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My Husband's Stupid Record Collection
Sarah O'Holla's husband Alex Goldman has a collection of over 1500 vinyl records, which get hauled every time they move. So Sarah decided to listen to all of them to find out what he sees in the music. Thus was born the blog My Husband's Stupid Record Collection, in which she reviews each album in alphabetical order. And she doesn't hold back on her opinions.
There's that dying animal again, and someone beating on a snare drum like a three year old beating on a pot with a wooden spoon. Thank god I'm not listening to this music live right now, because then I would really be in hell. I'm still listening to "D.C." by the way, it seems to be never ending. I am the maddest I have ever been during this project! Oh sweet Jesus, it's calming down into normal sounding jazz bass and drums. Maybe the song titles on this album all have names like "Spirits Rejoice" and "Angels" because that's how you feel not while listening to them, but when they're over. When it's over, your angelic spirit rejoices.
Alex stepped into Metafilter to contribute his view of the project. So far there are only two week's worth of reviews, but you can follow along as she goes through all of them. -via Metafilter
Newest 3 Comments
I don't get why some people are so attached to their scratchy, obsolete records when they've long been replaced by better technology.
Do these same people refuse to use a washing machine, because the experience is "more real" when they spend a day hauling clothes to the river and beating them against rocks?
Do these same people refuse to use a washing machine, because the experience is "more real" when they spend a day hauling clothes to the river and beating them against rocks?
Digitize yes, abandon them....blasphemy!!!! Personally, I have about a couple hundred albums and I wouldn't give them up for anything.
As long as she's going through them all, I'd recommend digitizing them. You never know. He might be willing to abandon the heavy vinyl if he can access them all digitally when this is all over.


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Mr. Bacon: Good afternoon. The briefing will be in two parts this afternoon. The first will be by General Barry McCaffrey who is well known to you all as the Commander-in-Chief of the Southern Command. You can see his area of responsibility there is vast. He will fill you in, among other things, on the meetings between President Clinton, Secretary Perry, General McCaffrey on the one hand; and President Balladeres of Panama on the other, and talk about Panama post-2000.
After that, I'll take your questions on any issue that doesn't involve General McCaffrey's area of responsibility, because he will have done such a good job there will be no more questions remaining.
General McCaffrey?
General McCaffrey: Thanks, Ken.
Let me, if I may, perhaps make a couple or three points and then just respond to your own interests. There are several things I know that are happening in the arena that are of interest here to all of you.
First, probably, are a couple of brief comments about the subject of will there be a U.S. military presence in Panama? Yes? No? How big? For what purpose? Under what political arrangement? Or whatever.
If I may, let me say how delighted all of us were in the manner in which the Panamanian delegation headed by their President, Perez Balladares, and Foreign Minister Gabriel Lewis Galindo, and Jose Sosa, the national security guy, and the whole team, came up, conducted themselves, we thought, in a very broad-gauged manner. President Clinton, as you know yesterday, with President Balladares, announced that we would begin informal discussions to determine if there was a mutual interest in the retention of certain defense sites post-2000. I would suggest to you, that's where we are. So I think it was a very important statement by our two Presidents. It gives Dr. Perry, who has communicated to me a notion that we can step forward and discuss informally these questions to see if there is a shared view of international security concerns dealing with drugs or humanitarian aid or counter-drug operations or whatever. Jungle operations school, air bases, to start exploring that possibility and to see where the two nations have mutually agreeable interests.
Now it also suggests, it was very important that President Balladares and President Clinton both stated that the treaties were not under discussion. We will fully comply with the two treaties in question. So what we're talking about is looking ahead to the future and determining to what extent U.S. national security interests and Panamanian interests are served by continued presence.
Setting that issue aside, perhaps a word on Peru/Ecuador. I think it's probably unfortunate that it hasn't gotten a bit more attention than I think it deserves. We had an enormously dangerous situation in which two great allies, two key nations in the Americas -- Peru and Ecuador -- went to war a few months back, suffered hundreds of killed and wounded, shot down each other's high performance aircraft, put two giant naval forces to sea on an immediate war footing -- we're talking in excess of 20 warships each, and peaked up high performance aircraft with a view to guarding against the potential escalation of what was a very bitter brigade-on-brigade conflict in this triple canopy jungle, mountainous, upper Sanapa Valley.
It was a very risky situation, for a lot of reasons. The obvious one, two allies were on the verge of open warfare so soon after the Summit of the Americas. But there are, I would suggest, a web of interconnecting interests for all of us in the Americas involved in that struggle, one of which was in this area that we say is the least militarized region on the face of the globe. If we can't depend upon the rule of international law, a treaty, a 1942 treaty, if the guarantors couldn't be expected to step forward and stand with the belligerents, then we're in a position where others would take note of this, and we thought that was unhelpful.
So under Brazilian, I would say first among equals leadership, the four guarantor nations -- Brazil, Chile, Argentina and the United States -- did step forward, did get involved, and played a very useful role with both Peru and Ecuador. As a result of it, in the last several months we have demobilized 140,000 Peruvian and Ecuadorian troops. The two fleets have gone back to port. The two air forces have stood down their efforts. The border has been opened by the two belligerent powers. And in the actual zone of conflict, the two sides have disengaged out of a demilitarized zone of operations. We now have peace observers on the border. The U.S. was able to support that effort with a very small but capable outfit, I put about 100 people down there -- some helicopters, satellite communications. We supported the peace observer mission with intelligence. We provided some medical contracting, etc.
So it was really an interesting example of international cooperation and support of the rule of law. So far so good, and now we're working on getting Peru and Ecuador to join with us -- the four powers -- and take part in this peace observer mission. We want them to come together with us and become a six-power force, and gradually draw down the four-power engagement, and get the two belligerent powers to work together in a confidence-building manner with transparent measures to keep the peace, and then hopefully, that will allow the diplomats who have the real key to play in this... We've got a remarkably capable ambassador, Luigi Ianoudi, who's sort of been the quarterback for the U.S. effort in this whole affair, to try and work to actually conduct negotiations and demarcate the border and remove it as a bone of contention between these two great nations.
So I would, if I may, table for you our own pride that so far we've moved in the right direction, which is a successful peacekeeping operation that's managed to keep a bunch of young men and the two military forces alive, and get adjudication of a dispute back where it belongs in the diplomatic arena, rather than in the field of battle.
If I may, let me set that point aside for your consideration. I'd be glad to respond to your questions on it and talk briefly about drugs.
Q: General, on the Panama talks, two quick questions. Number one, will these talks in any way postpone, delay, derail or even cancel the movement of Southern Command Headquarters from Panama to Dade County? And number two, is the Pentagon, in fact, interested in keeping a military force in Panama after 2000?
A: Are you a Florida reporter, sir? [Laughter]
Q: No, I'm not, but I'm sure people would be interested to know if this might in any way cancel that move.
A: No. We are delighted with President Clinton's announcement and Dr. Perry's leadership that charted a course of action that put Headquarters, Southern Command into Miami. We believe it was the right call from the start. We've been supporting that line of thinking for a year. There's been extensive analysis of it.
We love being in Panama. It's a fairly small outfit. It's 770 women and men of all the armed forces. We have inter-agency representatives from State Department, from Customs, from DEA, from DIA, NSA, CIA, etc., an inter-agency representative team in Panama. We will get as many as 10,000 visitors a year that interact with us in one way or the other in some international security matter. So we're quite happy with Panama. There's an 80-year affinity between the two peoples. But the day we move to Miami we will be more effective in doing U.S. national security business. We believe that the Miami International Airport, we believe that Miami is the capital of the Caribbean and the Americas, a center of international banking. There are 30-some-odd consulates there -- many of them at ambassadorial level -- so we're very excited about moving to Miami.
Q: So these talks will not affect...
A: No, sir. I hope not.
Q: Are you interested in keeping a post-military presence, if everything can be worked out?
A: In Panama?
Q: Yes.
A: I think that's what these talks need to do, is to allow both sides to determine if there is a mutual interest to be served. I think that's really what the next step is, to allow the Panamanian government and the U.S. government to sort that very fundamental question out.
Q: I'm told that the Pentagon has a plan for a very aggressive use of military, specifically your command, in countering narcotics trafficking, but that that plan has not been implemented. I wonder if you could briefly address that, and then if you have any other comments about the counter-drug efforts.
A: I thank you, actually, for transitioning me into the third and final point I was going to make which is the counter-drug effort.
The country spends $14 billion a year on some aspect of the drug problem $13.7 billion. I spend a little under one percent of that amount -- about $153 million. So we're a modest but very important aspect of the detection and monitoring and Andean Region strategy of the U.S. effort. We support Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and other nations, but principally those three. We do it with a lot of intel. We're very effective in our intelligence support. We have a pretty decent air interdiction campaign. There is Air Force radars on the ground in four Latin American countries. We fly AWACS missions. We fly about a thousand sorties a year of some Air Force support of this counter-drug operation. We've gotten so good that they are responding to our efforts and they're adapting to other ways of delivering. We're also working maritime interdiction. We're trying to assist in counter-rivering operations. In some ways, we play a modest role in supporting training helicopter forces, etc. So about 20 percent of my deployments a year are involved in some way with supporting counter drug efforts. We have several hundred people at any given time, are somewhere in the Americans, assisting in that problem.
A final stat, if you'll allow me to table it, and this one's a bit deceptive. There may be a thousand tons a year of cocaine coming out of the two source countries. Three hundred tons ends up in the United States. We got 65 tons, about a third of that which we seized, 65 to 85 tons a year we get in the source region of finished HCL.
Another way of looking at it is that with a little less than one percent of the counter-drug money, we're assisting our allies in taking a third of the seizures off-line.
Having said all that, most of us believe that we have not yet made any strategic impact on the price or availability of cocaine in the United States -- a problem of monstrous proportions. It kills 10,000 Americans a year.
Q: What's your assessment of the program since you're only getting a small percentage? Do you think that more needs to be done specifically with the military?
A: The drug war is not going to be won by anybody's armed forces, to include the U.S. armed forces. It's an enormously complex problem. It will be won by police, prosecutors, judges, legislators who pass intelligent laws and where we have State and Justice working with the source countries. It's also a matter, it seems to me, of the family, the school, etc., on demand reduction. We're not the only ones using drugs. This is a major problem throughout the Americas. Twenty years ago it was a North American problem. Nowadays it's everyone's problem. So we can only play a supporting role, but we can help and we intend to do so and we're working on new concepts and new ways to get more effective.
Q: Do you need or would you recommend that Panama be retained as a base of operations since it is so strategically located to the drug trafficking? And to follow up a little on Bill's question, can the military, is it the job, do you think, of the U.S. military to take the major role in interdiction and can we, thirdly, can we, the United States military specifically, protect Mexico from being the trans-shipment point? And of course all this narco-corruption that's coming to Mexico because of the coke.
A: Let me reiterate. I don't think the U.S. armed forces are going to play the principal role in suppressing the cocaine threat to the American people, but we should play and do, a vital contributing role. I would suspect that we need to explore with the government of Panama how their national territory can contribute to just that effort. Howard Air Force base now probably has 50 aircraft on the ground. We fly hundreds of sorties a year out of Howard Air Force base -- intelligence collection, transportation, F-16s, AWACS, tanker aircraft, you name it. So it's a very important aspect of our capability.
There are options. We can move this effort to Rosie Rhodes, to Homestead, to other bases, but clearly, we're in an era where we're trying to save money and be effective, and we also want to be part of a coalition of effort. This is not a U.S. program, either. This is a program that involves all of us.
My guess is that you will see a lot of Panamanian leadership in this. My own view is this President, Peres Balladares, and his government are committed to countering the drug threat to Panama. I think they're serious about it. They don't want their grandchildren being run by a criminal cartel. I think they're deadly serious about it.
Q: How many troops have been withdrawn so far from...
A: When I got there, there were just under 11,000. We're now at 8,500 and I hope by the end of the year we'll be at 7,500. Our intent was by 1998, to have come down to about 50 percent. We'll be at about 5,600 on six defense installation sites by 1998. So that's sort of a done deal. That's where we're going in the reduction.
Some of you may know, we have a wonderful day on Saturday. We just handed over Fort Davis and Espinar -- the first installations to go back to the Republic of Panama. A very emotional ceremony. We ended it with lowering the American flag for the last time, and raising the Panamanian flag, and playing the national anthem. Hundreds of people sang all stanzas of their anthem -- it would have surprised Americans who rarely can get through the first bar or two of our own. It was a very important day for us. Those are the first two big installations, and more are to come. Amador, this coming 1 October will be back to the Republic of Panama -- the jewel of all the properties, right at the gateway to the Pacific. Albrook will go back about 12 months later. Quarry Heights, I'll be out of it with my headquarters, we hope, prior to 1998, July of '98 is our target to be in Miami, and we'll turn over Quarry Heights continuously occupied since 1914 by the senior military officer in Panama.
Q: How many installations are there now, General?
A: There are 27 defense sites total, I believe is the figure. Some of these are sort of deceptive. A parcel of land. But 27 sites, and we're going to go back to, by '98, all but six.
Q: The Army initially non-concurred with your proposal to start exploring the maintenance of troops in Panama after 1999. I'm wondering if you could discuss the concerns the Army has raised and how you're responding to those concerns. I understand your service has put aside its non-concurrence.
A: I probably shouldn't get into who said what inside the Joint Staff consultative process. Let me correct an impression, though. The U.S. Army is fully committed to support of Secretary Perry's thinking in these matters. I think what concerns the Army perhaps more so than some of the other services, is the resources given the downsizing in manpower, in particular, and also dollars, to support the defense requirements of the country. That's not my business. That's the Chief's business. He and the Army Secretary have to face up to those responsibilities. As one of the five joint combatant CINCs, my business is to request from my Secretary forces to carry out strategy. But I would tell you, the discussions aren't over. I don't think our own Secretary has yet made up his mind on what the appropriate force level might be if the two governments commit themselves to a post-2000 presence. I'm not trying to be coy, but I don't think we've got a piece of paper that I could give you that says here's the secret plan. I don't think it's there yet. It's going to get developed pretty quickly.
Q: Is there a range of numbers you could give us as far as quantities?
A: Zero to... You ask a legitimate question. Again, I think it depends on the two governments exploring not only our own defense requirements, but also the Republic of Panama's. They'll need to sort out in our own mind which of these properties are important to the development of the Panamanian economy. So I will end up suggesting to our own Secretary what, in my view, is an appropriate range of functions, and then he'll sort it out and go to the inter-agency, and the government will make up their minds. We're going to try and do this pretty quick. In other words, not five years. We won't talk about it, hopefully, up to the turn of the century. We'll allow the Panamanians to get a good notion of what's going on. They've got to plan their own future, too.
Q: If you could just, in general, give us an idea what the missions are you'd like to continue from Panama. Is it mainly drug interdiction, or is it security of the Canal, or is it something else?
A: One assertion I would suggest to you is that the security of the Canal is not foremost in anybody's mind. We're committed to it under a treaty, the Neutrality Act, but we believe the best protection for the Panama Canal is to have it in the hands of the Panamanian people. Right now, 90 percent of the work force is Panamanian. The administrator is Panamanian. They are doing just fine. There is no current threat to the Panama Canal. That's not to say it couldn't appear in the next 25 years, the next five years, there just isn't a threat right now. So I don't think that's really on the table.
There are a range of functions that we currently carry out from Panama bases. I've suggested to my own civilian leadership that all of them can be, can be carried out from other locations -- every one of them. There is no vital national security interest at stake in Panama. There is in NATO, there is in other parts of the world. There are functions that can be served. One of them is last week, every week we do search and air rescue. We went and snagged some poor lad out of a mountaintop, a Canadian pilot, and took him into ICU. We go get people off ships at sea all the time, our helicopters. We do humanitarian aid. Last month we were up delivering wheat to starving indians up in the Honduran islands. Mud slides in Guatemala. So we do humanitarian ops, SAR. We do training in Panama. We run 12 battalions a year through our Jungle Training Center -- a beautiful piece of infrastructure, a $54 million piece of infrastructure. That's very useful. We have a Navy small boat school there where we train the rivering and coastal navies of the Americas in Spanish on small engine repair and navigation and things of that nature.
There's a whole series of functions that one could table if they were mutually agreeable. I think that's the point.
Q: General, what's the status of the Cuban military threat in the region? Is Cuba so impoverished now that their military no longer poses a threat?
A: Right.
Q: Can you elaborate on that a little bit? [Laughter]
A: Well, Cuba is not my AOR, it's in the Caribbean, that's Atlantic Command. As an informed observer, we don't deal with the potential Cuban threat to the SOUTHCOM region. What we're concerned about is supporting Atlantic Command's efforts on migrants, refugees. At some point Cuba will be an issue, and boy, I don't have a clue. I'm glad I'm not asked to think about it.
Thank you for the opportunity to talk to you.

subset: commoncrawl


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Recommend a Macbook Air case that stays on the device
That topic doesn't make sense but looking for a case recommendation that actually stays on the Mac but is easy to take off. I have a Moshi snap on plastic one for my 13" but I want something that's easy to take on and off since I don't like keeping a case on it. Basically what I'd like is a normal cotton or fabric type case, with even a handle etc on it, but that when you unzip it, you can leave the Mac sitting in it and then just attach it to the display so that the top of the case keeps it covered. So if I was at the beach for example and wanted to do some work, I could just open the case and keep it covering it etc. Funny example but this is what keeps popping into my mind, from The Net with Sandra Bullock, how she has basically a case but that stays "affixed" to the device when open. Everything I search for either seems to be a permanent plastic type solution like the Speck or Moshi, or is just a sleeve, or normal case. Thanks!
I can't suggest any case exactly like that but if you found a fabric case that unzipped on three sides you could stitch elastic on the insides to loop over the corners of your Mac. Easy on, easy off.
Perhaps someone else can suggest an existing case like this
I was actually thinking of doing that, I think it will be hard to find any like this since you can't close the lid if it has the elastic over the screen and bottom so probably not many exist like this. Was hoping there'd be a case that already had them in there or whatever.
I don't suppose this is what you want...?
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The 4th Annual "Run with the Cops, not from Them!" charity fundraiser
Detroit, Michigan
Saturday, April 20, 2013 9:30 AM (Eastern Standard Time)
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Online registration closed, walk ups welcome!!!
Walkers/Runners!!! Online registration is officially closed, however, we are accepting "Walk up" registrations! $20 - 1 Mile fun walk/run; $35 - 5k (walk/run)/10k (race only). We cannot guarantee a shirt for Walk Up registrants. However, we have plenty of snacks afterward and you can join us in the festivities!
Historic Belle Isle!!!
Corner of Vista Drive and The Strand! Views of the international waterway and Canada. Parking along The Strand. Please don't block the flow of traffic. Larger signage will be provided as you come onto the island.
About Us!
The For a Day Foundation (FADF) is hosting their 4th Annual "Run with the Cops, not from Them!" charity fundraiser, on Historic Belle Isle. The FADF is a nationally registered 501(c)(3) charity that provides quality of life services to children with cancer and other life-threatening illnesses in the metro-Detroit area. Last year, the FADF provided parties and special events for over 500 children! All proceeds will be used to help these patients feel like kids!
2013 Race Info!
Last year, 650 registered participants raced during a beautiful race day and we hope you can join us this year. Scheduled to kick start the event will be Interim Detroit Police Chief Chester L. Logan, with special appearances from Detroit's Special Response Team, Bomb Squad, Dive Team, and Mounted Unit.
Course Info!
1 Mile fun run/walk- 9:30am; 5k and 10k race-10:00am (timing chipped). Both 5k and 10k are USATF Certified and Governor's Council on Physical Fitness Endorsed. All participants will receive a t-shirt and water/snacks after the race.
Race Route Online!
5k: Overall Male & Overall Female; Masters Overall Male & Masters Overall Female (40 and over)....10k: Overall Male & Overall Female; Masters Overall Male & Masters Overall Female (40 and over)....5k & 10k: 3 medals deep, both genders in 14 & Under, 15-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, 70-79, 80 & Up!!!
5k and 10k-USATF certified, timing chip-$30/person. 1 mile Fun Run/Walk, race clock-$20/person. All registrations after 4/1/2013 are $35/person. Day of registrations are $35/person. Shirts are not guaranteed for "day of" registrants, however, we will try out best to provide you with one. DAY OF REGISTRATIONS ACCEPTED!!! $35/all events-day of. Shirt not guaranteed, so show up early!!!
Online registration is extended to April 19th, 8pm, and taking walk up registrations the morning of! Unfortunately, we can in nooooo way guarantee you a race shirt. It's a first come/first serve with our remaining shirts.
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School Coordinators & Students
Interested in School Walk for Diabetes?
Not ready to register and need more info? Complete our short "I'm Interested" online form and we'll be in touch soon.
Register your school for School Walk for Diabetes!
Simply complete the following registration form and we'll take care of the rest! Once we've received your school's registration form your local School Walk coordinator will be in touch with you soon.
Where We Walk & Local Info
School Walk for Diabetes is offered in select areas across the nation. Please visit our School Walk Local Info page if your not sure whether School Walk is offered in your area. If School Walk is not offered in your area, please consider holding a third party event or creating a school team to particpate in your local Step Out: Walk to Fight Diabetes event.


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Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Result 2014 - Lok Sabha Election Result will be out tomorrow on 16th May 2014 at 4:00 PM. Rajasthan state having 25 seats for the member of Parliament. Now how many seats BJP party will win , congress and Aam party. for getting latest news keep connected with us.
Click Here for Details of Rajasthan Voter List
Rajasthan State is known as the king of land and its capital city Jaipur is famous as "pink city". The State is locates in west side of India and was formed after independence that is on 30th March 1949 and up to this period it was known as Rajputana. This state covers around 10% land of India and enrolled with 6 crore & 86 lacs population.
Waiting for who will the Prime Minister of India election result counting has started >>>>> Get Live Updates Here
Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Result 2014:-
Lok Sabha election 2014 result is going to be declared tomorrow on 16th May 2014. Election result is very important for every citizen of country. Which party win Lok Sabha election.
Rajasthan Electoral Roll List 2014 has been prepared and approved by Rajasthan CEO and is published on official website. Anybody can check the voter list 2014 or voter ID card status as district assembly wise. There are total 32 districts in Rajasthan where Lok sabha election will be held from 17th April 2014 to 24th April 2014. People must have 18 year of their age if they want to participate in Lok Sabha Elections 2014.
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Most of the people's are not able to give vote because of many issues and information. But now the Election Commission has released voter list for people as area wise, district wise and state wise. Technology has made tremendous improvement in voting system. People sitting at home can check all details and give vote.CEO Rajasthan provide all the information regarding voter list or voter ID card anything. So people can stay tune to this page and get all latest notification of Rajasthan Voter List 2014.


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1. Compete better in opposing and neutral zones
The Tigers (1-1) need to sharpen their forecheck and do a better job moving the puck through the neutral zone to better exert pressure on the Clarkson defense. That was lacking Saturday and Minnesota-Duluth was able to disrupt CC's transition game by clogging up the ice between the blue lines. Lapses in the CC forecheck also allowed the Bulldogs to advance quickly into the Tigers zone to create scoring chances.


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Posted at: 04/03/2013 6:41 AM
Updated at: 04/03/2013 12:50 PM
By: Associated Press
Facebook's Timelines could be on borrowed time. At least that's the hope at a Chicago-based social media company.
A federal judge has ruled that Timelines Inc. can sue Facebook. Timelines charges Facebook is violating its trademark.
Timelines launched a website called Timelines.com in 2009. Users can track historical events and their personal lives online. Two years later, Facebook launched its new feature it called "timeline," which allows users to highlight their lives online in chronological order.
A Facebook spokesman declined to comment on the the judge's ruling.
A jury trial in the case can start as scheduled on April 22.


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Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
Feb. 5, 1952 E. s. MERRIAM ETAL 2,584,605
THERMAL DRIVE METHOD FOR RECOVERY OF on.
Filed April 14, 1948 Patented Feb. 5, 1952 UNITED STATE THERMAL DRIVE METHOD FOR RECOVERY OF OIL Edmund S. Merriam, Marietta, Ohio, and
Frederick Squires, Champaign, Ill
Application April 14, 1948, Serial No. 21,004
16 Claims. 1
This invention relates to the recovery of petroleum. More particularly, the invention relates to a method for the recovery of oil from oil sands which are located in geological formations inter- "stratified with coal seams, ligneous deposits or other combustible organic matter.
Petroleum is usually found associated with sandstone or porous limestone deposits situated between impervious layers of shale, or rock and the like. -In most instances, the 011 contains lighter gaseous hydrocarbons, such as methane,
ethane, propane, etc., which may exist as free gases in contact with the oil or dissolved in the "oil itself. The pressure under which the oil and associated gases exist is equal to the hydrostatic pressure of a column of water equal to the depth ofthe deposit below the surface. When such an oil bearing sand is reached by drilling, oil is "produced by flowing to the surface under the expansive force of the gases at well pressures, whether the gases are free or dissolved in the liquid oil. ,Thus, the oil and gas are both forced into-the region of low pressure around the well bottom. Depending upon the total pressure exerted, and the conditions at the mouth of the Pumping is then initiated in order to continue to recover oil. During this stage, gas associated "with the oil continues to escape from the casinghead. Subsequently, the flow of oil becomes economically unprofitable with respect to further utilization of pumping means.
When the well attains this condition in which the heavier hydrocarbons obstruct the pores of the sand and no longer flow freely to the well bottom, the method of repressuring the well system is commonly practiced. This involves forcing back into selected. central wells' air or gas which penetrates the sands and finds exit from the adjacent wells communicating with the oil reservoir under treatment. The air or gas mechanically forces the crude oil to the venting well bottoms where it is removed by pumping, and the more volatile portions of the residual oil are entrained in the gas or air stream and thus removed from the we In time repressuring becomes no longer expedient, and final resort may be had to the flooding of the oil field with water to drive additional amounts of the'residual oil contained in these 2 v sands into the wells. -After flooding has been utilized to the point where it is no longer profitable, the flooded field becomes non-productive and must be abandoned.
It is well known that in thefields subjecte to the foregoing treatment, nearly half of the oil known to be initially present is still left as residual oil in the sands. At the present time, the problem of recovering this-vast amount'of residual oil hasbecome an urgent one, particularly due to the increasing demand for petroleum and petroleum products, and the rapidly diminishing number of discoveries of new oil fields.
It has heretofore been recognized that oil may be recovered by-applying' heat to oil-containing sands in their native position. Bythus heating the oil-containing sands, the heavier hydrocarbons clogging the pores of the sand are rendered less viscous, and the flow thereof through the sand is facilitated. In addition, 'themore volatile hydrocarbons are distilled from the sand to the venting well casing. Various methods have been proposed for effecting a heating of'the oil sands. For example, direct combustion of a portion of the residual oil utilizing air under pressure, orair and acombustible gas to initiate and support combustion of the oil has been proposed.
It has also been proposed to pass heated products of combustion in gaseous form through'the oil sands in order to effect a heating thereof, whereby the viscosity of the residual oil is reduced and the oil becomes more mobile. However, these prior methods have-certain inherent disadvantages which are obviated by the present invention.
Where direct combustion of a portion of the residual oil is practiced, it is extremely difficult to control the extent of combustion, and regardless of control, the method inherently involves destruction of an appreciable portion of the oil itself. On the other handfthe method employing heated products of combustion, necessitates a continuous supply of combustible gases, which supply must be immediately available at the location in order to render the method feasible. In addition, useof gas requires that the gaseous products of combustion be introduced into the oil coal seams, ligneous deposits, or other combustible organic matter represent an available source of potential heat energy far in excess of the amount which would be required to supply a thermal drive by which oil in the adjacent oilcontaining sands may be heated and thereby recovered. The present invention is directed to a method in which ithe. heat .energy existing such coal "seams, ligneous deposits and other combustible organic matter is utilized in situ, thus supplying the heat necessary for recovery of the oil in the oil-containing sands. In addition, the invention contemplates the use ;of;such deposits of combustible organic matter as the source of fuel necessary to provideithe'mechanical energy for operation of the process.
It is, therefore, a primary object and purpose of the present invention to provide a method for the recovery of oil from oil reservoirs located in geological formations interstratified with iother 'combustible organic matter.
it is a"-further "object or the invention *to prowide ea method ior-recovery 'o'f oil in which a thermal drive for effecting-releaseo'f' the'oil from 'the oil-containing sands is created by combus- :tion :ofccombustible organic matter adjacent to the oil sands.
Ibis-another object-of the invention to provide a iainethodfor the recoveryxof oil "from oil-con- 'taining sands andthe 'likein'which no source of E heat'produced above ground 1 is employed.
A'Another object :of theiinvention 'is to utilize the products .ofrcombustionrof the combustible organicvmatterasr'a' source .of fuel for supplying fth'e mechanical energytnecessary for operation zofrthe process.
Titus-a1 still? further object of the "invention to rprovide a :method for the :recovery of oil from oil-containing sands and the like in :which destruction of :the residual :oil :by :combustion is substantially a avoided, .while sufiicient heat is supplied to effect :efiicient recovery of oil.
Aa'further: object :oftheiinvention is to provide armethod-tfor thewrecovery f .oil in :which the "recovery is 'facilitatedtby-xmeans :of heat emanatin'g irom awsubterranean source adjacent to or conta'ined -in the oil-containing sands 'or' the like.
Another object 'of the invention is to provide =a' method for establishing a .channel :through a subterranean seam :of combustible organic matter.
Essentially, 'the TmBthOd' of the present. inven- -tion comprises subjecting coal, ligneous or other combustible organic matter interbanded withthe "oil-containing sandsrto combustion, thereby fur- :nishing :the heat which effects a :distillation of the-more yolatileportionsof :theoil and fluidizes :the remainingxportionstof the oil byrendering it less viscous,.andthen withdrawing the vapor- -ized.:and"fluidized :oil.
with combustion occurring along the entire length 'oifrthe veinzofrzcombustible organic matter, "ai large portion of the adjacent oil sands are effectivelyheated by conduction through the interveningl'layers of shale or-rock and the like. 'This'iincrease in temperature-of the oil-contain- 'i-ng sands renders :more 'fluid the semi-solid hydrocarbons "cloggingzthepores of 'thesand, that is, their viscosities are greatly reduced. Any nor- -mally solidrhydrocarbons which may have previously abeen precipitated are redissolved in the liquefied-hydrocarbons. In all cases the heavier =izyd-rocarbon liquids become less viscous and rmosne mobile. .lnraddition, the vapor pressureof 4 both the connate water and the hydrocarbons of the oil are greatly increased. This causes an increase in the pressure existing in the oil-containing sands. The thus volatilized and fluidized residual oil moves in the direction of a zone of lower pressure which exists at the communicating well bottoms and is there withdrawn by "suitable means :such as.pumping.
In order to provide'for initiating and maintaining combustion of the seam of coal, lignite stratified with respect to the oil-containing sands. This may be accomplished simply by I drilling as in'the case of oil wells, or by sinking a :shaft of .relatively larger diameter as is customarily done for water wells, or by operating from existing coal mines.
In order to actively burn a subterranean seam ofqcoal 'or'the .like,:a combustion supporting :gas :inust continuously 'pass through .such .seam.
Underzthese conditions-after ignition of the :coal or other combustible'zorganic matter at one end -,of the seam, combustioncontinuously progresses along the length of the seam. In general, maintenance of combustion is insuredpnly by establishing a direct path or channel for'the com- :bustion supporting gases through thelength'of the seam. One of theprincipal features 'of the presenttinvention is the'provision of means for "establishing horizontal channels along the length 'of such seams of combustible organic matter. In addition, the invention contemplates locating the end of such path or channel with respect to the surface. and establishing communication therewith from the surface to provide a continuous passage for the combustion supporting gasesand gaseous products of combustion. The combustion supporting, gases may then be .con-
- tinuously passed down'through the input shaft ume of combustion-supportinggas to'pass through the channel with consequent combustion of increasing amounts of the coal or the like.
In some instances, a coal or lignite seam is found to be sulficiently permeable to the combustion supporting gases injected under suitable "pressure to allow ignition at one end thereof and continued combustion without the necessity of .establishing a channel through the seam.
Heat from combustion of the coal or the like passes to the adjacent oil-containing sands by conduction through any intervening shale deposits or the like. The oil being highly heated develops an increased pressure, and the more vol- :atile portion is distilled out of the sands, while the heavier hydrocarbon portions are rendered suiiiciently fluid to be recovered .by draining or forcing toward zone of lower pressure.
Various procedures may be utilized to recover the oil according to the thermal drive method of the invention. Two or more wells may be drilled .at .selected positions within the heated zone. These wells communicate only with the oil sands.
5, Byintroducing a gas under pressure into one of such oil wells, the heated vaporized and fluidized oil is forced into the otherwel1 or wells communicating with the oil sands and is removed therefrom by any suitable means, such as pumping. Of course, existing oil wells adjacent to the seam of burning combustible organic matter may be utilized as the repressuring and producing wells. Also-the gaseous products of combustion issuing from the chimneygor exit well communicating with the seam of burning coal or the like may be used, as the repressuring gas.
Alternatively, if the input shaft and/or the chimney well communicating with the seam of coal or the like also communicate with the oil sands, they maybe employed as the oil producing wells. 1
In the foregoing embodiments of the invention, the wellsemployed as the oil producing wells may be selected so that the how of oil is either concurrent or countercurrent with respect to the flow of heat within the heat zone created by combustion of the seam of coal or the like.
7 According to the above procedures, only that portion of the heat from the combustion which is transmitted both vertically and horizontally by conduction through intervening strata is utilized toeffect a heating of the oil. In other words, the sensible heat contained in the gaseous products of combustion is not utilized to heat the oil sands, c and passes with these products out through the exit or chimneywell.
Since the coal, lignite or other combustible organic matter burned in this manner is'in excess of the oxygen contained in the combustion supporting Such as air, the Should such a problem exist, still another algaseous products of combustion issuing from the chimney well will contain appreciable amounts of carbon monoxide and other combustible gases, together with smoke and tar vapors. They comprise essentially a good type of producer gas. Such products of combustion may be utilized as fuel for boilers or the like in order to operate prime movers which drive the necessary blowers, compressors, etc. These gases may also be utilized as fuel for the refinery and gasoline Plants if the *1 zone oi'heat created by combustion of the seam same are located in the area.
It is a preferred embodiment of the invention, however, to effect a substantially complete utilization of the sensible heat contained in the gaseous products of combustion. This may be accomplished in thefcase where communication exists between the chimney well and the oil-containing sands by closing the chimney well after ignition of the coal seam. The gaseous products of combustion are thus forced from the chimney well through the adjacent oil-containing sands by the pressure of the continuous stream of combustion supporting gas introduced into the input shaft and the channel in the coal seam. In this manner, substantially all of the available heat created by combustion of the seam is realized as heat input to the residual oil in the oil-containing sands. The oil is recovered either from the input shaft which also communicates with the oil sands or from a separate producing well in the zone of heating.
" The volume of the gaseous products of combustion exceeds the volume of combustion supporting gas necessary to maintain active combustion of the coal. With the chimney well closed a high pressure is developed in situ in the channel located in the coal seam and in the chimney well bore and bottom. By increasing the pressure of the combustion supporting gas supplied to the seam to a value in excess of the pressure developed by the products of combustion, the heated gaseous products of combustion are forced into and through the oil-containing sands imparting additional heat thereto. Thus, the sands containing the oil are not only heated by direct conduction through the intervening strata and by the sensible heat contained in the products of combustion, but also a positive drive due to the pressure developed is set up within oil sands. This mechanical drive facilitates movement of the vaporized and fluidized residual oil toward the zone of lower pressure, at the producing well bottom. The total volume of combustion gases may exceed the amount desired for introduction into the oil sands. In such instance the excess gas may be passed to repressuring wells in the system which do not communicate with the burning seam. In the case where the oil sands do not communicate with I the chimney well or input shaft for the coal seam, the hot gaseous products of combustion issuing from the chimney well are forced under pressure into the repressuring well and thus into the oil sands. The sensible heat therein is thus imparted to the oil.
In some instances where the combustion of the coal, ligneous material or other organic com bustible matter is quite incomplete, the products of combustion in gaseous form will contain condensable vapors of tarry. or resinous material. In such case, the condensable tars and the like may precipitate after coming into contact with cooler regions of the oil-containing sands and rapid, clogging of the porous sands may ensue.
ternative embodiment of the present invention may be adopted.
Accordin to this alternative procedure, the chimney well for the burning coal seam is left open to act as an exit for the gaseous products of combustion containing the condensable tarry materials which may be utilized as fuel, as mentioned above. Communication is established with the oil-containing sands only within the of coal or the like. In some instances, this may be accomplished by utilizing existing wells communicating only with the oil sands. In this embodiment there can be no communication between the end of the coal seam entering the chimne well and the oil-containing sands. If such communication exists, it is eliminated by the use of packers or by cementing. Air or other gas under pressure is then supplied to the oilcontaining sands through this repressurin well to provide a positive drive for the heated residual oil through the sands to the producing well or Wells.
In order to advantageously utilize the sensible heat contained in the gaseous products of combustion, while employing this alternative procedure the following refinement of this procedure may be adopted: The pipeline for supplying air or gas to the oil-containing sands is positioned in heat exchange relation to the hot gaseous products of combustion issuing from the chimney well. Thus, heat exchange will occur between the repressuring air or gas and the highly heated gaseous products of combustion, whereby the sensible heat in the products of combustion will be extracted by the air and the heat thus absorbed by the air will be carried into the oilcontaining sands.
A second alternative method to prevent clogging of the oil sands by the condensable tars and resinscontained in the gaseous products of combustion may be adopted. In this alternative embodiment of the invention, communication exists between the oil sands and the chimney well. The chimney well is closed after active combustion of the coal or the like has been initiated. Air under pressure is then introduced through the capped chimney well by a pipe extending to the bottom of the well in order to completely burn the organic material, such as the condens able tarry vapors resulting from the incomplete combustion of the coal or the like. If necessary, a gas burner is introduced into the bottom of the chimney well to aid in completing the combustion of the products resulting from the burning of the coal. Thus, the hot clean gases produced by complete combustion at the bottom of the chimney well, together with the gases produced by the burner operation, penetrate the oil-com taining sands by the pressure developed in situ. and impart the sensible heat contained therein to the sands driving the oil out by distillation and by mechanical movement to the zone of lower pressure at the producing well bottom.
As stated above, some of the naturally occurring coal or lignite seams are sufliciently perrneable to gases to allow ignition thereof and main tenance of combustion by penetration of combustion supporting gases. However, in most instances a direct channel or path must be established in the seam to be subjected to combustion.
The present invention contemplates the use of several means for establishing a path for the combustion supporting gases through the seam of combustible organic matter.
Known methods of horizontal drilling may be employed. These involve operating from a mine, from a shaft, or from a well. For instance, one method is to sink a well to the seam of coal or the like and greatly enlarge the hole at the coal level by shooting. An unbrella type of whipstock can then be lowered to the shot hole and spread into position. A flexible cable carrying a rotating bit is then operated from the whipstock in order to effect horizontal drilling. In this manner, a direct path or channel of the desired length may be produced in the seam of coal or the like to be burned.
The final position of the bit at the end of the horizontal bore with respect to the surface is then determined. This may be done in several ways. For example, the compass method may be employed in which a compass of the marine type having a needle imbedded in parafiine or the like attached to a flexible cable is pushed to various positions along the bore. The paraifine is electrically melted and then allowed to resolidify, thus fixing the position of the magnet at the given point. A plot of the location of the horizontal bore may then be made, and knowing the position of the original well, a second well may be drilled to communicate with the end of the horizontal bore. A second method consists of plotting electrical resistance between an electrode at the end of the bore hole with another electrode moved to various positions on the surface. In this manner, the point on the surface vertically above the end of the horizontal bore may be determined. A well is then drilled to establish communication with the end of the horizontal bore.
The lower end of the drilled well will not in all probability initially directly communicate with the end of the horizontal bore. However, it will be located immediately adjacent to the bore, and
8. communication may be established by exploding charges inserted into the well bottom and into the end of the horizontal bore.
A communication is thereby established between the flrst and second well, or between a mine or shaft and the second well. The second well serves as a chimney or exit well for the gaseous products of combustion at least when the seam is first ignited. Combustion is then maintained by continuously supplying the combustion supporting gas to the seam through the first or input well and the coal actively burning constantly enlarges the horizontal bore through the seam. Irregularities in direction and partial obstruction in the channel within the seam are of little consequence as they will burn away.
Another method by which a direct path or channel may be produced in the seam oi. the coal or the like is effected by hydraulic lifting within the seam. In this method an incompressible fluid, such as oil or water, is forced down an existing or drilled well which is in communication with the seam. The fluid is placed under a pressure greatly in excess of the pressure existing in the seam. For example, a pressure of one pound per square inch for each foot of depth must be exceeded. In an adjacent existing or drilled well communicating with the seam to be channeled, the fluid is also introduced under the same pressure. The fluid under this pressure acts as a hydraulic jack and causes the seam to separate along the lines of weakness. An actual channel is thus formed between the two wells. After a channel is established, the pressure on the fluid at one Well is released. A
movement of fluid through the channel from the well under pressure to the other well occurs, thereby scouring out the path established.
A still further means of establishing communication through the combustible seam between the wells may be adopted. For example, a machine gun may be mounted on the umbrella type of whipstock and explosive bullets fired into the seam progressively penetrating further into the seam. The channel thus established may be flushed and cleaned between successive shots.
Other means by which a direct path through the seam may be produced include so-called directional shooting, and the use of an oxygen lance connected to the end of a flexible hose. All the above methods may be used singly or in combination.
The present invention is more fully described and illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawings, the figures of which illustrate the various alternative embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to constitute a limitation thereof in which:
Figure 1 is a diagrammatic representation in plan of an oil field interstratified with coal to which the method of the present invention is applicable;
Fig. 2 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section taken on line 22 of'Fig. 1, of that embodiment of the invention in which there is no communication between the oil sands and the coal seam; and
Fig. 3 is a diagrammatic representation, partly in section, of that embodiment of the invention in which the oil sands communicate with the coal seam.
Referring to Fig. 1, a well I communicates with a seam of coal, through which a horizontal bore 3 is established. A chimney well 4 is drilled into the coal seam from the surface near the closed end of bore 3," thereby establishing a con.- tinuous passage fora combustionsupporting gas in' order to :burn the' coal-seam. .Oil wells 30 and 40 are drilled into. the oil-containing sands adjacent to'the coal seam. Upon combustion of the coal, a zone of heatingis created which volatilizes and fluidizes the oil in the sands within the zone of heating. The oil is recovered by introducing air or a gastun'der pressure intothe heated oil sandsthroughwell 3001*.40 and pumpingtheother-well. Referring now toFig, 3. a coalseam A is shown located below an oil containing. sand B, with an intervening layer of rock or shale .C.'. .This rep-v resenrs conditions which-often occur in. certain geological formations where oil is found,,par,- ticularly in strata of Pennsylvanian and .Mississippian age. -A well I isdrilled to establish communicationfrom thesurfacetwith the located coa1i,seamA 1 H. At the bottom-of well lashot-hole 2 is formed by means of explosive charges, thereby enlargingthe diameter of the'wellbottom. An umbrella type of .whipstock is lowered into the shothole and spread into position. A fiexible' cable carrying a rotating bit is op'erated from the whipstock to effect horizontabdrilling.through the coal seam-.- 'After a horizontal boreo3 ofthe desired length has been drilled, the endof the bore is located with respect-to the surface according to the methods described; Communication with the end of the boreis then established by drilling well 4.- Explosive charges are then set off at'thebottom of well 4 and at the end of the bore 3 effecting a communication between the two shot-holes 2' and 5 and the.wells l and 4...
After removal of the drilling apparatus, well l is capped, and pipe line 6 is inserted into the well. This line carries "a packer 1 which is-placed just above the coal seam'.- -'-A cement plug 8 is then placed above the packernearly up to the oil sand. Pipe line 6 establishes adirect communication between coal seam A- and a source of compressed-air fed through-valve 9 and line Ill; The chimneywell 4= is-al'so provided with a casinghead ll and-with -an. exit line for the gaseous--products "of combustion of the. coal. Line 12 is provided with a valve [3 for controlling the fiow of the' gaseous productsof combustion. The cap of well -4 carr-ies apipe [4 extending nearlyto the bottom of well-4. A burner l5 maybe attached at the lower end of pipe 14. Pipe l4 may carryair alone supplied. from'line l 6 or a combustible mixture Of'{ air and gas. Supplied from lines 16 and-.IL. Welll is .provide with a pump l8 extending-to ,the'level of the oil sand. The casinghead [9 of; well I is, provided with an outlet 20 throughwhich gases issuing from thejwell canbe taken-to a stripping plant, and then to a boiler. by means of which the necessary power to operatefblowers and compressors can be generated. The gaseous products of combustion by passage through the oil sands are enriched ,in combustible I vapors; "so' that the stripped'gase's' constitutean excellent fuel. v The coal seamm'ay'jbe initially ignited in any suitable manner, as by electrical means-or by' a squib or incendiary shell dropped-down pipe line 6. To ensure ignition a'cylinder of oxygen may "-be' discharged into pipe line '6." Air i under I pressure is then continuously supplied to the coal seam through line a 6; Valve. 3 providing an exit for the products of combustiqnfrom :chimn'ey well 4:isinitiallydeft01 8 untiligniti ofxthercoal near "shot-hole tandalon the bore is actively. under way. After a suitable period, valve 13 is closed and the pressure of the air enteringpipe 6 is raised. The products of combustion of the coal are therefore forced to traverse the oil sand B back toward well I. Heat from the burning coal seam A enters the oil sand increasing the vapor pressure, and lowering the viscosity of the oil. The hot gaseous products of combustion enter the sand and tend to move the thinner fluids toward the region of lower pressure above the cement plug 8 in well I. The products of combustion leave the casinghead at 20 much enriched by the volatile portions of the oil. The displaced liquefied oil is removed from shothole 2 by pump I8.
The gaseous products of combustion containing the volatile distilled oil fractions are sent to a suitable stripping unit not shown in the drawings. The stripped gases may be utilized as repressuring gas for adjacent oil sands not communicating with the burning coal seam and, therefore, not traversed by the combustion gases.
, Although not shown in Fig. 3, the oil may be driven to an existin or drilled well communicating with the oil sands, which functions as a producing well in place of well I, such as well 30 or 40 as shown in Fig. 1. In such a modification the casing 2| of well I seals off communication of well I with the oil sands, replacing the cylindrical screen 22. The above-described procedure may be somewhat modified where due to the incomplete combustion of the coal, appreciable amounts of condensable tarry vapors are formed, and pass into the oil-containing sands with the gaseous products of combustion, thereby tending to clog the pores of the sands. With reference to Fig. 3, in this modification compressed air is fed through line It to pipe line l4 inserted through the easinghead ll of chimney well 4. The air thus injected into chimney well 4 mixes with the heated gaseous products of combustion in the. slot-hole 5 and effects further oxidation of the incompletely oxidized constituents thereof. As a result, clean hot gases containing a minimum of condensable tarry vapors are forced under pressure into the oil-containing ands.
A further modification consists of attaching a suitable gas burner I5 to pipe line I4 in the chimney well 4 prior to capping this well. A gas line H is provided with valve 23 connected to pipe line l4 inserted through the casing of the chimney well 4, and constitutes means for supplying gas to the burner. Upon operation of the gas burner, complete oxidation of any condensable tarry vapors is effected prior to passage of the gaseous products of combustion into the oil-containing sands B.
Referring now to Fig. 2, a preferred embodiment of the invention is shown wherein the gaseous products of combustion do not traverse the oil sands. In this embodiment no communication exists between the input well I, bore 3 or chimney well 4 for the coal seam, and the oil sands B. Drilled wells 30 and 40 communicating only with the oil sands are utilized for the recovery of the oil.
Air or gas under pressure is introduced into the casinghead 3| of well 30 through line 4|, valve 42, line 32 and valve 33, valve 43 being closed. The heated oil in sands B i driven into the well bottom 34 of well 40, and is recovered by pump. I8.; The air or gas containing the volatile oil fractions isvented from casinghead 35 of well Ml throughline 36 -which leads to a: strippi plant. The gaseous products of combustion are vented from chimney well 4 through valve [3, lines l2 and, valve 45 and line46, valve 41 being closed. This producer gas may be used as fuel for boilers or for driving prime movers to supply the mechanical energy for operating compressors, and the like.
These hot gases after removal of tar vapors may" alternatively be recirculated through the oil sands byintroduction under pressure into well 30 thereby imparting their sensible heat tothe oil sands;
An alternative procedure consists of using air or-some-other gas as the repressuring agent and heating the same by passage through line 48, heatexchanger 49, line 50, valve 43 and the input line 32' (Fig.2) for well 30. Gaseous products of combustion vented from chimney well 4: pass through valve 13, line [2, valve 41, heat exchanger 49 and exit through line 5!. It will be observed that in the process described, the pressuring gas passes in heat exchange relationship with the gaseous products of combustion'vented from the chimney well. Valves 42 and 45 are closed when this alternative procedure is practiced.
Themethod' of the present invention advantageously. utilizes substantially all of the available heat energy contained in the combustible organic matter to provide a thermal drive for efiecting the recovery of oil from oil-containing sands. In addition, no source of heat extraneous to the geological formation under treatment is required.
The method of the present invention effects a recovery of substantially all of the oil contained in the sands except for undistillable residues, and substantially avoids any destruction of the oil by direct combustion thereof.
The invention also provides the novel means of establishing communication through the seam of coal, or the,like by hydraulic lifting.
, Having thusdescribed our invention, we claim:
1. A method for the recovery of oil from oilcontaining deposits located in geological formations interstratified with other combustible organic matter, which comprises supplying av combustion supporting gas to the organic matter, initiating and maintaining combustion of said organic matter thereby heating by conduction the adjacent oil, passingv the'hot gaseou products of combustion under pressure through the oil-containing deposits to further heat the oil thereby vaporizing and fluidizing the'same, moving the oil toward a zone of lower pressure under pressure exerted by the'gaseous products of combustion, and withdrawing the thus vaporized and fluidized oil from said zone of lower pressure.
2. A methodaccording to claim 1 in which the heated gaseous products of combustion containing condensable oxidizable constituents are, contacted with additional combustion supporting gas prior to passage through theoil-containing de: posit.
3. A methodaccording to claim 1 in which the heated gaseous products of combustion containing condensable oxidized constituents are subjected to further combustion prior to passage through the oil-containing deposit.
4. A method for the recovery of oil from oilcontaining deposits located in geological formations interstratified with other combustible organic matter which comprises supplying a combustion supporting gas to the organic matter, initiating and maintaining combustion of said organicimatter thereby heating by conduction the adjacent oilto vaporize andl'fluidize; the; same, passing'ta gasiunderi pressure: through the oilcontaining deposit" to! .forcel'the oiltoward a. zone of lower' pressure, and withdrawingthe thus vaporized". and fluidized: oilv from the region of lower pressure.
5. A methodfor the. secondary recovery-of oil from oil-containingdeposits located in geological formations interstfatified with othercombustible organic matter which comprises supplying a combustionx'supporting gas to, the organic matter, initiating. and: maintaining combustion of said organic matter thereby. heating; by conduction the adjacent oil, ..venting. the hot gaseous prod-.- ucts; of-combustion to the surface,- passing a gas under pressure in heat exchange relation to the hot vented gaseous products of' combustion into the oil-containing deposit to further heat the oil thereby vaporizing and fiuidizing the same, forcing the'oil through the oil-containing deposit by'pressure of the gas toward a zone of lower pressure, and "withdrawing, the thus vaporized and fluidized oil-from the zone of lower pressure.
6. Aumethod for' producing oilirom partially depleted oil-containing-sands located in geological formations-interstratified with seams of other combustibleorganic matter which comprises drilling an .input: and a chimneywell into the seam at selected'positions alongv the length thereof said chimney. well being in" communication with the oil-containinggsands, establishing a channel throughsaidseam between said wells, passing a combustion, supporting gas under pressure through saidiinput well and channel, initiatirg and maintainingcombustion of the organic matter in the' seam thereby heatingthe adjacent oil-containingtsands by: conduction, closing said chimney-well after initiation oicombustion, forcing the heated gaseous-products of combustion from thechimneywellv through the oil-containing sands thereby; further heating thev oil to volatilize andi-fluidize-the same, moving the thus volatilized and fluidized zoil toia producing well by pressure of- 'the gaseousproducts of combustion, and recovering theoil from the producing well;
'7. A methodvitor producing oil from partially depleted oilecontaining :sands, located in geologicaliormationsinterstratified withseam of other combustible-organic, matter which comprises drillinganlnputeIa-ndm chimney well into the seam at. selected -positionsralongi the length thereof, establishing a' channel through said seam between said wells; passing a combustion supportinggas through said inputzwell and channel, initiating and maintaining combustion of the organic matter" in the-seam thereby heating the adjacent oil co'ntaining' sands by conduction, venting the; gaseous productsof combustion through said'chimneywell tothe surface, passing a gasunder pressureinto theoil-containing sands through another well communicating therewith to. force the thus heatedoil into a producingwell, ,and -withdmwt lgcthe oil from the producingwell.
3; A m od, accordingt claim 7 in which the gas passed into. the oil-containing sands is maintained in heat exchangelrelation to the hot gaseous: products oflcombustion vented from the chimney well;
9'. Amethodaccording to claim 7 in which the gas passed into the oilcontaining sands. com- 13 prises the vented gaseous products of combusion. 1 i 10. A methodfor producing oil from partially depleted oil-containing sands located in geological formations interstratified with seams of other combustible organic matter which comprises drilling an input and a chimney well into the seam at selected positions along the length thereof, said chimney well being in communication with the oil sands, establishing a channel through said seam between said wells, passing a combustion supporting gas through said input well and channel, initiating and maintaining combustion of the organic matter in the seam thereby heating the adjacent oil-containing sands by conduction, closing said chimney well after initiation of combustion, contacting the heated gaseous products of combustion containing condensable oxidizable constituents with additional combus- A bustion from the chimney well through the oilcontaining sands thereby further heating the oil to volatilize and fluidize the same, moving the thus vaporized and fluidized oil from the sands to the input well by pressure of the gaseous products of combustion, and withdrawing the oil from the input well.
11. A method according to claim 10 in which a gas burner is operated at the chimney well bottom in the presence of a combustion supporting gas to remove the condensables by oxidizing the same prior to passage of the products of combustion through the oil-containing sands.
12. A method for the production of an enriched combustible gas from oil-containing deposit located in geological formations interstratified with other combustible organic matter. which comprises supplying a combustion supporting gas to the organic matter, initiating and maintaining combustion of said organic matter thereby heating by conduction the adjacent oil,
' passing the hot gaseous products of combustion under pressure through the oil-containing deposits to further heat the oil thereby vaporizing and fluidizing the same, moving the oil toward a zone of lower pressure under pressure exerted by the gaseous products of combustion, and separately withdrawing the gaseous products of combustion enriched in combustible vapors by passage through the oil-containing deposit.
13. A method for the recovery of oil from geological formations in which oil and other comhustihie organic material are present in different strata which comprises igniting said other organic material to provide heat requisite to reduce the viscosity of said oil and withdrawing the said oil from the said formation.
14. The method of claim 13, in which said other organic material is coal.
15. The method of claim 13 in which said other organic material is lignite.
16. A method of producing oil from geological formations in which oil and other combustible organic material are present in different strata which comprises interconnecting an input well and a chimney well which penetrate the stratum containing said other combustible organic material by means of a channel passing through said stratum, said chimney well also being in communication with an oil bearing stratum, initiating combustion of said other organic material in said channel to provide heat to and reduce the viscosity of said oil, passing a combustion supporting gas under pressure through said input well and into said channel to maintain said combustion, and withdrawing said oil from the geological formation, at least a portion of the products of said combustion being vented through said chimney well.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 895,612 Baker Aug. 11, 1908 947,608 Betts Jan. 25, 1910 1,263,618 Squires Apr. 23, 1918 1,473,348 Howard Nov. 6, 1923 1,913,395 Karrick June 13, 1933 2,172,683 Reed Sept. 12, 1939 2,188,737 Hixon Jan. 30, 1940 2,204,018 Kingsley June 11, 1940 2,357,703 Teichmann Sept. 5, 194.4
2,365,591 Ranney Dec. 19, 1944 2,382,471 Frey Aug. 14, 1945 2,390,770 Barton et al. Dec. 11, 1945 2,444,755 Stefl'en July 6, 1948
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Stephenville, TX Pregnancy Clinic
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Choices Clinic serves as a confidential, supportive guidance service in the Stephenville, TX area. All our services are free and confidential. We do pregnancy testing and limited diagnostic ultrasounds. We also provide referrals for counseling, medical services, social services, and other services.
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Contact Information


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If the tactics of the emerging hacker group LulzSec seem familiar–unpredictable, destructive and pseudonymous attacks on megacorporations like Sony, announced with snarky, meme-loaded messages–they should. A leak from one of the group's online chat channels seems to show that key members share a history of working with another agent of online chaos: the hacker collective Anonymous.
On Monday, a post appeared on the security mail list Full Disclosure that seemed to reveal a conversation between members of LulzSec discussing the group's operations. Among the usernames in that discussion are several connected to previous Anonymous hacks from earlier this year, including attacks on Westboro Baptist Church and the high-profile dump of emails from security firm HBGary.
"Topiary," "Kayla," and "Sabu" are among the pseudonyms included in that log; Topiary refers to sending money to Kayla "for bots" and to Sabu "for servers." Topiary appeared as a spokesperson for Anonymous in a widely-watched video interview with a representative from the controversial Westboro Baptist Church in February, a clip in which Anonymous knocks the Church's website offline in the midst of the appearance. (The video can be seen here, with Topiary's name under the image of Batman attacking a giant shark at right.)
Kayla said in an interview in March that she played a key role in Anonymous' attack on HBGary, posing as the company's CEO Greg Hoglund at one point to trick an IT administrator into allowing the group access to his website. Sabu has also been linked with the HBGary hack; Another set of chat logs leaked in March to Forbes and Gawker by the Anonymous splinter group Backtrace Security included Sabu discussing his role in Anonymous' attack, claiming that he "rooted their boxes, cracked their hashes, owned their emails and social engineered their admins in hours."
The Full Disclosure post was sent from an invalid email address, and its authenticity couldn't be confirmed. But LulzSec responded to the post with its own message saying that the chat channel exposed was used for recruitment rather than core operations, and denying that many of the names included in the conversation represented LulzSec members. But that denial didn't extend to Topiary, Sabu or Kayla, the three ex-Anonymous hackers. "Our core chatting channel remains unaffected. Our core LulzSec team is at full strength," the message reads. "The Lulz Boat sails stronger than ever, nice try though."
In just the past weeks, LulzSec hacked PBS in retaliation for an unfavorable documentary on WikiLeaks, spilling employee information and defacing the site. The group followed up with a series of breaches of Sony's networks, including one that it claims exposed one million users' passwords. On Monday the group announced that it had obtained and leaked the source code for Sony's Computer Entertainment Developer Network, the latest in more than a dozen attacks that have hit Sony in the last two months.


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A four strand review of gambling advertising, which seeks to ensure that the regulatory controls are properly examined, especially in relation to children and other vulnerable people, is currently being undertaken and is due to report by the end of 2014:
The Gambling (Licensing and Advertising) Act 2014 requires that only gambling operators licensed by the Gambling Commission are permitted to advertise to consumers in Great Britain or provide them with remote gambling facilities.
Gambling operators wishing to advertise must comply with the advertising codes of practice which apply to the form and media in which they advertise their gambling facilities or services. This is a requirement of our ordinary code of practice provision for gambling operators as set out in LCCP.
We have produced a guide to gambling advertising codes which summarises the principal gambling advertising codes:
A number of British sports clubs have sponsorship deals with gambling providers. A short advice note on the gambling industry code for socially responsible advertising, particularly in regard to the branding of children's replica kits has been published: Sponsorship of British sporting clubs by foreign gambling operators.
The Gambling Advertising Monitoring Unit (GAMU) is a collaborative working forum (comprising DCMS, Gambling Commission, Ofcom, ASA, CAP & BCAP and PhonepayPlus) committed to working together to share information and address matters of concern.
Marketing companies are required to offer consumers the opportunity to opt out of receiving email and text message (SMS) marketing. Discover how to stop or complain about emails and text messages offering gambling products.
Page last reviewed: November 2014
Copyright 2015 Gambling Commission


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Tuesday News - November 23, 2010
Click here for Tuesday News Archives
All submissions for the Tuesday News should be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com by Friday at 3:00 pm.
School is closed tomorrow, Wednesday, November 23, through Friday, November 26,
for Thanksgiving Break. We wish all of you a wonderful holiday!
From the Admissions Office
Coming up in December are two opportunities for parents to observe classes at Merriconeag. This is a first step for many prospective parents, and for families already at Merriconeag, it can be a helpful way to learn more about what lies ahead.
Wednesday, December 1, "Walk through Grades 2 – 8," 8:15 – 10:30 a.m.
Tuesday, December 14, "Walk through Grades 9 – 12," 8:45 – 10:30 a.m.
We ask parents to pre-register for these events so please refer potential new families to Lyn Baird or contact her yourself if you're interested in joining one of these tours. email@example.com or 865-3900, Ext.103.
Race to Nowhere
December 2, 7:00 pm, Community Hall
Click on image below to view the movie trailer and learn more about the film.
Merriconeag Waldorf School proudly presents the Maine premiere of the documentary, Race to Nowhere. Tickets are $10 and available only online at rtnmerriconeag.eventbrite.com. There has been a lot of interest in this film from outside of our school community and tickets are moving quickly, so be sure to buy your tickets soon. If we still have tickets the night of the show, they will be available at the door for $15.
The film can raise powerful conversations and lead to action among interested groups. Following the showing on December 2nd, there will be a discussion of the film facilitated by David Sloan and David Barham.
Please note that the movie is PG13. We believe it is appropriate for high school and up.
See the reviews and praise for Race to Nowhere.
Other Upcoming Events
Life is Movement, and Movement is Life: Eurythmy and the Neurological Basis for
Learning through Movement
November 29th in the Community Hall at 7:00 PM and
A talk and activities by Barbara Richardson and David Beringer to help understand Therapeutic Eurythmy at Merriconeag Waldorf School.
Barbara Richardson is a former Waldorf Class Teacher and Eurythmy teacher. After completing the additional training for Therapeutic Eurythmy, she has worked with doctors in clinical settings and brought this healing artform to infants, children, and adults in schools, teacher-training institutes, and in the workplace, masterfully using the power of speech and music to help individuals find wholeness and healing.
David Beringer has his Masters degree in Education and an additional three-year training in Transdisciplinary Therapeutic Education that combines movement and learning strategies from several areas of neuro-developmental research. He has been a teacher for 28 years.
Shepherds Play: The play, usually performed by members of the faculty and adults in the community, will be presented with a unique twist this year. We warmly invite the entire community to join us at 11:00- 12:00 on December 17, 2010 in the Community Hall to witness this simple, yet profound offering which speaks to what it means to be truly human. Read more. Submitted by David Barham
News From the High School
Au Revoir Jehan et Constance: Friday night, ninth and tenth graders and their families gathered at the Murphy-Anderson's Community House in order to say Au Revoir to our French exchange students Constance Fayol and Jehan Foulke, returning to their home in Lyon, France, after 3 months at Merriconeag Waldorf High School. A delicious,s generous potluck was shared, followed by piano duets with Devon and Constance, (who had just completed her first 3 months of piano lessons with M. Seavey!), and Augustine Hoffmann our French Student recently arrived from Avignon. Augustine delighted us with her self- composed French song and guitar solo.
Québec City, S'il Vous Plait: From the ninth to the thirteenth of November, 2010, our eleventh graders said more often "merci, excusez-moi, and s'il vous plait", than "thank you, excuse me and please!" That's because they were living in the Francophone world of nearby ancient Québec city.
News from the Board
It has been a busy fall here at Merriconeag; I hope everyone has had a chance to enjoy the various festivals, speakers, parent evenings and sporting events—both to reconnect with friends and meet many of the new members of our dynamic community.
School Community Updates
Attention all crafters: Craving a handwork workshop? If so, mark your calendar for Wednesday, December 8 in the farmhouse kitchen after drop off until around 10....we'll make adorable doll vest and crown sets out of plan dyed wool felt with embellishment options. Cost for the workshop is only $7 to cover materials. If interested, please contact Aly Fullagar at 522-1293 to "register" so she knows how much material to plan for. Coming after the Christmas Break: King Winter Table Puppets!
Last Call for Help Finding the Merriconeag Banner: Has anyone seen, or know anything about, the teal-colored vinyl school banner? It has been missing from the high school vans since September. PLEASE email email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.com, with any leads whatsoever. We very much need the banner and your help finding it..
Found: A set of 3 keys with a YMCA membership tag were found on the Kindergarten playground near the picnic table. See Deeda in the Early Childhood office if they belong to you.
Cross Country Ski Rental Today at 3:15 in the Community Hall: Once again we are happy to offer the opportunity to rent ski equipment for the upcoming season. This will happen on Tuesday, November 23th from 3:15 to 4:30pm in the Community Hall. Boots will be on hand to try on, as well as a couple of MWS Middle School Nordic coaches to help size equipment. Please do not guess about sizes. Your child needs to try them on with a warm pair of socks. We also need your child's height in inches. The price is $55 for the season, payable to MWS. These are waxable combi skis and need care and maintenance. They are not recommended for students in Grades 2 or 3.
2011 Yearbook, Deadline: Dec. 3rd
In Grades 8-12 – Read This
If you're in grades 8-12, you will automatically be billed for a yearbook, so you don't need to sign up to receive a copy. If you would rather NOT purchase a yearbook and you're in grades 8-12, then you MUST fill out an order form and check the box that reads: "I am in the 8-12 grade and I would NOT like to purchase a yearbook this year." A link to the order form is below.
In Grades ECC – 7, Faculty and Staff – Read This
If you're in grades ECC – 7, you're faculty or staff and you'd like a copy of the 2011 yearbook, then you must fill out an order form requesting a copy. You will be billed sometime after the deadline of Dec. 3rd. A link to the order form is below.
How much will it cost this year?
That is a great question and one that we cannot answer until we know how many we will order. We have set a maximum price of $55 per book. We hope that the price will come down. Once we have set the price, the Business Office will bill you for the actual price. We expect it to be somewhere between $45 and $55.
When will I receive my yearbook?
We expect yearbooks to be delivered in late May or early June before school gets out in the spring.
How do I get an order form?
Click here to open up an order form or there are forms in both offices. You can fill it out and bring it to either office, or you can mail it to: Merriconeag Waldorf School, 57 Desert Road, Freeport, ME 04032.
Any Questions? If you have any further questions, please don't hesitate to contact Patty Bright, Yearbook Advisor at 865-1303 or email@example.com.
Pest Management Policy: Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a focus of the state to track the use of pesticides in schools and public buildings. MWS is required to disclose to any parent or faculty member when any pesticides are used. MWS does not use pesticides as a general rule. If pesticides are used it would happen when school is not in session and there is no threat of exposure to the students or the community. If you would like contacted when pesticides are used a form is provided in the Grades office (Lisa). After filling out the form you would be contacted in the event of pesticide usage. Contact Will Hight with any questions or concerns, 865-3900 x135 or firstname.lastname@example.com
Read This
Your Brain on Computers: Growing up Digital, Wired for Distraction
November 21, 2010, New York Times article by Matt Richtel.
The constant stream of stimuli offered by new technology poses a profound new challenge to focusing and learning.
For links to recent articles about technology and brain development click here
(Click blue to link through)
Greater Community Link
Community Classifieds Link
Circus Smirkus at Merriconeag:
Monday, August 3 & Tuesday, August 4, 1:00 & 6:00 pm,
Grade School Campus, 57 Desert Rd, Freeport.
with our own high school student, Sarah Norden,
as part of the amazing cast!


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O Apóstolo tells the story of Ramón (Carlos Blanco) and Xavier (Luis Tosar of Sleep Tight), a couple thieves who escape prison with the intent of tracking down some stolen jewels Xavier had hidden away in a small farmhouse in a small village years earlier. Almost immediately they split up (by accident) and Ramón must make his way to Xanaz alone with the hope, or maybe not, of meeting back up with Xavier to recover the bounty. Xavier is wonderfully voiced by Luis Tosar; he gives you the impression he might be up to something with just a slight tonal change. This possible threat/double-cross tilts the viewer off-kilter slightly so as we get to know Ramón in his lone journey to Xanaz, we are also keenly aware that his less-than-admirable detection skills might be the death of him. This becomes more urgent as he finally makes it to the village and anyone, and I mean anyone paying the slightest bit of attention would see things are a bit off in this small village. Ramón is more focused on the jewels and because of this stumbles himself straight into a mess for which he might not get to escape to tell the tale.
This village is cursed by a supernatural presence that renders them stagnant, in-fear and warped with manipulative intentions towards outsiders. This is personified in Don Cesáreo, the local priest who drips charm initially but quickly replaces that with less-than-virtuous behavior, stealing and acrid meanness dealt out at random. The quick transition of the character is a joy to watch, made all the better by Xose Manuel Olveira in the role. So you have a thieving priest, a bunch of villagers in cahoots, a ghostly problem and a punch of religious themes intertwined in all of it.
So how does it all come together?
Well, as many fables go, the message of O Apostolo is much more compelling than the story itself and so you're left with what you want to make of Ramón's character arc and who he is at the end versus at the beginning. Watching him learn what it means to give over to the unknown versus the known quantities of life (and afterlife for that matter) is satisfying enough to serve as a cautionary moral. The film is strikingly lovely to look at and the artistry of it is no small feat. From the corners of rooms to the edges of windowsills to the tiny details of bookcases and all the rest, O Apostolo is a wonderful film to look at and appreciate. Couple this with a delightfully creepy soundtrack (scored, in part, by Phillip Glass!!) and you have a charming ghost story with some sweeping morality ideas mixed in for good measure. A winning film, for sure.


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Experience USC'S beautiful campus and the city of Columbia for yourself. That's the best way to see everything we have to offer and get energized by our campus-wide Gamecock spirit. Schedule a visit and discover how you can fit in, have fun, learn a lot, make new friends and find a fantastic place to live.
Start at the Visitor Center
The USC Visitor Center in McKissick coordinates in-person campus tours for individuals, families and groups. Each weekday, our Student Ambassadors guide you, your family and your friends through important campus locations. And we can arrange for you to meet faculty and staff in the academic areas that match your interests.
Undergraduate Information Sessions
Also at the Visitor Center on the historic Horseshoe, staff members from the Office of Undergraduate Admissions conduct freshman several information sessions most week days to review general admission requirements and deadlines, financial aid and scholarship guidelines, the South Carolina Honors College and the Capstone Scholars program. Please check with the Visitor Center for availability and to reserve your space!
Transfer and International Students
Whether or not you visit us in person, you can still receive valuable assistance from USC. Please contact the Office of Undergraduate Admissions to speak with an admissions counselor about any questions you may have during the application process.
Plan Ahead for the Best USC Visit
For the best experience, please schedule your visit at least two weeks in advance. Let us know if you'd like to attend an information session or meet people in our academic departments, and we'll make the arrangements.
Virtual Tour
Can't make it in person? Explore our historic campus with this virtual tour.Virtual Tour
Why wait? Visit USC today!
USC's original Columbia campus – the historic Horseshoe – is where you'll find the Visitor Center in McKissick.
- Home >
- Visit
Schedule a Visit
Register online for a personal campus tour and to attend an Undergraduate Information Session.Sign Up Online
for a Campus Tour
Historic Horseshoe
Enjoy this beautiful green space in the heart of USC's original campus for year-round outdoor studying, games, picnics and ceremonies....Virtual Tour
Admissions Events
Find out when USC admissions representatives will be in your area so you can meet us in person....learn more


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I then proceed to break the head down into very specific shapes. I am not necessarily thinking of features (eyes, nose, mouth, ears), but rather abstracted shapes that just happen to contain these features. I am essentially separating light shapes from shadow shapes. I try to simplify these shapes as much as I can without stylizing them. Simple is better for many reasons, not the least of which is ease of ability to transfer the drawing to canvas for painting.
Once transferred, I try create surface form on top of each one of these shapes. I try to show how light moves from one to the other in a pattern that reveals the beauty of the surface form.
Along the way, if I did it just right ( or got lucky), a portrait/head emerges that fits seamlessly onto the neck and ribcage, and bears a likeness to the model.
Rob Zeller is a practicing artist and the director of the Teaching Studios of Art. He's also a guest blogger for Artist Daily.
© 2015 F+W All rights reserved.Use of this site signifies your agreement to the Terms and Privacy Policy, updated March 2007


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Chris Brown releases his new mixtape CD
Chris Brown is a well known R&B/Pop icon who has won numerous music awards for his talent. At the age of 16, his hit single "Run It" quickly climbed to the number one spot on the billboard charts and you could hear it on your cd listening center. The slick dance moves he showcased in his music video instantly captured the attention of soon-to-be fans. Two years later, he did it again, soaring to the top of the billboard charts with another hit single titled "Kiss Kiss". As his music career progressed, he began to show clear signs of being one of the most promising young performers in the recording industry.
In 2009, his 'role model' image dramatically took a hit when he was accused of hurting his former girlfriend Rihanna. How can a wonderful night at the Grammy Awards Show, afterwards, end up like this? Perhaps a personal dispute between the two resulted in this negative outcome. This was such a huge turning point for him to realize that what he did was absolutely wrong. His endorsements were dropped, which ultimately lead to a loss of loyal fans. Despite his numerous public apologies, fans have already shifted their perception towards whether or not he'll ever be the same "Chris Brown".
So what is Chris Brown up to these days? As a means for trying to gain back his stardom, Chris Brown has spent a majority of his time working in the studio. His latest mixtape album titled "In My Zone" provides listeners with a glimpse of what he intends to accomplish this year. In order to achieve that industry standard sound, his producers paired him with a Shure Studio Microphone.
After all that has happened in the past year, maybe it's time for people to forgive him. Or should they? Instead of worrying about the tabloids, Chris Brown decided to focus his energy into creating and delivering more good music. We all know that most of his songs are written towards a larger demographic of women. Ladies, if you enjoyed listening to any Chris Brown CD before, then you'll love his latest mixtape, which was released on Valentines Day. The release date couldn't have been better!


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2009-10: Was sidelined due to injury 2008-09: Did not compete in the spring due to injury
2009-10: Was sidelined due to injury
2008-09: Did not compete in the spring due to injuryHigh School: Turned in a personal-best 5K time of 17:48... Ran the 3,200-meter run and the 1,600-meter run in personal-best times of 10:37 and 5:06... Named to the All State cross country team in 2005 and 2006... Was named First Team Girls Greater Catholic League in 2005 and 2006... Broke the city record in the 3,200-meter run in 2007... Earned a spot on the All-State track and field team in 2006 and 2007... Named First Team Girls Greater Catholic League for track and field in 2007.
2007-08:Set a program record with a time of 36:47.28 in the 10,000-meter event at the A-10 Outdoor Track & Field Championships, good for a runner-up finish... Had 10 top 10 finishes... Had the fastest 3,000-meter time of the season for the Musketeers, clocking a 10:06.21 at the Findlay Oiler Invitational... Was the team's top runner in the 5,000 meter event, including a season-best 17:48.42 at the Oliver Nikoloff Invitational... Was named to the 2007-08 Atlantic 10 Commissioner's Honor Roll.
Personal: Born January 3, 1989 ... An accounting major


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Sorry, there are no current plans to re-stock this product. Instead, please consider some of our similar products listed below.
The England Rugby Shirt from England rugby kit sponsors Nike. This is a replica version of the home England rugby shirt, styled in the traditional white of the England rugby team.
Styled in white, this England home rugby shirt from Nike features a new rose thorn design under the arms and on the sleeves, giving it an updated look, ideal for all England rugby fans.
The England rugby shirt features the official England rugby kit badge on the left chest, Nike swoosh logo on the right, as well as the 02 sponsor across the front.


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Woman, 90, dies after T.O. crash
A 90-year-old Newbury Park woman died Monday after her vehicle was broadsided by a sport utility vehicle in Thousand Oaks, authorities said Tuesday.
Floriene Hamel was pronounced dead about 2:30 p.m. at Los Robles Hospital & Medical Center in Thousand Oaks, about an hour after the crash, said Shasta Gainer, a senior deputy Ventura County medical examiner.
Hamel was preparing to make a left turn from Ventu Road onto Lynn Road about 1:30 p.m. when her vehicle was broadsided by a sport utility vehicle, Thousand Oaks police Sgt. Barbara Payton said.
The SUV driver was Wendy Tovey, 43, of Newbury Park, who was returning from a Simi Valley ice skating rink with seven girls in her vehicle, Payton said. There were no injuries to Tovey or the girls, all about 9, other than bumps and bruises.
Hamel was the only person taken to a hospital, and she died of blunt-force chest injuries, Senior Deputy Medical Examiner Craig Stevens said after an autopsy Tuesday.
The cause of the crash remained under investigation, Payton said. It appeared everyone involved was wearing a seat belt.
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