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Conversation Activities for Making Requests
Lesson Plan for Guest's Requests
Group Activity- A Skit for Making Requests
Divide the class into groups of 2 or 3. Students work together to develop a skit that is grammatically
correct about guests making requests . Once the skit is developed, students present it to the teacher
and the rest of class. The teacher judges the skit based on grammar and language use, originality,
and acting ability. (Other Activities: Complaints)
For additional conversation activities for making
requests in the hotel industry take a look at
Other links for Requests
Activities for Making Requests
Practice Making Requests
English conversation activities for responding to guests requests- Hotel-tefl.com


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Nestled amidst a neighborhood of single story bungalows in Venice, California, the Solar Umbrella Residence boldly establishes a precedent for the next generation of California modernist architecture. Located on a 41' wide x 100'-0" long through lot, the Solar Umbrella addition transforms the architects' existing 650 square foot bungalow into a 1900 square foot residence equipped for responsible living in the twenty-first century. Inspired by Paul Rudolph's Umbrella House of 1953, the Solar Umbrella provides a contemporary reinvention of the solar canopy—a strategy that provides thermal protection in climates with intense exposures. In establishing the program for their residence, which accommodates the couple and their one child chose to integrate into the design, principles of sustainability that they strive to achieve in their own practice.
A topography sculpted of folded, skewed metal planes, the Vail House by California based Brooks +Scarpa (formerly Pugh + Scarpa Architects), seems to enter into a love affair with the hill, blurring the boundaries between the natural and the artificial. The design of the Vail House was generated by the integration of two disparate forces: the mundane requirements of the regulations imposed by zoning codes, economic constraints and the technical challenge of building on a steep hillside, and on the other hand the careful attention to the very specific condition of the site itself and to its surroundings. This made the architecture of the project a unique expression of the generic and the specific.
Step Up on 5th is a bright new spot in downtown Santa Monica. The new building provides a home, support services and rehabilitation for the homeless and mentally disabled population. The new structure provides 46 studio apartments of permanent affordable housing. The project also includes ground level commercial/retail space and subterranean parking.A striking yet light-hearted exterior makes the new building a welcome landmark in downtown Santa Monica. Custom water jet-anodized aluminum panels on the main façade creates a dramatic screen that sparkles in the sun and glows at night, while also acting as sun protection and privacy screens. The material reappears as a strategic arrangement of screens on east and south-facing walls, lending a subtle rhythm to the exterior circulation walkways and stairs.
As promised when we introduced the winners of the 2011 COTE Top Ten Green Projects by the American Institute of Architects, we will be posting individual stories about each project. The projects have already been featured in more details on AIA's web site.
Photograph ⓒ John Linden
We start with by Brooks+Scarpa's Cherokee Studio in LA, an urban infill, mixed-use, market-rate housing project designed to incorporate green design as a way of marketing a green lifestyle. The project is pending LEED Platinum certification. The design maximizes the opportunities of the mild Southern California climate with a passive cooling strategy using cross-ventilation and thermal convection while taking advantage of the abundantly sunny location. A commitment to minimizing the project's ecological footprint informed all aspects of the design.
The main architectural feature of this project is the building's owner-controlled double-façade system. The occupant is able to adjust the operable screens of the building façade as necessary for privacy, views, shading, and thermal comfort. As a result, the facade is virtually redesigned "live" from within, responding to the occupants of the building in real time. The façade also enhances the existing streetscape and promotes a lively pedestrian environment. By visually breaking up the façade into smaller, articulated moving elements, the building appears to move with the passing cars and people. Like many features of the building, the façade is multivalent and rich with meaning, performing several roles for formal, functional, and experiential effect.
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text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by MBC
"This is a quick and easy recipe, but very impressive because of the unique flavor. One of my family's favorites."
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1 1/2 cups
1/2 cup
1 cup
dry grits
1 cup
shredded Cheddar cheese
2 tablespoons
olive oil
1 (16 ounce) package
kielbasa sausage, sliced into 1/2 inch pieces
1 cup
sliced fresh mushrooms
1 cup
diced onion
1 cup
raspberry preserves
I just couldn't stop eating this! It was fabulous! The only change I made was to use Cherry preserves instead of Raspberry, and it worked very well. Easy too! Thank you so much for the tasty recipe.
Nope. Didn't work out for me. Not tasty.
57 Ratings
I was pretty skeptical when I read this recipe, but the solid marks from the reviewers convinced me to give it a try. I didn't have raspberry preserves, so I used cherry (and I was missing the mushrooms)but it turned out great. I don't like grits, but my husband does, so I made this for his birthday breakfast. Everyone looked at their dishes with a strange expression as I put it on the table, but once they dug in, they all liked it... including me!
I made this last night and it was delicious. I used fresh kielbasa rather than smoked and I omitted the mushrooms and the raspberry preserves because I didn't have any on hand. The flavors in the dish would have lent themselves quite well to the raspberry preserves as long as the preserves weren't too sweet. I would add them if I made this dish again.
The cheese grits were great. The milk really adds a lot of body to them. I was nervous about boiling the milk so I heated it on medium until it just started to bubble then I added the grits and stired constantly. This worked just fine. The timing worked out nicely as well, because I was stirring the grits while the sausage was reducing
A great combination of flavors and quick to prepare. Being from the South we love our grits and this is an excellent way to prepare them. I also like that the ingredients are ones that I normally have on hand.
ALright, I will say the recipe does sound bizzare, but how soon do we forget the KEY ingredient in cocktail little smokies, or even cocktail meatballs is GRAPE JELLY. Why would this be any better/worse? Certainly it was WONDERFUL with the kielbasa. Be careful with the type of sausage you chose-(did not like with maple sausage), but with "normal" smoked kielbasa was great. I used two kinds, it was what I had. As we gobbled...it really reminded me of the little smokies served for appetizers...why not just throw out the grits and use this for your next appetizer?? I could take or leave grits...I'm a northerner, harder to find here anyway.
I was a little leary about adding sweet preserves to a dish like this, but it was actually pretty good. I didn't have raspberry preserves so I substituted chopped cherry jam, which tasted fine. The sausage mix went well with the grits. (I may have had a different type of grits, but I needed to add quite a bit more liquid.) I also added some butter,pepper and a little salt to the grits. I would make this again.
We tried it last night. We did not have raspberry preserve, we used Key Lime Jelly. We also needed to cut the kielbasa slices in half. We just loved either way.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Raspberry Kielbasa over Cheese Grits
Serving Size: 1/4 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 4
Amount Per Serving
** Calories: 948
** Calories from Fat: 445
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OVO Fest »
Drake Announces OVO Fest (2015)!
It's that time of year! Well, for Drake fan's at least. Every year, around this time, Drake announces the dates and lineup for his OVO Fest. This year's festival is jam packed with anRead More »
35 In Toronto: NBA Fines The Raptors $25,000 For Drake Trying To Recruit Kevin Durant (Video)
All is fair in love and war but apparently not to the NBA. With Kevin Durant due to be a free agent in the year 2016, teams and cities across the nation haveRead More »
Dj Khaled – I Changed A Lot Tour: OVO Fest & Toronto We The Best Takeover (Video)
Watch Dj Khaled's I Changed A Lot Tour x OVO Fest & Toronto We The Best Takeover vlog above!Read More »
Chris Brown Forced To Cancel OVO Fest Performance After Being Banned From Canada
According to reports, Chris Brown was slated to fly to Toronto to take part of OVO Fest. It was rumored that the former enemies would be premiering their highly anticipated collaboration but that won'tRead More »
Drake Announces OVO Fest 2014 Lineup
Drake has officially announced this year's plans for OVO Fest. The festivities which will take place August 3rd and 4th at the Molson Ampitheatre in Toronto. On day one, the first annual concert willRead More »
Drake Brings Out Diddy & Ma$e At The OVO Fest (Video)
It felt like 1996 again at the OVO Fest in Toronto, all that was missing whats the Karl Kani boots. During the OVO Fest Drake surprised the audience by brings out Diddy and Ma$e.Read More »
Drake Brings Out Kanye West In Toronto At The OVO Fest (Video)
Well all the rumor of a possible beef between Yeezy and Drizzy can now be stopped. During Drake's fourth annual OVO Fest in Toronto, Kanye gave Drake heavy praise telling the crowd that DrakeRead More »
Drake x The Weeknd – Crew Love (Live at Th OVO Fest in Toronto) (Video)
Drake's annual OVO Festival took place last night in Toronto's Molson Amphitheatre. Many artists performed last night, but as you can see the Toronto natives took over the show. Watch Drake and The WeekndRead More »


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The following provisions apply:
Recruiting, relocation and bonuses and retention allowances for regular full-time pay band employees are tools that assist managers in building and maintaining a quality workforce. Bonuses and allowances are designed to attract and retain quality personnel where there is strong competition in highly compensated private sector labor markets for employees with particular specialized skills. Payment of these bonuses and allowances should be used sparingly and only in selective recruiting or retention situations and should not be a matter of routine. They are not a substitute for Incentive Awards, pay adjustments, or foreign and non-foreign allowances. When a recruitment or relocation bonus is paid, a written service agreement must be completed by the employee covering a period of at least 6 months. Recovery of funds, on a pro-rata basis, must be sought when employees fail to complete their required period of service. Recruiting and relocation bonuses and retention allowances are not considered part of the basic pay of the employee for any purpose, including calculation of retirement annuity.


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Hostel Vagabond SarajevoSarajevo, Bosnia And Herzegovina
Internet is rather slow.
Bada Bing Hostel IstanbulIstanbul, Turkey
Very nice hostel located in the heart of Istanbul, very close to the hipster and artist area. Taksim Square is also right next to the hostel. When you've booked "deluxe", they'll serve the breakfast into your room! The only negative thing is that the staff sells beer to very very expensive prices!
Hotel Basilea DipendenzaVenice, Italy
The lost my Hostelworld reservation. But the Lady at the reception was very kind and found an other room for me.
Chillout Hostel ZagrebZagreb, Croatia
just a great hostel how it always should be!
Sax HostelLjubljana, Slovenia
super nice hostel with a cool pub in the ground-floor. during my stay, it was allways very clean. The only negative thing I can say was that the AC couldn't be turned off during night time. it was freezing.
iVAN HostelMoscow, Russia
very clean hostel with nice and helpful staff. unfortunately, there are only 1 shower and 1 toilette: Queueing included.
Friend's HostelParis, France
the hostel is in a (sometimes) noisy neighbourhood with charming arabian style... the staff is friendly, but they look sometimes a little bit bored.
- Novice Nomad
- Switzerland
- (7 reviews)


text:
La Floridita Fuerte Churchill 5 Pack
7 x 50 - Dark Natural - Pack of 5
Special Offer
Special Offer
La Floridita Fuerte Churchill cigars offer a thick, creamy smoke brimming with dark, woody flavors, sweet-spicy notes, and a captivating aroma. On the medium side of medium to full-bodied, the Churchill vitola is a delicious after-dinner indulgence. Try 5 first!
I ordered a box and humidified them most of the time at 72. After a few of these I wasnt crazy about them but when they were humidified consistently well at 72-73% for a few months, I started to develop a taste for these and the flavor was unbelievable. They turned out to be one of the best cigars on my list. Very strong but delicious.
I was curious about this cigar after seeing it promoted in Famous Cigar's catalog, and I surfed some other sites for reviews, hoping to find a diamond in the rough for the price. This cigar has a hard draw, harsh flavor and uneven burn. For the money buy the Rocky Patel Cuban Blend maduro instead.
These are ok, but that's it. I was a little disappointed in the taste of these cigars. Probably will opt for other choices at this point.
These sticks possess all of the richness and sweet flavor of a Maduro balanced with the mildness of a Connecticut. Truly a great cigar at a very reasonable price. I recomend a low humidity setting of 60-65 percent to avoid bitterness.


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Thursday, January 17, 2013
William G. "Bill" Sheppard, Sr., 88, of Summerville, husband of Nadine C. Sheppard since 1952, passed away Sunday, January 13, 2013 at The Village at Summerville.
Family and friends attended his visitation on Monday evening, January 14, 2013 from 6 to 8 o'clock at James A. Dyal Funeral Home. Funeral service was held Tuesday, January 15, 2013, at 2 o'clock at Bethany United Methodist Church, Spell Chapel, 118 W. 3rd Street South, Summerville. Entombment followed in Dorchester Memory Gardens Mausoleum.
Flowers will be accepted or memorials may be made to Bethany United Methodist Church, Spell Chapel, 118 W. 3rd Street South, Summerville, SC 29483.
Mr. Sheppard was born November 6, 1924 in Beaufort, SC, son of the late John Andrew Sheppard, Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Sheppard. Mr. Sheppard was a retired executive with Westvaco's Woodlands Division and served in the United States Navy during WWII aboard the USS Holton, a destroyer escort. While on the USS Holton, Mr. Sheppard witnessed the signing of the Peace Treaty with Japan in Tokyo Bay. After the war he went to Clemson University and later transferred to the University of Georgia earning a degree in Forestry. He was one of the founding members of Phi Kappa Tau Fraternity, Beta Xi Chapter. He began working for Westvaco in 1951 and retired in 1989. After living in Georgetown, SC, managing the company's woodlands there, he moved his family to Summerville to manage the company's South Carolina woodlands. Mr. Sheppard was a member of Bethany United Methodist Church for fifty-three years, where he held several offices. For many years, he was well known for counting the offerings on Sunday mornings at Bethany. Mr. Sheppard was loved and respected by those who knew him and he will be greatly missed.
Survivors, including his wife, Nadine, are three children; William Godbold Sheppard, Jr. (Janice), Lori Ann Sheppard Peace (Jerry) and Sara Jill Sheppard Smith (Charles), six grandchildren; Amy, Elizabeth, Matthew, Christopher, Danielle and Hannah and six great grandchildren.
A memorial message may be written to the family by visiting our website at www.jamesadyal.com.
Arrangements by James A. Dyal Funeral Home, 303 S. Main Street, Summerville, SC 29483 (843) 873-4040.
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text:
The scandal enveloping Sen. Robert Menendez has taken a significant toll on the New Jersey Democrat's approval ratings, according to a new Quinnipiac University poll released early Thursday that shows the percentage of Garden State voters who approve of the way Menendez is handling his job as senator has fallen 15 percentage points in a month.
Now, only 36 percent of New Jersey voters approve of Menendez's job performance, while 41 percent disapprove. That is a sharp drop from one month ago, when a 51 percent majority approved of Menendez, and only 33 percent disapproved. It also represents a 20-point decrease from late November, when 56 percent of voters approved of Menendez.
Ethics watchdogs and conservative groups have questioned Menendez's relationship with a campaign donor, Florida doctor Salomon Melgen. Menendez repaid Melgen last month for two flights on Melgen's private plane to the Dominican Republic, and the New York Times reported earlier this month that Menendez intervened on Melgen's behalf in two Medicare disputes. Melgen's offices were raided last month by federal investigators.
The conservative website The Daily Caller reported that Melgen also allegedly supplied Menendez with underage prostitutes in the Dominican, though investigators have found no evidence to corroborate those accusations, according to the Washington Post.
Before being asked specifically about the scandal, only 28 percent of respondents to the new poll say that Menendez "is honest and trustworthy," compared to 44 percent who say that he is not. Respondents were then asked if they have read or heard "anything about the controversy surrounding Senator Menendez and his ties to a political donor." Seven-in-ten voters say they have, and 28 percent say they have not.
Asked if this "controversy" makes them "think less favorably" of Menendez, 48 percent say it has, and 40 percent say it has not. But 59 percent of those who said they had heard about the controversy say it makes them view Menendez less favorably, while just 35 percent say it makes no difference.
"More than two thirds of voters have heard of his troubles," said Quinnipiac University Polling Institute director Mickey Carroll, "and the more they know, the less they approve."
Only 28 percent of voters say they are "satisfied" with the way Menendez is handling the situation, and 60 percent say it is worth investigating, including 67 percent of those familiar with the scandal. Notably, the poll never mentions the specific accusations against Menendez, including the unsubstantiated prostitution charges.
A Monmouth University/Asbury Park Press poll conducted earlier this month had showed little or no significant movement in Menendez's approval rating. But the Quinnipiac poll is more recent and may represent changes in public opinion driven by increasing media coverage of the allegations against Menendez.
Menendez was reelected to a second six-year term last year, so barring resignation or removal, he will not appear on a ballot again until 2018. But the poll also tested the possible, high-profile matchup to replace Democratic Sen. Frank Lautenberg between Newark Mayor Cory Booker and longtime television host Geraldo Rivera. Booker, the Democrat, leads Rivera, 59 percent to 23 percent, the poll shows. Booker's image ratings continue to improve in the Quinnipiac poll: 59 percent of voters have a favorable opinion of him, compared to only 11 percent who view him unfavorably.
Booker may not have a clear path to his party's nomination, with Democratic Rep. Frank Pallone considering the race. The poll tested only Booker and Rivera, however.
The poll was conducted Feb. 13-17, surveying 1,149 registered voters. The margin of error is plus-or-minus 2.9 percentage points.
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Footey is from our little upstate NY community. My son played high school basketball with him. We got to watch him go to the Sweet 16 with Cornell (local to us). I just said two days ago that he may get a shot at the end of the season. Congratulations and good luck Jeff.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Waiting for Me which was written by poet
Robbins. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Liberty Robbins
Getting ready to go out
First I must shower, shave
That takes about an hour
Then I have to wear two towels
One on my head the other a makeshift dress
This feels good, so I sport that for a spell
That takes up one hour more
Then comes my arsenal of hair guns and wands
You would think I was preparing for some kind of
Weird wizard war
After this I'm on hour four
Then I pick out my outfit
I have several things to choose
All of them your advice asked
Duly noted, but never used
You sigh and return to football
Where are we? Hour five?
Then comes makeup the easy part
Add half an hour
I'm looking good
My grand entrance into the room
You're asleep on the couch


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Oct. 12, 2007
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. --- University of New Mexico setter Jade Michaelsen recorded a career-high 48 assists as the Lobos defeated San Diego State, 30-26, 30-18, 30-25. UNM improved to 14-5 overall and 5-2 in the Mountain West Conference.
"We had a shuffle in the initial line-up and got down in Game One, but they did a good job pulling away at the end," said Lobo head coach Jeff Nelson. "When we went back to our `comfort zone' line-up in Game Two, we really played a solid, complete game. We cat-and-moused it in Game Three before we finally separated ourselves for the win."
Sarah Kwasigroch and Kat Crawley served the Lobos to a 9-4 lead in Game One, before SDSU's Stephanie Darnell served the Aztecs back into the lead at 12-10. The teams went back and forth until MWC dig leader Aime Cordeiro served SDSU to a 22-17 lead. The Lobos held on as Kerri Beck and Jeanne Fairchild put together four kills down the stretch to put UNM back in the lead, 26-24. Fairchild picked up two more kills, along with Rose Morris and Anna Lehne for the 30-26 win.
In Game Two, Lehne put together a solid performance with key serves to get the Lobos out to a 5-1 lead and later three consecutive kills to increase the lead to 15-7. The Lobos kept SDSU off balance as the UNM middle blockers made their presence known behind the play of Lehne and Beck with nine kills in Game Two. Fairchild had six kills in the game, including the game-winner.
Game Three saw neither team pulling away early as SDSU took the first two-point lead at 15-13 on a UNM attack error. The Lobos took the lead for good at 21-20 on a kill by Lehne. Lehne then served the Lobos to 24-20, the largest lead of the game at the time. Morris collected her eighth kill of the match for the game- and match-winner.
"It is great to get another win in three," said Nelson. "We need to keep moving forward."
The 14 overall wins on the season matches the highest total for the Lobos since joining the Mountain West in 1999.
"Jeanne looked like her old self tonight, faster and more dynamic," continued Nelson. "Anna has really turned it up the past couple of weeks and is playing better. Rose stepped up and had a nice match tonight. Everyone played really well, including Gayle and Sarah at right back."
Fairchild recorded a team-high 23 kills and hit .500. Lehne finished up with 11 kills and a .562 hitting percentage, while Lisa Meeter pitched in with 10 kills. Michaelsen just missed her third double-double of the season with 48 assists and nine digs.
Gayle Tripp led the Lobos with 17 digs to improve her career dig total to 990. She needs 10 against UNLV to join the UNM 1,000-dig club.
The Lobos will face UNLV on Saturday, Oct. 13, at 7 p.m. in the Johnson Center. UNLV beat TCU on Friday night, 3-0, to remain tied with the Lobos for second place in the MWC.
New Mexico def. San Diego State 30-26, 30-18, 30-25
San Diego State (11-7, 3-4 MWC) (Kills-aces-blocks) - MAHAN, Lindsey 10-1-4; SALISBURY, Lauren 10-0-4; DARNALL, Stephanie 5-0-2; EVANS, Hannah 4-0-2; DE TURK, Sydney 4-0-3; MANASCO, Kelsey 2-0-0; CASTILLO, Kristen 1-0-0; CORDEIRO, Aime 0-1-0; LATHROP, Leah 0-1-0; Totals 36-3-8.0. (Assists) - LATHROP, Leah 17; CASTILLO, Kristen 12. (Dig leaders) - CORDEIRO, Aime 23; DARNALL, Stephanie 4
New Mexico (14-5, 5-2 MWC) (Kills-aces-blocks) - Fairchild, Jeanne 23-0-1; Lehne, Anna 11-0-2; Meeter, Lisa 10-1-0; Morris, Rose 8-0-1; Beck, Kerri 7-0-3; Michaelsen, Jade 1-1-3; Phillips, Kelsi 0-1-0; Totals 60-3-6.0. (Assists) - Michaelsen, Jade 48. (Dig leaders) - Tripp, Gayle 17; Kwasigroch, Sarah 12; Michaelsen, Jade 9


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A process is described for in situ recovery of bitumen or heavy oil from a reservoir having a horizontal injection well and a horizontal production well. The process includes a first phase in which steam and a heavy hydrocarbon solvent are injected into the reservoir, a second phase in which the steam and heavy hydrocarbon injections are transitioned to a light hydrocarbon solvent injection, and a third phase in which a light hydrocarbon solvent is injected without further steam or heavy hydrocarbon injection. A displacement gas may be added during any of the phases, and production of hydrocarbons continues throughout all phases. The process employs a high-production start-up phase, followed by lower cost phases which progress a depletion chamber within the reservoir.
1. A method to recover heavy hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir, the underground reservoir being penetrated by an injection well and a production well, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) injecting steam and a heavy hydrocarbon solvent into the injection well over time, while producing reservoir hydrocarbons from the production well;
(b) transitioning from the steam and heavy hydrocarbon solvent injections to a lighter hydrocarbon solvent injection, while continuing to produce hydrocarbons from the production well;
(c) continuing to inject the lighter hydrocarbon solvent while producing hydrocarbons from the production well; and
(d) enhancing the solubility of solvents in steps (a) through (c) by monitoring and adjusting reservoir pressure.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. A method according to
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This application claims the benefit of Canadian Patent Application No. 2,462,359 filed on Mar. 24, 2004.
This invention relates to a method to improve hydrocarbon recovery from a hydrocarbon reservoir. More particularly, the invention relates to a solvent-assisted vapor extraction with steam (SAVES) process in which steam and hydrocarbon solvents of different molecular weights are injected into a well to achieve the mobilization of heavy oil or bitumen within the hydrocarbon reservoir.
Various methods are used in the recovery of deeply buried heavy oil or bitumen deposits within oil-sands reservoirs. In situ heavy oil or bitumen recovery techniques are applied to indigenous resource that cannot be mined economically because of the depth of the overburden. It is recognized that in situ methods disturb considerably less land and therefore require less land-reclamation activity than mining projects. In situ production methods may recover between 25 and 75 percent of the initially present heavy oil or bitumen in a reservoir. In general, the focus of in situ heavy oil or bitumen recovery processes is to reduce the viscosity of the heavy oil or bitumen to enable it to be produced from a well and transported by pipeline or other means.
All existing in situ methods to recover heavy oil or bitumen deposits exploit at least one of temperature, pressure, and/or solvent to reduce bitumen viscosity or otherwise enhance the flow of bitumen within the reservoir.
One in situ recovery method is Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,344,485 (Butler), which requires two horizontal wells to be drilled into the reservoir. In this method, two spaced apart wells are first drilled vertically to different depths within the reservoir. Thereafter, using directional drilling technology, the two wells are extended in the horizontal direction that result in two horizontal wells, vertically spaced from, but otherwise vertically aligned with the other. Ideally, the production well is located above the base of the reservoir but as close as practical to the bottom of the reservoir, and the injection well is placed above or nearly above the production well.
The upper horizontal well is utilized as an injection well and is supplied with steam from the surface. The steam rises from the horizontal injection well, permeating the reservoir to form a vapor chamber that grows over time towards the reservoir top, thereby increasing the temperature within the reservoir. The steam (and its condensate), by soaking for a period of time, will raise the temperature and consequently reduce the viscosity of the semi-solid bitumen or heavy oil in the reservoir. The bitumen and condensed steam will then drain downward through the reservoir under the action of gravity and flow into the lower production well, whereby these liquids can be pumped to the surface. At the surface of the well, the condensed steam and bitumen are separated, and the bitumen is diluted with appropriate light hydrocarbons to transport the bitumen by pipeline to a refinery or an upgrader.
The theoretical and design concepts required to conduct successful SAGD have been published and have been extensively discussed in technical and related industry literature. A major component of the capital and operating costs of commercial SAGD operations are the facilities to: a) generate steam, b) separate hydrocarbons from condensed steam, and c) treat and recycle water to the steam generators. Current steam generators require large amounts of water, which is heated by boilers fired by natural gas to produce steam. The volume of water handled in SAGD operations is reflected in steam-to-oil ratios (e.g. CWE m3 steam/m3 bitumen) of about 2 and above for active or anticipated projects. While SAGD is effective at producing bitumen from the reservoir to the surface, there continues to be a need for systems that improve the steam-to-oil ratio of SAGD consistent with increases to the thermal efficiency of the process and improvements in the cost efficiency of the process.
A variant of the SAGD process is the Steam and Gas Push (SAGP) process. In SAGP, a non-condensable gas is co-injected with the steam to provide an insulating layer at the top of the vapour chamber. While this results in higher thermal efficiency, the non-condensable gas may add cost and complexity to the process.
The literature provides further examples of enhanced bitumen recovery using steam. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,519,454 (McMillen) describes a heavy oil recovery method which comprises heating the surrounding reservoir with steam at a temperature below the coking temperature but sufficient to raise the temperature by 40-200� F. (22-111� C.). Production is then initiated immediately after heating without a soak period. Production continues until steam is produced from the production well, whereafter a liquid solvent is injected into the injection well, such that a solvent and oil mixture will be produced. The process McMillen describes is essentially a cyclic thermal-solvent process alternating between thermal and solvent intervals, and usually requires several phases of costly steam injection.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,697,642 (Vogel) teaches a steam flooding and solvent flooding process in which steam and vapourized solvent are injected into the reservoir in a stepwise condensation process to recover high viscosity hydrocarbons. In this process, the choice of solvent is not considered critical and it is suggested that the solvent is a light and readily distillable liquid that is miscible with the in situ hydrocarbons. Examples include gasoline, kerosene, naphtha, gas well and plant condensates, intermediate refinery streams, benzene, toluene, and distillate and cracked products. The process makes use of a high solvent to hydrocarbon ratio which adversely impacts the economics of the process.
Palmgren (SPE Paper 30294, 1995) describes the use of high temperature naphtha to replace steam in the SAGD process. For the process to be economic and compete with SAGD, significant naphtha recovery at the end of the process is required.
A Vapour Extraction process, called VAPEX, has been proposed as a more environmentally friendly and commercially viable alternative to SAGD. In VAPEX, as in SAGD, two horizontal wells are placed in the reservoir, with the injection well located above the production well. In the VAPEX process steam is not injected, but a gaseous solvent (for example ethane, propane, or butane) is injected into the reservoir through the injection well, where it condenses and mixes with the bitumen to reduce the viscosity of the bitumen. Both bitumen and the dissolved solvent flow downward under gravity to the production well for production to the surface. The capital costs associated with the facilities for VAPEX are much less than that of SAGD because the process does not require steam generation or water treating/handling capability. The VAPEX process, however, is associated with a lengthy start-up interval due to the difficulties associated with growing a vapour chamber without steam. The potential condensation of the gaseous solvent limits the reservoir operating pressures that are permitted to maintain a vapour chamber.
Butler and Mokrys (J. Can. Pet. Tech., 30(1): 97, 1991) initially documented the VAPEX process to recover heavy oil by using hot water and a solvent vapour near its dew point in an experimental Hele-Shaw cell. The solvent dissolves into the heavy oil, reducing its viscosity, which causes it to flow along the chamber edge to the production well located low in the formation. The hydrocarbon solvent, for example propane, continues to fill the expanding chamber. The solvent is co-injected with hot water to raise the reservoir temperature by between 4� and 80� C. The hot water also re-vaporizes some of the solvent from the heavy oil to create refluxing and additional utilization of the solvent. Butler and Mokrys (J. Can. Pet. Tech., 32(6): 56, 1994) disclose further details of the VAPEX process from the results of VAPEX physical model experiments.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,607,016 (Butler) describes a variant of the VAPEX process for use in reservoirs overlying an aquifer. A non-condensable displacement gas is co-injected with a hydrocarbon solvent at sufficient pressure to limit water ingress into the recovery zone.
Das and Butler (J. Can. Pet. Tech., 33(6): 39, 1994) discuss the impact of asphaltene precipitation on the VAPEX process. One concern with previous processes has been the potential plugging of the reservoir pore space by deposited asphaltenes, which would affect the flow of diluted heavy oil to the production well. Das and Butler were able to show that the VAPEX process was not susceptible to asphaltene plugging.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,899,274 (Frauenfeld et al.) teaches a solvent-aided method to mobilize viscous heavy oil by mixing at least two solvents, each soluble in oil, to form a substantially gaseous solvent mixture having a dew point that corresponds with the reservoir temperature and pressure. In this process, there is a reduced need to manipulate the reservoir temperature and pressure to provide conditions which would mobilize and recover oil from the reservoir.
Luhning et al. (CHOA Conference, Calgary, Canada, 1999) discusses the economics of the VAPEX process. Butler and Jiang (J. Can. Pet. Tech., 39(1): 48 2000) describe means to fine-tune VAPEX in the field.
There are many published results of the drainage rates for field conditions in the SAGD process, some examples include: Butler (Thermal Recovery of Oil and Bitumen, Grav-Drain Inc., Calgary, Alberta, 1997), Komery et al. (Paper 1998.214, Seventh UNITAR International Conference, Beijing, China, 1998), Saltuklaroglu et al. (Paper 99-25, CSPG and Petroleum Society Joint Convention, Calgary, Canada, 1999), Butler et al. (J. Can. Pet. Tech., 39(1): 18, 2000).
Canadian Patent No. 1,059,432 (Nenninger) deals with reducing the viscosity of heavy hydrocarbons in oil sand with a pressurized solvent gas such as ethane or carbon dioxide. The solvent gas temperature is maintained below its critical temperature at a pressure between 95% of its saturation pressure and not more than its saturation pressure.
Canadian Patent No. 2,323,029 (Nasr and Isaacs) describes a method (Expanding Solvent-SAGD, ES-SAGD) consisting of injecting steam and an additive into the reservoir. The additive can be one or a combination of C1 to C25 hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, chosen so that its evaporation temperature is within about �150� C. of the steam temperature at the operating pressure. After injection into the reservoir, a portion of the additive condenses in the reservoir. The concentration of additive in the steam is in the range from about 0.1% to about 5% liquid volume. The steam injection is continuous and hence the patent does not teach stopping the steam injection.
Canadian Patent No. 2,325,777 (Gutek et al.) describes a Combined Steam and Vapor Extraction Process (SAVEX) to recover hydrocarbons. First, steam is injected into an upper horizontal well until the upper surface of the steam chamber is located approximately 25% to 75% of the distance from the injection well to the top of the reservoir or the recovery rate of hydrocarbons from the reservoir is approximately 25 to 75% of the peak rate predicted for SAGD. Thereafter, a viscosity-reducing solvent is injected that is capable of existing in vapour form in the chamber to mobilize and recover an additional fraction of hydrocarbons.
Canadian Patent Application No. 2,391,721 (Nasr) describes an additional process for recovering hydrocarbons. A heated fluid composition (steam and/or hot water and a solvent) is injected into the formation. Suitable solvents include C1 to C30 hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide; carbon monoxide and associated combinations. The heated injection fluid composition has initially a steam+water-to-solvent volume ratio greater than or about 1. The steam+water-to-solvent volume ratio is subsequently reduced, at least once, to a different steam+water-to-solvent volume ratio which is still greater than or equal to about 1. The injected volume ratio of steam+liquid water-to-solvent is reduced as the process evolves. This process is referred to as Tapered Steam and Solvent-SAGD (TSS-SAGD). The same solvent is used throughout the process, only the ratio of water to solvent is altered as production progresses.
Das et al. (Paper 2004-264, CIPC Conference, Calgary, Canada, 2004) discuss the effect of solvent concentration on bitumen production in ES-SAGD and show through a simulation study that solvent concentrations in the injected stream greater than 15% volume of steam (CWE) give a marginal enhancement of process performance.
Despite the numerous attempts to recover bitumen and heavy oil in situ, as described above, there remains a need for a more cost-effective in situ bitumen extraction method. It is, therefore, desirable to provide a method capable of increasing the quantity of bitumen produced from a reservoir, or demonstrating an ability to remove bitumen more economically than is presently known. Accordingly, this invention satisfies this desire.
The invention relates generally to a method for recovering heavy hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir.
In one embodiment, the invention provides a method to recover heavy hydrocarbons from an underground reservoir, the underground reservoir being penetrated by an injection well and a production well, the method comprising the steps of injecting steam and a heavy hydrocarbon solvent into the injection well over time, while producing reservoir hydrocarbons from the production well; transitioning from the steam and heavy hydrocarbon solvent injections to a lighter hydrocarbon solvent injection, while continuing to produce hydrocarbons from the production well; and continuing to inject the lighter hydrocarbon solvent while producing hydrocarbons from the production well.
The heavy hydrocarbon solvent may include a hydrocarbon having 5 or more carbon atoms, or may include a mixture of hydrocarbon compounds each having 5 or more carbon atoms. Preferably, the heavy hydrocarbon solvent includes a C5 to C8 hydrocarbon, or a mixture of C5 to C8 hydrocarbons. Most preferably, the heavy hydrocarbon solvent is hexane or heptane.
The lighter hydrocarbon solvent may include a hydrocarbon having fewer than 5 carbon atoms. Preferably, the lighter hydrocarbon solvent is methane, ethane, propane, or butane, or a combination thereof.
Either or both of the heavy or the light hydrocarbon solvent may be any of the components that are normally found in gas condensates or diluent.
In an embodiment, the transitioning step includes transitioning the steam and heavy hydrocarbon solvent to zero while maintaining appropriate economic recovery rates.
In a further embodiment, the transitioning step is initiated after at least 10% and not more than 50% of the anticipated total reservoir volume has been recovered.
In a further embodiment, the transitioning step is completed after at least 10% and not more than 90% of the anticipated total hydrocarbon volume has been recovered.
The recovery method may include the additional step of monitoring and adjusting reservoir pressure to enhance the solubility of solvents and/or to ensure that a vapour chamber is created and maintained within the reservoir.
In an embodiment, the recovery method may include the additional step of recovering additional hydrocarbons from the reservoir during a blowdown phase performed after the lighter hydrocarbon solvent injection has been discontinued.
In another embodiment, a displacement gas may be injected into the well during the light hydrocarbon injection and/or during the blowdown phase. The displacement gas is preferably a noncondensible gas, such as nitrogen gas, natural gas, carbon dioxide, a gaseous combustion by-product, for example, a gaseous by-product that may be produced during steam generation, or a combination thereof
Embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the attached Figures, wherein:
With reference to the figures, a solvent-assisted vapor extraction with steam (SAVES) process for recovery of in situ bitumen or heavy oil is described. Generally, the present invention is a unique sequence of solvent/steam injections that achieves optimum and economical hydrocarbon production from a heavy hydrocarbon reservoir.
In general, heavy hydrocarbons remain more viscous at higher temperatures than light hydrocarbons at the same temperature, and heavy hydrocarbons also have higher dew points. Therefore, at lower temperatures and a given pressure, a light hydrocarbon will remain in the gaseous state, while a heavy hydrocarbon may be a viscous liquid at the same temperature and pressure. The effectiveness of a hydrocarbon to be used as a bitumen solvent will depend on the temperature and pressure conditions present within the reservoir and are important in the selection of an appropriate solvent.
Further, in a bitumen drainage recovery process, it is advantageous to "grow" a vapour chamber within the reservoir. Growing a vapour chamber is effective in ensuring that increasing volumes of accessible bitumen deposits within the reservoir are heated to reduce bitumen viscosity and improve mobility while maintaining sufficient pressure within the reservoir to maximize the solubility of the solvent in the heavy oil or bitumen.
In accordance with the invention, a horizontal injection well 10 and a horizontal production well 20 are drilled into a reservoir 30 at horizontally spaced locations as shown in
With reference to
Each phase of the SAVES process is designed to achieve the most economical recovery of bitumen 14. Hydrocarbon production from the production well is initiated during phase 1 and continues through phase 3, and 4 if present.
The preferred higher molecular weight solvents 12 for use in the SAVES process include C5+ hydrocarbons, for example pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, and decane or any one or more components normally present in gas condensates or diluent. Preferably, the higher molecular weight solvent 12 is hexane or heptane, or is a mixture of C5 to C8 hydrocarbons including any of the components that may normally be present in gas condensates or diluent. The preferred low molecular weight solvents 13 preferably include C1 to C4 hydrocarbons, for example methane, ethane, propane, and butane. Preferably the low molecular weight solvent 13 is ethane or propane, or is a mixture of C1 to C4 hydrocarbons. It should be noted that when selecting appropriate solvents 12, 13 during the SAVES process, the solvents 12, 13 are selected such that each solvent 12, 13 exists in substantially a vapour state at the conditions experienced during the particular phase in which that solvent is used. Preferably, one solvent should be of higher molecular weight than the other, and the higher molecular weight solvent 12 should be injected substantially with the steam 11 during phase 1 of the process, while the lower molecular weight solvent 13 should be injected once the injection of steam 11 has been reduced or discontinued.
It should be noted that when referring to volumes of solvent, volumes are expressed as a ratio of liquid hydrocarbon to total liquid injected, and steam volume is expressed in terms of the volume of cold water required to produce the steam volume.
Phase 1— Steam and Heavy Hydrocarbon Injection:
With reference to
The heavy hydrocarbon solvent 12 is most preferably a C7 hydrocarbon having an evaporation temperature similar (within approximately 50� C.) to the saturation temperature of the steam 11 at the process operating pressure. During phase 1, a fraction of the reservoir bitumen 14, for example between 10 and 50 percent of the anticipated total recovered bitumen or heavy oil, will be recovered from the reservoir.
Furthermore, in phase 1, and as stated previously, it is economically advantageous to reduce the length of the injection of steam 11 interval as much as is practical. The injection of steam 11 of the SAVES process, therefore, is preferably maintained for a period of time that is sufficient to ensure that the vapour chamber 35 grows to a size that is large enough to sustain the required solvent-induced drainage rates for the remaining phases of production.
Available computer reservoir simulation models provide the ability to predict production rates and vapour chamber 35 dimensions to assist in the estimation of the length of the phase 1 interval. Preferably, phase 1 continues until a peak in hydrocarbon production is observed. This would typically reflect a cumulative volume of produced heavy oil or bitumen 14 that equalled or exceeded 10 to 50 percent of the anticipated total recovered volume.
Phase 2—Transition:
Generally, the relative rates of decreasing the injection of steam 11 and heavy hydrocarbon solvent 12, and increasing the injection of light hydrocarbon solvent 13 are controlled to maintain chamber pressure within an acceptable range while preserving the economics of recovery. In most situations, the transitioning step should be gradual, and is initiated after approximately 10% to 50% of the anticipated total reservoir hydrocarbon volume has been recovered. The transition phase (gradual cessation of the injections of steam 11 and heavy hydrocarbon solvent 12, and gradual initiation of the injection of light hydrocarbon solvent 13) is generally completed after 10% to 90% of the total reservoir hydrocarbon volume has been recovered.
Phase 3—Light Hydrocarbon Injection:
Preferably, the injection of displacement gas 16 is initiated during phase 2 or 3, at which time the temperature and pressure within the reservoir 30 are decreasing, and introduction of the displacement gas 16 will not cause significant variation in the viscosity of the solvent-heavy oil and solvent-bitumen mixtures. Examples of acceptable displacement gases 16 include nitrogen, natural gas, methane, carbon dioxide, and gas produced as a by-product of the burning of natural gas or other fuel for steam 11 generation.
The transition phase 2, should take place over the time interval over which 10 to 80 percent of the anticipated total recoverable volume of bitumen or heavy oil 14 has been produced, and those skilled in the art will understand that the reduction and stoppage of injections of steam 11 and heavy hydrocarbon 12 will affect the reservoir conditions of temperature and pressure, and therefore, the lighter hydrocarbon solvent 13 should be injected at an appropriate rate and quantity to avoid compromising the vapour chamber 35. The transition interval can be appropriately planned using available computer software known to those in the field, and taking into consideration the desired efficiency of hydrocarbon recovery. For example, prior to initiating the SAVES process, a computer simulation of the recovery would be used to assist in planning the times and rates associated with each phase.
In certain situations, a shorter injection of steam 11 may be beneficial, such as when reduced cost is more desirable than maximal recovery of reservoir hydrocarbons. Alternatively, if time for recovery is the driving factor, the injection of steam 11 and heavy hydrocarbon 12 may be maintained, delaying the transition interval 2, or the transition interval 2 may be lengthened.
The transition from a high molecular weight solvent 12 to a lighter solvent 13 exploits the evolving conditions of temperature and pressure within the reservoir 30 caused by the initiation and cessation of the injection of steam 11, while reducing heat losses to the overburden. Moreover, the SAVES process may provide reduced capital and operating costs due to a reduction in the amount of steam 11 required, and also due to the inherent dilution of the bitumen 14 by the injected solvents 12, 13, reducing the need for dilution at the surface 25 prior to pipeline transport. Therefore, the SAVES process delivers equivalent or improved bitumen or heavy oil 14 production to known methods, with a more favourable economic return. The SAVES process also captures the benefits of lower energy consumption, less environmental pollution, in situ upgrading, and lower capital costs.
Phase 4—Blowdown:
As noted above, the process may be followed by a blowdown phase 4, in which production is continued at reducing reservoir pressures after hydrocarbon injection is complete, in order to recover additional volumes of solvent 12, 13 that can be subsequently used in adjacent active injection wells, or used as a fuel to generate steam 11. Furthermore, the production fluids can also consist of additional volumes of produced bitumen or heavy oil 14.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention are intended to be examples only. Alterations, modifications and variations may be effected to the particular embodiments by those of skill in the art without departing from the scope of the invention, which is defined solely by the claims appended hereto.
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With the start of the season, expectations were high at the LaRue County wrestling room. This was the season the wrestlers, fans and coaches pinpointed as the year the Hawks would finally break through and win their elusive first state tournament title.
Lisa Marie Puckett, 39, of Sonora, will serve seven months in the county jail and was fined $1,260 after pleading guilty to two counts of first-degree wanton endangerment, leaving the scene of an accident, operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol or drugs, first offense and three counts of third-degree criminal mischief.
According to court records, a small child was in the vehicle when the alleged offenses occurred Aug. 22.
If you want help with your goals for managing your weight or your money, come and join the Small Steps to Health & Wealth, 10-week program (Jan. 27-March 31). This is sponsored by the Cooperative Extension Service (358-3401) and will be offered in conjunction with the Thursday evening Family Fitness Club physical activity.
The Family Resource Centers for Hodgenville Elementary School and Abraham Lincoln Elementary School have started a family fitness club this school year that meets two nights a week, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 6-7 p.m.
Veterans will see speedier filing of benefit claims and faster service in general thanks to a new computerized system installed by the Kentucky Department of Veterans Affairs.
"Kentucky's veterans and their families deserve far better than the old paper system," KDVA Commissioner Ken Lucas said. "E-Vet Assist makes it faster, more accurate and more efficient for us to help them obtain the benefits and services they have earned. We are glad to see the new automated system finally come to fruition."
Sonora auctioneer David L. Knight is not lacking for friends.
An outpouring of support for Knight, who suffered a series of debilitating strokes in September, reaped $20,000 over the weekend during a fundraiser held at Upton Community Center. Paralyzed from the neck down, Knight has been in medical care since suffering the strokes.
The event included a chili supper and an auction, where a 1930s antique bedroom suite, old coins, TVs and cakes were up for bid. Local businesses also donated items, such as gift certificates.
Last week, local law enforcement and court officials attended classes to learn about the new state electronic warrant system.
The eWarrants, which are available online, "do away with all paper warrants that had to be mailed," according to Acting Chief Steve Johnson of Hodgenville City Police.
The network allows officers to electronically file complaints, which can be viewed and signed by judges. Officers can act immediately in making an arrest rather than waiting hours or days.
The Main Street organization will be self-funded at least until its current contract with the state is renewed.
Mayor Terry Cruse told members of Hodgenville City Council that he wants the volunteer group to "become more self-sufficient." He said the city would not pay the agreed-upon amount of $1,250 monthly to Main Street until the recertification contract is signed.
And that could take at least three months, according to Director Celia McDonald.
LaRue County senior sisters Lyndsay and Valerie Whitlock celebrated their 18th birthdays Saturday and ensured their teammates weren't left out of the festivities in Hodgenville.
On Friday, the homestanding Lady Hawks edged the Hart County Lady Raiders, 53-50. On Saturday, the Lady Hawks were victorious over the visiting John Hardin Lady Bulldogs, 61-44.
The LaRue County Hawks and the Hart County Raiders boys' basketball teams played to a packed house Friday night at Hodgenville. The Raiders were short-handed as they had seven players suspended due to an altercation in a game at Warren East High School on Jan. 10. The Hawks won easily 77-43.
The Hawks started out cold in the first quarter, missing several easy shots but Kyle Sheeran put the Hawks up 13-11 on consecutive, old-fashioned three-point plays, scoring two baskets and getting fouled on each one.
LaRue County Elementary School wrestlers competed Jan. 16 at the Cobra Wrestling Tournament at Nelson County High School. No team score was kept.
Individual scores are:
First – Lucas Barnes, Clay Perry, Dalton Bell, Cameron Lasley, Hayden Polston, Thomas Hoppes
Second – Preston Carter, Tristin Brown, Levi Gooden, Dylan Dycus
Third - Braden Sferro, Cash Cruse, Mason Polston
Fourth - Caleb Hack, Jameson LaRue, Dawson Bingham
Copyright © 2015
The LaRue County Herald is your source for local news, sports, events and information in LaRue County, KY, and the surrounding area.


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I can count on one hand the number of statements with which I agree with GOP presidential candidate Ron Paul. This is one of them:
The selection of a reality television personality to host a presidential debate that voters nationwide will be watching is beneath the office of the presidency and flies in the face of that office's history and dignity. Trump's participation as moderator will distract from questions and answers concerning important issues such as the national economy, crushing federal government debt, the role of the federal government, foreign policy, and the like. To be sure, Trump's participation will contribute to an unwanted circus-like atmosphere.
One need only recall Trump's flirtation with running for president earlier this year, and his weird obsession with Barack Obama's birth certificate, to confirm the wisdom of Paul's comments. A party that identifies itself with clownish figures will soon be seen by the public, and rightly so, as clownish.
Here's some unsolicited advice to the GOP: a party that featured Herman Cain as a top-tier challenger for the nomination doesn't need Donald Trump to host a presidential debate.
Can a roundtable discussion with the Kardashian sisters be far behind?


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India's economic rivalry with China gets political
Rahul Tandon
Jul 18, 2013 Indian officials have announced plans to place 50,000 troops on the northern border with China. The move could cost $11 billion over seven years.
Can the Jonas Brothers quell Huawei spying concerns?
Molly Wood
Interview with
Jul 17, 2013 Chinese tech company Huawei is teaming up with pop group Jonas Brothers to boost its image in America. Huawei wants to be known in the U.S. for its new smartphones, but so far, it's mostly famous in Congress.
Chinese social media app targets the U.S. market
Rob Schmitz
Jul 16, 2013 Wechat, the wildly popular texting app from the Chinese Internet giant Tencent, has nearly 400 million users worldwide. It plans to target American consumers next.
The mystery behind China's GDP growth figures
Rob Schmitz
Jul 15, 2013 China's own premier has called China's growth figures 'manmade.' Find out what's behind the economic growth numbers of the world's second largest economy.
China's GDP growth slows to 7.5%
David Brancaccio
Interview by
Jul 15, 2013 China's GDP growth slowed in the second quarter to 7.5 percent -- its weakest pace since 1991.
Government working with tech companies to find Chinese hackers
Chester Wisniewski
Jul 12, 2013 U.S. officials gave American Internet providers information on suspected cyber spies in China as part of a secret program to defend against cyberespionage.
UPS profits: Alarming news comes next day air
Mark Garrison
Interview by
Jul 12, 2013 UPS is out this morning with a warning that its profits will be lower than expected. What does that signal for the rest of the economy?
U.S. and China talk trade and cybersecurity
Mitchell Hartman
Jul 11, 2013 Annual talks in Washington bring top government officials and business leaders together.
GlaxoSmithKline accused of bribery in China
Stephen Beard
Jul 11, 2013 China's security ministry claims executives of the British drug company GlaxoSmithKline have confessed to bribery charges.
American author takes aim at Chinese concept of 'Leftover Women'
Rob Schmitz
Jul 10, 2013 American Joy Chen's book 'Do Not Marry Before Age 30' has become a hit in China, where traditional society labels unmarried women in their late 20s 'leftover women.'


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I'm using putty to view a 30+MB file in vi on a Linux server, and I have to use PgDn to scroll to the bottom of the page. I realize I can use tail but I want to be able to move up and down the file with it open in vi. Is there not a way to go to end of file or top of file immediately using a keyboard shortcut?
Take the 2-minute tour ×
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This question came from our site for professional and enthusiast programmers.
The answer is a simple
You can also open a file and directly go to the end of it using:
The key for the end of file is
See vi cheat sheet, for example.
Type vimtutor or inside the editor :help


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The US is concerned about its NATO ally Turkey. Embassy dispatches portray Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan as a power-hungry Islamist surrounded by corrupt and incompetent ministers. Washington no longer believes that the country will ever join the European Union.
Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan is the most important Muslim ally of the United States. On coming into office he promised a democratic Islam -- a vision that could have become a model for other countries in the region.
But if the US dispatches are to be believed, Turkey is far from realizing that vision. Erdogan? A power-hungry Islamist. His ministers? Incompetent, uneducated and some of them corrupt. The government? Divided. The opposition? Ridiculous.
US diplomats have sent thousands of reports from Ankara to Washington in the past 31 years. Recent documents, though, are merciless. They convey an image of Turkey which is at odds with almost everything the US government has officially said about the country.
First and foremost, the US distrusts Erdogan. A dispatch dated May 2005 says that he has never had a realistic worldview. Erdogan, the document says, thinks he was chosen by God to lead Turkey and likes to present himself as the "Tribune of Anatolia."
US diplomats claim that Erdogan gets almost all of his information from Islamist-leaning newspapers -- analysis from his ministries, they say, is of no interest to him. The military, the second largest among NATO member states, and the secret service no longer send him some of their reports. He trusts nobody completely, the dispatches say, and surrounds himselves with "an iron ring of sycophantic (but contemptuous) advisors." Despite his bravado, he is said to be terrified of losing his grip on power. One authority on Erdogan told the Americans: "Tayyip believes in God ... but doesn't trust him."
Erdogan took office as prime minister in 2003, two years after having founded his party, the Islamic-conservative AKP. During the campaign Erdogan announced his intention to tackle corruption.
Since 2004, however, informants have been telling US diplomats in Turkey of corruption at all levels, even within the Erdogan family. None of the accusations have been proven -- it could be that the informants merely want to denigrate the premier. But their reports help shape the Americans' image of Turkey -- and as such they are devastating.
The rumors sound outrageous. A senior government advisor is said to have confided to a journalist that Erdogan enriched himself from the privatization of a state oil refinery. Furthermore, a source within the Ministry of Energy told the US that the prime minister pressured the Iranians to ink a gas pipeline deal with a Turkish company owned by an old schoolmate of his. The deal surprised observers: the company builds ports, but has little experience in the energy business. Two unnamed US sources claim that Erdogan presides over eight Swiss bank accounts.
Erdogan's party, the AKP, vehemently denies all allegations. And the premier says he acquired his wealth in the form of gifts presented by guests at his son's wedding. Furthermore, he says, a Turkish businessman is paying for his four children to study in the US. The American Embassy sees such explanations as "lame."


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into homes. Likewise, failing and inadequate water systems can harm community health by increasing the risk of water - borne illnesses such as salmonella and hepatitis A as well as gastrointestinal diseases. USDA and EPA have conducted an initial
to retrieve water that frequently originates from unprotected sources like local streams, which often leads to water - borne illnesses and sanitation concerns at school facilities. As such, Peace Corps volunteer Emily McKeone of Omaha, Neb
the impacts of climate change. According to the World Health Organization, two million people die every year of water borne illnesses . For more information on the guidelines, visit the world health organization website at WHO.int. For water
impacts of climate change. According to the World Health Organization, two million people die every year of water - borne illnesses . For more information on the guidelines, visit the World Health Organization website at who.int. For WaterWorld
manufacture and distribute the FilterPure filters that eliminate 99.9% of antimicrobial contaminants that cause water - borne illnesses and deaths. The factory will begin production of the water filters in 30 days and can produce initially up to
hygiene training with students and teachers to emphasize the need to wash hands and properly store water to avoid water - borne illnesses . Now the school pays an affordable monthly fee for the project's maintenance and has safe drinking water
NORWICH, NY, Oct. 16, 2008 -- Water - borne illnesses have been estimated to be responsible for 35% of deaths in developing nations. Providing clean drinking water, remediating polluted
decades to meet or exceed the world's most stringent potable water standards and to protect public health from water borne illnesses . "We are extremely proud that GE technology is playing an essential role in developing new, long-term water
preventing waterborne illnesses. The case studies are targeted to the medical community to increase their awareness of water - borne illnesses and/or contaminants that may affect public health. • EPA will pilot the video series and share information regarding
have survived on just US$6 per month. Ordinary people in Iraq now face destroyed health and water systems, water - borne illnesses , malnutrition and a lack of medical supplies. As the humanitarian needs are assessed in Iraq over the coming


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From the American Diabetes Association, this website provides tips for people to prevent type 2 diabetes one small step at a time.
American Diabetes Association (ADA)
This three-booklet package helps you assess your risk for developing diabetes and implement a program to prevent or delay the onset of the disease. Use the activity tracker and fat and calorie counter to help track your progress. En español
National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP)
The National Diabetes Prevention Program lifestyle training curriculum is based on the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). The lifestyle program is divided into two components: Core Curriculum & Post-Core Curriculum.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
This program can help you lose weight by forming helpful habits, eating smarter, getting more exercise, and providing support through in-person meetings and online resources. En español
Weight Watchers
This bilingual Spanish and English presentation flipchart makes it easy to educate Hispanic and Latino Americans about the link between diabetes and heart disease. It includes easy-to-understand illustrations, a scripted presentation, and two copier-ready handouts. En español
National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP)
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|8:00 am - 5:00 pm
|8:00 am - 5:00 pm
|8:00 am - 5:00 pm
|8:00 am - 7:30 pm
|8:00 am – 12:00 pm
This page contains a list of cemeteries in the Town of Windham, grouped by availability. In addition, if you are trying to find a relative's grave, see the bottom of the page for more information.
In order to purchase a cemetery lot in the Town of Windham one must be a resident of the Town. Proof required.
The Purchase of a lot does not transfer ownership of a parcel of property but is the transferring of the right of burial on the lot purchased from the Town of Windham to the lot owner.
No lot shall be used for any other purpose than the burial of human dead.
Once a lot has been purchased from the Town of Windham it can�t be returned to the Town. The owner has the right to transfer the purchased lot to any other individual.
The Town of Windham will take all reasonable precautions to protect lot owners, and the burial rights of the lot owners, within the cemetery from loss or damage; but the Town disclaims all responsibility for loss or damage from causes beyond its reasonable control and especially, from damage caused by the elements, and an act of god, common enemy, thieves, vandals, strikers, malicious mischief makers, explosions, riots or order of any military or civil authority, whether the damage is direct or subordinate, other than as herein provided.
The Town of Windham assumes the general care of the cemetery, which means the regular mowing and cleaning of the cemetery all year around. In no case shall this mean the maintenance, repair or replacement of any grave stones, monumental structures or memorials of any kind or the reconstruction of any damaged grave stones, monuments or memorials.
The Town of Windham reserves, and shall have the right to correct any error that may be made whether in making interments, disinterment or removals, or the description, transfers of conveyance of any interment property, either by canceling such conveyance and substituting and conveying in lieu thereof other interment property of equal value and similar location as far as possible, or as may be selected by the Town of Windham, by refunding the amount of the money paid on account of said purchase. In the event such error shall involve the interment of the remains of any person in such property, the Town of Windham reserves, and shall have the right to remove or transfer such remains so interred to other property of equal and similar location as may be substituted and conveyed in lieu thereof.
The fee for each lot in any Town of Windham Cemetery is $600.00 (effective July 1, 2005).
Residents who choose to purchase only one cemetery lot will be sold the next available lot in the single section of the cemetery.
Residents who choose to purchase more than one cemetery lot may do so but you will need to purchase by 2�s (Double Section). For example you can buy 2, 4, 6, 8 or more. The next available lot in that section will be sold.
Note: Each lot is allowed one (1) full burial and/or six (6) cremations on each lot, but if a full burial takes place on a lot, any cremations placed on that lot CAN NOT BE PLACED IN AN URN OR URNS. If only cremations are placed on the lot, an urn or urns can be used.
When a burial of ashes takes place in any Town of Windham Cemetery the basic fee will be $100.00.
When a full burial takes place in any Town of Windham Cemetery the basic fee will be $400.00.
When a full burial for a baby takes place in any Town of Windham Cemetery the basic fee will be $150.00.
NOTE: Please note that between December 1 and March 31 of every year an additional fee of $50.00 is added to the basic grave opening fee.
The Town of Windham First Selectman�s Office will need to be notified 24 hours in advance during normal business hours of any burials that are to take place in any cemetery. No Town employee can be reach via cell phone or beeper to make any burial arrangements by any funeral home except in case of an emergency.
The Town of Windham will perform burials at all Town of Windham Cemeteries on the following dates and times:
Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. except holidays or weekends unless religious beliefs insist otherwise. If special arrangements need to be made it will be subject to the approval of the Town Sexton.
Due to weather conditions it may be necessary to postpone graveside services and/or interment of the deceased temporarily. The final decision to postpone graveside services shall be made by the Town Sexton or his designee.
NOTE: If special arrangements need to be made for a burial to occur outside the normal schedule, an additional fee will be added to the basic grave opening. (Cost of regular overtime or holiday overtime for 3 Public Works employees as required under union contract.)
Single Sections: Not more than two (2) flat (flush) marker mounted in cement foundation shall be permitted in all single sections of the Town of Windham Cemeteries. Markers can not be more than 12� by 24�in size. No raised monuments or markers allowed.
Double / Family Sections: Not more than one (1) raised monument mounted in cement is permitted in the double section of the Town of Windham Cemeteries. Raised monuments must comply with the following size: Two grave lots � 3� by 6� marker and four or more grave lots � 5� by 6� marker. A flat (flush) marker can also be placed on double / family lots but any such marker must be in a cement foundation and cannot be more than 12� by 24� in size.
Statues, plastic crosses, artificial flowers, fencing, gravel, crushed stones, granite chips, marble chips, wood chips, wood bark or similar items, etc. on cemetery lots or headstones is strictly prohibited. Such items attract vandals and become tattered with exposure to weather.
Planting of trees, plants, flowers or shrubbery on lots is strictly prohibited.
If real plants or flowers are placed on the cemetery lots for special occasions, they will be removed once they are dead, tattered with exposure to weather or vandalized. Plants and flowers can only be placed on the side of the headstone in an urn or planter.
No coping, curbing, fencing, hedging, borders, or enclosures of any kind shall be allowed around the lot or around any grave. The Management reserves the right to remove same, without notice, if so erected, planted or placed.
Any object placed on the grave, which in the opinion of the Management, is deemed offensive, improper, or detrimental to the general appearance of the cemetery may be removed without notice.
Note: It is important to advise the monument company that planters are to be placed on the side of the monuments and of your intentions to have urns so that provisions for them can be made.
For additional information please call the First Selectman�s Office 860-465-3006.


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Currently the ERC (Located in the Library on campus- check in at the main desk) is open to teachers Saturday mornings on the third Saturday of each month (since we live on the third planet in the solar system) during the academic year from 10:30 am to 12:00 noon [not open June, July or August. Also not open when the Library at Georgian Court is closed - in December and January]. Get on our e-mail list at email@example.com or email@example.com if you would like to make a private appointment to come in if these Open House times are not convenient!
NASA established the Educator Resource Center Network in an effort to encourage the teaching of science in the schools and to make quality educational materials available to educators (teachers, librarians, school administrators) and pre-service education majors. In addition, the centers provide professional development training to educators in their serving area.
The Sister Mary Joseph Cunningham Library at Georgian Court University houses the only NASA Educator Resource Center in New Jersey, serving all of New Jersey. Opened in January 1996, the ERC is open by appointment to any educator, regardless of where they live. There is no fee to use the ERC, nor is there any limit to the number of visits anyone may make. Since the ERC hours vary each session, please e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com for additional information or to make an appointment. E-mail us to get on our e-mail list!
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Moving Average Convergence-Divergence (MACD) - The Complete Guide
Table of Contents
MACD or Moving Average Convergence-Divergence is one of the most popular and widely used technical analysis Indicators. This indicator was invented by Gerald Appel in 1960s. In this section we will discuss about it's concepts, construction, types of trading signals with examples and also an insight of MACD trading strategies.
MACD indicator is a momentum Oscillator and can be used to determine the momentum of the price action. It is comprised of two EMAs (Exponential Moving Averages) of two different time periods i.e. one for longer time period and another for shorter period. The most common EMA's used for MACD are of 12 periods and 26 periods.
MACD is unique indicator as it has the elements of lagging indicator as well as leading indicator. While saying this, please note that no indicator can be an absolute leading indicator. The reason is simple as the signals are generated only after some confirmation of the direction of the price action. Please note the following points for the statement made above.
- Moving averages are trend-following indicators. Trend following indicators are those which tend to confirm the trend after the trend has begun and hence are classified as lagging indicators.
- However, by taking the differences in the moving averages, this indicator incorporates the aspects of momentum or leading elements. Because of this it tells us in advance (with a slight time lag) about the possibilities of a reversal in the ongoing trend. This is explained later in this tutorial.
MACD as Momentum Oscillator
MACD falls in the category of momentum oscillators. During a bullish or bearish market it helps us in analyzing if the momentum of the trend is getting stronger or is it weakening. In the absence of a trend or during a weak trend it tends to generate more false signals and hence is those situations we should avoid the use of this indicator.
Price Action Momentum In Trading
In trading the momentum is the rate of price increase during an uptrend and rate of price decrease during a downtrend.
Let's try to see a hypothetical example of the price action of EUR/USD.
|Opening Price
|Closing Price
|Change (Pips)
|Day 1
|Day 2
|Day 3
|Day 4
|Day 5
Now as we see that the prices have been continuously increasing, indicating an uptrend. Let's say that this is the last day of the week i.e. day 5 and we decide to take a long position. The fact we are ignoring here is that even though the prices have been increasing but there was a sudden drop in the momentum after Day 3. It may indicate the possibilities of a reversal of the trend or a consolidation before the uptrend resumes.
Momentum takes out the illusion of the trend even if there is a constant upward or downward movement. And it tells us if the rate of change is slowing down or going up. Buying is signaled when the uptrend is gaining momentum and selling is signaled when the downtrend starts gaining momentum. MACD helps us in analyzing this.
MACD and Trends
Let's assume that there is an ongoing uptrend. Before entering the long position we would like to know if the momentum of the upward momentum is keeping up or there is any loss of momentum recently. A loss in the momentum may indicate the possibilities of a consolidation or even a reversal in the trend. Moving Average Convergence Divergence helps us in estimating the momentum of the trend.
During an uptrend we would like to go for a long position when the uptrend is gaining momentum as in that case we can expect further upwards moves. Similarly in a downtrend we would like to enter a short position when the downward momentum is getting stronger as further drop in the price can be expected. But when the momentum is slowing down in either case then we may need to hold ourselves from entering a market and may prefer to wait and watch. Hence knowing about the momentum of the trend is very important and MACD helps us in determining that.
MACD is calculated by using the following formula:
MACD = (Shorter term moving average) - (Longer term moving average).
The variables are the periods for the moving averages. Please read the following section about the period settings for the explanation.
Period Settings For MACD
The most common period setting for MACD is 12, 26, 9. Here "12" is the EMA of previous 12 periods, "26" is the EMA of previous 26 periods. And MACD would be the line constructed by joining the points which we get by deducting the EMA(12) from EMA(26). In our case it means MACD = EMA of 12 periods – EMA of 26 periods. The third constant in this period setting i.e. "9" is explained later in this section.
Uptrend: If the EMA of previous 12 periods (more recent data) is going over the EMA of 26 periods (longer time frame data), it would indicate that recently the prices have started moving upward.
Downtrend: If the EMA of previous 12 periods i.e. the more recent prices is going below the EMA of 26 periods, it would indicate that in recently the prices have started going down.
Now how do we find out the momentum by using MACD? Please see the chart 1 below.
If we see the above EUR/USD chart, we find that there is one more line which is running along with the main MACD line. This second line is known as "MACD Signal Line".
The Signal line is derived by taking the Exponential Moving Average (EMA) of the MACD line. The setting MACD (12,26, 9) means that we are taking the EMA of MACD for pervious 9 periods.
We have already seen that if the shorter-term moving average is more than the longer term moving average, it indicates an uptrend situation on that time frame chart. The question now is that how do we find out the momentum of the uptrend. We find the momentum by comparing the current difference with the average difference over past few periods.
To simplify we check the current "EMA of 12 periods – EMA of 26 periods" and we compare it with the average "EMA of 12 periods – EMA of 26 periods" for the past few periods. In our case i.e. (MACD 12, 26, 9) it is the average of the differences of past 9 periods.
With MACD (12,26,9) what we are calculating is as follows:
- Moving average of closing prices for past 12 periods, say "X"
- Moving average of the closing prices for past 26 periods, say "Y"
- Difference "X-Y" (MACD). If it is positive then it's a signal for uptrend and if negative than of downtrend.
- Moving average of "X-Y" for past 9 periods, say "Z"
- If MACD line (connecting all "X-Y" points) moves above the trigger or signal line (line connecting all "Z" points) then it would indicate that the current rate of upward momentum has gone higher than the average rate of previous 9 periods. This indicates that the uptrend is increasing or gaining momentum and it may be the time to buy.
Opposite of points 1 to 5 above i.e. when the MACD goes below the signal line would indicate the time to sell.
Why MACD (12, 26, 9)?
Like any technical indicators MACD is also used to indicate the expected price-action based on the price-action of the past. The standard period settings of MACD are nothing but the trading time units excluding the day offs. The settings denote the following:
- 12= 12 days of two trading weeks considering 6 days week.
- 26 = 26 days of a trading month considering 6 days week.
- 9= 9 days or one and a half trading week.
In the past a working week used to be 6 days with only Sunday off. In the modern times when we have a 5-day trading week with Saturdays and Sundays off. Considering this an argument is justified as to why we should use the old settings? If we consider this argument then the new setting for MACD could be "10, 22, 7" or "10, 22, 8". The trading platforms offer only whole numbers settings and hence we cannot have 7.5 as one and a half weeks.
Rationale behind using old period settings
Technical indicators are not a magic. They work only because people tend to take trading decisions based on the signals generated by the indicators. If we get a bullish signal from MACD and based on that traders around the world start buying then the prices will shot up further because of the demand created. The opposite of this is also true that on receiving a bearish signal the increased short-selling will push the prices further down. The standard settings of MACD considering a trading week of 6 days has been in use for over 4 decades. Traders still use the standard settings for taking their trading decisions and hence there is no reason to argue against that and use different settings. However, let's see a comparison of the standard settings and the possible new settings with 5-day trading week i.e."10, 22, 7".
The above daily Forex chart of USD/JPY is showing MACD (12, 26, 9) and MACD (10, 22, 7). The MACDs of both settings have generated 4 signals which proved to be false and 4 signals which were true. The last signal is indicating a question mark but that had proved to be true later when the price had touched 104.13 on April 4, 2014. Now we observe carefully we would note that the only difference is that the signals by MACD (22, 10, 7) had been coming up slightly earlier that those by MACD (12, 26, 9). The lead time is roughly one period or in the case of the daily chart it is one day. This fact leads to another argument i.e. why we should not use the new settings as we get the signal early?
Pros and Cons of Early Signals
Not 100% signals by any technical indicators are true. The above chart indicates 50% success ratio. However the true signals could lead to bigger profits than the loss by false signals if the exits were not premature. The early signals may lead to bigger profits if the signals come to be true. On the other hand an early signal may increase the probability of bigger loss if the signal tends to be false.
Another way to look into this is that if the entry signal would be generated early then the exit signal for that trade would also come in early. This may even out the advantages or disadvantages of getting an early signal if the entries and exits are made solely based on the signals generated by MACD.
Conclusion about the period settings
Considering all the above points, it is always better to stick to the standard period settings which are commonly used. There is no point in reinventing the wheel.
Summary of Construction
- The main line, sometimes called as MACD fast line, is calculated by taking the difference of two Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs) - popularly the 12 and 26 period EMAs.
- The signal line, sometimes called as the trigger line, is an EMA of the MACD main line. This popularly uses 9 period EMA of the MACD main line.
- The MACD histogram is a bar chart that shows the difference between the two lines (main line and signal line) Mathematically, it is the signal line subtracted from the MACD main line (Histogram = Main Line – Signal Line).
MACD Trading Strategies
For trading, the main signals we look for are as follows:
- Main line crossing the signal line.
- MACD main line crossing the center line i.e. moving from positive to negative or vice versa.
- Divergence and Convergence.
Crossover Signals
MACD main line crossing signal line (trigger line):
A trading signal is generated when the main line crosses the signal line. A crossover indicates a possible reversal of the price-action in the direction of the crossover.
Bullish signal - MACD line moves over the signal line:
A bullish moving average Crossover occurs when the main line moves above its signal line.
Such move indicates that the prices are gaining upward momentum. If the MACD was already in positive range, indicating an uptrend, then it would mean that the uptrend is getting stronger. If the MACD was in negative range then it may mean that a reversal or upward correction can be expected. Please check charts 2 & 3 below.
Bearish Signal - MACD line moves below the signal line:
A bearish moving average Crossover occurs when MACD moves below its signal line.
Such move indicates that the recent downward momentum is getting stronger than the previous. This is just opposite to the bullish signal we explained above. In this case if the MACD was already in negative range then it indicates that the existing downtrend is getting stronger. If the MACD was in positive range then it signals the possibilities of a reversal or correction of the existing uptrend. Please check charts 2 & 3 below.
Please keep in mind that MACD works better during a reversal of a trend (uptrend to downtrend or vice-versa) and may tend to give a lot of false signals when the price action is in narrow range.
MACD line crossing the center line:
- A Bullish Center line Crossover occurs when the main MACD line moves above the zero/Center line. This gives a signal that momentum has reversed from negative to positive (from downtrend to uptrend).
- A Bearish Center line Crossover occurs when the main line moves below the zero/Center line. This gives a signal that momentum has reversed from positive to negative (from uptrend to downtrend).
Examples of signals
Please take a note of the points A to F in the above chart for EUR/USD:
Point A and associated area within the green circle:
The MACD main line moves over the signal line: This gives a "buy" signal or a signal indicating the possibilities of a correction or reversal of the downtrend. Please note that prior to this crossover the MACD was in the negative zone and was representing a bearish market. After this signal was generated the price continued moving upwards.
Point B and associated area within the green circle:
At point "B" the MACD line crosses over the "Center line". This again signals that an uptrend may start.
Point D and associated area within the red circle:
At point "D" the MACD line moved below the signal line and hence indicated that we could expect a downward correction or even a reversal of the uptrend. Please note at prior to this crossover MACD line was in positive zone and was indicating a bullish market. In case we were already holding a long position for EUR/USD then this signal suggested to close the position. In case we were not holding any bought position before the point "D", we could short-sell the currency pair to benefit from the possible downward move.
Point E and associated area within the red circle:
At point E, the MACD line started crossing over the signal. This singled that the prices might start to go up. This signal did not prove to be a good signal as the MACD line did not really move up sharply.
Please take a note of the areas within the circles in the above charts. Prior to each crossover there has been a divergence. For example before the crossover at point D, the MACD line had started moving downwards sharply. Similarly within the area of point "E", the MACD line had started moving upwards sharply before the actual crossover took place. In the area "C", the MACD line started moving down but this move was not sharp. These sharp divergences may also indicate the possible change of the trend.
Convergence and Divergence
Divergence and Convergence in Technical Analysis
In MACD analysis it is not only the crossover signals which we need to focus on but we also need to watch the developments of the subsequent highs and lows. When the subsequent high or low points (peaks and valleys) in MACD line are going lower than the previous peaks or lows, it may give a good signal for an emerging down trend. Similarly if the subsequent high and low points in MACD line are going higher than the previous ones, it may give a good signal for an emerging uptrend.
Positive Divergence:
Negative Divergence:
Further Studies About MACD
Please check about MACD Histogram to see what is this indicator and how to use it in technical analysis.
Please also check more explanation about MACD Divergence and it's use in trading.
We have also tried to mention about some research on revised MACD trading strategies R1/R2 to avoid number of false trading signals.
You may also like to check some of our trading strategies by combining MACD with RSI and SAR for better trading decisions.
We explained MACD for technical analysis in the context of Forex trading but the same stands good for stock trading or any commodity trading