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Polyolefine-based mouldings and foils contain internal bonding additives which are enriched by migration at the plastic surface and which have their molecular structure bonding substituents of higher polarity on an oleophilic hydrocarbon radical. At least one part of these internal additives is hardened via its hydrocarbon radicals in the area of the plastic surface and prevented from further migrating, and so permanent adhesive bondings and/or coatings of the polyolefine surface may be obtained without additional preliminary treatments. Also disclosed is a process for furnishing solid polyolefine surfaces with such adherence-improving, immobilised additive (mixtures), and other auxiliary agents used for that purpose.
1. A process for permanently improving surfaces of polyolefin-based moldings and films for bonding with coatings and adhesives, comprising the steps of:
(a) molding a composition comprising at least one polyolefin, about 0.01 to about 10% by weight, based on the polyolefin of at least one migratable, crosslinkable amphiphile compound containing at least one substituent of high polarity in an otherwise hydrocarbon-based basic molecule having a molecular weight of about 50 to about 5,000 Dalton and a catalytically effective amount of a catalyst which promotes crosslinking of the crosslinkable amphiphile compound in the plastic surface to form a polyolefin-based molding or film;
(b) allowing said crosslinkable amphiphile compound to migrate to the surface of said polyolefin-based molding or film and crosslink.
2. The process claimed in claim 1, wherein a tensile shear strength of at least about 1.2 N/mm2 is obtained when a polyurethane adhesive is applied to a surface of said polyolefin-based molding or film, as determined on a Zwick Universal testing machine at test speeds of 15 mm/min.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one migratable amphiphile compound has an iodine value of about 10 to about 200.
4. The process of claim 1, wherein the at least one migratable amphiphile compound substituent of high polarity comprises a group selected from the group consisting of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, oxazoline, epoxy, isocyanate and mixtures thereof.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the catalyst comprises a transition metal and the transition metal content of the polyolefin molding or film is less than 5 ppm.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the transition metals comprise salts of carboxylic acids.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the transition metal content of the polyolefin, molding or film is less than about 1 ppm.
8. A polyolefin-based molding or film comprising a surface, produced by the process of claim 1.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound is oleophilic and comprises olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon residues that have a linear, branced and/or cyclic structure and are liquid at room temperature.
10. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable, crosslinkable, amphiphile compound comprises a group containing a hetero atom as the substituent of high polarity.
11. The process of claim 10, wherein the hetero atom is selected from the group consisting of O,N, halogen and mixtures thereof.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein the quantities of catalyst used are limited to such an extent that there is no degradation of the polyolefin after 14 days in an atmosphere of at least about 80% relative humidity at a temperature of 60° C.
13. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound is a mixture of monounsaturated carboxylic acid and at least about 50% polyolefinically unsaturated carboxylic acid.
14. The process of claim 13, wherein the carboxylic acids contain at least about 12 carbon atoms.
15. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound comprises olefinic double bonds.
16. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound is liquid at room temperature.
17. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound comprises branched hydrocarbon residues.
18. The process of claim 17, wherein the branched hydrocarbon residues comprise tertiary carbon atoms.
19. The process of claim 1, wherein the migratable amphiphile compound comprises multiple olefinic double bonds.
Molded workpieces of any three-dimensional form, including fibers and filaments, and films based on polyolefins, more particularly polyethylene and polypropylene, are used on a very wide scale in practice. An important problem area here is improving the surface properties of these structurally nonpolar hydrocarbon components. Thus, the inadequate adhesion of coatings, adhesives, printing inks and the like is a central problem which has remained unsolved for decades despite numerous attempts to find a solution.
A comprehensive account of the various proposals which have been made with a view to solving the stated problem can be found, for example, in EP 0 311 723. In the interests of simplicity, reference is hereby made to the disclosure of this document.
The concept of improving adhesion to hard polyolefin surfaces in reality encompasses an extremely broad range of very different technical requirements. This will immediately become clear from the following comparison: improving the adhesion of a printing ink to polyolefin films cannot be compared with improving the adhesive bonding to a rigid polyolefin molding of solid workpieces of metal or other plastics with no risk of adhesive failure when mechanical forces are applied to the bond. Of considerable practical significance moreover is the dependence on time of the adhesive strength established, the notion of dependence on time in turn encompassing two different parameters. The first concerns the time interval elapsing between production of the polyolefin-based molding and its subsequent coating or bonding. The second quality parameter concerns maintenance of the adhesiveness values initially established in the bonded workpiece or coated material over the duration of its practical use which, as well known, can involve very long periods of time, for example of several years. What is required in practice for a number of applications of the technology under discussion here is the possibility of establishing high-strength bonds by coating and/or application of adhesives using standard auxiliaries up to and including resistance to adhesive failure with no dependence on time between production and finishing of the polyolefin-based molding on the one hand and its coating and/or bonding on the other hand, the strength values once established remaining intact for virtually indefinite periods.
The teaching according to the invention starts out from this objective. In addition, the invention seeks to create the possibility of not necessarily having to use past technical proposals for solving the problem discussed in the foregoing. Thus, it is known that the adhesive strength of polyolefin-based materials can be substantially increased by processing high molecular weight copolymers containing coupling polar groups in the polymer structure together with the nonpolar polyolefin and/or by imparting the permanent high polarity required to the nonpolar polyolefin by grafting on polar elements, cf. for example the disclosures of DE 34 90 656, EP 0 467 178 and JP 222 181.
Numerous proposals from the prior art are also concerned with incorporating comparatively low molecular weight mixture components containing polar substituents in the polyolefin-based polymer. The proposals in question are mainly concerned with improving the adhesion of, above all, printing inks to polyolefin films, i.e. with fulfilling a relatively moderate technical requirement. The following documents are cited purely by way of example as representative of the extensive prior-art literature:
DE-OS 27 29 886, EP 0 402 100, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,396,137, 5,286,525 and 5,393,814 and JA 0 54 331. The cited documents are mainly concerned with improving the adhesive strength of polyolefin films with respect to the application of printing inks. The use of known surface treatments, more particularly corona or plasma pretreatment, is also prescribed.
DD-PS 50 947 is concerned in its introduction with proposals to incorporate low molecular weight additives containing polar substituents in polyolefin-based molding compositions. Reference is made here to the above-mentioned fact that, where low molecular weight internal additives such as these are incorporated, the corresponding polyolefin moldings show decreasing strength values and hence deteriorations in their mechanical properties after prolonged exposure to mechanical forces.
The reason for this unwanted development of the property spectrum of correspondingly finished materials lies in the known migration of low molecular weight components containing polar substituents in admixture with the polyolefin. Even if these low molecular weight additives are uniformly incorporated, the effect known as blooming-out occurs. During storage of the polymeric molding containing low molecular weight components or the corresponding film, the low molecular weight additives migrate outwards to the surfaces of the molding. Ultimately, even the hydrocarbon residues of the additives separate from their physical mixture with the polyolefin substance. The additive then exists as a liquid or solid film on the polyolefin surface. This naturally has a critical influence on the increasing deterioration in the adhesion values in the corresponding composite material. For comparatively slight stressing, for example the printing of polyolefin films, the immediate result does not have to be technical uselessness, especially since other properties of the polyolefin surface, for example slip, can be improved by blooming out. As mentioned, however, this phenomenon of migration and blooming out is unacceptable for the establishment of high-strength bonds and/or coatings with foreign materials without any dependence on time.
The teaching of the invention as described in the following is based on this knowledge of the relevant expert only briefly documented in the foregoing. The problem addressed by the present invention was to utilize this technical effect of the migration of comparatively low molecular weight components after their incorporation in a high molecular weight polyolefin-based polymer material and, by suitably modifying this process, to secure the required objective of a permanent improvement in adhesion to polyolefin surfaces compared with bonds and coatings involving standard auxiliaries, more particularly corresponding catalyzed resins or catalyzed lacquers. More particularly, the problem addressed by the invention was to establish high-strength bonds which would rule out unwanted adhesive failures and which would ensure that the adhesive joint could only be destroyed by cohesive failure or by combined cohesive/adhesive failure.
In a first embodiment, therefore, the present invention relates to polyolefin-based moldings and films containing coupling internal additives which are concentrated on the plastic surface through migration (blooming) and which, in their molecular structure, contain coupling substituents of high polarity on an oleophilic hydrocarbon residue. These comparatively low molecular weight additives capable of migration are also referred to hereinafter as "additive (I)". The term "molding" is meant to be broadly interpreted and encompasses both corresponding rigid elements (for example sheets) and fibers and/or filaments or workpieces produced using them.
The teaching according to the invention in this embodiment is characterized in that at least such a percentage of these internal additives is fixed in the plastic surface and immobilized against further migration by its hydrocarbon residues that permanently adhesive layers and/or coatings can be applied to the polyolefin surface treated in accordance with the invention without any need for additional pretreatment thereof.
In another embodiment, the invention relates to a process for treating hard polyolefin surfaces having substituents of high polarity and, if desired, chemical reactivity to corresponding reactive groups for improving the adhesion of coating materials, more particularly lacquers and/or adhesives, to the polyolefin surface using coupling internal additives in the polyolefin,
In this embodiment, the teaching according to the invention is characterized in that coupling internal additives (I) capable of migration, i.e. characterized by the blooming effect, are incorporated in the polyolefin for processing and, after at least partial migration to the surface, are immobilized there to such an extent that improvement of the adhesion of subsequently applied coatings and/or bonds is guaranteed largely independent of time. The notion of a guarantee with no dependence on time concerns both the time elapsing between production of the particular polyolefin-based molding and its subsequent coating with lacquers or adhesives and the period of use of the multicomponent product produced by lacquering or coating with adhesives.
Finally, the invention relates to additive mixtures for solid plastics based on polyolefins, more particularly polyethylene and or polypropylene, which--as an internal additive--improve coating with adhesives or lacquering behavior or generally adhesion to the polyolefin surface. Corresponding particulars are given in the following.
The technical solution to the complex problem outlined above of providing a permanent and optimized improvement in the adhesion of virtually any materials to the surfaces of polyolefin-based plastics essentially makes use of the known above-mentioned effect of separation by migration of comparatively low molecular weight constituents which are intensively mixed with polyolefins, for example during their processing by shaping. In this connection, the teaching according to the invention seeks to influence the chemical character of these low molecular weight mixture components migrating outwards from the olefin base in such a way that not only is migration as such guaranteed. An essential step of the teaching according to the invention is to fix these internal additives in the plastic surface through their hydrocarbon residues and hence to immobilize them against further migration. The following technical result can thus be secured: functional groups of high polarity or even with reactivity to reactive components from the coating compositions subsequently applied can collect at the surface of the polyolefin molding in a predetermined manner in regard to type and concentration. These functional groups are an exposed constituent of the internal additive (I) which, with its hydrocarbon residue, remains in the molecular structure of the polyolefin, again in a predetermined manner, and hence permanently unites the additive (I) with the polyolefin base.
The definition of the coupling internal additives (I) is of considerable importance to the practical application of the working principle according to the invention. The following observations apply in this regard. These additives, which are incorporated in the polyolefin-based plastic in comparatively small quantities, are characterized by low molecular weights in comparison with the polymer components. An upper limit to the molecular weight of suitable internal additives (I) is 5,000 D (Dalton), preferably at most about 3,000 D and more preferably at most about 1,000 D. Expression of the molecular weight in "Daltons" is known to be the definition (here the definition of the upper limit) as an absolute molecular weight. By comparison therefore with the polyolefins with their molecular weights in the millions, comparatively low molecular weight components are present here. Lower limits to the molecular weight of the internal additives (I) are about 70 to 100 D, preferably 150 to 180 D and more preferably about 200 to 300 D.
The chemical structure of the coupling internal additives (I) is another important factor. The following observations apply in this regard. The chemical structure of the additives is generally a combination of a suitable hydrocarbon-based oleophilic basic molecule which has one or more substituents of high polarity. Highly polar substituents such as these are formed in known manner by molecular constituents containing hetero atoms, particular significance being attributed in this regard to the hetero atoms O, N and/or halogen for forming the highly polar functional group(s).
In one particularly important embodiment of the teaching according to the invention, the oleophilic hydrocarbon residue of the coupling internal additives is additionally characterized in that at least partly olefinically unsaturated elements are present therein. Preferred additives (I) according to the invention are those which, in their unreacted state, have iodine values of at least about 10, preferably of at least about 30 to 40 and more preferably of at least about 45 to 50. As explained in detail hereinafter, both mono-olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon residues and polyolefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon residues may be present in the additives (I) used in accordance with the invention. Combinations of several corresponding compounds are also important auxiliaries for the purposes of the teaching according to the invention. The particular iodine values of the additives (I) used may assume values above 80 to 90 and, more particularly, values above 100. Highly unsaturated additive components with iodine values of up to about 200 or even higher, for example in the range from 120 to 170, are auxiliaries in the context of the teaching according to the invention which, on the one hand, can be immobilized particularly effectively in the outer region of the solid polyolefin molding; on the other hand, these highly unsaturated additives are generally compounds which flow at room temperature or at slightly elevated temperatures, for example at temperatures of up to 40 to 45° C. Where such components are used, the migration step crucial to application of the working principle according to the invention is facilitated just as much as immobilization of the migratable additive components in the outer regions of the polyolefin molding.
So far as the three-dimensional structure of their hydrocarbon residue is concerned, the internal additives (I) may be both linear and branched and/or may have a cyclic structure. The presence of adequate olefinically unsaturated elements also provides for the permanent incorporation of linear additives (I) in the polyolefin surface or outer surface. Heavily branched and/or cyclic structures of the hydrocarbon residue can trigger an additional blockage of the migration effect, particularly in the uppermost layers of the polyolefin, so that the additives in question are also physically immobilized in the outer surface of the polyolefin-based molding. Particulars of this will be given in the following.
Basically, suitable substituents of high polarity are the many functional groups which are distinguished in particular by a content of hetero atoms and preferably by a content of O, N and/or halogen. Residues from the classes of carboxyl, hydroxyl, amino, oxazoline, epoxide and/or isocyanate groups and/or corresponding derivatives are mentioned purely by way of example. Such derivatives include, for example, ester groups, ether groups, amide groups/alkanolamine and/or alkanolamide groups.
Certain individually selected additives of the type in question and mixtures of several corresponding auxiliaries may be used as the additive (I). The adhesive strength of the end product can be influenced in a predetermined manner by suitably selecting the coupling substituents of high polarity for the particular auxiliaries of this class that are added. However, mixtures of the type in question are also corresponding mixtures which, so far as their functional group is concerned, may be assigned to a certain a sub-class, i.e. for example carboxyl groups as coupling substituents of high polarity, but which have different basic structures in their hydrocarbon molecule. It is known that corresponding mixtures are obtained in particular where mixtures of the type in question based on natural materials are used. For example, olefinically unsaturated fatty acid mixtures of vegetable and/or animal origin or derivatives thereof can be valuable additives of the type (I) for the purposes of the teaching according to the invention.
As well known to the expert, different improvements in adhesion can be expected in the subsequent coating step according to the particular groups of high polarity. Relevant specialist knowledge is applicable in this regard. However, particular significance is also attributed to the following possible variation of the teaching according to the invention:
Coating compositions, such as lacquers or adhesives, can embody the principle of purely physical drying. However, they are often used as reactive compositions which lead to molecular enlargement and hence to curing by reacting off in situ. Thus, in the adhesives field for example, polyurethane-based multicomponent adhesives or epoxy adhesives are known for their ability to form bonds of high strength. By suitably selecting the functional groups of high polarity fixed at the polyolefin surface in accordance with the invention, this component of the additives (I) can additionally react off at least partly with corresponding reactive components of the coating compositions or adhesives applied. This explains why carboxyl groups and/or hydroxyl groups can be particularly important as a constituent of the additives (I) according to the invention.
Another possibility for varying the composition of the additives (I) according to the invention lies in the number of functional substituents of high polarity in the particular hydrocarbon skeleton. Even one substituent of high polarity can lead to the required permanent and, at the same time, highly intensive increase in adhesion, particularly after adaptation of the type and quantity of functional groups available. In addition, it has been found that the presence of several such substituents of high polarity in the particular molecule of the additive (I) can be an important additional feature for increasing adhesive strength. Reference is made purely by way of example here to the class of so-called dimer fatty acids which, through dimerization of polyethylenically unsaturated fatty acids by Diels-Alder condensation, form a hydrocarbon skeleton of complex and branched structure which combines sufficient olefinic double bonds for reactive fixing in the polyolefin surface and, at the same time, two carboxyl groups per molecule unit. Dialkanol-amines containing at least partly olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon residues or dialkanolamides of unsaturated fatty acids are highly effective adhesion promoters in the sense of the teaching according to the invention.
This applies in particular to the corresponding diethanol derivatives. This class includes, for example, oleic acid diethanolamide and linoleic acid diethanolamide. Expressly included in this connection are commercial products known to the expert, including the secondary components normally occurring therein. Examples of such commercial products are "Comperlan OD" (technical oleic acid diethanolamide) and "Comperlan F" (technical linoleic acid diethanolamide)--both known products of Henkel KGaA. However, compounds belonging to the group of sorbitan monoesters with, in particular, ethylenically unsaturated fatty acids also lead to optimal results in the context of the teaching according to the invention. The compounds specifically mentioned here are merely examples of the structure of particularly effective internal additives (I), on the basis of which a wide range of correspondingly effective additives can be selected with the aid of general specialist knowledge and used for the purposes of the teaching according to the invention.
A first aspect of the teaching according to the invention is concerned with the selection and determination of the coupling additives (I) according to molecule size and character of the various functional parts of the molecule. This determines the ability of the auxiliary uniformly incorporated in the polyolefin to migrate after production of the particular molding, for example by extrusion. The other complex of determining elements described in the following is important to the application of the teaching according to the invention. This other complex of determining elements comprises immobilization of the additives (I) concentrated in the surface of the plastic by chemical and, preferably, catalytically induced and/or supported reaction of reactive molecular constituents of the hydrocarbon residues of the additives (I) with enlargement of the molecule and/or at least partial fixing of these additives by physical inhibition of any further migration. The variant of reactive immobilization of the initially migratable additive molecule is discussed first.
The ability to migrate in the molded polyolefin material is critically influenced by the size of the additive molecule. Depending on additional physical parameters, migration is increasingly impeded with increasing individual (absolute) molecular weight so that, on reaching an adequate size, the molecule is immobilized in the intended place even though, basically, it retains it tendency towards further migration. The teaching according to the invention makes use of this. The coupling additives (I) are used in admixture with the polyolefin solid initially with a molecule size which allows the predetermined migration into the outer regions of the polymer material. In the embodiment under discussion, however, a chemical reaction of the migrating additives in this surface boundary zone is initiated or rather ensured by the use of suitable auxiliaries. The reason for this of course is that not only is atmospheric oxygen present at the outer surface of the plastic, the areas of plastic immediately adjacent the outer surface which are crucial to the teaching according to the invention also take up certain quantities of atmospheric oxygen by diffusion. A sufficiently olefinically unsaturated additive molecule can thus be oxidatively reacted off in known manner with enlargement of the molecule. Suitable coordination of the parameters to be taken into account here using general expert knowledge thus enables the object of the invention to be achieved, i.e. immobilizing initially migratable coupling additive molecules in this outer zone of the plastic molding with enlargement of the molecule in such a way that sufficient and predeterminable numbers of functional groups of high polarity are available for the external application of coating compositions and/or adhesives although the associated hydrocarbon residues of these additive molecules still remain thoroughly mixed with the polyolefin molecule either directly or indirectly through other additive molecules. Accordingly, the oligo or polymolecule of the coupling additive thus built up is able to perform its designated function of permanently improving adhesion and, at the same time, optimally increasing the improvement in adhesion.
The process sequence presented here as an example of the teaching according to the invention can be put into effect in various forms, some of which are described--again by way of example--in the following.
The internal coupling additives capable of reacting off, particularly in the presence of oxygen, are incorporated in the polyolefin-based plastic together with catalysts which promote reactive crosslinking at the surface of the plastic. Accordingly, at least partly olefinically unsaturated additives (I) may be used together with catalysts, for example based on transition metal salts. The catalytic curing of olefinically unsaturated organic components of comparatively low molecular weight using such transition metal salts is known to the expert, for example from the field of lacquers and coating compositions. The catalytically active transition metal salts are also known among experts as siccatives. Suitable siccatives are, for example, salts from the group consisting of Co, Zr, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, V and Ce. Even extremely low concentrations of such transition metal salts, for example in the lowermost ppm range or even far lower, show pronounced catalytic activity in accelerating the curing of olefinically unsaturated components by oxidatively reacting off in the presence of atmospheric oxygen with enlargement of the molecule. Although the teaching according to the invention uses this knowledge as basically intended, the expert is also presented with the opportunity for optimization in each particular concrete case, thus securing the desired objective of permanence and optimization of the improvement in adhesion without causing fundamental changes in the properties of the polyolefin-based material. The following additional considerations are relevant in this regard:
Recent works by relevant experts are concerned with the problem of making polymer materials based on polyolefins, more particularly polyethylene and/or polypropylene, which are non-degradable or not readily degradable by natural processes accessible to easier degradation under environmental conditions by addition of selected additives. This is of interest, for example, for agricultural films, cf. in this connection PCT publication WO 93/12171. This document describes efforts to make thermoplastic polymer compounds of the type with which the present invention is also concerned degradable into a brittle material under composting conditions, i.e. a relative humidity of at least 80% and a temperature of 60° C., over a period of 14 days by incorporating so-called auto-oxidative components together with predetermined quantities of selected transition metals in the high molecular weight polymer. According to the publication in question, suitable auto-oxidative components are, in particular, unsaturated fatty acids and esters thereof which are said to be added in quantities of 0.1 to 10% by weight, based on the mixture as a whole. At the same time, the salts of selected transition metals, i.e. salts of cobalt, manganese, copper, cerium, vanadium and iron, are used as catalysts to initiate the oxidation in quantities of 5 to 500 ppm of the transition metal. The use of antioxidants is also proposed in order to stabilize the polyolefin-based material during its period of use. Referring to the relevant prior art, the document in question states that these latest investigations have shown that the desired degradability of the polyolefin material can only be achieved by using the right type and quantity of transition metal catalyst.
The teaching according to the invention differs from this prior art as follows: the object of the teaching according to the invention is not to establish or modify the potential degradability of polyolefin-based moldings and/or films. On the contrary, the invention seeks to leave the basic polyolefin structure largely unchanged. Instead, the problem addressed by the present invention was to improve adhesion to the surfaces of polyolefin-based materials, i.e. to modify an important parameter which is not discussed at all in the last prior-art document cited above. The teaching according to the invention is based on the observation that this problem can be solved by fixing the coupling additive after it has migrated into the outer regions of the particular polyolefin-based molding. Where auxiliaries as defined in the disclosure of PCT WO 93/12171 are used in the practical application of the teaching according to the invention, oxidative degradation of the polyolefin in the context of the teaching of that document can be prevented from occurring in the multicomponent mixtures formulated in accordance with the invention by limiting the quantity in which the siccative based on the transition metals in question is used. In the Examples, it is shown that the fixing of the coupling additives which have migrated into the outer regions, as desired in accordance with the invention, is initiated where siccative contents well below 5 ppm are used. The siccative content can be reduced by several orders of magnitude below the lower limit of 5 ppm mentioned in the prior-art document in question without significantly limiting the desired improved in adhesion. In addition to and independently of this, the following observations apply in this regard:
The siccatives based on transition metals defined in the foregoing for the teaching according to the invention are more broadly defined than the specifically limited group of transition metals according to the teaching of the document under discussion. Moreover, the document in question states that only monocarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof are suitable as the auto-oxidative component whereas additives (I) which either contain several corresponding functional groups of high polarity on the molecule and/or which have a totally different structure or character are particularly suitable for the teaching according to the invention. However, the teaching according to the invention is not limited in its application to the use of siccatives in the form of the overlapping transition metal compounds. Working conditions and, in particular, initiators or catalysts which are completely free from transition metals or transition metal compounds of the type under discussion may be used to fix the migratable coupling additives (I).
However, even in cases where siccatives of the type mentioned above based on transition metal compounds are used, the teaching according to the invention--as explained--enables the improved adhesion required to be achieved without at the same time endangering the properties of the basic polymer material. One preferred embodiment is characterized by the use of the siccatives in combination with additives (I) selected from the class of diethanolamides of unsaturated fatty acids. As already mentioned, the diethanolamides are preferably used in technical quality. Suitable siccatives for use in accordance with the invention are, for example, organic compounds and, more particularly, corresponding carboxylic acid salts of the particular transition metals. The carboxylic acids may additionally be selected so that, by virtue of their molecular structure, they themselves become the coupling internal additive. However, taking into account the extremely small quantities of siccative required, this is merely a variant. Particularly useful siccatives can also be found in the class of relatively low saturated fatty acids, for example containing 6 to 12 carbon atoms in the fatty acid molecule. These siccative fatty acids may even be linear.
Whereas, in the hitherto described specific embodiment of the teaching according to the invention, the optionally catalytically controlled autoxidation of the migratable additives (I) with enlargement of the molecule at the plastic surface is the crucial immobilization step, the teaching according to the invention affords other possibilities for applying the stated principle. Thus, the hitherto specifically mentioned siccatives may be replaced or accompanied by other catalyst systems which in turn migrate into the outer regions of the polyolefin-based plastic molding where they initiate or secure the molecule-enlarging reaction of olefinically unsaturated internal additives (I) in the presence of atmospheric oxygen and/or through the use of additional auxiliaries. For example, the molecule-enlarging reaction can be initiated in known manner by the input of energy in the form of suitably selected high-energy radiation. Catalysts suitable for this purpose are known from the prior art and are not dependent on the use of transition metals of the class of siccatives described above. In this way, the problem addressed by the invention can be solved without having to use any metallic components.
In this connection, reference is made to another possible modification of the teaching according to the invention. In addition to the olefinic double bonds mentioned above, other structural elements of the additive molecule are basically suitable for a potential reaction of the additives (I) at the plastic surface. Thus, it is known that branched hydrocarbon residues can lead to structural units in the molecule which are also catalytically suitable for reacting off with enlargement of the molecule. Tertiary carbon atoms in the molecule structure are particularly appropriate in this regard. The modification of the teaching according to the invention under discussion here makes use of this well-known fact. In this case, too, an additive molecule which is now aliphatically saturated, for example, is first exposed to migration in the molded polyolefin material. Enlargement of the molecule then takes place in the outer regions of the molding through reaction of the above-mentioned functional elements of the additive molecule--again preferably under the effect of correspondingly selected catalytically active additives and/or additional energy supplied, for example, in the form of radiation. However, the teaching according to the invention differs in this case, too, from the known finishing of the polyolefin surface, for example by corona or plasma treatment. The working principle according to the invention achieves the high adhesive strengths required without having to resort to any such additional pretreatment steps. However, combination of the working principle according to the invention with known measures for increasing adhesion is not of course out of the question and falls within the scope of the teaching according to the invention.
In one important embodiment of the teaching according to the invention, the migratable coupling additives (I) are used together with another additive component which is referred to hereinafter as "additive (II)". This class of additives comprises relatively high molecular weight compounds containing olefinically unsaturated groups which are correspondingly limited in their mobility in the polyolefin-based plastic. Preferred additives (II) are corresponding oligomer or polymer components with molecular weights of up to about 1 million D, the lower limit to the molecular weight being freely selectable providing migration is adequately inhibited in the final polyolefin molding. Suitable lower limits for the molecular weight of the additives (II) are, for example, 10,000 D or lower, preferably 50,000 to 75,000 D or lower and more preferably at least 100,000 D. In this case, too, the potential mobility of the additive (II) in the solidified polyolefin molding can be additionally influenced through structural parameters, for example through a complex three-dimensional structure of the additive (II).
The additives (II) are preferably distributed at least substantially uniformly in the polyolefin polymer in the same way as the other additives hitherto described. However, the additive (II) largely retains its spatial distribution and association in the following migration step. In its/their subsequent fixing, the additive component(s) (I) can now be linked to the additive component(s) (II). It is clear that this can have a positive effect on the fixing of the coupling additive component(s) (I) desired in accordance with the invention.
In principle, the additive (II) may be selected from oligomer or polymer components of adequate molecular weight providing their molecular structure contains reactive ethylenic double bonds for potential linking of the additive component(s) (I). Unsaturated alkyd resins preferably with an oil length of 20 to 70% are mentioned purely by way of example. Other examples include butadiene derivatives, isoprene derivatives, allyl-containing polymers, unsaturated polyesters based on polybasic carboxylic acids and/or poly-(meth)acrylates containing residues of unsaturated fatty alcohols.
Where the additives (I) and (II) are used together, they may be employed in quantity ratios (additive (I) : additive (II)) of 10:1 to 1:3 and preferably in quantity ratios of 8:1 to 1:1. In the important embodiments, therefore, additive (II) is generally used in a smaller quantity than or at most in the same quantity as additive (I). The additive mixtures are added to the polyolefin-based plastic in quantities of generally 0.01 to 10% by weight and preferably 0.1 to at most about 5% by weight and, more particularly, in quantities of at least 0.5 to 1 or 3% by weight, based on polyolefin-based plastic.
Taking into account the above-described embodiment in which siccatives are used as an additional catalytic aid for immobilizing the migratable additives (I), preferred mixtures of the additive types in question and the siccative are those which contain the individual components in the following quantities (% by weight, based on the additive mixture):
additive I: 5 to 100% by weight, preferably 25 to 99% by weight
additive II: 0 to 80% by weight, preferably 9 to 50% by weight
siccative: 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 0 to 12% by weight.
As can be seen from these figures, the additives (I) are generally used in the largest quantities. The non-migratable or substantially non-migratable additives (II) optionally used as auxiliaries are uniformly distributed in the polyolefin-based plastic during their incorporation. Accordingly, they are also present in the regions near the surface important for the immobilization of the migratable additive components (I). By virtue of their olefinically unsaturated elements, they are capable of reacting off with the additives (I). Preferred iodine values for the additives (II) according to the invention are in the range from about 50 to 150 and, more particularly, in the range from about 70 to 130.
The siccatives and/or other catalysts or initiators used in the preferred embodiments to fix and immobilize the additives (I) may be used in the comparatively very small quantities which correspond to expert knowledge on the catalytic induction of such reactions. As already mentioned, it has been found that the use of, for example, siccatives based on transition metals in concentrations well below the ppm range leads to effective immobilization of the additives (I) in the intended region, i.e. the uppermost layers of the solid plastic material.
The following observations relates to the character of the additives (I) or additive mixtures to be used in each individual case. The migration rate of these materials is very largely determined by their molecular structure. Linear or only lightly branched hydrocarbon residues, for example of the preferred range from about C12 to C36 and, more particularly, from about C12 to C24, migrate comparatively quickly so that optimum adhesion values are developed in a comparatively short time. For example, maximum adhesion levels can be determined after only about 1 to 3 days.
If, by contrast, additives or additive mixtures (I) of comparatively more complex and/or larger molecular structure, for example with up to 45 or 50 carbon atoms in the individual molecule, are used, the very much slower migration of such coupling additives is reflected in the fact that the potential adhesion levels to be determined rise over a considerable period of, for example, 2 to 3 weeks and only remain substantially constant thereafter. In their case, the coupling groups of high polarity evidently collect comparatively slowly on the outer surface of the polyolefin moldings and, in the subsequent coating step, are able to interact with the lacquer and/or the adhesive. A characteristic example of such a comparatively slowly migrating additive (I) are the balsam resins (Indonesian tree resin) based largely on abietic acid. Relevant numerical data can be found in the following Examples. The migration rate to be expected from the molecular structure of the particular additives (I) used can also be one of the determining factors for the particular quantity of additives (I) to be used in each individual case. Lower limits to the amount of additive (I) incorporated in the polyolefin are about 0.01% by weight and, more particularly, about 0.1% by weight. In general, it will be appropriate to use at least about 0.2 to 0.8% by weight, based on the weight of the oleophilic polyolefin. Optimal adhesion values for the representatives of additive class (I) used in each individual case are generally achieved with additions of about 1 to 5% by weight and, more particularly, up to about 3% by weight. However, it may even be appropriate to use the additive components (I) in even larger quantities, for example in quantities of up to about 10% by weight.
As already mentioned, the optimal adhesive strength to be established is understandably determined by the chemical nature and the possible interaction of the substituents of high polarity and, optionally, reactivity in the additive (I). The choice of the additives (I) to be used in each individual case is determined inter alia by the particular stresses likely to be applied to the bond between the polyolefin and the foreign material applied in the end product. In general, adhesion values (determined as tensile shear strength by the standard method described in the Examples) of at least about 1 N/mm2 and preferably of at least 1.2 N/mm2 can be achieved in accordance with the invention. In addition, it can be of advantage to establish adhesion values of at least 1.5 to 1.8 N/mm2, adhesive strengths of at least 2.0 N/mm2 being preferred for heavily stressed composite materials. According to the invention, adhesive strengths of this order can always be achieved by suitably selecting the coupling additives.
The numerical data in the Examples show that the immobilization of the additive component (I) in accordance with the invention is crucially important to the durability of the bonding effect. Although saturated carboxylic acids, for example of the stearic acid type or the even more effective corresponding linear carboxylic acids with slightly shorter hydrocarbon chains in the molecule, can lead to good adhesion levels in the short term, the strength of adhesion obtainable decreases continuously in the event of storage of correspondingly finished polyolefin solids. The situation is totally different with the coupling additives (I) immobilized in the boundary surface region in accordance with the invention. In their case, optimal adhesion levels once established are maintained for long periods or even increase in the event of prolonged storage.
The combination of adhesion levels increased in accordance with the invention with known technologies for improving strength of adhesion to polyolefin surfaces falls within the scope of the teaching according to the invention. Thus, both mechanical and chemical and/or physical surface treatments of the outer polyolefin surface can be combined with the modifications to adhesive strength achieved in accordance with the invention. However, this is generally not necessary.
The internal coupling additives and the siccatives or initiators optionally used may be incorporated in the polyolefin-based oleophilic solid material by methods known per se. Thus, it will generally be appropriate to pre-blend the additives with limited quantities of the polyolefin to form mixtures of relatively high concentration which can be presented, for example, as granules. The granules thus formed are subsequently incorporated in the polyolefins or polyolefin mixtures during their shape-creating processing, uniform incorporation being appropriate. Any initiators, siccatives and the like used may be correspondingly pre-blended in a separate step and added to the end products in the final mixing step.
The oleophilic polyolefin material may be selected from any of the numerous known polymer and copolymer types based on polyethylene or polypropylene, as described for example in the prior-art literature cited at the beginning. Mixtures of pure polyolefins with copolymers are also suitable in principle providing the migratability of the additives (I) according to the invention remains intact and their accumulation in the solid surfaces is thus guaranteed. Polymer types particularly suitable for the teaching according to the invention are listed below:
Poly(ethylenes) such as HDPE (high-density polyethylene), LDPE (low-density polyethylene), LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene), MDPE (medium-density polyethylene), UHMPE (ultra high molecular polyethylene), VPE (crosslinked polyethylene), HPPE (high-pressure polyethylene); poly(styrene); poly(methylstyrene); poly(oxymethylene); metallocene catalyzed cycloolefin copolymers, such as norbornene/ethylene copolymers; copolymers containing at least 80% of ethylene and/or styrene and less than 20% of monomers, such as vinyl acetate, acrylates, methacrylates, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride. Examples of such polymers are poly(ethylene-co-ethyl acrylate), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate), poly(ethylene-co-vinyl chloride), poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). Also suitable are graft copolymers and polymer blends, i.e. mixtures of polymers containing inter alia the polymers mentioned above, for example polyethylene-based polymer blends.
In the following Examples set out in tabular form,
material samples produced under standardized conditions
are subjected to standardized coating (with adhesives or lacquers) and the test materials thus produced
are evaluated in standardized tests.
(A) Materials Used
In all the tests, the high molecular weight polyolefin used is a corresponding polyethylene of the LDPE type ("Lupolen H 1800", a product of BASF).
In the Tables, the auxiliaries used in each particular Example (relatively low molecular weight additive components (I), relatively high molecular weight additive components (II) and/or siccatives and optionally other additives--are assigned to each individual Example in terms of type and quantity and identified.
In each particular Example, additives of limited molecular weight, more particularly additives (I) according to the invention, are characterized either by their commercial names or by chemical identification. Where trade names (for example "Edenor SbO5") are used in the Tables, particulars of the chemical character of the additives in question can be found in the "Appendix to the Examples" which follows the Tables.
The relatively high molecular weight additives (II) are also characterized in the Tables by their commercial names (for example "Alkydal F681") or by reference to the resin types for "test 1" and "test 2" described in detail in the Appendix. All the particulars required for chemical identification can be found in the above-mentioned "Appendix to the Examples".
In the Examples, a mixture--described as "siccative" --of a cobalt, zirconium and lead octoate in toluene with a metal content of 1.04% by weight Co, 2.48% by weight Zr and 9.93% by weight Pb is used in almost every case as the catalytically active component for fixing the migratable additives (I).
Where other hardener components are used in individual Examples, they are identified in detail.
The polyurethane-based and epoxy-based reactive adhesives (Makroplast, Stabilit Ultra) used for bonding are identified by these commercial names in the Tables. A more detailed definition can again be found in the "Appendix to the Examples".
The same applies to the lacquers (lacquer I and lacquer II) used in the lacquering tests, of which the composition is again listed in the "Appendix to the Examples".
(B) Preparation of the Material Samples to be Tested
This is carried out as follows:
The mixtures listed in the Examples are produced by compounding in a Brabender Plasticorder PL 2000 twin-screw extruder with a screw diameter of 41.8 mm and a screw length of 7 D. The following temperatures are established in the heating zones: heating zone I 220° C., heating zone II 230° C., heating zone IlI 240° C. and slot die 250° C. The dimensions of the extrusion die are 50×0.5 mm so that a strip approximately 45 mm wide and 0.5 mm thick is formed. These strips were used for all the tests.
Bonding under standardized conditions is carried out as follows:
The two-component adhesives are stirred in non-reusable aluminium dishes and directly processed. The extruded PE strips are coated with adhesive over an area of 25×25 mm=625 mm2 between two wooden spatulas so that two bonded areas are obtained between the spatulas and the PE strips. The wooden spatulas used have the following dimensions: length 10 cm, width 2.5 cm, thickness 0.2 cm.
Lacquering with the lacquers identified in the Examples is also carried out in known manner on the above-described PE strips.
(C) Testing of the Bonded or Lacquered Material Samples
This is carried out by the following generally accepted tests:
Determination of adhesive strength by tensile shear testing (DIN 53263) under the following standard conditions:
Tensile shear test: the tensile shear tests are carried out with a Zwick Universal testing machine. The test speed is 15 mm/minute. The values shown in the Tables where they are assigned to the particular mixtures represent averages of 5 individual measurements. The force measured on failure is determined (in N/mm2).
To test lacquer adhesion, a lattice of 5×5=25 squares with an edge length of 1×1 mm is cut with a knife into the air-dried lacquer film of the particular material sample. A piece of Tesa film is then applied to the lattice, pressed on firmly with a finger nail and then suddenly peeled off.
The result is expressed as the number of square paint segments out of the 25 still adhering to the polyolefin surface. The larger this number, the better the adhesion of the lacquer layer to the polyethylene surface.
In addition to the auxiliaries incorporated ("mixture") and the quantities in which they are used (g), the number of days elapsing between extrusion of the polyethylene-based strip and bonding under standardized conditions is also shown in the following Tables. Any extraction treatment of the extruded strip additionally applied over this period is described in the particular individual case. The last column of the Example shows the adhesion values obtained in the above-described standard test where bonding is carried out with the polyurethane-based adhesive "Makroplast".
In a first series of tests, blank adhesion values are determined under the described standard conditions, the respective measurements being based on the polyethylene-based material samples identified in the following Table.
Blank Values:
______________________________________ MakroplastMaterial Adhesive Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________Polyethylene Makroplast 0.27(Lupolen H 1800) (PU adhesive)Polyethylene Makroplast 3.48(corona-treated) (PU adhesive)Polyethylene Makroplast 2.35(Lupolen H 1800) (PU adhesive)pickled with chromosulfuric acidWood/wood Makroplast 3.96 (PU adhesive) (pure cohesive failure)______________________________________
TABLE______________________________________ Makroplast Quantity Bonded × days FmaxNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion (N/mm2)______________________________________1 Edenor SbO5 9 1 3.32Siccative 0.192 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 3.23Siccative 0.38 7 (including 1 day's 2.74 extraction with 3.34 CH2 Cl2) 2.88 31 (including 1 day's extraction with CH2 Cl2) 31 (including 3 days' extraction with CH2 Cl2)3 Edenor FTi 9.0 1 2.46Siccative 0.38 16 3.754 Edenor UKD 9.0 1 2.796010Siccative 0.55 Indonesian tree 9.0 1 1.06resin 0.27 14 1.45Siccative 55 2.556 Indonesian tree 6.3 2 1.13resin 2.7 50 2.10Edenor SbO5 0.19 63 2.09Siccative7 Indonesian tree 3.6 5 1.25resin 5.0 11 1.44Edenor SbO5 0.11 52 2.07Siccative8 Indonesian tree 2.7 6 1.53resin 6.3 48 2.02Edenor SbO5 0.08Siccative9 Dimer fatty acid 9.0 3 2.69Siccative 0.38______________________________________
Examples 1 to 4 use relatively quickly migrating additives (I) according to the invention with different contents of ethylenically unsaturated components (see Appendix). Examples 5 to 8 use the relatively slowly migrating indonesian tree resin based on abietic acid as additive (I) or as part of a mixture with the comparatively more quickly migrating additive based on the unsaturated fatty acid. In Example 9, C36 dimer fatty acid (iodine value 136), which is characterized by two polar substituents on the oleophilic hydrocarbon molecule, is used as additive (I). Despite the comparatively large hydrocarbon molecule, a high bond strength value is measured.
Examples 10 to 16 below are intended to illustrate the characteristic element of the teaching according to the invention that even extremely small traces of the siccative lead to extremely effective immobilization of the additive (I).
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________10 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.62Siccative 0.2511 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.56Siccative 0.112 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.63Siccative 0.0113 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.45Siccative 0.00514 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 3.06Siccative 0.00115 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.33Siccative 0.000516 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 2.86Siccative 0.0002______________________________________
Examples 17 to 24 below use mixtures of additives (I) with additives (II) as the additives according to the invention. On the one hand, the mixing ratios are varied; on the other hand, the particular types of additive (II) are varied. With regard to additive (I), a rapidly migrating type (Edenor SbO5) is compared with a comparatively slowly migrating type (Indonesian tree resin).
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________17 Alkydal F681 12.6 2 2.10(50%) 2.7 12 2.03Edenor SbO5 0.19 13 2.36Siccative 28 2.09 35 2.2018 Alkydal F681 6.7 2 1.97(50%) 2.7 35 2.23Edenor SbO5 0.1Siccative19 Alkydal F681 7.2 35 2.36(50%) 5.4Edenor SbO5 0.11Siccative20 Alkydal F681 3.6 4 2.63(75%) 6.3Edenor SbO5 0.19Siccative21 Alkydal F681 9.0 7 0.73(50%) 4.5Indonesian tree 0.14resinSiccative22 Alkydal F681 6.3 1 0.85(50%) 5.4Indonesian tree 0.08resin23 Resin test 1 2.7 1 2.91Edenor SbO5 6.3 11 (including 3 2.92Siccative 0.19 days' extraction in CH2 Cl2)24 Resin test 1 6.3 4 0.51Edenor SbO5 2.7Siccative 0.1925 Alkydal R35 8.25 1 0.98Edenor SbO5 4.1Siccative 0.15Dhydril NRC 0.0326 Alkydal R35 6.0 1 1.55Edenor SbO5 5.4Siccative 0.108Dehydril NRC 0.02______________________________________
In Examples 27 and 28, the migratable additive (I) is omitted from the polyethylene and only migration-inhibited additives (II) are added. The adhesion values determined are almost identical with the blank value shown above for pure polyethylene.
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________27 Alkydal F681 9.5 2 0.23(50%) 0.29 36 0.32Siccative28 Alkydal R35 15.0 7 0.31Siccative 0.27______________________________________
Examples 29 to 36 below modify the amount of additive (rapidly migrating and comparatively highly unsaturated additive (I)) added to a predetermined mixture and illustrate the dependence of the adhesion values obtainable. A significant reduction in the adhesion values only occurs at very low concentrations of the additive (I) in the polyethylene.
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________29 Edenor SbO5 30.0 1 2.80Siccative 0.38 10 2.8630 Edenor SbO5 15.0 1 2.44Siccative 0.38 10 2.92 15 (2 days at 2.43 55° C.)31 Edenor SbO5 6.0 1 2.66Siccative 0.38 10 3.1732 Edenor SbO5 3.0 1 2.19Siccative 0.38 10 2.1633 Edenor SbO5 1.2 1 1.75Siccative 0.38 10 2.8434 Edenor SbO5 0.5 1 1.77Siccative 0.3835 Edenor SbO5 0.1 1 1.18Siccative 0.3836 Edenor SbO5 0.01 1 0.67Siccative 0.38______________________________________
Examples 37 to 43 below relate to the determination of adhesion values in the absence of the siccative using--on the one hand--rapidly or even relatively slowly migrating additives (I), which can be permanently fixed in the surface of the polyethylene material in the context of the definition according to the invention, and--on the other hand (for comparison)--saturated carboxylic acids of the stearic acid, isostearic acid and capric acid type as additives. In this case, the additive cannot of course be fixed by oxidation.
The Table shows the adhesive strength values as a function of the time lapsing between production of the polyethylene-based strip and its bonding under the standardized conditions defined above.
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________37 Edenor SbO5 9.0 1 1.82 6 2.21 21 2.78 25 (3 days' extrac- 2.73 tion in CH2 Cl2) 26 2.96 40 2.6838 Indonesian tree 9.0 8 0.33resin 11 0.40 67 0.5639 Dimer fatty 9.45 3 2.68acid40 Stearic acid 9.0 1 1.26 2 0.90 7 0.86 20 0.6341 Isostearic acid 6.0 1 1.82 7 1.22 19 1.1942 Isostearic acid 15.0 1 2.44 7 2.13 7 (2 days at 55° C.) 1.89 19 1.9343 Capric acid 9.0 1 2.28(C10) 3 1.83 7 1.59 21 1.40______________________________________
The considerable loss of adhesion with increasing time interval between production of the plastic strip and its bonding under standard conditions where the saturated fatty acids are used as additive (I) is striking.
Comparable results are obtained where fully saturated, rapidly migrating additives of the capric acid and isostearic acid type are added, even in the presence of the siccative, see Examples 44 to 49 below.
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________44 Capric acid 9.0 3 1.75Siccative 0.38 15 0.9945 Isostearic acid 1.2 1 1.12Siccative 0.38 7 0.92 19 0.7246 Isostearic acid 3.0 1 1.46Siccative 0.38 7 1.06 19 0.8347 Isostearic acid 6.0 1 1.95Siccative 0.38 7 1.30 19 0.9948 Isostearic acid 9.0 1 2.36Siccative 0.38 15 1.4249 Isostearic acid 15.0 1 2.28Siccative 0.38 7 1.68 19 1.62______________________________________
Further variations of the teaching according to the invention are given in Examples 50 to 52 below. In Example 50, a carboxylic acid methyl ester group is used as the coupling functional group. Although the adhesion values obtainable are lower by comparison with the carboxyl group, they are still far higher than the blank value.
Examples 51 and 52 use a cobalt salt (cf. "test 3" below) and iron salt of an ether carboxylic acid instead of the "siccative" defined above.
______________________________________ Quantity Bonded × days MakroplastNo. Mixture (g) after extrusion Fmax (N/mm2)______________________________________50 Edenor MeTiO5 9.0 1 0.53Siccative 0.38 10 0.9351 Ether carboxylic 1.8 5 2.42acid, Co salt 25 (incl. 3 days' 1.95from test 3 extraction with 2.00 CH2 Cl2)52 Ether carboxylic 1.8 1 1.87acid, Fe saltfrom test 3______________________________________
The following Table covering examples 53 to 63 shows the result of a comparison of various functional groups in the additive (I) for adhesion to polythylene. The adhesives used for bonding are an epoxy adhesive (Stabilit Ultra) and the previously used polyurethane adhesive (Makroplast).
__________________________________________________________________________Comparison of various functional groups for adhesion to PE Epoxy adhesive PU adhesive Epoxy adhesive (Stabilit Ultra) PU adhesive (Makroplast) (Stabilit Ultra) +0.38 g siccative/600 g (Makroplast) +0.38 g siccative/600 g 9 g of Substance to 600 g of No siccative polyethylene No siccative polyethyleneNo. polyethylene (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)__________________________________________________________________________53 Soya alkyl oxazoline 0.85 1.04 0.54 2.2654 Stearic acid amide 0.74 0.56 0.91 0.7155 Erucic acid amide -- 1.05 0.31 1.5356 Oleic acid amide 0.68 1.76 0.26 1.6957 HD Ocenol 150/170 1.38 1.49 0.40 1.3158 Glycerol monooleate 0.63 2.01 0.31 1.5359 Sorbitan monooleate 0.63 3.54 0.32 2.7260 Edenor SbO5 -- 1.35 1.82 3.361 Edenor MeTiO5 -- -- 0.2 0.5362 C16 Alkenyl-SM -- -- 0.35 0.3763 Oleic acid diethanolamide 3.32 2.52 2.41 2.26__________________________________________________________________________
The adhesion of lacquer layers to the surface of untreated polyethylene, siccative-containing polyethylene and polyethylene mixtures modified in accordance with the invention is investigated in a series of further tests. The procedure adopted is the same as described in detail at the beginning of the Examples under section (C) (cross-hatching with 25 1×1 mm squares).
Lacquers I (polyurethane-based) and II (acrylic resin/polyurethane-based) are used. Further particulars of these lacquers can be found in the Appendix to the Examples.
The particular materials used and the lacquering results obtained are set out in the following Table. In every case, the lacquer was applied about 1 week after preparation of the particular polyethylene-based multicomponent mixture. Regular measurement of the adhesion of materials selected at random does not show any deterioration in the paint adhesion values, even after storage for 6 weeks at 60° C.
______________________________________ Lacquer I Lacquer II Squares remaining Squares remaining Quantity in mm2 (multiple mm2 (multipleMixture 600 g PE (g) measurement) measurement)______________________________________Pure poly- 0.19 0 0 0 0ethylene(LupolenH1800)Siccative 0.19 0 0 0 0Edenor SbO5 9.0 25 25 25 25Edenor SbO5 9.0 23 2 22 25 25Siccative 0.19Edenor SbO5 9.0 25 25 24 25 25 25Siccative 0.38Edenor SbO5 9.0 25 25 25 25 25Siccative 1.0Edenor SbO5 1.2 n.d. 25 24 25Siccative 0.38Edenor SbO5 9.0 n.d. 25 25 25Siccative 0.005Indonesion tree 9.0 n.d. 25 25 25resinSiccative 0.27Indonesian tree 5.9 25 25 25 25 25resinEdenor SbO5 3.6Siccative 0.19Alkydal F681 12.6 n.d. 25 25(50%)Edenor SbO5 2.7Siccative 0.19______________________________________
As mentioned at the beginning of the Examples, further particulars of the chemical characteristics of individual additives (I), additives (II), adhesives and lacquers I and II used in the Examples are set out in the following Appendix.
______________________________________Individual chemicals:______________________________________Dehydril NRC: anti-skinning agent (a product of Henkel KGaA)Oleic acid diethanolamide: commerical product ("Comperian OD", a product of Henkel KGaA), used in Example 63HD-Ocenol 150/170: unsaturated fatty alcohol with an iodine value of 150 to 170 (a product of Henkel KGaA).Additive (I):Edenor SbO5: polyunsaturated C18 fatty acid with an iodine value of 135 to 145Edenor UKD 6010: highly unsaturated C18 fatty acid with an iodine value of 140-148 (content of C18 "conjugated fatty acids 58 to 62% by weight)Edenor FTi: C14-18 fatty acids with an iodine value of 48 to 54 (C18 ' 40% by weight)Edenor TiO5: predominantly unsaturated C16/18 fatty acid with an iodine value of 89 to 97Edenor MeTiO5: methyl ester of predominantly unsaturated C16/18 fatty acids with iodine values of 89 to 97______________________________________
All the Edenor fatty acid types mentioned here are commercial products of Henkel KGaA which are described in the relevant scientific literature under the protected trade names mentioned.
______________________________________Additive (II):______________________________________Alkydal F681: a product of Bayer AG, long-oil alkyd resin which is used, for example, as an artist's paint and which contains 66% of drying vegetable fatty acids, acid value >20Alkydal R35: a product of Bayer AG, a universal resin for industrial primers and finishing lacquers based on a short-oil alkyd resin with a content of about 32% castor oil, acid value 18 to 25______________________________________
Additive (II) for "Test 1"
A mixture of 334 g of methyl acrylate, 208 g of styrene and 8.1 g of dicumyl peroxide is slowly added dropwise (7 h) to 650 g of hexanol at a reaction temperature of 135° C. 650 g of HD Ocenol 150/170 are then added. The hexanol is distilled off. 3.4 g of an organotin catalyst ("Swedcat 5" a product of Swedstab) are then added at 180° C. Methanol separates at 180° C. The reaction is terminated when methanol stops separating. A resin highly viscous at room temperature is obtained. Yield 1129.6 g, OH value 7.7, acid value 0.5, saponification value 156, iodine value 94.
Additive (II) for "Test 2":
29.1 g of diethylene glycol, 22.4 g of maleic anhydride and 0.1 g of p-toluene sulfonic anhydride are introduced into a reaction vessel and stirred. The reaction vessel is then evacuated and purged with nitrogen three times. The reaction mixture is heated to 140° C. and, after a reaction time of 1 h, the temperature is increased to 160° C. and water is removed until the acid value is <8. The polyester obtained has a melt viscosity of 120 to 160 mPas (100° C., 2500 s-1) and an iodine value of 136.
The Reactive Adhesives Used for Bonding:
Makroplast, polyurethane adhesive (a product of Henkel KGaA) consisting of the resin component known commercially as UK 8109 and the hardener component UK 5430 in a ratio of 5:1. The hardener contains diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate; pot life about 1 hour.
Stabilit Ultra, epoxy adhesive (a product of Henkel KGaA) consisting of epoxy resin (Metallon E2108) and diamine hardener in a ratio of 10:6, pot life about 30 minutes.
The Lacquers Used for Surface Lacquering:
Lacquer I (polyurethane lacquer):
2.60 g of a trifunctional aromatic isocyanate (Desmodur L75 K)
1.55 g of a polyol (Desmophen 800)
3.00 g of methyl ethyl ketone
Lacquer II (combination lacquer based on polyurethane/acrylic resin):
5 g G-Cure 105P70 (acrylic polyol resin)
1.17 g of a trifunctional aliphatic isocyanate (Desmodur N 100)
5.0 g of methyl ethyl ketone
Additive (I) in the Form of the Co or Fe Salt of an Unsaturated Ether Carboxylic Acid for "Test 3":
231.4 g of HD Ocenol 150/170×10 EO ether carboxylic acid are reacted with 24.9 g of Co(II) acetate×4H2 O (dissolved in 80 ml of H2 O) in 150 ml of xylene with elimination of water and acetic acid. A water-soluble Co soap is obtained. The Fe soap is prepared in the same way. The additives thus prepared were used in Examples 51 and 52.
The ether carboxylic acid used was conventionally prepared as follows: 10 moles of ethylene oxide were added to the unsaturated fatty alcohol HD Ocenol 150/170 (definition see above). The adduct was converted into its Na salt with NaOH and then reacted with chloroacetic acid to form the ether carboxylic acid.
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Below is the poem entitled Impurity which was written by poet
Riaz Khan. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Riaz Khan
Mahnoor Riaz Khan
There is impurity every where
Nobody just loves to care
The government is playing all dare n dare
Why don't they care
Why don't they care
Can't they see the Flaming air
The burning hearts r filled with tears
Oh that's so sad that they can't share
Their lives r filled with abundance of sorrows
And they can't have even Happiness Borrow
Oh its true, its true wot each says
That there is impurity Every where :'(

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The Homedics SMP-17H-GB Shiatsu massage cushion uses a reverse action Shiatsu mechanism with circular thumb action to deliver an effective massage experience. The versatile massager can also be adjusted to target your back, shoulders, lumbar and legs.
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Bygones: Derby's own Highlander perished in a 'horror that defied any description'
Posted: March 17, 2014|
Geoff Robinson, right, of Allestree, continues the tragic story of his great uncle, Jim Robinson, who was among thousands to perish on the battlefields of France during the First World War .
VERY heavy rain was a feature throughout February 1915 as Jim's company, from the 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders, fought in the area around Neuve Chappelle.
The roads were muddy and their boots soon disintegrated. They were described by the adjutant as being made of something like brown paper. The need for serviceable boots was serious at the time but was being remedied by a large number being repaired in the divisional boot shop.
The battalion was also offered a khaki Balmoral cap.... but the men refused.
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During this time, the company sergeant major was awarded the Military Cross and seven of his men gained the Distinguished Conduct Medal.
Heavy enemy shelling and rifle fire continued, causing a steady stream of casualties, including the divisional chaplain's horse and the man who had been holding him, as the rain turned into snow.
Battalion casualties since landing in France from India in October 1914 now stood at 121 killed, 285 wounded and six missing. Jim would have known most of them.
And it was about to become a lot worse. On March 9, the Indian Corps, which included 1st Seaforth Highlanders, received orders to attack Neuve Chapelle.
The battalion received the orders on March 10 and marched to the assembly position at 3am, each man carrying a greatcoat and mess tin in his pack with two sandbags and the remaining portion of the day's ration in a haversack with 22 rounds.
In addition, each company carried 40 shovels and six picks, four full bomb carriers and 30 extra wire cutters.
The British guns started to bombard the enemy trenches at 7.30am and continued until 8.05am, making the most appalling noise. There were some casualties from premature detonations.
At 8.05am, Jim's C Company climbed out of the trenches and came under rifle and machine gun fire and were brought to a standstill in the face of heavy shelling and were forced to withdraw.
The company attacked again at 4pm and reached the German trenches, where 126 of the enemy surrendered. By this time, it was dark and the battalion withdrew.
The enemy counter- attacked in the early hours and the battalion were again ordered to advance and patrols were sent out. Enemy shelling continued.
Jim had survived this action but battalion casualties during the battle of Neuve Chapelle were 32 killed, 113 wounded, with three missing.
The battalion's effort during this action was recognised by General Douglas Haig, commander of the 1st Army, in a message of March 14, 1915.
The 1st Army had captured two miles of German trenches, including the whole village of Neuve Chapelle, and captured 2,000 prisoners. The enemy's casualties were estimated at 16,000.
There were still many unburied British and German dead lying between the trenches and the area was littered with ammunition, rifles, equipment, grenades and entrenching tools.
When the battalion was eventually relieved, Jim's company was billeted in a farm with a 6in gun alongside and every time it fired, part of the house fell in!
It was bitterly cold and snowing and the men were practically in the open air. The men were provided with boots, socks and waders, but the woolly coats had not been worn for months because they were verminous and there was no transport to carry them.
The boots and coats were considered a waste of money, but the macintosh was more popular because it was light and easier to carry. The battalion was also issued with khaki covers for their dark blue Balmoral hats.
Some relief was provided when the men were sent to "cinematograph entertainment", where the entrance fee was 2c.
German helmets were being sold to men in the rear for 10 francs each and one man managed to get 120 francs.
April was spent alternating between billets and trenches. The men were suffering from the unwanted attentions of vermin and badly in need of a wash and change of clothes.
Eventually, the weather got warmer and some men chose to sleep in the open to avoid the shelling.
Four men were awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal and one officer received a Distinguished Service Order.
Jim must have had some idea what was to come because, on April 27, he sent a field postcard to his father at 31 Hope Street, Derby, saying he was quite well, had received their letter and a letter would follow at the first opportunity.
At the beginning of May, the men had hot baths for the first time since December. The adjutant noted in his war diary that, although this was necessary, it was now "warm enough for the men to bathe in the open, in canals, etc. They do not wash clothes now and give the men a change, as they used to after hot baths, but merely bake their undergarments."
The luxury of hot baths and "baked undergarments" was a temporary respite before what would be the battalion's most costly offensive so far – the Battle of Aubers Ridge.
This ridge ran along the eastern edge of the valley of the flooded River Lys. It was four miles long and, although the maximum elevation was only 14 metres, it gave the Germans a considerable advantage.
Beyond the ridge lay the German-occupied city of Lille and its satellite textile towns. The commander-in-chief, Sir John French, and the staff believed that as soon as the foul weather began to abate, the troops could be on top of the ridge in two days. The attack was scheduled for Sunday, May 9, and was to be made by I Corps, IV Corps, and the Indian Corps.
The 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders were in the Indian Corps as part of the Dehra Dun Brigade, Meerut Division.
The battalion left their billets on May 8 and each company took their position in the trenches. Jim's C Company occupied a 150-yard stretch of a reclaimed fire trench.
It could have been just prior to this that Jim wrote his last letter home. The letter is undated. It reads: "Dear Dad and all, just a line hoping you are in the best of health as it leaves me at present.
"Give Will these medals and tell him to take care of them for me. We are shifting from here at any minute and I expect when you get this letter I shall be anywhere, but where we are going, God knows I don't, so I think this will be all this time from your loving son, Jim xxxxxxxxxxxxx
"PS Don't write back till you hear from me again as it is no good. Remember me to all at home."
Sunrise on May 9 was 4.06am and all was quiet. The men had hot tea and some food. The artillery bombardment began at 5am, field guns firing shrapnel and howitzers firing high explosive towards the German front line 400 yards away.
We cannot begin to imagine what it was like to be in this situation, and no amount of written accounts or shaky footage could ever convey what the men were experiencing.
There were almost 1,000 men from this one battalion, bayonets fixed, wearing kilts and Balmoral hats, their closeness in the trenches giving some welcome warmth in the cold of the early morning.
Among them was a slight 21-year-old lance corporal from Derby. He may have been numb with fear. He may have been thinking about his family in Derby. He may have been giving encouragement, his Derby accent contrasting with the broad Scottish accent of his mates.
Jim's C Company was in the opening attack and went over the top at 5.25am. It was immediately met by intensive crossfire from the German machine guns.
Whole lines of men were seen to be hit. The British artillery shells were falling short, some among British troops sheltering in shell holes in no man's land. Few lanes had been cut in the German wire.
The battalion's war diary records: "At 9am, seeing the task was not feasible and that the men had lost most of their officers and were continually being sniped at by maxims and rifles and were under heavy artillery fire from both sides, the commanding officer ordered all who were able to do so to get back when they had a reasonable chance.
"A good few succeeded in doing so, but many had to lie out, some getting back at 3.40pm, and the remainder came in under cover of darkness."
Jim Robinson was not among them. He had fallen at some time during the attack.
In fact, the battalion had been so badly hit that very few men got beyond their own parapet and the front line and communication trenches were soon filled with dead and wounded men.
An eye witness reported: "The order came for our boys to charge, and over the parapet they went, all eager to be first. They were met though by a terrible fire from machine guns and rifles in front, and very soon there was not a man left standing.
"One or two managed to get back unhurt, but the rest lay where they fell, either dead or badly wounded, and it was not until night came that any of them could be got in.
"It was evident that the German trenches were still too strongly manned to be taken without terrible sacrifice, and so our attack was suspended for the time being until a further bombardment could take place... I will say, indeed, that the horror of it defies any description.
"How anyone could come through it untouched was a marvel, I can tell you."
The battle was a complete disaster for the British Army. No ground was won and no tactical advantage gained.
Total British casualties were more than 11,000, of which the 1st Battalion Seaforth Highlanders lost 138 killed and 356 wounded. The adjutant and author of the war diary, Captain Horn, was one of the wounded.
Geoff concludes Jim's story next week.


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In This Issue:
Trial Update; Internet Litigation Update; Russia Litigation Update; Analysis: The Federal Circuit's Transocean Decision on Offer-To-Sell Infringement; Securities Litigation Update; Victory in Criminal Case and Other Victories.
Excerpt from Court Quashes Summons of Indictment in Economic Espionage Act Prosecution Against Quinn Emanuel Chinese Client
Last month, Quinn Emanuel won an important victory for its clients the Pangang Group and three of its subsidiaries in a closely watched criminal prosecution brought under the Economic Espionage Act (EEA). Pangang is one of the largest manufacturers of steel, titanium, and vanadium products in China. The government alleged that the Pangang defendants are state-owned companies controlled by a special government agency of the PRC and that Pangang had violated the EEA by misappropriating titanium dioxide (TiO2) production technology from E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (DuPont). On July 23, 2012, a United States District Court quashed the service of the summons, which may have ended the criminal prosecution, by ruling that the government had failed to properly serve the Pangang defendants under Rule 4 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. On August 16, 2012, the government indicated that it is exploring alternative methods to effect service. The next status conference is scheduled for October 11, 2012.
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As Cody Glenn takes the mound for the 2014 season, it is with a new confidence and passion for the game. At the end of the 2013 season, Glenn began to truly realize the opportunity he has to play baseball for LSU.
Click here for the original story.
Welcome to SECTalk.com
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You are currently accessing our site as a guest which means you can't access all of our features such as social groups, sports betting, and many more. By joining our free community you will have access to all of these great features as well as to participating in our forums, contacting other members, and much more. Registration only takes a minute and SECTalk.com is absolutely free, so please join today!
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Surf Expo is the largest and longest running and board sports and beach/resort lifestyle tradeshow in the world. Produced in January and September in Orlando, Florida, the shows feature more than 2,300 booths of apparel and hard goods and draw top buyers from the U.S., and more than 69 countries. Voted The Fastest Growing Show in the US by TSNN.
I'm an avid reader of Shop-Eat-Surf because it's really the only online newsletter that I have found that is not only industry related, but also because it's not so "guy-centric." I find that a lot of the information I read on the site pertains to my business (as a swimwear designer) and keeps me up to date on what other companies and other women in the industry in general are doing which is not only inspiring but also helps me gauge the future direction of my business as well.
I feel privileged to read the Executive Edition because I know I am getting insider industry information before it hits the mainstream media channels. And it's always good to know what my friends are up to in the industry.- By Monica Wise, Founder, L*Space
Shop-Eat-Surf creates a good source of timely information about the industry. The site makes all types and size companies feel part of a community where everyone is stoked to hear about other companies successes and ideas. It is always a good daily read.- By Ted Li, VP of North America, Oakley
AGENDA: Pre-registration and lodging specials for Vegas show, Aug. 17-19.
SIA: Cooling down NYC with annual Summer Snowdown media event.
Details on Industry Insight.
A sold-out house of more than 180 turned out Friday at The Shorebreak Hotel to hear Hurley Founder Bob Hurley and CEO Roger Wyett talk candidly about Hurley's business, company strategies and future plans during the Shop-eat-surf Executive Roundtable.
The two answered questions for more than an hour about a wide range of topics, including how Hurley has managed to grow while other companies were shrinking during the recession, what it plans to do with its Phantom patent, where the company plans to focus international growth, and if Hurley plans to counter Billabong's retail moves.
I don't plan to give a blow-by-blow account of the conversation here, but a few themes emerged. CEO Roger Wyett fervently believes in focusing on a few big things, and doing those things very, very well.
Roger does not come from the industry. He said his role is to play Forest Gump, and constantly ask why the industry – and Hurley – does things they way they do. One of his common refrains is "Is that really the best we can do?"
Questioning the norm is what led to Hurley remaking and elevating the U.S. Open to new heights the past two years.
On the retail front, the company does not plan to make a major move, but both Roger and Bob said they believe in multi-brand formats with existing retailers, and pointed to their partnerships with HSS, Surfside Sports, Hobie and others as examples.
When I asked Roger to respond to critics who say Hurley is using Nike money to buy the market share, Roger replied that there is no free lunch at Nike. Hurley is profitable and spends a fraction of what other industry brands do on marketing, he said. The company just spends its money very strategically - on fewer, yet bigger things.
We'll have a few video highlights from the talk in a few days. In the meantime, check out our slideshow above.
The SES Executive Roundtable was sponsored by Wells Fargo Capital Finance, Luce Forward, Moss Adams, Innovative Systems/Full Circle, CPI Resources, and The Shorebreak Hotel.


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Email or Text Us
Email or text us at firstname.lastname@example.com
Chat With Us
Ask us a question using the chat window to the right. Online hours:
Frequently Asked of Us
Check our FAQ for research tips and answers to popular questions.
Visit or Call Us
Stop by the Ask Me desk at Shadek or the Circulation desk at Martin, or call at:
Meet With Us
Students can meet with a librarian for one-on-one, expert research assistance.
Grad Schools & Jobs
Students can consult with a librarian to research prospective employers and explore graduate school opportunities.
A Resources for Faculty
"Download your workload."-- Internet term paper mill schoolsucks.com
The Internet provides a tempting array of opportunities for students to plagiarize with unprecedented ease:
To empower faculty who are teaching in a time of increasing "cyber-plagiarism" this resource is intended to:
transitive senses : to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own: use (another's production) without crediting the source
intransitive senses : to commit literary theft : present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source
Source: Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online
Why Students Plagiarize
Strategies for Preventing Plagiarism
A simple yet powerful method of preventing plagiarism is to talk about it openly with students.
Discuss with students:
An effective means of prevention is requiring work that cannot be completed by plagiarizing. Librarians are available to consult with you regarding assignment design.
Suggestions for Non-Plagiarizable Research Papers:
The Library
Librarians educate students to become fully
information literate: able to recognize when information is needed, and able to locate, evaluate, and use effectively, ethically, and legally the needed information
through the Library Research Instruction program.
The Library provides a citation guide:
The Writing Center produces a guide for students
Strategies for Detecting Plagiarism
Some clues which may indicate unoriginal work:
Visual Cues:
Content Cues:
Recommended reading: "Detecting Plagiarized Papers" (Coastal Carolina University Library)
Strategies When You Suspect Plagiarism
A simple search of the
Internet may confirm suspicions. Search for a suspect phrase
or sentence in at least 3 Internet search engines.
Through the course management system Blackboard, faculty have access to SafeAssign, a "plagiarism prevention service." ITS' QuickStart document on SafeAssigh can be found here.
"If an instructor believes that a student has plagiarized material and can locate the source, then the instructor will normally bring the evidence promptly to the attention of the Dean of the College or designee. If the Dean of the College agrees with the instructor that the student may have plagiarized, then the Dean of the College or designee may send the case to the Committee on Student Conduct for prompt hearing. Alternatively, with the agreement of the faculty member, the student may accept a penalty imposed by the Dean of the College or designee."
--excerpted from The F&M Catalog: Academic Policies and Procedures: Academic Honesty
"If an instructor believes that the student has misrepresented his or her work, but the instructor cannot locate a source, the instructor will normally consult with the department chair or the Dean of the College. If the chair or Dean agrees that there are sufficient reasons to believe a student may have misrepresented his or her work, the faculty members involved should try to determine whether or not misrepresentation has occurred. One means would be to ask the student to explain the paper. A student's inability to understand the work he or she submitted will normally result in a significantly lowered grade for the course. Moreover, the chair should inform the Dean of the College when the instructor concludes that a misrepresentation has occurred."
--excerpted from The F&M Catalog: Academic Policies and Procedures: Academic Honesty
The F&M College Life Manual: Student Rights and Regulations
For further reading:
"Anti-Plagiarism Strategies for Research Papers" by Robert Harris. A comprehensive discussion of plagiarism with fantastic suggestions for prevention.
"Student Plagiarism in an Online World" by Julie J.C.H. Ryan, American Society for Engineering Education. An account of the author's experiences with various forms of plagiarism.
"Plagiarism, Policing, Pedagogy" and "Plagiarism: What Should a Teacher Do?" by Rebecca Moore Howard, Director of the Writing Program at Syracuse University. Advocates better understanding of the full range of student mis-use of information, and misrepresentation of ideas.Other Academic Library Resources:
Cheating 101: Paper Mills and You (Coastal Carolina University Library)
Faculty Tips on Academic Dishonesty in the Classroom (UC-Berkeley)Internet Term Paper Mills:
Internet Term Paper Mills A collection of links to over 200 mills.
Internet Subject Specific Term Paper Mills A list of term paper mills devoted to a single author or topic, e.g. "beowulfessays.com" and "descartes-essays.com"
If you would like to chat and/or consult with a librarian about plagiarism,
contact Lisa Stillwell, Information Literacy Librarian, ext. 3844.
last updated: 08/13 ls


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- Public
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Red-tailed Hawk
(Buteo jamaicensis)
Where are red-tailed hawks found?
How many kinds of hawks are there in Minnesota?
Swainson's hawks are sometimes found in the very western edge off the state. There have been cases of Ferruginous Hawks being seen in Minnesota but it is uncommon.
What is the largest hawk in Minnesota?
What is the smallest hawk in Minnesota?
Is there much competition among hawk species?
What qualifies a bird as a raptor?
All birds of prey have special tools to hunt down and kill their prey; the similarity of the tools is what ties them together.
Raptors are grouped into five types:
As you can see, the term raptor is a loose one based more on behavior and appearance than actual genetic relationships.
How do red-tailed hawks kill their food?
Do red-tailed hawks migrate?
Why are birds of prey called raptors and is there any relation to the dinosaurs?
What do red-tailed hawks eat?
You may have heard of chicken hawks. The term chicken hawk is a common name for both the red-tailed hawk and the Cooper's hawk. They used to be called chicken hawks, because farmers believed they stole chickens, but based on their size all but the smallest chicks are probably too big for red-tailed hawks.
How well can red-tailed hawks see?
Can you tell a male and female red-tailed hawk apart by sight?
Is the red-tailed hawk at Warner Nature Center a male or female?
Do you need a permit to keep a red-tailed hawk?
How did your bird end up at WNC?
How old is the captive red-tailed hawk at Warner Nature Center?
Are hawks used in falconry?
How fast can a red-tailed hawk fly?
Do red-tailed hawks eat their food on the ground or in trees?
How have people impacted red-tailed hawk populations?
Do red-tailed hawks prefer food dead or alive?
Do red-tailed hawks need to drink water?
What sort of health problems do raptors face?
Does anything prey upon the red-tailed hawk?
Miscellaneous Facts
The information above is common scientific knowledge. For a list of specific resources, visit the Animal FAQ Resources page.
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Book Patrol: A Haven for Book Culture
What to Read Where: A Classic Literature Travel Guide
Classic Literature Travel Guide [Infographic] by the team at Cheapflights
The post What to Read Where: A Classic Literature Travel Guide appeared first on Book Patrol.
The Life & Times of the Travel Guidebook
Previously on Book Patrol:The End of the Travel Guide
The post The Life & Times of the Travel Guidebook appeared first on Book Patrol. [Read More]
In the Stacks: Women's Travel Diaries at Duke University
The folks at the Sallie Bingham Center for Women's History and Culture at Duke University have a new digital collection on view. Women's Travels Diaries features over 100 diaries written by British and American women who documented
their travels to places around the globe, including India, the West
Indies, countries in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, as well as
around the United States.
The collection is comprised mostly of the diaries of Mary McCornack Thompson, a Presbyterian missionary and teacher with the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions in South Africa and Mary McMillan, a United Methodist missionary and teacher at Jo Gakuin College in Hiroshima.
Thompson's diaries document all five of her missionary trips to Africa between 1887 and 1933.
In the diaries, Thompson wrote of her
daily activities as a missionary, including building and expanding the mission,
encounters with locals, learning
Zulu, wildlife, meeting other missionaries, teaching
and praying. These detailed entries offer a glimpse into the social conditions,
race relations, and
native cultures of various South African regions.
Thompson also recounts her many travels throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, the
United States, and Canada.
Mary McMillan's journals span more than 40 years, and document her work as a United
Methodist missionary and teacher at Jo Gakuin College in Hiroshima.
McMillan's early journals provide accounts of her adaptation to life in
pre-World War II Japan. They also provide "almost daily accounts of McMillan's work
at Hiroshima Jo Gakuin College, her involvement with the
Ushita Christian Church, and
her encounters with friends and other people. Also included
are her personal thoughts about world events, particularly
those related to
peace and
nuclear disarmament."
Fascinating material and clearly if one has any interest in any of the topics covered this collection provides an easy place to get lost in.
This is the latest installment of In the Stacks. A series dedicated to exploring
the digital archives of the leading libraries, institutions and
organizations of the known universe.
Previously on In the Stacks:
Charles Darwin's Library
The National Archives