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Tibetan writer Dolma Kyab awarded by Chinese writers' group
[Wednesday, December 05, 2012 17:24]
Dolma Kyab in an udated photo
DHARAMSHALA, December 5: A Tibetan writer serving a ten and half year term has been awarded the 'Liu Xiaobo Courage to Write Award 2012' by the Independent Chinese PEN Centre, an official affiliate of International PEN, the global association of writers dedicated to freedom of expression and the defense of writers suffering governmental repression.
Dolma Kyab and WU Yilong were honoured last month on the occasion of PEN International's Day of the Imprisoned Writer; an annual, international day intended to recognise and support writers who resist repression of the basic human right to freedom of expression and who stand up to attacks made against their right to impart information.
Dolma Kyab, 36, a.k.a Lobsang Kelsang Gyatso (pen name) was arrested on March 9, 2005 in Tibet's capital Lhasa where he was teaching History at a Middle School.
A passionate writer, he maintained a commentary manuscript written in Chinese titled "Himalaya on Stir," which was a compilation of 57 chapters written on various topics about democracy, sovereignty of Tibet, Tibet under communism, colonialism, religion and belief etc. He also wrote on the geographical aspects of Tibet touching on sensitive topics about the location and number of
Chinese military camps in Chinese occupied Tibet etc.
He was sentenced to ten and half years in prison and is currently imprisoned at Chushul (Ch: Qushui) Prison in central Tibet.
Dolma Kyab was born in 1976 in Ari Village, Chilen (Ch: Qilian)County, Tsochang, eastern Tibet.
After completing his schooling in 1995, he joined a Teachers Training Centre and served as a teacher in a Middle School in Chilen County. He later went to a University in Beijing to continue his studies. In 2003, he came to India to learn English and Hindi languages and returned to Tibet in May 2004.
In a letter from prison smuggled out by friends, Dolma Kyab appealed for help from United Nations committees on human rights, saying that he was imprisoned because of the ideas expressed on Tibet in his unpublished manuscript.
The other awardee WU Yilong, 45, is a freelance writer and a prominent human rights activist based in Zhejiang Province.
ICPC while announcing the award, reiterated that freedom of expression, including freedom to write and publish, is "inalienable and fundamental human rights" and named 8 new honorary members, including Tibetan writers Tashi Rabten, Kunchok Tsephel Gopey Tsang, Kunga Tseyang, and Gangkye Drubpa Kyab.
UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention has ruled that Dolma Kyab's detention is arbitrary, contravening articles 13, 19 and 20 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and falls within category II of the categories applicable to the consideration of cases submitted to the Working Group.
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During their Feb. 5 meeting, the University of Maine General Student Senate announced UMaine Rotaract as Club of the Month; funded allocation requests for over $1,000 to Men's and Women's Ultimate Frisbee, Wilde Stein, Women's Lacrosse and Muslim Student Association; and elected a new faculty senate representative, president pro tempore and legal services liaison.
The Maine Steiners, UMaine's premier all-male a cappella group, performed for the GSS at the beginning of the meeting for around 10 minutes. The group sang a mashup "One Last Drink," by Enter the Haggis, and "The Remedy," by Jason Mraz.
UMaine Rotaract wins Club of the Month for December, January
In her executive reports, Vice President for Student Organizations Sarah Porter announced UMaine Rotaract as winner of Club of the Month for the months of December and January. As previously stated in prior meetings this year, realizing winter recess retracted from a true, full month of performance and evaluation for both months, VPSO Porter and the Committee for Student Organizations decided to combine Club of the Month awards for December and January.
According to the club's Facebook page, UMaine Rotaract was founded in 2005 and was officially recognized by UMSG, Inc. in 2006. It is a non-profit community service club that strives for community, leadership, friendship and respect, and is under sponsorship of the Old Town Rotary.
This isn't the first time UMaine Rotaract has received Club of the Month honors — it was previously recognized in March last year. UMaine Rotaract was also named Most Outstanding Student Organization in 2011 and is a two-time Bodwell Center Active Citizenship Award winner.
Porter said the club has logged over 300 hours of community service so far this year, both on and off campus.
Club president Lydia Bolduc, a fourth-year zoology student, spoke on behalf of the group, noting a recent, successful carnation fundraiser that sold over 300 flowers, in preparation for the organization's spring break trip to Camp Sunshine in Casco, Maine.
UMaine Rotaract plans to use the funds awarded by UMSG, Inc. toward costs for its monthly cooking service at the Ronald McDonald House of Bangor.
Winners: Faculty Sen. Rep., Pro Tempore, Legal Services Liaison
Three positions were filled by an election during the Feb. 5 meeting: faculty senate representative, president pro tempore and legal services liaison.
Sen. Alicia Bolduc, a fourth-year biochemistry and mathematics student, won a three-way race for the position of faculty senate representative after being nominated by a fellow senator minutes before the election began. Bolduc's competitors included Sens. Sydney Trask and Jake Dumas.
Sen. Aaron Ortiz, a second-year student, also won a three-way race for the position of president pro tempore. Ortiz's competitors included Sens. Lee Jackson and Patrick Church.
Sen. Caleb Shortt won another three-way race for the position of legal services liaison, edging out Sens. Logan Nee and Caroline Harvey.
Elections for fair election practices committee senate representative and graduate student senate representative will be held at the next GSS meeting, Feb. 12. Nominees include Sen. Sean Sibley for FEPC senate representative and Sen. Shortt for graduate student senate representative.
Ten groups receive funding, total of $8,845
Representatives from Men's and Women's Ultimate Frisbee, The Wilde Stein Alliance for Sexual Diversity, Women's Lacrosse and Muslim Student Association all spoke to the GSS before receiving approval for allocated funding requests.
Men's Ultimate Frisbee was awarded $1,950 to cover vehicle-renting costs for its upcoming trip to the High Tide Ultimate Tournament in Brunswick, Ga., hosted by Disc-iple Sports, during spring break.
According to the event's Facebook page, last year's tournament hosted 188 teams from across the country and included the world's largest hat tournament with 860 players. Both the club president and treasurer of Men's Ultimate Frisbee spoke on behalf of the group, saying the organization is expecting to use three vans to get to Georgia. Last year, the club only won one game against Yale University. According to the speaking representatives, they hope to do much better in this year's tournament.
Club Treasurer and first-year student Eileen Murphy spoke on behalf of Women's Ultimate Frisbee, who was also successfully awarded funds toward vehicle-renting costs in the amount of $1,300. The difference between the men's and women's funding needs had to do with number of vans: the women only need two, compared to the men's three.
Wilde Stein was awarded $1,700 for their upcoming guest speaker event with Columbia University wrestling coach and LGBT activist Hudson Taylor. Former Wilde Stein President Chris Dubois spoke on behalf of the organization, noting 175 people had confirmed they were going as of Feb. 5, including coaches, staff and student-athletes from the hockey, football and basketball teams. Dubois says an event like this, in terms of LGBT, has "never been done on this campus in a big way."
Taylor will speak on Feb. 18 at 7:30 p.m. in DPC 100.
Women's Lacrosse was awarded $1,245 for transportation during their upcoming 2013 season. Other sources of funding include club dues, which are $350 each, and $248 in fundraising.
The club president of Women's Lacrosse spoke on behalf of the group, noting the club, which consists of 19 members, expects to play eight games — some away games will be played at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Mass. and the University of Massachusetts Amherst in Amherst, Mass, among others.
Muslim Student Association was awarded $1,000 for speaker honorariums during their upcoming Islamic workshop and Islamic Awareness Weekend events. Other expected funding includes $1,400 from Student Affairs, $800 from Residents on Campus and $460 from within MSA.
Organization President Nabeel Hashmi, a third-year biochemistry and molecular and cellular biology student, and Vice President Abdulraheem Sbayi, a third-year biochemistry student, spoke on behalf of MSA, noting the logistics of the anticipated events.
According to Hasmi and Sbayi, MSA's Islamic Awareness Weekend is typically planned for one event, but this year, the two expected speakers weren't able to speak at the same time, forcing the organization to split the event into two separate events.
On Feb. 23, Yasmin Mogahed, a Huffington Post contributor, will speak at the Islamic Center of Maine in Orono followed by a Q-and-A session. From March 22-23, another speaker will present for the MSA.
"The point of [these events] is to bring something provocative to [the student body's] minds so [they] get involved," Sbayi said. "This is a step toward more dialogue, the spread of multiculturalism."
According to Hasmi, MSA was able to meet with meet with UMaine Honors College Interim Dean David Gross, who expressed he would encourage preceptors to make it mandatory for students to attend the event.
"This is the sixth or seventh time we've held this event," Sbayi said. "Historically, the difference between this year and past years is we've never tried this hard to get other students to come."
In allocations under $1,000, Green Team and All Maine Women each received $200 for their office budgets; the Sustainable Agriculture Program received $450 to aid in their attendance at Breaking Ground 2013 from Feb. 15-18 in Baltimore, Md.; and Panhellenic Council received $200 to aid in their attendance at the 2013 Northeast Greek Leadership Association Annual Conference from Feb. 21-24 in Hartford, Conn. and $600 for Alpha Phi's hypnotist show.
International Affairs Association, Women's Rugby present
International Affairs Association and Women's Rugby presented to the GSS during time allotted for club presentations.
IAA Club President Justin Lynch, a fourth-year economics and political science student, spoke on behalf the club, reporting on the organization's recent trip to Montreal for McGill University's Model United Nations conference from Jan. 24-27. The group received GSS funding for the trip last September.
According to Lynch, over 95 schools from five continents attended the conference.
The club president for Women's Rugby spoke on behalf of the group, thanking the GSS for its funding that helped cover insurance costs and one of the travel date's lodging during its 2012 season. Fundraising, dues and out-of-pocket money reportedly covered all other costs.
The team representative said the club lost two games last fall and is "really excited" to compete at the "legitimate" Division II level next year.
New senator sworn-in, other news
Jennifer Karod, a first-year food science and human nutrition student, was officially sworn-in to the GSS. Karod says her motive behind joining the UMSG, Inc. was "to get more involved on campus, and what better way to start than with Student Government."
In executive reports, Vice President Sam Helmke said he and President Kim Dao had recently discussed many things with UMaine President Paul Ferguson, including student health care costs and the speculated "Sorority Village." Ferguson is reportedly working to lower the cost of student health care and has "given his blessing" on plans for the new, on-campus sorority housing. Ferguson was also very interested with ongoing occurrences at The Grove Orono, especially rumors of some buildings shifting down by four inches.
In new business, the GSS passed a resolution to eliminate Student Entertainment from UMSG, Inc.'s section of Financial Policies.
"Several of the financial policies seriously need to be audited," said Vice President for Financial Affairs Ray Updyke. "These sort of things come up."
According to the resolution's statement of fact, the section has become outdated and is no longer adhered to by Student Government, therefore ensuring a need for elimination.
Student Entertainment is expected to create its own document, in modules, detailing rules for budgeting and forecasting. This is not expected to affect day-to-day operations.
Sen. Paige Eggleston added a comment before the resolution passed, targeting younger senators in the GSS.
"In the future, make sure you hold each other accountable," Eggleson said. "I won't get into specifics, but that's why we're here."
The GSS also passed a resolution to authorize Executive Administrative Aide Susan D'Angelo to work 40 hours over the two-week long spring break.
Updyke explained that because UMSG, Inc. did not hire an Assistant Vice President for Student Entertainment, there were leftover funds, which will now be used to compensate D'Angelos work over spring break. Because D'Angelo does not have this period of work stated in her contract, a resolution must pass in order to authorize work.

subset: commoncrawl


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True 1275 Cooper S Mk1, with original double fuel tank. The car runs famous races in Europe during the 90's like "Tour Auto", "Monte Carlo... More
1961 Austin Mini Cooper Cabriolet, Completely rebuilt with 1996 Rover Cabriolet steel body. All new suspension, 4 wheel disc brakes with 10" wheels, rebuilt... More
- Right hand drive- Over the top restoration- Minilite style wheels- Yokahama tires- Webasto sliding sunroof- Stainless steel exhaust- One of the last genuine... More
This 1967 Austin Mini Cooper has a 1380 C.C Supercharged 4 Cylinder, 4 Speed Manual Transmission, Rotisserie Restoration, New Tan Leather Interior, Original Suspension... More
Possibly the most iconic car of the sixties, the Mini was the brainchild of a brilliant, Greek-born, British national, named Alec Issogonis. He had... More
Just in! Call or visit our website for more information.... More
1990 Austin Mini - Pimlico Premier Convertible rebody by Domino Cars (GB) of Southampton, England. Serialized build by company, not a kit. 1275 engine,... More
AUSTIN: 1971 Mini rhd speedster, purple with stripe and number on door, red interior, 10 wheels, excellent paint, chrome and interior, runs & drives... More


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A little history first... my first daughter was an oops baby and my second it only took one try to conceive her. This time around I didn't think I would have any issues, especially when we switched to the same sperm source of the first two.
Well we have tried 5 times over 4 cycles. I thought it was more, it sure feels like it. Anyway, so in trying to "increase our chances" we have been using an instead cup to hold everything in place after wards. Well come to find out today I have been putting it in wrong!!!
I guess I have been sliding it in on my front vaginal wall not pushing it down and towards the back like you're suppose to. So these past 5 times I probably have been hooking it on top of my cervix and squishing it down.
Now I know it doesn't take long for sperm to get to the cervix, but we literally would inseminate then quickly insert the cup and move on about our day because we were "safe" from anything coming out.
Ugh, I'm just glad I realized this now and this next cycle we will just do things the "old fashioned way." Well, as much as two lesbians can.
Working from home Mommy. You can too. Ask me how!
me & she = TTC one of these Proud Mommy to two of these
Glad you figured it out... Fingers crossed you get good news this coming cycle
I have heard those can be tricky. Sorry about your oops! I hope it works better next time.
Married to a wonderful woman since 2010. Baby boy C arrived in June 2013!
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Center for Computer Games Research
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Center for Computer Game Research is a research group at the IT University of Copenhagen that represents one of the major nodes in both ludology and computational intelligence and games. The Center for Computer Game Research is heavily involved in the journal Game Studies, and also hosted the 2005 iteration of the Digital Arts and Culture conference. In 2010, the center hosted the IEEE Conference on Computational Intelligence and Games.
Researchers affiliated with the Center include (current and former):
- Espen Aarseth
- T. L. Taylor
- Lisbeth Klastrup
- Jesper Juul
- Gonzalo Frasca
- Simon Egenfeldt-Nielsen
- Georgios N. Yannakakis
- Julian Togelius
- Mark Nelson
- New Scientist: Adaptive games promise high scores for everyone
- BBC: Academics take on video games
- Miami Herald: Higher education is child's play in video game degree program


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American Mothers S. A.
The Mission of American Mothers is to empower parents to strengthen the moral, spiritual, and educational foundations of the home and family. Join us in Reaching, Teaching, and Honoring Mothers in San Antonio.
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The Comfort of Friends (Part 2)
Valuing a friendship means overlooking a weakness that might get in the way. [Read More]


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Ronaldo has been linked with a departure from the Bernabeu, having refused to discuss a new contract.
"Cristiano Ronaldo is very important to the team, just look at all the goals he has scored in the past few seasons," Ozil told CNN.
"He's a great person off the field. I hope he can stay here for a long time because he can help us win important titles."


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Staff writer/photographer
The Toymaker is an original Christmas play written by a rag doll. Well, at least 28-year old playwright Ashley Raymer-Brown plays a rag doll in the production she penned for the Third Act Theatre Troupe.
"It's a modern-day parable of one person's relationship with God," she said.
For a majority of the Eminence girls' basketball team, they spent the fall running mile after mile for the high school's cross-country team. Now, the Lady Warriors hope that extra endurance translates to the basketball court this winter.
After his first two seasons on the sideline, head coach Carter Martin is trying to turn his program from a group of young players trying to get over the hump to a more balanced team that doesn't rely on just a couple of standout performers.
Monster. Crank. A Purpose Driven Life. The Lovely Bones. Nickel and Dimed. My Sister's Keeper. The DaVinci Code. Flags of Our Fathers.
All are titles of the books chosen by Eminence High School's 38 seniors for a reading project coordinated by school librarian, Penny Bland and senior English teacher, Cara Puckett.
Melissa Jeffries walked the entire length of the Alaskan Iditarod Trail — virtually, that is.
The equivalent of 90 miles Jeffries, the Henry County Public Schools nurse, said the walk took her about a month to complete.
Jeffries walked the Iditarod by logging onto the YMCA's America on the Move Foundation's STEPtember contest. "You pick a walking trail, and record your steps or activity for one month," she said.
int, Kentucky's judicial branch is the same age as the executive and legislative branches, all of which were officially formed when our Constitution was adopted in 1891.
In reality, however, the judiciary as we know it is only little more than three decades old. Voters created it in 1975 when they did away with an often confusing variety of courts and replaced them with the orderly system we have today.
Wednesday, December 3
Karate classes will be held at the Community Center from 6 to 7:30 p.m.
Children's Story and Craft hour every Wednesday from 10 to 11 a.m. at Pleasureville Christian Church. Also, the community library at the church is open to the public from 1:30 to 4:30 p.m. on Wednesdays.
Oh come all ye faithful, the Bethlehem Nativity has reached a big number.
Nativity coordinator Kevin Croxton said this year's 50th anniversary presentation marks a milestone.
"We're trying to get the word out," he said. "It's kind of neat that it's been going on this long."
On behalf of Eminence Speaker LLC and its Amazing Race Committee members, Sherry Watts, Charlotte Barnett, Shannon Rose, Kara Olson, Chad Potts, and Chris Rose, we want to express our sincere thanks to everyone who participated or played a role in our first annual Amazing Race event on Friday, Nov. 14. For 42 years, Eminence Speaker LLC has always been extremely proud to call Eminence its home. With community leaders, citizens and business owners such as yourselves, surely there are few communities anywhere that rival the City of Eminence.
by Cindy DiFazio
Staff writer/photographer
At its November meeting, Eminence Independent Schools Superintendent Donald Aldridge told the members of the board of education he had been alerted in a Superintendent's Advisory to possible budgetary shortfalls due to a dip in state revenue.
"There are some dollars we probably won't receive next year," he said.
I was relaxing over coffee the other morning, fondly gazing at the pictures of our five children that sit on top of my kitchen cabinets when suddenly, for no obvious reason, my attention shifted. Delicate little cobwebs lacing from picture to picture came into my focus. I hadn't noticed them before, but like an optical illusion, the pictures receded and the little filaments draping the frames - and, yes, also hanging from the ceiling - jumped out at me. Thus can one's peace of mind be so easily disturbed.
Copyright © 2015
The Henry County Local is your source for local news, sports, events, and information in Eminence, KY and the surrounding area.


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Food Flashes
Food Flashes focuses on what's happening in the dining community, from restaurant openings and closings, to chef changes, to heart-healthy menus to kids' specials.
Yearly Archive for 2007
A la carte
S.A. native praised San Antonio native Paul Petersen was recently singled out as one of Esquire magazine's top 100 chefs for 2007. Petersen, executive chef at the Gage Hotel in Big Bend, landed at No. 34 on the list. He is credited with "singlehandedly reviving New Texas Cuisine," the magazine says. "Petersen's dishes reflect the […] [Read More]
Panera Bread to open Thursday
On Thursday, the first Panera Bread in San Antonio is opening at 999 E. Basse Road. This is the first of five to six restaurants the company hopes to open in the next four years. "A lot of people might tend to call (Panera Bread) fast food, but it's definitely not. We call them bakery-cafes," […] [Read More]
Sandbar open
If it's fresh seafood you're craving, try The Sandbar, at 152 Pecan St. The restaurant, run by Andrew and Maureen Weissman, is open for business after a short vacation. For now, the restaurant, specializing in fresh oysters, is open for dinner, 5 p.m. to 11 p.m. Call them at (210) 222-2426. — Bonnie Walker [Read More]
New cookbook
You can place advance orders for Scott Cohen's "The Texas Hill Country Cookbook" (Three Forks, $24.95) on amazon.com. The cookbook from the chef at Las Canarias and Pesca on the River, co-written by Marian Betancourt, will not be released until October. Recipes in the book include Cohen's Warm Texas Beef Tenderloin, Texas Pecan-crusted Chicken Skewers, […] [Read More]
Eyes Over Texas now Texas' first Chart House
Landry's announced today that the restaurant at the Tower of the Americas, Eyes Over Texas, has reopened as the Chart House, the first Chart House restaurant in Texas. "Chart House restaurants are renowned for having one of the best collections of visual landscapes in the country," said Tilman Fertitta, who is chairman, president and CEO […] [Read More]
Foie gras flap
A handful of Austinites are trying to get foie gras banned from the menus in San Antonio restaurants, and at least one, Las Canarias, has complied. But Bistro Vatel owner Damien Watel continues to serve the fatty goose liver, despite the fact that the group, Central Texas Animal Defense, has picketed outside his restaurant twice. […] [Read More]
Love your mac and cheese?
It's back. That is, the 2007 version of the Tillamook Macaroni and Cheese Recipe Contest. San Antonio will be one of the cities in which contestants will whip up their creative versions of this popular dish. Piatti, 255 E. Basse Road, will host the contest here featuring among three finalists on Nov. 6. The finalists […] [Read More]
More farmers
The farmers market held on Fridays in the parking lot of the Pearl Stables at the Pearl Brewery has had its trials and tribulations, according to founder Brian Montgomery. Rain has kept the farmers from their fields and many who started at the market when it first opened this summer haven't been able to return. […] [Read More]
'Throwdown' with Barrios Treviño set
The Food Network has finally set air dates for the episode of "Throwdown with Bobby Flay" that was taped earlier this year at La Hacienda de los Barrios on Redland Road. The episode, which pits Flay against Diana Barrios Treviño to see who can make the best puffy taco, will debut at 9 p.m. Sunday. […] [Read More]
Coffee Day
MGM is sponsoring a North American Coffee Day on Thursday in connection with its upcoming film "Feast of Love," which stars Morgan Freeman, Greg Kinnear and Radha Mitchell. What does that have to with San Antonio? Well, it seems that from 2 to 4 p.m. that day, you can get a free coffee at Jupiter […] [Read More]
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Online travel website TripAdvisor has announced the European winners of its 2012 Travellers' Choice Wine Destinations Awards.
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Lundi 6 juillet, lors de son assemblée générale, l'interprofession a fixé le cap pour 2016 Impossible d'ignorer ces jours-ci au cœur de Bordeaux que le grand immeuble en angle, à côté...
Via Nadine COURAUD
From www
The best summer terraces in Paris: These deckchair docking stations come out with the sun – Time Out Paris
From www
Milan is the city of the aperitif par excellence, but if you're more of a wine lover than a cocktail quaffer then check out our guide to the 5 best wine bars in Milan.
From winefolly
Which state you live in greatly affects the cost (and thus, the quality) of wine you can buy. Check out this chart that shows wine taxes by state.
From www
Making Biodynamic Wine in Bordeaux: Château Pontet-Canet produces lush, lively wines using biodynamic farming methods—with some help from its equine employees.
The iconic green glass Mateus Rosé bottle is to be a thing of the past with a move for the Portuguese wine brand into a clear pack.
From fortune
A winery in Northern California's Sonoma County was one of Tesla's early battery customers. This is how the wine makers are using them.
From carlavoorhees
Annette Alvarez-Peters is one of the most powerful people in the wine
I was tasting at least 10,000 wines a year until recently – which makes around 350,000 altogether. That's a bare minimum. I'm still standing and my liver function is still OK. I take milk thistle for my liver and try to drink three times as much water to wine. If I've been tasting, I don't usually drink wine in the evening.
Overcoming the Top 10 Objections from Beverage Retailers in your Sales Meeting.
David Swaddle's curator insight, July 6, 7:51 PM
Milan may be a long way from Sydney, but I think that a few of these bars could be close to my heart.
From www
Pure sand and crystal clear water is what make Sicily one of the best destinations in Italy for those looking for a piece of heaven on earth these summer holidays. Swide has rounded up 15 of the most breathtaking beaches in Sicily.
From www
A slow wave of persuasion is shifting the tide of opinion about Austrian wine. It's also pushing up prices – and demand – to unprecedented levels.
From www
Dive in to Paris's cool canal culture with Time Out's selection of the city's péniches or houseboats: featuring floating restaurants, cinemas, bookshops, clubs and more.
From www
First up, you should know that most of the people that I interviewed about the fallout of Bordeaux 2014 don't want me to name them. So you're just going to have to trust me that these are serious players with true inside knowledge of what is going on.
Grande Passione's insight:
as i had intuited a few months ago: are the chateaux going direct?
On Japan's southern islands of Okinawa Prefecture, picturesque white-sand beaches draw locals year-round.
From www
If you thought the Greek crisis was the biggest disaster facing the world, or the Ukraine standoff, or the Chinese property crash – think again. Something really dreadful is about to hit. There is going to be a global shortage of Prosecco. So said Robert Cremonese, export manager of the Prosecco [...]
Robert Parker: I'll never retire, despite giving up Bordeaux en primeur tasting - Off Licence News - The Voice of Drinks Retailing
Robert Parker has said that he will never retire, despite handing over duties for scoring and reviewing en primeur Bordeaux to protégé Neal...
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Just wondering what you guys think the minimum recommend size oven for a small commercial operation should be (max. pizza size 15", aprox. 25 -50 pizzas per hour). I want to get some higher volume than a home unit but don't want to wait around 2 hours for the oven to heat either (and spend all my profits on wood).
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Minimum Commercial Oven SizeTags: None
Welcome aboard Mongo,
This is a lot going on here to consider. The good news is that your commercial oven will be hot 24-hours a day, and brought up to pizza heat (around 750�F) either from noon-10PM, or 5-10PM every day. A well-made commercial oven (be careful, as there are good ones and not-so good ones) will hold its temperature at 500�F overnight, so it's easy to bring it back up to heat for cooking each day. And wood consumption is very low.
So, don't let wood consumption impact your decision too much.
For size, I agree that you want to balance the oven size to your requirements for pizza's per hour, or per evening. Here is one good place to look:
It describes pizzas at a time for the various oven sizes. The smaller commercial ovens start at 43"/47" and go all the way up to 73".
For pizzas per hour, the math works roughly like this. If you are cooking 3 minutes pizzas, each spot in an oven can theoretically cook 20 pizzas per hour. Given time spent placing and removing pizzas from the, the reality is probably 10+ pizzas per spot. So a large oven can make 150+ 10"-12" pizzas an hour (or 500+ per evening), and the smaller ovens can make 50+ pizzas an hour. Of course that means you need a team ready to make and turn those pizzas at full speed. In reality, the oven rarely gets in the way.
Hope this is helpful.
Hi James:
Thanks for the quick reply. Very informative. I'll check out that link you included and do some homework there. Also good to know the fuel consumption is not a big factor.
It sucks being a forno newbie (sounds all wrong) but the learning curve has to start somewhere I guess.


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Former Citadel football great John Small, an All-American and first-round NFL draft pick, died Monday at the age of 66 in Augusta, Ga.
Small, a native of Lumberton, N.C., played for the Bulldogs from 1967-69 and was a first-team All-American as a senior linebacker. He was picked in the first round of the NFL draft by Atlanta in 1970, and also played for the Detroit Lions.
Small earned The Citadels highest honor, the Palmetto Award, in 1970 and was inducted into the schools Athletic Hall of Fame in 1977. He made the S.C. Athletic Hall of Fame in 1988, and the same year was named to the first-team defense of the Southern Conferences 75th anniversary team.
Small, who played five seasons in the NFL, battled health issues in the latter part of his life. He and his wife, Lucia, raised four children. He founded JKS Team Inc., a company that used faith-based principles to serve others, and began a ministry program to help troubled youth.
After his playing days, he dedicated his life to helping those in need, said Citadel president Lt. Gen. John Rosa, a teammate of Smalls at The Citadel. Each time he returned to campus, he would stop by and share all the great things he was doing to improve the lives of others. I will miss big No. 66.
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The Northwest Florida State College Foundation plans 2014 Distinguished Alumni Awards for Okaloosa-Walton Junior College, Okaloosa-Walton Community College, Okaloosa-Walton College or Northwest Florida State College graduates.
Nominations are due Dec. 1. The college announces award recipients at the foundation's annual dinner.
For details call 729-5357 or email firstname.lastname@example.com. For complete descriptions of eligibility requirements and nomination information, visit www.nwfsc.edu/Alumni.


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Queen Victoria docks in Manila with UK tourists
The Queen Victoria owned by Cunard Cruise Line of the UK docks at Pier 15 in Manila on Monday. Most of the cruise ship's passengers are British nationals and majority of the crew are Filipinos. The ocean liner came from Bali, Indonesia before heading back to the UK. Danny Pata
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Guide to the William Kenneth Boyd Papers, 1851 - 1956
William Kenneth Boyd (1879-1938) was a historian, professor, and director of the library at Duke University. During his career at Duke and Trinity College, he published widely and helped to collect and preserve personal papers and books about Southern and North Carolina history. The William Kenneth Boyd papers include correspondence, diaries, financial and legal materials, writings, notes, student papers, photographs (including tintypes), and other materials related to the personal and professional life of Boyd. Major correspondents include N. B. McDowell, Pat LeGrand, Marion Colley, and John Spencer Bassett. There are also letters from W. E. B. Du Bois and other prominent African Americans.
Descriptive Summary
- Title
- William Kenneth Boyd papers 1851 - 1956
- Creator
- Boyd, William Kenneth, 1879-1938
- Extent
- 20 Linear Feet, , 20000 Items
- Repository
- University Archives, Duke University
- Location
- For current information on the location of these materials, please consult University Archives, Duke University.
- Language
- English.
Series Quick Links
Collection Overview
The William Kenneth Boyd papers include correspondence, diaries, financial and legal materials, writings, notes, student papers, photographs (including tintypes), and other materials related to the personal and professional life of Boyd. The collection is arranged into seven series.
The first series, Personal, includes family materials like diaries, financial and legal materials, and other family writings. The diaries were written by Boyd's first wife and his daughter. The second series, Correspondence, includes personal, History Department, and Library and Flowers Collection correspondence. Major personal correspondents include N.B. McDowell, Pat LeGrand, Marion Colley, and John Spencer Bassett. Of particular interest in the personal correspondence are some letters Boyd exchanged with prominent African-Americans, including W. E. B. Du Bois, in 1899. The History Department and Library and Flowers Collection correspondence discuss research and administrative activities in these two areas of Duke University.
The third series, Writings, includes published and unpublished articles and books by Boyd. The fourth series, Notes, includes research and lecture notes taken by Boyd. The topics of both Writings and Notes tend to be about Southern and specifically North Carolina history. The next series, Teaching, primarily includes student papers about Southern and North Carolina history. The Library series includes administrative papers from when Boyd directed the library at Duke. The last series, Photographs, features family photographs, most of which are tintypes in excellent condition.
Restrictions on Access & Use
A majority of collections are stored off site and must be requested at least 48 business hours in advance for retrieval. Contact Rubenstein Library staff before visiting. Read More »
Access Restrictions
Researchers must register and agree to copyright and privacy laws before using this collection.
In off-site storage; 48 hours advance notice is required for use.
Use Restrictions
Copyright for Official University records is held by Duke University; all other copyright is retained by the authors of items in these papers, or their descendants, as stipulated by United States copyright law.
Contents of the Collection
The Personal series contains the personal and family materials of William Kenneth Boyd. Included are financial and legal materials; diaries written by Boyd's first wife, Pat LeGrand and his daughter, Mary Elizabeth Boyd; materials related to Boyd's funeral; and pieces of creative writing. Materials are arranged alphabetically.
The Correspondence series is arranged into three main sections. The first section, Personal, contains correspondence to and from Boyd with family members and friends. His aunt, N. B. McDowell, a faculty member at Weaverville College, wrote to Boyd frequently while he attended Trinity College and afterward. Boyd also corresponded frequently with his first wife, Pat LeGrand, second wife, Marion Colley, and mentor, John Spencer Bassett. The correspondence for the latter two is filed separately in folders at the end of the personal correspondence. The rest of the materials are arranged chronologically. Of note in this section are letters Boyd sent and received from prominent African-Americans, including W. E. B. Du Bois, in 1899.
The second section of the correspondence is History Department correspondence, sent and received while Boyd was a faculty member in the Duke Department of History. It includes letters sent to and from members of the Duke History Department as well as historians at other institutions. The correspondence is arranged chronologically.
The third section is Library and Flowers Collection correspondence, and mainly stems from Boyd's service as director of the library at Duke. Most of the letters document Boyd's attempt to purchase or otherwise acquire personal papers and rare books from individuals and dealers across the South. These materials are arranged chronologically.
The Writings series includes published pieces, unpublished manuscripts, and drafts of Boyd's articles and books. His interest in southern, and especially North Carolina, history is evident in these materials, as is his interest in colonial America. The writings are arranged alphabetically by title.
The Notes series includes primarily handwritten notes used by Boyd in his research and lectures. If there was any indication that the notes were used primarily for lecture or research, this has been indicated. Notes are arranged into Lecture, Research, and General sections, and alphabetically within these sections. Sometimes multiple subjects were filed together, and this arrangement has been preserved.
Please note that many of these notes were taken on paper which is now fairly brittle. Patrons should use care in handling these materials.
The Teaching series primarily consists of student papers, along with a few administrative documents related to the Duke Department of History. The student papers mainly focus on southern history, especially the history of North Carolina. They are arranged alphabetically by the authors' last names.
The Library series is a small group of papers related to Boyd's efforts to expand and improve the collections of the library at Duke University. Materials are arranged in alphabetical order.
The Photographs series consists mainly of what are presumably family photographs, most of which are unidentified. Many appear to be from Missouri, where many of Boyd's family members lived. Also included are some photographs of Boyd as a young man. Approximately three-quarters of the photographs are tintypes, and many are in excellent condition and serve as fine examples of the medium.
Historical Note
William Kenneth Boyd was born on January 10, 1879, in Curryville, Missouri, the son of Reverend Harvey Marshall and Mary Elizabeth Black Boyd. He grew up in Weaverville, North Carolina. Boyd began attending Trinity College (later part of Duke University) in Durham, North Carolina in 1895, and he received an A.B. degree in 1897 and an M.A. degree in 1898. He served as an assistant to Professor John Spencer Bassett while he completed his M.A. degree, and he then worked as a history teacher at Trinity Park School, a high school on the Trinity College campus. From 1900 to 1902, Boyd was an adjunct professor of history at Trinity College.
After receiving his Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1906, Boyd returned to teach at Trinity College. He had a strong interest in regional and southern history, and published extensively on these topics. Among his publications were A Selected Bibliography and Syllabus of the History of the South, 1584-1876 (with Robert P. Brooks), A Syllabus of North Carolina History, 1584-1896 (with J. G. deRoulhac Hamilton), The Federal Period, 1783-1860 (part of a three volume set on North Carolina history), and The Story of Durham, City of the New South. He also co-edited the South Atlantic Quarterly from 1919-1929, a journal founded by his mentor, Bassett.
In addition to his historical writing and teaching, Boyd actively collected materials for the library. Through the funding of the Flowers family, he made the Flowers Collection of southern Americana one of the pre-eminent collections of manuscript and research materials in the country. Boyd served as director of the libraries from 1930 to 1934. In addition to purchasing materials, he encouraged his students to look for materials in their own homes and hometowns that could be added to Trinity College's and later Duke University's collections.
Boyd died on January 19, 1938. He was married to Pat LeGrand from 1908 until 1924, when she passed away. The couple had one daughter, Mary Elizabeth, who married Duke history professor William B. Hamilton in 1938. William Kenneth Boyd remarried in 1931 to journalist Marion Colley.
Subject Headings
- Bassett, John Spencer, 1867-1928
- Boyd family
- Boyd, Pat LeGrand
- Boyd, William Kenneth, 1879-1938
- Diaries
- Du Bois, W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt), 1868-1963
- Duke University. Dept. of History -- Faculty
- Duke University -- Faculty
- Duke University. Library
- Duke University -- Students
- Manuscripts -- Collectors and collecting -- North Carolina
- McDowell, Nannie Black
- North Carolina -- History -- 19th century
- North Carolina -- History -- 20th century
- Photographs
- Race relations -- History -- 19th century
- Race relations -- History -- 20th century
- Southern States -- History -- 19th century
- Southern States -- History -- 20th century
- Tintypes
- Trinity College (Durham, N.C.) -- Faculty
Related Material
- George Washington Flowers Collection of Southern Americana (Rare Books, Manuscripts, and Special Collections Library, Duke University)
- George Washington Flowers Collection of Southern Americana records (Duke University Archives)
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item], William Kenneth Boyd Papers, University Archives, Duke University.
The William Kenneth Boyd Papers were received by the University Archives as gifts from 1948-1978.
Processing Information
Processed by Valerie Gillispie
Completed May 20, 2005
Encoded by Valerie Gillispie, May 27, 2005
This finding aid is NCEAD compliant.


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AKRON -- The Akron Police and the U.S. Marshals are asking for the public's help for information leading to an arrest in a deadly bar shooting.
Authorities have identified fugitive Dontay Antonio Taylor as a person of interest in the shooting at the bar on Romig Road Monday night (July 23).
Police allege Taylor had been refused entry to the bar and fired several shots into the lounge striking three people.
One of the victims, Rahsann M. Price, 38, died. Two others including a 28-year-old man and a 25-year-old woman received what are described as non-life threatening injuries.
Taylor is being sought on charges of murder and felonious assault. Police say he should be considered armed and dangerous.


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FIFA has bowed to pressure from broadcasters by moving forward the kick-off time for England's rumble in the jungle with Italy.
England were due to play Italy at 9pm local time in Manaus on June 14, but FIFA brought kick-off forward three hours due to pressure from broadcasters.
ITV and Rai were concerned about viewing figures as the timing of the kick-off would have been 2am in the UK and 3am in Italy.
After the draw, Roy Hodgson said he was "happy" with the kick-off being at 9pm.
The England boss added: "Our views will be taken into account."
But FIFA has gone against his wishes.
The England manager was said to be "relaxed" about FIFA's move.
"Roy is aware, we are very relaxed about it and will continue to make the necessary preparations," said Adrian Bevington, managing director of Club England.
FIFA said a 6pm kick-off shares "similar conditions" to a 9pm one, and they are more or less right.
"There shouldn't be a great deal of difference between 9pm and 6pm," said Ben Windsor of MeteoGroup, the weather division of the Press Association.
"Sunset will always be close to 6pm, so they'll be playing under floodlit conditions either way.
"The only difference would be if it's a day where heavy showers build up during the afternoon. These will be more likely to have died out by 9pm compared to 6pm.
"Temperatures will be slightly cooler - around three to five degrees - at 9pm, but not by much as it tends to stay fairly hot and sticky throughout the night in tropical regions."
The kick-off times for England's other two games against Uruguay and Costa Rica have not changed.
England fans have been told to be on their guard during their trip to Manaus, which is located right in the middle of the Amazon rainforest.
"It's possible to meet alligators at night," a pamphlet from Manaus' tourist board says.
Poisonous snakes, spiders and exotic birds are also common in the jungle, where humidity levels soar beyond 80 per cent and temperatures usually hit around 29 degrees centigrade.
The Football Supporters' Federation said there had been a "mixed" reaction among England fans to the news that the team would be playing in Manaus.
Some fans, it said, had been put off by the idea of trekking to the jungle, but others were relishing the prospect of experiencing true Amazonian culture despite the heat.
Manaus' sports minister Fabricio Lima insists the humidity will not be a problem, however.
"For the supporters and for the English team the only warmth they will feel is from the people of Manaus and that is all that counts," he said with a smile.
Croatia take on Cameroon in Manaus and Switzerland also face Honduras in the city's specially-built 44,000-seater stadium called the Arena da Amazonia.
Manaus has little football heritage, but organisers wanted to take the tournament to all four corners of the country.
British businesses flocked there in the 19th century to make money from a booming rubber trade.
Mosquitos will be the biggest problem for England fans when they travel to Manaus. Visitors run the risk of contracting malaria if they do not take the right medication before they travel.
The Department of Health advises travellers to Manaus to take one of a wide range of drugs the week before they travel.
Those include Chloroquine, Proguanil and Doxycycline as some of malaria tablets available.
Side effects in some of the drugs include upset stomachs, headaches, diarrhoea and mouth ulcers.
Visitors have to continue taking the drugs for up to four weeks after they leave the Amazon.
Fans must also make sure they have good quality mosquito nets, the Department of Health said on their website.
Another problem for England fans is that there are no direct flights to Manaus. The best route is to go via Portugal.
The cheapest flights currently stand at around £750. The most expensive ones can cost over £5,000.
In total, seven matches have had their kick-off times revised.
Revised match schedule:
*Kick-off times BST
June 12 Sao Paulo, 2100: Brazil v Croatia
June 13 Natal, 1700: Mexico v Cameroon
June 17 Fortaleza, 2000: Brazil v Mexico
June 18 Manaus, 2300: Cameroon v Croatia
June 23 Brasilia, 2100: Cameroon v Brazil
June 23 Recife, 2100: Croatia v Mexico
June 13 Salvador, 2000: Spain v Holland
June 13 Cuiaba, 2300: Chile v Australia
June 18 Rio de Janeiro, 2000: Spain v Chile
June 18 Porto Alegre, 1700: Australia v Holland
June 23 Curitiba, 1700: Australia v Spain
June 23 Sao Paulo, 1700: Holland v Chile
June 14 Belo Horizonte, 1700: Colombia v Greece
June 15 Recife, 0200: Ivory Coast v Japan
June 19 Brasilia, 1700: Colombia v Ivory Coast
June 19 Natal, 2300: Japan v Greece
June 24 Cuiaba, 2100: Japan v Colombia
June 24 Fortaleza, 2100: Greece v Ivory Coast
June 14 Fortaleza, 2000: Uruguay v Costa Rica
June 14 Manaus, 2300: England v Italy
June 19 Sao Paulo, 2000: Uruguay v England
June 20 Recife, 1700: Italy v Costa Rica
June 24 Natal, 1700: Italy v Uruguay
June 24 Belo Horizonte, 1700: Costa Rica v England
June 15 Brasilia, 1700: Switzerland v Ecuador
June 15 Porto Alegre, 2000: France v Honduras
June 20 Salvador, 2000: Switzerland v France
June 20 Curitiba, 2300: Honduras v Ecuador
June 25 Manaus, 2100: Honduras v Switzerland
June 25 Rio de Janeiro, 2100: Ecuador v France
June 15 Rio de Janeiro, 2300: Argentina v Bosnia-Herzegovina
June 16 Curitiba, 2000: Iran v Nigeria
June 21 Belo Horizonte, 1700: Argentina v Iran
June 21 Cuiaba, 2300: Nigeria v Bosnia-Herzegovina
June 25 Porto Alegre, 1700: Nigeria v Argentina
June 25 Salvador, 1700: Bosnia-Herzegovina v Iran
June 16 Salvador, 1700: Germany v Portugal
June 16 Natal, 2300: Ghana v USA
June 21 Fortaleza, 2000: Germany v Ghana
June 22 Manaus, 2300: Portugal v USA
June 26 Recife, 1700: USA v Germany
June 26 Brasilia, 1700: Portugal v Ghana
June 17 Belo Horizonte, 1700: Belgium v Algeria
June 17 Cuiaba, 2300: Russia v South Korea
June 22 Rio de Janeiro, 1700: Belgium v Russia
June 22 Porto Alegre, 2000: South Korea v Algeria
June 26 Sao Paulo, 2100: South Korea v Belgium
June 26 Curitiba, 2100: Algeria v Russia
Match 49 - June 28 Belo Horizonte, 1700: Winner A v Runner-up B
Match 50 - June 28 Rio de Janeiro, 2100: Winner C v Runner-up D
Match 51 - June 29 Fortaleza, 1700: Winner B v Runner-up A
Match 52 - June 29 Recife, 2100: Winner D v Runner-up C
Match 53 - June 30 Brasilia, 1700: Winner E v Runner-up F
Match 54 - June 30 Porto Alegre, 2100: Winner G v Runner-up H
Match 55 - July 1 Sao Paulo, 1700: Winner F v Runner-up E
Match 56 - July 1 Salvador, 2100: Winner H v Runner-up G
Match 57 - July 4 Fortaleza, 2100: Winner Match 49 v Winner Match 50
Match 58 - July 4 Rio de Janeiro, 1700: Winner Match 53 v Winner Match 54
Match 59 - July 5 Salvador, 2100: Winner Match 51 v Winner Match 52
Match 60 - July 5 Brasilia, 1700: Winner Match 55 v Winner Match 56
July 8 Belo Horizonte, 2100: Winner Match 57 v Winner Match 58
July 9 Sao Paulo, 2100: Winner Match 59 v Winner Match 60
July 12 Brasilia, 2100
July 13 Rio de Janeiro, 2000
New Sky Bet customers: Free £30 matched bet


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Shandalulu
"I made this up to go with some grilled salmon and boy, it sure turned out a lot better than I expected! A nice twist on the old scalloped potatoes."
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sweet potatoes, quartered lengthwise
butternut squash, quartered and seeded
2 tablespoons
olive oil, or as needed
3 tablespoons
yellow onion, chopped
2 tablespoons
all-purpose flour
2 cups
1 1/2 teaspoons
minced fresh sage, or more to taste
1 pinch
garlic salt, or to taste
ground black pepper to taste
1/4 cup
grated Asiago cheese
Excellent. Due to time constraints, I handled the pre-baking differently: First I peeled then thinly sliced the squash and potatoes with food processor blade, then microwaved for 5 minutes with a little olive oil. Everything else I did as written. Start to finish in about 45 minutes.
bland...needs more garlic or something.
10 Ratings
This dish was so tasty. I added a carrot along with the sweet potatoes and butternut squash. The combinations of flavors make this an excellent dish.
I used this recipe but changed a couple things.. I added mushrooms to the sauce as well as a few other spices. In addition to that when layering the pan I added spinach and ricotta. I'll post pictures after its been baked off. Great recipe I thank you for the sharing
Super delicious. I personally like to cook with wine and I added about 1/4 c of pinot grigio to the sauce. I also added a clove of chopped galic as well. Amazing flavor. It was the first time I tried butternut squash. Will definitely be making this again. Thanks for the great recipe.
5 stars for flavor, but between my slow slicing and an oven that runs a little on the cool side, this took me 2 1/2 hrs to make. Next time, I will have to use a mandolin slicer to speed things up. (The thinner slices should bring me down closer to the stated bake time as well.) I also added extra milk, forgetting that the squash releases quite a bit of liquid as it cooks, so my sauce was more watery than creamy. HOWEVER..., the dish was still absolutely delicious--almost dessert-worthy. Can't wait to try this one on company!
Delicious! You can also substitute shaved parmesan cheese and a little grated parmesan cheese for the asiago, as I did.
My family loved it. Potatoes we not quite cooked for the baking time. I would cook it an additional 1/2 hour. I will make it again.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Scalloped Sweet Potatoes and Butternut Squash
Serving Size: 1/6 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 6
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 275
Calories from Fat: 120
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The Great And Noble History Of The Hero Factory Review Topic
Started by Jovan2 , Feb 04 2012 04:00 PM
1 reply to this topic
Posted Feb 04 2012 - 04:00 PM
Stories are here.Questions, comments, criticism, news, discussion and reviews for the Epic all go here.
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Posted Nov 19 2012 - 01:03 AM
Hey there, Jovan2! I'm reviewing your piece The Great and Noble History of the Hero Factory as part of the Epic Critic's Club charity initiative. In the exceedingly likely event you've never seen my reviews, I generally follow a pretty simple format; the first portion of the review will have to do with issues to do with prose, while the latter half will have to do with the content of the story itself (characters, plot, setting, etc.) I'm also not a fan of nitpicking every tiny issue; instead, I think it's more helpful to ID trends with examples and let you work from there. So without further ado, let's dive right in!So you've opted for a sort of historical/encyclopaedic approach here, which I find quite an interesting take on things, but I'll get to that in the latter part - first, I'd like to look at how your style matches up with that idea. I think one thing that's kind of rubbing me the wrong way here is that you've got a more personal, almost fable-like topic for the first piece and a far more encyclopaedic one for the second, and your style seems to be somewhere between what you'd expect for the two. In the former chapter, for instance, you take the time to actually show us the thoughts of the unnamed creator, which is something you'd expect more from a narrative than a history. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, but it sort of clashes with the more sterile tone you've got throughout the piece; to give a concrete example, you describe the man as "the last organic creature in the universe", an almost clinical description. A bit later, you describe the things Makuro knows as a simple, orderly list, distancing the reader from much of an emotional reaction to them. It makes us wonder: are we being told a story, or are we reading a textbook? Either works fine on their own, but mixing them is a tricky business.A similar thing happens in the second, far more textbook-like entry. Here you've switched away from the storytelling perspective to provide us with an analysis and explanation of the minds of the robotic denizens of the universe. For the most part, you keep that sort of clinical, detached tone, even with the slightly warmer use of describing things in terms of "good" or "bad", but the example you provide at the end slips back more into a casual, story-telling style, with interjections of "But nope," and "KABOOM!" Now, don't get me wrong; you can tell a history or a textbook subject interestingly - if you couldn't, nobody would ever bother going to lecture at university - but this sort of casual dialogue peppered about serves to make things feel sort of contradictory.You also seem to have some issues with parentheses; remember that a parenthetical statement has spaces both before and after it, unless followed by punctuation (like so). I also have to question a pair of parentheticals you've used - namely, your early comment that "(besides immobile things, such as plants, but without living things to pollinate them, they too, would die)" and your later one of "HFU(Hero Factory Universe)". The former feels sort of unnecessary and even a little inaccurate; there are plenty of plants that can get by without larger organisms pollinating them. It may have worked better to spend a little extra time to explain that anything we consider 'animals' had died, or something along those lines, rather than put this slightly awkward qualification in a parenthetical. As for the latter, this is partially a case of personal style, but it seems much nicer to me to write, say, "the Hero Factory Universe (HFU for short)". In this case that's still a little messy, since you follow use it as a possessive (eg. follow it with 's); parenthetical can look weird in that situation, so I'd recommend introducing the term elsewhere.All this said, for the most part, you don't really have many spelling or grammar errors, which is particularly important in a more 'formal' piece such as this. And while I was critical above of your style's tendency towards casualness when formality is expected and vice-versa, a good balance of the two could make for an excellent read.This lets me segue nicely into my thoughts on the concept and content of this piece. First off, let me say, I find it a very interesting idea; sci-fi geek that I am, I'm always up for a look at things like a robotic society. It's also interesting to consider how the denizens of the HFU might differ in their thought processes, culture, and physiology from the elephant in the HF room that is Bionicle, and it gives a chance for you to explore one-off historical incidents that provide some more texture to the universe but might not work for a whole fic on their own. That said, at the moment you've only got two chapters (entries?), which means there hasn't been much for me to really dig my teeth into here.One thing I'd like to recommend - and this ties into what I was saying above - is to consider what topics you're going to tackle in what order. Starting us with Mr. Makuro's origin is a natural starting place, but it's a little jarring to jump from there to the Psychology of Robots in an established society. It might make a little better sense structurally to follow up Makuro's origin with a few 'historical' chapters on how things went from a lone robot in a pod to a full-fledged society. Once that's in place, I think it'd be a bit more natural to start looking at other aspects such as psychology and society (though issues of physiology you might be able to look at during the telling of Makuro's creating other robots.) I also think you glossed over the circumstances that led to Makuro's creation a little quickly; that's of course not the story that's being told here, but a quick mention of war or plague or something would've helped to ground things in reality a bit more. The idea that nobody knows what happened to the prior society doesn't really fly when you show us the inner thoughts of one of its members in the same chapter.Other than that, I'm afraid there's not much else for me to go off of here at the moment; like I said above, I love the idea of the piece, but at the moment it's largely a case of potential. I enjoyed the two small entries you provided and the ideas you put forth in them (programming cycles ultimately coming to prioritize 'bad' deeds, etc.), but I'm afraid at only a few hundred words each there's not much else I can say about them.I suppose I'll wrap things up hereabouts, then. Like I said, this is a really cool idea, and it offers you some more freedom to look at various aspects of the HF world than a traditional epic would. I'd just make sure to keep an eye on style and structure to make sure things are reading the way you want them to be (be that folklorish or encyclopaedic) and that your reader gets a natural, overarching view of the history that you want to tell. As for the rest, well, it's your history to tell. Make it a fun one, eh?...Okay, one last thing completely unrelated to the story, because I found this interesting: I stopped to think over how you'd write "Akiyama Makuro" in Japanese since you mentioned it in the story and came up with (as far as I know) realistic kanji for his name. For Akiyama, there's kanji meaning "Bright Mountain" (aki = bright, yama = mountain) and ones meaning "Autumn Mountain" (aki = autumn, yama = mountain), and for Makuro, there's a pair meaning "Utterly Dark" (ma = extremely, utterly, kuro = dark, black). I'd post said kanji, but apparently IPB doesn't like Japanese characters.Sorry for the digression. It just came to mind and I couldn't exactly work it into the review, now could I?
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Improvements in the joining of polyvinyl fluoride shaped articles, particularly film or sheeting, to other materials by means of an intermediate adhesive by using a solution or dispersion of a vinyl fluoride polymer which has been postchlorinated to a chlorine content of 5 to 27 weight percent or a copolymer of vinyl fluoride and vinyl chloride having a vinyl chloride content of 10 to 65 weight percent as the cement.
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United States Patent Fuchs et al.
[ 51 Apr. 29, 1975 PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTABLE POLYVINYL FLUORIDE SHEETING Inventors: Otto Fuchs, Hohlsteinstr. 44, 521 Troisdorf-Oberlar; Gerhard Bier, Alternratherstr. 2, 521 Troisdorf; Werner Trautvetter, Hohlsteinstr. 50, 521 Troisdorf-Oberlar, all of Germany Filed: July 14, 1972 Appl. No.: 271,897
Related US. Application Data Division of Scr, No. 96,876, Dec. 10, 1970, Pat. No. 3,709,776.
Foreign Application Priority Data Dec. 12, 1969 Germany 1962329 US. Cl. 156/242; 117/138.8 UF; 156/246; 156/333; 161/189 Int. Cl. C09j 5/02; 1332b 31/00 Field ofSearch 117/122 PF, 138.8 UF, 117/161 UH; 156/242,246,333; 161/189; 264/216 [56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,774,704 12/1956 Smith 161/189 2,852,811 9/1958 Petriello... 264/39 3,133,854 5/1964 Simms 117/138.8 UF 3,325,344 6/1967 Semancik et al. 161/218 3,558,582 l/l971 260/921 3,579,370 5/1971 Pundcrson et a1. 117/72 3/1973 Fuchs 117/122 PF Primary Examiner-Charles E. Van Horn Assistant Examiner-Robert A. Dawson Attorney, Agent, or Firm-Burgess, Dinklage & Sprung [57] ABSTRACT Improvements in the joining of polyvinyl fluoride shaped articles, particularly film or sheeting, to other materials by means of an intermediate adhesive by using a solution or dispersion of a vinyl fluoride polymer which has been postchlorinated to a chlorine content of 5 to 27 weight percent or a copolymer of vinyl fluoride and vinyl chloride having a vinyl chloride content of 10 to 65 weight percent as the cement.
5 Claims, 1 Drawing Figure PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CEMENTABLE POLYVINYL FLUORIDE SHEETING This is a division of application Ser. No. 96.876 filed Dec. 10. 1970. and now U.S. Pat. No. 3.709.776.
This application relates to polyvinyl fluoride. It more particularly refers to an improved technique forjoining sheets. films or other shaped articles of polyvinyl fluoride to another material through an adhesive.
Sheets. films and other articles made of polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) have very good resistance to weathering and corrosion. Therefore they are well suited for use as duplexing or facing materials to protect other supporting materials exposed to such influences. The use of polyvinyl. fluoride for this purpose. however. is impeded by the inherent characteristics of untreated sheet materials thereof. They can be welded to one another but they do not bond to any appreciable extent with adhesives and hence will adhere poorly if at all to supporting materials in need of protection. These substrates (supporting materials) include plastics, metals. building materials. wood and cellulose. In fact. this inability of the untreated polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting to adhere to such supporting materials is exploited by using it as a separating or parting film.
The resistance of untreated polyvinyl fluoride film and sheeting to cementing is displayed both by sheets made by the solvent casting process and by those made by other known manufacturing processes such as rolling. extruding or blowing. For example. it has been found that polyvinyl fluoride film and sheeting made in a prior-art manner by known solvent casting processes. by spreading a polyvinyl fluoride dispersion on flat glass or polished metal surfaces and then evaporating and completely removing the solvent or dispersant by the action of heat. cannot be cemented to other sub strates after the removal of the film or sheet from the glass or polished metal casting surface.
It has heretofore been proposed to provide temperature-resistant supporting materials with a polyvinyl fluoride covering by applying a polyvinyl fluoride dispersion onto the surfaces of these materials and then baking the polymer on. This process. however. can be used only with substrate materials which withstand elevated temperatures. such as metals. for example.
Application Ser. No. 72.475 filed Sept. 15. 1970. in the name of Otto Fuchs. now US. Pat. No. 3.723.171 describes and claims an improved technique for adhesively joining a polyvinyl fluoride sheet or film made by a solvent casting process to another substrate. In this improved process. cementable PVF sheets are made by a solvent or dispersant casting process in which the sheet as cast is made to set incompletely by evaporating away the solvent or dispersant only down to a residual content of 0.4 to 0.8 weight percent. preferably 0.5 to 0.6 weight percent. This sheet is then provided. on the side that is to be cemented. with an adhesive coating which is stable at elevated temperatures and yields a drying film. The remainder of the solvent or dispersant is then evaporated from the film or sheet.
It is an object of this invention to further improve the art of adhesively joining a polyvinyl fluoride film or sheet to a substrate through an adhesive.
It is another object of this invention to provide a novel adhesive for polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a novel polyvinyl fluoride/adhesive/substrate laminate.
Other and additional objects of this invention will become apparent from a consideration of this entire specification including the claims hereof.
In accord with and fulfilling these objects. one aspect of this invention resides in a novel adhesive for polyvinyl fluoride shaped articles. This adhesive is a dispersion or a solution either of postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride with a chlorine content of 5 to 27 weight percent or of a copolymer of vinyl fluoride and vinyl chlo ride having a vinyl chloride content of 10 to 65 weight percent. or both.
Another aspect of this invention resides in the technique of adhering preformed polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting to a suitable substrate forming the polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting by a solvent or dispersant coating technique wherein the solvent or dispersant is removed from the cast film or sheeting only to an extent sufficient to leave a residual solvent or dispersant content of 0.4 to 0.8 weight percent. preferably 0.5 to 0.6 weight percent. in the film or sheeting; providing the novel adhesive described herein on the side of such film or sheeting to be adhered; and then removing the solvent or dispersant from the film or sheeting as well as from the adhesive.
Understanding of this invention will be facilitated by reference to the drawing which is a side elevation schematic view of the process of this invention.
Polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting pretreated in the above manner which can be cemented very strongly to other materials by the use of the cements used in the prior art (for example. polyurethanes) for cementing to these materials have now been found to have significantly improved adhesion. at least in so far as long-term weathering resistance is concerned. where the chlorinated vinyl fluoride polymers of this invention are used as the adhesive base.
The chlorine polyvinyl fluoride used as the adhesionmediating cement has a chloring content between 5 and 27 weight percent. A postchlorinated PVF of this kind can be prepared in a known manner by suspension chlorination in water or dilute hydrochloric acid by the introduction of chlorine into the suspensions with simultaneous exposure to light. The postchlorination of polyvinyl fluoride polymer is effectuated in the same manner as known from PVC.
Copolymers of vinyl fluoride and vinyl chloride are within the scope of this invention as adhesives for po1yvinyl fluoride film or sheeting. These copolymers can be prepared by known techniques which do not form a part of this invention. Reference should be had to German Pat. application No. P 17700598 for a description of one such copolymerization in which excess gaseous vinyl chloride and vinyl fluoride are copolymerized at elevated temperature and pressure in contact with a catalyst such as azo-bis-isobutyramidine hydrochloride or compounds containing active iodine. The ratio of the vinyl chloride to the vinyl fluoride starting materials is to be between 7 3 and 6 4 in so far as possible. and it is desirable during the polymerization to inject additional gaseous vinyl fluoride into the reaction chamber.
The vinyl fluoride content in the copolymer is to amount to at least 35 weight percent. and the percentage of vinyl chloride in the copolymer is to be between 10 and 65 weight percent.
The solvent or dispersing agent for the postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride or for the copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl fluoride. as the case may be. should if possible have a boiling point that is above the temperature to which the polyvinyl fluoride sheet is cooled after the evaporation of the main part of the solvent contained in the sheet from the solvent or dispersant casting process. It is also important that the solvent used in forming the sheeting be compatible with the solvent of the cement. It is therefore desirable to use. in so far as possible. as the solvent for the cement the same solvent that was used in the manufacture of the sheeting.
Dimethylformamide or propylene carbonate are preferred as solvents or dispersants for postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride and for the vinyl fluoride/vinyl chloride copolymer. Substantially any other solvent which dissolves polyvinyl fluoride is suitable. In general it can be said that the higher the chlorine content of the vinyl fluoride polymer is. the greater its solubility will be.
The adhesive of this invention can be applied to the surface of the not yet entirely solvent-free sheeting by spreading. spraying. or other methods of the prior art. In order to make the sheeting adherent by the process of this invention. the adhesive layer should be as thin as possible. It would suffice for the layer of dry adhesive film on the polyvinyl fluoride sheeting to have a thickness of only a few molecules. In the commonly used application methods mentioned above. enough adhesive solution or suspension is applied to produce a coherent film of the order of magnitude of approximately 1 micron after drying. Thicker layers of adhesive film still produce an adherent sheet. but they do not produce any improvement in the adhesiveness of the polyvinyl fluoride sheeting. Adhesive thicknesses. however. do not limit this invention.
The preparation of adhesive polyvinyl fluoride sheets according to the invention can be performed either by a continuous or by a discontinuous process. In both processes a solution or dispersion of the polyvinyl fluoride in a latent solvent is used. Suitable latent solvents include N.-alkyl-substituted. lower. aliphatic carboxylic acid amides. such as N.N-dimethylformamide. N.N- dimethylacetamide. N.N-diethylformamide. N.N- dimethyl-yhydroxyacetamide. N.N-dimethyl-'yhydroxybutyramide. N.N-dimethyllactamide. N.N-dimethylmethoxyacetamide. N-methylformamide or N-methyl-acetamide. Also suitable are compounds containing carbonyl groups. examples being acetophenone acetylacetone. cyclo hexanone. bis-(methoxymethyl)-urone. Z-piperidone. N-methyl-Z-piperidone. N-ethyl-Z-pyrrolidone. N-methyl-Z-pyrrolidone. N-isopropyl-2-pyrrolidone or S-methyl-Z-pyrrolidone.
Cyclic esters of carbonic acid are also suitable as latent solvents. examples being ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonates. butylene carbonates or trimethylene carbonate. Also. lactones such as ,B-propiolactone. o-valerolactone. -dimethyl-fi-valerolactone. 'y-valerolactone. y-butyrolactone and its 3- and 'y-substituted alkyl derivatives. aand B-angelicalactone. e-caprolactone. etc. Also suitable are dialkyl esters of preferably di lower alkyl. e.g.. C C esters. of phthalic acid. quinoline. isoquinoline. pyridine and tetramethylurea.
Propylene carbonate N.N-dimethylformamide. isophorone or y-butyrolactone and mixtures thereof are preferred as latent solvents.
In preparing solutions or dispersions suitable for the production of polyvinyl fluoride film, first a concentrated. thick paste is made by mixing the polymer and a part of the solvent; this paste is homogenized by several passes through a roller mixer; the homogenized paste is then thinned with the rest of the solvent. and the thinned solution or dispersion is finally treated with a vacuum to remove air which may be dissolved therein.
In the discontinuous process. the paste or solution thus made is applied to a glass plate or to a polished. degreased metal sheet and heated until all but about 0.4 to 0.8 weight percent of the solvent has been removed from the jelled sheet. The temperature applied during this removal of most of the solvent is governed by the boiling temperature of the solvent or solvent mixture. lt is desirable. however. to perform the heating at an oven temperature of 240 to 280C at which temperature the heating time amounts to about l /2 to 2 min.
Then the sheet is cooled to a temperature at which it has solidified to such an extent that it is selfsupporting and sturdy enough to be handled mechanically. Generally this is the case at temperatures below about 90 to lO0C. Unless special conditions made it inadvisable. the sheet should be cooled to temperatures between about 80 and 90C. so that when the sheet is next heated. which is after it has been coated with the adhesive solution or suspension. this heating can be started at a higher temperature level. thereby requiring a lower power input. [t is. of course. possible to cool the sheet down to room temperature and to apply the adhesive coating to such a cooled sheet. This is recommendable when the solvent used in the adhesive has a boiling point between 30 and 80C. so that it will not evaporate immediately upon the application of the adhesive to the still hot sheet.
After the application of the adhesive. the sheet is heated again in order to drive out the remainder of the solvent or dispersant. It is again desirable to heat the coated sheeting in an environment having temperatures between about 240 and 280C for this purpose if it is desired to avoid heating for too long a time. At this oven temperature the remainder of the solvent. as well as the solvent for the adhesive. is driven out after about twice the amount of time required for the first heating.
After the final cooling. the sheet having a layer of adhesive thereon according to the invention can be wound into rolls. and is capable of being cemented to wood. plastics or metals.
The process of the invention can be performed continuously by applying the polyvinyl fluoride dispersion by means of an applicator mechanism to a metal band circulating in a sheet solvent casting machine. and heating it by means of a preliminary heating tunnel to such an extent that the latent solvent sets the polyvinyl fluoride and then mostly evaporates but a very small amount of solvent remains in the surface and keeps the polyvinyl fluoride film in a still slightly softened state. The time for which the heat is applied amounts in this case to about half of the time that is required for the production of a finished. ready-to-use, solvent-free cast film containing no more thanslight residues of solvent 0.5%) which would represent the final state of the film in which it would be no longer cementable. After running through the preliminary heating tunnel. the film runs through a short cooling area in which the surface of the sheet is cooled down to the point that it is sufficiently solid to receive a thin coating of the adhesive made from postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride or vinyl fluoride/vinyl chloride copolymer. Then the sheet passes on the metal band through a second. main heating tunnel which is twice as long as the preliminary heating tunnel. and in which substantially all of the solvents are completely removed from the film as well as from the adhesive by evaporation. After cooling. the polyvinyl fluoride sheet is removed from the metal band. It can be wound into rolls. and stored. and can be joined to other materials very well at the adhesive treated surface. This can be by means of additional adhesive applied to the chlorine containing polyvinyl fluoride surface. The side of the sheet that was against the metal represents the outer side of the sheet and can be given a very glossy or mat appearance as desired. according to the kind of surface that is on the metal.
The adhesives used in making the adhesive coating can. if desired. contain small amounts of finely divided silicon dioxide or other known fillers which improve the wettability of the sheet and give thixotropic properties to the adhesive solution or suspension.
The adhesives applied to the sheet before the evaporation of the residual solvent may also contain. if desired. agents to stabilize them against thermal stresses in case the heating of the adhesive coated sheet to evaporate the residual solvent should be performed at excessively high temperatures or for excessively long periods of time. Small quantities of organic tin compounds are preferred for this purpose, such as dialkyl tin maleic acid esters of the general formula:
EXAMPLE (for purposes of comparison) A polyvinyl dispersion was prepared from parts of polyvinyl fluoride powder with a K value of 77 and parts of propylene carbonate solvent in the following manner: The polyvinyl fluoride is first mixed with a portion of the solvent. then homogenized in a roller mixer. and then the paste mixed with the rest of the propylene carbonate. The dispersion, from which the included air was removed by vacuum treatment. is then spread on a flat. polished plate and heated for 3 minutes in a circulating hot air oven at 260C. After cooling. the polyvinyl fluoride sheet was stripped from the metal plate.
The top side of the polyvinyl fluoride sheet was spread with a composition consisting of a mixture of 5 parts of a solution of a polyester urethane in ethyl acetate and methylene chloride in a 1 1 ratio; 2.5 parts of a solution of the reaction product of 1 mole of trimethylol propane and 3 moles of toluylenediisocyahate in ethyl acetate and 5 parts of cyclohexanone. Then the solvent was evaporated at 120C. crosslinking was initiated, and strips of the sheet material were applied to a variety of cleaned supporting materials. especially rigid polyvinyl chloride. The adherence of the sheeting to all of the supporting materials measured must be pronounced poor. even after relatively long pressing and long storage. The sheeting can easily be stripped off.
EXAMPLE 1 From a dispersion consisting of parts polyvinyl fluoride. 20 parts titanium dioxide pigment filler and 150 parts propylene carbonate solvent. white-pigmented polyvinyl fluoride sheets were prepared as described in the comparative Example. Heating in the circulating air oven was performed at 260C for no more than seconds in the first stage; and. after a brief cooling period. the sheets were coated with a dispersion of postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride in propylene carbonate. The postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride had a chlorine content of 6.7% In other tests. the postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride had a chlorine content of l().8 weight percent. l 1.1 weight percent. and 22.6 weight percent. Then the solvents were completely evaporated by heating for 3 minutes at 260C in a circulating air oven.
The dry sheets thus produced were cemented in the following manner to rigid polyvinyl chloride. wood. and vulcanized fiber.
a. On the side of the sheet onto which the postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride was applied. a cement was spread which consisted of a mixture of 7 parts of a 70% solution of a polyester containing urethane groups in ethyl acetate and methylene chloride in a l 1 ratio. 5 parts of a 75% solution in ethyl acetate of the reaction product of 1 mole of trimethylol propane with 3 moles of tolylene diisocyanate and 10 parts of cyclohexanone. After application of the cement solution to the sheet. the solvents were evaporated from this mixture at C. the cross-linking reaction was started. and the sheet was pressed onto the supporting material.
b. The side of the sheet that was pretreated with postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride was coated with a cement consisting of 5 parts of a 70% solution of a polyester containing urethane groups in ethyl acetate and methylene chloride in a l 1 ratio. 4 parts of a 7571 solution in ethyl acetate of the reaction product of l mole of trimethylol propane with 3 moles of toluylene diisocyanate. and 4 parts cyclohexanone. The rest of the procedure was the same as described under a) above.
In both cases the strength of adhesion of the bond exceeded the tensile strength of the polyvinyl fluoride sheet.
c. The side ofthe sheet that was pretreated with postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride was coated with a solution of a copolymer of 87 weight percent vinyl chloride. 12 weight percent vinyl acetate and 1 weight percent maleic acid in cyclohexanone. Then the solvent was evaporated and the sheet was applied under pressure at l20C with the cementcoated side against a rigid polyviryl chloride panel. At the same time embossing was performed by using a textured press platen. The laminated sheet could not be removed mechanically from the rigid polyvinyl chloride.
EXAMPLE 2 White-pigmented polyvinyl fluoride sheets were prepared from a dispersion consisting of 80 parts polyvinyl fluoride. parts titanium dioxide. and 150 parts propylene carbonate solvent. as described in Example 1.
The heating in the circulating air oven at 260C was again performed for 90 seconds in the first stage; and after a brief cooling period. the sheets were coated with a 20% solution of a copolymer of 65 weight percent vinyl chloride and weight percent vinyl fluoride in dimethylformamide. Then the solvents were completely evaporated in the circulating air oven at 260C.
For cementing of this sheet thus pretreated to supporting material. the first test consisted of applying to a rigid polyvinyl chloride panel a solution of a copolymer of 87 weight percent vinyl chloride. 12 weight percent vinyl acetate. and 1 weight percent maleic acid in cyclohexanone. After this cement had dried on the panel surface. the treated side of the polyvinyl fluoride sheet was applied to it and the sheet was laminated under pressure at l20C. The bond was substantially indestructible.
In a second test. a sheet produced and treated in the same manner was coated on the treated side with the same cement solution and bonded to a rigid polyvinyl panel in a press at 5 atmospheres gauge pressure and 120C. using distance pieces for limiting the compression. By the use of a textured press platen a textured surface was simultaneously produced on the other side of the sheet. The polyvinyl fluoride sheet could not be removed from the rigid polyvinyl chloride.
EXAMPLE 3 Referring now to the drawing. a pigmented and deaerated polyvinyl fluoride dispersion of 20 parts polyvinyl fluoride. 20 parts titanium dioxide pigment. and 250 parts propylene carbonate solvent. prepared as described in the comparative example. is applied by means of the reverse roll coater 2 to the circulating metal band 9 in a film casting machine and passed through a hot air preliminary heating tunnel 3 at a temperature of 260C. The metal band circulates over the drive roll 1, the tension roll 10 and the band support rollers 11. The time of stay in the preliminary heating tunnel amounts to 90 see. In this tunnel the polyvinyl fluoride stiffens and most of the solvent is evaporated and carried out with the exhaust hot air. After leaving the tunnel the band runs through a short cooling section of approximately the same length the preliminary heating tunnel, where additional air cooling can be used.
After the surface of the sheet. which still contains some solvent. has sufficiently cooled in this area and become solid enough to be coated without harm. 5%
solutions of postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride (containing 7 weight percent chlorine in one case and 13 weight percent chlorine in the other) in propylene carbonate were applied by means of a second applicator mechanism 4. Then the sheet traveled on the metal band through a second. main heating tunnel 5 which is twice as long as the preliminary heating tunnel and is also heated with hot air at 260C, the time of stay being approximately 3 to 3.5 minutes. When the band is cooled by returning through an aircooling tunnel 6, with the additional use of a cooling roll 7 if necessary, the now cementable sheet is stripped from the metal band and wound up on the rolls 8. With the sheets manufactured in this continuous manner. the supporting materials can be covered in the same manner as described in Examples 1 and 2. The bond between the sheet and the supporting material cannot be destroyed mechanically.
What is claimed is:
l. [n the process of producing laminated polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting by solvent or dispersion casting of polyvinyl fluoride in film or sheeting form; removing only a portion of the solvent or dispersant therefrom to a residual content of 0.4 to 0.8 wt.%. applying a solution or dispersion of an adhesive to said film or sheeting and removing substantially all of the solvent and dispersants and. thereafter, laminating the so treated polyvinyl fluoride film or sheeting to another material. the improvement which comprises utilizing as said solution or dispersion of adhesive a solution or dispersion of adhesive consisting essentially of a postchlorinated polyvinyl fluoride having a chlorine content of 5 to 27 wt.72 or a solution or dispersion of an adhesive which consists essentially of a copolymer of vinyl fluoride and 10 to wt.7( vinyl chloride.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein a solution or dispersion of a post chlorinated polyvinyl fluoride having a chlorine content of 5 to 27 wt.7 is employed.
3. A process according to claim 1 wherein a solution or dispersion ofa copolymer of vinyl fluoride and 10 to 65 wt.7( vinyl chloride is employed.
4. The improved process claimed in claim 1, including providing an adhesive between said other material and said chlorine containing surface.
5. The improved process claimed in claim 1, including removing solvent by heating to about 240 to 260C.
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National Guard Bureau
WASHINGTON, May 1, 2001 On the first Armed Forces Day in 1950, President Truman called on Americans to recognize "the skill, gallantry, and uncompromising devotion to duty characteristic of the armed forces in the carrying out of their missions." Today, we continue this tradition as Americans are reminded of the hardships our service members willingly endure to keep this great country free and strong.
Our men and women in uniform share the spirit of service and devotion to duty that are the hallmarks of the profession of arms. Like all who have carried the torch throughout our history, today's warriors bear the burdens that make our nation's blessings a birthright for all citizens.
While weapons and technology are important elements in our fighting ability, the magnificent men and women in each of the services remain the core of our military might.
Today, May 19, belongs to those who serve in the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force and Coast Guard. I salute each of you for your dedication, sacrifice and faithful service. Because of you, America is safe, and millions of people worldwide now enjoy an unprecedented opportunity for lasting peace and freedom.
Gen. Henry H. Shelton, USA


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For the most part this was true. All parties were very civil and stayed focused on the topic. The one exception was the councilman who did his grandstanding at the end of the meeting. Obviously he has a personal axe to grind with the SP folks. It is embarrassing to have someone like this representing our City.
Sappi purchased the mill in 1995. Good chance polluting, if any, took place well before that time.
Come on the commissioners will need to upgrade their laptops by then.
"As of now, we're here indefinitely," - make it permanently.
Looks like NM is the next Sausagetuck
"Besides, no one – not even Buffett - has ever said rich people should carry government's water, just that they should pay their fair share." Just what is their fair share Andy?
Great idea. Why do't you start a company and let me know where to apply.
Does this really belong in the news. If someone want to dig for it let them.
"David Kolb is former editorial page editor of The Muskegon Chronicle". Why do we let his nonsense continue to be published?
Nobody is forcing the employees to go work for the auto companies. They can take one of the many other jobs paying $14.00+++ per hour rround the state.
Put all of the politicians out there.
"Tuition and fees at public universities......... They've risen 80 percent since 2002-03, far more than the 15 percent increase in inflation over that period" And the problem is the government cutting funding. Another group of public entitities with no accountability.


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Neverend Official Trailer 1
Mayhem's PC role-playing game will be first title published by newcomer Dusk2Dawn Interactive.
Mayhem Studios releases new info on its long-overdue PC role-playing game, now also coming to the Xbox. New screens inside.
Slovakian game developer Mayhem Studios is working on a console-style fantasy role-playing game. Screens inside.
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The Standard hotels are our primary hotel choices in this location, though availability is not guaranteed. If a given hotel is not available for your tour date, we will reserve you a room at a hotel of similar appeal and quality in the same area.
This small hotel in the Copan Valley is well-suited to host guests in their 16 comfortable rooms, each decorated distinctively in colonial style. All rooms include private bath and purified drinking water. The hotel also has a full service restaurant offering continental cuisine in an elegant setting.
Enjoy your stay in the charming town of Copan Ruinas with a stay at Hotel Marina Copan, named in honor of Doña Marina Welchez, and built on the site of her family home nearly 60 years ago. The Marina Copan has been home to generations of Maya investigators and enthusiastic travelers.


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Posted 2 years ago
By Post Staff
The Nebraska Department of Roads is coming to Chadron tomorrow (Tuesday) with an Open House on the planned repaving of Highway 20 through Chadron, a project that will tie in with the city's downtown storm sewer upgrade.
District 5 engineer Craig Lind says the project will consist of full-width reconstruction of the existing urban roadway…which is also 3rd Street through Chadron.
Lind says the project would begin just west of the intersection of Pine Street and West 3rd Street and run about a mile east to the Spruce Street intersection. Construction could begin as early as spring of 2015 and be completed as early as fall of the same year.
The Open House runs from 4-to-6:00 pm in the Chadron City Council Chambers. It's a drop-in session with no formal presentations, but NDOR staff will be on hand to answer questions, receive comments, and discuss any aspect of the proposed highway improvement project.
Information on the project will be available after the meeting by going to the NDOR website at www.transportation.nebraska.gov/projects/ and clicking on the "In Chadron-Pine to Spruce" link