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ST. MARYS – The Elk County Catholic Crusader varsity basketball squad ended their regular season with a 45-40 victory over the visiting Bradford Owls on Wednesday evening in a contest played at the Elk County Catholic High School gymnasium.
The Owls led for much of the contest, holding a 10-9 advantage at the end of the first quarter, a 23-16 lead at the half, and were on top 33-30 at the end of the third quarter. The Crusaders outscored Bradford 15-7 in the fourth quarter to claim the victory.
A Kane woman faces 84 felony charges linked with the alleged theft of funds from the Kane Day School at the Tabor Lutheran Church.
Ashley Nicole Wilson, 26, of 615 Maple St., Kane, allegedly took $13,377.31 in funds while serving as the treasurer of the pre-school program.
She has been arraigned before Kane District Judge Dave Engman, who set bail at $10,000 (unsecured).
Wilson is scheduled to appear today in Central Court at the courthouse in Smethport to either waive a preliminary hearing or request a hearing before Engman.
The Ridgway Area School District's Students of the Month were honored during Tuesday night's school board meeting.
First-grader Cheyla Coder was selected as the elementary school Student of the Month. Cheyla is the daughter of Darlene and Jason Coder. Her favorite subject is art because she gets to play with clay.
Her career plans are to become a teacher because she would like to "meet different kids and teach them the number families."
Cheyla said if she could do anything to change the world she would clean it up and have everyone help clean up the trash.
Kathleen V. Frank, 93, of Water Street, Johnsonburg, and recently of Kane, died Wednesday, Feb. 15, 2012 at the Lutheran Home of Kane following a short illness. She was born May 6, 1918 in Johnsonburg, daughter of the late John and Emma Amacher Lynch. On Jan. 28, 1936, she married Frederick C. Frank, who preceded her in death Aug. 3, 1991.
She lived all her life on Water Street, Johnsonburg, until the past several years in Kane.
Following Gov. Tom Corbett's budget proposal on Tuesday, Feb. 7, Ridgway Area School District Finance Manager Brent Rhoads expects the district to receive about a .5 percent increase in the first year.
"We have analyzed the budget that the governor [Tom Corbett] has proposed and as you all know there is not a whole lot of money in it for the school district," Rhoadssaid during Tuesday night's school board meeting. "At this point it looks like we may be on the positive side of about $30,000 which is a half-percent increase for us, but there is still some language that I'm looking at.
Now that Valentine's Day is over and everyone is admiring the engagement ring he surprised you with, it's time to think about how to protect that symbol of love so that it will last as long as the many happy years you will have together.
FOX TWP. – The Fox Twp. Volunteer Fire Department, Fox Twp. Ambulance and Medic 12 were dispatched at 7:12 a.m. on Monday, Feb. 13, 2012 to a report of a two-vehicle accident with a passenger vehicle under a van on the Million Dollar Highway.
Fox Twp. Deputy Chief Shields was first on the scene and had a second rescue from Crystal Fire Department in St. Marys dispatched to assist due to the severity of the accident.
JOHNSONBURG – The Johnsonburg Borough Council voted in favor of installing a security system around the borough building and property following a recommendation by the Public Works Committee during their regularly scheduled meeting Monday afternoon.
Borough Manager Mary Polaski presented a quote obtained from Chestnut Ridge Radio Communications during January's regular meeting for $3,185.
"We met with the committee and they recommended that if the monies were available that we should go with the system," said Johnsonburg Police Chief Bryan Parana.
WILCOX – Jones Township Supervisors voted to participate in a CEI grant at the meeting held Monday night.
Laurie Storrar, Supervisor/Secretary, reported a grant requiring a 50/50 match is available through the county for recreation purposes.
"We could finish the walking track with this grant," Storrar said. "Preliminary estimates of cost are approximately $50,000."
Storrar explained a stipulation to the grant is the township would have to put up 50 percent of the cost, which is $25,000.
ST. MARYS – "Be. yourself, Be.inspired, Be.eccss" is just one spin on the Elk County Catholic School System's recently launched marketing campaign.
"We want to really promote that we are regional and that we are the Diocesan school system. So when those parishes are thinking about Catholic education, they are thinking about us," said Mary Meyer, ECCSS director of development.
Within the upcoming days and months, residents may begin noticing an array of billboards, banners in school parking lots, newspaper ads and radio and television commercials promoting the school system.


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I was trying to describe this show to a friend, and realized I hardly remembered any of it! I think there was a brief bubbles/Nemo section, and some dance numbers, but that's it. I didn't think it was particularly good, nor did I think it was particularly bad. Just very meh, aside from the energy of the performers.
Anyone remember more, and/or recall the storyline? Pics or video to share? Was this the first show in the Hyperion theater? I do remember it was Anne Hamburger, but that's about it.

subset: commoncrawl


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Economics and Globalization News
2013 Tax Reform Proposal in Mexico: A New Chapter of a Never-Ending Reform Process - The Expert Take
Sep 23, 2013
In this Expert Take, Daniel Alvarez-Estrada considers Mexico's latest tax reform proposal. He discusses the country's historically weak tax system, analyzes the current proposal, and concludes that there are reasons to believe the Mexican tax system is on the verge of a major overhaul.
Global Europe Research Grant Competition
Sep 06, 2013
The Wilson Center's Global Europe program is offering research scholarships available to American citizens in the early stages of their academic careers (generally before tenure but after Ph.D.) or to scholars whose careers have been interrupted or delayed. The research grant supports work on policy relevant projects on East Europe. While Southeast Europe remains a primary focus, projects on Central Europe and the Baltic states are again eligible. Projects should focus on fields in the social sciences and humanities including, but not limited to: Anthropology, History, Political Science, Slavic Languages and Literatures, and Sociology. The deadline for the next grant cycle is: December 1, 2013.
Brazil Sees BRIC Limitations
Sep 05, 2013
While Brazil's interest in BRICS appears to be waning, looking ahead, the BRICS will remain a useful mirror that reflects back to Brazilian comparisons with China and India economic factors that drive productivity and competitiveness in an increasingly integrated world economy, writes Paulo Sotero.
Why Russia Needs the BRICS
Sep 05, 2013
Russia highly values its BRICS membership and wants to deepen its cooperation even as the economic dynamism behind the original concept has begun to run out of steam, writes William Pomeranz on CNN.com.
Common Ground for Obama and Putin Is Offshore
Sep 05, 2013
While low expectations surround the G20 meeting in St. Petersburg, there is one timely matter that resonates with Washington, Moscow, and the entire G20 — the continuing fight against offshore tax havens, writes William Pomeranz.
East Asia: Leaving Post-War Angst Behind
Aug 15, 2013
Irrational nationalism is driving an ever-deeper wedge between Japan, China, and South Korea. All three countries face considerable economic challenges which will be better tackled together, instead of picking at the old wounds from World War II, argues Northeast Asia associate Shihoko Goto in The Globalist.
Gallup: Tunisians Lose Confidence in Government
Aug 13, 2013
Tunisians' confidence in their Islamist-led government evaporated in the last year, dropping to 32 percent in May 2013 from 56 percent in March 2012.Citizens' trust in their government showed signs of major erosion in late 2012 and has not recovered.
Business as Usual? U.S.-Taiwan Relations Amid Changing Realities
Aug 07, 2013
U.S.-China relations continue to play a key role in defining power politics in the Asia-Pacific region. This difficult relationship also remains central to how other countries define and pursue their own national interests. On Aug. 6, public policy scholar Yeh-chung Lu argued that he U.S. policy of rebalancing toward the region is likely to continue to shape the Asia-Pacific security equation in the years to come, including Taiwan's security environment.
The Expanding Indo-Japanese Partnership
Aug 05, 2013
Asia Program Public Policy Scholar K. V. Kesavan discusses this year's Indo-Japan summit and the expanding Indo-Japanese Partnership.


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Feb. 23, 2011
BAKERSFIELD, Calif. - The Cal State Northridge women's basketball team (4-23) lost 71-46 to Cal State Bakersfield at the Icardo Center in its final non-conference game of the 2010-11 season. Jasmine Erving just missed a double-double with 15 points and nine rebounds, but turnovers and poor shooting haunted the Matadors in their loss to the Roadrunners.
Leading 13-9 midway through the first half, the host Roadrunners closed the opening frame on a 26-9 run to take a 35-22 lead into halftime. The second half proved not much better for CSUN, who could could not get any closer than 16 points the rest of the way.
CSUN finished with 24 turnovers for the game with every Matador who played except one committing at least one miscue. Coupled with a 28.1 field goal percentage (16-of-57) for the game and it made for a long night for Northridge.
Erving battled foul trouble to finish 6-of-14 from the field and grab four offensive boards in 17 minutes of action. The 15 points gives her 1,041 for her career and moves her past Jamie McCaa for eighth in school history.
Violet Alama had nine points and seven rebounds for CSUN. She added three assists, two blocked shots and a steal in 28 minutes of action. Analee Viena-Lota knocked down two 3-pointers and had three steals.
Senior Anna Simmons had a productive game off the bench for CSUN, finishing with a season-high six rebounds, three points, three assists and two steals in 27 minutes. Janet Alvarado had seven points and eight rebounds off the bench as well.
CSUN did finish with 46 rebounds, including 20 on the offensive glass, compared to 34 for CSUB. The Roadrunners shot 42.1 percent for the game (24-of-57) and were 10-of-22 (45.5 percent) from 3-point range.
Fortunately for CSUN, the game means little in the scope of the season. While the Matadors failed to win a non-conference game, they remain deep in the hunt for a berth in the Big West Tournament.
Northridge has three Big West games remaining, starting with its final road game of the league schedule, a Feb. 26 game at UC Santa Barbara. The Matadors and Gauchos are slated to tip things off at 2 p.m.
Next week, CSUN closes out its 2010-11 regular season with a pair of home games. On Mar. 3, Northridge entertains UC Davis at 7 p.m. The season finale will take place on Saturday, Mar. 5 at 4 p.m. when the Matadors face the Pacific Tigers. The team will honor its three seniors (Analee Viena-Lota, Anna Simmons, Janet Alvarado) before the game.


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Jersey Shore
Snooki's New Baby Lorenzo: First Look! (PHOTO)
From now on, baby Lorenzo Dominic LaValle should be the only one saying "Wahhh!" (But who are we kidding...)
Jersey Shore's Nicole "Snooki" Polizzi told People, "When I got pregnant, everything changed. The partying is long gone. I'm a new person."
Snooki and her fiancé Jionni LaValle welcomed little Lorenzo on August 26 — and now Snooki is on the cover of People, holding her baby and sharing "exclusive photos." (Love the Italian shoes!)
MTV also shared another cute exclusive pic of the whole family together.
Snooki already said she wanted to give her son a traditional name, not a "celebrity" name. Jionni happened to think of Lorenzo, he told People, and Snooki chose the middle name Dominic in memory of her uncle, who passed away. "I did it for my dad," she said.
Congrats to the new family!
Also, MTV is showing the first footage of the final season of Jersey Shore during the Season 6 launch special, "Gym, Tan, Lookback," premiering VMA Day, Thursday, September 6 (a.k.a. tomorrow) at 6 p.m. After that, at 7 p.m., members of the cast will gather live on the red carpet for the 2012 MTV VMAs Pre-Show to give their first interviews since the announcement of the farewell season.
Sources: People, MTV
Fall in Like with us! For the latest from Wetpaint Entertainment, Like us on our Facebook page at Facebook.com/Wetpaint, or follow us on Twitter at Twitter.com/WetpaintTV.


text:
Introducing Quakers
About Quakers
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Advices and queries - 3
Do you try to set aside times of quiet for openness to the Holy Spirit? All of us need to find a way into silence which allows us to deepen our awareness of the divine and to find the inward source of our strength. Seek to know an inward stillness, even amid the activities of daily life. Do you encourage in yourself and in others a habit of dependence on God's guidance for each day? Hold yourself and others in the Light, knowing that all are cherished by God.
- Introduction
- 1 - Take heed, dear Friends, to the promptings of love and truth in your hearts...
- 2 - Bring the whole of your life under the ordering of the spirit of Christ...
- 4 - The Religious Society of Friends is rooted in Christianity and has always found inspiration...
- 5 - Take time to learn about other people's experience of the Light...
- 6 - Do you work gladly with other religious groups in pursuit of common goals?...
- 7 - Be aware of the spirit of God at work in the ordinary activities...
- Advices 8 to 16
- Advices 17 to 30
- Advices 31 to 42
- History
- Duty of reading


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Science Academy honour for Maria Forsyth
Australian Laureate Fellow Prof Maria Forsyth has been elected to the Australian Academy of Science.
MRI provides key to unlock plastic crystal potential
Researchers at IFM have uncovered the reasons behind the variable conductivity of organic ionic plastic crystals.
Ion man receives Alfred Deakin Medal
Materials engineering researcher Anthony Somers has been awarded an Alfred Deakin Medal.
Electrolyte scientists dare to dream
The world's leading electrolyte scientists have converged in Geelong for ISPE-14.
Softening the impact
Cracking the cartilage riddle, Deakin scientists synthetically mimic the body's most complex lubrication system.
Dr Timothy Khoo
Strategy and Industry Engagement
+61 (3) 924 46795
Our ResearchThe aim of our research is to develop new materials and understanding to support the development and integration of new energy technologies with improved safety, efficiency and durability.
Our research groups have combined expertise in:
- Synthesis, development and optimisation of electrodes and electrolytes for metal / air, sodium and lithium batteries.
- Incorporation of nanostructures and new fibres for the development of high capacity electrodes.
- Advanced electrochemical characterisation techniques to understand the material and chemical properties of electrochemical devices, electroactive surfaces and interfaces.
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- Advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance expertise and facilities, including in-situ characterisation for electrochemical devices, solid-state and diffusion NMR.
We are currently focusing our expertise on projects in the following areas:
- The design and characterisation of new electromaterials with enhanced performance, safety and reduced costs for the development of new battery chemistries.
- Development of characterisation techniques to probe the fundamental chemical and electrochemical mechanisms in a variety of novel battery technologies.
- Understanding and control of reactive metal surface / electrolyte interactions of relevance to electrochemical devices and corrosion processes.
- Fundamental understanding of ionic structure and transport mechanisms in ion transport materials using advanced modelling and characterisation techniques.
- The development of redox active electrolytes and electrocatalytic electrodes for thermal energy harvesting.
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Welcome to Moon Climbing
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Showing 17 to 24 of 778 posts
I recently watched a few buddies having good time on the Moon Board and it was great to see them getting so hooked by this small piece of wood, despite everything else our gym has to offer.
It reminded me of period almost two decades ago when the system boards were smaller than the standard Moon Board. At the time it was our only indoor training tool. There were a bunch of them at different locations in Split and we trained on them like crazy.
Most of the time I spent at Joke Purko's place whose board was super fingery and with the best collection of home made wooden holds. I remember a hard 30-40 move problem we climbed standing on the same footholds because the board was so small that we could reach nearly all the holds without moving our feet.
At the Zlodre board we were wild and loud. This board was definitely more sophisticated. It had the option to change the angle of the overhang and it was the first board in Split with a few modern Lapis holds bought in Slovenia.
&Read More...
Some old timer recently came first in the Sheffield FIBO bouldering completion. Here's a short film that the host The Foundry Climbing Centre produced after the event. We hope you enjoy.
F-BO15 - Foundry Bouldering Open 2015 from The Foundry Climbing Centre on Vimeo.
North East climber and photographer Mark Savage recently sent me a photo of the damage done to the classic Bowden problem Vienna. The damage is obviously due to its popularity and Vienna is certainly not unique in this respect. There will be classic problems all over the country which are sadly changing for the worst.
One of the causes of this damage is from excessive brushing to remove excess chalk so as to improve the grip between fingers and rock. We all do it and it's almost become a ritual, part of the mental process of preparing for a hard send. However it's worth questioning how effective this process is, is it worth the damage it causes and are there better alternatives for improving the friction and therefore your chances of success?
I have done plenty of brushing in my time and my company even sells brushes but in most cases I don't actually believe it does help to improve the friction. The only cases where it might help are where the hold obviously hasn't beeRead More...
[caption id="attachment_17443" align="aligncenter" width="980"] Insantiy of Grandeur, 8C - Chironico. Pic by angelawagner.ch[/caption]
Already back in 2004 I was sitting underneath this big boulder in the 101-area at Chironico. I wanted to try the newly established problems "Einfisch" and "Delusion" but unintendedly tried them from a lower (and much harder) start. I could not do one move from that lower start but also was unable to climb more then a few moves from the existing problems. But from the very moment I was hooked up by the features and the lines on that impressive boulder, it looked just too good not to be climbed.
[caption id="attachment_17447" align="aligncenter" width="980"]Read More...
Now that the School Room is back in business and we have a sexy new Moon Board to train on we thought it was time to make a short film explaining the concept and benefits of training on a Moon Board. We hope you find this film helpful and motivating.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mgl1hNgXr1oRead More...
Last few months my climbing was mixture of everything. I was not focused on any particular project or strict training plan because I felt tired of the intense rhythm I held for months. This time I decided to follow my instinct and keep things as simple as possible - even if it meant climbing just once or twice per week.
Guest blog by Chad Jensen - Alaska USA!
Dear all its a pleasure for us to introduce Chad Jensen an keen climber a brilliant inventor from Alaska - USA. Chad has invented a brilliant system to show problems on the MOON Board. Below you will find Chad's guest blog and a link to the Video showing his super cool innovation. Thanks a bunch for sharing this with us Chad we are delighted!
MOON Climbing
These last few years, I learned that I really need to add more bouldering into my training routine to be powerful enough to climb at the level I desire. The best bouldering system I've found that allows me to incorporate this training is the Moonboard. I love how many problems there are and the level of difficulty of the problems (although it was frustrating at first!). There is no cheating your training session on this board. The only problem I ran into is the taRead More...
It's hard to summarize the last few months. I have been super busy. School is getting harder and my love to climbing is getting bigger (this doesn't go hand in hand...)
I guess I have to start this blog with one of the biggest happenings 2014: The junior world championships. First of all I came 3:rd, which really surprised me. The competition took place in New Caledonia, a Island next to Australia. I had never been that far away from home, and probably I will never be it again.
One week later I won the Nordic championships in bouldering. A month later, and the same weekend, the Swedish championships in lead and a fun competition at my local climbing gym called "gymfedjen" togheter with my awesome team (it was a battle between all the climbing gyms in stockholm). Two weeks after the Nordic championships in lead, and one week after that I won the jRead More...
Return to forgotten style
Upon us all a little rain must fall
Summer is here...
First time in Font
Rainshadow Film


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Who Says Leather Pants Aren't For Spring?
Brighten Up Your Black Outfit With Colourful Shoes
Katie Price Launches KP Rocks Jewellery Collection
Katie Price Returns to the Dark Side — Do You Prefer Her Brunette or Blonde?
Do You Prefer Katie Price With Makeup and Extensions or Natural?
Katie Price's Union Jack Lip Art — Love It or Leave It?
Has This British Beauty Ever Been a Pageant Queen?
Do You Wear Heels When You Fly?
Trendspotting: Brown Boots With Black Leggings
How Do You Create Volume In Your Hair?
Katie Price Joins Fellow Stars to Celebrate the Oscars With BritWeek
British Stars Kelly, Florence, and Katie Join Up For Elton John's Oscars Party


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Post-it® Notes with Hashtag Pattern, 2 in x 2 in, 4 colors, 4 Pads/Pack
Catalog Number: 622-4HCMA UPC: 00051141380049
Post-it® Notes in 2 in x 2 in size let you leave messages and reminders on paperwork and other items. Bright color notes make sure your message gets through. Pack includes Aqua Wave, Butternut, Chartreuse and Desert Sun colors. All notes have a hashtag pattern to bring style to your reminders. Use to color code reminders by family member, day of the week, or task. 4 Pads/Pack, 50 sheets/pad.
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(Memphis) Controversy over the Ku Klux Klan rally this past weekend isn't dying down.
Now one Shelby County commissioner is comparing her colleagues to Klansmen.
"I do not appreciate being recognized in that manner from anyone," said Shelby County Commissioner Henri Brooks in response to the way a fellow commission called on her.
She felt the tone of how were voice was said was inappropriate.
A clearly frustrated and fed up Brooks stopped fellow commissioners talking about residency requirements and caught everyone off guard.
"When you make those disrespectful remarks towards me it makes you look like those people the Memphis Police Department had to put on a bus and bring on Court Street so they could sound off," said Brooks.
Chairman Mike Ritz wouldn't talk about Brooks' outburst, but is concerned about how commissioners are treating each other.
"At the end of the day it didn't make any difference what is said it makes all thirteen of us look bad and frankly if the public doesn't have confidence in the county commission we have problems," said Ritz.
While talking about residency requirements other commissioners thought Commissioner Terry Roland was bullying them by saying approve his ideas or he's taking them to Nashville.
Commissioner James Harvey doesn`t like being made to feel pushed around, "Nobody runs anybody. Make your case and close your mouth and you may find yourself in a better position."
Ritz says the drama among commissioners could be fueled by the upcoming political season, "If they can use the county commission as a stump and lie as they will then I will try to keep that down."


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In a communications-networking autonomous system consisting of an OSPF domain, autonomous-system border routers (I-ASBR and E-ASBR) cause exchange of hierarchical forwarding labels whose hierarchies are based on OSPF areas. A border router transmits into the domain an OSPF LSA Update message containing an AS-External LSA whose External Route Tag field other routers interpret as specifying a label to be used for forwarding. When that LSA is flooded into the OSPF domain, area border routers respond by flooding new LSAs created from the received one by replacing the label contained in the External Route Tag field with labels that specify their forwarding tables' locations containing information for forwarding to the originating autonomous system border router. In so doing, they enable packets destined for an extra-domain location to be forwarded through the autonomous system without requiring non-border routers to allocate labels to the exterior location or to border routers outside their areas. This enables a networking backbone to conserve its label space even though it carries a large variety of external traffic.
1. An OSPF domain configured as a plurality of OSPF areas and comprising a plurality of OSPF-speaking label-switching routers, including at least one area border router and one autonomous-system border router, that maintain forwarding information bases containing forwarding entries, identified by respective forwarding labels, that contain information that the label-switching routers use for forwarding packets toward respective destinations, at least some of the label-switching routers responding to reception of an AS-External LSA by interpreting part of the AS-External LSA's External Route Tag field as indicating whether the External Route Tag field contains a forwarding label and, if so, interpreting part of the External Route Tag field as a forwarding label and installing that forwarding label as a replacement label in any forwarding entry based on that LSA for the destination that the AS-External LSA's Link-State ID field specifies.
2. An OSPF domain as defined in
3. An OSPF domain as defined in
4. An OSPF domain as defined in
5. An OSPF domain as defined in
6. An OSPF domain as defined in
7. An OSPF domain as defined in
8. An OSPF domain as defined in
9. An OSPF domain configured to provide a plurality of OSPF areas, including at least first and second OSPF areas, the OSPF domain including:
A) a first autonomous-system border router, located in the first OSPF area, that transmits requests for use of a first label on packets to be forwarded by it to a given external destination outside that OSPF domain;
B) an area border router, located in the second OSPF area, that transmits requests for use of a second label on packets to be forwarded by it to the first autonomous-system border router;
C) a transit router, located in the second OSPF area, that transmits requests for use of a third label on packets to be forwarded by it to the area border router; and
D) a second border router that receives the requests from the transit, area border, and autonomous-system border routers and responds to at least some data packets from an external source outside the OSPF domain and destined for the given external destination by forwarding those data packets into the OSPF domain with a forwarding-label stack that includes the first, second, and third labels.
10. An OSPF domain as defined in
11. An OSPF domain as defined in
12. An OSPF domain as defined in
13. An OSPF domain as defined in
14. An OSPF domain as defined in
15. An OSPF-speaking label-switching router comprising:
A) a forwarding information base containing forwarding entries, identified by respective forwarding labels, that contain information that the router uses for forwarding packets toward respective destinations;
B) an interface for receiving AS-External LSAs; and
C) circuitry for responding to reception of an AS-External LSA by interpreting part of the AS-External LSA's External Route Tag field as indicating whether the External Route Tag field contains a forwarding label and, if so, interpreting part of the External Route Tag field as a forwarding label and installing that forwarding label as a replacement label in any forwarding entry based on that LSA for the destination that the AS-External LSA's Link-State ID field specifies.
16. A router as defined in
17. A router as defined in
18. A router as defined in
19. A router as defined in
20. A router as defined in
21. A storage medium containing instructions readable by a processor to configure the processor to function as an OSPF-speaking label-switching router that includes:
A) a forwarding information base containing forwarding entries, identified by respective forwarding labels, that contain information that the router uses for forwarding packets toward respective destinations;
B) an interface for receiving AS-External LSAs; and
C) circuitry for responding to reception of an AS-External LSA by interpreting part of the AS-External LSA's External Route Tag field as indicating whether the External Route Tag field contains a forwarding label and, if so, interpreting part of the External Route Tag field as a forwarding label and installing that forwarding label as a replacement label in any forwarding entry based on that LSA for the destination that the AS-External LSA's Link-State ID field specifies.
22. A storage medium as defined in
23. A storage medium as defined in
24. A storage medium as defined in
25. A storage medium as defined in
26. A storage medium as defined in
27. For communicating in an OSPF domain configured to provide a plurality of OSPF areas, including at least first and second OSPF areas, a method comprising:
A) from a first autonomous-system border router, located in the first OSPF area, transmiting requests for use of a first label on packets to be forwarded by the first autonomous-system border router to a given external destination outside the OSPF domain;
B) from an area border router, located in the second OSPF area, transmitting requests for use of a second label on packets to be forwarded by the area border router to the first autonomous-system border router;
C) from a transit router, located in the second OSPF area, transmitting requests for use of a third label on packets to be forwarded by it to the area border router; and
D) from a second border router, receiving the requests from the transit, area border, and autonomous-system border routers and responding to at least some data packets from an external source outside the OSPF domain and destined for the given external destination by forwarding those data packets into the OSPF domain with a forwarding-label stack that includes the first, second, and third labels.
28. A method as defined in
29. A method as defined in
30. A method as defined in
31. A method as defined in
A) maintaining at the area border router a forwarding information base containing forwarding entries, identified by respective forwarding labels, that contain information that the area border router uses for forwarding packets toward respective destinations;
B) responding to reception of an AS-External LSA by interpreting part of the AS-External LSA's External Route Tag field as indicating whether the External Route Tag field contains a forwarding label; and
C) if so, interpreting part of the External Route Tag field as a forwarding label and installing that forwarding label as a replacement label in any forwarding entry based on that LSA for the destination that the AS-External LSA's Link-State ID field specifies.
32. A method as defined in
The present invention is directed to communications networking and in particular to networks that employ label switching.
Internetwork communications are based on operations of routers, which are network devices that determine, on the basis of destination information in packets that they receive, where to forward the packets so that they are likely to reach the intended destinations.
Router configurations vary widely, but FIG. 1 depicts a typical approach. Router 10 includes a plurality of communications interfaces 12, 14, and 16, which send and receive communications packets to and from remote locations. When one of the interface modules receives an incoming packet, it places header information from that packet onto an internal communications bus 18 by which it communicates with a forwarding engine 20, typically a high-performance processor configured by instructions in associated storage circuitry, that determines where the packet should be sent. Once the decision has been made, an output packet is formed from the input packet by packet-assembly circuitry that may reside in one or more of the interface modules and the forwarding engine, and the forwarding engine operates another interface to cause it to send the output packet to a further remote location.
FIG. 2 depicts the router 10 in a local-network environment in which it communicates through one of its interfaces to such remote locations by way of a local-areanetwork bus 22. In a link of that nature, there are typically a number of network devices, such as network devices 24, 26, 28, and 30, that receive the resultant packet-bearing signals, but the packet is not usually intended for all of them. Different systems employ different packet formats to enable their various network devices to distinguish the packets they should read from the ones they should not, but the Ethernet packet format of FIG. 3 is typical.
In that drawing, each packet begins with a link-layer header 32. The link-layer header includes, among other fields, a field that contains a link-layer destination address. If the destination address does not match the address of a network-device interface that receives the packet, that network device ignores the packet.
For present purposes, we will assume that router 10 intends the packet to be received by a further router 30, so the link-layer header's destination-address field will contain the link-layer address of router 30's interface with network link 22. That interface accordingly reads the remainder of the packet, verifying that the contents of a cyclicredundancy-code trailer 34 are consistent with the remainder of the packet. It then proceeds to process the link-layer packet's payload 36 in accordance with a protocol that the link-layer header's type field specifies.
In the present case, the type field specifies that the link-layer packet's payload is an Internet Protocol ("IP") datagram, which is a network-layer protocol data unit. The purpose of the router's IP process is to determine how to forward the datagram to its ultimate (internetwork-host) destination. To make this determination, the IP process inspects the IP datagram's header 38, and in particular its IP destination-address field. That field's contents identify the host system to which the datagram's contents are to be directed, and router 30 uses this address to determine through which of its interfaces to forward the packet on to that host system.
The router makes this determination by using a forwarding table, into which it has distilled information about internetwork topology that it has typically obtained by communications with other routers. Routers inform other routers of the host systems to which they can forward communications packets, and they employ such information obtained from other routers to populate their forwarding tables.
Now, the IP address is 32 bits long in most versions and even longer in versions that will soon be adopted, so the IP address could theoretically distinguish among over four billion host systems. Actually, the number of host systems that have globally unique IP addresses is much smaller that this, but the number still is much greater than it is practical for an individual router to have route entries for in its forwarding table.
The solution to this problem historically has been to base the table look-up on destination-address prefixes. That is, some routers will simply indicate that they can handle traffic to all hosts whose destination addresses begin with a particular, say, 16-bit sequence, or "prefix." Additionally, a router may compact its information so as to store routes in this form. Prefixes vary in length, the longest being the most specific and thus presumably representing the best routes to the included host addresses. So when a router receives an IP datagram, it searches through the prefix entries in the forwarding table to find the longest prefix that matches the incoming packet's destination address. When it finds that route in its forwarding table, it reads that route's fields that specify the interface over which it should forward the packet and the link-layer address of the router to which the interface should send the packet for further forwarding.
Although this approach has proved quite serviceable and robust, it has exhibited shortcomings that have led some workers to propose a table-index-based forwarding approach for high-speed networks such as those of some Internet-service providers ("ISPs") . Specifically, routers would inform their neighbor routers of the locations within their tables at which the routes to particular prefixes are located. When their neighbors send them packets destined for those prefixes, those neighbors insert a "shim" between the link-layer header (such as an Ethernet header) and the network-layer header (typically, an IP header). This shim's contents include a label (also referred to as a "tag") that is an index to the desired route in the receiving router's forwarding table.
One of this approach's advantages is that it relieves the receiving router of the need to perform an expensive longest-match search: the label points the receiving router directly to the correct forwarding-table entry. Commonly assigned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/997,343, filed on Dec. 23, 1997 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,339,995, by Rekhter et al. for Peer-Model Support for Virtual Private Networks with Potentially Overlapping Addresses, describes in detail one proposal, known as Multiple-Protocol Label Switching ("MPLS"), for employing such shims. That application also includes an exemplary protocol, referred to as the Tag Distribution Protocol ("TDP") by which routers inform their neighbors of the labels that they associate with their forwarding-table entries. I hereby incorporate that application in its entirety by reference.
FIG. 4 depicts the resultant packet format. The link-layer header has the same format as in FIG. 3, but its type field identifies the link-layer payload as beginning not with an IP header but rather with an MPLS header, or "shim" between the link-layer header and the network-layer header. FIG. 4 illustrates the MPLS header's format. The MPLS header is organized as a stack of entries, and FIG. 4 gives an example in which there are two entries 40 and 42. In addition to other information, each entry includes a label, which is an index into the forwarding table of the label-switching router that receives it. When a router receives such a packet, it consults the forwarding-table entry that the label specifies and replaces that label with a replacement label that the specified forwarding-table entry contains. That replacement label is typically one that the next router on the path to the requested destination has asked to be included in packets sent to it and intended for the destination with which the forwarding table is associated. For reasons that will become apparent below, the MPLS header may contain more than one label, and the end-of-stack ("S") bit in a stack entry indicates whether it is the bottom entry in the stack. That bit is not set in FIG. 4's entry 40, so that the stack entry is not the bottom one, but it is set in entry 42, which therefore is the bottom stack entry.
Although the formats described in FIGS. 3 and 4 are typical formats for packets exchanged between label-switching routers, they are not the only formats that such routers employ. Routers that communicate with each other over a point-to-point link, i.e., not by way of a shared medium, typically would employ a link-level protocol different from the Ethernet protocol just described, and the formats employed on some "Ethernet" links are actually somewhat more complicated than the format depicted here. In addition, packet forwarding often occurs by way of Asynchronous Transfer Mode ("ATM") links.
In the case of label-switching routers implemented in ATM switches, the IP datagrams are encapsulated in ATM frames. FIG. 5's third row depicts an ATM frame, and its fourth and fifth rows show that the frame's payload is similar to the IP datagram and shim header that FIG. 4's Ethernet header and trailer encapsulate. The only difference is that FIG. 5's fifth row represents the top label by question marks, which indicate that the top label's contents do not matter.
The reason why they do not is that the routing decisions based on those contents when the label-switching router is implemented as a conventional IP router are instead based on an ATM VPI/VCI field in the header of an ATM "cell" when the label-switching router is implemented as an ATM switch. From the point of view of an ATM client, the frame of FIG. 5's third row is the basic unit of transmission, and it can vary in length to as much as 64 Kbytes of payload. (Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are also other possible ATM frame formats, but FIG. 5's third row depicts one, known as "AAL5," that would typically be employed for user data.) From the ATM switch's point of view, though, the basic transmission units are fixed-size cells into which the frames are divided.
Each cell consists of a header and a payload, as FIG. 5's second row illustrates. Among the purposes of the header's PTI field, depicted in FIG. 5's first row, is to indicate whether the cell is the last one in a frame. If it is, its last eight bytes form the frame trailer field that FIG. 5's third row depicts. Among other things, the trailer indicates how much of the preceding cell contents are actual payload, as opposed to padding used to complete a fixed-size cell.
The header field of interest to the present discussion is the VPI/VCI field of FIG. 5's first row. As is well known to those skilled in the art, ATM systems organize their routes into "virtual channels," which may from time to time be grouped into "virtual paths." Each switch associates a local virtual path/virtual channel indicator (VPI/VCI) with a channel or path that runs through it. When an ATM switch receives a cell, it consults the cell's VPI/VCI field to identify by table lookup the interface through which to forward the cell. It also replaces that field's contents with a value indicated by the table as being the next switch's code for that path or channel, and it sends the resultant cell to the next switch. In other words, the function performed by the VPI/VCI field enables it to serve as the stack's top label. This is why a label-switching router implemented as an ATM switch can ignore the top label field, on which other implementations rely.
It is desirable to use ATM switches in high-volume, "backbone" routers: their fixed cell sizes and use of virtual-channel indicators make it possible for them to operate very rapidly, as is desirable in high-bandwidth backbone networks. Because of the hardware ordinarily employed to implement them, though, ATM switches are subject to one particular drawback, and that is the size of the potential VCI space: the number of VCIs that a given ATM switch can have committed at any one time is relatively small. When a first ATM switch is to forward to a second ATM switch a packet intended for a new destination, the first switch asks the second switch to allocate a VCI for use by that first switch in sending the second switch any packets intended for that destination. Consequently, if the switch is interconnected with many other switches, all of which need its services to forward packets to many different destinations, the switch may be called on to allocate a number of VCIs that exceeds its capacity. Even in systems that do not employ ATM switches to implement label-switching routers, the memory capacity required for a large number of forwarding-information-base entries can be costly.
Proposals have been made to limit forwarding-table size by employing multi-level labeling. This is a type of tunneling, in which the packet being forwarded includes one or more labels representing intermediate destinations, typically in addition to a "bottom" label representing the ultimate destination. To forward such packets, switches along the route to the intermediate destination need not have allocated labels to the ultimate destination. The Rekhter et al. application described above sets forth an example by which, say, a service provider's edge router—i.e., a router with a link to one of the service provider's customers—attaches a top label requesting the route to another edge router as well as a bottom label representing the destination in the customer's network.
I have recognized that a further reduction in required label space can be achieved by taking advantage of the area concept employed by Open Shortest Path First ("OSPF"), a protocol popularly employed by routers within an autonomous system to exchange the topological information on which they base their routing decisions. Routers in a commonly administered group of networks conventionally employ OSPF to maintain a consistent view of the topology within that group of routers, which we will refer to as a "routing domain." Although the general intention of OSPF is for all of its routers to maintain a common map of the networks within the routing domain, routers in many existing OSPF domains are sometimes configured to divide the domain into "areas" between which there are topological-information differences. Specifically, certain routers have links to more than one area and are configured to consider themselves "area border routers." Such routers export only a summary of one area's detailed topological information into another area, and this reduces the amount of topological information the various areas must maintain in order to perform their routing functions adequately.
I have recognized that it is possible to use this existing area division as basis for hierarchical labeling. I have further recognized that it is possible to achieve such labeling in a way that is compatible with the normal OSPF protocol and in fact makes use of it. Specifically, I employ the "External Route Tag" field of the OSPF's AS-External LSA to carry labels that the label-switching routers employ, and I have area border routers respond to such messages by filtering them in such a manner as to "tunnel" across OSPF areas.
The invention description below refers to the accompanying drawings, of which:
FIG. 1, described above, is a block diagram of a router;
FIG. 2, described above, is a block diagram of a local-area network to which the router may be attached;
FIG. 3, described above, is a format diagram of an Ethernet frame containing an IP datagram as a payload;
FIG. 4, described above, is a format diagram of an Ethernet frame in which an MPLS "shim" is disposed between the Ethernet header and the IP header;
FIG. 5, described above, is a format diagram of an ATM frame containing an MPLS header and IP datagram;
FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating packet forwarding in accordance with the present invention's teachings;
FIG. 7 is a format diagram of an OSPF LSA-Update message employed in accordance with the present invention's teachings;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating LSA propagation in accordance with the present invention's teachings; and
FIG. 9 is a flow chart that illustrates part of the LSA-forwarding-decision process that an area border router performs in accordance with the present invention's teachings.
To understand how the present invention reduces routers' required topological informational storage, consider the data-packet-forwarding scenario that FIG. 6 illustrates. FIG. 6 depicts transmission of a packet from a source router S to a destination node D. The forwarding path passes through a routing domain 44 to which neither S nor D belongs. That is, routers within routing domain 44 maintain a consistent view of that domain's internal topology by exchanging OSPF messages with each other, but they send no OSPF messages outside the domain. This may be because the domain 44 is the property of, say, an ISP, whereas nodes S and D are owned by that ISP's customers. (As those skilled in the art will recognize, routers' within domain 44 will typically use, say, the Border Gateway Protocol ("BGP") to send router S some type of routing information. But the information it thereby receives about the domain's internal topology depends on that domain's policy and is normally extremely limited.)
When router S needs to send a packet to router D, it generates an IP packet that FIG. 6 represents in abbreviated form as including its IP payload and the destination IP address D. The first of domain 44's routers' to receive the packet will be referred to as "I-ASBR," for Ingress Autonomous System Border Router. In the terminology of exterior routing protocols, i.e., those such as BGP that are used to exchange information between domains that are not commonly administered, a domain such as domain 44 is referred to as an "autonomous system," and I-ASBR is an autonomous-system border router because it communicates with nodes outside the autonomous system.
As FIG. 6 indicates, I-ASBR receives a normal IP packet from external router S; the drawing represents that packet by its IP payload and the "D" value in its IP header's destination-address field. Receiving such a non-labeled packet, I-ASBR searches its forwarding table for the entry having the longest-prefix match. Let us say that the longest-matching prefix is prefix P. Now, there are a number of ways in which I-ASBR could have obtained information placed in that entry about how to route a packet to P-prefixed destinations. For the sake of example, we will assume that I-ASBR has received this information in a BGP message sent to it by another autonomous-system border router, E-ASBR. As stated above, BGP is an exterior routing protocol: autonomous-system border routers use it to communicate forwarding information to other autonomous-system border routers. Additionally, border routers in a common autonomous system use that protocol to exchange among themselves topological information concerning exterior routes so that they can provide a consistent appearance to exterior routers. One such BGP message would have been a message from E-ASBR to I-ASBR telling I-ASBR that E-ASBR can forward packets to exterior P-prefixed destinations (including D) and that packets sent through E-ASBR should be labeled with label T3 so as to enable E-ASBR to locate its entry for those destinations in a rapid manner. The Rekhter et al. application mentioned above describes a way of using BGP for this purpose.
In creating its forwarding-table entry for destination D's network P, though, I-ASBR additionally entered other labels in the label stack to be placed on packets forwarded in accordance with that entry. As is conventional, it would typically have included as the label stack's top label a label that its immediate downstream neighbor, TR1A, has requested to be used for certain packets sent to it.
In accordance with the present invention, though, that top label specifies TR1A's forwarding-table location of the entry, not for forwarding to the egress autonomous-system border router E-ASBR, but rather for forwarding to router ABR1, which is a border router in I-ASBR's OSPF area, Area 1. Also in accordance with the present invention, an OSPF message to I-ASBR contained the information that it needed to set up its forwarding-table entry in this manner. As will now be explained, that OSPF message was ultimately caused by one that E-ASBR sent to its upstream neighbor TR2.
FIG. 7 depicts the OSPF message format that was used for this purpose. That A drawing's second row depicts the conventional header/body organization of an OSPF message. Such a message is the payload of an IP datagram: the IP datagram's protocol field contains the code that identifies the payload as an OSPF message. The drawing's top row depicts selected header fields. Of these, the type field indicates which of the several standard OSPF-message formats the message assumes. In this case, the type is "LSA Update," whose purpose is to transmit one or more link-state advertisements ("LSAs") from one router to a (typically) neighbor router. An LSA is the unit of topological information that routers exchange under OSPF. The router that is sending the LSA update is specified in the header's router ID field.
When the OSPF message is of the LSA Update type, the message's body assumes the format that FIG. 7's third row depicts. The body's first field indicates how many LSAs the update message contains, and the remainder of the body contains those LSAs. Different LSAs have different formats, the particular format assumed by an LSA being indicated by its LSA-type field depicted in FIG. 7's fourth row. The particular LSA format of interest here is identified in the Internet community's Request for Comments No. 2178 ("RFC 2178") as an "AS-External LSA." This is the type of LSA that a router ordinarily employs to transmit information regarding external destinations, i.e., destinations outside the OSPF domain. In accordance with the present invention, though, that type of LSA is employed to install hierarchical labels along routes to E-ASBR, as will now be explained.
E-ASBR sends other routers in its area, including router TR2, an LSA of the type just described. The Link State ID field of FIG. 7's fourth row, which is used in an LSA to specify the router or other topological item about which the LSA reports, contains an address of E-ASBR, while the Network Mask field contains all ones to indicate that the Link State ID field contains a complete IP address rather than an IP address prefix.
The LSA's Advertising Router field identifies the router that initiated the LSA, in this case E-ASBR. (As will be seen, routers that receive the message containing the LSA store some of its contents and then relay the information to other routers . In doing so, they preserve the contents of the Advertising Router field but substitute their own IDs in the Router ID field.) An AS-External LSA is conventionally an indication that the advertising router has become aware of an external destination. To indicate that the advertising router can relay data packets to that external destination, it places the address 0.0.0.0 in the Forwarding Address field; otherwise, that field receives the address of another router, through which access to the external location can be had. Although E-ASBR is here using the AS-External LSA for a purpose other than to report an external destination's location, it still places the default route 0.0.0.0 in its Forwarding Address field, for a reason that will manifest itself presently.
From the point of view of E-ASBR, the purpose of this LSA is to tell upstream (in the FIG. 6 sense) neighbor routers that, as will be illustrated below, they should "pop" the label stack of a packet whose top label represents the upstream neighbor's forwarding-table entry for E-ASBR. To signal its intention that the LSA be interpreted as conveying such label information, E-ASBR does two things. First, it places a zero in the first bit of the LSA's External Route Tag field. When that bit is set, existing OSPF speakers interpret the remainder of that field in accordance with RFC 1403, which describes a way to input into the OSPF domain a route that an autonomous-system border router has learned by way of BGP. By keeping this bit zero, E-ASBR is preventing routers from interpreting the field in that manner. Second, it places an MPLS label in the External Route Tag field. The particular format by which this invention's teachings are implemented to accomplish this is not critical, but FIG. 7's fifth and sixth rows depict a format that can be employed for this purpose. As a practical matter, there should also be some bits allocated to specifying that the format is indeed of the MPLS-label-carrying variety; this permits other interpretations also to be given to this field when its first bit is zero. In the illustrated example, the Format field, which may be, say, seven bits in length, serves this purpose. That is, it contains a predetermined label container-indicating value, which indicates that the remainder of the external Route Tag field is of the MPLS-label-carrying type. This means that it includes an MPLS-label field, as FIG. 7's fifth row illustrates. That field, which may be, say, twenty bits in length, contains the label whose advertisement is this particular LSA's purpose.
In the case of the LSA generated by E-ASBR, that field contains the value that in MPLS terminology is referred to as an explicit NULL. In MPLS labeling a NULL label can be interpreted to mean either to remove the top label or not to add additional labels when labeled packets are forwarded to the destination indicated. So the effect of that LSA from E-ASBR is that TR2 and ABR2 should not add an additional label based on that LSA.
In a sense this LSA is usually superfluous, because, as will be explained below, Area 2 routers will not ordinarily refer to it in generating their forwarding tables. But placing it in an OSPF LSA Update message triggers the OSPF flooding behavior that we now consider.
When transit router TR2 receives this AS-External LSA, it stores it for possible use in constructing or updating its forwarding table, and, in accordance with normal OSPF flooding practice, it sends a corresponding LSA in an LSA Update message to ABR2. As FIG. 8 indicates, the LSA that it sends to ABR2 is essentially the same as the one it received from E-ASBR.
In accordance with the present invention, the way in which ABR2 deals with this LSA differs from the way in which TR2 does, because ABR2 is configured as an area border router.
When an OSPF-speaking router receives an LSA from a neighbor router, it determines whether it already has an equally or more current version of that LSA. (OSPF provides sequence numbers by which OSPF speakers can determine which version is later.) If not, the router installs that LSA in a topological-information base from which it calculates its forwarding table. If the router is an area border router of the type that the illustrated embodiment employs, it additionally originates a filtered version of that LSA, as will be described presently. Moreover, the ABR also participates in a "flooding" procedure by sending the received or newly originated LSA to other neighbor routers.
When, as is the case in the scenario that FIG. 8 illustrates, the received or newly generated LSA is an AS-External LSA in which the External Route Tag field's first bit is zero and its Format part identifies it as containing an MPLS label, an area border router such as ABR2 that implements the present invention's teachings executes the FIG. 9 routine to determine whether to send the LSA to a given neighbor router as part of the flooding procedure. In the case of the LSA that ABR2 receives from TR2, the result of the decision represented by block 50 is negative: it was E-ASBR, not ABR2, that originated that LSA. So the routine proceeds to that drawing's block 52, which represents determining whether the LSA originated in the area into which ABR2 is deciding whether to send it. Although FIG. 8 shows no ABR2 neighbor in Area 2 other than TR2, from which ABR2 received that LSA, there could be others, and ABR2 would send the received LSA to them, as block 54 indicates.
When ABR2 is determining whether to send the received LSA to TR0 in Area 0, though, the result of block 52's decision is negative. For that situation, the FIG. 9 chart is based on an assumption concerning the Control Flags field that FIG. 7's sixth row depicts. The illustrated embodiment allocates four bits of the External Route Tag this field to control flags. This is somewhat arbitrary, since three of them are left for further enhancements. That is, those bits are ignored in the absence of such enhancements. In accordance with convention, their value should be zero in messages from a router in which such enhancements are not implemented.
In the illustrated embodiment, though, the first of the control flags is a Filter at ABR flag, and in the illustrated scenario that flag is set. Routers, such as TR2, that are not area border routers ignore that flag. But when an area border router implementing the illustrated embodiment of the present invention's teachings receives an AS-External LSA in which the first bit and Format part of the External Route Tag field indicate that the LSA is of the MPLS-label-containing variety, it consults that flag.
The above-mentioned assumption on which FIG. 9 is based is that the Filter at ABR flag is set. When it is, an area border router receiving the LSA interprets it as an instruction not to send, as TR2 did, an essentially identical LSA, i.e., an LSA advertising E-ASBR's requested label for E-ASBR-destined packets. Instead, it advertises a label to be used on packets sent to ABR2 for forwarding to E-ASBR. More generally, an ABR should place in the LSA's MPLS Label field a label that routers should use in forwarding packets by way of the router identified by the LSA's Forwarding Address field to the destination that the LSA's Link State ID represents.
So ABR2 generates the LSA by copying the Link State ID, Network Mask, and Format fields and the Filter at ABR flag from the received LSA, setting the Forwarding Address field to ABR2's address, and placing in the MPLS Label field a label value, say, T6, that identifies the location of ABR2's forwarding-table entry that tells where to forward packets destined for E-ASBR. ABR2 must then decide into which areas to flood the thus-generated LSA. (Since it is originating a new LSA, it also puts its own ID in the Adverting Router field.)
For this filtered LSA, ABR2 is indeed the originator, so the result of the block-50 test is positive. ABR2 therefore makes the decision that block 58 represents. In the case of ABR2, the purpose of that decision is to prevent ABR2 from flooding a translated LSA back into Area 2. ABR2 may receive the MPLS LSAs from any of the areas to which it is connected. It will end up basing the replicant on the "closest" one, but there is no guarantee of the order in which the LSAs will be received.
In particular, if some other ABR (not shown) is also connected to both Area 2 and Area 0, then ABR2 may receive from Area 0 an AS-External LSA for E-ASBR originated by that other router, and that LSA may arrive before the one originated by E-ASBR. In that situation, ABR2 will generate a translation. Flooding that translated LSA into Area 2 would waste OSPF control bandwidth.
To appreciate the way in which the illustrated embodiment avoids this result, recall that routers configured as OSPF area border routers send into one area only summaries of the topological information that describes an adjacent area. More specifically, they send LSAs of a type, known as a Summary LSA, that reports to one area the presence within another area of an address range without specifying the other area's particular addresses within that range. The block-58 test determines whether the LSA's link-state ID (which identifies E-ASBR in this case) specifies a router that has an address in a range for which the ABR sends Summary LSAs into the proposed neighbor area. In the case of an E-ASBR-specifying LSA received from Area 0 for which ABR2 is determining whether to flood it into Area 2, the answer would be no, so the flooding and attendant bandwidth waste would not occur.
But the answer is yes in the particular case that FIG. 8 illustrates; E-ASBR, being in Area 2, would have an interface address within a range that ABR2 is configured to report into Area 0. ABR2 therefore sends the newly originated AS-External LSA into Area 0. When TR0 receives this LSA, it stores it and sends its neighbor ABR1 an LSA that is essentially identical, just as transit router TR2 did; it does not filter the LSA, as ABR2 did, because TR0 is not an area border router.
On the other hand, ABR1 is an area border router, so it generates a new As external LSA, which requests use of a label that specifies an entry in ABR1's forwarding table. Let us refer to as T2 the label whose use it thereby requests. As FIG. 8 indicates, routers TR1B and TR1A receive and send essentially identical LSAs. I-ABR receives the one sent by TR1A. I-ASBR may send LSAs to further routers in that domain in response, but the example topology includes no such other neighbors within the OSPF domain. (Router S is not in OSPF domain 44, so it does not receive OSPF messages from that domain.)
We now return to consideration of what I-ASBR does in response to a data packet from the external source router S. As was mentioned above, I-ASBR performs a longest-match search for the address, D, in the incoming IP packet's destination-address field. As was also mentioned above, it thereby finds an entry installed as a result of an internal BGP message from E-ASBR saying that E-ASBR can afford access to prefix P, which is I-ASBR's longest match for destination D. The BGP message also directs it to label such packets with label T3, which identifies the location in E-ASBR's forwarding table that tells E-ASBR how to forward packets to destinations matching prefix P. In accordance with the just-described OSPF LSA-Update message from TR1A, moreover, I-ASBR has been directed to send packets to E-ASBR by way of ABR1 and to apply the label, T2, by which ABR1 identifies its forwarding-table location that tells how to forward packets to E-ASBR. But ABR1 is not an immediate neighbor of I-ASBR. By normal route-calculation operations, I-ASBR has identified TR1A as the next hop for packets that must go through ABR1. And TR1A, which is also a label-switching router, has sent I-ASBR a TDP message requesting that it attach a label T1 to packets that it should forward to ABR1.
So I-ASBR's forwarding-table entry for prefix P, i.e., for the best match for destination D, directs that it apply to B-destined packets a label stack whose top label is T1, whose middle label is T2, and whose bottom label is T3.
In accordance with normal label-switching procedures, TR1A receives the thus-labeled packet, retrieves the information in its forwarding-table entry specified by the top label T1, replaces it with the replacement label, T4, that its forwarding-table entry contains, and forwards the data packet to a further transit router TR1B. As FIG. 6 indicates, router TR1B removes the top label T4 without replacing it. The reason for this is that a TDP message from ABR1 regarding packets to be forwarded to ABR1 gave the implicitNULL value for the label. Since TR1B has removed T4, it "exposes" to ABR1 the label, T2, that specifies ABR1's forwarding-table location that tells it how to forward packets to E-ASBR.
In preparing that forwarding-table entry, ABR1 employed the above-described LSA from TR0. ABR1 used that LSA in generating its forwarding-table entry in a manner the same as that employed by I-ASBR to construct its forwarding-table entry. More mechanically, when an ABR receives an AS-External LSA message in which the Link State ID field specifies an ASBR, and the External Route Tag field's first bit and Format fields identify it as an MPLS-label-carrying LSA, then a non-NULL value in the MPLS-label field tells it to place into the forwarding-table entry for the destination represented by link-state ID a two-label replacement-label field. The top label is the label that the ABR has been requested to place in packets being sent to the destination that the LSA's Forwarding Address field specifies. The next label is the one that the LSA's MPLS Label field specifies. In this case, ABR1 uses as the top label a value, T5, that TR0 has asked it, in a TDP message, to use in packets sent to TR0 for forwarding to the router, ABR2, identified in the AS-External LSA's Forwarding Address field. The lower label, T6, is the one that ABR2 placed in the AS-External LSA's External Router Tag field as the label for packets sent through that router to the router, E-ASBR, that the LSA's link state ID identified. So ABR1 replaces T2 with T5 and T6.
Now, none of these operations depends on the manner in which the LSRs have been implemented. As was explained above, the top labels may be contained not only in MPLS headers but additionally, if the label-switching routers are implemented in ATM switches, ATM-cell virtual-channel-indicator fields. For the sake of example, though, we will assume that the Area 1 and Area 2 links are all, say, Ethernet and/or SLIP links, whereas the two links illustrated in Area 0 are ATM links. "Area 0" is the name commonly given to the OSPF area with which all other OSPF areas in a given domain share routers . So the top label, T5, that ABR1 applies is an ATM VCI. Also, since ATM hardware does not lend itself to label-stack "popping," we will assume that ABR2's TDP message to TR0 specified a VCI value, T7, that ABR2 treats as though it were an explicit-NULL label on the top of the label stack. When TR0 swaps top VCI values, it therefore replaces T5 with T7, which ABR2 accordingly discards without using it as an index into its forwarding table. It instead uses T6 for that purpose. As was explained above in discussing the OSPF-message sequence, T6 identifies ABR2's forwarding-table entry for E-ASBR-destined packets.
The replacement-label stack in ABR2's forwarding-table entry for E-ASBR-destined packets does not include a label contributed by the AS-External LSA generated by E-ASBR and forwarded by TR2. Even if ABR2 were to use that AS-External LSA in generating its forwarding-table entry for E-ASBR, the result would not be a label contribution, because, unlike the MPLS Label field in the AS-External LSA that ABR1 received, that field in the AS-External LSA that ABR1 received carried an explicit-NULL value. But ABR2 did not use the received E-ASBR-designating AS-External LSA in computing the entry in its forwarding table for E-ASBR, because E-ASBR would also have sent Area 2 routers , including ABR2, an LSA of the Router (as opposed to AS-External) type in which the Link State ID field also specified E-ASBR. In accordance with normal OSPF forwarding-table computation rules, an LSA of this type is given precedence over an AS-External LSA for computing forwarding-table entries. Since that Router LSA therefore effectively masked the AS-External LSA, receipt of that AS-Exteral LSA did not result in installation of a label in the corresponding forwarding entry for E-ASBR.
In contrast, the E-ASBR-specifying AS-External LSA that ABR1 received was not similarly masked. ABR1 would not have received an E-ASBR-specifying Router-type LSA, because ABR2 would have filtered that such an LSA from E-ASBR as part of its function as an area border router. So ABR1 would instead have received a summary-type LSA specifying a range that included E-ASBR, and normal OSPF rules for route computation would have given precedence to the more-specific AS-External LSA over the less-specific summary LSA.
Since ABR2's forwarding-table entry for E-ASBR therefore has no label contribution from the AS-External LSA, ABR2 replaces label T6 with only a single-label label stack. That stack's label is T8, the label whose use router TR2 requested for E-ASBR-destined packets. When it receives that packet, TR2 uses label T8 to find its forwarding information, which indicates that the replacement label stack should be the empty stack. That is, E-ASBR has sent TR2 a TDP message whose NULL value specified that TR2 should remove but not replace the top labels on packets forwarded in accordance with the forwarding information for E-ASBR. This exposes to E-ASBR the label, T3, associated with E-ASBR's forwarding-table location that tells E-ASBR how to forward packets to the D-containing address range defined by prefix P. E-ASBR accordingly forwards the packet to destination D.
A review of the foregoing operation reveals that it requires much less of the available virtual-circuit-indicator space than conventional schemes do. To appreciate this, consider the link between ABR2593 and TR0. Although FIG. 6 depicts only one outgoing from link TR0, there are often very many. Moreover, although we have here discussed only a single exterior destination, th e typical backbone can easily be called upon to carry traffic for thousands of them. The resultant number of combinations of links and exterior destinations, in addition to the many interior destinations for which they may need to allocate virtual-circuit identifiers, may well exceed the capacity of the available virtual-circuit-identifier space.
In the forwarding scenario just described, though, TR0 was not required to allocate a virtual-circuit identifier to external destination D (or prefix P) in order to forward D-destined data packets. Indeed, it was not required even to allocate a virtual-circuit indicator to any autonomous-system border router. All that was required of it was that it allocate a virtual-circuit identifier to the area border router involved. This can reduce the number of required virtual-circuit identifier by orders of magnitude.
Moreover, the approach described here is highly compatible with existing routing methods. It builds upon the area partitioning for which many OSPF domains are already configured. It does not require implementation of any new protocol; it employs OSPF, which already is widely used for advertising topological information.
Also, it can be introduced into an OSPF domain gradually. Although not all of its benefits are afforded if not all relevant routers implement it, routers that do can interoperate with those that do not, because the present invention's use of the External Route Tag field will be transparent to routers that have not yet been updated to take advantage of its benefits.
And it can be implemented in ways that differ in detail from the particular embodiment described above. For example, reflection will reveal that the use of the Filter at ABR flag is not mandatory. It is included above only because it may be desirable in some circumstances to specify that filtering should not occur. For example, a system configured differently from the example above may have host routes to the ASBRs installed in all domain routers ; e.g., area border routers would not summarize ASBR routes. In such a case, an ASBR could send an AS-External LSA whose Link-state ID field specifies an external destination, whose Forwarding Address field contains an address of that ASBR, and whose External Route Tag field contains the label associated by that ASBR with its forwarding-table entry for that external destination. Routers receiving that LSA would then label packets intended for the external destination with a label stack in which one label is the one that the ASBR thereby requested in the AS-External LSA, and another is a label requested by the next hop in the route to that ASBR. In such a situation, it would be necessary that the ASBR's choice of label and forwarding address be communicated to all routers , not filtered by area border routers , and the don't-filter value in the Filter at ABR field could signify this.
The present invention meets the need for virtual-circuit-indicator conservation in a way that is simple, robust, and easy to implement. It thus constitutes a significant advance in the art.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Tamara Toussaint, JD '08, has been appointed to serve as a member with the Commission on Presidential Scholars. The group was first established in 1964 by Executive Order of the President to honor graduating high school students. As one of the Commissioners, Toussaint will assist in recognizing up to 141 students who are given the honor of Presidential Scholar each year.
"I am grateful these accomplished men and women have agreed to join this Administration, and I'm confident they will serve ably in these important roles. I look forward to working with them in the coming months and years," said President Obama.
While at Miami Law, Tamara was involved with the Black Law Students Association, the Business Law Council and the Entertainment and Sports Law Society. As a second-year law student she managed to work for the City Attorney for the City of Hialeah and intern for the Warrior's Boxing Promotions in Hollywood, FL where she drafted agreements between fighter, promoter and manager. She also assisted in building strong relationships with fighters and helped in developing fighters into reputable commodities.
After graduating, Toussaint became the Diversity and Program Coordinator at Miami Law. Now as an Atlanta, GA resident, Toussaint works as the Diversity and Inclusion Coordinator for Ford & Harrison LLP, a labor and employment law firm with eighteen offices.
Need assistance with contacting our world-renowned scholars and former practitioners for commentary? Click here for more information.
View photos of the Miami Law campus, students, events, faculty and many more in our Flickr photo gallery.
View our Miami Law YouTube channel featuring videos covering academics, student life and news from the University of Miami School of Law.


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Hotels in 20664 - Newburg MD
Only hotels in 20664 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Newburg, MD for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 20664 hotels and motels so you can review the Newburg hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Charles county and area code 301 are also listed.
20664 Hotels/Motels & Accommodations
Next: Show All Available 20664 Hotels with Pricing >


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Oil executives are scapegoats, politicians are the culprits
Not buying in to celebrity hype
Can shoes make the man?
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American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Aug. 16, 2006 The newest United Service Organizations center will open its doors this week at Fort Bliss, Texas, to serve the post's 36,000-member military population.
"The USO is proud to be expanding operations in Texas, offering a 'home away from home' to our men and women in uniform and their families," said Edward A. Powell, USO president and chief executive officer.
The opening ceremony is scheduled for tomorrow, with members of the El Paso congressional and local delegations.
"The USO is a tireless advocate for our servicemembers and military families, and I have been proud to partner with them throughout my tenure in Congress," said U.S. Representative Silvestre Reyes, who urged the USO to establish the Fort Bliss center.
"The USO quite obviously created it with sensitivity to the needs of our soldiers," Reyes said. "As a former soldier myself, I can't emphasize enough the importance of USO programs and can certainly tell you that this center is a welcome addition to Fort Bliss."
USO El Paso will provide free Internet and e-mail access, lounge areas, entertainment and recreational events, and will implement USO programs. The 4,000-square-foot facility is located centrally on Fort Bliss, within walking distance of several large barracks.
Several corporate donors helped fund the new center, including FirstLight Federal Credit Union, Time Warner Cable, Cingular, Perspectiva, Home Depot and U.S. Foodservice.
The USO operates 125 centers around the world, providing programs and services to servicemen and women and their families. USO centers offer free e-mail and Internet access, prepaid international phone cards, entertainment and lounge areas, libraries and travel assistance.
The USO has been providing morale, welfare and recreational services to U.S. troops and their families for more than 65 years.


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Adhesive Bonding Machine Operators & Tenders
Also called: Coater Operator, Glue Line Operator, Machine Operator, Process Assistant
What they do:Operate or tend bonding machines that use adhesives to join items for further processing or to form a completed product. Processes include joining veneer sheets into plywood; gluing paper; or joining rubber and rubberized fabric parts, plastic, simulated leather, or other materials.
On the job, you would:
- Examine and measure completed materials or products to verify conformance to specifications, using measuring devices such as tape measures, gauges, or calipers.
- Adjust machine components according to specifications such as widths, lengths, and thickness of materials and amounts of glue, cement, or adhesive required.
- Monitor machine operations to detect malfunctions and report or resolve problems.
Manufactured or Agricultural Goods
Math and Science
Basic Skills
Problem Solving
Hand and Finger Use
Controlled Movement
People interested in this work like activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions.
They do well at jobs that need:
You might use software like this on the job:
Spreadsheet software
Enterprise resource planning ERP software
Word processing software
See more details at O*NET OnLine about adhesive bonding machine operators and tenders.


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Home » How To Get Coupons » How to get good deals with double coupons?
How to get good deals with double coupons?
|September 24, 2011
|Posted by admin under How To Get Coupons
Question by kailayna: How to get good deals with double coupons?
Ok, so this lady in front of me in the line at the store had at least 6 12 packs of Pepsi/mountain dew. She gave the cashier a hand full of coupons on double coupon day and only had to pay $ 1.76! How is this possible!!!!! I receive the Sunday paper and cut coupons, I also signed up for at least 2 other online free coupon websites.
Best answer:
Answer by yanchagurl
Many grocery stores have weekly specials of certain items that are on sale for 10/$ 10 (you don't have to buy 10 to get the discount.) Then if you use a coupon and the store doubles it, you can get away with a BIG discount!
Add your own answer in the comments!


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This week on What The Tech: Andrew and Paul take a slightly different approach. Paul recently posted a video of Microsoft's vision of the office of the future. This leads the discussion; what will the world of computing be like in the future? Will it be anything like the video Microsoft released? Paul talks about how outlandish some of the ideas of the future are. He also explains why these ideas won't work. Andrew lays out what he would expect from the future of computers. Andrew and Paul look back at what computers used to be over the years, compared to what we have today. Will we be thinking how stoneage technology? Andrew and Paul also go over the future of Windows, Android, and mobile devices.
Being on the front-line of new media and technology themselves, Andrew and Paul takes this time every week to discuss the many new technologies that keep us all connected. From un-boxings to software reviews, What The Tech allows tech junkies and novices alike to learn something new each week.


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FORT WALTON BEACH — April 30 is the deadline for property owners to apply for an Okaloosa County tax payment installment plan. Installment plans split the cost into four payments in a one-year period instead of a lump sum.
Taxpayers must complete and submit an application by the deadline to participate. The form is available from tax collector's offices or the "Form Center" section of www.OkaloosaTax.com.
Taxpayers can pay at 302 N. Wilson St., Suite 101, Crestview, or online with E-check and no bank charge fees.
Annual renewal of the installment plan is automatic as long as the June payment posts each year. Payments will apply to next year's taxes, based on an estimated tax equal to the previous year's actual taxes.
Delinquent installment payments must be paid in full with the next installment. Any amount remaining unpaid on April 1 of the following year is delinquent.
Installment due dates and costs
●First installment, June 30, one quarter of the total estimated taxes, discounted 6 percent.
●Second installment, Sept. 30, one quarter of the total estimated taxes, discounted 4.5 percent.
●Third installment, Dec. 31, one quarter of the total estimated taxes, plus half of any adjustment for actual tax liability, discounted 3 percent.
●Fourth installment, March 31, one quarter of the estimated taxes plus the balance of any adjustment for actual tax liability.


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Learn how you can use yoga exercises to cure stomach pain and indigestion
Sometimes it's that second cup of coffee, other times it's one too many coconut shrimp, and more often than not it's just plain-old stress. When tension is to blame for your indigestion, the cure is only a couple of feet away. Anxiety can block the body from breaking food down into fuel, says Saul David Raye, cofounder of The Center for Sacred Movement in Santa Monica, California, and longtime practitioner of Indian and Thai healing techniques. Learning to release that anxiety at its base, in the feet, will ease the pressure your body is under while processing nutrients and in food. "There are [points] in the feet that go directly to the organs that aid digestion," Raye says. Raye recommends two variations of thunderbolt pose (vajrasana) to soothe stress and settle your stomach (not to mention pamper your paws). Raye warns that the foot positions of these poses can be and should be painful for first-timers. "If you can find out where the pain is, it will point out where the blocks are," he says. "Stay with it for as many breaths as you can." Raye starts class with these two foot stretches whenever he knows students have just eaten.


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Michael Millard
|Manhasset, N.Y.
|High School:
|Woodberry Forest
|Pole Vault
2010: Competed in the 400 and pole vault ... placed first in heat six in the 400 at the Northeastern Spring Open and set a career-best time of 53.79 seconds ... set a career-best height of 4.05 meters in the pole vault at the Patriot League Indoor Championship ... finished with a time of 24.46 seconds in the 200 at the Boston Reebok Indoor Games.
2009: Placed 13th in the pole vault at the Patriot League Outdoor Championship with a height of 3.75 meters ... ran a time of 24.46 in the 200 at the Reebok Indoor Games ... cleared a height of 3.66 meters in the pole vault at the Boston University Valentine Invitational.
Before Holy Cross: Member of the Woodberry Forest H.S. track and field team.
Personal: Majoring in Economics.


text: Healthy Recipes Nutty Orzo and Vegetables Recipe E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now! Quick Info: Servings Contains Nuts Contains Dairy Vegetarian Nutritional Info (Per serving): Calories: 379, Saturated Fat: 2g, Sodium: 453mg, Dietary Fiber: 12g, Total Fat: 7g, Carbs: 67g, Cholesterol: 3mg, Protein: 16g Exchanges: Vegetable: 3, Starch: 3.5, Fat: 0.5 Carb Choices: 3.5 Recipe Source: More Diabetic Recipes Total Time: 25 mins Ingredients 2 cup(s) mixed vegetables, frozen 1/2 cup(s) orzo (rosamarina) 1 can(s) beans, garbanzo (chickpeas) 1 can(s) tomatoes, diced, no salt added 1 1/3 cup(s) spaghetti sauce, light 1 tablespoon thyme 1/4 cup(s) nuts, cashews 1/4 cup(s) cheese, mozzarella, part-skim, shredded Preparation In a large saucepan cook the frozen vegetables and pasta according to pasta package directions, except omit any oil or salt. Drain. Return pasta mixture to hot saucepan. Stir in garbanzo beans, undrained tomatoes, spaghetti sauce, and thyme. Bring to boiling; reduce heat. Cover and simmer for 5 minutes. Stir in cashews or almonds. Sprinkle individual servings with mozzarella cheese. E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now!


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Pagelime API
Pagelime is a CMS (Content Management System) that allows users to manage their sites' content using a web application or FTP API. This service was designed for use by web designers, web agencies, and web developers. Pagelime will function regardless of where a user's site is hosted or what scripting platform (if any) is employed. It requires no changes to be made to the site's underlying architecture. Users can mark up their web pages using CSS classes to let Pagelime know which parts are meant to be editable. When users make edits from the Pagelime web application, these edits are published to the CSS-marked areas via FTP. Pagelime's FTP-XML API allows developers to separate a site's content from its HTML code by mirroring the HTML content in XML, rather than using CSS mark-up. The resulting XML files can then be accessed via FTP.
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Local News
Whalen Sentencing Rescheduled
8/4/2014 (Updated 10:53:13 PM)The sentencing of Binghamton's former parks and rec director who has admitted to stealing more than 50-thousand dollars from the city has been rescheduled...
John "Mokie" Whelan will now be sentenced on August 27-th.
He pled guilty on April 24th to one count of third- degree grand larceny, a felony. Whelan admitted to stealing from the city between 2007 and 2012.
He faces up to four years in state prison if he fails to pay restitution of more than 79-thousand dollars. If he does pay that restitution, he faces six months in Broome County Jail.
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text:
Good Mom / Bad Mom
Little angels and devils with Jenny Lawson and Mindy Sterba
Posts filtered on Tag
By Mindy Sterba, Parenteeng Survivor When I was traveling around the Ozark mountains a while back, I came across the very coolest yarn store ever!! I am not much of a knitter. I'll work on a shawl or two until I make a mistake and then I'll abandon it until some time when I'm so […] [Read More]
Tangling Up Yarn Again
By Mindy Sterba, Parenteeng Survivor I guess Santa understands how stressful the holidays are for some of us and he tries to provide us with little ways to allow us to unwind and relax. I'm sure that's why he gave me some new knitting needles for Christmas. They are very pretty needles and it was […] [Read More]


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Firestation Gourmet Deli: Classic Sandwiches in Mill Creek
Firestation Gourmet Deli is bringing traditional deli favorite from the East coast to Mill Creek. Located in the Mill Creek Town Center near Avalon Brandemoor, the deli is serving classic sandwiches and other tasty meals. The interior is decorated like a fire station with shields, memorabilia, and photos all over the walls as a tribute to the brave men and women who risk their lives to fight fires. A beautiful patio is open for seating when the weather is nice. The menu is full of tasty hot and cold sandwiches, soups, and salads. Regulars rave about the delicious garlic cheese bread.
Firestation Gourmet Deli
15111 Main Street, Suite A-105
Mill Creek, WA 98012
(425) 337-5900


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Get $20 OFF When You Buy Any 2 Select HP Inks
HP 920XL Ink Cartridge Club Value Pack Assorted
Item #817440
HP 920XL Assorted Ink Cartridges Value Pack
Package Specifications:
- 3 - Colored Ink Cartridges
- 25 - 5" x 7" White Photo Paper
- 10 - White Envelopes
- 1 - Cyan Ink Cartridge: Page yield: approx. 700 Pages¹
- 1 - Magenta Ink Cartridge: Page yield: approx. 700 Pages¹
- 1 - Yellow Ink Cartridge: Page yield: approx. 700 Pages¹
- HP OfficeJet: 6000, 6500, 6500A, 7000, 7500, 7500A
Model: HEW D8J64BN
Brand: HP
Case Count: 3
Color: Combo
Model: HEWD8J64BN
OEM/Remanufactured: OEM
Page Yield (Approx.): 700
Printer Model Compatibility: Hewlett-Packard|HP Officejet>Officejet 6000e-E609n
Printer Model Compatibility: Hewlett-Packard|HP Officejet>Officejet 6500
Printer Model Compatibility: Hewlett-Packard|HP Officejet>Officejet 6500A Plus - E710n
Printer Model Compatibility: Hewlett-Packard|HP Officejet>Officejet 7500A - E910a
Printer Model Compatibility: Hewlett-Packard|HP Officejet>Officejet E809a
Standard shipping via UPS Ground is included in the quoted price.
The estimated delivery time will be 1-3 business days from the day of order.
Please note: Depending on order size, orders may be shipped using an alternative shipping method which may add a day to the delivery window.
*Delivery is available to Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico. An additional Shipping and Handling fee will apply to shipments going to Alaska, Hawaii or Puerto Rico. This fee will be quoted at checkout. Additional transit time may be required.
Orders going to Puerto Rico will be shipped via USPS and not UPS Ground. Estimated delivery time for these orders will be approximately 3-6 business days from time of order.
Please be sure to inspect your order at time of delivery for any issues or damage and if possible note any damage with delivery driver.
Please call 1-888-320-3277 with questions or concerns regarding your order.
Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
How to Return: For an immediate refund (including shipping and handling), simply return your purchase at any one of our Costco warehouses worldwide. If you are unable to return your order at one of our warehouses, please email customer service or call our customer service center at 1-800-955-2292 for assistance. To expedite the processing of your return, please reference your order number.
If you request an item be picked up for return, the item must be packaged and available for pick up in the same manner as it was delivered. If your order was delivered "curb side", it will need to be available for curb side pick up.
If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: email@example.com.


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For and end to deaths in custody…
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Civil Protest News
Several thousand people have held a protest in New York City on the first anniversary of Eric Garner's death at the hand of police. Read more
- Full inquiry demanded by Kingsley Burrell supporters
- Questioning of Garner protesters renews concerns about police practices
- US Bill makes clear: We can photograph cops
- #BlackLivesMatter campaigner 'disturbed by UK police deaths'
- Jimmy Mubenga death: Protest over G4S trial verdicts
- Black Lives Matter: Tens of thousands march across U.S. against police killings


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its easy to get gold are u playing online or single if online add me same as my name here ill help u out
Hey. I'm blake from arkansas. I don't do much about mods, I usually get my friends to do em for me. But I've been tinkerin with some Diablo II and Oblivian. prob wont release any of them for a long time. (I have a job and a baby on the way so that takes most of my time lol) but i will get there eventually. Not much to tell about myself. I play guitar. I love video games. Diablo II and Fallout series, and as well as the elder scrolls. I'm 20 yrs young. lol. if you play Diablo II Lod hit me up. Always love playing in a party.
Posted by blakeret4233 on Jun 10th, 2011
Hello all. I have some questions (for those that are reading this. lol) Midian XL and PLUGY are the more populare Diablo II lod mods. PLUGY is basically infinit stash. Thats cool. everyone loves a hugh stash limit. But. Midian XL, as great as it is, is freakin almost impossible to get gold. Everything sells for 1. EVERTHING. Exept gold lettered items. Is there a reason to this? I can't figure it out. The forum doesn't answer this. Nor does the FAQ the creator put up. If you know why the gold system is this way, let me know.
Thx for reading
its easy to get gold are u playing online or single if online add me same as my name here ill help u out