text:
"Never attribute to malice that which can be adequately explained by stupidity" (Hanlon's Razor)
This page provides an analysis of several selected case studies wherein, it is hoped, the interrelationships between terrorism and counterterrorism are illustrated. Some of the cases involve political extremism, instead of terrorism. This is done in order to point out the role that official action, or more precisely, overreaction, plays in the "circuitous, cyclic pattern" of "terrorism from above" leading to "terrorism from below" (Vohryzek-Bolden et. al. 2001). Counterterrorism is hereby defined as any proactive, aggressive use of personnel and resources to preempt, disrupt, or destroy terrorists and their support networks (Kushner 2003). There are many options in counterterrorism, from diplomatic overtures to negotiation, to intelligence and investigative operations, to moral superiority, to the blocking and freezing of assets, to militaristic SWAT team operations. Conventional wisdom has it that it is never good to utilize the "soft" options (e.g., negotiating with terrorists), at least while terrorists are still engaging in violence, but it is often the case that this is more rhetoric than reality. There is also controversy at the other end of the spectrum with the so-called "hard" options. Take assassination, for example, which is typically a tool of terrorism and banned by most governments not only for practical reasons but because it would be fighting terror with terror. As a counterterrorism strategy, assassination might or might not work, and there is much debate about that. There is no U.S. law prohibiting assassination -- only an executive order that could be reversed. There is international law making assassination illegal, but there is also philosophical support for a limited right to assassination, within limited rules and guidelines. The general consensus, however, among most experts is that extremely "hard" counterterrorism tactics such as this only open up a Pandora's Box.
In addition to policy arguments, there are significant questions about civil liberties. The most troubling issues with respect to the symbiotic relationship between terrorism and counterterrorism come into sharp focus when "homegrown" terrorists; i.e., domestic terrorists, are considered. Within the arena of domestic terrorism, there are serious, unfortunate precedents when counterterrorism goes horribly wrong. Not only is the fragile balance of civil liberties upset, but the cycle becomes fed by the same paranoia and propaganda which led to the problem in the first place. Wars cannot be won when fundamental civil liberties are eroded, and security at the expense of justice is no security at all. Nonetheless, it is a common tactic, especially among domestic terrorists, to push or provoke the government into overreaction. Whether or not this shows the "true colors" of a democracy is, of course, debatable.
Ruby Ridge refers to an area in the Idaho panhandle where in August of 1992, there was a confrontation between Randy Weaver and his family with federal agents of the U.S. government. Randy's wife and 14-year old son were killed during the incident along with one U.S. deputy federal marshal. Randy Weaver was a former Green Beret and explosives expert. The Weavers adhered to a belief system based on apocalyptic prophecy, a deep distrust of government, and anti-Semitism/racism. They associated with members of the Aryan Nations in Hayden Lake, Idaho. In part, because of their conspiracy beliefs, they stockpiled guns. In October of 1989, Weaver sold two sawed-off shotguns to an ATF informant. This informant then solicited Weaver to become an "unwilling agent" to conduct an ATF investigation of other militant separatists. When told directly by the ATF that he could avoid arrest for the shotgun charges by agreeing to spy on the Aryan Nations in Hayden Lake, Weaver refused, and instead warned the Aryan Nations about the plot. He was arrested in January 1991 and released on bond, but Weaver missed the court date in March 1991. The federal government issued a warrant for his arrest, but kept him under surveillance instead of serving the warrant.
The August, 1992 incident started while Weaver and some others were walking around their woods and spotted a surveillance team location manned by six federal deputy marshals. A shoot-out resulted, and two members of Weaver's party (his son, a friend, and a dog) along with a U.S. marshal were killed. The following day, over 100 authorities from a variety of jurisdictions surrounded the cabin. An operations plan, which included special rules of engagement, was sent to Washington for FBI review. These rules of engagement stated that under certain circumstances, some people "can and should" be the subject of deadly force. Some FBI SWAT personnel on the scene interpreted these special rules of engagement as a "shoot-on-sight" policy.
Federal agents opened fire on the cabin during the afternoon of August 22, 1992, exactly when Weaver and some others were going out to a shed where his son's body had been placed. Weaver himself was hit in the shoulder, another member of the party was seriously wounded, and additionally, Vicki Weaver was shot in the doorway of the house while holding a ten-month-old baby. In the days which followed, the Weavers stayed in the cabin while more authorities surrounded the house and dozens of sympathizers gathered near the area. The incident was now deemed a hostage negotiation situation. Bo Gritz, a former Green Beret, agreed to serve as a negotiator, and after lengthy negotiations, Gritz was able to convince them to end the confrontation and walk out of the cabin on September 9, 1992. The famous defense attorney Gerry Spence agreed to serve as defense counsel, and the verdict resulted in the government receiving a fine and Weaver only guilty of failure to appear and violating terms of bail. He served eighteen months in prison, and was released in December, 1993. One civil lawsuit won $3.1 million for the Weaver family, and further lawsuits are still pending.
The Waco Siege refers to a 51-day raid and assault on a religious compound (the Branch Davidian Complex) in Mt. Carmel, Texas, located about 9 miles east-northeast of Waco, TX. The initial raid, in late February of 1993, resulted in the deaths of four federal agents and five Davidians. By the time the siege ended on April 19, 1993, fire had completely destroyed the complex, killing 76 people, including 27 children and Davidian leader David Koresh. The length and magnitude of the siege made it one of the largest law enforcement actions in U.S. history, only paralleled by the likes of a lengthy 1985 raid on a back-to-nature, African-American commune called MOVE in Philadelphia where a rooftop bomb burned down 62 houses in the area and left six adults and five children dead.
The distinguishing feature of the Branch Davidians is their communal social structure and personal loyalty to their charismatic leader. Koresh is the Hebrew word for Cyrus, the Persian king idolized for bringing about the Arab golden age. David Koresh (real name: Vernon Howell) had been groomed for Davidian leadership ever since 1981 under Branch Davidian leader Lois Roden. The Branch Davidians split from the regular Davidians back in 1959 when an apocalyptic event did not happen. Both are movements within the Seventh-Day Adventist Church.
Allegations of child abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and material deprivation had been made about the Mt. Carmel complex for some time. The Texas Child Protective Services investigated in 1992, and the evidence seemed to confirm the claim that Koresh had fathered more than twelve children by several wives who were as young as 12 or 13 when they became pregnant. The ATF got involved because Mt. Carmel was amassing weapons and substantial quantities of black powder. Warrants were issued for the arrest of Koresh and search of the premises, to be served on February 28, 1993. Service of the warrants by about eighty armed federal agents failed, and during the attempt, four ATF agents died, sixteen others were wounded, and about five or six residents of the compound were killed. The 51-day seige began, and the FBI became the lead agency, sending in it's Hostage Rescue Team (HRT), some members of which were the same personnel on the Ruby Ridge team.
Verbal negotiations failed, shutting off power to the compound failed, illuminating the compound with bright lights failed, and mobilizing armored vehicles around the compound failed. By Week Five of the seige, Attorney General Janet Reno (who assumed office just 23 days previously) met with Delta Force commandos to review a tear gas plan. The plan was approved at the highest levels, and on April 19, 1993 (subsequently becoming "Militia Day" for militia groups), the plan was executed. High winds dispersed the gas well, but occupants shot out the windows rather than exit the compound. Simultaneous fires seemed to erupt at three or more different locations within the compound. The flames consumed the entire complex. Of the 80 individuals inside, 25 were children. Most died from asphyxiation, others from falling debris, and still others from signs of suicide or homicide. In 1994, eleven survivors were tried in federal court. All were acquitted of the most serious charges, but five were convicted of aiding and abetting manslaughter and/or conspiracy. Sentences ranged from three to twenty years.
9/11 was not the first attack on the World Trade Center (WTC). The 1993 World Trade Center attack (or WTC I as it is abbreviated) occurred on February 26, 1993 when Brooklyn-resident Islamist terrorists exploded a particularly nasty homemade bomb in the underground parking garage of Tower One, in hopes that cyanide gas would kill the people in that Tower and the explosion would make Tower One fall into Tower Two. Six people were killed, about 300 others were immediately injured, and about 1,040 others suffered subsequent injuries, mostly from smoke inhalation. The bomb was the largest homemade explosive device ever used on U.S. soil. The attack was the first and worst attack of international terrorism on U.S. soil. The eventual arrest and prosecution of those responsible turned out to be the first time in known memory when prosecutors would try using sedition and treason laws to convict those responsible. Six levels of the parking garage were destroyed by the blast, and the 22-story Vista Hotel above the blast took most of the brunt. Subsequent injuries were high because an evacuation plan was not followed or failed, a plan that survivor Rick Rescorla later upgraded and implemented (Rescorla, the "man who predicted 9/11" was the late security director for Morgan Stanley who died while heroically saving hundreds of lives during the second World Trade Center attack).
The 1993 WTC I attack represents a time of change -- a time when America lost its long-standing sense of invulnerability to terrorism. The FBI determined that the bomb was the largest homemade device ever seen in the United States, and the bomb was easily built, composed of agricultural fertilizer (with ammonium nitrate) enhanced with compressed hydrogen and sodium cyanide. There were many agencies involved in the investigation, and forensic examination of the scene afterwards was dangerous and tedious. A key piece of evidence was a March 5th letter received by the New York Times claiming responsibility by a group calling itself "Liberation Army, Fifth Battalion." The FBI later linked a similar draft of the letter from an erased file on a computer belonging to one Nidal Ayyad, one of six conspirators initially indicted in September (the main two being Ahmad Mohammad Ajaj and Ramzi Ahmed Yousef) -- see Findlaw Terrorism Cases Background and look for case of United States v. Salameh (first WTC bombing trial). Salameh was the arrestee who tried to collect his deposit money on the rental van used in the attack. Ayyad, Salameh, Ajaj, and Abouhalima were convicted and sentenced to life in prison, primarily under the Pinkerton doctrine of conspiracy law. Abouhalima's defense involved the claim that he was tortured in Egypt after being arrested there (extradition through rendition). Yousef, the mastermind along with Ajaj, became one of the world's most wanted fugitives with a $2 million bounty on his head, and was eventually arrested in Pakistan during 1995, the years in-between carrying out subsequent attacks and plotting to kill the Pope. In court, Yousef said "I am a terrorist and proud of it" (see Wikipedia: Ramzi Yousef). He was sentenced to 240 years plus life. Another key defendant was the blind Shiek Omar Abdel-Rahman (see Wikipedia: Omar Abdel-Rahman) who preached to many of the WTC I attackers and was involved with another cell planning to attack the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels in NYC as well as other landmarks (according to FBI recordings of his preaching). From his mosque where Shiek Omar preached, the most prominent part of the NYC skyline was the WTC. Shiek Omar is currently in U.S. custody at one of the CIA's classified facilities; i.e., "black sites."
The deadliest terrorist attack on U.S. soil (prior to 9/11) occurred on April 19, 1995 when the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building, a U.S. government office complex in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, was destroyed by a truck bomb, killing 168 people (plus an unidentified leg indicating a possible 169th victim), including 19 children. Over 500 people were injured. To this day, the Oklahoma City bombing remains the deadliest incident of domestic terrorism in U.S. history. Timothy McVeigh was found guilty and executed in 2001 for his role in the bombing, and a co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, was sentenced to life in prison on all charges in 2004. Immediately after the bombing, authorities suspected attackers of Middle Eastern descent, and even released some preliminary sketches. After all, the car bomb method was similar, involving a rented Ryder truck packed with agricultural fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) mixed with high-octane fuel oil (a mixture known as ANFO). However, 90 minutes after the explosion, Tim McVeigh was pulled over by a state trooper for driving with an obscured license plate. In his possession, he had a copy of a novel called The Turner Diaries (which provided a model for the attack) and was illegally transporting weapons. Authorities thought McVeigh was implicated somehow, and the next day, released sketches of a John Doe No. 1 and a John Doe No. 2. These sketches resulting in Terry Nichols turning himself in hours before the April 21st release of McVeigh on bail. Terry Nichols implicated McVeigh, and another Army buddy, Michael Fortier, was also picked up and implicated McVeigh. Fortier received a 12 year prison sentence, primarily for failing to notify authorities about plans for the bombing. The McVeigh and Nichols trials were held separately under a change of venue to Colorado.
There was a defense attempt to cast McVeigh as suffering from bipolar disorder, but the diagnosis would not hold beyond "mild delusional thinking" (and then a court-appointed psychiatrist disputed that). Michel & Herbeck (2001) report that McVeigh suffered from rage and frustration caused by a troubled relationship with his mother, problems with bullies in school, and difficulties in establishing relationships with women. He collected guns and spent many hours in target practice. He joined the Army and had a successful military career, including combat in Iraq. His commander evaluated him as a "soldier's soldier." However, he became disenchanted with Army life primarily because no one else shared his belief that the Army was a sacred cause. McVeigh failed to pass the physical for special forces, and soon after, left the Army but failed to make an adaptation to civilian life. He became involved with gun-rights activists who viewed the U.S. government as the enemy.
The aftermath of the Oklahoma City Bombing was extensive. For one, almost all federal buildings started putting up Jersey Barriers between their front doors and parking lots. Many of these old-style guard-rail barriers were eventually replaced with concrete or sturdier barriers. The humanitarian response was immense, but a not-unimportant consequence was the large number of victims, survivors, and first responders who suffered (and still suffer) from post-traumatic stress disorder. Additionally, authorities started cracking down on militia groups, effectively abolishing some of them, but driving others to the radical fringe. The bombing also spawned numerous conspiracy theories e.g., that the bomb had to go off from inside; a third Arab man (John Doe #3) was involved; some government workers were warned not to go to work that day; and ATF knew about the attack before it happened. April 19 remains a symbolic date for the radical right.
Following a ranch foreclosure in late 1994, about 21 people near Jordan, Montana started calling themselves Freemen and claiming their land as sovereign territory. They set up their own system of government, banking, and currency, and became well-known for their relatively peaceful 81-day standoff with U.S. federal marshals from March 25 through June of 1996. Two Freemen leaders, LeRoy Schweitzer (57) and Daniel Petersen (53) received the brunt of federal attention, 22 1/2 years behind bars and 15 years behind bars, respectively. All together, seven leaders of the anti-government Montana Freemen were sentenced to stiff prison terms. Nine subsequent Freemen were convicted in subsequent trials. Schweitzer and five others refused to participate in their trial, and were allowed to watch the proceedings via TV from a holding cell. Charges included multiple counts of conspiracy, bank fraud, threatening a federal judge, illegal possession of firearms, and an armed robbery of an ABC-TV crew covering the Freemen. Besides believing that they are not subject to federal or state laws, the Freemen also claimed that God intended white people to rule the Earth, that blacks are animals, and Jews are descendants of Satan, although exactly what the Freemen stand for (Christian Patriotism is the best guess) is not quite clear, as one of their websites, Freedom Domain, illustrates the diversity, as does a supporting group, Police and Military Against the New World Order. The Freeman used Internet swarming (call to arms) tactics during the seige, and also made relatively sophisticated videos for the media.
Authorities sought to not repeat the errors made at Ruby Ridge and Waco, and were largely successful. Several attempts to negotiate were made by relatively highly-placed politicians, and a familiar character, Bo Gritz (from Ruby Ridge fame) was also called in to help out. One by one, and in small groups, Freemen started to walk out and surrender, especially after authorities cut the power 71 days into the standoff. Christian Patriots normally believe in a variety of legal theories (usually involving reference to the Magna Carta) that lawyers have somehow usurped the authority of the United States government, and further, that in some metaphysical sense, one needs to achieve enlightenment in order to see the current world as an illusion obscuring some deeper (often legal) reality.
For about 17 years (from 1978 until capture in 1996, a brilliant 53-year old ex-college professor of mathematics (Harvard & Berkeley) terrorized universities and airlines with his 16 ingenious letter bombs that killed 3 people and injured 29 more. For many years, Theodore John Kaczynski waged a one-man war against industrialization and technology. His targets were scientists, businessmen, and quite often, innocent people, the latter a matter of no great concern to him. Depending upon your point of view, the Unabomber is either an ecoterrorist, an anarchist, or a serial or "spree" killer. In 1995 the New York Times and Washington Post published his Manifesto, and the FBI spent over $50 million in the largest manhunt in agency history. In 1996, he was found living in a one-room plywood shack in the mountains of western Montana. Brought to court in 1997, he was declared as suffering from paranoid schizophrenia (a "provisional" diagnosis which was disputed by other experts, particularly geneticists), but competent enough to stand trial and almost competent enough to defend himself as the defendant initially wanted. The charges were murder and illegally transporting, mailing, and using bombs. The prosecution sought the death penalty (in spite of the provisional diagnosis), but Kaczynski avoided trial by pleading guilty to a sentence of 4 life terms with no possibility of parole. He is currently being held in the "Supermax" prison at Florence, Colorado where many other domestic terrorists serve their time.
The Unabomber targeted university professors with research specializations in computer science, genetics, engineering, and psychology. He also targeted corporate executives in the airline and advertising industries. In one case, he targeted the owner of a small computer store. He tried to throw off investigators with pieces or fragments of his bombs containing the initials FC, which stand for Freedom Club, a known terrorist organization opposed to all forms of science and technology. His Manifesto, entitled Industrial Society and Its Future, claimed an affinity with anarchists and radical environmentalists opposed to the industrial technological system. Scholars who have analyzed his manifesto find it little more than a remake of 1960's counterculture ideas taken from Jacques Ellul's book, The Technological Society. One psychiatric argument says his mental condition stems from an ambivalence toward women (he couldn't reconcile the fact he was good-looking but couldn't maintain any lasting relationships). Others say he secretly sought to become a woman. He presents himself as extremely concerned about the loss of human emotions in an age where super computers are taking over the world. Kaczynski tried to hang himself in his cell in 1998.
According to the Kaczynski family, Ted was always a solitary boy. At one point as a teenager, his IQ was measured in the 160 range (above genius), about the time he won a scholarship to Harvard at the age of 16. At age 26, he abruptly resigned from a prestigious teaching post at Berkeley and dropped out of society. He carried out his first attack three days after his 36th birthday. According to his younger brother, David, who tipped off authorities that the Manifesto's author might be Ted, the Unabomber lived a life with no friends and would withdraw whenever he sensed rejection. Partly through David's advocacy, Ted escaped the death penalty. To this day, Ted refuses any contact with his family and has never expressed remorse for his actions. He is serving his time without the need for any medication for schizophrenia.
The Unabomber's Crime Pattern
|May 25, 1978 – Bomb #1 -
parking garage of the Science and Engineering Building at the University
of Illinois, Chicago Circle campus; addressed to E.J. Smith, a professor
of rocket science. Exploded on a suspicious campus security officer the
next day, slightly injuring the guard. Ted intended it to blow somebody's
hand off.
May 9, 1979 – Bomb #2 - Northwestern University's Technological Institute in Evanston; slight injury to a graduate student. Ted intended to blind or maim somebody.
November 14, 1979 – Bomb #3 is an altitude-sensitive bomb mailed from Chicago to Washington D.C. It started smoking inside American Airlines flight #444, and forced an emergency landing. Passengers were treated for smoke inhalation, and only a faulty timing mechanism prevented the bomb from exploding.
June 10, 1980 – Bomb #4 is sent to Percy Wood, United Airlines president, at his home in Lake Forest, Illinois. After opening the package Percy was seriously wounded.
October 8, 1981 – Bomb #5 is left in Bennion Hall Business Building, Salt Lake City, Utah, and a University of Utah student calls campus security, and the bomb squad detonated the bomb without any injuries.
May 5, 1982 – Bomb #6 is mistakenly addressed to Professor Patrick Fischer at Penn State University, and then forwarded to Fischer at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, TN. Fischer's secretary opened the bomb and was seriously injured, receiving serious burns and injuries to her face. The bomb had the initials FC stamped on it.
July 2, 1982 – Bomb #7 The director of the Electronics Research Laboratory at the University of California at Berkeley, found an odd-looking package left on the floor of a classroom in the Cory Hall Mathematics Building. The Molotov cocktail-like explosion shredded his arm and burned him severely.
May 15, 1985 – Bomb #8 - disguised as a spiral binder and left in a classroom on the Berkeley campus of Berkeley. A graduate student and captain in the Air Force lost four fingers and vision in one eye.
June, 1985 – Bomb #9 is backdated and opened at Boeing Aircraft Fabrication Division, Auburn, Washington without incident since the bomb was faulty and did not explode.
November 15, 1985 – Bomb #10 - University of Michigan professor James V. McConnell at Ann Arbor, Michigan, and his assistant are both injured when they open the package addressed to them.
December 11, 1985 – Bomb #11 - left in the parking lot behind Rentech, a computer rental store in Sacramento, CA, and the store owner was killed when he picked up the package which was a nail- and splinter-loaded bomb.
February 20, 1987 – Bomb #12 - left in the parking lot of a small computer store in Salt Lake City, Utah. This bomb is the same type that killed before, but the store owner was only badly injured.
June 22, 1993 – Bomb #13 - addressed to the Marin Co. California home of Dr. Charles J. Epstein, world-renowned geneticist. Severe injuries result.
June 24, 1993 – Bomb #14 - addressed to Yale professor David Gelernter at the Computer Science Department of Yale University. Severe injuries result.
December 10, 1994 – Bomb #15 - addressed to the New Jersey home of an executive in the public relations firm of Burson-Marsteller, who opened the package and was killed.
April 24, 1995 – Bomb #16 - addressed to the former president of the California Forestry Association in Sacramento, CA, and opened by his successor, who was killed when the bomb went off after opening it.
The July 27, 1996 explosion of a pipe bomb hidden in a knapsack near the base of a concert tower at the Summer Olympics killed 2 people and injured 111 more as part of a series of attacks carried out by Eric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, political extremist, and anti-abortion activist. It is believed this event was the first of Rudolph's attacks. Sentenced to life in 2005, Rudolph confessed to a series of 1997-98 bombings of abortion clinics and gay/lesbian nightclubs in Atlanta and within the state of Alabama. His bombs consisted of dynamite surrounded by nails.
Rudolph claims to be a devout Christian. His statements include: (1) "Abortion is murder, and when the regime in Washington legalized, sanctioned and legitimized this practice, they forfeited their legitimacy and moral authority to govern;" (2) "The lesbian nightclub attempted to force society to accept and recognize this behavior;" and (3) "I apologize for the Olympic Park bombing and did not intend to harm innocent civilians. It was an opportunity to shame the United States for its legalization of abortion. The goal was to knock out Atlanta's power grid and shut down the Olympics." In Florida, Eric's father died when Eric was 11, and the family moved to NC where Eric was homeschooled but attended a year at Western Carolina before joining the army where he was kicked out after a year for smoking marijuana. Afterwards, he grew marijuana and helped out his brother's carpentry business as he became increasingly paranoid and extremist. Timothy McVeigh and his conspirators also smoked marijuana, and did many of the Freemen.
No sooner than a week after 9/11 (in two separate attack waves during late September and mid-October), letters containing anthrax bacteria were mailed to several news media offices and two U.S. Senators' offices, killing five people and sickening seventeen others. For a long time, the crimes were unsolved, but in February 2010, the FBI closed the case after years of false leads. It represents America's most baffling case of bioterrorism; and further, America's most potentially disastrous attack since a teaspoon of anthrax could potentially wipe out the whole United States. Investigators initially focused on seven letters containing anthrax spores. Four of these letters were mailed on the same day and addressed to major media outlets. Two letters were recovered while the rest were discarded. The two recovered letters did not have a return address but were postmarked September 18, 2001 in Trenton, New Jersey. These letters contained messages reading: "09-11-01, THIS IS NEXT, TAKE PENICILLIN [sic] NOW, DEATH TO AMERICA, DEATH TO ISRAEL, ALLAH IS GREAT." Investigators who profiled these letters came to believe the attacker was NOT Arab or Islamic origin because a true Muslim would have used the words "Allah Akbar" and put them on top. They believed it was an American who wanted to incite violence or concern over the relatively large Arab-American population in Trenton. Talcum powder hoax letters were also mailed from a Florida address. Investigators believed these two events were related, with perhaps two individuals working together from different addresses. However, the talcum powder connection turned out to be a false lead. The anthrax spores were not your ordinary "off the cow" basic spores; instead, they had been engineered or laboratory designed to be more dense, prolific, and deadly than ordinary spores. In short, they were "top of the line" military-weapon-grade spores.
The attacks resulted in extensive decontamination procedures, especially at the US Capitol. The Senate letters had a return address suggesting they were from school children. The type of Anthrax sent in the letters came from what is known as the Ames strain, a relatively high standard of strain, and modern spray drying techniques were used instead of the older method of milling that weaponizes the spores. Radiocarbon dating found the spores to be relatively new -- not more than two years old. The Daschle sample was denser than other samples, with some of the larger spores clumped together so much they would have had difficulty penetrating human lungs. The Leahy letter had smaller spores and was coated with a high-tech bioweapons-grade substance to prevent clumping.
In October, 2001, Dr. Ayaad Assaad, an Arab-American scientist and a former researcher at Fort Detrick, Maryland, was called in for questioning, but the FBI cleared him. In January 2002, Attorney General John Ashcroft declared a Louisiana State University professor, Dr. Steven J. Hatfill, to be a "person of interest." Not being a suspect, but a "person of interest" would eventually catch on in police and legal circles. The Justice Department effectively had Dr. Hatfill fired from his job, and in civil action had to pay a multimillion-dollar settlement. FBI interviews and polygraphs cleared Dr. Hatfill. Amateur investigations argued that disgruntled truck drivers were involved, lone individuals were involved, and/or international terrorists were involved.
In February, 2010, the FBI declared the case closed, concluding that Army scientist Bruce Ivins acted alone. Bruce Ivins worked on the Ames spore batch. Bruce Ivins killed himself in 2008 as prosecutors prepared to indict him for the attacks, but he had long denied involvement, and his family and friends insisted he was innocent. He passed a polygraph in 2002, but the FBI believed Ivins to be a troubled researcher. The Army scientist played a cat-and-mouse game with investigators, repeatedly offering to help the FBI catch the killer. Even though the FBI considers the case closed, there are still some lingering issues, such as the following:
Resampling of Ivans' RMR-1029 flask (the Ames batch) only produced matches to the attack spores about 16 out of 30 times
Almost all the lab scientists who provided samples to the FBI were potential murder suspects themselves
The attack anthrax letters were very dense, containing billions and billions of spores, so it would have taken a long time (months) to brew up that many spores, so how could Ivans' presumed work on such a project have gone unnoticed and how could his apartment, his car, and personal effects have stayed so clean with such a volatile substance
No evidence was ever obtained to show Ivans ever visited the Princeton mailbox area where the letters were mailed from
Center for Studies on New Religions
CNN: The Montana Freemen
CourtTV: David Koresh
CourtTV: Randy Weaver
Introduction to the Branch Davidians
PBS: Waco, the Inside Story
Profiles of the Oklahoma Bombing Conspirators
Ruby Ridge Hearing: FBI Director's Opening Statement
Wikipedia: 2001 Anthrax Attacks
Wikipedia: Centennial Olympic Park Bombing
Wikipedia: Lockerbie Air Disaster
Wikipedia: Oklahoma City Bombing
Wikipedia: Ruby Ridge
Wikipedia: Ted Kaczynski
Wikipedia: Waco Siege
Wikipedia: WTC Bombing
Abanes, R. (1996). American militias. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
Dees, M. & Corcoran, J. (1996). Gathering storm: America's militia threat. NY: Harper Collins.
Hamm, M. (1997). Apocalypse in Oklahoma. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press.
Kushner, Harvey. (2003). Encyclopedia of terrorism. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McCann, J. (2006). Terrorism on American soil. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications.
Michel, L. & D. Herbeck. (2001). American terrorist: Timothy McVeigh & the Oklahoma City bombing. New York: ReganBooks.
Nacos, B. (1996). Terrorism and the media. NY: Columbia Univ. Press.
Schwartz, A. (Ed.) (1999) Danger extremism: America's far right fringe. NY: ADL.
Thomas, P. (2003). "The anthrax attacks." NY: Century Foundation.
Vohryzek-Bolden, M., Olson-Raymer, G. & Whamond, J. (2001). Domestic terrorism and incident management. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
Walter, J. (1995). Every knee shall bow: Ruby Ridge and Randy Weaver. NY: Harper.
Last updated: Dec. 22, 2011
Not an official webpage of APSU, copyright restrictions apply, see Megalinks in Criminal Justice
O'Connor, T. (2011). "Significant Events in the History of Domestic Terrorism," MegaLinks in Criminal Justice. Retrieved from http://www.drtomoconnor.com/3410/3410lect06.htm.


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BMC vacancy - IT & Database Support Engineeradded May/2010, see all BMC news & reviews
announcement by BMC
This announcement has been read 4,761 times
The BMC is seeking a IT & Database Support Engineer (Part-time, 17.5 hrs per week, based in Manchester on a 12 month contract. Salary £18,374 full time equivalent.
The BMC is a dynamic and growing sports representative body based in Manchester. We are looking for an individual to support our IT & Database Co-ordinator in all aspects of our computer network, including maintenance and development. Candidates need to enjoy working in an informal and busy atmosphere as the BMC expands to meet the needs of our diverse membership.
Responsibilities include user support for hardware and software issues, support and maintenance of the office email system, supporting staff IT needs, training and equipment and providing system upgrades as required. An interest in climbing, hill walking or mountaineering would be useful but is not essential.
For an application pack please contact:
Kate Anwyl, BMC, 177-179 Burton Road, Manchester, M20 2BB
Direct Tel: 0161 438 3303 email: email@example.com
Closing date for applications – 5pm on Friday 25 June 2010
No agencies please
Gear Forum ( Read more | 1 comments, 28 May 2010 )
This announcement has been read 4,761 times
Gear News and Outdoor Industry News at UKC and UKH presents climbing, walking and mountaineering equipment and stories that will be of interest to UKClimbing.com's readers. They are not gear reviews and are provided by companies that advertise with UKClimbing Limited. Please feel free to comment about the stories and products on the associated thread.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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– Jeff Jackson from Douglasville, Georgia
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Update on the protection in Warhead from cry-alex
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Registered User
Join Date: May 2003
Location: Larnaca, Cyprus
Posts: 4,152
Re: Update on the protection in Warhead from cry-alex
Originally Posted by
And yes Lfctony, in my opinion its a huge difference when a game gets leaked and pirated a good week before release (Crysis) or basically at release or a day later (Warhead) plus you have to be a pretty pathetic scumbag if you can't afford $30 for a game with excellent value. Shows really that pirates would steal software even when it would cost $5 and have absolutely no respect for the hard work developers put into into games nor respect for intellectual property.
That wasn't my point. I said that they lost a lot of sales by not releasing the game everywhere at the same time. People who were willing to buy it would have done it if the game was available on the 17th for everyone. Instead, it was released on the 19th for Europe. Several people who were willing to buy it at the 17th got the pirate version on the 18th because the game was not available for purchase when the pirate version came out... For Europe, Crysis Warhead
leaked early...
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Monday, August 03, 2015
Looking for slopes with a family atmosphere and affordable lift tickets? Explore Magazine has a list of some not far from here.
Blandford Ski Area in Blandford, Mass.
41 2nd Division RoadBlandford, Mass.
Photo from skiblandford.org
Read more in Explore
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454228-001 HP 146GB 15k RPM Sas 3.5inch Dual Port Hot Plug Hard Disk Drive With Tray. New Bulk Pack With 1 Year Warranty.
To add more products, click "Quote" button from product pages.
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A relaxed 8 day trip following Danube River on level terrain, displaying the rich art, history and architecture of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The route passes through the capital city of Slovakia – Bratislava.
Easy paced, relaxed cycling along the meandering banks of the Danube River, from village to village, on quiet cycling paths - the ideal way to explore the art, history and architecture of the Austrian Empire.
Explore Europe by bicycle! Organized bike tours & Bike&River cruises throughout Austria, Germany, France, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Greece & beyond! Tours include accommodation, meals, daily luggage transfer, bike rental & more.
An alternative tour company for those looking for a unique, fun and informative tours of Salzburg and it's regions. Tours include the Sound of Music, Ice Caves and city tours. Native English speaking guide.
Danube Valley, Austria Vacations - Travel guide to Danube Valley, Austria accommodations and vacation packages. Visit Danube Valley, Austria for getaways and adventure travel. Plan your Danube Valley, Austria vacation today.


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Albert Lolotai
Position: G
Height: 6-0 Weight: 224 lbs.
Born: June 22, 1920
Died: September 30, 1990 in Pago Pago, American Samoa
High School: Iolani
College: Weber JC
Weighted Career AV (100-95-...): 0 (14760th overall since 1950)
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text: The Disney musical Winnie the Pooh will be in its final performances this weekend at Chief Logan State Park. The cast is filled with talented children from the area. Ticket prices are $10 for Adults; $10 for Seniors and $8 for children ages 3-12 years. Showtime is 8:30 p.m. nightly.


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News and views on entrepreneurship, innovation and leadership for business and social good.
Monthly Archive for August, 2009
Social Media: Listen first, sell later
I think too many people are focused on the "push" aspects of social media right now. [Read More]
How to do your own PR: Use good news idea
As newspapers across the country continue to close, people still dream about getting their 15 minutes of fame. Having a business featured in a media story – especially a print publication – is a serious goal for many entrepreneurs. [Read More]
Another print newspaper bites the dust, goes green online
I just got a press release from the Bellevue Business Journal / Eastside Business Newspaper with this headline: Publisher Declares "Print is Dead" – Local Northwest Publications to Cease Printing, Put Focus Online, Offer Social Media and Event Services. [Read More]


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Therapy and Medication Combo Treatment for Anxiety
The largest study done yet of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents suggests that a combination of therapy and antidepressant medications is most effective tor treating disabling anxiety in these age groups.
The particular kind of therapy that was effective is called "cognitive behavior therapy" or "talk therapy." The difference between the combination of therapy and medication and each individual treatment alone was dramatic: 8 in 10 children who had the combination improved significantly, as opposed to 6 in 10 of those who had either the medication or the therapy alone.
The doctors who commented on the study in the article say this is something parents and insurance companies should both be very aware of.


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the 'We ♥ Starla thread' Resurrected x2 lol
08-22-2011, 10:37 AM (This post was last modified: 08-22-2011 11:15 AM by BEE..)
Post: #23
RE: the 'We ♥ Starla thread' Resurrected x2 lol
(08-22-2011 10:20 AM)london lemming Wrote: Yay the Starla thread is back.
Nope, I'm still waiting! Hoping they send some this evening, but right now I'm like /: about it all. even though they did send some around 6/7pm last week.
I got in on the first day too, during the first hour D:
They only seem to be letting people in every two days which is bad, because in just a week, they've only let in 24,000-25,000.
There's just over 24,300 students in Hogwarts right now.
EDIT: There has been a sighting of owls... 17:15PM...
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New positions will assist personnel changes
OXFORD — Granville County commissioners have approved new "floater" positions within a personnel succession plan.
Justin Ayscue, the human resources director, made the presentation. Previously, there was no provision for overlap in a position to allow a retiring employee to train a replacement.
With the new plan, three "floater" positions that can be used to fill a vacancy before a key employee leaves, allowing for cross training on the duties of the position. A floater position would be used only when an upcoming vacancy is designated by the county manager, human resources manager and department head as a key position. The floater would be funded for a maximum of three months.
In other business by the commissioners, following a closed session, approval was given to a consent order authorizing reclassification of Sante Fe Natural Tobacco Company's property tax valuation to $9,049,217.
Jennifer Reese of the audit firm Winston, Williams, Creech, Evans and Company presented the county 2012-2013 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report. Granville County received the Government Finance Officers Association's award for excellence in financial reporting for the 14th consecutive year.
The commissioners adopted a resolution expressing appreciation of Joan Reid for her service as an extension agent for family and consumer sciences with the Granville County Cooperative Extension Service. Reid retired on Dec. 31.
The commissioners adopted a Granville County Land Development Code amendment petition. The amendment allows electrical power to be run to an institutional accessory building not located on the parcel where the principal building is located, limits the size of an accessory building to 1,000 square feet and allows no more than one accessory building on a separate parcel.
The board scheduled a Small Business Appreciation Day for Feb. 27. It will be held in conjunction with the Chamber of Commerce's Business After Hours at the Granville County Expo and Convention Center.
At the request of Emergency Management Coordinator Doug Logan, the commissioner approved the purchase of P25 Flash Code software updates for 97 fire department two-way radios at a total cost of $78,100.
During the public comments section of the meeting, Sonya Calloway of the League of Women Voters Unit of Granville County announced that the organization will be following up with the newly elected officials to see how they follow through on answers they gave on pre-election questionnaires. She invited the public to submit questions to firstname.lastname@example.com.
The commissioners made the following appointments or reappointments:
• Creedmoor Board of Adjustment: Ervin Daniel, Harvey Bishop and Steve Hall.
• Adult Home Community Advisory Committee: The Rev. Leroy Anderson, Barbara Harris, Donald "Skip" Skinner and Vickie Smoak.
• Granville County Citizens Advisory Committee for Environmental Affairs: Neil Graham, Frank McKay and Paul Westfall.
• Senior Services Advisory Committee: Sarah Mayfield, Nancy Lee Currin and Toni Ann Wheeler.
• Granville-Vance District Board of Health: Phillis Stark and Dr. Robert Currin.
• Nursing Home Community Advisory Committee: Gwen Bullock.
• Board of Trustees of the Granville County Library System: Kenneth Moss, Neena Nowell and William Muller, III.
During the section of the meeting devoted to commissioners' remarks, Dave Currin asked County Manager Michael Felts to contact the N.C. Department of Transportation to request that a sign to Camp Oak Hill be placed on Interstate 85.
Contact the writer at email@example.com.


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Friday, July 11, 2014
Self-serving checkout
A large chain stores loss prevention employee watched as a customer scanned only selected items at the self-checkout July 1, then walked out of the North Main Street store with both the scanned and unscanned items. According to a police report, the unscanned items included clothing, personal hygiene items and Pop-Tarts, for a total value of $39.28. The shopper was arrested and charged with shoplifting, and the store employee said the stolen items could still be sold.
The scenario repeated itself the next day, when a different shopper at the same store scanned only some of her items at the checkout and attempted to leave with her unpaid-for cheese, pineapple, popcorn, London broil, potatoes, water toys, fireworks, bell peppers and tomatoes. She was arrested and charged with shoplifting, and the store recovered all the merchandise and declared it fit for resale.
Cashing in
A North Charleston woman told Summerville Police that a check had been cashed against her checking account for $578.91 at a discount department store on Ladson Road. She said shed never been to the store or allowed anyone to cash a check there for her. Police advised her to close her checking account. A Summerville man had a similar tale. He said a check for $485.58 had been cashed against his account at the store. Although his bank credited the money back to him, the store sent him a letter demanding payment. The bank told him to file a police report so the store would know the initial payment had been fraudulent.
Show house theft
An employee arriving at the business office/show house of a subdivision on U.S. 78 on June 30 discovered it had been burgled. She reported missing: a 60-inch plasma TV valued at $3,000, a computer valued at $625; a laptop valued at $2,000; and an iPad valued at $350.
Around 4:20 the following morning, a neighbor reported a suspicious male running between houses. A Summerville police officer saw a car with Kentucky plates leaving the subdivision; however, a records check revealed the car wasnt registered in Kentucky. The officer stopped the car and interviewed the two occupants, who said they had gotten lost returning from Folly Beach to North Charleston.
A further records check showed the woman had two warrants out of Kentucky, including one for receiving stolen property over $10,000. She was placed under arrest, and the car was towed for lack of a licensed driver.
My brothers keeper
An officer stopped a van near a hotel in the North Main Street area for suspicious behavior. One of the occupants identified himself, and a records check revealed an arrest warrant from the Charleston Police Department. At that point, the man admitted he had given his brothers name because he thought there might be a warrant out for him but that his brother was in the clear.
A second records check, under the correct name, revealed that he did indeed have a warrant out from the Charleston County Sheriffs Office. He was arrested on the warrant and Summerville Police added a charge of providing false information.
Surprise inside
A rental car company reported a car had been returned with a .380 Firestorm handgun under the drivers seat. A Summerville officer called the last renter of the car, who said the gun wasnt his. The gun was fingerprinted and placed into evidence.
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1998 Lexus LS400
This may be the perfect luxury car.by Trish Robb
Base Price $53,395
Price as tested $60,640
The Lexus LS400 is the ultimate Japanese luxury car. And to Baby Boomers -- who came of age in Corollas, Camrys, Civics and Accords -- it may be the ultimate luxury car, period.
Aiming between prestigious European sedans and traditional American cars, Toyota's luxury division created an elegant luxury car that is just what many upwardly mobile Boomers want.
The LS400 offers a quieter, more comfortable ride than firmly damped German luxury cars. It offers a more compact size and better handling than its American counterparts. The LS400 may not provide quite the handling response of a BMW 5-Series or Mercedes E-Class on a winding mountain road, but it's close -- closer than any Cadillac or Lincoln. And the Lexus LS400 is unmatched for quality, durability and reliability.
The biggest change for '98 is under the hood, where sharp engineering has created a more powerful engine. But the LS400 also gets a sportier, more aggressive look, along with some high technology.
The LS400 now tops $53,000 and ours reached $60,640. No car has seen its price escalate as quickly as the LS400's during the '90s. On the other hand, it offers world-class quality and comfort.
The elegant lines of the LS400 are beautiful. No single aspect of the exterior design is striking, but the overall design fits together. Its squarish form is reminiscent of Mercedes shapes, which is not coincidental -- Toyota designers borrowed liberally from European ideas of luxury sedan size and style. The edges are sharp and distinct, not soft and curved. Eye-catching chrome trim, a staple of American and European luxury class cars, is sparse on the LS400. But Lexus added new aluminum wheels and a bigger grille this year, giving its a stronger, more eye-catching appearance.
The Inside Story
Put the key into the ignition and the steering wheel automatically slides down into position. As you look around, the car seems special. Unlike so many new cars, it feels instantly comfortable and familiar. LS400 controls and instruments are among the best in the industry.
The big tachometer and speedometer are flanked by smaller temperature and fuel gauges. Lighted, pure white needles appear to float over the background numbers. It's very modern and now imitated by other manufacturers.
Most driving controls are on three stalks. The one on the left controls the lights, the long one on the right the wipers and the short one just below it the cruise control. Though not quite as convenient as cruise control buttons on the wheel for the thumbs, the button and lever on the LS400 can be easily reached without taking your hands off the wheel.
The center console is elegant. At the top are a clock, digital thermometer and temperature controls. The LS400 uses large buttons for heating and cooling controls. Below the climate controls are the controls for a seven-speaker, 195-watt AM/FM/cassette stereo. The knobs are big and easy to use. The $1050 six-disc CD changer is in front of the passenger seat, cleverly hidden behind a door that looks like the glove box. The actual glovebox, and it's a big one, is just below that.
A new trip computer is standard this year. Gas mileage and other information is displayed on a readout below the speedometer. Drivers can click through the data with buttons on the steering wheel. While just about every luxury car has this kind of thing now, the green words and numbers seem out of place on the elegant Lexus instrument panel.
A new $2250 satellite navigation system screen dominates the center console; it features a touch-sensitive screen that displays colorful maps showing your travel route, while a pleasant female voice provides directions. The optional system integrates the heating and radio controls; your favorite radio stations can be selected by touching a menu on the video screen.
In the center arm rest are two levels of storage bins. In front of them are two cupholders that pop up at the touch of the finger. Actually, they glide up at the touch of a finger, at that trademark elegant, controlled pace. Even the coat hooks over the back doors deploy with a calculated elegance.
All of the safety equipment you'd expect is here: Dual air bags, and antilock brakes are standard, and this year side airbags are too. A $2020 traction control system is available to help keep this big rear-wheel-drive sedan steady on ice and snow.
We had no problem getting comfortable in the front seats of this car. Two electronic levers position the seats just so. The seats are a wonderful blend of the cushy, recliner-like seats found in American luxury cars and the much harder, heavily bolstered seats in European sport-luxury cars. An unusual, square button on the steering column allows tilt and telescope adjustments.
Two adults should find the back seats comfortable with plenty of knee and hip room. But those over six feet may brush their heads on the roof unless they slouch down. Putting three adults back there is not really an option because of the hump down the middle of the floor for the driveshaft.
Ride and Drive
The LS400 offers as satisfying and sophisticated a blend of performance and comfort as any car in the world. It won't outperform the Mercedes E-Class or BMW 5-Series cars on a winding road, but offers plenty of capability.
Where the Lexus excels is in everyday driving.
First, the LS400 is supremely quiet. Wind and road noise are virtually nonexistent, even at high freeway speeds.
Like the world's best sports sedans from Germany, the Lexus is equipped with rear-wheel drive. When it comes to high-performance handling on dry pavement, rear-wheel drive is the best. Lexus uses an independent suspension that is as sophisticated as anyone's. The $1850 air suspension system automatically adjusts ride firmness to driving conditions. Our test car was not equipped with this option, but the standard suspension works extremely well.
This car smoothes the worst of surfaces. It doesn't bounce up and down on washboard roads nor does it wallow through sharp corners. We found ourselves on a winter-battered highway, a semi-truck on either side of us and a pothole the size of New Jersey right ahead. We clenched our teeth, but the LS400 flew over the crater with barely a thump.
The most significant change for '98 is in the engine. Lexus says the new 4.0-liter, 32-valve V-8 will take the LS400 from 0 to 60 mph in 6.6 seconds; that's quick by anyone's standards. Toyota credits its variable valve timing system, called VVT-i. It's an intelligent system that constantly varies the timing of the intake valves to maximize performance at all engine speeds.
As a result, the new LS400 gets better fuel economy, creates less pollution and generates 290 horsepower, up from last year's 265. Combine that with a new five-speed electronically controlled automatic transmission that replaces last year's four-speed shifter, and Lexus has created yet another standard for luxury-car performance.
On the downside, the LS400 has become pricier. Conversely, its European rivals have held the line and, in some cases, have lowered prices during the past few years, so the LS400 is no longer the bargain it was when it was originally launched. But its pricing is still competitive, and not at all out of line for a car that has set new standards for its class.
This is a superb luxury automobile that's devoid of flaws. As the LS400 nears the end of its design cycle, a number of its competitors are still playing catch up. Unfortunately for them, they're shooting at a moving target.
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State(s) with the Lowest Liquor Taxes / Prices?
Because individual States apply various state and local taxes, I'm wondering if anyone has a source that compares the 50 States and indicates what State(s) have the overall lowest costs for spirits.
For example, I have noticed that Wisconsin has very low prices, while Michigan has high taxes. (A bottle of Green Chartreuse is $43 in Wisconsin and $64 in Michigan! Holy sticker shock!)
What are the States with the lowest spirits prices? Anyone seen any good comparison web sites?
re: Veggo
Just a sample of 1, but Green Chartreuse retails for $50 in NH right now.
Look at the On Premise Complete price list here: http://ice.liquor.nh.gov/public/defau...
My problem with NH is that the prices are good and the selection generally terrible, unless you want bubblegum vodka or very mainstream brands.
I just paid about $56 retail for Green Chartreuse here in the Boston area, but I didn't shop very hard for a good price (tried two stores right next to each other).
I'm surprised to hear that 17 state forbid spirits shipments. DrinkUpNy won't ship to only a handful of state, but one of them is MA.
www.kindredcocktails.com | Craft + Collect + Concoct + Categorize + Community
re: EvergreenDan
Pennsylvania is worse, with it's state stores- lousy selection AND price. I'm presently dividing my time between TX and FL, and I can't have CA wine delivered to TX. I so enjoyed those deliveries in FL.
re: EvergreenDan
Remember that wine is different than distillates. Some states that *do* permit wine shipments do NOT permit the shipment of distillates.
Check out (among other sites) the following:
-- http://www.wineinstitute.org/initiati...
State Shipping Laws
-- http://wineinstitute.shipcompliant.co...
Who Ships Where
-- http://www.wineinstitute.org/files/St...
Wine Excise taxes by wine type
-- http://www.taxfoundation.org/taxdata/...
Excise tax rates by state -- for sales tax, gasoline, cigarettes, spirits, table wine, beer
-- http://www.ttb.gov/tax_audit/atftaxes...
Federal Excise Tax rates
re: EvergreenDan
Except when the New Hampshire State Liquor Stores have the rare and seasonal Handy whiskey collection for $50 instead of $70-80 (if you can find it). NH is great for stock items like vermouths, Bourbons, Scotches, etc. and some are better than others (for some reason, we discovered that the south bound I95 was better than the north bound one).
Washington State has some abysmal pricing from what I gather. I have heard about the Pennsylvania liquor control board being draconian (there is a website/blog devoted to it). Ohio has some strange rules in terms of proof.
All in all, I don't feel so bad about living in no-ship Massachusetts for the prices are fair, the selection is good, and New Hampshire and NYC are accessible if need be (and Rhode Island for when I need grain alcohol for infusions). And my secret for Green Chartreuse is finding neighborhood packy stores and looking for the dusty bottles on the top shelf in the corner -- often around $40 which puts it at 2007 pricing.
re: yarm
Funny story about the interstate shipping aspect. Back when the liquor store on I-95 in Portsmouth opened, the Mass. State Troopers used to camp out in the parking lot to observe when cars with MA plates left with a large purchase. They then radioed a car just over the border. When that car crossed into Mass, they were stopped, and the driver cited for importing.
NH got wind of what was happening, and proceeded to arrest the Mass staties for loitering. After a few weeks of that, the parking lots were no longer spy zones.
re: cantkick
True story about the interstate shipping of alcohol . . .
Back in the late-1980s (or was it the late-1990s?), the Attorney General of Texas arrested a UPS driver and seized the brown truck and contents, threatening to charge UPS as a criminal enterprise for violating Texas state law for shipping alcohol into the state.
True story about the interstate SERVING of alcohol . . .
Back in the early 1970s, the Attorney General of Kansas sent State Troopers to (attempt to) arrest the stewardesses of a TWA flight from LA to New York on the grounds that they were serving cocktails aboard a 707 that was flying above a DRY county . . .
re: zin1953
coming from someone living in Texas, the first story doesn't surprise me, sigh.
Oh well at least we don't have state run liquor stores.
I am a recent transplant from California (the promised land) to Connecticut (the Pilgrims are still here). Booze is expensive here. In SoCal, when I got to really checking things out, I could get .75L of Johnnie Walker Black for about $22, in the "Ocean State", they get $37. It's ridiculous! Also, in SoCal, at Trader Joe's I could get a really good liter of Scotch (house brand) for ten bucks. I've checked ot New Hampshire; despite the state tax void, they are still expensive. Viva California.
Al W aka Zsnark
re: Zsnark
Here in Ontario, Canada, it's 53.95 for the same bottle of Johnnie Walker. Liquor is mostly tax here.
re: plasticanimal
Incredible! I thought I was being raped by Connecticut. Still, I am not surprised 'cause on my honey moon with a lost love/hate in 1969, I ran into your Canadian booze restrictions.
I think they call it "sin tax". Anyway, $54 is enough to reduce me to drinking sterno squeezings or abstinence. I've tried abstinence...I don't like it.
Nice hearing from a northern cousin.
Be well,
Al W
re: Zsnark
Connecticut is the Constitution State. Rhode Island is the Ocean State. Which had the spendy JW Black?
CT has some good liquor stores, though. I found a place with 3 expression of Van Winkle in stock, although I could only force myself to buy the cheapest.
www.kindredcocktails.com | Craft + Collect + Concoct + Categorize + Community
re: EvergreenDan
Cheapest I've found in CT is Crazy Bruce's...Bristol and one other spot, I think. Warehouse prices still above national averages, tho.
re: Zsnark
Slightly off topic, but the Ocean State is Rhode Island; Connecticut is the Nutmeg State.
Montgomery County, Maryland is quite cheap, though from what I can tell Cali is better, and Wisconsin's prices sound wonderful. On my salary, I could not afford to drink like I do if I didn't work here (and live a few minutes away). Other counties in Maryland are notceably more expensive, DC isn't great, and Virginia has an atrocious combination of very high prices and lousy selections in their state stores. On the rare instances I visit family in NC, I find similarly bad prices and poor selection.
Just for reference, Green Chartreuse is currently $51.99, and JW Black is $31, though it's on sale nearly every other month for around $25. The monthly and weekly sales are a godsend. Cointreau often drops to $30, Buffalo Trace to $18, Elijah Craig to $17, Beefeater to $15, Landy VS to $18, and Bulleit Rye to $18, among others that are common staples in my home bar. Selection is quite good for a county controlled operation, and better for some things than others: tequila and rum selections are a bit sparse but bourbon and Scotch are quite good. However, no shipping into or out of MD is allowed.
re: The Big Crunch
Based on prices I've shopped at those who ship out of state, Cali's prices can vary wildly from retailer to retailer, and even from item to item within the same retailer.
Hitime wine is generally very good, and a couple years ago had the best prices around on Laphroaig 10 yr and Quarter cask at $30/ $36 (now $46/$55) - but even then their price on the 18 yr was around $120, which was the highest I had seen.
Morewines has the best price I've seen on Corralejo repo Tequila at $20 - but the blanco and anejo are both nearly $40, which is as high as I have seen. They have Cointreau for $30 for a liter, while their 750 price is $35.
in a recording I "found," comedian Lewis Black commends the availability and prices of booze in Wisonsin, citing that drinking in Wisconsin, even with the airfare to get there, is still cheaper than drinking in NYC.
I live in Connecticut and was always told best place to buy liquor was NH. I was in NH today and priced a bottle of Hess select wine, it was $19.99. Ouch, this wine in CT is $15.99. I stopped in MA at Table & Vine, and their price is $ 11.98. So if you are looking for wine in New England, buy it in MA.
re: ConnecticutGirl
I find that the liquor prices in NH are less than MA (I live in MA), but that the wine prices are nothing special. I can often find wines here in the Boston area for the same price or less than in NH, but rarely is the liquor as cheap.


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I want to know if there are any other lurkers out there. I've Been on Giant Bomb since late 09 and I never post on here or the wiki, I'm a lurker by heart. But besides me, how long have many of you guys been here and still go on at least once every month or two.
- Forum Posts: 1876
- Wiki Points: 739
- Followed by: 12
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 0
Before it was launched and was just a blog.
- Forum Posts: 19421
- Wiki Points: 65079
- Followed by: 869
- Reviews: 32 Lists: 5
Since the site launched!
- Forum Posts: 12541
- Wiki Points: 889
- Followed by: 236
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 2
Arrow Pointing Down
- Forum Posts: 3634
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 56
- Reviews: 0 Lists: 1
I remember seeing it launch but I didn't make an actual account until like a month in I think. Damn it's been a while.
So I looked back at my blog, my first blog was December the 14th 2008, which you can find here. But after that blog I forgot about the site and went away, when I got fed up with Gamespot I went back to Giant Bomb on December the 7th 2010. So almost two years, after the 7th I pretty much started again, so I would say the 2008 thing doesn't really count.
dont really know how long around the time the second arrow pointing down was up. so almost at the beginning
@Nightriff said:
Last July, I feel like I've missed so much and was super late to the party.
rather late to the party then never showing up. to be honest im kinda envious since you can go back and watch all the freaking awesome vids they made, and listen to all the podcasts without having any memory of it
- Forum Posts: 4313
- Wiki Points: 0
- Followed by: 79
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I joined as soon as I discovered the site around October 2010
- Forum Posts: 1607
- Wiki Points: 18609
- Followed by: 125
- Reviews: 7 Lists: 0
Since Day One and been following since the Arrow Pointing Down podcasts.
- Forum Posts: 2340
- Wiki Points: 8
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A day after the site launched. I was super pumped Jeff was back in the game. I wish they'd do more video things, those were the best.
@Grillbar said:
@Nightriff said:
Last July, I feel like I've missed so much and was super late to the party.
rather late to the party then never showing up. to be honest im kinda envious since you can go back and watch all the freaking awesome vids they made, and listen to all the podcasts without having any memory of it
Bitter sweet. Currently watching the P4ER and I love it but I do kinda wish it was live and something to look foreword to every day. I kinda experienced it with the Chrono Trigger one but that was...bad. Compared to DP and P4 (plus the combination of VJ) it was terrible.
I am glad I stumbled upon GB and it really has changed my view on Video Games. I even wrote a blog about my first year with the site but I look at the 3 years I wasn't around and looked at missed opportunities. All the games I missed and now have to catch up on because I was an elitist gamer and only played "9.0 and up games," all the live streams that it is almost impossible to go back and watch them all, and a community that is just as passionate about games like I am. 3 years wasted on fuckin IGN. But I made the transition.
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I was aware of giantbomb when it was just a blog and not an actual website yet. I stopped visiting game sites in general about mid-07 for reasons I cannot remember. Visited Giantbomb a few times in that period until I came to this site on a more regular basis in December of 09. Lurked for about a year, made a few posts but never sort of never posted again but still went to the site at least every day. I have only started posting again recently. Slowly getting out of my lurking days by being burnt out on the whole forum thing for a long time.
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2 years I think
- Redbullet685
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- Follow
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My first post was 3 years and 2 months ago, but I'm pretty sure I had found the site earlier and just hadn't signed up yet. I'll say sometime around 3-3+1/2 years.
- Forum Posts: 5904
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Since the beginning, pretty much. After all of the Gamespot stuff, I heard about Jeff and found out what the guys were doing and looked into it, and then I started following the site. Didn't sign up for a bit but it wasn't too terribly long until started talking on the forums and stuff.
- Forum Posts: 922
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Since day one. Not nearly as active around here as I'd like to be, though, 'specially on the wiki.
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followed Jeff's blog then the Arrow Pointing Down podcast from Ryan and Jeff, then the site launch on.
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July 2009. I knew who the guys were due to their previous stint at Gamespot. I think it was Garnett Lee who recommended the Bombcast on an episode of Listen Up.
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@Flacracker said:
Before it was launched and was just a blog.
I'd been visiting since following Jeff after GS, but never registered because I wasn't really motivated enough to actually post anything...
Until I was reading the "Metal music fitting for Skyrim" thread and nobody had mentioned Finntroll yet, which is criminal. :P
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As long as it's been a website.
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I found it not long after the site was launched back in 08, although didn't register until later. (Basically following the guys from Gamespot)
They had some real quirky gameplay vids which haven't been around for a while. One was a female detective FMV game with sexy female vampires I think (had nudity... woo hoo) and one was a bat shit crazy FMV game. They should re-post both of those.
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4 awesome years!
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I have been following them as long as there has been a Giantbomb to follow. Came from Gamespot. Though I only started posting in the last 6 months or so.
Joined in '10 but have been around on the site since '09. I watched the Kane and Lynch review on Gamespot and after reading the comments went over to check out GB - like what I saw and stayed here. Its about the only gaming site on the internet which manages to avoid being a marketing tool for the games industry and who's opinion I can trust.
Oh...and they make me laugh as well....


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After witnessing the catastrophic impact Hurricane Sandy had along the East Coast of the United States, organizations may feel more pressured to deploy cloud computing. While many public and federal agencies were still considering whether to migrate solutions to the cloud before the storm, Sandy may have been the straw that finally broke the camel's back, according to a report by FCW.
Although the overall effect Sandy had on companies lined up the coast is still unknown, many federal CIOs believe newer data centers using cloud services may have survived the storm with fewer disruptions than those still dependent on legacy solutions.
"If [agencies] have sort of a weaker infrastructure, I would think [Sandy] would be a motivating factor," said Gregg Bailey, director at Deloitte Consulting, according to FCW. "If they have a very solid infrastructure already established, I'm not sure it would make any difference."
Cloud computing will not necessarily make an organization immune from natural disasters, but the technology will enable IT departments to quickly restore operations without much delay. This is because applications and information are hosted in off-site environments that may not have felt the full brunt of the storm.
In the past, decision-makers often relied on manual backups, which were often ineffective, according to a separate report by CRN. The cloud, on the other hand, provides organizations with more options as to how often resources are backed up and where they are stored.
Furthermore, since the cloud is cost effective, agencies can meet compliance and automate operations without impacting their IT budget too heavily.
The General Service Administration, for example, was able to ride out Sandy without too much problem because the agency had a robust cloud infrastructure, FCW reported.
"GSA's cloud conversion prevented complications from the Verizon outage, which would have led to interruptions in these services for GSA users in New York and New Jersey," said Casey Coleman, GSA CIO. "GSA also used the capabilities of the cloud email platform to perform emergency response and recovery functions."
While it is not always possible to avoid natural or man-made disasters, decision-makers can be proactive and deploy cloud computing services in the data center to make it easier to recover in the wake of an emergency. This will give federal agencies a stronger reputation and make them more efficient in the long run.
Latest posts by Team GoGrid (see all)
- Big Data is the New Black - August 22, 2014
- Big Data to Assume a Major Role in 2014 Hurricane Season - August 20, 2014
- How Big Data Can Affect the Way We Learn - August 13, 2014


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Real's elimination on this week's I Love New York may have been the most shocking one yet. After the jump, Real talks to us about his passion for Arabian horses, what it was like to compete with his brother Chance and he reflects on breaking down in front of millions of viewers.
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How was your time on the show?
I had a hell of a time. It's weird because the show ends up becoming your life for those three, four, five weeks you're on it. It's one of the best experiences I ever had.
Your elimination was really emotional. Were you surprised at all at your own reaction?
Kind of. The weird part about it was that I kinda knew I was getting eliminated two or three days before. Just because I had the feeling. I don't know if it was all the thinking that led up to it, but regardless of what it was, it was very emotional. I was probably crying out there for a good five to seven minutes. They only showed a little bit.
Where did the tears come from? Genuine affection for New York? Leaving your brother? Leaving the competition?
I think it was the fact that I came there with my brother and I felt like I was leaving him there. You get attached to New York and the house. That becomes your world and then it's like, "OK, I have to leave." Those two things, mainly.
Did you have any resentment over being eliminated?
Nah, I just wanted what was best for Tiffany. It wasn't even about me. She made her choice and I guess she thought those were the two better men for her.
You mentioned that on the show, that you thought your brother was the better man for her at that point.
I think he was the better man for her, period. I think he's more of what she's looking for. My brother's wild and rebellious and stuff and she's wild and rebellious, too. I just think that she was really attracted to that, and I'm not about to change who I am. I'm me.
It seemed like at first, you were going to be more competitive with your brother than what panned out.
Yeah, and then I saw how ugly it can get and I knew that I couldn't do it. I can't fight my brother over a woman, especially when my mom got involved and she started crying. We did that before, when we were younger and I thought, "I can't do this again."
Are you generally unafraid to cry? You seemed really open in that respect.
I don't think one should be a crybaby. I don't go around crying . That was the first time I cried in years. I'm talkin' 'bout years. I think it's good for a person to express themselves. Sometimes if you bottle that stuff up, it might come out the wrong way. So I think it's good to be that way, I think it's cool to be able to show your emotions.
New York said you might be a little too sensitive for her.
Nah. I'm not too sensitive for her. I think she thinks I'm too serious for her. I wanted something serious and I still do. She wants…she still wants to play .
Looking back on it, were you really falling in love with her?
I don't know. I'm not too sure if it was the moment or being in the house or what it was. But I definitely had feelings for her. Every guy in that house started getting feelings for her.
Did you go into it thinking you would?
Nope. Naw, man. I didn't think in a million years I would or I could. But I did.
Tango suggested on the show that you were there primarily to promote your rap group, Stallionaires.
When I heard him say that, I couldn't believe it. That was a straight-up lie because we never mentioned our music, not one single time when we were in that house. And we weren't even hanging around Tango. We were hanging around Whiteboy most of the time and 12 Pack. Never, ever brought up the music. That's a bold-faced lie. He's just mad because he's not a good rapper. If you go to his MySpace, you can hear his music. It's horrible.
But there wasn't even thought put into it like, "Oh, this will give us exposure and help us launch our careers later?"
Naw. When we did the show, we were signed to a record deal and we kept saying that we didn't want to do the show because we thought it might ruin our career. We thought people would be saying, "Here come some reality stars trying to do an album." We fought with Sony, who we were signed to at the time, about that. Eventually, we just decided to do it. We thought it would be a good experience because we were filming our own reality show prior to that.
What's up with that show?
We kinda just stopped. We completed three episodes and had a goal of six. It was gonna get picked up by HBO, but there was just too much crap going on behind it. My uncle was the one paying for it. But it was too many egos, and too many people getting in the way of the show picked up.
What was the premise?
It was like Fresh Prince meets Sanford and Son. My uncle is like Red Foxx. Literally, no joke.
You were raised around horses. That must have been interesting.
It was interesting. If it weren't for the horses , we probably wouldn't be doing music. Through the horses, we met Paulinho Da Costa, who's Michael Jackson's percussionist, and he just helped us take it to another level. The Arabian horses opened up a whole new world to us. But yeah, we grew up around them our whole lives. We showed them, we rode them. I've been knocked off, sat on, the whole 9. They're actually doing a cover story on us in the new Arabian Horse Times magazine, which is the biggest horse magazine in the world.
You exposed a lot of people to Arabian horses.
People know about race horses, but people don't know about the Arabian-horse world. If you go to the Middle East, they don't raise thoroughbreds over three, they raise Arabians. And the stakes over there are like twice as much money as they are over here. The most expensive Arabian was over $12 million. There's tons of money involved in the Arabian horse world, and people don't even know. Sad to say, especially black people. We've been trying to get more black people involved. My dad was one of the very first black men to show Arabian horses. He got tomatoes thrown at him and everything. It was a really bad experience for him but he kept doing it and it paid off for him. And now it's paying off for us, too. But our generation doesn't seem to be that passionate about it and so me and my brothers and some other guys want to carry that legacy on and expose it to our generation and the younger generation so that it goes on.
What's up with the Stallionaires now? Are you signed?
No. It's funny because a lot of people have been coming our way. We're actually negotiating with three different record labels right now. The show did give us a lot of leverage, but like I said, we didn't go into it for that. The music is ultimately speaking for itself.
And is the music the next big project you have coming up?
I mean, we're working on a lot of stuff. Three things we've been working on is a clothing line, our music and doing some more TV stuff. We got offered a freakin' movie deal, but I can't say who with. It's a big-time producer that you'd know, but I have to keep that part confidential.
How do you feel about the way you were portrayed on the show? Are you happy with it?
Heck yeah. That was me. Straight-up me, dude.
So Real is, indeed, real?
Keep up with Real and the Stallionaires by visiting his MySpace.


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We are currently installing new doors in the stairwell in Lauinger Library. During this time, visitors will not be able to use landings that are under construction, either to enter that floor or pass through en route to another. We encourage visitors to use the elevators, although the stairwell may still be used to access floors that are not under construction. Landings under construction should only be used in the case of an emergency.
Participant will expand on their knowledge from the Introduction to InDesign course by learning advanced text formatting, advanced layouts including master pages, creating gradients, adding effects, advanced image placement with Photoshop, package and export projects as PDF files. Having completed the beginner and advanced workshops, participants should be able to create basic documents such as brochures, pamphlets, and posters and prepare them for printing. Register for this workshop.
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Do you get \"If I don\'t eat right NOW I\'m going to kill someone\"
I'm pretty sensitive to sugar and blood-sugar fluctuations but now it's getting to the point where if I don't eat when I should, I literally can't function. I don't just get a growly stomach or feel peckish, I get headachey, jittery, feel really out of it, and in the worst case scenarios (eg just come home from the gym in the evening) that I can hardly even talk to my boyfriend until I've got some food in (or at least started to cook so I know it's only a few minutes away).
Does anyone else ever get like this?
I've managed to balance out alot of the swings by eating really clean and getting virtually all the refined sugar out of my diet. I try and eat low GI things to keep me going (like beans, oatmeal, tuna, sweet potatoes, green veg etc) but I seem to "go over" so easily.
Any advice?
Re: Do you get
Yep, I'm the same way. I call those my hypoglycemic attacks as I am borderline hypoglycemic! I get those same jittery, spacey feelings that you describe, and even feel like I might pass out or, at the very least, that I should sit/lie down! I just try to make sure I eat regularly, and I carry something with me at all times just in case.
My "just in case" food is usually to cover me if I'm not able to eat 'real' food, so it will be something that will quickly raise my blood sugar long enough for the feeling to pass and for me to get to some real food. It's stuff that's easily tote-able like apples or granola bars. Laughing Cow makes a swiss cheese that does not need refrigeration, so that along with a baggie full of crackers is easily carried with me (or in my car - unless it's hot outside!). Not always the best bodybuilding foods, but not too hideous either. And it does get me over the hump when I get in a bind.
Hope that helps!
Re: Do you get
Those are the times when things like protein bars and MRP's come in handy. Since I can't bring myself to include Detour bars as a "clean" food in my regular diet, this would be one opportunity where I would allow myself to have it- the sugars in it would get me over the hump and the protein would be relatively good for me.
Personally I can never stop at just half of anything, but if you can do that you could eat a half of one on your way home from the gym knowing that you're going to be preparing a clean meal to eat soon after [img]/forum/images/graemlins/laugh.gif[/img].
Re: Do you get \"If I don\'t eat right NOW I\'m going to kill someone\"
I used to get the hypoglycemia too but since I've been eating every 3 hours and cut out the sugars I haven't had any episodes. But I STILL will get VERY grouchy and irritable if I don't get to eat by the 3 hour point and I generally do not feel very well when I don't.
Re: Do you get \"If I don\'t eat right NOW I\'m going to kill someone\"
Yes, me too. In fact everyone knows this about me now at work and will laugh about it when they see me not focusing on them, but instead feverishly preparing my next meal..I also am borderline hypo-glycemic, and find that by keeping either the *bad* bars or even a shake ready to go, I manage to stave off the sugar drop.
Re: Do you get
I go postal if I miss a meal.
"Bad Mood" is an understatement if I don't get some food in me for an extended period of time.
I'm usually a really nice guy but I seriously get pissed when I miss a meal. But it's all good as soon as I get some food in me.
Re: Do you get
Source and others, is this because you know you need the meal and you want it in order to reach your goals, or is it also a matter of hunger?
Re: Do you get
Re: Do you get
tuf said:
Source and others, is this because you know you need the meal and you want it in order to reach your goals, or is it also a matter of hunger?
Both! [img]/forum/images/graemlins/smirk.gif[/img]
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(Troy Wayrynen/The Columbian)
If you go
• What: College Goal Sunday. Workshops about financial aid and help in completing the FAFSA. Staff and student volunteers from Washington State University Vancouver and Clark College will answer questions and help students and families complete the 2014 FAFSA.
• When: 1 p.m. Sunday.
• Where: Gaiser Student Center, Clark College, 1933 Fort Vancouver Way.
• Cost: Free.
• Languages: All presentations and assistance will be offered in English, Spanish and Russian.
• Bring:
• Student Social Security card/number or alien registration.
• Your income information (bank statements; a W-2 or pay stub, if you have a job; past tax return, if you filed).
• A parent, if you are under 24 years old.
• Your parents' financial information (bank statements; W-2 or pay stub; last year's tax return).
• Your parents' Social Security number, if they have one.
• Any additional financial information (such as child support statements, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) or welfare information; real estate, stock or bonds investments; family business or farm information).
Financial aid resources
Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA)
On the Web: https://fafsa.ed.gov/
Clark College Financial Aid Office
Phone: 360-992-2153
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
WSU Vancouver Office of Financial Aid and Scholarships
Phone: 360-546-9559
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Maria T. Santos Pinacho made one tiny oversight in the process of submitting her Free Application for Federal Student Aid last January. Because of that error, she missed out on receiving a key State Need Grant and had to take out a $10,000 student loan to pay for her junior year at Washington State University Vancouver.
"It was terrifying," she said.
She bought her books and materials with her savings she'd earned at her job. The college deferred her tuition payment until the loan was processed.
"It's very important to file and then follow up with your school to make sure they have all the paperwork they need," said Santos Pinacho, 24.
For the first-generation college student and 2007 graduate of La Center High School, it was a sobering lesson in completing the FAFSA and following up after she'd pushed "submit."
Santos Pinacho was no stranger to completing the annual financial aid information required by colleges to determine how much financial aid students receive. She had completed the FAFSA correctly in previous years. As a Clark College
student, she worked in the school's financial aid office and also volunteered to help students during College Goal Sunday.
She'll have a good lesson to share when she volunteers again at College Goal Sunday at Clark College. The event offers workshops about financial aid presented in English, Spanish and Russian. Staff and student volunteers from Washington State University Vancouver and Clark College will answer questions and help students and families complete the 2014-2015 FAFSA.
The 2014-2015 FAFSA is for any student who plans to attend college summer quarter 2014 through spring quarter 2015 at any college or technical school. The online application requires detailed financial information. The deadline to complete the FAFSA is Feb. 1.
Santos Pinacho will be a group leader in the FAFSA room to help the Spanish speakers complete their financial aid forms.
"This event is very important," she said of College Goal Sunday. "Even if you don't think you're going to college, do the FAFSA. Applying early is the key. And in the Latino or Hispanic community, if the student's parent is undocumented, the student can still qualify for financial aid."
Gwendolyn Curtis also will be helping students at College Goal Sunday. Curtis, 51, will graduate from WSU Vancouver in May with a finance degree and only $5,500 in student loans.
A grandmother and mother of five children, Curtis returned to college at mid-life after her divorce. She earned her associate's degree at Clark College before transferring to WSUV. She's a stickler for submitting her FAFSA in early January. Her financial aid includes various grants, tuition waivers and scholarships.
"I wouldn't have received any of these if I hadn't filled out the FAFSA," Curtis said.
College Goal Sunday
Almost 400 people -- students and their parents -- attended last year's College Goal Sunday, and about 150 students submitted their FAFSA during the event.
"We try to give folks all the information they need to make informed choices when applying for colleges and financial aid," said April Tovar, financial aid and scholarships manager at WSUV. "Students can file late, but students with the highest amount of need might miss out on the state need grants. Schools award financial aid until the money's gone, so it's a first-come, first-served basis."