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Improved low-potential electrochemical sensors and method for rapid, accurate, in vitro and in vivo measurement of the concentration of carbohydrates in organic or biological fluids by cyclic voltammetric or coulometric scan within a restricted voltage domain and identifying one or more oxidation and/or reduction current peaks, with the concentration of the carbohydrate being a linear function of the current output. Two well defined, sharp, distinctly separated, specific, reproducable and interference-free peaks have been discovered in the low-potential voltage domain of -0.9V to -0.2V, cathodic reduction Peak 1 and anodic oxidation Peak 2 in the range of -0.70V to -0.90V. The scan is pulsed or a steady sweep, and sensitivity increases with increased scan rate in the range of 30-50 mV/sec. Pulses may range on the order of 20-50 millisecond in duration, and sampling during the last 1.5 milliseconds of the pulse restricts values to pure oxidation/reduction currents. Cyclic and/or pulsed scanning regenerates the electrodes making the sensor drift free. A system is disclosed employing the sensor as part of an implantable insulin pump which is microprocessor controlled, thus functioning as an artificial pancreas. The sensors can also be used in bedside monitoring systems as an indwelling sensor introduced by catheterization, for in-line extracorporeal shunt systems, or for non-invasive measurement of carbohydrate levels.
1. An improved electrochemical redox sensor for precise in vitro and in vivo measurement of one or more carbohydrates present in organic and biological fluids and tissues by cyclic voltammetric or coulometric scanning, comprising in operative combination:
(a) a cell having:
(i) a first, working electrode adapted to permit contact with a test specimen of said carbohydrate being measured, said test specimen exhibiting at least one voltage peak upon said cyclic scanning;
(ii) a second, counter electrode;
(iii) a third, reference electrode;
(iv) said working electrode being disposed to contact one or more carbohydrates present in a test specimen, and said second and said third electrodes being in ionic contact with each other and with said first electrode;
(b) means for providing a current to said working electrode and withdrawing it from said counter electrode;
(c) means for cyclic scan of said cell within a low potential far negative voltage domain of -0.9 V to -0.2 V vs. silver/silver chloride;
(d) means for sensing the amount of current flow between said working and said counter electrodes for at least one voltage peak exhibited by said test specimen when scanned in said voltage domain, said voltage peak being selected from a cathodic reduction peak and an anodic oxidation peak, said peak being present in the range of about -0.70 V to -0.90 V vs. silver/silver chloride at 37 C; and
(e) means for correlating said test specimen peak height sensed to a value of carbohydrate in said test specimen.
2. A sensor as in claim 1 wherein:
(a) said scan rate controlling means includes means providing a pulsed scan at least at said voltage peak.
3. A sensor as in claim 2 which includes:
(a) means for selectively controlling said scan rate in the range of from about 30 mV/sec to about 50 mV/sec.
4. A sensor as in claim 3 wherein:
(a) said cyclic scan means includes means providing a steady sweep scan.
5. A sensor as in claim 2 which:
(a) includes means for sampling current during the last about 1.5 milliseconds of said pulse at said peak.
6. A sensor as in claim 5 wherein said pulse duration is on the order of 20-50 milliseconds.
7. A sensor as in claim 6 wherein:
(a) said working electrode is selected from wire, disc and metal film deposited on a biologically acceptable support.
8. A sensor as in claim 6 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for in vivo implantation comprising a tissue compatible material covering at least a portion of said first, working electrode.
9. A sensor as in claim 6 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for removably introducing at least said first, working electrode into a patient's body for positioning therein as an indwelling sensor for bedside monitoring.
10. A sensor as in claim 5 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for in vivo implantation comprising a tissue compatible material covering at least a portion of said first, working electrode.
11. A sensor as in claim 5 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for removably introducing at least said first, working electrode into a patient's body for positioning therein as an indwelling sensor for bedside monitoring.
12. A sensor as in claim 2 wherein:
(a) said working electrode is selected from smooth platinum, platinum-black, palladium, palladium-black, rhodium, rhodium-black and alloys of platinum, iridium, and palladium.
13. A sensor as in claim 12 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for in vivo implantation comprising a tissue compatible material covering at least a portion of said first, working electrode.
14. A sensor as in claim 12 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for removably introducing at least said first, working electrode into a patient's body for positioning therein as an indwelling sensor for bedside monitoring.
15. A sensor as in claim 2 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for in vivo implantation comprising a tissue compatible material covering at least a portion of said first, working electrode.
16. A sensor as in claim 2 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for removably introducing at least said first, working electrode into a patient's body for positioning therein as an indwelling sensor for bedside monitoring.
17. A sensor as in claim 1 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for in vivo implantation comprising a tissue compatible material covering at least a portion of said first, working electrode.
18. A sensor as in claim 1 wherein:
(a) said cell includes means for removably introducing at least said first, working electrode into a patient's body for positioning therein as an indwelling sensor for bedside monitoring.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 774,281, filed Sept. 9, 1985, by us for Low Potential Electrochemical Redox Sensors and Method, abandoned.
This invention relates to biomedical redox sensors and methods of operation, more particularly to carbohydrate sensors (e.g. glucose sensors) of sufficiently fast response to be continuous reading sensors which have high resolution (accurate enough to resolve changes as small as 5 mg/dl in blood glucose concentration) and which are free of baseline and sensitivity drift. By the method of operation of the invention, the sensor can positively characterize glucose and other carbohydrates in organic and biologic fluids, especially tissue fluids and vascular system (direct blood contact) environments, making possible an in vivo implantable closed-loop glucose sensing and continuous insulin/glucagon infusion delivery system, i.e., an artificial pancreas (artificial Beta-cell), which in human subjects permits more normally unregimented activity patterns of rest, meals, work, play and exercise.
In the past few years, extensive efforts have been made toward the development of implantable prostheses and bedside equipment which could continuously control the insulin infusion rate to maintain an appropriate blood glucose level for the patient [1-4]. These devices are called the artificial pancreas or artificial Beta-cell.
The major components required for a system of complete metabolic control are: an insulin infusion pump; an accurate, selective and continuous glucose concentration sensing element; and a logic control device. Several pumps for open-loop programmed insulin infusion have been developed and are now under clinical evaluation. Microminiature, solid state microprocessor computer devices are available or developable as being within the state of the art.
However, a glucose-selective, long-term, and reproducible detector essential for an implantable sensing element has not been available. The development of such a sensor would constitute a breakthrough for both the clinical practice and basic investigation of diabetes and its associated complications. Its absence is the missing link for workable closed-loop insulin infusion systems.
Uses for such a detector would include benchtop analyses, bedside monitoring, and the implanted "artificial pancreas." Significant effects of improved metabolic control on the incidence of complications in diabetes millitus will not be seen until an implantable, closed-loop insulin infusion system with near physiologic performance is available.
Several approaches to the development of an implantable glucose sensor have been explored. These include (1) electrochemical sensors such as those employing amperometric and potentiometric detectors [5-14, 25-27]; (2) enzyme sensors with enzyme coupled to an electrochemical detector [15-22]; and (3) optical sensors [8]. The main difficulties encountered in the development of the conventional electrochemical sensors are twofold: (1) insufficient selectivity for glucose; and (2) poor reproducibility. Lack of reproducibility means the sensor is neither continuous nor reliable, even in intermittant operation. Enzyme sensors suffer from the loss of enzyme activity due to "poisoning" and poor long-term stability. The optical methods are limited by the fact that only minimal optical rotation of the plane of polarization is observed for glucose levels of less than 400 mg/dl [8]. But it is in this vital range (below 400 mg/dl) that medical interest resides. In fact the body ordinarily operates in the much narrower range of 70-150 mg/dl.
Recently, an implantable electrochemical glucose sensor based on a potentiodynamic approach has been studied [11-13, 23]. Though the sensing is relatively reproducible in a glucose solution, it suffers greatly by the inhibition of added co-reactants such as amino acids and urea [9, 11-13, 24-27]. A "compensated net charge method" of signal analysis has been proposed to counter this interference. Preliminary experiments have been reported in which the compensated net charge approach provided some improvement in both sensitivity to glucose and insensitivity to interfering co-reactants [23].
Electrochemical detection could be an answer to glucose (and other carbohydrate) monitoring provided that the sensor is glucose-selective, sensitive, and reproducible (reliable and continuously operating). Moreover, the detecting electrode itself or associated components must not dissolve into body fluid and no toxic substances should be generated. The detector should be susceptible to miniaturization, and provide a sufficient output that can be processed and/or enhanced to be utilized by a controlled infusion system.
The present invention satisfies this unfilled need in the art by providing a carbohydrate sensor that operates by pulsed voltammetry or pulsed coulommetry in the far negative potential range (-0.90 V to -0.20 V) to detect two well defined, distinctly separated, sharp oxidation and reduction (redox) peaks of a reversible simple oxidation-reduction (redox) couple involving a direct, single electron transfer process under diffusion control that is not interfered-with by other oxidizable compounds present in the fluids. The signal exhibits a linear relationship with respect to concentration in the useful physiologic glucose concentration range of 50-400 mg/dl, the voltages of which signals do not shift with changes in glucose concentration, thus permitting continuous, highly selective, reproducible, reliable concentration sensing.
It is among the objects of this invention to provide an improved electrochemical carbohydrate sensor particularly useful for accurate, continuous, drift-free, highly selective, reproducible sensing of glucose in solutions (both in vivo and in vitro) without interference from other organic compounds.
It is another object of this invention to employ the sensor in combination with other elements, including a pulse source, microprocessor and an infusion pump as an implantable closed-loop pancreas (artificial Beta-cell).
It is another object of this invention to provide an electrochemical method of continuously determining carbohydrate (particularly glucose) concentrations in solutions with a specificity that permits accurate measurement for a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures, e.g., bedside monitors emplaced in a patient by catheterization.
It is another object of this invention to provide an improved cyclic voltammetric scanning method for precise determination of concentrations of various carbohydrates in solutions, which determination is specific to the carbohydrate desired to be measured.
It is another object of this invention to provide such a method by which the sensitivity can be adjusted to cover the biologically significant operating range of carbohydrate concentration, and by which the sensor can be made drift free.
It is another object of this invention to provide such a sensor and method which permit accurate, reproducible, continuous, fast, and highly specific readings for bedside monitors, extracorporeal shunts, noninvasive carbohydrate sensing or the like for a variety of biological and medical analyses and treatments, including high performance liquid chromatography.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method of identifying one or more oxidation or reduction current peaks which exhibit a linear function with respect to concentration and are specific to carbohydrates within a limited scanned electrochemical domain, which method permits a wide variety of chemical, biological and medical analyses, diagnoses and treatments.
Still further and other objects will be evident in the descriptions and drawings which follow.
The invention involves improved electrode sensors for in vitro or in vivo measurement of the concentration of glucose and other carbohydrates in organic or biological fluids by cyclic voltammetric or coulommetric scan within a restricted voltage domain or part thereof, identifying one or more oxidation and/or reduction current peaks within the chosen domain, and determining the concentration as a linear function of the current output. The scan can be a steady sweep or pulsed, and the sensitivity increases with increased scan rate. Cyclic scanning alone or in combination with pulsing effectively regenerates the electrodes, making the sensor drift free. The peaks are specific to the particular carbohydrate (glucose, fructose, mannose, and the like). In the case of glucose, the linear range, being between 0-400 mg/dl of glucose, permits in vivo implantation of the sensor in conjunction with an insulin pump, the combination being an artificial pancreas. The linear ranges for fructose and mannose are the same, 0-600 mg/dl.
Employing cyclic voltammetry of carbohydrates in solution, we have discovered two well-defined redox current peaks in a very low potential region by use of a smooth Pt sensing electrode, preferably a Pt wire, with a Pt counter electrode and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. At 37� C., these peaks are for glucose, a cathodic reduction peak at -0.80 V vs. Ag/AgCl (called by us "Peak 1"), and an anodic oxidation peak at -0.72 V vs. Ag/AgCl (called by us "Peak 2"). For fructose, the peaks are at -0.84 V (Peak 1) and -0.74 V (Peak 2) respectively, and the latter is linear to 600 mg/dl. As shown by voltammograms, the current signals arising from strongly adsorbed carbohydrate species (e.g., glucose) at a scan rate of from 30-50 mV/sec (with 30 mV/sec being preferred) also demonstrate inflection points, which are voltages at which the oxidation and reduction currents switch, indicating simple redox chemistry with no interference from substances which can only be oxidized or reduced at higher potentials.
The peaks are well defined, substance specific, sharp, distinctly separated, and reproducible, and together form a reversible redox couple. We have found that the current of these peaks varies linearly with the concentrations of the carbohydrate (e.g., glucose, mannose and fructose). Unlike other observed signals reported in all other published reports [5-14, 25-27] at less negative or positive potential regions, the peak voltages do not shift with variations of concentration.
The linearity of current to concentration is in a clinically important range, the range of 50-400 mg/dl, which permits monitoring for diabetes control, and the sensor response is rapid, drift free and reproducible, so that continuous monitoring for in vivo implantation is entirely feasible.
Unlike other reported peaks, we have also found that at this low potential (far negative) region of -0.9 V to -0.2 V, amino acids, urea and other substances present in serum or serum dialysate will not inhibit the signals, particularly the reduction Peak 1 (-0.80 V for glucose and -0.84 V for fructose at 37� C. vs. Ag/AgCl). In contrast, "peaks" earlier reported [5-14, 25-27] at +0.70 V, -0.43 V, -0.58 V, -0.62 V, -0.65 V; (1) are not true peaks; (2) are not true peak locations; (3) are peaks that shift with changes in concentration; or (4) represent reactions interfered-with or complicated by other substances in the solution (e.g., dialysate fractions).
While we do not wish to be bound by theory, this -0.80 V signal may be the cathodic reduction of H+ which would be generated as a product of the anodic oxidation of an OH group of a carbohydrate (e.g., glucose) at -0.72 V in the anodic portion of the scan. The linearity demonstrates that the redox couple is under diffusion control. Our analysis shows the peak currents agree with the Randles-Sevcik equation:
ip =kn2/3 AD1/2 Cv1/2
Bard, A. J., Faulkner, L. R., Electrochemical Methods--Fundamentals and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New York (1980). The peak-to-peak separation at a scan rate of 30 mV/sec is 0.08 V at 37� C. Further, the absence of multiple, overlapping peaks indicates the chemistry is a simple redox.
We believe the reaction can be considered a direct, reversible, one electron transfer process which does not involve non-electrochemical or secondary reactions, and is thus highly selective and reproducible--a vital characteristic for continuous clinical, in vitro or in vivo monitoring. In the case of glucose, for example, glucose molecules may be adsorbed or interact with adsorbed hydrogen species at the smooth Pt electrode at low anodic potentials, and produce hydrogen desorption or oxidation currents. The cathodic reduction of glucose would be taking place at the -0.80 V potential, the potential of hydrogen evolution.
The electrochemical redox sensor employed in this invention comprises a working (detecting) electrode (W), a counter electrode (C), and a reference electrode (R). The electrodes may be, but are not required to be, covered together or separately by a semipermeable protective membrane such as a regenerated cellulose film, hydrogel or the like. For example, we expect the membrane could be omitted in the case of suitable in vitro systems or when implanted in vivo in tissue spaces not containing high proteins or other inhibitor or electrode poisoning macromolecules. The working (W) and counter electrodes (C) are smooth Pt, (or other metals disclosed herein) such as a disc of area 1 cm2, a wire, or a deposited metal film, while the reference electrode may be a saturated KCl-Ag/AgCl electrode, a chlorided silver wire, or a deposited silver film. The metal films may be deposited on any suitable substrate, e.g. ceramic, plastic, fused silica or, in the case of in vivo implantation, any tissue compatible material. Other conventional reference electrodes can be used with appropriate interfaces.
We employ pulsed coulommetry or pulsed voltammetry by applying variable and pulsating potentials (voltage). The charge (coulombs) and/or current (amperes) generated by direct or indirect redox processes of reacting species at the W surface are recorded as highly selective signals specific to the substance or species concerned. The amplitude of the current signals are linearly dependent upon the carbohydrate (CHO) concentration. The electrodes of the invention can thus be calibrated against known solution concentrations. Further, comparison of the electrode output for solutions of known CHO concentrations, to the output for unknown test specimen samples (or tissue implantations), permits direct determination of the CHO concentrations of those test specimens. This may be used for in vitro and in vivo determination of carbohydrate concentration in the blood stream or tissue fluids, such as an in-line glucose sensor in a batch sampling technique, or as an implantable glucose sensor.
An important aspect of the invention is the use of cycling of the potential scan to actually regenerate the W surface during each period of the scan, thus extending the life of the implantable sensor. The use of pulsed sequences at the identified voltages (-0.80 V and -0.72 V) for very short periods, i.e., 20-50 milliseconds, provides additional anodic and cathodic regenerative cleaning of the W electrode surface.
The scope of this invention includes the method and apparatus for the determination of carbohydrates, e.g., glucose, fructose, mannose, and the like. The method and apparatus can be for in vitro and in vivo carbohydrate determinations, clinical or industrial monitoring of carbohydrates, analytical determination of carbohydrates by high performance liquid chromatography, and the like. The electrode and system of this invention are extremely useful for the noninvasive determination of carbohydrates in exterior tissue fluid, such as in the conjunctiva under the eyelid or in the oral cavity, sugar in the extracorporeal blood stream (in-line) or cerebrospinal fluid, in urine, and in implanted tissue sites or in indwelling bloodstream electrodes (besides monitors).
The electrode metals may include, but are not limited to: smooth Pt, Pt-black, Pd, Pd-black, Rh, Rh-black, alloys such as Pt-Ir, Pt-Pd, Pt-Rh, Pd-Rh, and the like. The fluids or samples include but are not limited to: both biological or organic fluids and tissues in both living and dead animals and humans, vegetables, plants, soils, sewage, lakes, glaciers, rivers, sea waters, and the like. Body millieu include, but are not limited to: blood, tissue, tears, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, laboratory-prepared simulated body fluids, buffer solutions, and the like.
In the implanted in vivo artificial pancreas (artificial Beta-cell) system of this invention, the implanted glucose sensor assembly (employing a power source and pulse generator) provides signals to a microprocessor which processes the signals and commands a delivery system to meter-out or permit infusion of insulin, glucose and/or glucagon to regulate carbohydrate metabolism and compensate for imbalances in glucose levels in the patient. Likewise, the glucose sensor can be used in an in-line extracorporeal shunt system, bedside monitors, or for noninvasive measuring systems.
As noted above the well defined cathodic and anodic peaks lie in the range of about -0.70 V to -0.90 V, depending on carbohydrate species. For Peak 1 the values are: -0.80 V for glucose (dextrose); -0.84 V for fructose; and -0.84�0.02 V for mannose under the conditions shown. For Peak 2 the values are: -0.72 V for glucose (dextrose); -0.74 V for fructose; and -0.75�0.01 V for mannose. For each different carbohydrate the peaks are distinct thus making possible distinguishing the concentrations of each of several carbohydrates in a test specimen. It should be understood that we expect the positions of these peaks will be shifted somewhat for a change of conditions from those disclosed herein as the best mode, e.g., temperature changes, electrolyte type, sample type or tissue millieu, different electrode metal, and the like. However, once the peaks are located within the low potential, far negative region for a given set of conditions, the peak(s) do not shift with changes in concentration of carbohydrate being sampled.
The invention is illustrated in more detail in the drawings in which:
FIG. 1 shows in partial section view one embodiment of the sensor of this invention in which the wire elements may be replaced with disc or film elements as described herein;
FIG. 2 is a schematic of the apparatus for low-potential pulsed coulommetry and voltammetry used in this invention;
FIG. 3 is a combined cyclic voltammogram employing the sensor of FIG. 1 in the system of FIG. 2 detecting increasing concentrations of glucose, with the -0.72 V oxidation peak and -0.80 V reduction peak being clearly evident;
FIG. 4a is a combined cyclic voltammogram of the type shown in FIG. 3 for fructose showing Peak 1 at -0.84 V and Peak 2 at -0.74 V;
FIG. 4b is a plot of current vs. concentration of fructose data from FIG. 4a showing a linear relationship out to 600 mg/dl, well beyond the clinical range;
FIG. 5 is a plot of the redox current peak heights vs. glucose concentrations in human serum dialysate illustrating the linear relationship between current and serum glucose concentration, and is notable as showing no inhibition of peak sensing;
FIG. 6 is a plot of current peak height for the reduction peak at -0.80 V vs. glucose concentration for both long and short scan rates;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the current of Peaks 1 and 2 vs. the square root of scan rates demonstrating the linear relationship;
FIG. 8 is a schematic of an artificial pancreas system in accord with the principles of the invention;
FIG. 9 is a plot of concentration of glucose in the ultrafiltrate of human serum using the sensor system and method of this invention;
FIG. 10 is a plot of glucose concentration vs. current Peak 2 using the sensor system and method of this invention.
The invention is more particularly described below in connection with the preferred embodiment which illustrates, without limitation, the principles of the invention. While we discuss glucose in most detail, the comments apply equally to other carbohydrates, such as (but not limited to) fructose and mannose (see e.g., FIGS. 4a and 4b) for their respective Peaks 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 shows in schematic the improved electrode assembly 1 of this invention in which a smooth platinum wire 2 is embedded in a glass rod 4 to form the working/sensing electrode. The bottom tip 5 of the platinum wire is exposed and is in contact with the inner surface of the semipermeable membrane 6.
Wound around the exterior surface of the glass rod 4 is a first counter electrode 8 of smooth platinum wire, and a second reference electrode 10. The two electrode windings are spaced from each other, and are medial of the two ends of the glass rod with the reference electrode being between the counter electrode and the lower end of the glass rod. The lead wires of all three electrodes run up through the glass rod, and emerge through cap 12 which keeps them spaced apart so that they do not short out. The three leads are connected to the cyclic voltammetry and telemetry system 20 which is described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.
The glass rod electrode holder 4 is disposed within a tubular housing 14, preferably of glass or an inert plastic material such as polytetrafluoroethylene or trichlorofluoroethylene. Apertured plug 16 retains the electrode rod 4 rigidly in position. The lower end of the electrode rod 4 may be held in position by spacers if required. The plug may also be made of the same inert material as the housing 14.
The lower end of the housing wall has a groove 18 to receive an O-ring 19 which retains the membrane 6 across to lower opening of the housing 14. The annular space is filled with a Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (KRPB), pH 7.4.
The semipermeable membrane 6 is typically a dialysis-type or ultrafiltration-type membrane, and is selected to admit glucose or other low molecular weight carbohydrate to the working electrode 2, while excluding both middle and high molecular weight substances. suitable membrane materials include cellulose dialysis membranes, hydrogel films, or comparable films.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the apparatus system 20 employed in this invention for the low potential pulsed cyclic voltammetry or coulommetry. The electrode system 1 as described above in detail with respect to FIG. 1 is immersed in a solution 21 containing various concentrations of glucose. For in vitro studies, a solution is contained in beaker 22. For the in vivo system, this may be implanted, or the body fluid being tested can be passed through an extracorporeal shunt, in which case 22 represents a cuvette or other chamber containing the miniature electrode assembly 1. Digital function generator 23 provides a variable voltage driving mechanism for potentiostat 24 pursuant to the predetermined cyclic program. Power is supplied to the potentiostat by power supply 25, and the scan cycle is controlled by the scan and pulse duration control unit 26. We prefer to use an ECO Model 567 digital function generator and an ECO 549 potentiostat. The reference electrode was Ag/AgCl from In Vivo Metric Systems, Haroldsburg, Calif. The test examples herein were performed at 37� C. at scan rates between 30-50 mV/sec although we expect a broader scan rate to produce equivalent results. The domain for scanning ranged from -0.2 V to -0.90 V.
While we can use normal and differential pulse voltammetry, we prefer to use square wave voltammetry as we can sample the current at Peaks 1 and 2 more quickly, and accordingly more nearly continuously. Normal and differential pulse techniques typically run at scan rates of 1-10 mV/sec. The square wave voltammetry permits scan rates up to 1 V/sec or more, thus permitting a determination of glucose concentration in a matter of seconds. Accordingly, we employ a programmable pulse waveform generator 23 for the input pulses (of duration on the order of 20-50 milliseconds) to the glucose sensing electrode via the potientiostat 24. We prefer to use an EG&G Princeton Applied Research Model 384B Polarographic Analyzer.
In the technique we use, a symmetrical square wave is superimposed on a staircase wave form where the forward pulse of the square wave (pulse direction same as the scan direction) is coincident with the staircase step. The reverse pulse of the square wave occurs halfway through the staircase step. The current is sampled twice during each square wave cycle, once at the end of the forward pulse and once at the end of the reverse pulse.
This technique discriminates against charging or capacitance current by delaying the current measurement to the last 1.5 milliseconds or so of the pulse. The difference current between the two measurements is plotted versus the potential staircase. As a result, the pulse technique is more sensitive to oxidation or reduction currents, called Faradaic currents, than conventional DC voltammetry.
The differential pulse voltammetry yields peaks for Faradaic currents rather than a sigmoidal wave form of conventional DC voltammery. Similarly, square wave voltammetry yields peaks for Faradaic processes, and the peak height is directly proportional to the concentration of the species in solution. The current and voltage values as sensed by the electrode may be displayed on combined or separate ammeter and coulometer unit 27 of FIG. 2.
Pulsed coulometry is similar, except we measure the charge accumulated during the pulse. We integrate the current during the last 1.5 milliseconds or so of the pulse to focus on the purely oxidation and/or reduction currents.
The counter and working electrodes provide a varying current which is then plotted on the Y axis of a cyclic voltammogram in response to the current cycle impressed by the digital function (programmable pulse wave form) generator 23 and potentiostat 24. Similarly, the voltages of the reference and working electrodes are sampled throughout the domain in response to the voltage scan program of the digital function generator 23, and the output values are plotted on the X axis of the cyclic voltammogram.
FIGS. 3 and 4a show a series of superimposed cyclic voltammograms of increasing concentrations of carbohydrate in the above-identified in vitro situation. Vary sharp oxidation current peaks are seen at -0.72 V for glucose (FIG. 3) and -0.74 V for fructose (FIG. 4a); this is Peak 2. A reduction peak, Peak 1, is seen at -0.80 V for glucose (FIG. 3) and -0.84 V for fructose FIG. 4a). Both peaks are sharp, distinct, and reproduceable. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4a, the peak height increases with increasing concentration, and the separation of the peaks is extremely clear. Unlike all other signals, the peak voltages of these two signals do not shift position (i.e. and drift free) with variation in carbohydrate concentrations. The absence of multiple or overlapping peaks in this region indicates that the chemistry is a simple redox. The two clear inflection points indicate the voltages at which the oxidation and reduction currents switch. For comparison to the carbohydrate cyclic voltammogram traces, FIGS. 3 and 4a show in dashed lines the trace for the electrolyte-alone buffer. Note the complete absence of peaks at -0.80 V and -0.84 V.
When the peak current height is plotted against carbohydrate concentration, the relationship is shown to be linear. As shown in FIGS. 4b, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10, this linearity is clearly demonstrated for the medically useful range of 0-400 mg/dl and beyond. FIG. 4b shows the relationship for fructose in vitro for both peaks through the range of 600 mg/dl.
By the linearity of the plot, precise determinations of carbohydrate concentration can be determined by interpolation on the graph. This can be built into the programming of the output from the sensor (see FIGS. 1 and 2) so that there can be direct digital readout of carbohydrate concentration, which permits nearly instantaneous measurement of the concentration of carbohydrate sensed (glucose, fructose, mannose, etc.).
Similar results were obtained with both fructose and mannose. The concentrations of the carbohydrates were varied between 0 and 600 mg/dl in KRPB. A linear response of current versus carbohydrate concentration was obtained for both substances at both peaks 1 and 2 (-0.84 V and -0.74 V) with good sensitivity.
In vivo glucose sensor use was simulated by placing the electrode in human serum dialysate. Human serum (Sera-Chem, a normal clinical chemistry control serum from Fisher Scientific Company, Pittsburgh, PA) was dialysed against an equal volume of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer solution (KRPB) at pH 7.4, below -4� C. for over 24 hrs. The composition of the original serum, the dialysed serum, and the dialysate was determined by independent (conventional) analysis. Among others, interfering and/or inhibiting substances present in the dialysate included: urea, amino acids, creatinine, and uric acid. Both 50 and 100 ml volumes of the serum dialysate were placed in a testing cell of the type shown in FIG. 2. Cyclic voltammetric studies were carried out within a scan range of -0.80 V to +0.80 V versus Ag/AgCl at 30 mV/sec scan rate. We found that only the low potential redox signal peaks reported herein as Peaks 1 and 2 were uninhibited by substances present in the dialysate. While there is a minor alteration of the peaks, FIG. 5 shows that plots of the redox currents versus glucose concentrations of Peaks 1 and 2 are linear in the 100-200 mg/dl range. All other peaks that we had observed, in particular the peak at +0.70 V, were completely inhibited by substances present in the serum dialysate.
We have tested in serum dialysate beyond 500 mg/dl, and although precisely linear for such high concentrations, we have not found evidence of electrode poisoning or decrease in output. This is extremely important as it permits operation of in vivo, bedside, or extracorporeal infusion delivery system for patients in hyperglycemic shock, e.g. with glucose levels as high as 1000-1200 mg/dl. The sensor can sense "over limit" (out of normal range) conditions, and infuse relatively large amounts of insulin to quickly bring the values within range. Thereafter the system can sense glucose levels "on scale" within the normal 0-400 mg/dl range and can administrate innfusion at a preprogrammed rate to control the glucose level within a proper metabolic range.
FIG. 6 is a plot of the current peak heights for various concentrations of glucose in KRPB for the reduction peak, Peak 1, of -0.80 V, for both long scan times and short scan rates. The long scan is 30 mV/sec, whereas the short scan rate is 50 mV/sec. The linear relationship between glucose concentration and current peak height is clearly demonstrated by both scan rates.
FIG. 7 shows plots of the peak currents for Peaks 1 and 2 (-0.80 V and -0.72 V, respectively) with respect to the square roots of the scan rates. The linearity clearly demonstrates that the redox is under diffusion control. Further, since the curves (lines) follow the Randles-Sevcik relation very well, and the peak-to-peak separation at a scan rate of 30 mV/sec is 0.08 V at 37� C., the reaction can be considered a simple, direct, reversible, one electron transfer process which does not involve non-electrochemical or secondary reactions.
FIG. 8 shows, in schematic form, an entire prosthetic system employing the glucose sensor of the present invention. The blood glucose sensor assembly (as described in more detail above in connection with FIGS. 1, and 2) may be implanted in vivo, for example, in contact with the blood stream, in contact with extracellular fluid, or directly in contact with tissue. The output signal 31, typically in digital form, is fed to a microprocessor controller which through preprogrammed logic compares the output signal to normal metabolic demand baseline. Where the glucose concentration is determined to be too low or too high, the appropriate amount of insulin, and possibly glucagon or glucose, may be metered into the blood stream by one or more infusion pump(s) 34 operating at the appropriate command signal 33 in response to the algorithm in the controller 32. The insulin may be input directly into the portal vein 35 to affect carbohydrate metabolism and glycogen storage in the liver 36 which restores the proper level of blood and tissue glucose 39 via normal circulation 38. When the blood glucose is low, glucagon and glucose can be directly metered through the systemic vein 37 to restore the blood and tissue glucose level 39. In turn, the blood glucose sensor assembly 30 continuously samples the flowing blood or tissue fluid 40 to maintain the proper physiologic control of metabolism in patients. Alternatively, insulin may be input into a body or tissue space such as the peritoneal cavity, a systemic vein, or the like.
FIGS. 9 and 10 demonstrate the sensor can precisely determine glucose concentration in the ultrafiltrate of human serum. In these figures, the concentration in mg/dl is plotted against the current in milliamperes for both Peaks 1 (FIG. 9) and 2 (FIG. 10) for a scan rate of 30 mV/sec. The temperature of the KRPB solution in which the glucose was dissolved was 37��3� C.
It should be understood that various modifications within the scope of this invention can be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit thereof. We therefore wish our invention to be defined by the scope of the appended claims as broadly as the prior art will permit, and in view of this specification if need be.
1. Blackshear, P. J., Rohde, T. D., Grotting, J. C., Dorman, F. D., Perkins, P. R., Varco, R. L., Buchwald, H. Diabetes. 1979; 28: 634-639.
2. Bojsen, J., Deckert, T., Kolendorf, K., Lorup, B. Diabetes. 1979; 28: 974-979.
3. Champion, M. C., Shepherd, G. A. A., Rodger, N. W., Dupre, J. Diabetes. 1980; 29: 206-212.
4. Clemens, A. H. Diabetes Care. 1980; 3: 359-361.
5. Chang, K. W., Aisenberg, S., Soeldner, J. S., Heibert, J. M. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 1973; 19: 352-360.
6. Soeldner, J. S., Chang, K. W., Hiebert, J. M., Aisenberg, S. Diabetes. 1973; 24; 294.
7. Gough, D. A., Aisenberg, S., Colton, C. K., Giner, J., Soeldner, J. S. Horm. Metab. Res. Suppl. 1977; 7: 10-22.
8. Nalecz, M., Lewandowski, J., Werynski, A., Zawicki, I. Artificial Pancreas. 1978; 2: 305-309.
9. Gough, D. A., Anderson, F. L., Giner, J., Colton, C. K., Soeldner, J. S. Anal. Chem. 1978; 50: 941-944.
10. Rao, J. R., Richter, G. J., Luft, G., von Sturm, F. Biomater. Med. Devices Artif. Organs. 1978; 6(2): 127-49.
11. Marincic, L., Soeldner, J. S., Colton, C. K., Giner J., Morris, S. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1979; 126: 43-49.
12. Lerner, H., Giner, J. Soeldner, J. S., Colton, C. K. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1979; 126: 237-242.
13. Marincic, L. Soeldner, J. S., Giner, J., Colton, C. K. J. Electrochem. Soc. 1979; 126: 1687-1692.
14. Lemke, K., Gorner, M. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1981; 8: 115-124.
15. Updike, S. J., Hicks, G. P. Nature. 1967; 214: 986-988.
16. Bessman, S. P., Schultz, R. D. Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 1973; 19: 361-364.
17. Silver, I. A. In: Kessler, M., Clark, L. C., Jr., Lubbers, D. W., Simon, W. Eds. Ion and Enzyme Electrodes in Biology and Medicine. Vol. 5: Munchen-Berlin-Wien: Urban and Schwarzenberg, 1976: 189.
18. Layne, E. C., Schultz, R. D., Thomas, L. J., Slama, G., Sayler, G. F., Bessman, S. P. Diabetes. 1976; 25: 81-89.
19. Bessman, S. P., Schultz, R. D. Horm. Metab. Res. 1972; 4: 413-417.
20. Clarke, W. L., Santiago, J. V. Artificial Organs. 1977; 1: 78-82.
21. Liu, C. C., Wingard, L. B., Wolfson, S. K., Jr., Yao, S. J., Drash, A. L., Schiller, J. G. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1979; 6: 19-26.
22. Clemens, A. H., Chang, P. H., Myers, R. W., Horm. Metab. Res. 1977; 7: 23-33.
23. Lerner, H., Giner, T., Soledner, J. S., Colton, C. K. Presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 1981 Annual Meeting, New Orleans, La., Nov. 8-12, 1981;
24. Guyton, J. R., Chang, K. W., Aisenberg, S., Soeldner, J. S. Med. Instr. 1975; 9: 227-232.
25. Giner, J., Marincic, L., Soeldner, J. S., Colton, C. K., J. Electrochem. Soc. 1981; 128: 2106-2114.
26. Lerner, H., Giner, J. D., Soeldner, J. S., 1982; U.S. Pat. No. 4,340,458.
27. Giner, J. D., Lerner, H., Soeldner, J. S., 1983; U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,464.
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The best pizza oven for home or commercial use
What is the best pizza oven for (an add on business) I have heard about wood stone, very expensive. Any comments
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You will need:
1X3 ½ board. Length depends on your saw horse
1 ¼ " X 5 SCH 40 PVC. Length depends on your saw horse
2 bolts at least 2 inches long with 2 washers and 4 nuts (I used 1/4 inch)
Hole saw 1 1/2"
chop saw or hand saw
Step 1: Uprights
Step 2: Uprights
Step 3: Uprights
Then add one of the wooden plugs
Next add a washer
Finish by adding two nuts. Put the first one on and leave about a 1/16 space between it and the washer. Put the second one on and tighten it against the first one. This will allow the plug to spin without binding up. Repeat for the other side.


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Dylan Brody's Neighbor's Couch
Click the above Link to Listen Live!
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There is a petition at Whitehouse.gov addressing Chem trails, geoengineering and H.A.A.R.P. Please, consider signing the petition and helping to get the word out.
A great place to see if you are being sprayed is http://www.stopsprayingcalifornia.com it has great information about all the states and other countries. It also has up to date legislation regarding aerosol spraying.
Check out Dr. Perlingier
Speaker at Massachusetts School of Law, Andover
Speaking at the educational forum
Irrefutable Truth. U.S. Military intentionally poisoning us! MORGELLONS EXPOSED
Please consider sign petition and passing it along people are suffering, and there is no accountability.
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August 4, 2015
A T.J. Maxx clerk is arrested for stealing from the store she worked at over a period of days in October.
College Station Police say 31-year-old Lama Sobhi Kassem stole $3,511.29 over a period of time including merchandise, cash and gift cards.
According to the police report a loss prevention officer was able to capture the thefts on store surveillance video.
She was taken into custody Friday.
Kassem was released from jail Saturday after posting $5,000 bond.
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Adventure Guide to Venice & the VenetoHunter Publishing 2006; US$ 15.00
This guidebook does a good job of presenting its information in a concise, meaningful way. You can easily flip through its well-marked sections and feel as if you are taking a trip all over Virginia! I like that each section (History, Shopping) starts with a quick intro, telling you the overall feel of that area. It's not afraid to tell you that one... more...
Venice & the VenetoHunter Publishing 2012; US$ 9.99
An amazing resource to anyone traveling to the area. I highly recommend using this book as a reference tool. -- S. Johnson, Amazon reviewer. Italy's northernmost zone, the Veneto includes Padua, Verona, Vicenza, plus Venice itself, which once ruled the area. Some 5,000 Renaissance villas still stand, many by Palladio. A food- and wine-lover's... more...
Italy's Dolomites - Cortina d'Ampezzo, Belluno, Asiago & BeyondHunter Publishing 2012; US$ 8.99
With its shimmering peaks, dramatic vertical rock faces, lively resort towns, Alpine hamlets and world-class ski resorts, the Dolomite Mountains are a retreat for climbers, skiers, mountaineers and all manner of outdoor enthusiasts. In the southern Alps between the Adige and Piave Rivers, the Dolomites are a tourist mecca in winter and summer, drawing... more...
Northern Italy's Wine CountryHunter Publishing 2012; US$ 7.99
The Veneto region offers travelers all manner of adventures from the cultural, intellectual sort right down to the seat-of-your-pants thrilling variety. Whether planning your itinerary entirely around a particular activity like a week-long cycling holiday or a language immersion course, or if youre trying to offset your museum and church-heavy... more...
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T-Mobile G2
Last Updated: Oct 14th,2010
The T-Mobile G2 came as the successor to the G1, the worlds very first Android phone. The G Series has come a long way since then, but has retained one major element: a stock Android experience that forgoes any manufacturer customizations to the user interface. It would be easy to think HTC, the manufacturer of the G2, might place their Sense UI on the G2 -- it was present on the international version of the phone, known as the Desire Z -- but here it is entirely absent.
The T-Mobile G2 sports an 800 MHz CPU, 3.7-inch display, and slide-out QWERTY keyboard, but don't get fooled into thinking this is simply a mid-range handset. The Qualcomm MSM 7230 chipset can hang with most others clocked at 1GHz, and the bloat-free version of Android means no excess to slow the G2 down.
(see all)
G2 Users still out there?
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transferring my contacts
Sep 09, 2013
T-Mobile G2: keys remapped - help!
Sep 05, 2013
News & UpdatesT-Mobile posts up minor updates for myTouch 3G Slide and G2
HTC and T-Mobile are touching up the pain on a few older models with the release of new software updates for the T-Mobile myTouch 3G Slide and T-Mobile G2. The updates don't come with a change in Android version, but they do move the needle on the software versions. The myTouch3G Slide moves up to […]Bootloader Officially Unlocked for HTC Desire Z, ChaCha, Aria, DROID Incredible, Status, and T-Mobile G2
HTC's on a roll with their bootloader unlock program as they have added support for six new devices today. Those devices include the HTC Desire Z, ChaCha, Aria, DROID Incredible, Status, and T-Mobile G2. While some of these devices already have community-developed methods it's always good to see official support from the OEMs. Head to […]Download T-Mobile's Official Android 2.3.4 SD Card Update For the G2
atlp99 over on XDA was able to get a hold of the official Android 2.3.4 update for the G2 straight from those SD cards HTC sent out to T-Mobile stores to manually update customers. If human interaction makes you nervous or you're simply too busy this weekend to drop by a store you can get […]Has Your T-Mobile Android Been Experiencing Poor Battery Life Recently? You May Not Be Alone
If you have an Android device on T-Mobile and your battery life is suddenly not what it once used to be, there may be a bigger issue at hand. A recent posting on the T-Mobile support forums is addressing the issue, which apparently arose around July 28th and seems to mostly be affecting HTC handsets, […]T-Mobile G2 and MyTouch 4G In-Store Gingerbread Updates Begin August 6th
If you haven't been able to pull down the Gingerbread update for your T-Mobile G2 and MyTouch 4G, T-Mobile's not going to leave you waiting in the dark. Nope, instead they'll soon be allowing you to get your updates over-the-wire in-store. It's a bit of an inconvenience, sure, but if you've gotten sick of all […]T-Mobile G2 Users Experiencing Abnormal Battery Drain
We've gotten more than enough emails in our inbox to sit down and report this one. Apparently, starting on Tuesday, the T-Mobile G2 has been giving users plenty of trouble in the battery department. Some users have reported full depletion after six hours of use. Some will go to bed at night and take their […]T-Mobile G2 Finally Gets Its Gingerbread Update
T-Mobile promised it'd be here "very soon", and here we are – the T-Mobile G2 has gotten its Android 2.3 upgrade. It's going out over the air over the coming weeks so don't fret if you aren't in the first wave. It also wouldn't hurt to do a manual check and see if you get […]HTC Providing T-Mobile Stores With SD Cards To Update Handsets
This is different. TMo News came across this internal memo from T-Mobile informing stores that they will begin receiving SD cards from HTC for use when updating customers' devices. Apparently, some customers will receive a text message to come into a T-Mobile location where a sales rep will update their device to the latest software […]Official Gingerbread Build for T-Mobile G2 Leaks
Still waiting on Gingerbread for your G2 from T-Mobile? If you'd rather take your chances on what appears to be a leaked build of the update posted on T-Mobile's community, you probably won't have to wait much longer. It's said that this update is the same one that was appearing on some refurbished G2s, so […]Hulu Plus Comes to Four New Android Phones
Netflix's recent plan changes have you bummed? The folks at Hulu, instead of increasing prices, are adding devices. Yes, that rhyme was awesome. Today, four new Android devices were added to the stable of Hulu Plus-capable players. These include the HTC EVO 4G, the T-Mobile G2, The T-Mobile MyTouch 4G and the HTC Thunderbolt. All […]


text:
Session L13: Focus Session: Jamming Theory and Experiment III
2:30 PM–5:30 PM, Tuesday, March 22, 2011
Room: D225/226
Sponsoring Unit: GSNP
Chair: Robert Behringer, Duke University
Abstract ID: BAPS.2011.MAR.L13.6
Abstract: L13.00006 : Controllable jamming of amorphous granular materials applied to robotics
Preview Abstract MathJax On | Off Abstract
Eric Brown
(The University of Chicago)
Rodenberg Rodenberg
(The University of Chicago)
John Amend
(Cornell University)
Hod Lipson
(Cornell University)
Annan Mozeika
(iRobot G\&I Research)
Erik Steltz
(iRobot G\&I Research)
Mitchell Zakin
Heinrich Jaeger
(The University of Chicago)
We demonstrate the practicality of using a controlled jamming transition in an amorphous mass of granular material for applications to robotic gripping, and how the gripping capabilities depend on the properties of the jammed state. A mass of granular material contained in a flexible membrane in an unjammed state flows and conforms to almost any object it is pressed against. Upon application of a vacuum, the external pressure on the membrane jams the granular mass with a volumetric contraction $< 1\%$, allowing it to pinch the object. By measuring the holding force on a test sphere at different levels of envelopment, we show that three mechanisms contribute to the holding force: friction, suction, and interlocking. We use a solid mechanics model to relate the holding force from each mechanism to the measured stress response of jammed granular materials to compressional, extensional, and bending strains. This opens up new possibilities for the design of simple systems that excel at gripping objects of arbitrary shape.
To cite this abstract, use the following reference: http://meetings.aps.org/link/BAPS.2011.MAR.L13.6


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Once primarily a farming community, today Branchburg is a picturesque blend of farmland and residential settings ranging from condominiums to homes on 10-acre parcels.
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Diane Eau de Toilette Spray
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A feminine, powerful and seductive fragrance by Diane von Furstenberg. A bold mix of soft frangipani flower and violet balanced with myrrh, musk and patchouli. 3.3 oz.
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Frangipant flower, violet, myrrh, musk, patchouli
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Obama has nothing to do with this. The writing has been on the wall for many years. I was luck enough to sell my house and get out of Mtown before it really got bad. Back under Bush there were for sale signs all around the borough because people couldn't afford the outrageously high property taxes.
And if you're going to blame Obama, open your eyes and be fair, the Repubs in the House and Senate are just as guilty if not more for being obstructionists.
My parents had both Dish Network and DirecTV and had nothing but problems with both. From poor picture quality to very poor customer service.
I switched to FIOS when it was offered because I absolutely hate Comcast and their lack of customer service. Verizon was very good at first but my latest interactions with them shows me they're just as bad. I had a question on whether I was due a payment. Their website said I owed but when I went to make a payment it told me I didn't. I emailed Verizon and received a response that I had a credit balance. A week later I received a bill showing a past due amount. I questioned it three times and the best excuse I got was that sorry about the inconvience, my account was on two different systems my due date is ___. The last response I got from Verizon treated me like I just couldn't understand English so they used short words to explain the problem (even though it was plainly clear I understood how they screwed up).
I received a robocall from Tim Smith, who is a VP in charge of customer service for Pa and De. The call stated to email him with any problems. That was a week ago and I've heard NOTHING. And their response to the software glich was just as big a joke. I (and lot of other people) had to fix it ourselves with no help from Verizon or notification that the problem was fixed. It's really too bad that the only choice for cable (and no, I don't want a satellite dish sitting in my yard or hanging off my house) worse (Comcast) and worsening (Verizon).
And while a cafeteria style choice for channels would be great, they would never do it because the cable companies would never get free money for channels like C-SPAN that nobody watches but everyone has. The prices would become so high on the channels that everyone does watch (ESPN) that it probably wouldn't be cheaper.
Why is HERCO putting up higher glass and blocking the cracks between glass? Why take away home-ice advantage? What is the one thing opposing players say about playing in Hershey, it's tough because of the fan. Dear HERCO, quit trying to santitize the game experience. I don't care how much you or the NHL or anyone else tries to wuss-i-fy the game, hockey is not going to become the "family" atmosphere the sponsors want. Hockey is a tough sport. And if the "casual" fans can't handle what is being said in the stands or on the ice then they don't have to come. And if the "professionals" on the opposing bench can't handle what's being shouted at them, TFB for them and all the better for our guys.
Whether it is murder is your opinion based on your beliefs. My beliefs say that it is typical, backwards, hypocritical, male Republican thinking that it is in anyway moral to force ANYONE to undergo ANY unnecessary medical procedure. And how does this fit in with the Republican stance on smaller government? Seems like bigger, more intrusive government to me!
This is great, I love it...wonderful!!
Whether they call themselves Sammons, Suburban or Comcast they are the worst and most expensive cable company I've ever seen. Never had 1 problem with FIOS, I jumped at the chance to switch the second I found out it was being offered.
Go ahead Verizon, tell WHP to take it or leave it and quit trying to gouge the customers. Can't even stand to watch CBS football coverage anyway, their announcers are the worst.
Since you're such a wonderful student you should have no problem getting scholarships and grants to get into any school you want to. So you shouldn't be hurt at all by not going to MHS.
I'm right there with you Brian. The strip club, Friendly's and Dunkin Donuts on 22 have power but the folks a couple blocks away don't have power. And for 3 days the estimate was 7:00 AM Wed but this afternoon it changed to Fri morning byt 6:30. So it took 3 days for these morons to figure out that they couldn't fix the problem and now it'll take another 3 days before they might be able to fix it?
So PPL needs to stop crowing about how well they're going and how much help they have because apparently they haven't got enough people.
Thought...I can agree and disagree with your friend about job security. I agree because non-union personel have no protection when it comes to their job. They are at-will employees and can be fired anytime for any reason. I disagree because the union eligible personel are protected by the union and do have job security. As a union eligible employee, the only reason you don't have job security is if you are a total screw up and don't do your job.
Well "Genius"...wrong is wrong no matter how many times it happens.
And again "Genius"...the commuters already provide revenue to the city by going to businesses in the city. And again "Genius"...people in the Harrisburg city limits do not stop at the city limits. They actually travel to places like the Colonial Park Mall, Harrisburg East Mall, HersheyPark, Giant Center. These people are using or are potentially using the resources and services of every muncipality the cross into just like commuters use or potentially use the same resources and services of Harrisburg City.
So why should I pay money to Harrisburg city for my 40 hours a week there, especially when I have no say in how my money is spent? And can the residents of Harrisburg city really afford a tax hike of 150%? What they should do is start cutting politicians' salaries, make Thompson repay the city for renovating her office and maybe cut some of her cronies.
While I agree that the state should be kicking in more money in lieu of property taxes, $3-$5 millions is excessive to say the least (especially in these economic times). If she put out a resonable number she might stand a better chance.
@wellscuseme-Why would it be alright for people who work in Harrisburg, but don't live there, to pay taxes for "services" without any voice in how that money is spent? And if it is alright for one city or muncipality to levy such a tax, why can't another city or muncipality levy it? You think all residents of Harrisburg city never leave the city limits? City residents leave the city for work, shopping or entertainment are using resources in other cities/muncipalities that they don't pay for. So are city residents that travel to Lower Paxton or Susquehanna township freeloaders? They don't pitch in.
More to the point, the commuters into the city didn't pitch in to cause the problems in the first place. We didn't cast one vote for Mayors Reed or Thompson.
And commuters into Harrisburg already pitch in. Commuters frequent the businesses downtown, creating revenues for the city. Put this commuter tax in place and those businesses will lose money (and potentially go out of businesses) because not only do the commuters no longer have money to spend, but the residents of the city that work in the city will not have money to spend.
Bottomline, the commuters didn't make the mess, why should we help clean it up?
Yes they did, which is unfortunate to say the least.
However, the city already has a plan but the council doesn't like it because they want money that's not their's (commuter tax). Along with the commuter tax comes a huge increase in taxes on City resident's as well. Then, everyone in Dauphin County will end up paying more in property taxes (eventually) to make up for what revenue the County didn't get because they paid gaming revenue to the city.
Combined, the city government is cutting their cut off to spite their face. Commuters and residents will end up with less money to spend in the city. On top of that, she may end up driving residents out of the city. Does a loss of businesses and residents help the city?
That's right Linda, raise the taxes on city residents 150% so those that do live in the city can no longer afford to spend money in city businesses (and could ultimately lead to an exodus of city residents to the suburbs). Then, tax the non-residents who work in the city and cut off a great deal more of the money spent in city businesses. And to top it off, Dauphin County residents will see revenue to the county decrease because Linda wants Dauphin County to hand over more gaming revenue.
I'd love to hear why Linda thinks the state would go from contributing $450,000 a year to $3-$5 millions a year? Especially with state congressmen from Dauphin County lining up against a commuter tax. She also needs the states approval for the plan. If not, the Act 47 plan is put in place whether the city wants it or not.
Sorry, but state workers kick in plenty to the cities businesses on a daily basis. All these tax increases will do is give Harrisburg residents that work in the city as well as the commuters less money to spend in the businesses surrounding the Capitol Complex.
And the citizens of Dauphin County are already on the hook for some of that incinerator debt. Dauphin County is a guarantor of some of that debt. The city doesn't pay, Dauphin County will.
And the argument that, as commuters, we use serivces (like plowing, trash removal, police protection) that the city provides is a hollow argument. If one city or municipality has the right to tax people who drive on their roads, throw trash in their public trash cans or call their police for help then EVERY city or muncipality should have that ability. You can't tell me that people living in Harrisburg never leave Harrisburg. Need to go to the mall? Neither the Colonial Park malll nor the Harrisburg East mall are in Harrisburg City. Going for a day of fun at HersheyPark or a concert at the Giant Center? Again, neither are in Harrisburg City.
If you are really worried about stopping an us vs them mentality, this tax doesn't stop it. In fact, it just reinforces it. Because now people look at their decreasing paycheck and say, "Well, why do we have to pay for them?"
I'm not much for the state taking the city over, but considering the ineptitude of the people running the city I don't know that it is a bad idea.
So first, they're going to add a major tax increase on all Harrisburg residents so that Harrisburg residents that work in Harrisburg will have less money to support businesses in the city. Then, they're going to tax commuters that work in the city so the commuters have less money to spend at businesses in the city. Less people spending money at businesses in the city means less revenue for said businesses and eventually Harrisburg has little to no businesses outside of the state buildings and restaurant row. How does this make sense?
Not used to fund a lavish lifestyle? So he took money away from sick children for a f'in boat that he used for hospital and charitable reasons? Did he take the kids he was screwing over out sailing on the boat? Did their families get to stay in the mansion and drive those expensive cars?
Scum like this should be HUNG!!
Joe, what did you expect from this contract? Come into reality, (if this is the official contract) this contract is way better than I thought we'd get. I can't believe we're actually getting raises. I also expected much higher contributions to health care benefits.
I don't see how this doesn't pass with a big majority, unless there are a ton of people that are living in a dream world.
Preston's salary is the least of the problems when it comes to state worker salaries (especially since his salary is not paid by taxpayer funds). It's time to cut the size of the legislator and the size of their staffs. Really, a staffer being paid over $100,00? Time to cut these salaries down to $40,000-$60,000.
Of course, there would be more money in the state coffers if the Rebuplicans would quit licking the boots of their corporate overlords and allow changes that would require big businesses and the ultra wealthy to pay their fair share of taxes. Can't do that though, if they had to pay taxes there would be less money for campaign contributions.
I think it's about time HERCO did this. I think a lot of Bears fans would go to see indoor lacrosse (including this one). This would probably draw a lot better than arena football and having a rival in WB/S helps even more.


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2013 Annual Meeting
17–19 April
Salt Lake City, Utah
Pre-Meeting Workshop
Sponsored by the SSA Kanamori Fund
Tuesday, 16 April 2013, 1:00-5:00 PM - $25-sign up fee
(the day before the start of the regular meeting program).
Career Game-Changers:
Strategic Avenues to Landing the Right Job and Finding Success in Science
Workshop Presenter: Alaina G. Levine, President, Quantum Success Solutions
Alaina asks the big questions early-mid career scientists and engineers often have the most difficulty answering.
The answers are not always straightforward and this workshop is here to give early-mid career scientists and engineers the tools needed to create their own path. Participants will leave the workshop and their one-on-one career consulting session with the skills necessary to understand and utilize their own value, to maximize their potential, and to achieve their career goals both in the short and long term.
Specifically targeted towards graduate students, postdocs, and early career professionals, this workshop will focus on the current and expanding crisis in the job and career market for scientists, and how early-career scientists can best prepare for this challenge. We will specifically address career planning strategies for international scholars, and touch on opportunities both in and outside of academia.
Topics Include
- How to orchestrate a personal career plan and develop a Plan B and Plan C for contingencies;
- What early-career scientists should do now to enhance their CVs/resumes and research reputations;
- What traditional and non-traditional career opportunities are available;
- How to access and assess "hidden" job opportunities;
- The biggest mistakes early career scientists can make and how to avoid them (this can be removed or edited)
- How to develop a networking strategy that delivers real results;
- How to find unique sources of funding.
One-on-One Career Consulting Sessions
After the workshop, Alaina will meet with workshop participants about career issues. As a neutral, external, third-party, she can be a completely confidential and objective resource who can provide advice specifically for your situation. Consultations will be approximately 20 minutes long and will be offered to the first 36 who sign up for the course. Participants meet to discuss any career-related issues they have including: career planning and searching, CV/resume writing; cover letter writing, professional development, professional etiquette, networking, negotiation, etc. Participants are encouraged to bring their CV/resume, cover letter, or any other item they wish to have evaluated.
"This was absolutely the best talk, presentation, or article on CVs and Resumes I have ever heard. The deep insights went so far beyond the simple formatting and content of a resume." - B.B.
"Let me tell you that this was one of the most fabulous events I have ever organized or attended! Alaina was an experienced and energetic speaker, and I have received nothing but positive feedback. She has a gift for keeping a large audience engaged!" – Shana Passanno, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Institute for Cellular Engineering
"Alaina rocks as a presenter. She is completely engaging."
"Enlightening. Alaina opened up doors for me to find my own strategy to success. Because of her presentation, I feel better equipped to achieve my goals."
"I particularly appreciated your straight-talking style and extremely relevant insider insights into how conventional wisdom on careers, networking and professionalism can be tailored to the scientific industry."
[ Back ]


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What sort of drives me a bit nuts about these situations is, where are these girl's friends? Surely she came to this party with friends. Of course, there are one-on-one dates that are just between the daters, but these big party rapes, where are her friends?
When I was young, my friends and I hit every keg. Every one. We flirted our asses off for free beer. BUT, we were very protective of each other. If the group determined that someone was getting pulled off to the side by some guy, we went and got her. We honestly watched out for each other. We took responsibility for each other. And we had a rule: Any time we did things as a group of girls -- you came with the girls, you leave with the girls. If the group wanted to go into town and one girl didn't, too bad. We voted and majority ruled. EVERYONE moved as one. If someone wanted to be with a certain guy, that was okay, but when the group left, you left. If you wanted to spend more time with the guy, you make a date for another night.
We would NEVER have allowed one of our friends to be gang raped and a video shot at a party full of people. We would have rounded her up and protected her.
Where are other women at these parties? Why don't they step up en masse and save these girls?
And not letting guys off the hook at all. Their thinking needs to change for sure.


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iMovie problem
View Single Post
Member Since: Jul 08, 2012
Posts: 34
I could use some help on this issue. I hope someone saw this before.
I have converted VHS to mpeg on my PC.
Then, converted these to .mov on my mac.
-Imported them easily in iMovie.
-Created a new project and a new event for around 15 clips.
- After playing around for a couple hours, no video is being played anymore, the viewer stays black and only sound is coming out.
When I want to start playing the video anywhere in the project, it starts back at the beginning showing the intro but when it gets to my .mov it stops and only play sound.
I have tried to reimported the videos in a new event and it doesn't seem to be working either.
Please help me
- Oh and after converting my 1 hours VHS to mpg, it's taking 21GB. We all know the quality of VHS... Any reason why it takes that much space and is it possible to compress it to a normal size without losing any quality? Could it be the problem also?
I just switched to Apple. I have converted with Honestech VHS to DVD software, around 15 VHS. A lot of them are an hour but taking 20GB space each.
I took the mpg from the PC, copied them to OSX, right-clicked on them and used, keep same quality. Then simply dragging them to the new event in iMovie 11.
I could try to reconvert them to a lower quality format?
I hope not to lose that much quality on the VHS, since they are memories and we wish to keep it the best.
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Video:How to Make a Quiche Crustwith Lyn Jaynes
Learning how to make a quiche crust can be a good way to avoid buying a pre-made one at the grocery store. Here, see step-by-step instructions for making quiche crust.See Transcript
Transcript:How to Make a Quiche CrustHi I'm Lyn Jaynes for About.com and I am going to show you how to make a quiche crust.
Ingredients for Quiche CrustYou'll need the following ingredients:
- One and one quarter cups flour
- One half teaspoon salt
- One stick of cold butter cut into half inch cubes
- And four tablespoons cold water
Instructions for Making the Quiche CrustIt is important that both the butter and the water be cold from the fridge and not room temperature. The cold temperature is crucial to the formation of the dough. Softened butter and lukewarm water will not set up correctly. First add the flour into a food processor followed by the half teaspoon of salt and pulse the blade two to three times to mix. Then add the cubed butter and pulse until the mixture resembles coarse meal.Be careful not to over mix, which would overheat the mixture and ruin it. Only pulse four to five times maximum. Turn the food processor on and pour in the water. With the food processor running, the mixture will rapidly thicken and begin to climb the walls of the processor.
Immediately after, the mixture will form into a ball. At that point stop the processor. Remove the dough ball and place it onto a piece of plastic wrap, lightly forming it into a patty and refrigerate for half an hour.After the half hour has elapsed, remove the dough and set it onto a lightly floured pastry cloth. Let sit for two to three minutes until slightly soft. At this point you're free to roll it out with your rolling pin. It's best to stay in the center of the dough with the roller and work from the middle out. Don't go as far out as the edges as they can become too thin.Fold the dough in half and then into half again and place into the quiche plate.Form the edges around the plate with your fingers.Then your crust is ready for the quiche mixture.Thanks for watching, to learn more visit us on the web at About.com.
About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the User Agreement.


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CREIGHTON, Mo. — A Sherwood-Cass High School teacher taught her last class Wednesday afternoon and then got an emotional farewell from her students. She'll be gone from the school for more than a year because she's deploying to Afghanistan.
Amber Wilson has been in the Army National Guard for about 10 years. She has been deployed once before to Iraq. But, this deployment to Afghanistan is a little different because this time she's leaving so many people behind.
"I don't know who I would be if I wasn't in the National Guard," said Wilson, "so to me it's normal but to everybody else they say 'we're so proud of you and thank you.' So it's overwhelming but it's great."
Wednesday was Wilson's last day in the classroom. Soon she'll be in Afghanistan working as a mechanic.
"I love it, I love getting hands on with the trucks and working on them and learning new things all the time," she said.
But don't make her choose which job she likes more.
"I love both for different reasons," she said, "I love working with the kids, they crack me up every day. I like seeing when the light bulb goes off it's great."
But now that she's leaving, her school wasn't about to let her go without a send off, a standing ovation, and a surprise visit from her family to make sure she knows she'll be missed.
"We just think the world of her," said her principal Bill Stackhouse, "I still remember hiring her, she impressed me so much I didn't let her leave my office. I just gave her the job right there."
Wilson started here four years ago, so the seniors graduating in May were the first students she ever taught. At the ceremony, Wilson let them know how sad she is to miss their special day.
"I'm so sorry I will miss you graduating," she said holding back tears.
But she promised to return and once again just be Ms. Wilson, English Teacher.
Wilson will return in about a year and will start teaching again in fall 2014.


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Orsay Museum, 19th century arts just 10 mn from the Hotel de la Tour Maubourg.
A step from the Hotel de Latour Maubourg, the Eiffel Tower is the landmark of Paris.
The intellectual and fashion district, walking distance from the hotel de Latour Maubourg.
The Saint Sulpice church on the left bank, the famous location of the Da Vinci Code.
The Concorde is the largest square in Paris, located bewtenn the Champs-Elysées and the Louvre Museum.
Louvre Museum from antiquity to 18th century the first museum in the world.
This Arc de Triomphe is located at the western end of the Champs-Elysées.
The major french religious Paris cathedral, masterpiece of gothic architecture.
The Beaubourg Museum, the first European centre for contemporary arts
The temple ordered by Napoleon in homage to its Great Army, now a rich catholic church.
The famous Paris opera built by Garnier in 1875.
The Italian 17th century square located in the Marais
The Bastille area know as a hip district hosting the new opera.
The Basilica built on top of the Montmartre hill.


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By the way, what's the deal with The Sun Always Shines on TV not being on any of the Lips discs? I mean, geez...Take on Me isn't a-ha's only good song.
" @kevinski: I found lot´s of the songs from I love the 80´s great. Alphaville, Duran Duran, Kim Carnes, Nic Kershaw, New Order, Tears for Fears, the Cure, Madness, Kim Wilde, Devo, Dexters Midnight runners etc. etc. But it seems that Lips was made for a European demographic. Lot´s of the songs are brit-pop and I don´t know if they became popular in the US. "Well, it's not as though the music isn't popular in the U.S. I just find the music on the original disc that does happen to be from the 80's to be of far better quality than the music on the 80's disc. I'd certainly pick up the 80's disc if it was available in the U.S., but I believe that many of the tracks from that disc are available in the U.S. as DLC. Hey, one less disc to swap, I suppose.
" The trouble as I see it is not their choice in music (which I find great) but all the other glitches and uninspired solutions. Like the one you pointed out about the original game not fitting with number one hits. It´s just strange, especially since all the other games that followed fitted perfectly together. And I just resantly discoverd another annoying glitch. If someone plays the original game after playing number one hits (and the other later games) the data get´s corrupted and we have to start again. A friend of mine lost her data when I wanted to show her how the old layout of the game was (like the discoball and party mode. I miss that). "Wow, thanks for the heads-up about that. That's a pretty serious flaw. It's a shame that I'll need to swap discs every single time that I feel like revisiting one of the original disc's songs. I don't understand why they decided to completely redo the interfaces, anyway. They really should introduce a common interface that supports the disc-swapping method that I described in my original post. The games are far from polished (especially given how badly the menus stutter when selecting tracks), but they're so much fun.
just wanted to say your topic title made me laugh. that is a terribly corny way of saying the game has flaws lol
Nobody cares because it is a bit shit. The loading times are ridiculous, especially when opening up the song selection screen the medals you get for the songs dont even register right. I found myself getting awful scores on songs i have sung brilliantly and gotten amazing top20ish (at the time) scores on songs I just mumbled. I love the 80s (the only one anyone should have bought) is almost completely irrelevant now that rock band 3 is out, The gesture stuff doesnt work half the time, the song selection is fucking abysmal and anything to do with the online is just shockingly bad compared to Singstar.... just get rb3 for just like heaven and the power of love.
I own two Lips discs (the original and Number One Hits), and I definitely agree with you on some points. I was particularly crushed about the 80's disc not making its way to the U.S., although - strangely - I wasn't as disappointed once I saw the track listing. To be honest, the previous discs had more songs from the 80's that I recognized than the actual 80's disc, so I can do without it, I suppose. As for how long it takes the game to load (i.e. read your profile data), yeah, that's a serious pain-in-the-ass. Thankfully, once you get going, you don't need to worry about it, though.
Regarding the disc-swapping, to be honest, I'd like to see a major overhaul to unify each release and make them all playable straight from the dashboard, with discs only being required to play disc-based songs. And you shouldn't only need to insert each disc once if you have each respective disc installed. In other words, if I need to do a disc swap in order to sing Hungry Like the Wolf, followed by Take on Me, then I shouldn't need to do more than one disc swap, since those songs are both on the same disc, and I have that disc installed.
I Love LIPS the karaoke game for Xbox360, but there are some problems.
1) Why can't I download the Cure – Just like heaven?
I like that song, and it did follow the French and UK version of the original game. It's my favourite The Cure song. WHY!!! They gave away A-ha – Take on Me song for free, the song that replaced Just like heaven on the Norwegian version. Why can I not sing that song? Well I can… but not on LIPS! What did the French do to make them able to sing, eh?
2) Two titles from the Lips games have gone under the radar.
I don't like it when things I like get bad treatments. I bought Wii once, and now no one talk of that any more. I bought Lips, no one care for that one either. Not on Xbox live, not anywhere else. Hell, there isn't even a wikipedia page about I love the 80′s
3) There should be a mic avatar award!
I have gotten alot of cloths on LIPS, but not a single mic! (Update 2th of july 2010: Well I guess this one is obsolete now;)
4) Why does it take so long to load the game?
It takes a long time to wait for the game to start up. Sometime up to a minute of just standing there. I bought a singing game, not a waiting game. I do alot of waiting in real life, I don't need to wait when I play!
5) There is a problem with feedback.
Every time I have finished singing I turn the tv on mute to keep what is left of my hearing. If I do not a high-pitched scream will come (you know how feedback sounds like?).'
6) Constant changing of discs!
Now, as you may have understood, I love to sing! No one likes to listen since my voice is very, very, very annoying (like feedback) so I own a lot of Lips games (all the international ones, but not Lips: Deustche Partyknaller or Lips: Canta en Español) since my Xbox doesn't discriminate my voice. For some reason (probably financial ones) I have to constantly change between disc when I sing song from different titles! THAT IS A REAL PAIN!
7) Sometimes I feel that the game is really uninspired
As a fan of Lips, if I were to have a discussion with a Singstar fan I would defend Lips honour to the best of my abilities. But if I were to be confronted with the differences between the two franchises I would probably just come up with "interactive remote mic that has lights" and "great choice of music". There should have been more extras! The last three editions of the game, apart from the songs, have been completely identical! No new party games, no new menus or other clever game designs, no new and exciting achievement challenges or in-game rankings. Just the same with new songs. That feels really uninspired.
I love to sing, I love to play, I love to sing and play so I like Lips. I don't own (nor plan to own) a PS3 so I can not buy Singstar so I have to accept the problems about Lips… BUT WHY DON'T YOU CARE?
This is the last title anyone bothered to write about on wikipedia. So sad:(


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There are quite a few nasty tricks you can play on others in WoW, whether they deserve it or not. I like to think I'm a nice person, but I've done my share of "run in, get the named quest mob before anyone else can, run out" -- sometimes it's an easy way to finish a quest, as everyone nearby will fall on the mob in hope it becomes theirs. On the other hand, the excuse "everyone else is doing it" doesn't hold much weight amongst grown adults.
What are your tales of cruelty and horror towards other WoW players? What's the worst trick you've fallen victim of?


text: Peugeot Just Add Fuel At Evans Halshaw we have some unbelievable offers on all brands. One of the biggest deals available is Peugeot's Just Add Fuel campaign. What so good about the Just Add Fuel offer? All the added costs of driving a car means keeping one on the road can be quite expensive. Therefore we decided to pay the extras for you when purchasing one of the new Peugeot models. When you drive away from our showroom, you will be equipped with 3 years; free insurance, free servicing, free road tax, free warranty and free roadside assistance. This is one of the ways in which we like to help our customers, so why not find your local Peugeot Dealership, and test drive of the the latest models. Models available on the Just Add Fuel offer Peugeot 108 | Peugeot 208 | Peugeot 308 | Peugeot 3008 | Peugeot 5008 | Peugeot 508 To find you more about the Peugeot Just Add Fuel campaign, please visit the offer page. Peugeot new car offers


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for questions related to a Check [spelled as Cheque in Asia and UK] as a bank instrument to withdraw money.
A check ( or cheque) is a document that orders a payment of money from a bank account.
Checks are common for large transactions where cash is not appropriate and credit is not sufficient.
Questions tagged with check should be about the laws, rules, regulations or safety of using a check for the payment method.


text:
A pickup truck struck and injured a juvenile pedestrian who was trying to cross Redbank Road in front of Goose Creek High School this afternoon.
A person was driving a Nissan pickup west on the road when the vehicle struck the youth around 2 p.m., according to the S.C Highway Patrol. The youth was at fault for not crossing the road at the crosswalk, Senior Trooper Bridget Wyant said.
The youth, whose identity and gender have not been released, was transported to Medical University Hospital for treatment, Wyant said.
Wyant said she did not know if the youth attends the school, which was not in session at the time.
The driver of the pickup truck was slowing for a traffic light when the youth entered the road from the right, Wyant said. The juvenile ran between cars stopped at the light and into the path of the pickup, she said.
The incident remains under investigation by the Highway Patrol.
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text:
Why You Should Visit Singapore's Little India Now
If you're going to Singapore, you shouldn't miss Little India. The flavors found in this neighborhood are the real deal, not watered down for Western palates. Here's our guide to the essential bites, from extra-crisp fermented rice crepes on the southern end to Gujarati home cooking on the northern side. More


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Saying he 'stormed out' implies some emotional or intellectual depth. This was frankly pathetic. How can he not know what he wants to do with his movies without the TelePrompter to tell him!?
Michael Bay storms out on Samsung at CES 2014!
No, Michael Bay wasn't upset about Samsung announcing a mindboggling array of overlapping tablets, or about how evident the problems with Transformers 3 were on the massive 150-inch curved television set. The famed director was incensed that his teleprompter failed, and not prepared to ad-lip in the least. Maybe if they'd used an iPad to feed him his lines, it would have worked?
It's the strangest moment at CES so far, and the show hasn't even started yet! You wouldn't expect such a huge director to get stage fright, it can happen to us all.
Update: An apology, courtesy of Michael Bay:
Wow! I just embarrassed myself at CES – I was about to speak for Samsung for this awesome Curved 105-inch UHD TV. I rarely lend my name to any products, but this one is just stellar. I got so excited to talk, that I skipped over the Exec VP's intro line and then the teleprompter got lost. Then the prompter went up and down – then I walked off. I guess live shows aren't my thing.
But I'm doing a special curved screen experience with Samsung and Transformers 4 footage that will be traveling around the world.
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Michael Bay storms out on Samsung at CES 2014!
The TelePrompTer must have been running android.
This is the problem with a lot of directors, like Michael Bay they're Aspy. They excel at work and fail during unprepared situations and shut down when caught completely of guard. I feel sorry for him, but Samsung should have prepared better with a more than just a single floor set. When the floor manager says "go out there and read" the organisers should prepare for a systems failure, also the presenter should be able to cut to pre-records to assist crew so they can get the TelePrompTer up again.
I wouldn't say he excels at work. Transformers was a butchering of my childhood that even Megan Fox couldn't make up for. Don't forget, this is also the idiot who wanted TMNT to be alien turtles and only backtracked when fans made an uproar.
Samsung should have prepared better for something like this and not embarrass one of its guests like this; but then again it might also be prudent for someone who is doing an event like this to at least know key points of what he wants to say and not rely 100% on the teleprompter, that just makes it look like a paid appearance then a true endorsement of a product.
A Low Information Voter, perhaps?
Don't worry Michael, Obama is pretty worthless without his teleprompter too!
Wow! I hope he is okay. He may have been going through something personally. I hope all is well!
Sent from the iMore App
He definitely meant what he was saying anyways if he needed a teleprompter to remember it.
Cut the guy some slack. Not everyone can roll with the punches of a live presentation. He even acknowledged that he screwed up. I'm not a huge fan of his movies, but making a movie is unbelievably tedious and detail oriented work. Directors are good at structure and planning, this is the opposite of that. Give him points for not cowering or berating anyone.
Sent from the iMore App
I suffer from extreme performance and social anxiety. This affliction has impacted my life since elementary school and has mostly gotten worse over the years. I would consider myself to be one of the more extreme cases as most of my working and day-to-day decisions are based on avoiding situations that would foster the anxiety, and I am no longer capable of speaking in front of more than 1 person without awful and embarrassing physical manifestations. It is truly debilitating and I have almost given up hope.
Is there anything you can do for me or point me in the right direction to find professional help? I need somebody who specializes in this problem for very severe cases.


text: After a long day of work, unwind in our inviting lobby space. Our hotel offers a variety of areas and seating configurations for reading, working, relaxing and dining. You can find a quiet corner to meet with friends over a glass of wine, or plug-in and work with free wireless high-speed Internet access.