corbon/gfo mix unit works perfectly easy to install and change media Great product and well built By Quinnchero on 12/18/2013 Quinnchero would recommend this product to a friend This is one of those no brainer purchases for me. You cannot beat the amount of benefit to water quality compared to the price you pay. Running GFO only, this reactor runs circles around anything else even remotely close to this price range, carbon is slightly less successful. The whole kit gives you literally everything you need out of the box to be up and running in minutes, with results that will make you wonder why you waited so long. Take my advice on this side note though: BRS brand GFO is way too dusty and a majority of the product is wasted, thus actually costing you way more than a higher end brand. excellent By grisel on 12/5/2013 grisel would recommend this product to a friend easy to intalls good price bulk reef thank you for the videos. facil de instalar y buen precio y facil bulk reef graciaspor los videos facil para seguir intruciones . Simple solution to your phosphate problem By Mrehfeld on 11/23/2013 Mrehfeld would recommend this product to a friend This product is super easy to install and dropped my phosphates from 0.36 to 0.04 in 3 days! That's pretty awesome, I highly recommend this product. good buy By Dustin on 11/21/2013 Dustin would recommend this product to a friend running this for over a year and still no issues. you cant beat the pump reactor combo price. Best out there By Mario on 10/3/2013 Mario would recommend this product to a friend Bought a single reactor for my 46g reef tank and bought some GFO to go into it. Works great and lowered my levels within a week of use! Would recommend to anyone who's trying to decide on buying. Solid By Jeff on 10/1/2013 Jeff would recommend this product to a friend Another well built product. Easy to use and worked for the few different ways I put in the media. Currently using the carbon on top between pads and GFO tumbling below. The hose is stiff so may want to pick up some plumbing parts if flexibility needed for some applications. Awesome Reactor By Dave on 9/21/2013 Dave would recommend this product to a friend I have a Single and a Dual Reactor and both of them are great. Solid built, easy to use, high quality, and no issues Well Made By Todd on 9/14/2013 Todd would recommend this product to a friend I was surprised for the price what a nice setup this is. Includes everything you need. Good for GFO, So-so for carbon... By Frank on 9/11/2013 Frank would recommend this product to a friend This reactor has a nice build quality at an attractive price point. It is easy to install and to perform maintenance on. I have run this reactor with GFO, carbon, and a GFO/Carbon mix. Running just plain GFO this reactor performs flawlessly. Running carbon or a GFO/carbon mix proves to be somewhat difficult. The sponges that hold the media tend to wear out after only a couple of uses. This lets the media become loose in the chamber and lets space in between the media which you do not want while running carbon. While I would not recommend this reactor for just running carbon, I think it is a fine GFO Reactor. At the price it is hard to beat! good product but not enough flow gph By JasonandSarah on 9/3/2013 JasonandSarah wouldn't recommend this product to a friend overall it seemed like a good product but you have to dial it down so much with gfo that you aren't running much water through it at all they say you can grind up the gfo so you don't want it tumbling in there too much I've never heard that from another phosphate reactor? maybe I'm doing something wrong? but I watched the video and read the instructions so for now I'm kinda having buyers remorse and wishing I went with a different reactor Write Your Own Review You're reviewing: BRS GFO & Carbon Reactor - Single *How do you rate this product? *Would you recommend this product to a friend? Yes No *Nickname *Summary of Your Review *Review Submit Review


text:
Unusual ALS Case Highlights Variable Onset
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Like many neurodegenerative conditions, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a disease of aging. Thus, it was unusual when a young man of 19 visited Guy Rouleau's practice at the University of Montréal, Canada. The teen turned out to have a novel mutation in the ALS gene Fused in Sarcoma (FUS). His case corroborates previous work suggesting FUS-based ALS can hit the young, and it highlights the extraordinary variability in the disease. Rouleau was senior author on the study with first author Veronique Belzil, also at the University of Montréal.
ALS symptoms typically appear in one's 40s and 50s, although juvenile cases in people younger than 25 do occur. In addition to the early onset, the young man in the case study was unusual in that his weakness and muscle atrophy affected mostly his right arm, shoulder and neck. However, he did have mild weakness elsewhere, convincing Rouleau that ALS was the correct diagnosis.
The team sequenced three likely candidate ALS genes: FUS, superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), and TAR DNA Binding Protein 43 (TDP-43). They discovered a single base pair deletion near the end of the FUS gene, causing a frameshift that swapped the final 32 correct codons for 33 new, incorrect ones. This genetic defect joins several others found previously in the carboxyl terminus of FUS, confirming the importance of that region for the protein's function (see ARF related news story on Dormann et al., 2010).
The young man's mother, the team found, also carried the FUS mutation, yet had no ALS symptoms at 47. Several mutations in FUS and other ALS genes have a wide range of onset (see table), causing disease in individuals as young as 13 or as old as 72 (see ARF related news story on Yan et al., 2010).
"The major message here is that there is a good deal of heterogeneity in all forms of ALS," wrote Richard Bedlack of the Duke ALS Clinic in Durham, North Carolina, in an email to ARF (see full comment below). "This includes variability in penetrance, age and site of onset, co-morbidities (for example dementia) and progression rate." Bedlack did not participate in the current case study.
ALS Genes Associated With Juvenile Onset
|Hadano et al., 2001; Yang et al., 2001
|Chen et al., 2004
|Deng et al., 2011
|Al-Saif et al., 2011
|20, 65
|DeJesus-Hernandez et al., 2010
|Bäumer et al., 2010
|13, 21
|Huang et al., 2010
|Yan et al., 2010
|Belzil et al., 2011
|Belzil et al., 2012
The variable onset, Rouleau said, could be the result of genetic or environmental factors. In the man in Montréal, the researchers used further sequencing to eliminate one potential genetic risk factor, that is, lengthy repeats in the ataxin 2 gene (see ARF related news story on Elden et al., 2010). In his case, they suspect that environmental toxins could have hastened disease. The young man had worked on farms around organophosphate fertilizers linked to neurodegeneration, as well as around heavy metals during a job in toxic waste recycling and training as a welder.
"I think we now need to focus hard on this variability... Mother Nature is trying to tell us something here!" Bedlack wrote. "We could, for example, use new tools such as whole genome microarray to compare fast and slow progressors."—Amber Dance


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August 2, 2015
NEW YORK (AP) - New York City police say two threatening letters sent to Mayor Michael Bloomberg contained traces of the deadly poison ricin.
Police said Wednesday the anonymous letters were opened Friday in New York at the city's mail facility and Sunday in Washington at an office used by the nonprofit started by Bloomberg, Mayors Against Illegal Guns. Both were addressed to Bloomberg and contained threats referencing the debate on gun laws.
According to police, preliminary testing indicated the presence of ricin.
Police say civilian personnel who came into contact with the letters were not showing any symptoms, but some officers who later examined the one in New York were.
Ricin is a poison found naturally in castor beans.
It's not clear if the letters were related to other threatening, ricin-laced letters sent to other lawmakers recently.
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Gemini Man: Season 1, Episode 0
Pilot (10 May 1976)
A government agent is caught in the explosion of a government underwater salvage operation. He finds himself capable of turning himelf invisible, and sets out to use his new powers to prove... See full summary »
Director:Alan J. Levi
Writers:Leslie Stevens, H.G. Wells (novel)
Stars:Ben Murphy, Katherine Crawford, Richard Dysart | See full cast and crew »


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This fully featured car stereo multimedia DVD receiver is the DNX6960 from Kenwood Excelon that includes a built-in navigation unit from Garmin. Display features include a 6.1" TFT LCD Touchscreen Display with WVGA 800 x 480 pixel resolution, playback compatibility with DVD, CD, MP3, VCD, WMA, MPEG1, JPEG media files. Expandability options include iPod, SAT, and HD ready with USB input, front AV input and output. Garmin Navigation features easy to use GUI, 6 million points of interests, text to speech and many more.
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Training and
Hatching Results® offers specialized training and consulting to schools and districts seeking to assist school counselors and administrators to understand the changing role of the professional school counselor, learn ways to use data to effect and promote professional and organizational change and finally, how to measure and share results for program improvement. Our trainers are also experts in implementing the ASCA National Model® (K-12) and preparing schools to apply for RAMP.Read More
Grant Writing
Program Evaluation
Hatching Results® partnered with districts to successfully co-author 10% of all federally funded Elementary and Secondary School Counseling (ESSC) grants awarded in 2012 (6 of the 60). Over the past 15 years, over 80% of all grants submitted have been successfully awarded bringing $16 Million into school districts. Hatching Results® also provides comprehensive expert program evaluation designed to target and support the sustainability of school counseling programs when funding ends.Read More
Books and
The Use of Data in School Counseling: Hatching Results® for Students, Programs and the Profession is HERE! Whether you're a practicing school counselor, graduate student, counselor educator or administrator working with school counselors, this text will help you improve your program! Our on-line courses are coming soon and are just what you need to improve your school counseling program and practice. To reserve space for your first on-line course, Click HERE.Read More


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Photo of the Day Photo Stream
At the end of the peak begins the sky...
Today I made plan: to do nothing... But at the end, this nothing is become a full day. Well well my day started at 10 am. It's a long time that I don't sleep until 10 am. I'm used to wake up at 9 am. It was soooo good as I was reluctant to stand my big bottom out of my bed. After that, lunch time was here quickly. At 1 pm, my mother and I went to Clermont Ferrand to do some shopping. She needed some foods for her diner of tomorrow night. I took occasion to be on Clermont and shopping a while (1hour). I found my hapiness. We came back at home where I helped my mum to clean house... Then my 2 years (and 2 months) old little nephew called us
to propose us to see their new house. And now I'm just back since 50min and I don't see this day passed. I love this day, and maybe more than other days because we are vendredi 13/ Friday 13th.
I had said tomorrow but it will be on Tueday that I'll begin a challenge on 52 weeks. Every week I will post some old picture or blog or videos of buzz members not featured that I think it worth it to take a look a second time. I hope you're ok with my idea. What do you think about it?
About the picture, you can see the Puy de Dome's peak. Puy de Dome is the name of departement where I'm living. And it names this way because of this mountain.
I hope your last day of the week (before the week end) was great. I can't wait to read what you did this day with this Friday 13th. By the way: are you superstitious?


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The Week Ahead in Matador Athletics......
The Week Ahead ...
Two Cal State Northridge student-athletes with a charitable heart, and Dr. Jolene Koester's coaching talents highlight what's happening in Cal State Northridge Athletics this week ... Bob Vazquez, Assistant Athletic Director for Media Relations, offers his weekly insight on the teams and student-athletes who compete for Cal State Northridge ... The weekly report includes upcoming key games, a look at the accomplishments of the student-athletes and coaches at Cal State Northridge, and a report on what other activities are happening in the Matador Athletic Department ... For more information on Matador Athletics, go to www.gomatadors.com
Northridge Notables ...
As part of their media guide bios, every student athlete is asked a series of questions such as favorite actor or actress, favorite food, greatest sports moment, etc ... One question in particular has brought a wide range of responses ... The question is "if you had a million dollars, what would you do with the money?" ... For two Matador soccer players, Bo Miller (Junior, Monument, Co) and Sonia Espitia (freshman, Paramont, Ca.), their answers are noble ... Miller and Espitia said that if they had a million dollars, they would "distribute the money to the poor."
Volleyball Volumes ...
Now it's Dr. Jolene Koester's turn to test her coaching skills ... The CSUN President will act as an honorary coach on Thursday, Nov. 1 (7:00 p.m.) at The Matadome against Cal State Bakersfield in a women's volleyball match ... Dr. Koester will be patrolling the sidelines, shouting words of encouragement, and offering coaching tips to head coach Jeff Stork in pursuit of a victory.
Hoops Hoopla ...
Both the men's and women's basketball team recently hosted a kickoff "Mid-Morning Madness" basketball preview with more than 100 Matador fans in attendance at The Matadome ... Fans were given t-shirts, players were available for autographs, and refreshments were served ... Both teams were introduced, and both head coaches, men's coach Bobby Braswell and women's head coach Staci Schulz, talked about the team's prospects for 2007-08, and followed by a question-and-answer period ... Both teams were introduced, and then each squad went through several drills ... The men's team opens exhibition play on Wednesday, October 31, at 7:05 p.m. with an exhibition game against Cal State Los Angeles ... The Matador women have an
exhibition game on Friday, November 2, at 7:00 p.m. against Cal Poly Pomona at The Matadome.
Did You Know ...
The Matador men's basketball team will be celebrating its 50th season of intercollegiate basketball in 2007-08 ... However, the Matadors will be playing in The Matadome for only the 46th year ... Cal State Northridge basketball started during the 1958-59 season, but The Matadome was not built until the 1962-63 campaign ... Before the '62-63 season, the Matadors played in various high school gyms including Monroe, San Fernando and Granada Hills High Schools.
Tuesday, October 30, All Day, Women's Golf at Kent Youel Invitational, Honolulu, Hawai'i
Wednesday, October 31, 2:00 p.m., Men's Soccer vs Cal Poly, Matador Field
Wednesday. October 31, All Day, Women's Golf at Kent Youel Invitational, Honolulu, Hawai'i
Wednesday, October 31, 7:05 p.m., Men's Basketball vs Cal State Los Angeles (Exh), The Matadome
Thursday, November 1, 7:00 p.m., Women's Volleyball vs Cal State Bakersfield, The Matadome
Friday, November 2, 2:30 p.m., Women's Soccer vs UC Santa Barbara, Matador Field
Friday, November 2, 7:00 p.m., Women's Basketball vs Cal Poly Pomona (Exh), The Matadome
Saturday, November 3, 7:00 p.m., Women's Volleyball vs Long Beach State, The Matadome
Sunday, November 4, Noon, Men's Soccer vs UC Davis, Matador Field
Sunday, November 4, 2:30 p.m., Women's Soccer vs Cal Poly, Matador Field


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West Lafayette, IN (SportsNetwork.com) - Terone Johnson scored a game-high 18 points as the Purdue Boilermakers posted a convincing 88-67 win over the Boston College Eagles as part of the Big Ten/ACC Challenge at Mackey Arena.
Also scoring in double figures for the Boilermakers (7-2) were Ronnie Johnson and Kendall Stephens with 15 and 11 points, respectively, as the team delivered a second straight win.
The Eagles (3-5) were paced by Ryan Anderson with 16 points, followed by Hanlan Olivier with 15 points and eight rebounds. Alex Dragicevich responded with 13 points for the visitors.
Shooting an impressive 52.5 percent from the field in the first half, including 5-of-8 behind the 3-point line, Purdue moved out to a 49-34 advantage at the break.
In the second half the Boilermakers again made good on more than 51 percent from the floor, en route to the 21-point home win.
In addition to shooting knocking down 7-of-14 from behind the 3-point line on the night, Purdue also outscored the Eagles in the paint by a 50-30 margin as well.
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NEW YORK (AP) — Paula Deen has been dropped by the Food Network and Wal-Mart, but book-buyers are standing by her.
As of Thursday morning, "Paula Deen's New Testament: 250 Recipes, All Lightened Up," ranked No. 1 on Amazon.com. The book is scheduled for October. Another Deen book, "Paula Deen's Southern Cooking Bible," was at No. 13. Several other Deen books were out of stock.
Deen has faced increasing criticism since admitting that she used a racial slur. During a deposition in a discrimination lawsuit filed by an ex-employee, the chef admitted to using the N-word. The lawsuit also accuses Deen of using the slur when planning her brother's 2007 wedding, saying she wanted black servers in white coats, shorts and bow ties.
Deen says she doesn't recall using the word to describe waiters.
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