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A multiple-layered watermark is generated to be placed on document, to protect against counterfeiting and forgery. Hidden information embedded into each of the watermark's layers is only detectable by using a corresponding decoder. Because of the multiple-layered structure, it is difficult to reverse engineer the optical watermark. The generalized watermark structure significantly increases the "key space" of the decoder.
1. A method for producing an optical watermark on a document, the method including:
a) determining a required plural number of watermark layers and a dot pattern for each watermark layer, the dot pattern having a fixed frequency for each direction in the dot pattern;
b) selecting at least one latent image object for each watermark layer
c) modulating a phase of the dot pattern to embed each latent image object into its respective watermark layer;
d) superposing the watermark layers to form the watermark;
e) defining and generating a decoder for each watermark layer, the decoder matching a phase unmodulated dot pattern of each corresponding watermark layer; and
f) applying the optical watermark to the document;
wherein the decoder is used to decode the at least one latent image object for each watermark layer.
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a) verifying the authenticity and copyright of the document before printing;
b) generating the watermark according to the method of
c) controlling the printing process to protect the document and the watermark from attack; and
d) generating the decoder device and distributing the decoder device to enable verification of the authenticity of the document.
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This application is a continuation-in-part of international application number PCT/SG00/00147, filed 15 Sep. 2000, pending.
This invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for producing optical watermarks on printed and electronic documents.
Throughout this specification or reference to a document is to be taken as including a printed document and/or an electronic document and/or a copy (printed or electronic) of a printed document and/or a copy (printed or electronic) of an electronic document and will include such a document with text, image, graphics, video, photographs, and other multimedia appearing thereon or therein.
The structure of a watermark, referred to as carrier dot pattern, is a repetitive pattern with the simplest and most basic as a two-dimensional ("2-D") dot array. The complexity of the dot pattern structure determines the security level. Embedding a latent image object into a watermark is implemented by the modulation on the dot pattern with the latent image object. Observing the latent image using a decoder is a process of demodulation. The decoder is also a structured pattern, which corresponds to a particular dot pattern. It is implemented as an optical instrument, such as gratings, lenses, Ronchi Rulings, special films, or even a photocopier.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,027 relates to digital watermarking of data, including image, video and audio data, which is performed by repeatedly inserting the watermark into subregions or subimages of the data. Similarly, the watermark is repeatedly extracted from the subregions of the data. This method is in a single layer and is not suitable to a text-based document or a document printed on paper.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,278 has an identification system using a computer generated Moire, and is based on a computer generated random pattern of broken lines. The overlap of the object grid and the reference grid will induce the moire effect. This method is in a single layer, is rather simple, and does not provide enough protection, such as counterfeit indication.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,734,752 is a method for generating watermarks in a digitally reproducible document which are substantially invisible when viewed. It uses stochastic screen patterns suitable for reproducing a gray image on a document, and another stochastic screen to correlate the first in order to view the content. This is quite similar to U.S. Pat. No. 4,921,278, except that it uses stochastic screen patterns to represent the gray images.
Other patents similar to these include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,717 which combines a source image with a latent image so that the scrambled latent image is visible only when viewed through a special decoder lens; U.S. Pat. No. 5,790,703 produces a, first screen pattern suitable for reproducing a gray image on a document and deriving at least one conjugate screen description that is related to the first pattern, so that overlapping them can reveal the content of the document; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,000,728 uses different sizes of dot screens for anti-counterfeiting.
As can be seen from these US patents, there is only one layer of hidden information. The structure is exposed to attackers. Carefully observation of the structure with a microscope or similar instrument will reveal all information required to forge the image or document.
It is the principal object of the present invention is to address this problem and to provide a watermark which, in general, will not normally allow all necessary information to be revealed.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus to protect documents from counterfeit and forgery. It embeds multiple latent image objects into layers of repetitive structures to generate a watermark. The watermark is then incorporated into a document as for example, a seal, logo or background. This may be referred to as an optical watermark.
An optical watermark has one or several watermark layers. One or two latent image objects are embedded into each watermark layer. Each watermark layer has different structure, as well as a corresponding decoder to observe the latent image object embedded in it. The latent image object embedded in a watermark layer can not be observed by the unaided human eye unless a decoder corresponding to that watermark layer's structure is overlapped onto the watermark. On the other hand, a decoder for one watermark layer will not reveal latent image objects in other watermark layers due to the difference in their structure. As such, decoders can be considered as keys to the secrets, and the secrets are the latent image objects embedded in the watermark.
Layers in the optical watermark protect each other. Without knowing all the secrets (including latent image objects and parameters of the dot patterns) of the optical watermark, it's almost impossible to forge the watermark or change the latent image objects in watermark layers without being noticed.
The combination of layers of various security levels provides solutions for various applications needs. For example, an optical watermark may appear as the logo of a company on a document issued by that company. There can be, for example, three watermark layers. The first layer may be a cancellation word, such as "COPY", and the verification device is the photocopier. The cancellation word "COPY" appears if the printed original document is photocopied. The latent image object in the second layer may be a logo of the company, and the verification device is a specially designed lens with gratings defined by periodical functions. The lens can be given to the related organisations to verify the originality of the document. The third layer may be embedded with a logo of a trusted third party. The verification device is also a lens, but the structure is random dot pattern, which is more secure than the other layers.
Because the superposition of multiple layers is a non-inversable process, the complicity of the optical watermark increases and it is very difficult, if not impossible, to reverse engineer to derive the parameters and hidden information from the watermark. Because there are multiple layers, different verification methods, including counterfeit indication, can be combined to form a much more secure application. These verifications can be done off-line with very simple devices. Above all, the invented method and aparatus can achieve very high security without using special ink or special paper.
In order that the invention may be clearly understood and readily put into practical effect, there shall be described by way of non-limitative example only preferred embodiments of the present invention, the description being with reference to the accompanying illustrative drawings in which:
The optical watermark in this invention has a multiple layered structure as shown in
Each watermark layer is a repetitive structured array of dots. Latent image objects are embedded into the watermark layer by modulation. This may include, for example, phase modulation. The structure and orientation of the different watermark layers in an optical watermark must be different from each other. Only the decoder corresponding to a particular watermark layer can be used to view the latent image object embedded in that particular watermark layer.
Basic watermark layer-2-D dot arrays
The basic watermark layer is a 2-D dot array, varying in two orthogonal directions. To embed latent images, phase modulation can be applied to both directions. As shown in
The phase modulation changes the distances between a pair of dots at the edge of the latent images in the direction of the phase modulation. According to the characteristics of the human visual system, such changes of distances will make the edge of the latent image become either lighter or darker than the overall grey level of the dot array. Such effect will reveal the shape of the latent images. In order to compensate for this effect, a "smoothing" process may be applied to the regions with an abrupt phase shift. For example, in
Mathematical Analysis of Phase Modulation for Embedding a Latent Image into a Basic Watermark Layer
In the optical watermark, dot arrays are selected as the carrier dot patterns to embed latent image objects. Because dot arrays can be considered as 2-D signals, which vary in two orthogonal directions, two latent image objects can be modulated to one dot pattern in two directions with phase modulation. For the sake of simplicity, the dot arrays discussed here have the same spatial repetitive frequency in both directions. In an actual optical watermark, the frequencies in the two directions may be different.
A Fourier series expansion is employed to analyse the modulation and demodulation. Let us denote basic dot pattern as ƒε[0,1] ƒ0(x,y), where and the value 0 represents black, and 1 represents white. The superposition of line gratings can be represented with the product of functions. This multiplicative model enables analysis with a Fourier series expansion.
The phase-shifted dot array can be represented as ƒ1(x,y) and ƒ2(x,y), each corresponding to a modulation direction.
Two latent image objects to be modulated can be represented as g1(x,y) and g2 (x,y). Their valid values can only be either 0 or 1. So the watermarked dot array can be represented as
In eq. (A.5) the angle θ is the angle between the orientation of ƒd(x,y) and the direction of y-axis. The superposition of the watermarked dot array and the decoder can be represented as
The superposition can be analysed based on above expansions. There will be many components in the expansion of eq. (A.6). In order to make the analysis as clear as possible, all high frequency components can be ignored. Only the components, which probably have lower frequencies will be referred to in this analysis. Such components in d(x,.y) are analysed as following equations.
When the value of θ is very close to 0�, only the frequency of the component c1(1,-1) will be much lower than the frequency of the carrier dot pattern. While the value of θ is slightly above or below 90�, only the component c2(1,1) will have lower frequency. So for these two cases only c1(1,-1) or c2(1,1) will be significant in superposition.
In case when c1(1,-1) is most significant, the significant components in eq. (6) will be the following three. Then only one latent image g1(x,y) can be clearly observed because of the relative phase.
In case when c2 (1,1) is most significant, the significant components in eq. (6) will be the following three. Then only one latent image g2(x,y) can be clearly observed because of the relative phase.
The mathematical derivation shows that with phase modulation two latent image objects can be modulated to the basic dot pattern. Because of the relatively high frequency of the dot array and the compensation methods applied on the edge, the latent image objects will not be observed by unaided eyes. In order to view the latent image objects, the frequency of the decoder should be the same as the frequency of the basic carrier dot pattern along that direction, and the orientation of the decoder should be aligned to the same direction in which the latent image object is modulated.
Here there are used two characteristics of the human visual system. First, the human visual system has the highest contrast sensitivity in the mid spatial frequency range, around 2-6 c/deg. The sensitivity has a sharp drop at high spatial frequencies. Second, the human eye is sensitive to relative phase, which is the shift or displacement between spatial signals at same frequency. For frequencies higher than 3 c/deg, the threshold phase is represented by the displacement of about 0.85′ arc. For frequencies less than 3 c/deg, the threshold of relative phase is about 5�. A human observer will not be able to observe the relative phase, which is less than this threshold. So for high frequency signals, the displacement will not be easily observed by unaided eyes.
The latent image object in each watermark layer is encoded with relatively high repetitive frequency dot patterns with phase modulation. The displacement is not significant to the human visual system because the relative phase difference is lower than, or similar to, the threshold at that relative high frequency, which is selected for the optical watermark. So the latent image objects will not be observed without proper decoders.
To generalise from the 2-D dot array watermark layer, the frequencies of dot arrays along two directions can be different, and the dot arrays may take any orientation. If the watermark layer is denoted as L(ƒu,ƒv,θ,gu, gv), where ƒu and ƒv are the frequencies of dot array in two directions {right arrow over (u)} and {right arrow over (v)}, respectively, and θ is the angle between {right arrow over (u)} and {right arrow over (x)} (horizontal axis), the functions gu and gv, whose value can only be 1 or 0, represent the latent image objects in this layer. The function representing a watermark layer is:
There are two parameters for each latent image object in this type of watermark layer: one is the modulation frequency and the other is the modulation orientation. The parameters for the latent image gu are ƒu and {right arrow over (u)}. While the parameters for the latent image gv are ƒv and {right arrow over (v)}. Only a decoder with the corresponding frequency can make a particular latent image visible when it's rotated to the corresponding direction. So the keys to the secrets in this type of watermark layer are the modulation frequency and the modulation orientation.
Multiple Layers Structure
Reference is now made to
The optical watermark is the superposition of several watermark layers. Such superposition can be represented as
According to the above analysis, there would be some low frequency components in this superposition of multiple repetitive structures. Such low frequency components could probably bring unwanted visual effects, or even reveal the latent images without decoders. This problem can be avoided if the following requirements can be met for any two layers, Li and Lj, in the optical watermark:
1. If ƒu,i=ƒu,j or ƒv,i=ƒv,j, the orientation difference Δθij should be large enough, for example Δθij≧60�, or in some cases Δθij≧45�.
2. If ƒu,i=ƒv,j, Δθij should be less than 60�, for example Δθij≦60�(where Δθij=arccos(|cos(θi−θj)|), and 0�≦Δθij≦90�)
The above two requirements mean that no component will have a frequency much lower than the frequency of any carrier dot arrays in the superposition. FIG. 4(05) shows an sample of the optical watermark, which is the superposition of FIG. 4(02), FIG. 4(03) and FIG. 4(04).
When the decoder, which is represented with the fuction d(x,y), are superposed onto the optical watermark, the result of the decoding can be respresented as
From the analysis in Appendix A, the following results can be obtained:
1. When ƒd equals ƒu,i and |θd−θi| is very small, the latent image gu,i(x,y) will be visible in the superposition.
2. When ƒd equals ƒv,i and |θd−θi| is almost 90�, the latent image gv,i(x,y) will be visible in the superposition.
The frequency and the orientation of the decoder are the keys to decode the latent image objects. Only when the frequency of the decoder matches the modulation frequency and orientation of a particular latent image object, will the latent image object appear in the superposition.
Hence, in the mutilple-layer stucture, all latent image objects can be decoded seperately from the watermark layers. Every watermark layer carries its own latent image objects, and from the knowledge of one particular watermark layer it is very difficult, and almost impossible, to derive the latent images or the parameters of the other watermark layers.
The other advantage of this multiple-layer structure is that all the watermark layers protect each other. Without knowing the details (parameters and latent image objects) of all the watermark layers, it's very difficult, and almost impossible, to change the information in one of the watermark layers. If one of the watermark layers is changed, all other watermark layers will also be affected by this change. Therefore, this change, even it may be authorized by one party, will invalidate the authenticity of the document, in a scenario of a multiple party application, where each party is holding a "key" to a latent image object.
Coordinate mapping to generate complex watermark layer
In a basic watermark layer, the key space to the hidden information is the frequency of the decoder, which is relatively small. Generally, basic 2-D dot arrays can be generalized to any 2-D pattern, by coordinate mapping and superposition.
In the case of coordinate mapping, linear or non-linear coordinate mapping functions are applied to the basic watermark layer. These mapping functions can be represented as
Functions mx(u,v) and my(u,v) map the coordinate space from (u,v) to (x,y). In (u,v) coordinate space, the modulation and demodulation of the watermark layer are the same as the basic watermark layer. But the demodulation with a decoder is done in the (x,y) coordinate space. Hence, the decoder in the (x,y) coordinate space should be mapped from the corresponding decoder in the (u, v) coordinate space. So in coordinate mapping the watermark layer, the parameters of a latent image object are the modulation frequency of the latent image object in the (u,v) coordinate space, the modulation orientation of the latent image object in the (u,v) coordinate space, and the mapping functions mx(u,v) and my(u,v).
For example, the sine function as the mapping function. The mapping of coordinate system can be represented as:
While the dot array in the (u,v) coordinate space is represented as:
With coordinate mapping, the corresponding fuction in the (x,y) coordinate space can be derived as:
In order to demodulate the latent image object embedded in the watermark layer with coordinate system mapping, the original decoder should also be mapped from the (u,v) coordinate system to the (x,y) coordinate system:
For the latent image in the mapped watermark layer ƒ′(x,y), the corresponding decoder is d′(x,y) in eq. (28) but not d0(x,y) in eq. (27). As can be seen from equation (28), that the key space is expanded by two factors: one is the sine function, and the other is the period of the sine function.
Random pattern watermark Layer
To refer to
The key space of the decoder used to view the embedded latent image object is an indication of the security a watermark method or apparatus may have. The key space is very small for the prior art patents listed earlier. It is possible to find the key space with careful analysis or brute force attack from an expert in the area. As a few examples,
By linear and non-linear mapping of the basic watermark layer, the key space can be expanded by two factors. To further expand the key space to increase the security of the hidden information, the watermark layer can be further generalised as a random pattern in a 2-D space.
According to information theory, the amount of information of the latent image object can reach its maximum when it is randomly distributed. In a random pattern watermark layer, the randomly distributed information is divided into two parts: the watermark layer is generated based on one part, while the decoder is generated based on the other part. Hence, both of the watermark layer and the decoder hold the information about the latent image object. The latent image is recoverable only when both the watermark layer and the decoder are presented.
Two functions gw(x,y) and gd(x,y) can be generated based on the latent image object g(x,y) and a random function r(x,y), which will return either 0 or 1 at random. The function gw(x,y) is then encoded into the girds of the watermark layer with phase modulation, while the function gd(X, y) is also encoded into the line gratings of the decoder with phase modulation. Note that the value of gw(x,y), gd(x, y) and g(x, y) can only be either 1 or 0.
No information about the latent image object can be found from investigating the function either gd(x,y) or gw(x,y). There is a relationship between the function gd(x,y) and gw(x,y). If the value of g(x,y) is 1, the function gd(x,y) equals to gw(x,y). While if the value of g(x,y) is 0, the function gw(x,y) equals to 1−gd(x,y).
The watermark layer can be represented as:
From above equations, it can be seen that when the value of g(x,y) is 0, there is a relatve phase difference between the watermark layer and the decoder, and that when the value of g(x,y) is 1, there is no relatve phase difference between the watermark layer and the decoder. This implies that the latent image will appear because of the demodulation of the relative phase difference when the watermark layer and decoder are correctly overlapped.
Since the amount of information in a random pattern watermark layer is 2 to the power of the dimension of the latent image object, the security level will be very high. Since both the watermark layer and the decoder carry part of the latent image object, from either the watermark layer or the decoder alone it is virtually impossible to derive the other. On other hand, a random pattern watermark layer needs accurate alignment to reveal the latent image object.
Counterfeit-proof Layer
The dot pattern of a watermark layer can be the result of a set of operations on one, or a set of basic, and other types of dot patterns. Here, the counterfeit-proof layer is an example. The counterfeit-proof layer is a special watermark layer where a photocopier is the decoder to the latent image object. The dot pattern in the counterfeit-proof watermark layer is based on the superposition of the basic dot arrays. The latent image object in this layer, which can be some cancelation words such as "COPY", can be represented as a function gc(x,y). The value of this function can only be 0 or 1. Then this layer can be represented as a function wc(x,y).
The functions ƒa(x,y) and ƒb(x,y) represent two sets of basic dot arrays. The repetitive period Ta of ƒa(x,y) is slightly larger then the period Tb of ƒb(x,y). And the Δ in eq. (33) represents a small displacement.
In order to let the latent image object appear after photocopying, the dot size in this counterfeit-proof layer should be carefully chosen. It should be smaller than the size of the dot that a photocopier can sample.
A preferred dot size is
Note both frequences,
Superposition of the counterfeit-proof layer with other watermark layers protects the counterfeit-proof layer. Because of the simple structure of the counterfeit-proof layer, it is relatively easy to analyse the layer and reproduce it.
Superposition of counterfeit-proof layer with other watermark layers is also operated according to eq. (18). The only necessary post-processing is for the region outside the latent image object.
Optical watermark in document delivery, archival and authentication. The optical watermark can be applied to an electronic document. The optical watermark added to the document can be viewed as a seal to provide authenticity to the document. The visual appearance of the optical watermark can be designed as a logo or seal of the authority to provide immediate trust. The embedded information can be the name, signature and logo of the authority, or some number or words related to the document content.
As show in the
Another type of application is illustrated in
The optical watermark described above can be readily applied to a document using more than one colour such as, for example, but not limited to, having different watermark layers into different colour channels in various colour spaces. Examples are CMYK and RGB.
Whilst there has been described in the foregoing description a preferred embodiment of the present invention, it will be understood by those skilled in the technology that may variations or modifications may be made without departing from the present invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Global Warming May Double Pollen by 2040 »
"Nov. 9, 2012 -- If you're allergic to pollen, brace yourself.
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Social Activity
One of the prove of Telkom social responsibility towards society is the large amount of social activities that has been accomplised. In this page we provide the latest about social activities that Telkom has accomplised.
In response to the occurrence of extreme rainy seasons in which a lot of areas critical to flooding have been inundated with flood happened annually, Telkom CDC with Unit Consumer Service (UCS) Regional-3 West Java and DPW SEKAR Telkom West Java made a social care action for flood victims at Gandas
President Director Telkom, Arief Yahya (AY), accompanied by Director HCGA, Priyantono Rudito, SGM-CDC Telkom, M. Ade Sulchi, and Chairman of Baitul Maal Muttaqin Telkom (BMMT), Abdul Mukti Soma, presented scholarships and regular education Tahfidz Al-Qur'an BMMT to students and students of socio-eco
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National Germplasm Resources
1a.Objectives (from AD-416):
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3.Progress Report:


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First Comes Love, Then Comes Marriage…Then Comes Baby? 5 Things for Your Pre-Baby Bucket List
It is inevitable, but for whatever reason, just about everyone you encounter in your wedding planning or in your adventures as a newlywed will feel the need to jump-start your biological clock for you! You know what I mean, the infamous question of when you and your betrothed will start having children. This especially goes for your family, in particular the older generations looking to see the family tree flourish.
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You would be surprised at how much equipment and accessories children come with! I've been told by many parents that once you have children, you can easily add 20-30 minutes to the time it would normally take you to get out the door, and that's just on a regular weekday! The amount of preparation and planning involved in packing up the bare necessities for time spent away from home can be overwhelming. Factor in the importance of adhering to your child's eating, bathing and sleeping routines, and you can easily see the spontaneity fade away.
4. Take Career Risks.
With children comes responsibility. Not only are you responsible for their safety, well-being and overall livelihood, but you also carry the burden of providing financial security. If you have considered changing careers, switching jobs or even going back to school, now is the time to do it! You will have more free time to devote to your transition and will feel less of the pressure to provide for your family.
5. Be Selfish.
Once you have a baby, long gone are the days of partying with friends until the wee hours of the morning, lounging around in bed all day and only having to think about your needs. You child will dictate when you sleep, when you eat and even when you use the restroom!
Readers! We want your feedback! What things are on your "Pre-Baby Bucket List"?
{Image by Beatrice Murch. Used under Creative Commons.}
About Cheryl Rhody
Cheryl is a public relations, marketing and digital media professional with a passion for all things wedding-related. Even though she took the plunge nearly a year ago on November 13, 2010, she is still romanced by all that the wedding industry has to offer — dazzling diamonds, color palettes that "pop", gorgeous wedding gowns, creative cakes, unique decor and most of all, the whimsical love stories that make up the "big day" that every little girl dreams of! Cheryl is a Kansas gal living and loving the South Florida lifestyle with husband C.J. and their two Pomeranians, Toby & Chloe.


text: Comments by Rachel Stark, The Oregonian - OregonLive.com tag:profile.oregonlive.com,2015:rachelstark/9815778 2012-05-21T19:13:23Z Movable Type Enterprise 4.29-advance Comment on Lake Oswego-Tigard water partnership officials to rework proposal for treatment plant expansion in West Linn, as residents push back tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/west-linn/index.ssf//8000110.20655194 2012-05-21T19:13:23Z 2012-05-21T19:13:23Z Merlyn, Thank you for bringing to my attention that this story was not posted on the Lake Oswego blog; I thought I added it there but was mistaken. I just made the fix. I look forward to following this issue rachelstark Comment on Wilsonville City Council calls for pay cut, reduced role for mayor tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/wilsonville/index.ssf/8001570.20004476 2012-04-04T18:10:09Z 2012-04-04T18:10:09Z Abe, the councilors currently don't receive a stipend. The suggested amount of pay for the councilors is half the amount of the mayor's stipend. Simon, the councilors recommended that some of the responsibilities that were previously handled by the mayor, rachelstark Comment on Man shot in Northeast Portland robbery tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/portland/index.ssf//4053.19264530 2012-02-12T22:25:56Z 2012-02-12T22:25:56Z Police said the incident occurred in the 5800 block of NE Alberta. I've added that information into the story. Thanks for reading. rachelstark Comment on Loss lingers for former residents of Thunderbird Mobile Club, four years after Wilsonville park closed tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/wilsonville/index.ssf/8001570.18711716 2012-01-06T21:42:58Z 2012-01-06T21:42:58Z The recession hit shortly after the residents were evicted, and the land sat vacant for a few years. Construction began at the site last fall on a new residential development including apartments and single-family homes. The compensation equaling 37 percent rachelstark Comment on Dwindling Oregon education group that celebrated 75 years this month seeks new members tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/wilsonville/index.ssf/8001570.17664888 2011-10-26T15:59:42Z 2011-10-26T15:59:42Z Thanks for your interest, davis1800. Because this is copyright material, we cannot permit posting the entire story, but please feel free to link to it on your blog. rachelstark Comment on Wilsonville High School's a cappella group competes tonight on "The Sing-Off" tag:www.oregonlive.com,2015:/wilsonville/index.ssf/8001570.17127723 2011-09-20T22:01:01Z 2011-09-20T22:01:01Z Thanks for the heads up! I'll be on the lookout next week. rachelstark


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Messy Madness07/28/13, All Day
This activity is FULL! We now have a waiting list for participants.
Pack your oldest clothes and spend the week creating all the messy fun you can imagine. Stomp around in the muddy creek and woods on a scavenger hunt, break out the face paint for a messy makeover complete with a wacky hair contest, and get covered from head to toe in shaving cream before heading down a giant slip 'n' slide to rinse off. All you need is a sense of adventure and a little soap to get clean at the end of the week!
Who: Girls entering grades 4-5
Date: Sunday, July 28 - Friday, August 2, 2013
Location: Camp Peairs
Time: 2:30 p.m. Sunday - 2:00 p.m. Friday
Fee: $245 per girl
Min/Max: 6/ 20 girls
Closing Date: Monday, June 17, 2013
To register for this activity using eRegistration click here.


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One handle mixer for washbasin from Zucchetti
Zucchetti's success story began in 1929 when Alfredo Zucchetti started to produce chromed tapware. Not until the seventies the company began its journey through the world of design with the first Italian made range of ceramic disks single lever mixers. Since then they participated to numerous fairs and design exhibition and their name quickly became a trademark. In their recently collections many objects represented a benchmark for other companies in matters like quality and design.
This particularly item is from the "wind" collection.This collection consists only from single lever mixers characterized by aesthetic and simple basic lines, perfect for any kind of bathroom designed by Zucchetti. This one hole, one handle mixer makes no exception. We can easily spot the straight simple lines and the cool, classic design. Depending on your washbasin this can fit perfectly if the main idea is to achieve a quality setting. Of course , style isn't forgotten and this can be the a very strong element in your bathroom.
Like in many cases of beautiful designer objects, some would not tell the difference between this and an ordinary tap, but the connoisseurs will definitely appreciate this sanitary object. If you like this and you want it you must know that this particularly model is called ZWN590 and in the specialty catalogs is described as a single level basin mixer with aerator , 1 and a quarter inch pop-up waste and flexible tails.