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July 2, 1963 W. U. DAY ETAL y 1963 w. u. DAY ETAL 3,096,228
MANUFACTURE OF CELLULOSIC PRODUCT Filed Jan. 9, 1961 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 July 2, 1963 w. 0. DAY ETAL MANUFACTURE OF CELLULOSIC PRODUCT 3 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Jan. 9, 1961 Nu ON a. Q 0. N. 9 0 Q v N Ii whom iwlo E.
United States Patent Ofiice 3,@-%,2Z8 Patented July 2, 1963 MANUFACT F CELLULOS1 PRQDUCT Winterton U. Day, Neenah, and Harold F. Donnelly, Ap-
pleton, Wis., and Henry L. Rolls, North Tonawanda,
N.Y., assignors to Kimberly-(Hark Corporation, Neenah, Wis, a corporation of Delaware Filed Jan. 9, 1%1, Ser. No. 81,393 6 Claims. (Cl. 162112) This invention relates to a method of treating absorbent paper webs to impart wet strength thereto. The invention is particularly directed to a method for imparting temporary wet strength to absorbent paper webs which are subsequently fabricated into disposable products such as toilet tissure, facial cleansing tissue, absorbent towels, and the like.
A major object of the invention is to provide a method of treating absorbent paper webs with a wet strength agent in a manner to impart temporary wet strength to the treated web, without loss of other desirable physical characteristics of the web.
An equally important object is to provide an improved facial tissue or the like which has the physical characteristic of resisting wet rupture for a short period of time after being wetted, but thereafter rapidly disintegrating to prevent clogging of sanitary disposal systems during passage therethrough.
Other objects and advantages will become readily apparent to persons skilled in the art upon examination of the description and drawings, as will various modifications, without departure from the inventive concepts as defined in the appended claims.
in the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a fragmentary schematic view illustrating a method for applying wet strength material to the paper Web, after the Web is creped off from the surface of the drier on a creped wadding paper machine.
FIG. 2 is another schematic view illustrating a method for applying wet strength material to a paper web in a converting operation separate from the paper machine.
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternate method of applying the wet strength material in a separate operation.
FIG. 4 illustrates still another method of applying the wet strength material to both sides of a multiply paper web in a converting operation separate from the paper machine.
FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating the effect of relative humidity conditions during aging on the development of the wet strength in treated papers.
While it is Well known that absorbent papers may be treated with various agents to impart permanent wet strength properties thereto, no satisfactory treatment has heretofore been developed which imparts relatively transient wet strength properties to the paper while retaining other desirable properties. Ideally, absorbent paper products such as toilet tissue, facial cleansing tissue, and toweling should have some degree of wet strength while retaining the desirable qualities of high absorptive ability and softness, but still must be readily disposable in conventional sanitary systems. Absorbent papers treated by prior art wet strength processes tend to lose some of their original softness and absorbent properties, and do not readily disintegrate in water after use without the aid of alkali or other chemicals. Thus, they often contribute to, or are the cause of, clogging in wet sanitary systems.
Wet strength generally is desirable in absorbent papers used for sanitary purposes to compensate for an inherent low tensile strength in the cross direction, i.e., transverse of the sheet, resulting from the limitations imposed by high speed forming and subsequent creping. Low cross direction tensile strength is the most common cause for failure when the papers are used in contact with moisture. Machine direction tensile strength in these papers is usually more than adequate, even for wet use. By increasing overall wet strength, the inherent deficiency in cross direction tensile strength is minimized and the potential usefulness of these papers greatly increased.
Thus, it is obvious that Wet strengthened papers, in general, have increased functional uses over papers with no Wet strength and can be employed where ordinary papers fail. However, when conventional wet strength treated papers are disposed of after use, care must be taken not to deposit them in toilets or other wet sanitary systems because they do not disintegrate readily. Domestic sanitary systems are thus constantly in danger of becoming clogged or stopped-up from careless disposition of wet strength papers. Such stoppages result in considerable inconvenience and expense to the user.
The present invention is directed to eliminating the disadvantages attendant the non-disintegration of ordinary wet strengthened papers after disposal, by treating the paper with a Wet strength agent in a manner to insure initial, but short-lived, resistance to wet rupture, without inhibiting subsequent rapid disintegration of the web when immersed in water. The above objective is accomplished by treating absorbent webs with an aqueous solution of glyoxal in a manner to control the amount of moisture added to the web during such treatment and thereafter aging the treated web at non-elevated room temperatures and under controlled humidity conditions to develop Wet strength. The wet strength developed in webs thus treated remains adequate to resist wet rupture for a period of about one minute after immersion in Water, but thereafter rapidly decays to a degree which permits disintegration of the web, and substantially disappears about 3 minutes after wetting. Thus, the paper treated in accordance with this invention disintegrates quickly in water, similar to absorbent paper products having no Wet strength treatment.
While it is known to use glyoxal per se as a wet strengthening agent for paper webs, and in the textile industry for modification of textile properties to improve crease resistance, the known treatments require the application of extrinsic heat, or cooperation with other chemicals, to develop wet strength properties. None of the prior art teachings recognize, however, that by applying aqueous solutions of glyoxal to absorbent papers under carefully controlled conditions of moisture addition and retention, it is possible to develop a highly fugitive wet strength, without employing extrinsic heat, which permits the treated papers to disintegrate rapidly after about one minute of immersion in water, while retaining wet strength properties when slightly moist as a result of use.
For example, it is known that wet strength may be significantly improved in absorbent paper by saturating a preformed sheet by immersion or spraying thereof with a dilute aqueouse solution containing glyoxal as its sole active ingredient and subsequently heating the treated sheet to a temperature of at least 212 F. for a limited period to react the glyoxal with the cellulose. While this known method results in a high degree of wet strength when employed in the manufacture :of heavier absorbent toweling, it has several disadvantages when employed in the manufacture of toilet paper, facial-type tissues, or light weight towels from creped cellulose wadding. Applying aqueous solutions of glyoxal to webs of the latter by saturation followed by drying with heat, as taught in the prior art, tends to embrittle the fibers and also causes an undesirable loss in tear strength of the web rendering subsequent converting steps difficult and expensive. Webs treated thus, break frequently when stretched as re quired during subsequent conversion, and if stretched to a lesser degree to avoid breaks, result in an undesirably harsh product.
The concept herein taught avoids the prior art disadvantages in part by applying an aqueous solution of glyoxal to a dry web in an amount such that the amount of moisture added to the web during such application is controlled relative to total moisture content, and in part by aging the glyoXal-treated web to develop wet strength at room temperatures and under controlled conditions of moisture content, instead of thereafter subjecting the treated web to elevated temperatures. The absorbent paper, thus treated, is characterized by an acceptable degree of temporary wet strength effective for normal use, while rapidly disintegrating within a few minutes after immersion in ordinary tap water, thus eliminating disposal problems.
Although this process is generally applicable to all types of absorbent paper, it is particularly applicable to creped cellulose wadding such as toilet tissue, facialtype tissue and light weight toweling. These webs are customarily made on Yankee cylinder or Fourdrinier machines, and creped off a Yankee drier at a moisture content of from about 3 to 7% based on the weight of the dry web. Drier basis weight of the web, i.e., basis weight before creping, usually is in the range of 7 to 20 pounds per 3000 square foot ream. The web is creped from the drier to a crepe ratio within the range between about 1.5 and 2.6. A crepe ratio of 1.5 means that one unit length of creped web will pull out to measure 1.5 unit lengths of substantially flat web. Pulps used for forming the web may include the usual bleached and unbleached commercial pulps, such as sulfite, kraft, soda and groundwood.
Generally, the process of the present invention comprises the following steps: A preformed Web of dry absorbent paper, i.e., having a moisture content of about 3 to 7% by weight based on the weight of the bone dry paper, is treated by applying thereto an aqueous solution of glyoxal in an amount such that the moisture added to the web by the applied solution brings the total moisture content of the Web to more than 4% and not more than 20% by weight. The treated web, without intermediate drying, may be wound into large storage rolls for transfer to further converting operations, or alternatively, may be converted and packaged directly after the glyoxal solution is applied. These converting operations usually include interfolding the treated web and inserting the interfolded packs in dispenser cartons, or rolling the treated web into small rolls and wrapping the rolls to obtain packages for commercial distribution. In either case, it is essential to maintain in the web a specified amount of the moisture, after the glyoxal application, in order for wet strength to develop. Usually, the sealed protection offered packaged items by the wrapper or carton under ordinary storage conditions serves to retain the moisture long enough for the full temporary wet strength to develop. In the case where unwrapped rolls are aged, or where abnormally dry conditions exist in storage, it is preferred that relative humidity be controlled at between 50% to 75%, to prevent excessive moisture loss, for at least 24 hours and preferably longer. If the treated web is allowed to dry out under ambient conditions without taking steps to control moisture content, wet strength development is inadequate and not of commercial significance.
The glyoxal used in the process may be any of the commercial or technical grades now available. It is preferred that the purer grades be used. Most commercial grades are supplied in a 30% solution and are strongly acid, having a pH range of l to 2. It is preferred to adjust the pH of the solution to between about 4 to 6 with a suitable alkali, such as soda ash, before application to the web. The glyoxal may be applied in the 30% concentration as commercially supplied, or further diluted. No matter what concentration is employed, the amount of moisture added to the web during application of the solution, must be controlled within the range specified.
The ultimate extent of wet strength developed is proportional to the amount of glyoxal present in the web. About 0.3% by weight, based on the bone dry weight of the web, appears to be a practical lower limit and about 5% by weight, an economically feasible upper limit. Amounts in excess of 5% produce additional wet strength but at disproportionate cost.
FIG. 1 illustrates the application of glyoxal to a web at the dry end of a Yankee Fourdrinier or cylinder creped wadding paper machine. The formed tissue web 2 is creped off Yankee drier 4 by doctor blade 6. An aqueous solution of glyoxal 12, in supply tray 11 is picked up by roll 10 and applied in a thin film to metering roll 8 which applies a controlled amount of glyoxal solution to the bottom surface of creped web '2. A pressure roll 7 is lightly pressed against the web 2 as it passes over metering roll '8 to aid penetration of the applied solution into the web. The treated web is then wound into roll 14 which may be stored under controlled humidity conditions, or immediately converted into consumer products. The amount of glyoxal applied is controlled by metering roll 8, which may be a plain rubber roll, a metal or rubber intaglio roll, or a metal or rubber roll with a textured or patterned surface.
In FIG. 2, web 24, is unwound from supply roll 22 and passes over patterned applicator roll 28 which dips directly into a glyoxal solution 30 in vat 25 and applies the solution to the underside of web 24. Applicator roll 28 may turn in either direction depending upon how much solution it is desired to apply to the web. When rotated in the same direction and speed as the moving web, less less solution is applied than when rotated counter tothe direction of web movement. Doctor blade 27, or 29, depending on direction of rotation of roll 28, wipes 0E excess solution leaving -a controlled amount to be transferred to the web by applicator roll 28. The treated web is rolled up into storage roll 26 and allowed to develop wet strength under conditions which substantially maintain in the web the amountof moisture added thereto during the application of the glyoxal solution.
In FIG. 3, web 34 is unwound from supply roll 32 and passes over transfer roll 31 which applies glyoxal solution to the underside of said web 34. The solution 38 is picked up from vat 37 by metering roll 33 which in this case is of the intaglio type. Excess solution is doctored off by blade 35 and the remaining amount transferred to roll 31 which applies the solution in a controlled amount to the underside of web 34. Rubber covered pressure roll 39 coacting with transfer roll 31 is optional, but is a useful means for accelerating penetration of the applied solution. The treated web then is maintained under controlled humidity conditions for a period suflicient to permit wet strength to develop in the presence of moisture added on during application of the glyox-al solution.
FIG. 4 shows an alternate method of spray application to a multiply paper web 44 supplied from roll 42. Spray nozzle 45a directs a fine patterned spray of minute drops of glyoxal solution onto the top surface of the upper p13 while spray nozzle 45b directs a similar spray of solution onto the underside of the lower ply. Interacting pressure rolls 46a and 46b aid in pressing the solution into the web. The treated web then proceeds directly to an interfolder or roll winder, not shown, for conversion into suitable end products, which are stored for at least 24 hours under controlled humidity conditions. It will be understood that other methods of controlled spray application, such as by a brush roll, may also be used. While this embodiment shows spraying the glyoxal solution onto both surfaces of the multiply web, adequate wet strength may be obtained by spraying, or otherwise applying, more solution on only one side thereof.
When the treated sheet is subsequently subjected to a converting operation which requires stretching and ironing, as is done to singly ply bulk rolls obtained from the paper machine, the preferred amount of moisture addon is about 2%, providing a total moisture content in the sheet of between 5 to 9%. At this rate of moisture addon, the treated sheet appears to be and feels dry, and tear strength and feel properties, or hand, are not adversely affected.
When the sheet to be treated has already been stretched and ironed, as is customary in the production of absorbent facial-type cleaning and toilet tissue, as much as 13% moisture may be added to the Web, but total moisture content in the treated web should not exceed 20%.
In the converting process, two or more plies of the creped tissue as received from the paper machine are supplied from a multi-roll backs tand to a conventional stretching and ironing apparatus. The juxtaposed plies are stretched until the crepe ratio is about 1.2 and then ironed between unheated rotating pressure rolls. This stretching and ironing operation contributes to the characteristic softness and cosmetic feel desired in tissues of this type. If total moisture in the treated web is allowed to exceed about 20% there are several undesirable results. Excess moisture tends to release the crepe and results in a weak, undesirably stiff sheet with poor drape characteristics. An excessively wet web also compacts easily, and such compaction adversely affects absorbent properties and desirable softness and feel characteristics. When total moisture is considerably in excess of 20%, the web is weakened in the area of moisture application to a point where frequent and costly breaks occur.
Applying the glyoxal in a manner to control the amount of water simutlaneously applied to the web, and aging at specific moisture content and non-elevated temperature are critical to the invention.
Non-elevated temperatures refer to room temperature, or temperatures normally maintained in manufacturing and storage areas, which may range from about 60 F. to about 80 F.
In the early stages of this development, attempts were made to apply rglyoxal to webs without saturation in order to retain softness and feel characteristics, followed immediately by heat treating, which, in accordance with prior art teachings, was believed essential to the development of wet strength. Surprisingly, although the amount of glyoxal retained in the sheet and the temperature used to cure the sheet were in the range taught in the prior art, it was found that little, if any, wet strength developed. It was only when the moisture content of the Web, during treatment with glyoxal solution, was controlled at between 4% and 20% by weight, followed by aging at nonelevated temperature while maintaining total moisture content as taught herein, that the desired fugitive wet strength was achieved.
Retention of the moisture added as a result of applying the glyoxal solution aids in uniform migration of the glyoxal throughout the sheet after application.
Cross CD Percent Direction Tensile, Wet (Wet/ Tensile, Wet, dryX) Dry 1. Heat Dried 355 44 12.4 2. Air Dried 868 59 16.0 3. Polyethylene wrapped 340 60 17. 7
(Tensile strength is given in grams per 3 inches of width. Samples were immersed between blotters in tap water and tested for wet tensile after 45 seconds of soaking.)
The samples in which substantially all of the moisture added during the glyoxal treatment was retained de veloped the best wet strength overnight while the heat dried sample developed least, and was, in fact, below the minimum cross direction wet tensile strength necessary for it to be classified as a wet strength facial tissue product.
FIG. 5 further demonstrates the effect which aging glyoxal treated webs at controlled humidity and moisture content has on wet strength development. Two-ply facial tisue having an initial moisture content of about 4% was sprayed with a 30% solution of glyoxal adjusted to a pH of about 4.0 with soda ash. Moisture added on :by the solution was about 2% by weight, bringing the total content to about 6%. Total glyoxal retained was about 0.65% by weight. Selected samples were aged in storage areas under conditions where relative humidity was controlled at 20%, 50%, and 75 respectively. The samples stored at 20% RH. (about 4% moisture in air) developed negligible wet strength. Those stored at 50% RH. (about 6% moisture) showed satisfactory development of about 18% wet strength, while those stored at 75% RH. (about 10% moisture) showed a more rapid and slightly higher development, leveling off at about 25% wet strength. In each case, the largest increment in wet strength developed in the first 24 hours.
At 20 %relative humidity, the total moisture content of the web dropped to about 4%, indicating that the total moisture content must be maintained in excess of 4% and preferably at 6% or over, but not exceeding 20%, to achieve satisfactory results.
Example A conventional two-ply facial tissue sheet had glyoxal applied as shown in PEG. 2. The starting web had a moisture content of about 5% and the moisture added during the glyoxal application amounted to about 5% by weight. An aqueous solution containing 30% glyoxal by weight( with pH adjusted to about 4, was used. Thus, the total amount of glyoxal added was about 1.5% by weight and total moisture content of the treated web was about 10%. The treated web was immediately interfolded, inserted in cartons, and aged for 24 hours under humidity conditions which maintained the total moisture content in the web at about 10%. Cross direction tensile strengths were then measured on four random samples with the following results:
(Tensile strength given in gm./ strip.)
Wet tensile of two-ply facial tissue, with no wet strength treatment, is almost negligible and difiicult to measure, however, it is estimated to be less than about 20 gum/3 strip, or less than 7% of the original dry tensile strength. Thus, the facial tissue treated in the manner taught herein shows an increase in initial wet strength, followed by a rapid decrease of wet strength 3 minutes after saturation with ordinary tap water. A tissue of this type is strong enough to be sneeze-proof or satisfactory for short time use in the presence of water, yet disintegrates readily when disposed of in a wet sanitary system.
Other methods and means of applying the principles of this invention may be used without departing from its spirit or scope as specifically pointed out and described in the above specification and the appended claims.
What is claimed is:
1. The process of producing an absorbent paper having temporary wet strength which comprises providing a substantially dry web of absorbent paper having an initial moisture content of about 3 to 7% by Weight, applying to said web an aqueous solution of glyoxal in an amount to obtain a total moisture content in said web after application of more than 4% and not more than 20% by weight of said web, and substantially maintaining said moisture content in said web while aging said web at room temperature to develop wet strength therein.
2. As a new article of manufacture, an improved absorbent paper having temporary wet strength and produced in accordance with the process of claim 1.
3. In a process of producing an absorbent paper having temporary wet strength, the steps of transferring to a substantially dry absorbent paper having an initial moisture content of about 3 to 7% by weight a metered amount least 24 hours under conditions wherein relative humidity is controlled at between to whereby said total moisture content is retained in said paper to develop wet strength therein.
4. The process of producing an absorbent paper having temporary wet strength which comprises forming, drying, and creping a web of absorbent cellulose wadding at a moisture content of from 3 to 7%, applying to said web an aqueous solution of glyoxal in an amount to obtain a total moisture content in said web of more than 4% and not more than 20% by weight, and substantially maintaining said moisture content while aging the treated web at about room temperature to develop wet strength therein.
5. The process of producing an absorbent paper having temporary wet strength which comprises providing a preformed creped web of substantially dry absorbent paper having a drier basis weight of between 7 and 20 pounds per 3000 square feet and an initial moisture content of from 3 to 7% by weight, transferring to said web a metered amount of a solution consisting essentially of glyoxaland water in a manner such that the glyoxal applied to said web amounts to from 0.3% to 5% based on the dry weight of said web while the water applied to said web from said solution provides a total moisture content in said web of more than 4% and not more than 20% by weight, and thereafter aging said web for at least 24 hours at room temperatures and under conditions which maintain said total moisture content in said web.
6. In a method of imparting water-dispersible wet strength to a two-ply web of absorbent facial-type tissue having an initial moisture content of 3 to 7% by Weight, the steps of applying to at least one surface of said twoply web an aqueous solution of glyoxal in an amount to deposit in said web from about 0.3% to 5% glyoxal by weight and enough moisture to bring the total moisture content of said two-ply web to more than 4% and less than 20% by weight, and thereafter aging the treated web for at least 24 hours at room temperature and under conditions which substantially maintain said total moisture content in said treated web.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,119,816 Fogart-y Dec. 8, 1914 2,043,351 Fournes set al. June 9, 1936 2,622,960 Woods Dec. 23, 1952
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Starting in Cairo in November 2008, the chairs of the different supporting organizations (SOs) and advisory committees (ACs) have held a joint meeting.
The idea was to find a formula for open communication that was more than a repeat of existing open microphone sessions. The chairs also wanted to create a forum that could break through the silos of discussion and communication in which ACs and SOs often operate. And, lastly, they wanted the opportunity to discuss topics of mutual interest and importance, and to have those topics suggested by ACSO members.
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Each time, feedback has been taken from the community and the session adjusted to reflect that. For Sydney, the decision has been taken to reduce the time taken on Monday to just one session of 90 minutes and to concentrate on a single topic (albeit with multiple arms).

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|The EFA 2000 Assessment: Country Reports
|Netherlands Antilles
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Drop-out problem
Dropout is defined as the premature renouncement of school without achieving the minimum qualification necessary. This is an old problem to educational system. A few years ago dropouts were mostly found on the elementary education level, however today one can notice a switch to the secondary education level. (Implementation of compulsory education has contributed to this) A recent research, conducted under direction of the Minister of Education shows a dropout percentage of 23%. This refers to the youth group between the ages of 14 and 20, consisting mainly of males. It is important not to neglect the group of immigrants that form part of this group.
The reasons that lead to drop outs are many. The more prevalent factors are:
Here we find aspects like family circumstances, financial situation, parents working circumstances, living conditions, spiritual and physical well being. All of these can form bottlenecks that can influence successfulness in school.
The current educational system does not provide equal opportunities for all children. And children from the lower social economic group of families are the main victims. With this disadvantage these children enter the educational system, and the system has proven unable to accommodate these children and teach them in such a way that they can also successfully complete their education. The research has also indicated that children who drop out of the system are those who have also repeated a class (es).
Pregnancy is alarming among the youth. These students do not return to school after their pregnancy and school policy does not encourage them to return to school either. And frequently these students do not possess any information regarding future educational possibilities. For this reason after a pregnancy most youth do not attend school or any other course or training.
Children from immigrant families drop out of the educational system more frequently than the Antilleans. Due to their age it is difficult to place them in an appropriate grade, and because they do not know the language of instruction (Dutch) they can not keep up. Finally they stay away from school.
Research results have shown that:
The result of dropping out is limiting continuing education possibilities. Consequently their admittance to the labor market is restricted. Many of them become unemployed or end up in low paid jobs. Improvement perspectives are slim and they end up in an overwhelming vicious circle.
The dropout problem is very complex. It not only affects the area of education but also the labor market, social affairs, youth, welfare, and justice. An inter-sectored approach on both central and island levels is necessary due to the complexity of the problem. Considering the origin of the causes of dropout an integral policy must be formulated in order to achieve a solution for this problem. This policy must be both preventive and restorative.
This means that education will have to start considering the circumstances of each child and also the cultural background of the majority of the students. Education will be given in the childs mother tongue and will consider individual differences.
Teachers will have to be refreshed and retrained in these areas. School has to strive to counteract dropout by, starting with the preschooler, stimulating, supporting, and guiding the students in their studies. This also applies for the elementary, secondary, and advanced levels of education. The ideal is for each child to achieve at least the minimum level of education.
Beside the preventive dropout policy a restorative policy is also necessary because dropout can not be prevented in all cases. This restorative policy must ensure that dropouts must be offered a second opportunity to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills in order to increase their chances in the labor market.
The migration problem in the Windward islands in relationship with education.
The implementation of compulsory education has been a subject of study from the beginning of the century. There has been regular discussions regarding the need of compulsory education. As a result of the ratification of the international treaty regarding economic, social, and cultural rights of December 19, 1966 by the 1979 Netherlands Antilles Council, the central government has compelled itself to introduce compulsory education on all the islands of the Netherlands Antilles. As stated in the prior paragraph the compulsory education regulation became a reality on July 19, 1991. It is a general law, however the island territories must supervise the implementation of compulsory education. The regulations were not implemented in all the island territories at the same time. Based on the first paragraph of article 15 the island territories were allowed to postpone implementation of the regulations until the 1996 school year. This means that compulsory education will be effective as of August 1, 1996 in the Netherlands Antilles. Of all the island territories only St. Maarten has not been able to implement the legislation. The migration problem is mentioned as the bottleneck to implementation. St. Maarten has a regular immigration from the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Dominica and Haiti. This means a regular inflow of students that becomes almost uncontrollable. This includes children from both the legal and illegal foreign residents. Immigrants also proceed from the French side. The fact that there is no control on the border of Dutch and French St Maarten compounds the problem. This influx is the main reason why educational resources are never sufficient due to the fact that there is no grip on the developments. There is a constant discrepancy between educational supply and the demand of the possible educational resources. This situation will only get worse if compulsory education is implemented officially. This will give both legal and illegal children a right to education, with the result that the amount of schools, teachers, stud material, school material etc. will have to be increased. This will mean that additional financial resources will have to become available that is simply not there. The language problem is another existing problem that will worsen in the future. Additional resources will have to be used for foreign students, namely the Spanish and Haitian students.
It appears that the island government being the responsible authority for education will request co-financing.
It becomes more remarkable every year that the population of the public schools includes more immigrant students compared to the private schools. This tendency will become more apparent in the future and can be explained in the fact that the private schools do not take these children. Their admission policy permits them the freedom to refuse these children. For this reason the island government will have to take care of a great part of the educational resource.
The last developments show that the compulsory education regulation was discussed by the executive council, but from a legal standpoint a few points will have to be reconciled to the compulsory island regulation.
Besides a solution for the migration problem, which is really a judicial problem instead of an educational problem, the necessary preparation exists for the success of the implementation of compulsory education, namely, implementation policy, set up of appropriate administration, implementation supervision, and information to the school boards and parents.
Named problem has its effects in other areas of education.This is in reference with adult education. Immigrants from the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Dominica and Jamaica mainly pertain to the lower social economic class. By migrating they try to better their living conditions and create perspective for their children.
Often the immigrants have a low educational level. They form a separate group. At least there is a language barrier that needs to be removed. Besides other skills they would have to first learn the language, English or Dutch. Secondly, they will have to discover the organizations that offer the programs appropriate for them. In the framework of adult education they will have the possibility to increase their level of education.
Chances are great that a big group of immigrants will not find their way to adult education due to their illegal status.
8. Main problems encountered and anticipated
As stated in paragraph 7, the bottlenecks that have limited the progress and achievement of specific EFA goals will be discussed further in this paragraph. Named points were mainly in the areas of educational innovations, pre-school education, and adult education.
The Netherlands Antilles has two governmental levels, a central government and five island governments. The central government formulates the educational policy, yet the island governments have much input with regards to the implementation of the policy. This means then that the success of for instance educational innovations is strongly dependent on the vision and correlation of both levels. And the constantly changing governments have a restricting effect on the progress and success of policies.
It must be stated that investments for education over the past decade have not been sufficient. Especially investments in school structure study materials, school materials, and continuing education for teachers, etc. Almost a quarter of a decade later, we are forced to witness the results. The tough catch-up effort before us forces us to realize that much more financial resources are now necessary. The realization that education must have priority is increasing at both governmental and public levels. However there remains a need to clarify the position of education with regard to other social subsystems like for instance, the economy. It becomes apparent that this prioritizing must also be noticed in the available funds. All efforts must be made to make funds available for education.
An additional fact is the dependent relationship of the Netherlands Antilles. International support is limited due to this dependent relationship. Human resource development and available material have also been affected by this lack of funds.
With regards to pre-school education: SIFMA does not have any official aid channels. More financial support is expected from the government in order to continue with their courses and programs and also reach their goals. Very creative ways have to be worked with considering the limited funds.
The area of adult education also has financial difficulties. There is no structure that guarantees the disposal of funds in order to implement the programs. Aid channels are lacking in this area also. Due to the lack of funds it is impossible to carry out information campaigns.
Specialized professionals are needed in order to develop and implement
the planned innovations. To a certain extent the Netherlands Antilles will continue to
depend on external professionals due to its smallness. There is some conflict between this
dependency on the one hand and Antillianization on the other hand, like for instance, an
education system based on proper needs and values in the area of culture.
The last couple of years however some change has taken place. Vacancies are filled by Antilleans. However the Department has still not reached its full potential, and it appears that, in the short term, this will remain the case.
Personnel shortage is a difficulty that also SIFMA has to deal with. They have tried to bridge this problem by building a good network and using cheap labor. This problem can not be solved in the short term due to the lack of funding for employing professionals. However, quality will remain a requirement.
The Antilles wants to take its own course with regards to education. A new and proper education system must commence. This means the development of proper educational material and sufficient local knowledge and know-how. The development of new educational methods is an expensive affair due to the small scale of the Antillean market. Considering the terrible financial situation it becomes obvious that development of material could become difficult. There is also a limited capacity for specialized employees and professionals due to the limited market.
The preceding point does not only result in financial dependency in the area of human resources. Availability and production of good educational material (on a small scale) remains an expensive affair.
The current Antillean educational system is oriented to the Dutch system only with regards to Secondary Education M.A.V.O. (Junior Secondary Education), H.A.V.O., (Senior Secondary Education) and V.W.O. (Pre-university Education). This means that the changes occurring in the Dutch system will also have to be applied here. The goal of the innovations is to provide equal opportunity for all children. This means that one will have to change from a highly selective method to an educational system that complies with local needs. An important aspect of these innovations is that the community should be ready and prepared for the innovations. In the past information and communication appeared to be very influential to readiness to and success of change. The sooner and better the community is informed the sooner and smoother the readiness toward change.
Adult education is characterized by lack of coordination and fragmentation. Various organizations are busy in this area on various levels. They also appear in different forms. There is no relation or structure in the way these organizations function. Result of this ad hoc way of working is that these organizations face the danger that they are all working on the same things. There are a lot of organizations that together are covering a very small part of the adult education area.
Other factors that have limited the achievement of goals in the area of pre-school education are:
One of the greatest bottlenecks is that early childhood care does not enjoy enough priority. It should be on the agenda of the policy maker more often meaning that more attention should be paid to early childhood care on the policy making level. The policys direction will become clearer. The governmental and non-governmental organizations can then take care of the implementation of the policy.
The island government is not consistent in her policy either. Duty segregation between the various organizations is not always clearly defined. The situation in Curaçao where the duty segregation between Pre-school Education and SIFMA is not yet defined is one example. The island of St. Maarten does not have a clearly defined policy in this area either.
The establishment of SIFMA N.A. on the island of St. Maarten is a way of stimulating the government to formulate a policy that will give direction to developments on the Windward Islands.
It can be noted furthermore that there is little participation of our islands in the developments in the region. This participation will allow us to obtain and exchange experience and knowledge. This will also promote collaboration.
Finally it is also noticed that above mentioned bottlenecks also influence each other. Namely, the financial difficulties affect all other aspects. The smallness also affects development capacity in the sense of available personnel. Another problem is coordination. On various occasions the central government, being the policy maker, picks up this coordination responsibility. All these aspects have resulted in partial or non-accomplishment of the proposed goals.
The financial resources for named bottlenecks can be solved in the intermediate and long term. A clear result of the now limited resources is that we have lagged behind with regards to innovations. With regards to educational capacity, in this sense human resource, it can be said that work is being done on a solution that can be applied to local needs in the long term. The idea is to set up a project in cooperation with the University of Twente for developing the educational potential of Antilleans who can be used for the implementation, guidance, and managing of the various educational innovation activities.
9. Public awareness, political will and national capacities
As mentioned earlier a number of governmental goals have been set with regards to the demand for basic education. Most of these goals are in reference to educational innovations. These innovations are directed, guided, and supported by the Department of Education in cooperation with the actors in the field of education.
It is difficult to calculate the support and demand of the public for all educational innovation processes because all the processes are not yet completed. Additionally, the various innovations happen to be in various phases of implementation and development. Experience has taught us however that a broad bearing surface must always be pursued. In order to achieve this there must be good communication between the actors in order that they are all well informed and therefore also convinced about the need and/or importance of the innovations.
One of the weak points is human resource, namely the lack of sufficient personnel in order to work efficiently. Lack of financial resources forms a second weak point. In contrast a very strong point is that politicians are well aware of the fact that education has to be innovated. The education actors are also convinced of this need. The general public is also informed in order to create a broad bearing surface. For this reason an information campaign was implemented as part of a communication plan under the direction of the Minister of Education.
Pre-school education
The Central and Island governments of Curaçao have made a contribution in the form of financial assistance. The island of Saba has contributed by the establishment of a nursery school. The island of St. Eustatius has also financed a nursery school.
Adult Education
The central government was always fully aware that policy must be formulated with regards to adult education. Due to circumstances this idea could not be implemented. Some activities were developed by the non-governmental organizations. They feel however that government must make policy regarding adult education and that there is a great lack of coordination and organization. The public is beginning to find its way to these types of education. This is the viewpoint of the NGOs but cannot be substantiated with statistical material
10.General Assessment of the Progress
In summary it can be assumed that there are various on going developments with regards to the six target dimensions as defined in the Framework for Action to Meet Basic Learning Needs. Many developments have taken place during the second part of this decade. These developments were mainly with regards to innovations in education. These developments were introduced due to the realization that education must be offered to each citizen. There must be a possibility for everyone to continue to educate him/herself as long as they think it is necessary. This means then that we must have an educational system that is related to the developments in our community, our culture, and our needs. This education must offer the guarantee that the quality of life will improve. Every one must be able to obtain the necessary skills to be able to function in this constantly developing society. Societal capacity must be improved. As a result the basic learning needs must be perceived and educational objectives must be formulated on this basis. This should apply to both formal and informal education.
Different goals were set for named target dimensions as mentioned in the preceding paragraphs. Not all goals were achieved. This is due to a number of factors. Some factors that one can not get a grip on easily. Two of these factors will be briefly discussed.
The first factor is with regards to present capacity of professionals. The problems in this area could be solved rather easily. The Antilles has to contend with two problems. First, with regards to education specialties there is a lack of local professionals. The piled up educational innovation projects can be delayed hereby. For this reason we have to use non-local professionals out of sheer need. In this way we miss the opportunity to obtain and build up expertise. Secondly we have the brain drain problem. Many students have to pursue their studies in foreign countries, like the Netherlands, the United States, or other countries in the region, due to limited study possibilities in the Antilles. The result is that not all students return at the completion of their study. And for this reason it is difficult to build up a pool of professionals. Another already mentioned bottleneck is the financial situation. Just as most countries in the world we also have problems in the financial economic area. Nevertheless we must succeed in maintaining education as a high priority and finance the needed investments that it requires. Per definition education innovation means to invest. It is an investment for the future. Investing now is important for two reasons. As a small country we must become and remain more competent in order to participate in international developments, if we do not want to lag too far behind. A logical result is that each individual Antillean should obtain the opportunity to prepare himself in the required skills of the future society. The right of education must be guaranteed to all.
It can be assumed that various goals have been reached. Various goals have been achieved in the area of early childhood care. Various developments were executed in this area. For instance SIFMA has a bureau in St. Maarten since September 1996. SIFMA is also well known through its media program. A less positive point was the fact that there was not enough decisiveness on the part of governments. There is lack of a policy with regards to the group of 0 4 years olds in St. Maarten. Innovation of the whole educational system in the Netherlands Antilles is one of the greatest goals that were set. All those concerned agree. Not all the recently introduced innovations have been completed. They are in different implementation phases. Foundation Based Education is next to be implemented. As mentioned earlier this should be functioning by they year 2001. The island governments must start the preparation process in cooperation with the central government. A very important decision that needs to be taken is the language of instruction that will be used.
Various laws were completed and enforced in the judicial area. These laws are partly related to the educational innovations.
The government has formulated a number of goals in the area of adult education that still have to be implemented. The fact that the central government has employed an employee makes it possible to start concentrating on formulating policy. On this basis the government in cooperation with private initiative can work in a structural manner on the societal goals. The non-governmental organizations have developed these activities. The
Expansion of basic education and training in other essential skills is not defined clearly by the government in specific goals that needs to be achieved. Work was done on it indirectly.
Via the media work is being done on the various area as knowledge, skills, and values which are necessary for better living. These programs are for both adults and youth. From the viewpoint of both education and wellbeing the government has attention for this area.
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Jul. 28, 2015
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Defense Department Update
July 11, 2006 - England Detainee Treatment Memo
A Department of Defense memorandum from Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon England reiterates Department of Defense policy that detainees held by the U.S. military shall be treated humanely and orders commanders to review their practices to ensure they are in compliance.
The memorandum does not reverse DoD policy. Humane treatment has always been the standard for detention and interrogation operations of the Defense Department.
The memorandum underscores the department's standing policy of treating detainees humanely, but emphasizes that it is now also a matter of law.
The July 7, 2006, memorandum does two things for commands and departments with detention responsibilities:
First, it assesses that existing Defense Department directives, regulations, polices, practices and procedures in existence do comply with Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
The essence of Common Article 3 is humane treatment.
The memorandum requires those commands and departments with detention responsibilities to review and report back that they are complying.
Second, the memorandum informs these commands and departments that the June 29, 2006, Supreme Court
ruling determined that Common Article 3 applies as a matter of law to the conflict with al Qaeda.
The court found that military commissions as they are currently constituted by the Defense Department regarding detainees at U.S. Naval Base Guantanamo Bay are not consistent with Common Article 3, in essence ruling that military commissions for detainees charged with war crimes would violate the Geneva Conventions.
The court did not say that the full protections of the Geneva Conventions apply to al Qaeda or the Taliban; rather, it limited its ruling to Common Article 3.
The Supreme Court decision directly affects only 14 detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Ten already were facing commissions on charges of violating the laws of war. Ultimately 40 to 80 detainees who are expected to be charged in the future could be affected.
The Administration has indicated in a very strong way that it is going to abide by the Supreme Court decision.
As a practical matter, the England memorandum does not change the way in which individual service members are expected to carry out their duties and responsibilities with detention operations or interrogation operations because the doctrine, policies, instructions and procedures that have been in effect have always had humane treatment as their standard.
Except for military commission procedures, all other DoD orders, policies and doctrine comply with Common Article 3, including U.S. Army Field Manual 34-52, "Intelligence Interrogation;" DoD Directive 3115.09, "DoD Intelligence Interrogation, Detainee Debriefings and Tactical Questioning;" DoD Directive 2311.01E, "DoD Law of War Program," and DoD Instruction 2310.08E, "Medical Program Support for Detainee Operations." (link: American Forces Information Service
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text:
The Canucks have looked quite good at times this season. The only problem is those times have generally been at the same time they've been facing some of their weakest competition. Their wins have come against weaker teams — the Oilers, Flames, Devils, Flyers, and Sabres — while they've lost twice to the powerhouse Sharks and couldn't stick with the Canadiens after an embarrassing own goal.
The Canucks have faced legitimate questions about whether they can keep up with the stronger teams in the league, but this game against the Penguins, despite the end result, proved that they can. This was, by far, the most entertaining game of the season, even though it was obscenely early in the morning for a Saturday. Yes, 10 am is early for me. I'm a night owl with two young kids.
Thankfully, the Canucks and Penguins kept me awake and alert when I watched this game.
I didn't get to watch this game,
More reffing soccer was to blame,
But I did watch the lowlights though:
It seemed the Nucks were somewhat slow.
A touchstone for the team, a test,
Comes when they play against the best:
Today they did not measure up
As one to challenge for The Cup.
They simply didn't rock and roll,
But played as if on cruise control.
Of course that's not the way it was.
The reason why? Well just because,
Having trounced two of the worst,
Vancouver tied a team in first!
Not a bad game all in all. I like the forecheck we have going for 65 minutes. or most of 65 minutes. Interesting to see how they fare in CBJ today, but they arrived in Columbus before the Jackets, who were busy getting schooled by the Caps.
5 of 6 points so far on this 14 point road trip.
7pm in Guildford – I know this start sucks for the rest of you, but for one I got to watch the Canucks play at a reasonable hour, and I enjoyed it thoroughly, loss or no loss.
And yes, ugliest pretty pass of all time is exactly how I'd describe the 4th line goal; that one was great!
What I appreciated the most about this game was the consistency of effort displayed by the Canucks. Their tight defense and aggressive forechecking reminds me of the way they played in 2010-2011.
Also, the third line (Schroeder-Booth-Kassian) really impresses me with their dedication, energy and smart play. We all know that a cup run is impossible without solid 2nd and 3rd lines, and seeing them play is a very encouraging sign. I just hope that Schroeder is not plagued by the injury bug.
One gets the sense that the team is "getting it", right? They looked pretty darn good today, I thought. There were a few lapses and goofs and such, but all in all it was a pretty respectable showing. That Weise, Richardson, whoever it was goal was like drunk Sedinery lol.
For a team that controlled the shot and possession count, how is it that Vancouver only drew 1 penalty to Pittsburgh's 4?
In OT, I thought I saw clear interference – Paul Martin denying Henrik a path to the puck behind the Pittsburgh net. Official was right there, looking at the play. No call.
I understand wanting to "let the boys play" but that is a call that needs to be made, especially given the Penalty Shot award to Sutter with a couple minutes left in the 3rd.
"Action Package" may have been a little too inside baseball, I'll admit. Sprung from a Yahoo Messenger conversation with Harrison. I try to use a different nickname for Kassian every time and the pickings are starting to get slim.
Haven't used "Action Kassian" yet, though, so that'll be next. Thanks!


text:
IZH Jupiter 4 1985
1985 IZH Jupiter 4 specifications, pictures, reviews and rating
Submit a photo of the 1985 IZH Jupiter 4.
|General information
|IZH Jupiter 4
|Naked bike
|54.7 out of 100. Show full rating and compare with other bikes
|Engine and transmission
|350.00 ccm (21.36 cubic inches)
|Engine type:
|Twin, two-stroke
|27.00 HP (19.7 kW)) @ 6000 RPM
|Top speed:
|125.0 km/h (77.7 mph)
|Bore x stroke:
|62.0 x 58.0 mm (2.4 x 2.3 inches)
|Fuel control:
|Port control
|Cooling system:
|Transmission type,
final drive:
|Chassis, suspension, brakes and wheels
|Front tyre:
|Rear tyre:
|Front brakes:
|Expanding brake
|Rear brakes:
|Expanding brake
|Physical measures and capacities
|Weight incl. oil, gas, etc:
|180.0 kg (396.8 pounds)
|Fuel capacity:
|17.00 litres (4.49 gallons)
|Other specifications
|Further information
|Parts and accessories
|Check out parts and accessories from our other partners.
|Ask questions
|Join the 85 IZH Jupiter 4 discussion group.
|Insurance, loans, tests
|Check out approximate insurance costs here. Search the web for dealers, loan costs, tests, customizing, etc.
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Buying a bike starts at BikezGet a list of related motorbikes before you buy this IZH. Inspect technical data. Look at photos. Read the riders' comments at the bike's discussion group. And check out the bike's reliability, repair costs, etc.
Show any 1985 IZH Jupiter 4 for sale on our Bikez.biz Motorcycle Classifieds. You can also sign up for e-mail notification when such bikes are advertised in the future. And advertise your old MC for sale. Our efficient ads are free.
You are also welcome to read and submit motorcycle reviews.
|Rating sample for this IZH bike
Offroad capabilities for the 1985 IZH Jupiter 4:
(71.0 out of 100)
Click here for complete rating. You can also compare bikes.
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text:
Illinois' unemployment rate is up one-tenth of 1 percent in the monthly report just released.
It rose from 9.1 to 9.2 percent from May to June, according to the Illinois Department of Employment Security – not a number that should be embraced, says spokesman Greg Rivara, but not a shock either.
"The slight uptick in the unemployment rate was not very surprising. It's part of an emerging summertime pattern. It happened this year, as well as last year and again in 2011," he said.
For the month, the state gained 9,000 jobs in the private sector, but lost 3,600 in government, producing a net gain of 5,400 jobs. Rivara says private-sector hiring is not robust but it's OK, whereas the decline in government jobs is a trend that is not expected to change.


text:
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ILL Quick FAQs
Who may use Interlibrary Loan services?
- Affiliated users who may use this service are: currently enrolled Roosevelt University students, current employees of Roosevelt University, and retired faculty and staff of Roosevelt University.
- Interlibrary Loan services are not available for alumni of Roosevelt University.
- Inactive graduate students who need to finish their research project should contact Interlibrary loan for further information.
How long does it take?
On average, 7 to 10 business days. Some items arrive in a shorter time frame, but because of scarcity or popularity, some items can take much longer, so it is best to plan ahead when requesting interlibrary loan items.
Items that maybe difficult to obtain or renew include:
- videos, DVDs, CDs, microforms
- reference, historical or genealogy materials
- items currently on reserve in the Roosevelt University Library
- entire issues of a journal
- textbooks
Welcome to the Interlibrary Loan & ILLiad research guide!
Interlibrary Loan (ILL) is a service in which Roosevelt University Library will borrow materials for you from other libraries that are not owned in print or electronic format by Roosevelt University.
ILLiad (InterLibrary Loan internet accessible database) is a resource sharing management software system used by the Roosevelt University Library. The ILLiad system allows you to track your article and book requests, check due dates, etc. You will need to fill out a one-time registration form to set up your account. Once you have created your account, you will be able to use your ILLiad username and password to login and request books and articles that are not held by Roosevelt University.
How do I get it?
The item I want is not available in the Roosevelt University Library. How do I get it?
- ILLiad
- Use your ILLiad account to submit article requests, view received articles, and track current and past requests for articles. If an article is not available in one of the library's databases or collections, you can submit a request directly from the database - ILLiad will fill out the request form automatically.
Books, Scores, Media, etc.
- I-Share
- The I-Share catalog compiles the holdings of a consortium of 70+ college libraries in the state of Illinois called CARLI, of which Roosevelt University is a member. The I-Share catalog is the best option for requesting books and other physical media because it allows you to keep the items you request for longer, and you can even visit local I-Share libraries and directly check out many types of material with your Roosevelt ID.
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text:
Already have a Galaxy S3 on your hands and enjoyed the benefits of the new interface Samsung TouchWiz UX Nature, but want to go further and spend the dark side to be the absolute owner of your device?
So the first thing you do is get superuser permissions so you can freeze, install and uninstall system apps, mods, custom roms as CM10.1 Nightly, Omega Rom Series and official firmware updates via Odin, etc.
The Galaxy S3 was released with Android 4.0.4 ICS, but now fully 2013 the vast majority of users have already been able to update via Odin or Samsung Kies to 4.1.1 or 4.1.2 Android Jelly Bean, so there are different methods for root access.
If you still have Android 4.0.4 ICS:
Let's use the mod CF-Root created by renowned developer Chainfire who has been able to compile a compatible version for the Galaxy S3 GT-I9300.
The latest CF-Root 6.4 lets you rooting any stock firmware Galaxy S3 GT-I9300.
Recall that Chainfire was the first person to rooting the stock firmware of the Galaxy S3, which was flashing through the insecure kernel (kernel rooteado) for root access and now Just flash the stock firmware with CF-Root v6.4 via Odin.
That comes with CF-Root 6.4:
- Root: SuperSU v0.93
- Recovery: CWM ClockworkMod 5.5, CF-v1.5 to install roms, create and restore nandroids (whole system data backups).
- CWM Manager v3.60
It does not come with CF-Root 6.4:
- Busybox
- Triangle Away
- Insecure ADBD
How to install or flash CF-Root 6.4:
Important: This method is only compatible with Galaxy S3 GT-I9300.
Download and unzip: Odin3-v1.85.zip | CF-Root-SGS3-v6.4.zip.
Run Odin v1.85
Brand PDA field and find the file CF-Root-SGS3-v6.4.tar which is the file to decompress it CF-Root-SGS3-v6.4.zip.
Put your download mode GT-I9300 Galaxy S3 : Turn off your device and press the Volume key down + Home + Power (if it asks you to press a particular key to continue, press that key).
Connect your device to your computer via USB.
Make sure the box is unchecked or Repartition active.
Star button and wait a few minutes until the process is completed.
Your Galaxy S3 will reboot and you will rooteado the stock firmware Android 4.0.4 ICS that comes with your device.
Official Thread | CF-Root SGS3 XDA.
If you want to remove the yellow triangle and reset the counter updates to recover the factory warranty by installing the stock firmware that came with your smartphone, just install and run the application: TriangleAway-v2.55.apk.
If you have Android 4.1.1 or 4.1.2:
With the bug Exynos processor and sudden death reported, you still only an option, and install root or flash a secure kernel to avoid these two major problems.
For now we recommend you do root by the method of Philz Touch Recovery, which already sure you install a kernel that prevents sudden death and the Exynos chip bug on your Galaxy S3 GT-I9300.
Important: you must have installed on your Galaxy S3 firmware: XXELLC XXELLA or (most recommended)
As rooting Android 4.1.2 firmware I9300XXELLC:
What you can do with [09.01.2013] [Philz Touch] [i9300/i9305] Enhanced v4.00-b4 CWM 188.8.131.52 Touch-root-exFAT.
New in v4.00-b04 Philz Touch Recovery (CWM 184.108.40.206 based)
- Repack with kernel XXELLA SDS supposed to be safe
- Fix romname added to nandroid backups: build.prop will now be parsed instead of reading system properties
- Custom scripts rom.zip completely revised to show progress and handle errors (beta and will be completely revised in Final build)
Download | philz_touch_4.00-b04-i9300.tar.md5.
First let's install the kernel Philz Touch v4.00-b04 :
These are the same steps to rooter your smartphone using CF-Root v6.4 :
Put your download mode Galaxy S3, run Odin, synchronize your S3 via USB and select the file i9300.tar.md5 philz_touch_4.00-b04-PDA in the field, make sure the Re-Partition field is not checked, and click Star
Let's get root access:
Download and copy to the SD card of your smartphone:
If you want to root with Busybox | Root_SuperSU.0.98-Busybox.1.20.2-signed.zip (recommended).
If you just want root | Root_SuperSU.0.98.Only-signed.zip.
Turn off your Galaxy S3 and press Vol + + Home + Power and select install from sd card and find the file. zip you go to flash only root or root with busybox, reboot your smartphone.
That's all you have root access to your Galaxy S3 with a secure kernel that prevents sudden death and the Exynos chip bug.
Official Thread | Philz Tuch Galaxy S3.


text:
This is your chance to come and see some of the biggest names in world cricket in what promises to be a thrilling day of entertainment.
Corporate Hospitality for this match is now available.
Hospitality Box: (12 Guests) £4500+VAT
Lounge Package: £350+VAT per person
- Arrival refreshments including bacon sandwiches
- 2 Course luncheon
- Afternoon tea with cheese board and scones
- All inclusive drinks (excluding champagne and spirirts)
- Parking
- Programme
- Balcony Seating
For further details please download the following flyer: HOSPITALITY: England v New Zealand
For more information, or to book, please contact Tom Seymour on 0191 387 2874 or email firstname.lastname@example.com or Nick Mather on 0191 387 2818 or email firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Powerful electric wheeled lawn mower with a rear roller for a quick and easy way to a traditional striped lawn.
Cable hooks for neat and tidy cable storage
Unique Vision Window allows you to see when the grassbox is full
Recall safety notice
Details of the recall notice on the Flymo UltraGlide.
Parts Express Web Shop
Order genuine replacement parts on line.
Product Registration
Register your new product quickly & easily online.
Copyright © 2008-2015 Flymo AB (publ). All rights included. Prices stated indicate applicable retailer price.


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Whitehead: Learning life lessons from football
Professional sports require so much more than just physical talent. A primary goal is to build character in these individuals. One person won't be successful in life based solely off of their physical ability to play a sport. Success requires good work ethic, discipline and commitment. This is taught at a young age when kids get involved in playing sports. People often don't recognize what engaging in these activities truly entails. Naturally, you learn to perfect your craft in the physical aspect, but what about the life skills that are learned that relate to the future? This is sometimes overlooked. One's discipline and time management skills won't sell tickets nor generate billions of dollars in the sporting industry. But when physical ability expires, which is inevitable, all that is left is the life skills that were taught, and those skills when used properly will allow an individual to remain successful when athletic talent is no longer an option.
For plenty of children growing up, playing a sport was a means of staying out of trouble. The extracurricular activity occupied them; limiting the idle time, which is typically when problems develop for youth. Sports gives them an opportunity to be a part of a team, which in turn sets them up for a number of skills that would be beneficial for their future. Being a part of a team develops character, and that character can be used influentially in everyday life outside the wonderful world of sports.
The feeling of being a winner is extremely euphoric. To accomplish a goal and be rewarded for it creates a residual strive to be triumphant. There is a high, if you will, that instills a sense of hope and belief in yourself and your team. Winning gives that taste of success, which ultimately turns into a craving for it. Going through life with a strong desire to be successful usually results in BEING SUCCESSFUL Since most sports require a team effort, individuals learn to make selfless commitments by sacrificing themselves for the good of the whole. Team effort facilitates working well with others and increases socialization skills. The world is filled with various demographics and it's imperative to have the ability to adapt to a variety of different personalities and conversations. When playing on a team, there is exposure to a very diverse group of people. The commonality is the effort and support for one another to achieve the same goals. People are held accountable for their individual effort. That accountability sets a higher standard for all involved, instilling hard work and loyalty among teammates. Being capable of contributing to a team and being an active part to achieve a victory only increases the drive for success not just individually, but also as a whole.
With every win, however, there will eventually be a loss, too. Losing isn't always a negative. Of course, no one aspires to be a loser, but being faced with a loss sometimes helps a person develop coping mechanisms that are helpful in dealing with failure. To some, failing can cause extreme detriment, but in professional sports you may be faced with losses and disappointments daily. This can only prepare you for the preordained events in the future that too may be a letdown. Playing sports help you to build the strength to carry on to fight another day. That mentality is vital in a world filled with rejection. This cutthroat industry can make or break you, but that tough skin that is created through the competitive nature of sports can be applied to life off the field, giving strength, will and courage to continue the fight for your dreams no matter what interferences are encountered.
Discipline is another one of the many important skills that are taught. Discipline relates to various different factors, one being time management. Time management is beneficial when striving to be productive. It requires focusing on the task at hand and provides the ability to plan accordingly, increasing efficiency in multiple assignments. Discipline also forces individuals to acknowledge and respect authority. This compels them to follow certain guidelines and methods of conduct, which is so significant in everyday life. When disciplined you learn to follow through with commitments and you recognize that there are consequences for unacceptable behavior. For example: Being late to practice can result in substantial fines or loss of position. Those consequences can be detrimental. Having to face them may instill a stronger desire to not allow that or similar situations to happen again.
There are a number of skills that are taught when playing sports. Organization, socialization, time management, teamwork, hard work, loyalty, sacrifice, contribution, commitment and character development are some of those, just to name a few. Every individual that plays a sport is taught these things, but what's important is recognizing and using these skills in daily living. Take notice of how some of these skills can positively affect life at home. Time management is very important when raising children. Managing their daily activities and schedules while still allocating the appropriate time for a spouse requires skill. Commitment is essential to having a flourishing marriage. Spending quality time and performing acts of service takes commitment and, according to Gary Chapman, author of the book, "The 5 Love Languages", will result in a "full love tank" for your spouse. The old saying "happy wife, happy life" might very well be true, but it takes instilling good values and morals within yourself to first make yourself happy, thus leading to the ability to make others happy. Exhibiting discipline within the home is a great example to set for children. That can contribute to them being positive influences in society. Also, displaying the ability to cope with loss and failure demonstrates strength, which is necessary for the sake of the family as being the head of the household.
As you can see, playing sports speaks far higher volumes than the physical talent and skill associated with it; what is fulfilling isn't the records that have been broken, that's the bonus, it's the advantage these individuals have of being crafted with life skills that can't be taught in a classroom, and unfortunately aren't always taught at home. It's an involvement in an activity that focuses on teaching important life lessons making you a positive, contributing individual to society and to your family, on and off the field.


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Your Cat, Your Life
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"Jake, forever loved"
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"Jake at 18 years old, looking skinny"
"Jake at 18, on the Tranquility Blanket given by Tyler Mr. Boombastic"
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"Me on my trankie blankie in the BIG box."
"Me with my older sisfur Samantha when we were young."
"Thank you Big Harry for this picture!!"
"Having my armpits scratched in 2012. I love having my armpits scratched."
"Hi! This is me when I was 12."
"Me at 19 in my Tuckered Out Bed from http://catsuppliesandmore.com"
Dear Furiends,
I see it has been nearly a year since I last wrote but with Catster going away soon, I thought I would write an update.
I'm a solid 18 years old now. Last summer I had my annual exam and I was under 15 pounds. Since Momma adopted me when I was 1 year old, she has never known me to be less than 17 pounds and for some years I was 20 pounds! But old age and all the Olde Furty-ness has set in. Momma says it is nice to see my waistline and she likes my now slender face.
My kidneys are bad but not terrible. I have kidney diet wet food and I still eat a lot, and some kidney medicine in the food. Soon I will have my thyroid rechecked just in case.
Arthritis in my back legs is quite bad, especially my right back leg. It is becoming a bit deformed. Also, because I weighed so much for so many years, my spine has bowed and hangs between my shoulder-blades. That's also because I never ever ever sit down to eat, I splay out my shoulders and elbows to bend down to eat and drink. A few years ago, Momma got me elevated bowls but the damage was done, and of course I get to lick all the plates, bowls, and pots that she puts on the floor for me to clean and I splay my shoulders out for that (not good).
Last summer the vet decided a steroid pill would be good for me, as it would make my remaining years better. Sometimes my head shakes and bobs, but Momma said I had that before I started on the steroid pill. Momma stopped giving me the Tramadol (I don't even remember why I took that) because it was so horrible and I hated it so much. The steroid pill is easy.
I get some Daily Best Senior treats in little bits (I only have 3 teeth left) and that's yummy. I have my dog bed on the floor, where Momma brushes me daily, which I love very much. I love the brush on my gums. Do you like that too?
So I'm hanging in there (literally and figuratively MOL!). I'm not quite ready yet to quit eating and go see my dear Sisfur Angel Samantha nor my sweetheart Angel Taffy. Maybe this year, who knows. I'm still enjoying my little world right now.
Jake the Jakester
Gosh, I can't remember the last time I wrote a diary entry. All I know is I'm a lot different now.
There was a time when I was a really big guy, stood 16" high at my shoulders. But a few years ago, gravity took over with all my weight, and while I'm still big, I've been sinking in on myself. My shoulders are bowed out and my front legs are a little bowed. My spine is bowed down and my trachea is a little compressed, so I have a bit of trouble breathing. My arthritis is quite bad. It's been a year since I started limping from arthritis in my rear right leg. Momma said it looks permanently crooked now and my limp is very pronounced. Sometimes my front legs quiver.
Momma gives me Cosequin with each meal as well as a shot of Adaquan every two weeks for the arthritis. We are not sure if it helps but we keep at it just in case.
My kidneys have been getting bad. I've been on renal food for a few years. Actually, they got to a bad point last August and haven't changed since then, which is good. I have slightly elevated numbers towards hyperthyroidism but not bad enough to be a worry.
Momma also gives me Theophyline in my food to help with my breathing, and a 1/4 pill of Pepcid twice a day for my stomach and bowels.
The latter is because back in December, I started to have the runs and barfs every couple of weeks, which I have never had in my life. Been healthy as the proverbial Ox, in fact, my entire life! This week I had it pretty serious. The vets tested "likely" for pancreatitis and suspect inflammatory bowel, so gave me a shot for a 2-week antibiotic and a shot for the pancreatitis.
The good news is that one thing hasn't changed -- I'm still eating everything in sight to the best of my ability. I had lost 2+ pounds in 5 months during the fall, but put 6oz back on in the last 4 weeks, which is also good. Oh, another thing Momma says hasn't changed is my great big purr. Especially when I think about my lovely BFF Angel Taffy.
I've taken over Samantha's round fuzzy pink bed in the corner (I moved in after she went to the Rainbow Bridge last August). Momma used to laugh because I could barely fit in it. Now, I find that it is comfortable how it holds me in place while I sleep. And being an Olde Furt, I sleep a lot.
Well, that's the update on me. In March, we celebrate my turning 17 years old! We don't know when it really is so we celebrate in the Springtime.
Purrs for everyone!
I am doing the Fat Cat Happy Dance!! I can't believe it, this is so wonderful. The Momma of my BFF, dearest Angel Taffy is coming to visit us! I get to meet my Angel's Momma, I'm so excited!!!
She is coming for dinner in two days. I hope I can get a nice brushing up and make myself look handsome for her.
I'll fill you in after I meet her.
Hugs and headbonks,
Jake the Jakester
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Billy Higgins
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Join Date: Jan 2011
Location: Rockport, MA USA
Posts: 678
Re: Billy Higgins
Yesterday, I posted this in the technique section under the thread "Jazz Dynamics". But I thought it would be more appropriate here, to give tribute to this great, underrated player. I'm also going to edit it a bit to describe a few remembrances of the first time I saw Billy:
The best example/lesson in low volume intensity I've ever witnessed was watching Billy Higgins play at The Willow Jazz Club in Ball Square, Somerville, MA. This was in the fall of 1985 and at the time, I wasn't familiar with any of his work, though Id heard his name before as an artist to be reckoned with. He had flown out from LA to play with a 15 year old Alto Sax prodigy named Christopher Hollyday. The band lineup that night was all top local players: John Lockwood on Bass, John Medeski on Piano, Chris Hollyday on Alto and his brother Richard on Trumpet.
Now he had shown up with only hi-hat cymbals, 2 rides, a snare, sticks, mallets & brushes. In the corner of the stage was a tiny 4 piece set. It looked like a kid's drum kit, and people were wondering when the amateur hour band was going to pick up their equipment! It turned out it was a Remo pre-tuned student set and as there was no other drums forthcoming, it started to look like Billy was going to make do with it. So I would learn another lesson: it really didnt matter what you play on. By the end of the night every drummer in the audience would have bought one. ;-)
Billy began setting up this little set and then accidentally dropped his snare onto the cradle of the stand. The bottom head made a pop sound after hitting one of the prongs, but fortunately wasnt punctured. If that did happen I was prepared to drive home and get a replacement. Anyway, after he set up, I wanted to get as close as possible to the stage. I ended up sitting about one foot from his hi-hat with a friend of mine on the other side. I had some reservations for a moment. Then I thought, "Hey, my ears might get blown out, but at least I'll get to hear some great playing up close". Although, I still had no idea what was in store. Then a surprise: Alan Dawson stopped by briefly, scanned the room and went over to talk to Billy. It turned out that the Remo PTS was on loan from him, since it was a last minute gig. There happened to be about ½ dozen of his former students there and while I think he was pleased we came out, he kept a poker face, walked passed us, didnt say a word and left.
From the moment the band started, and throughout the night, Billys sticks
never once
came up more than 2 inches, even for accents and crashes. Most of his playing was in a range about ½"-1" off of the cymbals, and when he switched to brushes it wasnt to play quieter; it was just because he heard a different sound in his head. And he set the band on
! The way he lifted each player, his infectious attitude, and the way he integrated every note of his playing into the total sound was like nothing Id experienced before. He had a constant smile; Im talking the
time he played, which at first seemed a bit silly or insincere. But after a few minutes of playing, you could feel this overwhelming joy spread through the whole club. Occasionally, hed make a soft vocal coo, especially when Chris Hollyday would play some Bird-like run. Most of the time, when a drummer is described as a painter, its a bit of a cliché. But Billy improvised masterpieces of rhythmic and tonal art that were beautiful enough to be standalone pieces and supportive enough to draw the most inspired performance from everyone on that stage. Nobody spoke above a whisper between tunes and after the 1st set I had the chance to talk to him at the bar. Sounded great! wasnt going to cut it, but I ended up saying something equally as awkward. I blurted out the following to him: I felt like my brain was being massaged. He just went, Ooh hmmm Do you play? I said, A bit and then he asked if I were in school or studying with anyone. I told him who I studied with a few years back and he said, I know Alan. Then I asked him if he had any advice for young drummers. He said,
"Play every day"
The 2nd set topped the 1st one, and the whole time an NBC camera crew was taping it. It was to be shown later that week as part of a human interest story, something like: 15 year old prodigy who sounds like Charlie Parker meets Billy Higgins. (At that time, John Medeski was not well known outside of jazz circles, so it only showed him and the others in passing). But by the end of the 2nd set, the camera crew said theyd stop taping and the club owner asked if we wanted to hear them play more. Everyone cheered (even the crew!) and the band proceeded to rip on standards until about 3:30 AM. This after hours set was pure magic and we all left with a high-positive energy, knowing wed seen something very special. Plus, our hearing was intact!
Anyway heres a taste of Billys playing with Hank Jones on Piano and Dave Holland on Bass:
Last edited by JohnW; 11-05-2011 at
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|Title: 2010 West Texas: End zone - West Texas is losing population and political power. Amid the anxiety, will its independent-minded politics give way to the Tea Party?
|Authors: Rapoport,Abby
|Source: Texas Observer, 2010, 102 :18 ,pg 13- 17
|Subjects: Heflin Joe Landtroop Jim Jones Delwin Perry Charles Brooks Joe Dee West Texas Region - Elections
|Additional Information: ID: 310; HD 85: Demographics - County population loss; 2006 election results; 2008 races - number of counties that voted Republican; Demographics - Hispanics.; RP: NOT IN FILE
|Ref ID: 90285
|Title: Political intelligence: Paging Machiavelli - This time it's personal
|Source: Texas Observer, 2006, 98 :21
|Subjects: Laney James E."Pete" Heflin Joe Landtroop Jim Texas Legislature.House of Representatives - Elections
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Hindustani music is based on the raga system. A raga is a melodic scale, consisting of notes from the basic seven known as sa, re, ga, ma pa, dha, and ni. Apart from sa and pa which are constant, the other notes may be in major or minor tone, and this gives rise to innumerable combinations. Ten basic scales or thaats are recognized, and other ragas are considered to have evolved from these. A raga must contain a minimum of five notes.
This forum is a place to discuss your queries about Indian Classical Music. More..


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For many bloggers, their blogging plan is "set it and forget it." Once a post is published, they never care to go back and revisit the content. That is not the best plan of action. You should go back periodically and update old posts.
Change of Heart or Method – Regardless of your niche or experience, things are bound to change over time. Perhaps your previous recommendation has changed for personal reasons as you have gained experience. In some niches, the best tactics change on a regular basis. If your blog uses a recommended posts plugin to interlink related content, this can cause confusion for reader. In the post your reader lands on you are talking about Method A being the best course of action, when they hop over to a linked, related post you are stating Method B is the only way to go.
Affiliate Links – In some cases a blogger may get into affiliate marketing later in their game. Or, maybe new products or services have only recently came into the affiliate marketplace. You may be missing out on potential income if you do not revisit those old posts and include your referral link.
Google Placement – Google has been known to drop stale content from their rankings completely. With the release of the Fresh Update, we now know that updated content is more important than ever in search placement. Google periodically recrawls old content. If they see you have modified that old post, that content may have another chance to shine in the search results.
SEO – Search Engine Optimization can also change over time. Maybe that first keyword choice is now outdated and no longer effective. In other cases, you may have been a later bloomer in SEO. Perhaps your very first posts were not optimized at all. They never stood a chance to bring you traffic. With a little face lift, they may get their 15 minutes of fame.
Should You Update Every Post?
Probably not. If your blog includes personal musings about your journey in your selected niche, these posts likely do not need updating. Concentrate your time on those posts that have out-of-date information, are potential income sources or are still relevant but didn't get face time in the search engines their first time around. These revisions may take some time, but it can certainly be worth it.
If you need help updating those old posts, contact me. Let's give that old content a second chance to shine.


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Feb. 1, 2008 | The Zephyr SPE Workstation offers automated Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) at the benchtop. The Caliper product includes a 96-well plate format and SPE-specific software designed to increase efficiency and streamline the sample preparation process for mass spectrometer analysis. Clog detection ensures that operators can reliably process all samples.
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|Ruth Capps
|Tuesday, 09 April 2013 15:33
Ruth Capps, 71, of Tompkinsville, KY passed away Monday, April 8th, at Monroe County Health and Rehabilitation Center. She was born in Tompkinsville, KY on September 20, 1941, a daughter of the late Mae (Moore) and Dan Hammer. She was the widow of Jesse Capps. She was a member of Tompkinsville First Baptist Church.
Ruth is survived by a daughter, Darlene Capps, a sister, Edith Bewley, and a grandson, T.J. Capps, all of Tompkinsville.
She is preceded in death by her husband, Jesse, her parents; Dan and Mae Hammer, two daughters; Susie Capps and a infant daughter, and a son; Jesse Capps Jr., a grandson; Wesley Capps, and three sisters; Linda Ford, Evie Nell Hammer Capps and Brenda Sue Hammer.
Funeral services will be held Wednesday, April 10 at 1:00 P.M. with Bro. Tom Stokes officiating. Visitation begins Wednesday morning after 10 A.M. Burial is in the Mt. Poland Cemetery.
Alternate expressions of sympathy may be made in donations for funeral expenses.
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