text:
By Jim GaramoneAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 25, 2004 Any report on specific changes to U.S. troop levels based in various parts of the world is speculation, because the department still is working with friends and allies around the world on those levels, senior Defense Department officials said at a Pentagon news conference today.
Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld and Air Force Gen. Richard B. Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, addressed news reports that final decisions had been made in how to adjust the U.S. military's global "footprint" to better address challenges of the 21st century.
DoD began looking at the U.S. global posture almost as soon as the Bush administration took office, Rumsfeld said. Many basing decisions originally made in response to the Soviet threat during the Cold War have carried over. The secretary said that since the end of the Cold War, the numbers of American troops had drawn down, but often they remained in the same places.
The chances of American soldiers fighting a tank battle in Germany today, the secretary said, "are so modest that it calls for a review of how we're arranged."
Rumsfeld said the United States still needs bases overseas. Forward basing allows the United States to deter attacks on regional friends and allies. It also allows the country to move troops quickly to trouble spots and the U.S. military to train with allies, he explained.
A goal of the effort is to have fewer U.S. service members permanently based overseas and add some stability to military life.
"We want to reduce the number of permanent changes of station, and the costs that that imposes on our people," Rumsfeld said. "We'd like to reduce stress on families so that, for example, the spouses that work won't be having to change jobs every five minutes, or kids that are in high school don't have to be jerked out as frequently and moved to some other place as often as has been the case in a typical military career."
DoD leaders worked with U.S. combatant commanders to evaluate from a military standpoint what makes sense in basing American troops overseas. The initial part of that review is finished, and now American defense leaders and State Department officials are speaking with affected countries to get their input.
Rumsfeld and Myers indicated the conversations with these countries are going well, but that they are nowhere near completion. Both men indicated they do not know what the final footprint of American forces will be. "To the extent we talk to two or three about where we might be located, we obviously would arrange ourselves where the best arrangement was for the American people and for our friends and allies," Rumsfeld said.
The secretary emphasized that the United States will make no changes in force posture that "would be to the detriment of any of our friends or allies." But that does not mean there won't be fewer "things" or troops in any given country, he added.
"We're used to counting things how many tanks, how many ships, how many planes, how many troops," Rumsfeld said. "And what we know of certain knowledge today is that that's really not the relevant measurement."
During World War II, it often took hundreds of bomber sorties to knock out one target. Today, one B-2 Spirit bomber can knock out up to 20 targets with one sortie.
What capability the United States bases in a country is more important than how many tanks or aircraft or ships the country bases there, Rumsfeld said. The reorganization will take several years, he added.
Related Articles:U.S. Global Posture Realignment Process Will Take TimeGlobal Military Posture's Part in TransformationU.S. Troop Strength in Korea Can Be Cut, Pace SaysU.S. Will 'Reposition' Overseas Footprint Before BRAC Cuts at Home


text:
The Military Wire
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Posts filtered on Tag
39,000 Troops by Year End – Are We Ready?
The president recently announced that all U.S. troops will be withdrawn from Iraq by year-end. To some this is great news – especially for families back home. To others, the news is a bit alarming and shows more like a political move. But the reality is, after nearly nine years after entering Iraq, the troops […] [Read More]
Is Troop Drawdown The Right Move, Right Now?
The president announced last night his decision to withdraw 33,000 troops by September 2012 – leaving some questioning whether this decision is more about politics than winning the war on terror. According to some polls, more than 70% responded in favor of troop withdrawal, which leaves the president's decision a good one in what is […] [Read More]

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Want to set your local edition?
Select an edition for more focused local news coverage when you visit AL.com.
Don't worry. You can change this setting at any time to another local edition.
News - there says there are 23 comments to this story. I see zero! I can see droves of people leaving unless you fix this Lego site.
Where did my comment go? It was not "controversial" Your IT people need to get off break and fix this stupid site.
How about incentives for Bham based small businesses?
Did you ever get the feeling that Sewell is the only sane person among the AL Congressional delegation? The rest of them seem to be always off on their Tea Bag jihad.
Wow, a crime wave outside of Bham.
Any event that promotes a sense of community should result in more of an "us" feeling and less of a "me". That has to be good for neighborhood safety.
Where is the information about what the area hospitals will do to help with the in-patients? If the Bham area has enough capacity to absorb the 65 folks, then I would agree that CG be a primary care and ER for the poor. C'mon, UAB, St Vincents, etc. Speak up.
I suspect the Council may have some political agendas working, but I agree that there needs to be a full, transparent discussion of what the money is earmarked for. On the positive side, with interest rates this low, it almost makes borrowing a no brainer. Take the show on the road to the various community centers and explain it in detail.
saveus - you are correct. The GOP has gone so far off the rails that they don't even bother with the truth. Watch a Romney speech and you see lie after lie. When asked about it, he says something stupid and just keeps lying. Then, when I see his lies being repeated on al.com, I begin to see how The Big Lie really works.
Just like Obama has no control over gas prices, he has very little sway over European debt issues. However, the least educated among us will blame him for the fallout if these issues go sideways.
onmylastleg - you are doing satire, right? It has to be.
Mac - RR Park, Sloss, the entertainment district, and the new ballpark are civil rights "attractions"?
Yeah, and since Walker came in as a hired gun for the Koch Bros, WI is LAST in job creation.
The issue is student performance is tied to a myriad of other issues. Poverty, unemployment, the welfare system, etc. AL has an excellent Pre K program but only effects a small number of kids. Common sense would suggest that if you spend a $1 more for Pre K and reaped $10 in criminal justice savings, you should do it. But not the Baggers. They have theirs, screw everybody else.
Ms. Hardin & DD - it must be nice, and intellectually less tiring, to live in a world of black & white. Sorry, folks, the world operates in the gray areas. Turn off Fox.
Mr. Newton - the South lost. Get over it. No wonder we can't intelligently look at current problems. Too many people are still fighting the "war of aggression".
DD - the US defense budget is bigger than the rest of the world's COMBINED. Maybe time to re-look at our ideas of national defense? Romney says he will strengthen defense, cut entitlements, and reduce taxes on the rich AND balance the budget. It is mathematically impossible but you fools keep drinking the kool aid.
Mr. Grote "reducing the deficit" is a very clumsy sleight of hand. It actually would help reduce the annual deficit. You were trying to compare it to the over all deficit. Nice try.
I will vote NO to to force the GOP to govern like adults instead of members of a cult. AL has been poorly governed forever and the residents never seem to have the guts to change. Bottom 5 forever!
My kids at age 10 knew how to manage money better than these idiots. I wish the GOP wasn't so afraid of Norquist and the Baggers. Maybe then they would govern like adults.
Welcome to one Party rule....just like in China.
The money is apparently available from the economic development budget. When you realize what all of our global competitors have done with transit and then look at the US, it is really disheartening.


text:
Tom Degan: The history of the next century will primarily be the story of how well (or badly) white America dealt with that inevitable change in the coutnry's racial makeup. Deal with it well, my friends. History will smile upon you.
Race, Racism and Online Dating
Race and Racism Online: What the Research Tells Us
We Twisted King's Dream, So We Live With His Nightmare
"My Daddy Is a Presbyterian Preacher"
Berry Craig: My town — and many more like it across the South and in border states like Kentucky — was deeply divided by the color bar. I didn't see it because it didn't affect me. Before meeting Cecil Horton, black people were invisible to me, as in the title of Ralph Ellison's famous novel.
GOP Strives to Make Hate Groups Look Respectable
David Love: The GOP cannot have it both ways. They cannot take a stand in favor of hate groups—white supremacists, neo-confederates, and homophobes—and take offense when their critics call them out for it.
The New Know-Nothings
Diddy's Dumb Deed
ias Against Dark-Skinned Women within the Black Community, also known as "colorism" has reared it's ugly head again. There's been another attack on Black Women by one of our own! Diddy's CIROC Vodka sent out a cattle call looking for and I quote, "White, Hispanic and Light-skinned African American" women to represent his vodka. By […]
Apology For Slavery: How Convenient, But What Does It Really Mean?
"Black Is Back" in America
Lest We Forget
An Open Letter To My Sisters Who Are Brave I have come home from a long stay in Mexico to find — because of the presidential campaign, and especially because of the Obama/Clinton race for the Democratic nomination – a new country existing alongside the old. On any given day we, collectively, become the Goddess […]


text:
Where to go for the best view
Looking over the wildness of the natural and seemingly undisturbed scene, it is easy to see that nature truly has a balance and connection that man can never equal. Feeling like a visitor more than a member of nature's collection, it is easy to lose track of the manmade problems and stresses of life. With a little luck and a lot of patience, one can on occasion view a special or seldom seen animal in their natural habitat. Seeing plants and other small creatures that one often only reads about is always a bonus when visiting the last of the states truly wild places. While some of the viewing opportunities require different levels of walking, some of the best may require a paddle trip by canoe or kayak. These can vary for the basic novice to the true endurance level outdoors person.
The best of the state's wild areas continue to grow smaller and more infringed upon by developing neighbors. Yet, it is a true delight for the vast majority of the population to know that there are still many of those special areas left that can provide opportunities to visit nature with the least amount of restriction. To help assist the many thousands of nature lovers that want to explore the nooks and crannies of a patch of wildness, the North Carolina Wildlife Federation has just released their list of nine top places to enjoy the states great outdoors.
Visiting these precious areas from west to east first takes us to NCWF Journal editor T.Edward Nickens pick, the Little Tennessee River. According to Nickens, the Little T as it is called, tumbles clear and cool from the Nantahala Mountains for 25 unchanged miles between Franklin and Fontana Lake. The special river offers visitors in the warmer months an excellent opportunity to go "fish-watching". This is the equivalent of bird watching in the water. With a swimming mask and snorkel, able bodied visitors can view a host of native but seldom seen schools and spawning mounds of fish. Moving east, the nearly 19,000 acres that make up the Green River Game Lands is NCWF board member Scott Fletchers pick. According to Fletcher, this several thousand acres near the town of Saluda is a rugged combination of hardwood covers, old growth forest, early successional bottoms and some of the most challenging whitewater rapids in eastern United States. With managed habitat to boot, the area is a mountain deer and turkey hunters delight. For birders, the month of June can offer views of the rare Cerulean warbler and the Swainson's warbler. Moving northeast from there we head to the top of Grandfather Mountain and the birth place of NCWF board member Erin Singer McCombs pick, Wilson Creek. According to McCombs, the mile high start of the stream creates ideal habitat for wild, native brook trout. During it's nearly 4,000 foot wilderness tumble, the river creates a bounty of wild, scenic and recreational sections to fit the wants of fly fishers from seasoned casters to green beginners. In addition, hiking, backpacking, camping and birding opportunities abound. From Wilson Creek near Lenoir, we move northeast towards the state line to NCWF board member Scott Fletcher's pick, the Stone Mountain State Park/Thurmond Chatham Game Land Complex. According to Fletcher, this 21,000 plus acres of high country wildness offers a host of activities for those willing and able to put both feet on the ground. With elevations ranging from 1,500 to 3,500 above sea level, is especially coveted by birders. The Wolf Rock Trail in June can pay off with a host of species. Then around the middle of September the view from Wolf Rock can result in seeing several hundred migrating hawks. With more than 25 miles of trout streams the area is certainly a bucket list item for many anglers as well. Turning back south, we head to Stokes County and another favorite spot of T. Edward Nickens, Hanging Rock State Park. According to Nickens, Hanging Rock is the mountain that spawns a love of mountains. From the top of the mountain, the panorama of the North Carolina before you takes your breath away and allows you to see a North Carolina that can take a lifetime to explore.
Moving now towards the southwest, we stop short of the Charlotte metropolis to visit NCWF board member Patti Wheeler's pick, Cowan's Ford Wildlife Refuge. Besides being one of the most historic rural areas of Mecklenburg County, Cowan's Ford is part of an Audubon-designated Important Bird Areas. The unique area along the Catawba River is habitat for 206 species of birds, 20 species of mammals, 22 species of reptiles, 12 species of amphibians and 36 species of butterflies. An observation deck and access for canoes and kayaks is available. Heading to the far northeast, we arrive at NCWF Camo Coalition coordinator Dick Hamilton's pick, the Roanoke River. While books can be written about the infamous Roanoke River, it is best to say that it should be high on the list of every fisherman and wildlife viewers list of trips to make. Small aluminum bottom boats make the best means. We round out the list with NCWF's 2nd Vice Chair Kelly Darden and another Dick Hamilton pick with the Pocosin Lakes and the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuges. With a combined acreage of over 260,000 acres, these two protected tracts of lush vegetation, salt and fresh water habitats, offer the meek and the strong a lifetime of wildlife viewing and outdoor exploration. From the winters tens of thousands of swans and snow geese of the Pocosin Lakes to the howl of a red wolf at a star filled sky at Alligator River, these areas are a wildlife Eden. With deer, wild turkey and the largest black bear on the North American continent, the area some of the richest and diverse collections of wildlife of anywhere in the state. With such a broad assortment of species, visitors will need to keep an eye on the ground for reptiles and insects, an eye on the road ahead for a bear with cubs and even an eye towards the heavens for majestic birds like the bald eagle.


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Intern Assignment - Help Me Find This
Does anyone know where I could find a list of FoF's or family offices that invest in VC Firms? I don't know if anything like this exists; so far I've just been scraping around company websites looking to see if they do indeed invest in VC firms. Any help on this would be greatly appreciated.
The WSO Advantage - Venture Capital
Financial Modeling Training
IB Templates, M&A, LBO, Valuation + Learn More.
Wall St. Interview Secrets Revealed Here
30,000+ sold & REAL questions Learn More.
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Comments (3)
- Alex_Kap
- (Senior Baboon, 176 )
- on 7/14/08 at 12:12pm
Well I had to find something like this, it's not really easy online to look for something like that. Capital IQ type databases are easier, or anywhere where you can look at the specific VC target investment, i.e. cleantech, and finding FoF's that invest in that.
- guts
- (Senior Orangutan, 395 )
- on 7/14/08 at 4:34pm
- cphbravo96
- (Senior Neanderthal, 5,121 )
- on 7/15/08 at 9:13pm
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text:
All of East Tennessee's representatives in the U.S. House and both of Tennessee's U.S. senators are members of the Republican Party. But the elected officials from the GOP serving in Congress are taking very different stances on potential military action in Syria.
Representatives Jimmy Duncan and Phil Roe oppose U.S. military involvement in Syria. Senator Bob Corker supports "surgical" strikes against the Assad Regime in Syria.
"I don't think there's any question in our administration's mind that chemical warfare has been used," said Corker. "With the use of chemical warfare I think we have to act. But I think you're going to see a surgical proportional strike against the Assad Regime for what they have done and I support that."
Corker supports military action against Syria with the caveat that he does not want to see U.S. troops involved in a protracted war on the ground. Representative Jimmy Duncan from Tennessee's 2nd District says he does not believe actions are likely to be limited to "surgical" short-term strikes.
"Every time you get involved in a 'limited war,' it very quickly has led to greater involvement," said Duncan. "It's a sad and tragic situation what's happening over there [in Syria], but I just
don't think we should get involved in another war in the Middle East. I
don't think we have the authority either under our Constitution or even
under international law to get involved in a civil war in Syria. And
unfortunately that is what is happening."
Duncan has served in the U.S. House since 1988. He supported Operation Desert Storm in the early 1990s and voted against going to war in Iraq in 2003.
"I am not a pacifist. If think if we have to go to war, let's go in and let's get it over with. But if we keep getting involved in situations like the one in Syria, we're going to end up in a state of permanent war," said Duncan. "There are limits to American power. We've got to recognize at some point that we have some limits."
Duncan stated he is not an "isolationist," but believes the United States should focus its financial power on resolving domestic issues rather than getting involved in a civil war in Syria. Duncan also cited the nation's trillions of dollars of debt as a factor in his decision.
"We have no vital interest, no legitimate vital interest in Syria.
That's not anti-Syria or against the Syrian people. There are some things that people in other
countries are going to have to solve for themselves. I just don't
want to see more young Americans killed in unnecessary wars in the
Middle East," said Duncan.
The office of Rep. Phil Roe from Tennessee's 1st District wrote 10News and stated, "Congressman Roe does not believe we need to intervene or get involved in a civil war."
Rep. Chuck Fleischmann from Tennessee's 3rd District tells 10News he is "still trying to get as much information as possible before making a final decision."
Senator Lamar Alexander's office told 10News he "is waiting to see what options the White House and the Department of Defense are considering before he makes a decision" on whether to support action in Syria.


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text:
103rd Street
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Driver Charged In Roseland Crash That Injured 5
James Pugh, of the 1400 block of West 115th Street, has been charged with two felony counts of aggravated fleeing; and five various misdemeanor counts including DUI, driving on a suspended license, marijuana possession, and criminal damage to property.
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A 17-year-old has been charged as an adult with murder, in connection with the robbery of an off-duty Cook County Sheriff's sergeant Monday night that left another suspect dead.
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Shortly before 10 p.m., the off-duty sergeant was pumping gas at a Citgo near 103rd and Cottage Grove, when three men approached, and one of them pointed a gun at the officer.
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Police have resumed searching for a man suspected of raping two women and a teenage girl in Washington Heights early Wednesday, and hiding in another girl's closet, after determining a "person of interest" they were questioning was not responsible for the crimes.
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A 50-year-old man accused of attacking his longtime friend and neighbor with a chainsaw was taken into custody overnight.
Man Attacks Neighbor With Chainsaw In Washington Heights
The two men – who have been neighbors for about 30 years – were arguing around 1 a.m. near 103rd and Carpenter streets when one of them picked up a chainsaw.
Despondent Firefighter May Have Been Seeking 'Suicide By Cop' Death
A man was critically wounded in a police-involved shooting on the Far South Side on Thursday afternoon.
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A fire at a city auto pound prompted a HazMat response in the South Deering neighborhood on the South Side on Tuesday morning.
No Charges For Driver Who Hit Boy On I-57
A driver who hit a boy on Interstate 57 Sunday afternoon is not facing any charges.
Boy, 11, In Coma After Being Hit By Car On I-57
An 11-year-old boy suffered major head injuries and was in a coma after being hit by a car Sunday afternoon on I-57 in the Far South Side Washington Heights neighborhood, according to Illinois State Police.
Pregnant Woman Sues After Police Used Stun Gun On Her
A 30-year-old pregnant woman filed suit Thursday after officers used a stun gun on her during an argument with police earlier this month.
Police Use Stun Gun On Pregnant Woman In Dispute Over Ticket
Chicago Police and the Independent Police Review Authority are investigating, after an officer used a stun gun on a pregnant woman, after she tore up a parking ticket during an argument with police in the Roseland neighborhood.
Man Found Dead In Suspected Suicide Near Beverly Fire
A man was found shot to death in a suspected suicide early Tuesday, near the scene of a fire that broke out in a house in the Beverly neighborhood.
Boy Shot In Roseland Alley In Final Hours Before Snowstorm
Shootings and other violence seemed to die down as Chicago got hammered with snow Thursday, but not so in the hours leading up to the storm.
Police Chase Car Thief For Miles Until Tire Falls Off
Three people are in police custody after a police chase through several South Side neighborhoods.
Police Kill Dog, Wound Suspect In Drug Raid
Police shot and killed a dog, and wounded a suspect, during a drug raid in the Mount Greenwood neighborhood.


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Registered Member
- Join Date
- Jun 2006
- Location
- Texas
- Posts
- 242
Posted On:
9/01/2006 10:54am
Style: savate--
Variation on Newaza stiffness thread: sambo, bjj, judo on ground?
I'm curious. Haven't done any BJJ, though it looks like a lot of fun. Have gotten a few lessons from a bud who does sambo when he comes into town to own us, and I guess he's a mid-level player (didn't quite make the national team). How does the feel of BJJ and judo differ from playing a Sambo guy?
EDIT: Search function involving term "bjj" nearly useless for number of times it appears. If this has been gone over and my search-fu stinks, pls. post a pointer, and thanks.
Last edited by Happycrow; 9/01/2006 11:06am at .
Woke up in the mortuary
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- Aug 2006
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- Ohio
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Posted On:
9/01/2006 11:14am


text: The Santa Cruz Lion God T-Shirt sports Santa Cruz rasta dot at left chest and large lion print at back. Thick. A 100% cotton t-shirt. Available in colorways as seen below. Men's sizes: SM (34-36), MD (38-40), LG (42-44), XL (46-48) unless otherwise noted. Skate Warehouse shows all colors that we have in stock. In rare cases the logo or the color pictured may be slightly different than what is shipped. Model wears a medium.


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By Donna MilesAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 30, 2006 The old concept of mutually assured destruction -- the idea that a nuclear attack would have such devastating consequences that neither the United States nor its foes would dare launch one -- isn't enough of a deterrent in today's strategic environment, a senior defense official told Congress yesterday.
"The new strategic environment requires new approaches to deterrence and defense," Peter Flory, assistant secretary for international security policy, told members of the Senate Armed Services Committee's strategic forces subcommittee.
The country's strategic deterrence no longer rests simply on its ability to inflict devastating consequences on potential foes. To deter state and non-state actors and deny them their objectives, the country needs "a more discriminate approach and a broader range of options and capabilities, including both offenses and defenses," he said.
In the event those measures fail, then the United States must be able to respond "with overwhelming force," Flory told the senators.
Flory reported progress in DoD's plan for transforming its strategic forces, as outlined in the 2001 Nuclear Posture Review. The review, issued after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, called for reductions in operationally deployed strategic nuclear warheads and the a new triad of offensive strike systems.
"This new triad is designed to transform our strategic capabilities to deal with an uncertain future, and it reflects new thinking about the meaning and purpose of U.S. strategic capabilities," Flory said. The triad includes nuclear, non-nuclear and non-kinetic capabilities able to strike precisely at long ranges, active and passive defenses, and an enhanced responsive defense structure.
When fully implemented, the new triad will provide capabilities and options against a wide range of potential adversaries, including those "whose values and calculations of risk gain and loss may be very different from and, in many ways, harder to discern than those of our past adversaries," Flory said.
Marine Gen. James Cartwright, commander of U.S. Strategic Command, told the panel the triad will be underpinned by a robust command and control system and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance and planning capabilities. These "allow the use of this triad and the integration of its capabilities in a more holistic fashion than maybe has been the case in the past," he said.
But the Nuclear Posture Review was just a starting point in transforming U.S. strategic capabilities and concepts, Flory told the panel. Since its release, elements throughout DoD have worked together to develop detailed implementation plans and operational concepts.
To date, DoD has:
But more progress needs to be made in fielding prompt conventional capabilities for global strike, transforming a Cold War nuclear arsenal to meet new challenges and revitalizing the U.S. nuclear infrastructure, Flory reported. "We're working hard to make greater progress in these areas, to realize the full potential and the broad mix of capabilities called for in the NPR," he said.
The 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review validated these efforts, Flory told the panel. It noted the need to tailor deterrence for each individual adversary, to speed up the fielding of global strike capabilities, and to make more cuts in the strategic nuclear force structure.
Although the posture review calls for reduced reliance on nuclear weapons, Flory said such weapons will continue to play a critical role in deterring a wide range of threats, including chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons, as well as large-scale aggression.
"A nuclear weapon is still a viable part of our inventory, but ... one size does not fit all," Cartwright said. What's needed, he said, is "a weapon that will give a broader and potentially more appropriate choice" when confronted with unanticipated, fleeting and often elusive targets that don't stay in one place very long.
He urged Congress to approve the fielding of a conventional warhead on the Trident missile, which will provide deterrence previously offered only by nuclear weapons. "This conventional prompt global-strike capability will be a credible choice that will offer the nation a broader set of tools to confront the enemies we face today and in the future," Cartwright said. "And we believe it's essential to offer this choice for the nation."
Related Sites:Quadrennial Defense Review


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Who is Eligible for the Concentration?
Students from any academic department at the Harvard School of Public Health are invited to complete the WGH concentration.
Student Responsibilities
Students should indicate their interest in the WGH concentration by signing up for our mailing list here and ensuring they keep abreast of announcements. Students are responsible for fulfilling the requirements for their home departments, in addition to the concentration's requirements in WGH core courses and related courses focusing on women, gender, and health.
Credits Required
The WGH concentration requires 10 credits (see requirements below).
|ScD, DrPH, PhD, and 2-year MSc students (10 credits):
|Students eligible
|Doctoral2-year masters
|Required courses**
|(a) 5 credits in any of the WGH core courses, plus (b) another 2.5 credits of WGH core courses or courses including gender analysis, plus (c) 2.5 credits in any other courses listed
|MPH, 1-year MSc Students (10 credits):
|Students eligible
|MPH1-year masters
|Required courses**
|(a) 5 credits in any of the WGH core courses, plus (b) another 2.5 credits of WGH core courses or courses including gender analysis OR 2.5 credits for practicum that addresses a gender topic, plus (c) 2.5 credits from any other courses listed
****NOTE: Some course offerings may change. Check Registrar's website before finalizing schedule. Additionally, MPH students may need approval from the MPH Program to complete all WGH requirements. Additional courses, including from other Harvard schools (eg WGS 1421: Medical Management of the Female Body), may also be used to fulfill the above requirements pending a petition which must be submitted prior to the start of the course. For a list of related courses, please consult the Harvard University Gender Course Guide or search within each school's course catalog. Any questions regarding course credits/acceptance for completion will be handled by WGH's Curriculum Committee and should be directed to Brittany Charlton at firstname.lastname@example.com
Concentration Completion
Beginning after the Registrar's Spring 2 Add/Drop deadline, students can submit their Concentration Completion Form. The deadline for this form is generally a few weeks later so we encourage students to watch for email reminders about this deadline on the WGH listserve. Upon graduation, the degree will be issued from the home department and students will receive a letter from the WGH Steering Committee attesting to completion of the WGH. More information for 2015 graduates is here.


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Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences
Agricultural Sciences Bldg.
Room 242
Phone: (208) 885-6274
Fax: (208) 885-7760
Mailing Address:
Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences
University of Idaho
875 Perimeter Drive MS 2339
Moscow, ID 83844-2339
Aphid Tracker (part of the Legume Virus Project) offers several resources for producers.
A decision and record keeping tool that answers your herbicide-related questions.


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|London Bridge
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Havasu Springs Resort
Havasu Springs, AZ – Parker, AZ
Discover everything fun about Arizona— hiking, boating, swimming, off-roading, fishing and more. At Havasu Springs Resort we have it all! Havasu Springs Resort is located at the base of the rugged mountain ranges, on the breathtaking shoreline of Lake Havasu.
While swimming, waterskiing, and wake boarding are the most popular sports in the warm summer months, boaters and anglers alike flock to Lake Havasu in all seasons. Escape to the great outdoors with an exciting ride through the many desert trails and dirt roads, just minutes from the resort.
You will experience Lake Havasu RV camping at its best when visiting our resort. As you head to the lake, you will discover our marina on the outer harbor, which includes a boat launch for those who own watercraft. On-site there are boat rentals, a fishing pier, bar, arcade and country store. Plus, the resort has member events, tennis courts, a swimming pool, game room, and 9-hole executive golf course. Enjoy a delicious meal lakeside at the Springs Dining Room and Cocktail Bar.
Our large park completes the picture with full RV hook-ups, clean facilities, and choices in overnight or long term stays. Find accommodations for any need at the Marina Motel, Poolside Motel, Lakeview Motel, or Deluxe Apartments.
Arizona vacationers throughout the years have always been sure to make a stop for some breathtaking Lake Havasu RV camping. Known for its beauty and warmth, Lake Havasu is a must see attraction.
Directions to Havasu Springs Resort
|Visit One of Our RV Resorts


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It started in 5th grade, where a viscous rumor spread that I was a lesbian. Despite it's complete absence of truth, my female peers (10-11 years old) started bullying me by making rude remarks about my clothing and hair, calling me every insult like "homo, freak, lesbo, carpet muncher" and worse, and sending me harassing emails with threats and statements such as "Do you know why you're a nasty lesbo? Because you're so ugly and gross that no guys like you so you had to become one" and "Lesbians are evil and don't deserve to live like the rest of us. Please save us all and go kill yourself." (This was back with AOL and you could add a background to your email – the favorited was rainbow stripped with the female gender symbol with two identical, interlocking circles.)
My mother eventually discovered them and reported this to my school, bringing in copies of the disturbing, graphic emails. A "mediation" was held with the two girls who sent the most emails, although proved pointless because there were no repercussions for their actions, which only led to more, much worse abuse.
I anticipated high school for it's possibilities of new friends and a fresh start. Unfortunately, my clean slate was very short-lived, and the torment and rumor mill picked up right where it left off. But the middle school bullying did not even compare to the pain, humiliation, and emotional damage I experienced because of the bullying in high school. My freshman and sophomore year I dealt with similar incidents and comments as middle school. Junior year until my graduation, the torture was unlike any other, and that nobody should ever have to face.
I had been dating somebody since the completion of my sophomore year. In mid october of my junior year, homecoming weekend, I decided to attend a party after the dance, where I was a victim of sexual assault. I was distraught, confused, scared, and overwhelmed. It was absolutely devastating; you would think people would turn and support the person in need, but unfortunately in my situation, instead of being supported, I was further mocked, ridiculed, and harassed.
For the next three months, the torture was unlike anything I'd seen or experienced. My peers spread rumors, the most common being "I lied and said I was raped so I wouldn't admit I was cheating on my boyfriend." Pornographic images were drawn of me in the bathrooms, specifically me giving a blow job. In addition, in one of the bathrooms, taking up the entire length of the stall door, it read in all caps "ANDIE MANGOLD IS A SLUT", with other comments around it like "whore", "she has herpes too", and "lesbo". My house was egged. I received many prank calls, where people said, "you're such a slut", "you're nothing but a liar, you weren't raped, you really wanted it and you liked it," and much, much worse. My phone number was changed, but somehow people still managed to get a hold of it and prank call. 5 times I went to my high school administration and asked that they remove the writing of me being a slut. They said they tried to scrub it off, but since the door is hard plastic they can't just paint over it, and there isn't enough money to replace it. That message was left on the door for 4 years, 2 years after I graduated, where my sisters were responsible for dealing with comments from their peers about it. I couldn't eat, I couldn't sleep. People then started calling me anorexic.
5 days after turning 17 in early January, I was committed to a hospital because the abuse in school was so bad that I was going to attempt to commit suicide. I stayed there for the remainder of my junior year, struggling to finish my schoolwork for my honors and ap classes. Once again, instead of being supported, the rumor mill continued, as people said things like, "She killed herself", "She got pregnant and that's why she had to leave school", etc. Not only was this destroying my life, but also the lives of my sisters and friends, who had to deal with this while I was away.
I returned to school for my senior year. The administration was going to hold me back a year because of all the schoolwork I missed. I insisted that this was not an option, and their compromise was that I no longer take honors classes and take college prep instead. I struggled to complete my work from my junior year as well as complete my senior year work simultaneously. I couldn't apply to any colleges until it was all finished, and it severely hurt my GPA and transcripts. Somehow I managed to get it all done, and applied to Rowan University on the last day they were accepting applications. Although my grades were not quite where they should've been to be accepted, the deciding factor in my acceptance was my essay, which was about my painful experiences and fight to survive my high school years.
The bullying continued throughout the year until my graduation in 2009. The one thing I really remember thinking that day was, "I'm finally free, and against all odds, I survived."


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I've been gluten-free for about a week now. So far, it hasn't been hard, as I didn't eat processed foods or a whole lot of "bad" foods before, I've just had to check and double-check things like spices, sauces, dressings, etc. (I eat produce, meats, dairy, nuts, fats.)
For the first few days, I felt absolutely great! More energy, no bloating, no gas, no brain fog, and my mood improved. On day 5, I felt sick--a deep ache in my stomach/intestines, fatigue, and a feeling of impending diarrhea. (I did have a BM, but it was not diarrhea. It was, however, like cookie dough--very sticky and mushy.) On day 6, I still had the deep ache inside, but with headache and nausea and even more fatigue. Today is day 7 and I still have the ache, though I admit, it's not as severe as yesterday. I am still very tired.
I am almost 100% sure I have not eaten gluten-containing foods. (I've been eating fresh fruits and veggies, peanut butter, honey, fresh meats, eggs, some cheese, some beans, etc.) There is still the chance of cross-contamination I suppose, possibly from a cutting board (though to my knowledge, we've never used that cutting board for anything but meat) or possibly a lunch tray at work?
I have been reading a lot of posts on the board and I've been doing lots of reading on celiac disease and gluten-intolerance, and I know that healing and improvement takes time. Weeks, months, years.
My gluten symptoms are NOT the same as the symptoms I've been experiencing. I am trying to figure out if this is "detox," if I've been glutened, if perhaps my intestines are healing, or if it's something totally unrelated.
- -1


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A programmable read-only memory device and method of fabrication are disclosed having an antifuse in the drain node of a field effect transistor. Programming is accomplished by imposing a high voltage on the transistor drain and gate which causes the antifuse to be a closed circuit; otherwise, the transistor appears as an open circuit. Locating the antifuse in the drain node as opposed to the source node avoids problems of source reverse bias.
1. A programmable read-only memory (PROM) chip having pairs of MOSFET devices comprising:
(a) a gate oxide formed over substrate;
(b) a pair of gates formed over the gate oxide;
(c) a drain diffusion formed between the gates;
(d) a pair of source diffusions formed on an outside area of the gates;
(e) a source line formed over the pair of source diffusions;
(f) a trench formed between the pair of gates separating the drain diffusion into a first and second drain diffusion;
(g) an insulating oxide grown within the trench;
(h) an antifuse material deposited over the pair of MOSFET devices and having electrical contact with the first and second diffusions; and
(i) a bit line deposited over the trench and drain diffusions, wherein applying a voltage on the bit line and source line shorts the antifuse material thereby creating a functional MOSFET, and not applying a voltage on the bit line and source line provides an open circuit.
2. The PROM chip of claim 1 wherein the gates further comprise:
(a) a doped polysilicon layer over the gate oxide;
(b) a tungsten silicide layer over the doped polysilicon layer; and
(c) an oxide layer over the tungsten silicide layer.
3. The PROM chip of claim 2 wherein the antifuse material is selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide and silicon nitride.
The invention relates in general to antifuses for a programmable read-only memory (PROM) semiconductor device and, in particular, to a PROM having an antifuse in series with the drain of a field effect transistor. A method is disclosed for fabricating these antifuses in the transistor.
Two of the available methods to program a programmable read-only memory (PROM) include use of metallic fusible links or its opposite, the antifuse. An unprogrammed antifuse is non-conducting, and it is programmed by changing it to a conductive or low resistance state so as to close a circuit between the bit line and the array device. A fuse link, on the other hand, is conductive when unprogrammed, and it is programmed by changing it to a non-conducting state so as to open or break the circuit between the bit line and the array device. In each case, the programming is effected by imposing a high voltage on the device causing a current to flow through the link creating heat in the link. In the fuse link, heat opens the circuit; wherein, in the antifuse, the heat creates a conductor.
In the case where the memory device is a metal oxide silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET), it has typically been known to insert the antifuse in series with the source node. This has an undesirable consequence often referred to as "body effect", which occurs when there is a reverse bias on the source-substrate, VSB. This bias can occur during programming by the high voltage due to the possibility of high resistance in the antifuse, i.e., 1,000-4,000 ohms.
The resultant voltage drop during programming through this resistance reduces the gate-to-source voltage Vgs causing a reduced drain current, ID. This reduced drain current may not be adequate to properly heat the antifuse, thereby forming a contact having high resistance.
It is, therefore, desirable to fabricate a multiplicity of small outline antifuses in a PROM MOSFET drain to avoid the reverse bias of the source and provide for a high-drain current during the programming operation.
In this PROM, the MOSFET transistor having a shorted antifuse is operational, i.e., it can be conducting, simulating a one or can be an open circuit because of the non-conducting antifuse in the drain, simulating a zero.
Briefly, the instant invention is a novel PROM chip comprising an antifuse disposed in the drain node or conductor of a field effect transistor. The novel location of the antifuse in the drain node of the FET has the benefit of increasing the voltage differential between the gate and the source of the FET without diminishing the characteristic (nominal) voltage differential between the source and the drain of the PROM. As such, the novel PROM chip of the invention has a much quicker turn-on time thereby ensuring complete burn-through of the antifuse to provide a reliable open-to-closed or zero-to-one PROM chip.
The method of forming a pair of antifuses in a pair of MOSFET devices at the drain node is as follows:
growing a gate oxide layer over a silicon substrate;
depositing a polysilicon gate layer over the gate oxide layer;
depositing a tungsten silicide layer over the polysilicon layer;
forming multiple gate areas by selectively masking and etching down to the gate oxide layer to form an antifuse region above the gate oxide layer, surrounded by a source region and a drain region;
forming a source and drain diffusion within the source and drain region by ion implantation;
forming an oxide spacer on a wall of the gate areas by oxide deposition, patterning, and etching;
patterning a second polysilicon layer over the source region;
depositing and selectively etching an ozone TEOS layer over the drain region;
patterning a trench in the drain region substrate thereby creating a first and second drain diffusion;
thermally growing an oxide within the trench;
etching away the ozone TEOS from the drain diffusions;
depositing an antifuse material over the first and second drain diffusion and within the trench;
forming a bit line contact over the antifuse material whereby the bit line is separated from the drain diffusions by a pair of thin, non-conducting antifuses.
The PROM MOSFET device consists of: a multiplicity of MOSFET transistors including a source, drain, and gate, each of the sources, drains, and gates being adapted for connection to a source node, a drain node, and a gate note, respectively; and an antifuse material deposited in a drain node of a pair of field effect transistors to provide a pair of MOSFET transistors having maximum voltage differential between the gate and the source of the FET and nominal voltage differential between the source and the drain, insuring to provide a PROM MOSFET transistor having quick turn-on time and complete burn-through of the antifuse material.
Other objects, advantages, and capabilities of the present invention will become more apparent as the description proceeds.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a prior art antifuse and MOSFET;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a cross-section view of the first four layers on a substrate of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a cross-section view after patterning three layers over the substrate;
FIG. 5 is a cross-section view after adding two more layers;
FIG. 6 is a cross-section view after patterning the two added layers;
FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of the trench formed between diffusion regions;
FIG. 8 is a cross-section of a pair of completed antifuses in a pair of transistors; and
FIG. 9 is an electrical schematic of the transistors and antifuses.
Referring to FIG. 1 (prior art), a MOSFET device 10 is illustrated having an antifuse 12 in the source side of MOSFET. As described earlier, this has the undesirable effect of creating a voltage reverse bias VSB thereby reducing the gate voltage Vgs and its consequent reduction of current IDS at 14.
In FIG. 2, part of the novelty of the invention is illustrated where the antifuse 16 is adjacent drain 18, thereby not reducing gate voltage Vgs and maximizing IDS drain current 20 through the antifuse so that it properly heats and becomes a good conductor after programming by high voltage on VDS, typically 12 volts.
A novel method of fabricating a pair of MOSFET devices having a common drain node will be described by referring to FIGS. 3-8. In FIG. 3, we see that three layers have been deposited on a P-well silicon substrate 22. The gate oxide 24 is thermally grown over the substrate. Above this is the gate material, doped polysilicon 26, which is deposited by a LPCVD process; and a second gate material, tungsten silicide 28, is deposited by a CVD process. These two layers form a word line as at 29. An oxide layer 30 is then deposited by CVD over the gate layers 26 and 28.
Multiple gate areas are formed at 32, 34, and 36 (FIG. 4) by selectively masking and etching down to the gate oxide 24. N+ diffusions are formed by ion implantation adjacent the gate areas creating a source diffusion 38 and 40 and drain diffusion 42. An oxide layer is deposited over the gate, source, and drain areas, and selectively patterned to form oxide spacers 44.
A source line is formed by depositing a layer of polysilicon 46 and then doping. The source lines 48 and 50 (FIG. 6) are completed by etching away all the polysilicon 46 except over the source diffusions 38 and 40. An ozone TEOS layer 52 is then deposited over the surface, and then selectively etched to cover only the source lines 48 and 50 (FIG. 7).
Trench 54 is now formed by patterning down to substrate 22 to separate the drain diffusion into a first and second drain diffusion 56 and 58. The patterning photoresist is removed and an oxide layer 60 is grown within the trench 54. Then, ozone TEOS is etched away from the drain diffusion areas 56 and 58 by HF acid.
At this point, the antifuse material, either silicon oxide or silicon nitride, is deposited conformably over the entire chip, as at 61, but has effective antifuse elements only at 62 and 64, the areas directly over the first and second diffusions 56 and 58. The next step is to form a bit line 66 (FIG. 8) over the chip making contacts at 62 and 64 above diffusions 56 and 58 and creating the two antifuses 62 and 64 between the bit line 66 and the drain diffusions 56 and 58.
Programming the device is accomplished by application or non-application of 12 volts on the bit line 66 and 12 volts on word lines 29 and 31 (FIG. 9). Voltage application "shorts" the antifuse, i.e., a closed circuit (one) and conversely no high voltage maintains an open circuit (zero). In the first case, the programming is non-erasable.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been disclosed, various modes of carrying out the principles disclosed herein are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims. Therefore, it is understood that the scope of the invention is not to be limited except as otherwise set forth in the claims.
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What you should know before you make a reservation.
For safety reasons, a passenger is required to travel with an escort or attendant if you:
We cannot assist you in these areas. The escort will sit next to you in the aircraft for your comfort and safety and assist you with feeding, administering of medication, or personal attention in the toilet, if necessary.


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|Featured Story
Dominican Republic Baseball has been part of the island of Hispaniola for over 100 years.
The Dominican Republic compromises the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola. Measuring approximately 18,700 miles, the country is about the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined, and has a population of approximately 10.09 million. Its imports and exports with the United States include, among other things, petroleum, durable consumer goods, cacao, sugar, and tobacco. Absent from this traditional import/export list, however, is the Dominican Republic's contribution to baseball--a game widely identified as America's pastime--but every bit a part of Dominican culture and life, especially for those youth who see baseball as a way out of poverty.
Baseball has been part of the Dominican Republic for over 100 years. The first baseball teams in the Dominican Republic were formed in the 1890's. By the 1920's and 30's, those teams played against other nations, and recruited players from the Negro Leagues, such as Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson, to play in tournaments. Baseball was so popular that corporations, such as the Grenada Company, a division of the United Fruit Company, scouted young talent and offered them jobs simply to play on company sponsored teams. In 1955, the Dominican Republic tightened its grip on the game when former dictator, Rafael Trujillo, a rabid baseball fan, built the first major league baseball stadium. One year later, infielder, Ozzie Virgil, became the first Dominican player in the major leagues debuting for the San Francisco Giants.
The tsunami that followed Virgil includes some of the best players to ever wear a major league uniform. To name a few, Hall of Fame pitcher, Juan Marichal, three-time Cy Young Award winner, Pedro Martinez, 1979 and 2001 Rookie of the Year winners, Alfredo Griffin and Albert Pujols, 1981 and 1990 World Series Most Valuable Players, Pedro Guerrero and Jose Rijo, 1987 American League MVP, George Bell, 1998 National League MVP, Sammy Sosa, and other active All-Stars such as David Ortiz and Robinson Cano. In 2012, the Dominican Republic boasted 95 major league players on opening day rosters, more than any other country and second only to its 99 players in 2007.
The Dominican contribution, however, extends beyond the field. The first Dominican manager was former player, Felipe Alou, who managed the Montreal Expos from 1992-2001 and later managed the San Francisco Giants from 2003-2006. Other managers, include, former Pittsburgh Pirate catcher, Tony Pena, who led the Kansas City Royals from 2002-2005, and Manny Acta, who managed the Washington Nationals from 2007-2009. In the front office, Omar Minaya, who was born in the Dominican Republic and raised in Queens, has been the General Manager of the New York Mets and the Montreal Expos, and is currently Senior Vice President of Operations for the San Diego Padres.
In total, the Dominican Republic has produced roughly 542 major leaguers and the future shows no signs of slowing down. Today, all the major league ball clubs maintain a presence in the Dominican Republic and have made huge financial investments by developing state of the art training academies all over the country to scout and nurture young prospects. These facilities are complete with baseball fields, batting cages, housing, eating, and classroom facilities. Prospects have a full day and a typical schedule may consist of 7 am breakfast, 7:30 am early workout with specific player drills and training, 8:30 am stretching with the rest of the team, 9 am fundamentals such as batting or infield practice, a 10:30 am game, 1 pm lunch, 5 pm weight room work, and 6 pm English courses.
Prospects are recruited as young as 10 or 11 years old by unregulated trainers. The trainers will support and nurture the prospect until the prospect is 16, when he is eligible to sign with a team. Because players from the Dominican Republic are not subject to MLB's draft, they are considered free agents and can sign contracts for bonuses worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, with the trainer usually getting a large portion of the bonus. The economics are staggering. In fact, Baseball America reported that excluding Cuban defectors and Japanese professionals, in 2010, teams spent $76 million in international amateur bonuses and increased that spending to $89 million in 2011. The majority of that money went to amateurs in the Dominican Republic with $44 million being spent in 2010 and $50 million in 2011.
With the sheer amount of money at stake and only a limited amount of time to prove their worth, the prospects have, in some cases, taken drastic measures pursuing their dreams. In a September 2009 article in the Los Angeles Times, entitled "Dominican Baseball Prospects Frequently Play Fast and Loose with the Rules," writer Kevin Baxter observed that the lure of riches in the United States is sufficiently compelling for these young kids who often are raised in poverty to (1) use performance enhancing drugs; and (2) engage in identity and document fraud, assuming different names and claiming they are younger than they really are in the hopes of a payday.
To address these issues, MLB has implemented a drug testing program and is now permitted to sanction players for positive results. To combat identity and document fraud, MLB and some teams are asking that players undergo DNA exams and hire private investigators. Since 2008, players discovered to have lied about their age or identity may be suspended for a year. Although no system is fool-proof, there are organizations whose goals are to help remedy these issues and restore and continue the positive contributions that the Dominican Republic has made.
One non-profit organization, the Dominican Prospect League (DPL), co-founded by Brian Mejia and Ulises Cabrera in late 2009, allows Dominican youngsters an opportunity to showcase their skills to major league baseball teams in the hopes of one day signing a contract. Mejia and Cabrera have strong roots in baseball, with Mejia having started out in the Florida Marlins mailroom and later becoming a Scouting Director for the Cincinnati Reds. Cabrera meanwhile played shortstop at Vanderbilt University and spent time in the Texas Rangers minor league farm system. They met in 2002 while working for Louisville Slugger as pro baseball representatives responsible for signing players to endorsement deals, with Mejia covering the east coast and Cabrera, the west coast. They later worked as agents for the Creative Artists Agency, more commonly referred to as CAA, under the direction of agent Casey Close, who represents players such as Derek Jeter and Ryan Howard.
These credentials and sensitivity to the issues of performance enhancing drugs and age and identity fraud led Mejia and Cabrera to form the DPL. The DPL provides MLB teams with an effective vehicle through which to evaluate, develop, and prepare prospects, both physically and mentally, for the responsibilities and demands of playing professional baseball. It also improves the quality of instruction given to players by their trainers, organizes the historically fragmented stakeholders of the Latin American baseball community (MLB, MLB Teams, Scouts, and Trainers), and repairs the image of the entire Dominican baseball community. The cities represented by the four DPL teams are San Pedro de Macoris, Bani, Santo Domingo, and San Cristobal. Teams play each other weekly to allow players to showcase their talents. As part of its program, the DPL conducts background and age checks on all players as well as drug testing, psychological evaluations, and money-management and culture-assimilation seminars. In this way, MLB teams will feel more secure in their investments.
This year, the DPL has had several of its prospects sign significant deals. The top-end deals included, Gustavo Cabrera, who signed for $1.3 million with the San Francisco Giants and Amaurys Minier, who signed for $1.4 million with the Minnesota Twins. Other DPL prospects, Frandy Delarosa (Chicago Cubs), Richard Urena (Toronto Blue Jays), Luis Barrera (Oakland Athletics), and Wendall Rijo (Boston Red Sox), signed deals ranging from $425,000 to $725,000.
Baseball is often described as American as apple pie and justifiably so. However, baseball's history in the Dominican Republic, combined with the contributions and records made and held by Dominican players, coupled with the hundreds of millions of dollars invested in the Dominican Republic by MLB, support the notion that baseball is as Dominican as merengue. Baseball is at the heart and soul of the Dominican Republic and, while not perfect by any stretch, baseball in the Dominican Republic and Dominicans in baseball will only continue to grow.
Words by TBA