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Low ridership to change Palm Tran's commuter express bus to Martin County
MARTIN COUNTY — Responding to low ridership on its early Commuter Express Route 95, Palm Tran has made scheduling changes.
Buses will now head south 50 minutes later, starting May 10. And a new line, serving Stuart, Juno Beach, Palm Beach Gardens and West Palm Beach, will be added May 11.
The changes are designed to serve longer-distance working commuters, officials said. Palm Tran's hybrid buses, complete with Wi-Fi Internet access, will be used on the route.
"Ridership has been poor on those early trips and that's why we're making scheduling changes," said Jean Taylor, senior planner at Palm Tran.
In service since last August, the long-distance bus service connects Martin and Palm Beach counties. It runs twice weekday mornings and evenings.
Palm Tran expected to average 26 riders per trip. But ridership on the first morning trip never got beyond three to five passengers, while the second run carried between 10 and 20 riders.
Starting May 10, the first departure on Route 95 from Halpatiokee Regional Park in Stuart has been changed from 5:10 a.m. to 6 a.m.; the Jupiter stop from 5:35 a.m. to 6:25 a.m.; the Palm Beach Garden stop from 5:50 a.m. to 6:40 a.m.; and the last stop at the West Palm Beach Intermodal Transit Center has been changed from 6:20 a.m. to 7:05 a.m.
Palm Tran officials said they hope the later departure times better suit commuters.
"We need to be more customer-focused," said Lili Finke, marketing manager at Palm Tran.
Route 11, a new service also between Martin and Palm Beach counties, will start May 11. As an incentive for trying this new service, passengers riding on Route 11 will ride for free during May.
Starting June 1, the fee for the new route will be the same as for Route 95: $5 for a one-day pass which is valid for all Palm Tran routes, available when boarding in Martin County; or $2 per trip when boarding in Palm Beach County.
Originating from Halpatiokee Regional Park in Stuart and heading south via I-95, Route 11 will provide service to Donald Ross Road and U.S. 1, the Florida Power & Light Co. complex in Juno Beach, PGA Boulevard Northcorp Parkway on RCA Boulevard, and will end at the West Palm Beach Intermodal Transit Center. It will also carry northbound commuters from the intermodal center to stops in Palm Beach Gardens and Juno Beach.
"It serves businesses in the north end (of Palm Beach County) whose workers live in the Martin County area," said Finke.
Taylor said there are no plans to cut back service.
The commuter express is a collaborative effort between Palm Tran and South Florida Commuter Services, a division of the Florida Department of Transportation.
For detailed route information, call customer service at (561) 841-4287 or toll-free at (877) 930-4287, or visit www.palmtran.org.
Route 95 Commuter Express
Halpatiokee Regional Park, Stuart...........................6:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m.
West Jupiter Recreation Center:...............................6:25 a.m. and 6:55 a.m.
Palm Beach Gardens Mall:..........................................6:40 a.m. and 7:10 a.m.
West Palm Beach Intermodal Transit Center:........7:05 a.m. and 7:35 a.m.
Downtown West Palm Beach:.....................................7:10 a.m. and 7:40 a.m.
Downtown West Palm Beach....................................... 5:10 p.m. and 6:10 p.m.
West Palm Beach Intermodal Transit Center:.........5:20 p.m. and 6:20 p.m.
Palm Beach Gardens Mall:...........................................5:45 p.m. and 6:45 p.m.
West Jupiter Recreation Center:......................................6 p.m. and 7:00 p.m.
Halpatiokee Regional Park, Stuart:............................6:25 p.m. and 7:25 p.m.
ROUTE 11 North County Commuter Express
Halpatiokee Regional Park, Stuart:...................................................... 7 a.m.
Juno Beach, Donald Ross Road & U.S. 1:................7:35 a.m. and 5:10 p.m.
Juno Beach, Universe Boulevard & U.S. 1:.............7:40 a.m. and 5:15 p.m.
Palm Beach Gardens, Northcorp Parkway:.............7:50 a.m. and 5:25 p.m.
West Palm Beach, Intermodal Transit Center:........8:15 a.m. and 5:50 p.m.
West Palm Beach, Intermodal Transit Center:......... 7:15 a.m. and 4:40 p.m.
Palm Beach Gardens, Northcorp Parkway:............... 7:40 a.m. and 5:05 p.m.
Juno Beach, Universe Boulevard & U.S. 1:............... 7:50 a.m. and 5:15 p.m.
Juno Beach, Donald Ross Road & U.S. 1:.................. 7:55 a.m. and 5:20 p.m.
Halpatiokee Regional Park, Stuart:...................................................... 5:55 p.m.
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Ninty set to fight the fall in profits with new home console
Nintendo has confirmed that the Wii 2 will launch in 2012 with a prototype model set to be shown off at the E3 2011 gaming expo in June.
The official line arrives courtesy of a document taken from its official investors relation website which makes reference to the 'Wii's successor system."
The document states that Nintendo will "show a playable model of the new system and announce more specifications at the E3 expo."
Talk of a successor to the Wii has intensified in recent months with the best of the Wii 2 rumours suggesting that it currently goes under the codename Project Cafe, will be more powerful than current Xbox 360 and PS3 consoles and will incorporate a controller with its own playable interface.
Sales of the current Wii console appear to be slowing up as Nintendo reported a fall in annual profit, with a new console very likely to reinvigorate interest back in the company.
We only have a couple of months to find out if any of the Wii 2 specs talk is true, and with T3 out in LA for the E3 2011 gaming expo, you'll be the first to hear about the new Nintendo Wii console.
In the meantime, you can see the Wii successor confirmation letter here.
Link: Kotaku
Wii 2 video: rumour round-up

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Monthly Archive for November, 2012
Dogs and babies
"So, we need a new doggie bed, right over here would be good. Z would like that. And a cat tower by the window. Hmm. Maybe the doggie bed should be over there instead, so the cats don't have to walk by it to get out. You know how that makes the dog bark. I […] [Read More]


text:
Friday, September 11, 2009
Freedom? You can keep it.
1 comment:
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- March 17, 2010 at 8:15 PM


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Dr. Wagner Ockfener Bockstein Riesling Spatlese 2012
Dr. Wagner - Mosel-Saar-Ruwer - Germany - Mittel Mosel - Urzig
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Additional Information on Dr. Wagner Ockfener Bockstein Riesling Spatlese 2012
Dr. Wagner
Vintage: 2012
2012 has, so far been a positive year for wineries around the world. While it may be a little too early to speak of the wines being made in the northern hemisphere, European and North American wineries have already begun reporting that their harvesting season has been generally very good, and are predicting to continue with the kind of successes they saw in 2011. However, 2012 has been something of a late year for France, due to unpredictable weather throughout the summer, and the grapes were ripening considerably later than they did in 2011 (which was, admittedly, an exceptionally early year). French wineries are claiming, though, that this could well turn out to be advantageous, as the slow ripening will allow the resulting wines to express more flavour and features of the terroir they are grown in. The southern hemisphere has seen ideal climatic conditions in most of the key wine producing countries, and Australia and New Zealand particularly had a superb year, in particular with the Bordeaux varietal grapes that grow there and which love the humidity these countries received plenty of. Also enjoying a fantastic year for weather were wineries across Argentina and Chile, with the Mendoza region claiming that 2012 will be one of their best vintages of the past decade. Similar claims are being made across the Chilean wine regions, where Sauvignon Blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon had an especially good year. These two grape varietals also produced characterful wines on the coastal regions of South Africa this year.
Varietal: Riesling
Although they originated in Germany's beautiful Rhine Valley, the Riesling grape soon spread around the world, where it thrives in many countries with a colder climate which can support this pale and unique grapes. Riesling grapes are considered one of the finest varietals on earth, capable of expressing fascinating features of the soil type they are grown on, resulting in some highly interesting wines with plenty to offer those who are looking for something different. Riesling grapes are also noted for their aromas, which tend to be highly perfumed, floral and often with smoky notes accentuating their unusual flavor Because this was always the predominant grape grown in Germany and other such countries, Riesling wineries have always been keen to experiment with its range. This has resulted in dry white wines, sparkling wines, semi sweet wines and several others, but the finest examples are usually considered to be the Riesling dessert wines. These are occasionally made with unusual processes, including the 'eiswine' method, in which the grapes are allowed to freeze in the early frosts, or by allowing the development of 'noble rot', which withers the grapes and results in some truly spectacular and unusual flavors.
Country: Germany
Much has changed over the past few decades in regards to German wine. Long gone are the days of mass produced, sickly sweet white wines which were once the chief exports of this fascinating and ancient wine producing country, and they have been replaced with something far more sophisticated. Whilst Germany continues to produce a relatively large amount of dessert wine, the wineries of the south of the country have reverted their attention to the production of drier, more elegant wines which really make the most of the fine grape varieties which flourish there. Many of the wineries dealing primarily with the excellent Riesling grapes have produced some truly exceptional dry and semi-sweet wines over the past few years, and it seems the world has finally woken up and noticed the extremely high quality of the distinctive produce coming out of Germany today.
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The German Saturday School of San Antonio offers fun and engaging language instruction for kids. These classes, designed for children ages 3-14, meet Saturday mornings in downtown San Antonio. Two 12-week sessions are offered each year, beginning in January (spring session) and September (fall session). Both spring and fall semester classes run Saturdays from 9:30 to 11:30 am.
Our teaching staff consists of native German speakers experienced in tutoring children and German teachers from local public schools. Lessons focus on comprehension and speaking for all age groups. Instructors use art, music, and games as well as traditional learning methods.
Our older Mittelschule students (ages 9-14) will use Wir textbooks by the Klett Verlag (Klett Publishing) and will gain skills reading and writing in German.
Samstagsschule classes are organized by the German-Texan Heritage Society (GTHS), a non-profit organization dedicated to the preservation and promotion of the German heritage in Texas. Classes are held at St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church at 502 E. Nueva Street, San Antonio, TX 78205.
Schedule – Spring 2015
Tuition for a 12-week semester (1 lesson per week) is $160 per student for GTHS members and $175 for non-members. Discounts are available for siblings. Registration closes on January 28. Class size is limited, so please register early. A registration form can be downloaded at San Antonio Samstagsschule Spring 2015 Registration Form.
Tuition includes all instructional materials as well as a small snack each week. Send both the registration form and tuition by September 17, 2014 to: GTHS, P.O. Box 684171, Austin, TX 78768-4171. CLICK HERE TO REGISTER ONLINE AND PAY WITH PayPal. You may also register by phone at (512) 467-4569. Any registrations received after the registration deadline will be subject to a $10 late fee per student. For more information, please email email@example.com.
Schedule – Spring 2015
January 31 – May 9, 2015 (no classes on 3/7, 3/14 &4/4)
Saturdays, 9:30 am to 11:30 am
Registration deadline: Wednesday, January 28, 2015
(Late registrations will be subject to a $10 fee per student)
Classes are divided by age group. Depending on enrollment, some classes may be split into two groups: beginners and intermediate/advanced.
· Vorschule (ages 3-5)
· Grundschule (ages 6-8)
· Mittelschule (ages 9-14)


text:
Eating Out
New Yorker going to Gramercy Tavern for the 1ST TIME. Worth it?
I have been living in NY for 6 years. I've been to culinary school and have worked in restaurants throughout my stint here and have yet to eat at Gramercy Tavern. Am I in for disappointment? Is it all hype?
Talk is closed, but that doesn't mean the conversations have to stop!
Check out this post for a more thorough explanation, and jump onto our Facebook page or our Twitter feed to keep the conversations going!


text:
RICHMOND, Va (WTVR) — A group of Richmond middle school students admitted they attacked their bus driver as part of a plea deal Wednesday.
The group of students were facing felony assault charges, but video of the incident convinced prosecutors to reduce the charge to misdemeanor assault and battery.
Five of the six students took the plea agreement and, after prosecutors watched the video, charges were dropped for one student.
The other five admitted they attacked their bus driver after he pulled over because he was being pelted with crayons.
Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney Edward Nickel said what ensued showed everyone involved did play a role.
"There was unfortunate behavior that happened all around that day," Nickel said. "I think that it is fair to say that the juveniles who were on that bus, acted inappropriately and it's certainly safe to say the bus driver acted inappropriately that day."
The five could have faced 30 days in a detention center, but prosecutors said none of them had been in trouble before. As a result, the teens will be placed on probation.
The mother of the student who had the charges dismissed is relived the ordeal has come to a close.
"I was destroyed cause… I have a good kid and I'm going to still claim it," Robyn Allen said. "I still have a good kid, I just wanted this to hurry up and be over with so he can fulfill l his dream, go back to school and get his education and his basketball career."
The bus driver, who was at the courthouse, declined to comment on the case.


text:
Belton (April 9, 2013) -- The University of Mary Hardin-Baylor men's basketball team's quest for a Division III National Championship may have fallen short this weekend in Atlanta, but the Cru returned home to another first for the program Tuesday. UMHB was ranked second in the country in the final D3hoops.com Top 25 Poll to post the highest national ranking in the history of the program. The Cru totaled 589 points in the ranking following Sunday's 87-70 loss to Amherst in the national title game. The Lord Jeffs capped their National Championship season by taking all 25 first-place votes and 625 total points as a unanimous #1. North Central finished third with 564 total points.
UMHB posted postseason victories over the poll's #4 ranked team (St. Thomas – 548 points), #8 team (St. Mary's – 402 points) and #11 team (Whitworth University – 378 points). American Southwest Conference rival and Cru Second Round playoff victim Concordia Texas received votes totaling 24 points in the poll.
The Cru had never been ranked higher than fourth in the country at any point in any season by D3hoops.com and did not receive a single vote in the Internet site's final regular season poll. UMHB became the first unranked team and first team from the state of Texas or the ASC to advance to the Division III Men's Basketball Championship Game.
"I've been doing this for a long time and I've never had a group of guys grab my heart the way this team has," Cru head coach Ken DeWeese said. "I am so proud of what they've accomplished this season. We are very disappointed not to have a National Championship, but it is so hard to get there that I think it says a lot about these guys and their strength and character."
The Cru also set a new school record for victories in a season, finishing with a 27-6 overall record. There were just three seniors on the roster; Cory Meals, Thomas Orr and Brian Todd. Meals and Todd are the first players in UMHB men's basketball history to have played for four NCAA National Tournament qualifiers and Meals is the only player to appear in four consecutive national tournaments.


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ASHDOWN, Ark.—Margaret "Maggi" Vaughn, 81, of Ashdown died Tuesday, Oct. 9, 2012, in Ashdown.
Mrs. Vaughn was born April 22, 1931, in Shreveport, La. She was a Methodist. She was preceded in death by her husband, Lowell Vaughn.
Survivors include one son and daughter-in-law, David and Donna Vaughn of Springfield, Va.; two daughters and sons-in-law, Rebecca and David Wise of Euless, Texas, and Laurie and James Jones of Ashdown; four grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.
No services are scheduled. Arrangements are under direction of Madden Funeral Service.
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Published: 10/11/2012
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A method and device for communicating information resources between subscriber end stations and nodes belonging to different network domains is described. The device instantiates different virtual network machines for different network domains using separate independently administrable network databases. Each of the administrable chores of the separate independently administrable network databases includes the assignment of access control and the configuration of the policies for those network databases. The policies include traffic filtering policies to indicate what kind of information payloads can be carried, traffic and route filtering policies to indicate what paths through the network will be used for each payload carried. Each of the network domains includes one of the different virtual network machines and each of the different network domains is virtually isolated from other network domains.
1. A computerized method comprising:
retrieving a plurality of records for a plurality of subscribers associated with a plurality of end stations connected to a single network device through a plurality of links, wherein each of the plurality of subscribers is associated with a different one of the plurality of records;
authenticating each of the plurality of subscribers based on the one of the plurality of records retrieved for that subscriber;
authorizing each of the subscribers to determine what that subscriber can do after being authenticated based on the one of the plurality of records retrieved for that subscriber, wherein each of the plurality of records comprises information indicating which of a plurality of virtual networks the respective subscriber can access, wherein the plurality of virtual networks are virtually isolated from each other, wherein the single network device comprises a plurality of virtual network machines that are virtually independent but share a set of physical resources of the single network device, wherein each of the virtual network machines is one of a virtual router and a virtual bridge, and wherein each of the plurality of virtual network machines belongs to a different one of the plurality of virtual networks;
coupling different ones of the plurality of end stations to different ones of the virtual network machines according to said authorizing through dynamic bindings;
forwarding information flows of the plurality of end stations via the different respective virtual network machines to which the corresponding subscriber end station is coupled based on control and policy information in separate independently administrable network databases of the virtual network machines, wherein each of the separate independently administrable network databases includes address, policy and control information; and
accounting for the network activity of each of the plurality of end stations in the plurality of virtual network machines.
2. The computerized method of
3. The computerized method of
4. The computerized method of
5. The computerized method of
6. The computerized method of
changing the coupling of at least one of the end stations to a different one of the plurality of virtual network machines.
7. The computerized method of
8. The computerized method of
9. The computerized method of
10. A single network device to act as an intermediate station comprising:
a plurality of transceivers to communicate information resources between subscriber end stations and nodes belonging to different virtual networks;
a set of two or more separately administrable network databases, wherein each of the independently administrable network databases includes address, policy and control information; and
a non-transitory machine-readable medium having stored therein a set of instructions to cause the single network device to,
retrieve a plurality of records for a plurality of subscribers associated with a plurality of subscriber end stations connected to the single network device through a plurality of links, wherein each of the plurality of records is associated with a different one of the plurality of subscribers;
authenticate each of the plurality of subscribers based on the one of the plurality of records retrieved for that subscriber,
authorize each of the subscribers to determine what that subscriber can access after being authenticated based on the one of the plurality of records retrieved for that subscriber, wherein each of the plurality of records comprises information indicating which of a plurality of virtual networks the respective subscriber can access, wherein each of the plurality of virtual networks are virtually isolated from each other, wherein the single network device comprises a plurality of virtual network machines that are virtually independent but share a set of physical resources of the single network device, wherein the virtual network machine is one of a virtual router and a virtual bridge, and wherein each of the plurality of virtual network machines belongs to a different one of the plurality of virtual networks;
couple the plurality of subscriber end stations to the different ones of the virtual network machines according to said authorizing through dynamic binding,
forward information flows of the plurality of subscriber end stations via the different respective virtual network machines based on control and policy information in the separately administrable network databases of the virtual network machines, and
account for the network activity of each of the subscribers in the plurality of virtual network machines.
11. The single network device of
12. The single network device of
13. The single network device of
14. The single network device of
15. The single network device of
change the coupling of at least one of the subscriber end stations to a different one of the plurality of virtual network machines.
16. The single network device of
17. The single network device of
18. A network comprising:
a plurality of subscriber end stations;
a plurality of nodes belonging to a plurality of different virtual networks, wherein the plurality of different virtual networks is virtually isolated from each other;
a remote server station having stored therein subscriber records, each record including information concerning a set of the plurality of different virtual networks to which a subscriber has access to; and
a subscriber management system coupled to the remote server station, coupled to the subscriber end stations through links, and coupled between the subscriber end stations and the plurality of nodes, the subscriber management system being a single network device and having,
a plurality of virtual network machines that are virtually independent but share a set of physical resources of the subscriber management system, wherein each of the virtual network machines is one of a virtual router and a virtual bridge, wherein each of the plurality of virtual network machines belongs to a different one of the plurality of different virtual networks, wherein each of the virtual network machines includes a separate independently administrable network database, and wherein each of the independently administrable network databases includes address, control and policy information, and
client software in communication with the remote server station that collectively,
retrieve the corresponding subscriber records responsive to establishment of the links with the subscriber end stations;
authenticate through identification and verification based on the retrieved subscriber records,
authorize based on the retrieved subscriber records to determine which of the different virtual network machines each of the subscriber end stations should be coupled,
couple the plurality of subscriber end stations to the different virtual network machines based on the authorization through dynamic bindings, and
forward information flows of the plurality of subscriber end stations via the different respective virtual network machines based on the separately administrable network databases, and
account for network activity over each of the subscriber end stations in the plurality of virtual network machines.
19. The network of
20. The network of
21. The network of
22. The network of
23. The network of
change the coupling of at least one of the subscriber end stations to a different one of the plurality of virtual network machines.
24. The network of
25. The network of
This is a divisional application of Ser. No. 11/869,746, filed Oct. 9, 2007 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,908,395, which is continuation of Ser. No. 10/461,761, filed Jun. 12, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,281,039, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 09/220,413, filed Dec. 24, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,609,153.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to communications networks, and more particularly, to the operation of network devices that can operate in multiple virtual networks simultaneously.
2. Description of the Related Art
A communication network provides information resources transfer services that transfer information resources among devices attached to the network. Information resources, as the term is used herein, includes any form of information that can be transmitted over a network for use by or with any end station or network device connected to the network. Information resources, for example, may include computer programs, program files, web pages, data, database information, objects, data structures, program icons, graphics video information or audio information. Computer Networks and Internets, Douglas E. Comer, Prentice Hall, 1997, provides extensive information about communication networks.
Networks are built from devices or stations called nodes, and the communications channels that interconnect the nodes, called links. A set of nodes and links under one administrative authority is called a network domain. Communication between end stations attached to a network ordinarily is achieved through the use of a set of layered protocols. These protocols are generally described by reference to the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) computer communications architecture. The standard OSI architecture includes seven layers: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link and physical. A communication network may employ fewer than the full seven layers. However, the layer 2 and the layer 3 software protocols ordinarily play a prominent role in the transfer of information between interconnected networks and between end stations connected to the networks.
The physical layer is the lowest layer (layer 1) of the OSI model. There are numerous technologies that can be employed to build networks at layer 2. Layer 2 networks can be "connection oriented", meaning that a connection must be established before data can flow between two stations; ATM, Frame Relay, and X.25 are examples of connection oriented layer 2 protocols. Layer 2 networks can also be connection-less, meaning data can be transmitted without establishing any connection in advance; Ethernet and FDDI are two examples of connection-less layer 2 protocols.
In order to provide services useful to end users, the devices in a network must perform higher layer functions to create what are called "virtual networks". The "Internet" is one example of a very popular and public virtual network. The Internet uses the IP protocol to provide the higher layer (layer 3) functions required to support operation of the virtual network. There are many other private (virtual) networks that also uses the IP protocol. The term "internet" with a small "i" is used to differentiate between these less well known private internets, and the very popular and public large "I" Internet. There are many other protocols that can be used to construct virtual networks at layer 3, including IPX, DECnet, AppleTalk, CLNP, etc. There are many other private and public networks using these other layer 3 protocols, either independent of or in conjunction with the IP protocol.
Thus, networks can be built at many different layers. Each layer has its own function and its own type of nodes and links. Higher layer networks are built "on top of" lower layer networks. In other words, nodes at a given layer may use the services of the next lower layer to provide links for communication with peer nodes (i.e. nodes at the same layer on other devices). Routers are examples of nodes in a layer 3 network. Bridges are examples of nodes in layer 2 networks.
Network Domains
A network domain as the term is used herein refers to the set of nodes and links that are subject to the same administrative authority. A single administrative authority may administer several networks in separate domains, or several layers of the same network in a single domain, or any combination. There are actually several possible administrative domains in any large virtual network. The boundaries of a network domain can be defined along the lines dividing layers of the protocol stacks. For instance, the same layer 1 physical devices and physical connections may have several layer 2 network domains layered onto them. These layer 2 domains, in turn, may have one or more layer 3 domains layered on top of them. A network domain may even transcend the boundaries between layers such that a layer 2 network and a layer 3 network may be part of the same network domain.
The administration of even a single network domain can be quite complex. Virtual networks have administrative authorities associated with them to control their higher layer functions. The cost of administering a network, physical or virtual, can be enormous, and is often the largest cost item in the operations of a network.
When several virtual networks are layered on top of the same layer 2 service or another virtual network, the boundaries between network domains may be somewhat obscure. The boundaries between the domains of the overlaid virtual networks intersect at points where they must share physical or virtual resources. In practice, the administrators of the overlaid virtual networks are very concerned about sharing resources, especially when they are competing commercial entities. Concerns arise about integrity, privacy, and security of data and network control information flowing across the shared resources at the lower layers. The administrators of the underlying networks are called upon to solve complex administrative problems. The costs of administering these networks increases quickly with the number of virtual networks, their size, the complexity and compatibility of their individual policies, and increased demands for security, integrity, and isolation between domains.
The term network device is used here to refer to the collection of mechanisms (e.g. computer and communications hardware and software) used to implement the functions of a station in a network. A network device contains some capacity to store and operate on information in databases in addition to the ability to transmit and receive information to and from other devices on the network. Examples of network devices include but are not limited to routers, bridges, switches, and devices that perform more than one of these functions (e.g. a device that does both routing and bridging).
A router is an example of a network device that serves as an intermediate station. An intermediate station is a network device that interconnects networks or subnetworks. A typical router comprises a computer that attaches to two or more networks and that provides communication paths and routing functions so that data can be exchanged between end stations attached to different networks. A router can route packets between networks that employ different layer 2 protocols, such as Token Ring, Ethernet or FDDI, for example. Routers use layer 3 protocols to route information resources between interconnected networks. Nothing precludes a network device that operates as an intermediate station from also operating as an end station. An IP router for example typically also operates as an end station.
A router can understand layer 3 addressing information, and may implement one or more routing protocols to determine the routes that information should take. A multiprotocol router runs multiple layer 3 protocols such as IP, IPX or AppleTalk for example. A router also be characterized as being multiprotocol if it runs multiple adaptive routing protocols such as RIP, BOP or OSPF all feeding a single IP layer.
The network device router configuration of
A bridge is another example of a network device that serves as an intermediate station. A typical bridge comprises a computer used to interconnect two local area networks (LANs) that have similar layer 2 protocols. It acts as an address filter, picking up packets from one LAN that are intended for a destination on another LAN and passing those packets on. A bridge operates at layer 2 of the OSI architecture.
The term network database will be used to refer to all the control information housed in a network device required to support the device's operation in a set of one or more networks. Each device in a network holds its own network database. In order for the network at large to operate properly, the network databases of all network devices in a network domain should be consistent with each other. The network database control information defines the behavior of its network device. For example, not only might it determine whether the network device will function as a router or a bridge or a switch, but also it will determine the details of how the device will perform those functions.
When a network device is deployed to operate in multiple domains, its network database can become quite complex. The cost of administering the network device increases significantly when the network database is more complex. The cost of administration is already the most significant cost of operating many networks, and the trend toward greater complexity through greater use of virtual networking continues unabated.
The information found in a typical network database includes, but is not limited to, data used to configure, manage, and or monitor operations of:
A single network device can operate in one or more (virtual) network domains. For each domain in which a device operates, it needs to store information about that domain in some database form.
Much of the information in a network database must be configured manually; particularly the policy information as it must reflect the administrator's subjective wishes for how the network should operate. Manual configuration involves human effort, which can become expensive, especially as the number of policies and their complexity increases. Network administrative chores include the assignment of user names, passwords, network addresses or other user identifiers, and configuration of policy databases. This configuration and management may be used to establish traffic filtering policies such as what kind of information payloads will be carried. Traffic and Route filtering policies may be established to determine what paths through the network will be used for each payload carried. Access control policies may be to dictate which users at which end stations have access to which services at other end stations. Security policies may be established to ensure the integrity of the information payloads. Each configured bit of policy somehow finds its way into the network database of the device, implementing the policy.
Cisco Router Configuration by A. Leinwand, B. Pinsky and M. Culpepper, published by MacMillan Technical Publishing, Indianapolis, Ind., 1998 provides an extensive treatment of the configuration of the databases of Cisco System routers. This is just one example of a network device database.
The layering of software protocols in accordance with the ISO architecture makes possible the creation of "virtual networks". Virtual networks are to be contrasted with physical networks. Two physical networks which have no physical devices or links in common, can be said to be physically isolated from each other. Physical isolation may be required in order to ensure that a network has the highest levels of security and integrity.
Physical networks are defined at layer 1 of the OSI model. Virtual networks, on the other hand, are created at higher layers. It is possible to create multiple virtual networks all sharing common physical resources. A network is definitely virtual if it shares a common physical medium or device, such as an intermediate station, with any other (virtual) network. There are many conventional technologies and many commercially available products which can be used to build many types of virtual networks. For example, virtual circuits are a layer 2 construct that can be employed to create virtual networks.
It has been common practice in the industry for phone companies to offer connection oriented layer 1 and 2 services to Internet Service Providers (ISPs), corporations, and residential customers. These customers may build one or more higher layer (layer 3 and above) virtual networks on top of such publicly available layer 1 and 2 services. The higher layer virtual networks share a common set of layer 1 and 2 services, each having it's private set of virtual circuits.
A PC or a server are examples of end stations. End stations located at home or business, for example, may connect into an internet through an internet service provider (ISP). There are regional, local and global ISPs. In most cases, local ISPs connect into the regional ISPs which in turn connect into other regional or national ISPs.
The ISP serves as a conduit for information transmitted between the end stations in the home and other end stations connected to the Internet.
A virtual circuit is a dedicated communication channel between two end stations on a packet-switched or cell-relay network. ATM, Frame Relay, and X.25 are all different types of virtual circuit based networking technologies. A virtual circuit follows a path that is programmed through the intermediate stations in the network.
There are permanent and switched virtual circuits. A permanent virtual circuit (PVC) is permanent in the sense that it is survives computer reboots and power cycles. A PVC is established in advance, often with a predefined and guaranteed bandwidth. A switched virtual circuit (SVC) is "switched" in the sense that it can be created on demand analogous to a telephone call. Both PVCs and SVCs are "virtual" circuits in that they typically are not allocated their own physical links (e.g. wires), but share them with other virtual circuits running across the same physical links.
"Tunneling" is one mechanism for building higher layer networks on top of an underlying virtual network. Tunneling has already gained acceptance in the industry and several technologies are either in operation or under development. Some of the tunneling protocols used in IP networks for example include L2TY, GRE, PPTP, and L2F. There are many other Tunneling technologies used in IP and other protocols.
Referring to
Illustrative Networks A and B each may be part of different network domains. Independent administrative control may be exercised over each of the Network A and B domains, for example, through the configuration and management of intermediate stations such as bridges and routers.
Referring to
Similarly, VCC2 and VCC3 are connected by the virtual circuit service, which connects intermediate stations VN2.1.VCC2 and VN2.2.VCC3, joining the VN2.1 and VN2.2 segments to form the virtual network labeled VN2. More particularly, physical media segments PM4, PM1 and PM3 and intermediate stations IS-A and IS-B provide the virtual connection linking VN2.1 and VN2.2. The second virtual circuit connection serves as a network link between the VN2.1.VCC2 and VN2.2.VCC3 intermediate stations, to create one virtual network from the two segments VN2.1 and VN2.2.
In the illustrative example of
In the illustrative drawing of
The illustrative drawing of
Connections are established between nodes at the edge of the segments where they interface or connect to the shared (Internet) resources which are analogous to the virtual circuits in
If we assume T1 and 12 are tunnels, the network databases of IN1.1, IN1.2, TN2.1, and IN2.2 would be augmented with data structures to manage the tunneling protocol at those endpoints, and the links made up from the tunnels. The network database of IN 1.1 of
If we examine the information in the network database for IN1, we will see that it should include configuration and policy information for three separate domains. Furthermore, since the information from the three domains must all coexist in the same physical device, there should be some way to structure the information and control its usage, such that the IN1 device operates correctly in all three domains. If all information for the device IN1 were stored in one monolithic from as is done conventionally, in addition to all the policies for each domain, inter-domain policies would also be required to ensure that information should be is kept private to its own domain.
The illustrative drawing of
Therefore all three networks/domains operate using the IP protocol, each having its own independent IP information to be stored in IN1's network database.
The database includes information such as rules used to articulate and implement administrative policies. The policies as articulated in the information and rules, for example, may include security rules, restrictions on access and dynamic routing protocols. In this illustrative router, the policy information and policy rules used to control the layer 3 IP protocol routing for all three networks are included in a single monolithic database.
However, as explained above, different network domains may have different or perhaps even conflicting policies. In order to provide at least some degree of isolation, additional and complicated "inter-domain" policy mechanisms must be added to manage the conflicts between policies on similar data from different domains. These mechanisms are configured and managed by an administrative authority. The dotted lines in
It will be appreciated that the complexity and difficulty in defining and administering the policy mechanisms used to achieve isolation can be great. There is potential for a wide range of policies to be defined between domains. Everything in the spectrum from almost complete openness and sharing of all information between domains, to the other extreme of not sharing anything at all are possible. Certain pieces of a domain's database may want to be kept private (e.g. access control policy configuration), while other parts are shared to some extent (e.g. summarized routing and addressing information). The types of data, and the extent to which they can all be shared, are all subject to restriction through definition of inter-domain policies.
If we consider each boundary between a pair of domains (i.e. each dotted line through the network database of IN1
Thus, the number of policy objects increases approximately as (a proportion of) the square of the number of domains. In other words, the number of policy objects ordinarily increases much faster than the number of domains, especially as the number of domains gets large.
Another challenge in the administration of virtual networks arises because home or business end station users may wish to change the nature of their connections to the network from time to time. For instance, an end use may wish to utilize a more expensive higher bandwidth connection for business use and a less expensive lower bandwidth connection for home or personal use. Alternatively, for instance, an end user may wish opt to receive a video transmission on a higher bandwidth connection while still receiving other transmissions on lower bandwidth connections. An end user may even wish to change the ISP that he or she uses. Unfortunately, these changes often require intervention by a network administration authority to change the higher level binding between the end user station and the network. More specifically, the binding (or association) between the layer 2/1 virtual circuit service and a layer 3 intermediate device is 'hard', not dynamic, and the higher layer interface generally must be reconfigured by a network administrator to change the binding.
Thus, there has been a need for improved organization of network domain databases and improvements in the ability of a network user to change network domain. The present invention meets these needs.
The present invention comprises a novel apparatus and method for managing operation of network devices that can operate in multiple virtual network domains. The following description is presented to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention, and is provided in the context of particular applications and their requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.
A Virtual Network Machine (VNM) as the term is used herein to describe the collection of processes and mechanisms that operate on a network device to implement the functions of a node in a virtual network. The preferred embodiment for the VNM is as a set of computer programs and related data structures encoded in electronic memory of a network device and used to operate on information, consuming some portion of a network device's computer and memory storage capacity. The functionality of a virtual network machine can be that of a router, bridge or switch, depending on what is configured in its network database. The native resources of a network device include its processor(s), memory, I/O, communication hardware and system software. The native resources of a network device, for example, may include peripheral devices or even a server computer which may, for instance, provide information about end user privileges or virtual network configurations.
Referring to the illustrative drawing of
Each virtual machine has its own network database that contains its control information. VNM0 has a network database that causes it to operate as a router that routes information within the Internet network domain. VNM1 has a network database that causes it to operate as a router that routes resource information within network domain VN1. VNM2 has a network database that causes it to operate as a router that routes resource information within network domain VN2.1. High Speed Networks, TCP/IP and ATM Design Principles, by William Stallings, Prentice Hall, 1998 provides detailed discussion of router functions and the functions of other network devices.
The VNMs of
Thus, the three virtual machines and the different network domains associated with them are isolated from each other in the network device intermediate station of
The virtual network machine based organization also simplifies the administration, lowering the cost of operating all three networks. The organization of information along network domain boundaries eliminates the notion of information from two domains residing under a single monolithic structure, and thereby eliminates the need to define inter-domain policies to manage the separation of information within a monolithic database structure. The separation policy mechanisms represented by the dotted lines cutting through the database of
Other benefits can be realized through greater efficiencies in the implementation of such network devices that are possible with this method of network database organization. Further efficiencies are realized through the elimination of the complicated inter-domain policies in virtually all functions of the device. Essentially, each of the virtual machines VNM0, VNM1 and VNM2 operates a separate/independent network device, performing networking functions its own domain.
The drawing of
Referring to
The VCC1 sub-interface data structure instantiates a virtual circuit connection to the network device of
The illustrative drawing of
The system can form a multiplicity of layer 1/2 subscriber end station connections. In a present embodiment, the layer 1/2 connections to subscriber end stations include virtual circuit connections. The system memory stores a multiplicity of sub-interface data structures that instantiate the multiplicity of virtual circuit connections through which subscriber end stations communicate with the subscriber management system.
The system instantiates in memory a plurality of virtual network machines. Each VNM of the embodiment of
In operation a subscriber might establish a point-to-point connection with the subscriber management system. A server that runs software that runs authentication, authorization and accounting protocols (AAA) searches for a record that identifies the user. Authentication is the process of identifying and verifying a user. For instance, a user might be identified by a combination of a username and a password or through a unique key. Authorization determines what a user can do after being authenticated, such as gaining access to certain end stations information resources. Accounting is recording user activity. In the present embodiment, AAA involves client software that runs on the subscriber management system and related access control software that runs either locally or on a remote server station attached to the network. The present embodiment employs Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS) to communicate with a remote server. An example of an alternative AAA protocol is Terminal Access Controller Access Control System (TACACS+). RADIUS and TACAS+ are protocols that provide communication between the AAA client on a router and access control server software.
The subscriber record includes information concerning the network to which the subscriber's virtual circuit connection should be bound. Typically, the subscriber will employ a PVC. Based upon the information in the subscriber record, a binding data structure, like that described in reference to
Moreover, the subscriber record may provide multiple possible binding options for the subscriber. For instance, the subscriber may specify the creation of a binding that is which is to be employed during business hours and which binds the subscriber to VNMr-5 which provides layer 3 network access to the Corporation-Private-Network. The same record may specify another binding which is to be employed only during non-business hours and which binds to VNM#4 which provides layer 3 network access to ISP#2. thus, the bindings can be changed. They are dynamic.
Various modifications to the preferred embodiments can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Thus, the foregoing description is not intended to limit the invention which is described in the appended claims in which:
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15 Fired-Up Foods that Burn Away Pounds
By: Brian Good
- Overview
- Milk, Whole Grain Cereal, Oats
- Jalapenos, Habaneros, Cayennes
- Green Tea, Coffee
- Lean Beef, Pork, Chicken, Turkey
- Salmon, Tuna, Sardines
More Weight Loss Lists
Milk, Whole Grain Cereal, Oats
Secret Ingredients: Calcium, complex carbohydrates, and fiber
How they work: Complex carbohydrates and fiber pump up metabolism by keeping insulin levels low after you eat. That's good, because spikes in the production of insulin send a signal to the body that it's time to start storing fat. And in order to stockpile fat, your body has to slow down your metabolism, causing you to burn fewer calories, says Margaret McNurlan, Ph.D., a professor of nutrition and medicine at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Since oatmeal breaks down slowly in the stomach, it causes less of a spike in insulin levels than foods like bagels, she says.
Besides helping to keep insulin production down, eating breakfast can also help stoke your daily calorie burn. When the U.S. Navy studied the metabolisms and eating habits of a group of its personnel, it found that eating breakfast helped raise the men's metabolisms by as much as 10 percent. "By skipping meals, you slow down your metabolism and prime your body to store fat," says McNurlan.
The calcium in milk is a metabolic trigger as well. A University of Tennessee study found that dieters who consumed between 1,200 and 1,300 milligrams (mg) of calcium a day lost nearly twice as much weight as dieters getting less calcium.
Sign up for our FREE Daily Dose newsletter for the best fitness, health, sex, and nutrition tips delivered to your inbox daily.


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2. The method according to
3. The method according to
The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to Provisional Application No. 60/889,473, filed Feb. 12, 2007, entitled "Neuroprotective Effects of Phenylenediamine Derivatives Independent of an Antioxidant Pathway." The contents of this provisional application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
1. Field of the invention
The present invention relates to a method for inhibiting a neuronal cell death induced by oxidative glutamate toxicity.
2. Discussion of the Background
Resistance to oxidative stress often determines neuronal survival in the brain. Thus, antioxidants appear to be promising neuroprotective compounds against neurodegenerative diseases. For example, N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD) reportedly exerts cytoprotective effects against oxidative stress, possibly by acting as an antioxidant. DPPD provides hydrogen thereby scavenging free radicals, and protects cells from oxidative stress. However, there is no critical biological evidence to show that its antioxidant ability actually prevents cell death.
Oxidative stress, defined as the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by enhancement of ROS production or by suppression of ROS destruction, plays a pivotal role in neurodegeneration associated with ischemia, trauma, and other neurodegenerative diseases [1-4]. The accumulation of ROS in neurons results in lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation, DNA damage, and finally cell death [1-4]. Thus, antioxidants are one of the potential targets of drug development for neuroprotection [2-3]. Basically, antioxidants are categorized into two distinctive groups: 1) hydrophilic and 2) lipophilic ones. Hydrophilic antioxidants, such as vitamin C or glutathione, are believed to react with water-soluble ROSs (superoxide anion [O2-], or hydrogen peroxide [H2O2]). In contrast, lipophilic antioxidants are believed to suppress lipid peroxidation. Two of the latter, vitamin E and N,N′-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine (DPPD,
There exists a need for methods of substantially inhibiting a neuronal cell death induced by an oxidative glutamate toxicity.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a neuronal cell death induced by an oxidative glutamate toxicity is substantially inhibited by administrating to an mammal an effective amount of a phenylenediamine derivative compound of formula (I), wherein R is phenyl or butyl.
A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of its attendant advantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings:
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate corresponding or identical elements throughout the various drawings.
In accordance with embodiments of the present invention, DPPD as well as phenylenediamine derivatives are employed to inhibit cell death pathway independent of their antioxidant activity. It was found that DPPD inhibited the oxidative glutamate toxicity, but not substantially the tumor necrosis factor α-, hydrogen peroxide-, or xanthine+xanthine oxidase-induced death of HT22 cells, a mouse neuronal cell line. DPPD and phenylenediamine derivatives protected HT22 cells against oxidative glutamate toxicity at nM concentrations. By studying the structure-function relationship of these compounds, the structure of phenyl-amine-phenyl-amine-phenyl (or butyl) is believed to be essential for the neuroprotective effects. These results, as described below, suggest that DPPD inhibits an event in the death pathway initiated by glutamate, and that the neuroprotective effects were not due to its antioxidant capacity.
Abbreviations: AcD, actinomycin D; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; DPPD, N,N′-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine; H2O2 hydrogen peroxide; MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; O2—, superoxide anion; ROS, reactive oxygen species; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; XA, xanthine; XO, xanthine oxidase. (YOSHI: ADD μM and nM definitions).
Experimentation was conducted to determine the cellular mechanism responsible for the neuroprotective effects of DPPD on cultured neuronal cells. It was found that a nM order of DPPD protected HT22 cells against oxidative glutamate toxicity, but not substantially against tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)—, or xanthine+xanthine oxidase (XA+XO)-induced cell death. These results indicate that nM order of DPPD does not substantially function as an antioxidant and that it may inhibit an event in the death pathway initiated by oxidative glutamate toxicity.
DPPD and its derivatives, shown in
DPPD and its derivatives were prepared as shown in Table 1. It has been reported that μM concentrations of DPPD reduced ROS levels and protected PC12 cells [13-14]. Interestingly, the results show that much lower concentrations (nM order) of DPPD protected the cells against oxidative glutamate toxicity (
In order to determine whether the inhibition was substantially specific to cell death by oxidative glutamate toxicity, the effects of these compounds on the cell death induced by various stimuli were examined. Adverting to
DPPD has been widely employed in biological experiments as an antioxidant, and has been reported to decrease ROS levels when used at μM order concentrations [13-14]. However, the neuroprotective effects shown in the present study cannot be due to its antioxidant activities in light of the following three findings: 1) DPPD did not substantially prevent the H2O2-induced cell death; 2) DPPD did not substantially prevent the XA+XO-induced cell death; and 3) DPPD protected the glutamate-treated cells at nM concentrations, which were about 1000 fold lower than those effective to decrease ROS levels.
The contents of the references below are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
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[2] T. Satoh, S. A. Lipton, Redox regulation of neuronal survival by electrophilic compounds, Trends Neurosci. 30 (2007) 37-45.
[3] T. Satoh, S. Okamoto, J. Cui, Y. Watanabe, K. Furuta, M. Suzuki, K. Tohyama, S. A. Lipton, Activation of the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway for neuroprotection by electrophilic phase II Inducers. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci, USA 103 (2006) 768-773.
[4] T. Satoh, Y. Enokido, K. Kubo, M. Yamada, H. Hatanaka, Oxygen toxicity induces apoptosis in neuronal cells, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol. 18 (1999) 649-666.
[5] J. D. Butterfield, C. P. McGraw, Effect of DPPD (diphenyl-para-phenylenediamine) on stroke and cerebral edema in gerbils, Stroke 9 (1978) 480-483.
[6] S. Y. Kim, C. H. Kim, H. J. Yoo, Y. K. Kim, Effects of radical scavengers and antioxidant on ischemic acute renal failure in rabbit, Ren. Fail. 21 (1999) 1-11.
[7] G. D. Castro, A. J. Lopez, A. R. Petricio, J. A. Castro, Effect of the pretreatment with pyrazole, cystamine or diphenyl-P-phenylenediamine (DPPD) on the CCl4-promoted pentane evolution in rats, Re. Comm. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 52 (1986) 137-140.
[8] E. Dickancaite, A. Nemeikaite, A. Kalvelyte, N. Cenas, Prooxidant character of flavonoid cytotoxicity: structure-activity relationships, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 45 (1998) 923-930.
[9] S. J. Robb, J. R. Connor, An in vitro model for analysis of oxidative death in primary mouse astrocytes, Brain Res. 788 (1998) 1225-132.
[10] K. Ollinger, U. T. Brunk, Cellular injury induced by oxidative stress is mediated through lysozomal damage, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19 (1995) 565-574.
[11] B. van de Water, J. P. Zoeteweji, H. J. de Bont, J. F. Nagelkerke, Inhibition of succinate: ubiquinone reductase and decrease of ubiquinol in nephrotoxic cysteine S-conjugate-induced oxidative cell injury, Mol. Pharmacol. 48 (1995) 928-937.
[12] I. Latour, J. B. Demoulin, P. BucCalderon, Oxidative DNA damage by t-butylhydroperoxide causes DNS single strand breaks which is not linked to cell lysis. A mechanistic study in freshly isolated rat hepatocytes, FEBS Lett. 373 (1995) 299-302.
[13] H. Aoshima, T. Satoh, N. Sakai, M. Yamada, Y. Enokido, T. Ikeuchi, H. Hatanaka, Generation of free radicals during lipid hydroperoxide-triggered apoptosis in PC12 cells, Biophy. Biochem. Acta 1345 (1997) 35-42.
[14] T. Satoh, N. Sakai, Y. Enokido, Y. Uchiyama, H. Hatanaka, Survival factor-insensitive generation of reactive oxygen species induced by serum deprivation in neuronal cells, Brain Res. 739 (1996) 9-14.
[15] B. V. Elizabeth, N. J. Toms, Pyruvate and oxalacetate limit zinc-induced oxidative HT-22 neuronal cell injury, Neurotoxicol. 27 (2006) 1043-1051.
[16] J. B. Davis, P. Maher, Protein kinase C activation inhibits glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in a neuronal cell line, Brain Res. 652 (1994) 169-173.
[17] Y. Sagara, K. Ishige, C. Tsai, P. Maher, Tyrphostins protect neuronal cells from oxidative stress, J. Biol. Chem. 277 (2002) 36204-36215
[18] T. Satoh, D, Nakatsuka, Y. Watanababe, N. Nagata, H. Kikuchi, S, Namura, Neuroprotection by MEK/ERK kinase inhibition against oxidative stress in a mouse neuronal cell line and rat primary cultured neurons, Neurosci. Lett. 288 (2000) 163-166.
[19] T. Satoh, K. Furuta, K. Tomokiyo, S, Namura, D. Nakatsuka, Y. Sugie, Y. Ishikawa, H. Hatanaka, M. Suzuki, Y. Watanabe, Neurotrophic actions of novel compounds designed from cyclopentenone prostaglandins, J. Neurochem. 77 (2001) 50-62.
[20] S. J. Baker, E. P. Reddy, Modulation of life and death by TNF receptor superfamily. Oncogene 17 (1998) 3261-3270.
[21] T. Satoh, K. Ishige, Y. Sagara, Protective effects on neuronal cells by ebselen against oxidative stress at multiple steps, Neurosci. Lett. 16 (2004) 1-5.
[22] T. Satoh, T. Numakawa, Y. Abiru, T. Yamagata, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Enokido, H. Hatanaka, Production of reactive oxygen species and release of L-glutamate during superoxide anion-induced cell death of cerebellar granule neurons, J. Neurocher. 70 (1998) 316-324.
[23] R. Dargusch, D. Schubert, Specificity of resistance to oxidative stress, J. Neurochem. 81 (2002) 1394-1400.
[24] Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-106732, U.S. Provisional Patent Applications No. USP 60/727,015, No. 60/727,018, and No. 60/726,951.
While the invention has been described in connection with a number of embodiments and implementations, the invention is not so limited but covers various obvious modifications and equivalent arrangements, which fall within the purview of the appended claims. Although features of the invention are expressed in certain combinations among the claims, it is contemplated that these features can be arranged in any combination and order.
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Currently being offered for sale is this unbelievable 1946 Buick Super 8 Convertible. It is a spectacular custom that was built to the... More
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Ashland bridge repair to begin
ASHLAND -- A contract to make repairs to the damaged Ben Williamson Memorial Bridge at 12th Street by July 31 was awarded Wednesday.
The Kentucky Transportation Cabinet awarded a $52,400 contract to Evers Welding Co. of Cincinnati, according to a news release. Barring any unforeseen problems, the work is scheduled to be completed by the end of next month.
"We realize that the 12th Street bridge is a vital link for countless Kentucky and Ohio residents," Bart Bryant, Kentucky Department of Highways District 9 chief engineer, said. About 20,000 cars per day use the bridge over the Ohio River that brings traffic from Ohio to Kentucky.
"We appreciate people's patience as we have worked to get a repair contract in place. Our highest priority continues to be repairing the bridge as quickly as possible so that it can once again safely connect these communities."
The green-painted bridge that brings traffic from U.S. 52 at Coal Grove to U.S. 23 in Ashland was damaged last month from a vehicle impact to a steel support beam on the Ohio side of the two-lane span. The damage forced officials to close the bridge on May 20 after heavy trucks failed to abide by a 10-ton weight limit.
The blue-painted, three-lane Simeon Willis Bridge at 13th Street was converted to handle both north and southbound traffic until repairs are made. The move, however, caused traffic to back on the Ohio side many hours during the day as motorists try to get to Ashland.
It took more than eight days to get traffic flowing both northbound and southbound as the bridge was converted to handle both northbound and southbound traffic on May 28.
District 9 has established a web page with traffic maps, current bridge status, a project timeline and other information, according to the release. The website can be accessed at transportation.ky.gov/District-9 and then clicking "Ashland Bridges."
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Star Trek's William Shatner will return home to receive an honorary degree from McGill University.
Shatner graduated from McGill University in 1952, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.
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Star Trek's William Shatner will return home to receive an honorary degree from McGill University.
Shatner graduated from McGill University in 1952, with a Bachelor of Commerce degree.
While making the rounds to promote The Beaver, Anton Yelchin spoke briefly about Star Trek 2 and reprising the character of Chekov.
Yelchin, like the other Star Trek 2 actors, has no idea when actual filming begins. "It should be at some point," he said. "At some point, we will make it."
Fans who enjoy Trek-themed merchandise will be happy to hear that there will be a variety of new Star Trek products to hit stores this year and in 2012.
The Star Trek merchandise includes toys, busts, games, candy and clothes.
Chuck Director Robert Duncan McNeill, best-known to Star Trek: Voyager fans as Tom Paris, would have changed how the show was run had he been in charge of the show.
As reported by TrekMovie.com, McNeill was not happy with the studio attitude towards Voyager. "I heard someone at the studio saying one time that the ship was the star of the show, and that the actors were really irrelevant, which I found offensive," he said.
Star Trek: Enterprise's Dominic Keating will be hearing wedding bells later this year.
While working on 2009's The Ninong, Keating met his future fiancée, actress Tam Nguyen, and the Trek actor proposed to her after a convention.
Nicholas Meyer (Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan) and Star Trek XI's Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci and Damon Lindelof will be appearing at the 2011 Hero Complex Film Festival next month.
Meyer will be a director's cut of the 1982 Wrath of Khan to the festival. Kurtzman, Orci and Lindelof will take the stage together and the topic of conversation will be Star Trek XI's success and the trio's plans for Star Trek 2.
The 2011 Hero Complex Film Festival will take place June 9-12 at the Mann Chinese 6 in Hollywood. Tickets can be obtained here.
Unlike many fans and some of the actors associated with Star Trek: Enterprise, Dominic Keating liked the finale for the show.
And playing Reed was very satisfying for Keating. "…I was very happy with the workload I was given and the story arcs I had and the general fleshing-out of Malcolm," he said. "I got just of the heavy work days to make me feel like I was earning a crust."
There will be twelve conventions, shows or appearances in May and June that feature actors of interest to Star Trek fans. This listing of conventions and shows features actors from all five of the televised series and several of the Star Trek movies.
May begins with the Motor City Comic Con 2011 which will be held at the Suburban Collection Showplace in Novi, Michigan (Metro Detroit) from May 13-15. In attendance will be: Brent Spiner, George Takei, Kate Mulgrew and Lee Arenberg.
William Campbell, best-known to Star Trek fans for his guest roles in the original series and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, passed away late last week.
The eighty-seven year old actor died of natural causes at the Motion Picture & Television Fund hospital in Woodland Hills, Calif.
Karl Urban answered a few questions while on a press tour for Priest and amongst those questions were two Star Trek-related ones.
The question that the Star Trek actors seem to be asked the most recently concerns the start date of filming for the next Trek movie. According to Urban, "I'm hearing that it's going to be September or November this year."
Like everyone else, Urban is waiting to hear if J.J. Abrams will be returning as director for Star Trek 2. "I certainly hope so," he said, when asked if he thought that Abrams would return. "He's a phenomenal director and we had such a great time working with him on the first one so I really hope so."


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The Elbert County Board of Commissioners are taking a slow and steady approach when it comes to dealing with putting together a new sub-division ordinance.
Originally discussed during the commission's March work session, the ordinance was set to come to a vote during March's regular meeting of the commission.
However, Elbert County Administrator Bob Thomas said the commission is going to head back to the drawing board so to speak.
"We're gonna go back and take a look at road and street requirements, and probably go back and add some more teeth into the regulations than what's there now", said Thomas. "We postponed that decision until we could sit down again with the planning commission to add some extra requirements."
Also expected to be included in the revised ordinance is some language that would require a developer to put up a performance bond, to ensure the necessary work takes place regarding a new sub-division.
Thomas says a final decision on the approval of the ordinance won't come until about May.
"We'll talk about it again in April, but a final decision won't be made until May at the earliest", explained Thomas. "We want to make sure we take our time, and make sure we have all the right requirements we need to in the ordinance."
So the commission will take the issue up again during April's work session, which has been pushed back to April 17th, with the commission's regular meeting following suit, taking place on April 21st.


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Soweto Congregation Remembers Madiba
A congregation at the Regina Mundi church held a Sunday Mass in Soweto, a historic South African township deeply embroiled in apartheid history. "I am coming to church today with Madiba in my thoughts. I want him to get well," churchgoer Nokuthula Tshibasa, 38, told AFP, using Mandela's clan name.
(Photo: ALEXANDER JOE/AFP/Getty Images)
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text:
- Model:
- 6244
- Internet/Catalog:
- 204006877
- Store SKU:
- 1000030303
Choose the #1 Selling Home Standby Generator Brand. Generac's 20kW Guardian Series provides the automatic backup power you need to protect your home and family during a power outage. Connected to your existing LP or natural gas fuel supply, it kicks in within seconds of determining power loss—automatically—and runs for as long as necessary until utility power returns. Control your power. Control your life.
- TOOL-LESS FUEL CONVERSION allows for easy switching between natural gas and LP fuels in the field.
- SYSTEM INCLUDES: 20 kW generator, 200 Amp transfer switch, Evolution controller, and composite mounting pad. Mobile Link and 26R battery purchased separately.
- 24/7 GENERAC CUSTOMER CARE support 365 days a year. Power outages do not always occur during normal working hours – that is why we are standing by.
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- GENERAC'S EVOLUTION CONTROLLER features a dual-line, multilingual LCD display allowing for easy monitoring and management of generator functions, built-in hour meter, and external "at-a-glance" indicator lights.
- CERTIFIED FOR 18" INSTALLATION TO THE HOME (3rd Party-certified to NFPA standards provided it is located away from doors, windows and fresh air intakes, and unless otherwise directed by local codes.)
- EASY INSTALLATION with an intelligent pre-wired transfer switch, re-engineered connection points, and composite mounting pad that eliminates the need for a poured concrete base (unless specified by local codes.) Get it installed 800-557-5221
- RATED FOR OPERATION IN AREAS WITH LOW NATURAL GAS PRESSURE, significantly lower than published numbers for competitive standby systems (Generac is the only manufacturer to certify operation on only 3.5" of water column.)
- STURDY, STEEL ENCLOSURE WITH RHINOCOAT FINISH for superior protection from the elements and able to withstand 150 mph winds.
- QUIET-TEST weekly self-test mode runs at a lower rpm, is quieter, and consumes less fuel . Sound-dampening enclosures are lined with foam panels for further noise reduction.
- DPM TECHNOLOGY intelligently manages household loads for a more affordable standby solution.
- TRUE POWER TECHNOLOGY provides clean, smooth operation of sensitive electronics and appliances.
- MOBILE LINK COMPATIBLE - wireless remote monitoring system. Receive status updates using your computer, tablet, or smart phone - giving you peace of mind, even when you're away (purchased separately).
- THE GENERAC PROMISE - Engineered and built in the USA supported by a five year limited warranty and 24/7 customer care support 365 days a year.
- CA (CARB) Compliant :
- Not CARB Compliant
- Color Family :
- Gray
- Commercial / Residential :
- Residential
- Continuous Wattage :
- 20000
- Engine Displacement (cc) :
- 999
- Engine Make :
- OEM Branded
- Engine manufacturer :
- Generator Features :
- Hour Meter,Low Oil Shutdown,Overload Protection
- Operational volume (dB) :
- 66
- Product Depth (in.) :
- 48
- Product Height (in.) :
- 25
- Product Length (in.) :
- 48
- Product Weight (lb.) :
- 451
- Product Width (in.) :
- 29
- Remote Monitoring :
- Sold Separately
- Response time (sec.) :
- 30
- Returnable :
- Non-Returnable
- UL Listing :
- 1-UL Listed
- Peace of Mind
June 25, 2014
- Recommended Product
We are very happy with our Generac generator. After the last horrible winter we had and trying to keep our portable generator going in the extreme temps every time our power went out decided us it was time for an automatic back up generator. It is nice to have the peace of mind not to have to worry any more.
Tap Tap to Zoom20,000-Watt Air Cooled Automatic Standby Generator with 200-Amp SE Rated Transfer Switch
Shipping & Delivery Options
Most orders process within 3 business days
Curbside Truck Shipping (By Appointment) includes delivery to receiving area/dock for businesses or curbside for residential orders. The carrier will contact you to make a delivery appointment with a 4 hour window once the items have arrived at the local hub in your area. Delivery appointments are required.
If product is eligible for shipping to AK, HI and US Territories additional transit time and remote surcharges may apply.
This item is also available for pick up in your local store (FREE) within 4-7 business days, plus order processing time.
Express Delivery from Store is available for items currently in stock at a The Home Depot store within a delivery ZIP code. A driver from a local store will deliver the item(s).
Outside Delivery: Service includes delivery to area outside the house which is accessible by delivery equipment.
Threshold Delivery: Service includes delivery across your first doorway or threshold (ie. garage, backyard, deck, first room of the home).
This item cannot be shipped to the following state(s):AK,CA,GU,HI,PR,VI


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Click Here To Watch This Video at FraternityX
Welcome to FraternityX, where drunken gangbangs and college frathouse nonsense are a daily occurrence.
Description: Chris is a fan of the site and goes to college here. We let him hang around the house cause hes a good little bottom bitch. Always begging for it. During a recent BBQ he was going around giving head.
Permanent link to this video:
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Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


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any case, is that the proper ground for building theories of demography, aging, life history, and the like is evolutionary theory.
The fundamental starting point for evolutionary analysis is an ecologically determined demography: particular age-specific survival probabilities and fecundities, varying also with time, organismal size, population density, and a range of other factors (Charlesworth, 1994). Frequently, however, factors other than age are neglected in the theory, and I will follow this practice for the sake of convenience and clarity. Some of the literature on the other characters (e.g., size) is discussed in Steams (1992) and Roff (1992). For the present purposes, however, evolutionary demography starts from a simplified evolutionary situation defined by a set of age-dependent survival probabilities, P(x) and fecundities, m(x).
When density-dependence can be neglected (cf. Charlesworth, 1994), population growth rate is given by the largest real-valued root, r, of
where l(x) = Πy=0 P(y) and x is age as well as the upper limit of multiplication. This ecological situation, in turn, determines the evolution of P(x) and m(x), where the equations for gene frequency change have terms weighted by
for selection coefficients involving In P(a) and m(a), with genetic effects at age a, respectively (Hamilton, 1966; Charlesworth, 1980; Rose, 1985). The s and s functions play a scaling role. When the scaling functions are large, selection is more powerful, and conversely, when these values are small, selection is weak.
The forms of the s and s' scaling functions reveal the most important features of evolutionary demography in its crudest form. The form of s(a) is such that it remains at 1.0 for ages below the start of reproduction. But for ages after the start of reproduction, s(a) falls with age until it approaches zero. In terms of selection equations, this makes allelic effects on early survival of large impact on the evolutionary outcome, but allelic effects on late survival have little or no impact. Except for populations declining rapidly to extinction, similar patterns apply for s'(a), which will usually be large at early ages and small at late ages. Put simply. this situation is summarized as "the force of natural selection tends to fall with adult age" (Medawar, 1952). This basic idea is hinted at in the classic writings of R.A. Fisher and J.B.S. Haldane and then broadly sketched by P.B. Medawar (e.g., 1952). However, it wasn't adequately developed mathematically until the work of Hamilton (1966) and Charlesworth (e.g., 1980), as outlined above. The most obvious corollary derivable from this situation is that components of fitness should deteriorate at later adult ages, due to the weakness of natural selection,


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Body mass index, or BMI, is a measure to determine if a person is overweight. It's just weight over height squared. (Calculate yours here.) In any sensible society, this would be recognized for the very approximate measure that it is, since muscle mass or bone structure or fitness isn't taken into account.
Of course, there's no sense at all in the way our society sees weight. Putting aside the health insurance incentives, that little BMI number tells you just how much you should hate yourself – a little? a lot? never leave the house again? Even if the BMI tells you that you're not a grotesque hippo-whale, the deluge of fashion/celebity/porn culture means that somebody else will – I once heard a claim that every woman who "took care of herself" should look like Padma Lakshmi.
Fortunately, Kate Harding's new project, Illustrated BMI Categories, is a fine antidote. She has posted photos of people with a range of body types, along with their heights, weights, and BMIs. Looking at it, I realized that I have no idea what real people weigh – most people were way heavier than I thought they were. (And since I am way heavier than people think I am, I should know better.) For women, I kinda think that everyone has these Cosmo-Maxim-trashy-novel numbers stuck in their heads – 100 lbs is tiny, 120 lbs is hot, 140 lbs is curvy, 160 lbs is obese, 180 lbs is inconceivable.
But don't worry. If all this BMI crap gets you down, treadmill-cat will show you proper fitness technique.