text:
A file management system and method for implementing special handling of files, useful for such applications as migration, compression, encryption, and logging access to files. A layer is superimposed between an underlying file system and programs' requests to access files. The layer initiates special handling in response to a file's normal attributes or information in the contents of the file and then passes the request to the underlying file system for normal proceeding. In the preferred embodiment, a file is recognized as a representation of a migrated file if the length attribute has a predetermined value and the file contains a unique pattern of bits.
1. A file management system, comprising,
a layer that intercepts at least one code path by which a program requests access to a first file from an underlying file system;
a file management procedure that performs special handling on a file;
a branch in said layer that branches to a first call in said layer to said file management procedure based on a decision made by examining at least one normal attribute of the file referenced in the intercepted access request by examining the file itself;
a second call in said layer to said accessing procedure of said underlying file system.
2. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said file management procedure comprises a procedure for reloading a migrated file.
3. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said file management procedure comprises a decompression procedure.
4. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said file management procedure comprises a decryption procedure.
5. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises the length of the file.
6. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises a timestamp for the file.
7. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises an owner identification.
8. The file management system of claim 1, wherein said branch branches to said first call based on a decision made by examining the contents of the file.
9. A file management method comprising the steps of,
intercepting at least one code path by which a program requests access to a first file from an underlying file system;
examining at least one normal attribute of the file that is referenced by said request by examining the file itself;
responding to said examining step by conditionally calling a file management procedure;
calling said accessing procedure of said underlying file system.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein said examining step comprises determining the length of a data block of the file.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein said responding step calls said file management procedure only if said normal attribute has a preselected value.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises a timestamp for the file.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises the length of the file.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said preselected value of said attribute is the length of a data block of said file.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein said examining step further comprises determining whether the file contains a unique pattern of bits.
16. The method of claim 12, wherein said file management procedure comprises a procedure for reloading a migrated file.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein said reloading procedure copies a migrated file from a first repository to a second repository and wherein said first and second repositories are both local to the same computer.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein said reloading procedure copies a migrated file from a first repository to a second repository and wherein said second repository is local to a computer and said first repository is accessible to said computer via a remote connection.
19. A file migration method comprising the steps of,
examining at least one normal attribute of a first file by examining the file itself; and
responding to said examining step by calling a file reloading procedure only if each of said at least one normal attributes has a predetermined value;
wherein said file reloading procedure uses information stored in the first file to reload a migrated file corresponding to the file.
20. The file method of claim 19 wherein said at least one normal attribute comprises length.
21. A file management system comprising:
means for intercepting at least one code path by which a program requests access to a first file from an underlying file system;
means for examining at least one normal attribute of the file that is referenced by said request by examining the file itself;
means for responding to said examining step and for conditionally calling a file management procedure;
means for calling said accessing procedure of said underlying file system.
22. A system for storing and retrieving information, comprising:
a computer having a first data storage repository and access to a second data storage repository;
a file system accessible to said computer that includes a procedure for accessing files stored on said first repository;
said computer further having a layer that intercepts calls to said file system's procedure for accessing files;
a first file stored on said second repository; and
a second file stored on said first repository that has some of the attributes of said first file and at least one normal attribute of the file itself signifying that said second file contains information identifying the location of said first file.
23. The system of claim 22 wherein said layer comprises a procedure for determining whether an intercepted file access request requires access to data contained in said first file and not in said second file.
24. A method of migrating files, comprising the steps of:
copying the contents of an original file from a first repository to a second repository and
transforming said original file to an alternate representation comprising a file having a last data block of a predetermined size and including therein information identifying the location of said copy.
25. The method of claim 24, wherein said transformed file further comprises a residency map.
26. The method of claim 24, wherein said transformed file further comprises information identifying at least one extended attribute of said original file.
27. The method of claim 24, wherein said transforming step further comprises the steps of:
storing in said transformed file a value indicative of the size of said original file before transformation; and
preserving the rest of the attributes of said original file.
28. The method of claim 24, wherein said transforming step further comprises storing in said transforming file a unique pattern of bits.
29. The method of claim 24, further comprising,
reloading onto said first repository at least a portion of said copy of said file.
30. The method of claim 29, further comprising,
entering in a database a key identifying said reloaded file and a value identifying the location of said file on said second repository,
deleting said transformed file, and
transferring attributes of said transformed file to attributes of said reloaded file.
31. The method of claim 29, wherein said reloading step occurs in response to a request to read a portion of said original file, said portion not contained in said truncated file.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/077,858, filed Jun. 16, 1993 of Michael J. Wilde now abandoned.
This invention relates to file representation systems and methods for computer systems. In particular, this invention relates to methods and systems for representing computer files that require special handling.
Changing the representation of data in a file has many useful advantages. For example, compressing infrequently used files can save significant storage space. Encrypting an important file can secure secret information. However, the responsibility for remembering that some files require decompression, decryption, or some other kind of special handling before they can be used for normal reading and writing rests with the user. Failing to perform the special handling in the proper way wastes time. For example, failing to decompress a file before launching a process that reads the file wastes time by causing error conditions that must be cleared before processing can continue.
Another area involving files that require special handling is the area of file migration. File migration addresses the problems of how best to use multiple data repositories, for example on networks of workstations. Users frequently run out of space on the data repositories connected to their computers, and then must spend time deleting the less frequently used files, or, worse, users are unable to add significant amounts of important data to their systems because of insufficient space. In some situations, data will be lost because available storage space has dipped below a critical level at the same time a user is attempting to add data to his system, and the system has no means of recovery other than discarding buffers and killing processes.
One approach to solving this problem is to store frequently used data on high speed magnetic disk devices and store less frequently used data on slower but cheaper types of storage media or on removable storage media such as tapes or optical disks. This approach is only a partial solution to the storage problem and creates additional problems. For example, someone, either a user or a system administrator, is required to spend time moving the files, and each user has to keep track of which of his or her files have been moved and where they have been moved.
One proposed method of managing data repositories for networks of workstations and fileservers automatically moves files from high-speed storage to low speed storage. This process is called "migration" or "staging," and the repositories that receive the migrated files are called "migration stores." Using migration requires that there be some means of keeping track of which data files have been migrated to migration stores and an identification of the location of the files. Some existing systems use approaches that store this information in files that acts as catalogs of migrated files. This approach suffers from a number of problems. These systems have difficulty recovering from some types of common system or disk errors, and their implementation requires modifications to file system utilities.
One such system is described in Israel et al. Evolutionary Path To Network Storage Management. USENIX, Winter '91 pp.185-198. That article describes a staging method wherein each workstation file system has a file that is a catalog of the migrated files. The catalog lists all migrated files by their inode numbers. If the catalog file is lost, all migrated data files are potentially inaccessible to the workstation. Secondly, this approach requires rewriting some file system utilities. For example, some file system backup and restore utilities read or write directly from or to the raw disk. When a backup tape that was made using such a backup utility is restored the inode numbers of most of the files usually change, making the catalog file useless and the migrated files inaccessible. Consequently, to use this migration approach, the backup and restore utilities must be modified.
In other systems, such as BUMP and Novell 4.0, the underlying file system itself is modified. For example, the inode data structure can be modified to include an extra bit that identifies an inode as corresponding to a migrated file. This approach suffers from being highly unportable, and requiring rewriting an extensive amount of the file system and file system utilities.
It is an object of the invention to provide a file management system for effectively dealing with compressed files, encrypted files, migrated files, or any other data files that require special handling, in a way that is transparent to users, to application programs, and to system utilities, such as backup and restore packages.
It is an object of the invention to provide a file migration system that is free from single points of failure and that does not depend on file system details, such as inode numbers, for critical operation.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a file migration system which contains information indicating the files that have been migrated the information identifying the location of the contents of the original data file.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a file migration system wherein the migration system operating software determines whether a file on a primary data repository represents a migrated file simply by examining its attributes.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a file migration system wherein the migration system operating software determines whether a file represents a migrated file by first examining at least one normal attribute of the file and then, if necessary, examining the contents of the file.
It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide a file management system supporting the use of extended attributes.
All of these objects and others are achieved using a file management system wherein files receive special handling in a way that is transparent to the user. An intercept layer intercepts calls to the file system that request access to files. The intercept layer is a layer of code that is superimposed between an underlying file system and programs that issue requests to access files. This layer is separate and distinct from the underlying file system and does not include or replace any portion thereof. There is no alteration of any structural data owned by the underlying file system. For example, on a UNIX file system, installing the intercept layer does not change the on-disc format of inodes or directories.
The intercept layer determines whether the file to be accessed is a file that is to receive special handling by examining the file itself, (i.e. attributes and data). If the examination of the file indicates that it is not to receive special handling, the intercept layer simply passes the file access request to the underlying file system for normal processing. If the file is to receive special handling, the intercept layer performs the special handling and makes the original file available to the underlying file system. This latter step can be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, in the case of a compressed file, the intercept layer will cause the file to be decompressed and then, if necessary, will forward the access request to the underlying file system for normal processing.
In one embodiment of the invention, files that receive special handling are files that have been migrated to a migration store and might need to be reloaded before the access request can be processed. The files that receive special handling are represented by stub files. Each stub file has an unusual combination of one or more of the normal file attributes that are provided by the underlying file system. For example, each stub file could have an unusual size, such as 1023 bytes. The actual size of the migrated file can be stored in the stub file. In other embodiments, different unusual sizes (e.g., 1023 bytes, 1022 bytes, etc.) indicate different types of special handling, (e.g., a size of 1023 bytes would indicate the file has been migrated, a size of 1022 bytes indicates the file has been compressed, etc.).
It can be desirable to indicate the need for special handling using solely a combination of normal attributes. For example, on a UNIX system there are a number of attributes normally present in an inode that can be used. For example, a combination of an unusual size and an unusual date or timestamp are used to uniquely identify a file that is to receive special handling. The true, original values of the altered attributes are stored in the file.
Alternatively, a stub file can have an unusual attribute such as size, and a unique pattern of bits stored in the stub file for confirming that the file is a stub file and not a file that co-incidentally has the altered attribute. This approach can be very practicable if the altered attribute is chosen so that very few non-stub files have the chosen attribute value.
In one embodiment of the invention, the files that receive special handling contain the information necessary to perform the handling. For example, in a file migration system, the location of the migrated file is specified in the stub file itself. Copying the stub file, for example onto a backup tape, and then restoring it, preserves in the stub file all the information necessary for the intercept layer to retrieve the migrated file.
In this embodiment, the intercept layer determines whether the requested file is a stub file by examining its attributes, and, if necessary, looks for the unique pattern. If the intercept layer determines that the file is a stub file then it may use the migration information to reload the migrated file, if necessary.
In this embodiment, a file is migrated by first copying the contents of the file to a remote storage device. Then, the original file is truncated to 512 bytes and appended with the above-described information, including the unique pattern, to result in a file that is 1023 bytes in length.
In some embodiments of the invention, it is not practical to force the files that are to receive special handling to all have the same value of an attribute or a combination of an attribute. For example compressed or encrypted files can be of any size, and it is not possible to reduce them all to 1023 bytes. However, each compressed or encrypted file can be altered so that its last block of data has a specified size. Alternatively, a compressed or encrypted file can be copied to another location and replaced by a fixed-length stub file which contains an identification of the location of the fixed file. Alternatively, other normal attributes could be used.
The invention also provides for associating with a file attributes that are not provided by the underlying file system. These attributes, called "extended attributes", are provided by including the extended attribute information in a file at the end of the file and altering the size of the file so that the last block of data has a specified length. The extended attributes would not be directly visible to a user during normal operation of the computer system. Instead, an interface layer would intercept file access requests from the user's processes and would itself respond to the extended attributes in the file, or provide them to applications through a programmic interface defined for that purpose. The benefit of this method of storing extended attributes in that they can be retained along with ordinary file data, even as files are copied, transmitted, backed-up and/or recovered, transparently to the utilities that provide those functions.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of a network of workstations using an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing a basic migration process using the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a workstation on the network of FIG. 1 illustrating the various types of files that exist in the operation of one embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a schematic of a bitfile ID.
FIG. 5 is a schematic of a stub file.
FIG. 6 is a flow chart of a prestaging process using the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart illustrating a compression process of the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating one process of accessing a compressed file using the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a schematic of a file management system using an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10a through 10g are a listing of a first embodiment of an intercept version of the rdwr( ) and mkdir( ) procedures.
FIGS. 11a and 11d are a listing of a second embodiment of an intercept version of the rdwr( ) procedure.
FIG. 12 is a listing of a pattern used to identify a file as a stub file.
To illustrate the present invention, an embodiment comprising a file migration system will be described herein and illustrated in FIG. 1. This embodiment includes a network 10 of workstations 12, each running a version of the SunOS operating system, such as 4.1.3. Other types of remote connections besides networks could be used to connect computers together with data repositories in the use of the invention. The term remote connection as used herein does not include internal buses. Other computers could be used in addition to or instead of workstations, such as servers, personal computers, or other computers known to persons having ordinary skill in the art. Furthermore, the invention is not limited to SunOS and may be implemented on any operating system, such as UNIX, MS-DOS, OS/2, and the Macintosh operating system, to name a few.
Each workstation 12 is equipped with its own magnetic data repository, local disk 14. Of course, other types of storage media could be used for local disk 14. It is preferable to use faster types of storage media for the local disk 14, and slower types for the migration stores.
This embodiment also includes a large magnetic data repository device 16 on the network 10 that is available to each workstation. Also connected to the network 10 is an optical disk juke box 18. Other data repositories could be accessible to the network 10, including tape drives, optical disk drives, tape juke boxes (or automatic tape loaders), write-once-read-many times (WORM) optical disk drives or juke boxes (or automatic disk loaders), or other automatic libraries and other data repositories known to persons having ordinary skill in the art. The migration system manages the migration of files from magnetic drives 14 associated with each workstation 12 to each of the above-mentioned other data repositories. Alternatively, each workstation 12 could have more than one data repository attached directly to it and could migrate files among the more than one local data repositories.
The process of moving a file to a migration store is illustrated in FIG. 2. The contents of the file are first copied to the store in step 20 resulting in the return of a bitfile ID. Then, a copy of the original file is made in step 22 on the local disk. This copy, called the transition file, is maintained in case the migration process is interrupted before the stub file is complete. Should that happen, a recovery process can replace the partly-built stub file with the transition file, or, if the bitfile ID of the migrated file is still available, complete the migration process by building the stub file.
After making the transition file, all of the blocks of original file are released. Then, in step 26, a single data block is allocated. These two steps avoid fragmentation. In the next step 28, the first 512 bytes of the file are copied into the newly allocated data block. This portion of the file is called the "file leader" and is not required to be 512 bytes in length for the purpose of using the invention. The file is then appended in the step 29 with the information described below in connection with FIG. 5 and the transition file is deleted.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, a file is migrated by copying the file to a migration store 30 on a remote storage device, such as the large magnetic disk 16 that is available to all the workstations 12 on the network 10. The migrated copy 32, called a bitfile, contains all the contents of the original file. The stub file 34 is what remains of the original file after the original file has been truncated to a smaller size with the insertion of additional information necessary to recognize the file as a stub file, to locate the bitfile, and to preserve any altered attributes.
Referring to FIG. 5, the stub file 34 contains a bitfile ID 50, the logical size 52 of the migrated file, some number of leading bytes of the migrated file, the pattern of bytes 56 that serves to identify this file as a stub file, and a 34 byte pad 58 that is reserved by the system of the preferred embodiment. The logical size 52 is stored both as the number of bytes and as the number of disk blocks. The stub file includes the logical size of the migrated file so that systems can provide the actual size of the migrated file to system utilities that request the size (e.g. ls -1). The stub file 34 contains as many of the leading bytes of the file data as possible. This is known as the file leader 54. In the embodiment under consideration, the file leader 54 is set at 512 bytes. Truncating the file to a file leader that is 512 bytes long (by first truncating to zero bytes and then adding 512 bytes of the file leader) and then adding the above-described information results in a file that is 1023 bytes in length.
In the preferred embodiment, the system recognizes a stub file in a two-step process. First the system looks for an unusual configuration of the normal attributes. In UNIX systems, normal attributes of files include their size, creation time, modification time, read/write/execute permissions and their owner. In other operating systems files can have additional or different attributes. In the preferred embodiment, stub files all have the same unusual size, namely 1023 bytes. Therefore when accessing a file, the system first determines whether the file is 1023 bytes in length. A file having this size might be a stub file.
However, the size alone does not determine that a file is a necessarily stub file, because an ordinary file might coincidentally have a length of 1023 bytes. Consequently, the contents of stub files are also provided with a sufficiently unique bit pattern that serves to confirm that the file is indeed a stub file. The pattern shown in FIG. 12 illustrates a pattern used in an actual system to verify that a file is a stub file. This pattern is 400 bytes long; however the size of the pattern is not a limitation on the invention, and a much smaller pattern could suffice.
It is also possible to indicate stub files solely by the use of an internal pattern of bits without relying on an unusual normal attribute. However, this approach is not preferred because it requires that each time a file access request is intercepted that the file be opened and its contents examined, thus being more expensive in computation time than the preferred method of using a normal attribute to identify stub files or to at least eliminate most files from consideration relatively cheaply.
Another embodiment would verify the existence of a stub file without examining the contents of the file. Instead, examination of one normal attribute would confirm that a file was a stub file. For example, the stub could have a false creation time set for two hundred years in the future. For example, all stub file could have a creation date of noon, Jan. 1, 2100 A.D. In this embodiment the real creation date of the specially handled file would be stored in the contents of the stub file. This is so system utilities such as ls -1 can be provided with the real creation date.
Still another embodiment would determine the existence of the stub file by examination of two normal attributes. For example, a unique size of 1023 bytes would suggest that a file might be a stub file. The existence of a unique creation date would then confirm that a file was a stub file. In this embodiment, both the real creation date and the actual length of the migrated file would be stored in the contents of the stub file. This embodiment would have advantages over the embodiment that examined only the creation time, such as prevention of the inadvertent or deliberate creation of false stub files.
Once the system has confirmed that the file is a stub file, the system reloads the file by use of the bitfile ID. However, if the access request only requires reading from the file leader, reloading the file is unnecessary, and is not done, resulting in faster access.
As illustrated in FIG. 4, the bitfile ID 60, in the present embodiment of the invention, has three components: a three byte random number 62, a six byte network node address 64 on the system on which the bitfile ID is generated, and a seven byte time stamp 66 which in itself consists of four bytes of seconds 66a plus three bytes of microseconds 66b. The random number 62 makes the bitfile ID 60 difficult to guess. The network node address 64 makes the bitfile ID 60 unique across systems. The time stamp 66 makes the bitfile unique within the current system and helps make the bitfile ID 60 difficult to guess. The format of bitfile ID 60 is not a required format of bitfile IDs. The invention could be used with other formats of bitfile IDs, and other methods of identifying a migrated file may be used instead of bitfile IDs, as will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.
The fact that the stub file contains the bitfile ID means that if the stub file is copied, or backed-up and restored, it still references the migrated file. The problems created by using inode numbers as a part of the connection between the migrated file and the location of the original file are thus avoided. The fact that each bitfile ID 60 is unique means that bitfiles can be moved from one migration store to another without conflicts over duplicate bitfile IDs. It also means that the stub files, which contain bitfiles IDs, can be moved between different file systems.
The bitfile ID also provides a measure of security. Guessing bitfile IDs is difficult because there are many more possible bitfile IDs than bitfile IDs actually used and the ones that are used are selected more or less evenly from the range of possible ones. It is practically impossible for a user to guess a bitfile ID that references an actual bitfile that is currently in use. The system could also hamper automated guessing of bitfile ID's by inserting an artificial time delay whenever an invalid bitfile ID is passed through the migration store. There is also no part of the migrating file process, other than the routine that actually generates bitfile IDs, that is aware of, or interprets, the fields of the bitfile ID. The rest of the process simply treats bitfile IDs as arrays.
The operation of the file migration system of the preferred embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 3. In the system illustrated in FIG. 3, there are two resident files 38 and 40 and one non-resident file 32. In a file system supporting migration, files are always in one of two primary states: resident or nonresident. A resident file is a file with all of its contents stored on the local disk. A non-resident file is one that has been migrated. With a resident file, both the attributes of the file and its contents are located on the local disk 31. When first created, all files are resident files.
A non-resident file is a file that has been migrated; its contents have been copied to a migration store 30 and the original file turned into a stub file 34. Although the contents of a non-resident file are on the store 30, all its normal attributes are kept on the local disk 31. It is only when a file's contents are accessed that the store copy 32 is reloaded and the file becomes resident again. Other than speed of access of the file's contents, non-resident files are indistinguishable from resident files.
Non-resident files are reloaded when any of the following actions occur: (1) data beyond the file leader (e.g., first 512 bytes) is read, (2) data is written anywhere within the file, or (3) the size of the file, or possibly some other attribute, is changed. If the reload is triggered by a read request, the previously non-resident file is copied to the local disk 31 and the bitfile ID is stored in a file called the shadowed file database 44, as explained more fully below. If the reload is triggered by any type of modification, the connection to the old bitfile is broken. The connection is also broken if a file that was reloaded for reading is subsequently modified. In this instance, the connection is broken by deleting the file's entry in the shadowed file database. A new bitfile ID and a new bitfile will be generated when the modified file is next prestaged or migrated. The old bitfile will be retained on the store for some period of time, to permit the restoration of the original stub file to create a fully-accessible file.
There are three types of migration: explicit, periodic, or demand. The present invention provides for all three. Explicit migration is initiated by a user request using, in the present embodiment, a supplied, UNIX style command called migrate. Periodic migration is initiated by an administrative job. In the present embodiment, this administrative job is usually automated via the cron utility of UNIX. Periodic migration preferably occurs during non-peak times to bring space utilization down to a predetermined level. Finally, demand migration is initiated when space is exhausted during normal operation, for example by a daemon.
The initiation of periodic or demand migration triggers the following sequence of events. First, a list is generated of all the files in the file system that are eligible for migration, along with migration attributes. These migration attributes would include, for example, UID, GID, age, size, age and size factors, minimum age and size, storage group, migration path and retention time. This list is then ranked: a score is calculated for each file by weighing its age and size by its age and size factors, and all the files on the list are then sorted in descending order by score. The resulting list is called the candidates list.
From the candidates list, a sufficient number of files are selected and migrated to bring the file system utilization percentage down to the selected water mark. While files are being migrated, a transition file is created for each file that contains all the information necessary to restore that file if a system crash occurs during migration. Other files can also be prestaged to bring the file system utilization down to a preselected prestage water mark.
The invention may be implemented using the Virtual File System (VFS) architecture used to create the Network File System (NFS). The invention can of course also be implemented with other kinds of file systems. Details of this architecture are disclosed in Kleiman, S. R. "Vnodes: An Architecture for Multiple File System Types in Sun UNIX," Proceedings of the Usenix 1986 Summer Conference, Atlanta, Ga, Summer 1986, pp. 238-247.
FIG. 9 illustrates the implementation of the present invention in a VFS architecture. The intercept layer 150 contains the intercept routines that intercept vnode procedure calls and the additional functionality that performs the special handling. In the preferred embodiment, the intercept layer 150 performs the functions of migration and can also be referred to as the migration layer. The intercept layer 150 in other embodiments also handles such things as compression, encryption, or logging access to files. The intercept layer 150 can be written to be file system independent. Consequently, embodiments of the present invention are easily portable between different underlying file systems. For example, the preferred embodiment can be used with Berkeley UNIX file systems, AT&T UNIX file systems and MS-DOS file systems. Prior art approaches that depend on inode numbers have no ability to work with MS-DOS.
In the preferred embodiment, the interception is accomplished by replacing the vnode operators vector of the underlying file system with a vector containing references to points of entry in the intercept layer 150. The intercept layer 150 performs any necessary migration specific tasks, and then passes the intercepted vnode procedure call down to the Unix File System (UFS) 152 for normal processing. For example, if the Vnode layer 154 issues a rdwr() call requesting to read data from a file located on the Local Disk 156, a procedure in the intercept layer 150 intercepts the call to rdwr(). This procedure then determines whether the file is a stub file, in which case the procedure will issue a reload request causing the migrated file's contents to be reloaded onto the Local Disk 156. At that point, the procedure will issue a call to the rdwr() procedure that is part of the UFS 152. If, on the other hand, the procedure had determined that the referenced file was not a stub file, it would immediately have called the rdwr() procedure from the UFS 152.
FIGS. 10a-g illustrate a portion of the migration layer in one embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the only intercepted calls necessary for migration are rdwr(), getattr(), setattr(), getpage() and map(). For purposes of implementing out-of-space protection, the following calls are intercepted as well: create(), link(), rename(), mkdir() and symlink(). Out-of-space protection, as the term suggests, simply refers to protecting the referenced vnode procedure calls from error conditions resulting from insufficient free disk space. As illustrated in FIG. 10g for the example of mufs-- mkdir(), these latter calls simply call their UFS version. If an ENOSPC error is returned, the intercept routines call mfs-- getspace() procedure in order to attempt to free up disk space on the Local Disk 156, and then call the UFS procedure again. The other intercepted calls operate in accordance with FIGS. 10a-10g.
As illustrated in FIGS. 10a and 10b, the intercept version of the rdwr() call, which is named mufs-- rdwr(), receives the arguments prescribed by the VFS interface. The interface layer of FIGS. 10a and 10b use some unused fields of the vnode vflag structure to store migration-related information, such as the flags VMFSBUSY and VMFSRELOAD.
The first if statement of mufs-- rdwr() determines whether the file referenced by the variable is already in the process of being reloaded. The next if statement determines whether the referenced file has an unusual set of attributes, in this case, the size MAGIC-- SIZE. If the file does not have that size, the examination of its contents can be avoided, as can be seen from FIGS. 10c and 10d where it is illustrated that the function branches to the code that calls the UFS's rdwr() procedure.
If the file has the specified size, the mufs-- rdwr() procedure calls the mfs-- mi() procedure which is illustrated on FIGS. 10c and 10d. This function sets the VMFSBUSY flag and calls mfs-- readmi(), which is illustrated on FIGS. 10e and 10f. This procedure reads the referenced file from the disk assuming it is a stub file. In this implementation stub files contain specific data in bytes 512 through 989. As will be recalled in the discussion of FIG. 5, above, one of these data is the unique pattern that serves to identify a file as a stub file. Consequently, the mfs-- readmi() procedure obtains the specified bytes of the suspected stub file using the UFS rdwr() call, and compares the bytes obtained, stored in buff, with the pattern, stored in mfspattern, using a block compare procedure (bcmp). If the block compare finds the specific pattern, i.e., returns non-zero,. the file is a valid stub file. In that case, the "bfid", "size," and "blocks" fields in the mi data structure are loaded with the bitfile ID, the size of the migrated file in bytes and the size of the migrated file in blocks, respectively, the values of which are obtained from the stub file. Otherwise, the mi data structure remains unchanged. The first statement in the mfs-- readmi() procedure set the size field of this data structure to be negative one (-1). If the mfs-- readmi() procedure returns with mip→size still equal to -1, that indicates that the special pattern was not found and the file is not a stub file.
Upon return from mfs-- readmi(), the procedure mfs-- mi() calls mfs-- rele(). This procedure turns off the VMFSBUSY flag. This flag was originally set in mfs-- mi() prior to the call to mfs-- rele() in order to prevent another process from attempting to access the stub file while mfs-- readmi() was reading the contents of the stub file.
The operations performed by mufs-- rdwr() upon return from mfs-- mi() are illustrated on the top of FIGS. 10c and 10d. If the size field of the mi data structure is -1, then the file is not a stub file; it was merely a coincidence that the file's size was MAGICSIZE. If mi.size is -1, the mufs-- rdwr() procedure branches to the code that calls the UFS rdwr() procedure. Otherwise it checks the flags associated with data access-control mode, a subject described in more detail below. The procedure then determines whether (1) the rdwr() call is a request to read from the file, as opposed to write to it, and if so (2) whether the read request can be satisfied by the file leader consisting of that first 512 bytes of the file. If so, the procedure branches to the code that calls the UFS rdwr() procedure. Otherwise, the procedure causes the file to be reloaded with the call to mfs-- reload(), and, after this procedure has returned, calls the UFS rdwr() procedure.
The other vnode procedure calls intercepted by the intercept layer for purposes of providing access to files operate in a way very similar to the mufs-- rdwr() procedure and could be coded by a person of ordinary skill in the art using the information and source code described above.
The vnode procedure calls that are intercepted for purposes of implementing out-of-space protection will call mfs-- getspace() if they catch an ENOSPC condition. As illustrated in FIG. 10g, the mfs-- getspace() procedure goes to sleep and waits for a signal that more space is available. The space is made available by a daemon that periodically polls the kernel looking for a process that is hung up on an ENOSPC condition. If it finds one it frees space by turning prestaged files into stub files and/or implementing demand migration. Thus, the responsibility for providing the illusion of infinite space is provided by a cooperation of the user program (via the intercept layer) and the spaceguard daemon.
In another mode of practicing the invention, all of the vnode procedure calls are intercepted. In that embodiment, the only intercept procedure that results in a call to mfs-- readmi() is mfs-- lookupo. The operation of mfs-- readmi() in this implementation is illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b. As can be seen, the size of the file is obtained from the inode, and if the size is not the magic size, the procedure mfs-- readmi() simply returns, avoiding the remainder of the processing performed by mfs-- readmi().
However, if the size is the magic size, mfs-- readmi() proceeds to obtain the migration information and to perform the block compare of bytes 512-912 with mfspattern as in the embodiment of FIGS. 10a-g. However, if it is determined that the file is a valid stub file, the m-- stub flag of the data structure pointed to by mp is set to 1. The real vnode for the referenced file is pointed to by the m-- rvp field of the mfs-- node data structure. This vnode is replaced in the vnode layer 154 of FIG. 9 by a pointer to the m-- mv field of the mfs-- node data structure. The real vnode can be retrieved by the VTOR macro, and the original inode information can be accessed using the real vnode.
Using the above procedure, the migration information is read from the disk and stored in the vnode once, i.e., at the time a file is first referenced by the lookup() procedure, which must be called for every file prior to access. Thereafter, the other vnode call intercept procedures, such as mfs-- rdwr(), simply test the state of the m-- stub flag and avoid having to reload the migration information from the disk in order to determine whether a file is a stub file. This latter advantage is illustrated in FIGS. 11c and 11d, showing the operation of the mfs-- rdwr() in this alternative embodiment of the invention.
Reloading of a file is handled by a daemon named migind which uses a pseudo-device driver to communicate with the vnode operation intercept routines to obtain the information necessary to copy the migrated file over the network. The intercept layer maintains a linked list of mfs-- node data structures, which are illustrated in FIGS. 11a and 11b. Each item on this linked list corresponds to a migrated file for which a reload request has been issued. The migind daemon periodically checks the linked list via ioctl() calls to the pseudo-device driver. If the list is not empty, the migind daemon obtains the bitfile ID of the files to be reloaded from the mfs-- node structure using a call to ioctl() and uses the bitfile ID to copy the file across the network to the local disk. There are many ways for doing this copy known to persons with ordinary skill in the art. The migind daemon also obtains the inode number, the inode generation number and the inode's ctime and uses these values to make the file identification key, which is then stored in the shadowed-file database.
The present invention also uses shadowed files, as shown in FIG. 3. A shadowed-file 40 is a resident file for which a copy 42 also exists on the migration store 30. A file becomes shadowed in either of two ways. One way a file can become shadowed is when a previously migrated file is reloaded. The other way a file becomes shadowed is when it is prestaged. Prestaging is the copying of a file to a migration store without making it non-resident, that is, without deleting the original file or truncating the original file to turn it into a stub file. The present embodiment prestages resident files to create a buffer zone of file space that can be released rapidly when a file system is dangerously low on space. Prestage files can be turned into non-resident files much more quickly than files that have not been prestaged.
Unlike the stub files of nonresident files, shadowed files do not contain information about the location of their store copy, that is, they do not contain the bitfile ID. In fact, shadowed files are in all ways identical to the original file, which is a major advantage in the ability to move data from the file system where the file is shadowed to another file system that might not be connected to the migration store containing the migrated file. Instead, this information is kept in a shadowed-file database 44, illustrated on FIG. 3. The shadowed-file database is "advisory". No user data can be lost if a database is lost or restored from an older version.
The shadowed-file database 44 contains entries (or records) each containing one key field 46 and one value field 48. The key 46 is a structure containing two members: the file identifier (FID in Vnode/vfs terminology), and the file's inode modification time or "ctime." This key 46 can be thought of as identifying a particular version of a file. The value field 46 contains the bitfile ID. An entry in this database 44, then, means that a copy of a particular version of a file exists on the store and can be retrieved using the given bitfile ID.
An entry in this database 44 is created in two situations: when a file is prestaged (copied to the store but left resident), and when a file is reloaded for reading (copied from the store and made resident). A shadowed-file database entry is removed in two situations: when a file is made nonresident (because the stub file for the nonresident file contains the necessary migration information), and when a periodic maintenance job determines that an entry is no longer valid. It does this by scanning the database and checking to see that the version of the file corresponding to each entry's key still exists. If not, the entry is removed.
A shadowed file can become non-resident simply by truncating it to a stub file, copying the bitfile ID from its database entry to the stub file, and deleting its database entry. Copying the contents of the shadowed file to the migration store is not necessary because the migration store already contains the bitfile for that file.
When a shadowed file is copied, the new copy is not shadowed because it has a different file identifier in ctime. If reloading one or more files requires that other files be migrated to free up space for the reloaded files, the candidate's list, shadowed-file database and the migration store are affected in the same way as described above in connection with prestaging of files.
A migration system using the present invention can also include a command that allows users to modify this and other migration-related behavior. In the preferred embodiment this command is named "migmode" and controls the execution of other commands. The execution control can be one of several independent execution modes, which are also inherited by any child process of the command run under migmode. In the preferred embodiment, the three execution modes are as follows: data access-control mode, time stamp-control mode, and out-of-space protection mode.
Data access-control mode controls how nonresident files appear to the command run under migmode. Data access-control mode settings include the following: the normal or transparent setting, wherein access to migrated files causes reloading; the stub setting, wherein access to migrated files accesses the stub file; the zero length setting, wherein migrated files appear as zero length files; and the error setting, wherein access to migrated files returns an error. Only the normal setting triggers reloading of a migrated file referenced by the command running under mignode.
FIGS. 10c and 10d illustrates how data access-control mode may be implemented in an embodiment of the invention. After determining that a file is a stub file, the mufs-- rdwr() procedure consults the state of the lowest three bits of the u-- mfsflag field which are bits in the user block that are unused in SunOS 4.1.3. If the value of those bits is MFS-- DM-- STUB, the rdwr() call was made under the stub setting of data access-control mode. Consequently, mufs-- rdwr() simply reads (or writes) the stub file itself without reloading. If the value of the bits is MFS-- DM-- ZLEN, then the rdwr() call was made under the zero length setting of data access-control mode, and mufs-- rdwr() simply returns without reading or writing anything, giving the referenced file toe properties of a zero length file. Finally, if the value of the bits is MFS-- DM-- ERROR, rdwr() was called under the error setting of data access-control mode, and mufs-- rdwr( ) returns an IO error to its caller. If the bits have none of these values, rdwr() was called under the normal setting of data access-control mode, and mufs-- rdwr() proceeds to reload the file (if it cannot be satisfied with the file leader).
One of the most useful applications of the stub setting is to speed up back-ups of a file system that has some of its files migrated elsewhere. Backup utilities that read files in the file system, such as cpio and tar, running with the stub setting, do not trigger reloads of nonresident files, making backups much faster and noninterferring, (i.e., the set of resident files is not changed).
The stub setting also allows users to make copies of their own stub files, either for themselves or to share with other users. In this way for example, one user could purposely migrate a large directory tree and then copy the stub files for that directory tree to a number of other users. Each of these other users would then require and use only a small amount of space to maintain a copy of the otherwise large directory tree.
The zero length setting allows users to not only prevent reloading of nonresident files, but to not even see the contents of the stub files for those nonresident files. This would be of use, for example, when a user wants to do a pattern search (for example grep) on a large directory tree but only wants to access resident files in that directory tree.
The second execution mode of the migmode command is the time stamp-control mode. Time stamp-control mode controls whether a file access time is set to the current time when it is accessed. Time stamp-control mode settings include the following: the normal setting, wherein access times are set in the normal way; and the preserve setting, wherein access times and inode-change times (atime and ctime) are not changed when the file is read.
The primary purpose of the preserve setting is to solve the problem of access times being modified when backups are done using utilities that read files through the file system. By using the preserve setting when they run backups, system administrators can save themselves the task of having to reset access times and the attendant problems that result when inode-change times are updated because access times were changed.
FIGS. 10c and 10d illustrates how time stamp-control mode may be implemented in an embodiment of the invention. Following the label "r", the mufs-- rdwr() procedure tests the value of the amode flag. If the value of the flag is true, the rdwr() call was made under the preserve setting of the time stamp-control mode. Consequently, the inode change time is stored in the temporary variable "atime", the call to the UFS's rdwr() is made, and then the inode change time is reset to the value of atime. If the amode flag is false, the rdwr() call was made under the normal setting of the time stamp-control mode, and changes to the inode change time are not prevented.
The third execution mode of the migmode command is the out-of-space protection mode. Out-of-space protection mode controls the handling of out-of-space errors, such as ENOSPC errors, returned by the kernel. Out-of-space protection mode settings include the following: the normal setting, wherein the file migration system attempts to recover from out-of-space conditions and avoid returning ENOSPC to user processes if at all possible; and the error setting, wherein no attempt is made to intercept ENOSPC conditions. The out-of-space protection mode can be used for processes that require special handling of out-of-space conditions.
The error setting of out-of-space protection mode is implemented in the mfs-- getspace() procedure, as illustrated in FIGS. 10e-f. The mfs-- getspace() procedure tests the value of the flag MFS-- SM-- ENOSPC. If the flag is on, the call to the vnode procedure that caught the ENOSPC condition was made under the error setting of the out-of-space protection mode, and out-of-space protection is suppressed by mfs-- getspace() returning to its caller without waiting for the spaceguard daemon to free space.
The present invention provides for performing migration based on a flexible policy by which the migration machinery during periodic or demand migration selects files to migrate and decides where to migrate them to. System administrators can specify values for several migration policy factors, in one embodiment of the invention up to ten migration policy factors. The system has default values for each of these factors. These may be defined in configuration files which system administrators can edit. The following factors are examples of migration policy factors: water marks (high, low, prestage), directory names, minimum age, minimum size, a factor to weight the age of files to be migrated, a factor to weight the size of files to be migrated, storage group, migration path, retention time, and files to be excluded from migration.
Water marks control the timing and amount of periodic and demand migration. The high water mark specifies the file system utilization percentage at which the process of the present invention will begin migrating files to increase free space. Migration continues until the low water mark or prestage water mark is reached. An example of a default value for the high water mark is 90%. The low water mark specifies the file system utilization percentage at which the process of the present invention will stop migrating files and, if prestaging is in effect, will start prestaging files. If the low water mark and the prestage water mark are equal, no prestaging is done. An example of a default value for a low water mark is 80%. The prestage water mark specifies the file system utilization percentage at which the process of the present invention will stop prestaging files. An example of a default value for a prestage water mark is 70%. Minimum age and minimum size specify thresholds at or below which files will not be migrated. Minimum age is the minimum number of days since a file was last referenced. The default for minimum age is one. Minimum size is the minimum number of one kilobyte block. The default for minimum size is ten. The age and size factors specify weights to assign to a files age and size to give one of these attributes priority over the other for migration. The default value for the age factor is one. The default value for the size factor is one.
This embodiment of the present invention also provides a means for excluding a file from migration. The system administrator can maintain a list, called a lock list, in a file. This list specifies the files or path names that should be excluded from migration.
Storage group and migration path are two symbolic attributes that are attached to a file when it is migrated. System administrators can migrate files into different storage groups within a migration store, and can associate different migration paths with files that govern a file's subsequent migration among levels of the storage group. Both help place and maintain migrated files in a migration store.
Retention time is the length of time a bitfile should be retained on a store after it no longer has a corresponding stub file or shadowed-file database entry. Retention times allow bitfiles to be retained for a specified period of time so that pointers to the bitfiles existing in some other place, such as on a backup tape, can later be used to retrieve the file. The default value for retention time is 999. A retention time of zero is used to specify infinite retention time.
The process of detecting and removing "stale" bitfiles from a migration store is complicated by the fact that a single bitfile can be pointed to by multiple copies of the original stub file for that bitfile. If stub files were never copied, there would be only one pointer to each bitfile, either a stub file or a shadowed-file database entry. If the stub file or shadowed-file were removed, the bitfile would be removed. Because of the flexibility of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, however, a bitfile will typically have multiple points to it. The most common cause of this is backup. Because it is usually undesirable for a backup program to trigger reload, the preferred embodiment of the present invention provides a mode in which a process that accesses nonresident files sees only the stub file and does not trigger reloading. While this capability was designed primarily for file system backup programs such as cpio, it gives users the ability to copy stub files arbitrarily, within a file system, between files systems, or even between systems. Cloning a disk with the UNIX utility dd also complicates bitfile pointers.
The solution chosen in the preferred embodiment for determining the appropriate time to remove a bitfile from a migration store is to associate a retention time with each bitfile. This is done at the time the bitfile is created. It is same as the retention time specified in the bitfile's parent directory on the original file system during initial configuration of that file system. A program that runs periodically on the store decrements the retention time of each file in the store; if the counter reaches zero, the bitfile is removed. The frequency at which the periodic store program runs determines the units of the retention time.
In addition, any client of the store can reset the retention time of a given bitfile. A program that runs periodically on the client examines all of its file systems, and for each stub file or shadowed-file database entry, refreshes the retention time of the corresponding bitfile to its initial value. This refresh procedure keeps the bitfile "alive". If a client system is down for several days, the retention time of its bitfiles counts down. As long as the client system comes back before the retention times reach zero, it can refresh them.
In another embodiment of the invention, the files that are migrated are replaced by symbolic links to the file copied to the migration store. As described above, an intercept layer recognizes the symbolic links as references to migrated files by the path information in the symbolic link. The intercept layer also reloads the migrated files when necessary.
The principles used to construct the file management system for processing requests to access migrated files described above are equally applicable to file management systems for managing files requiring other kinds of special handling. For example, the principles of the present invention can be used to provide a modified file system that saves storage space by compressing files and maintains the files so that their compressed state is transparent to the user.
FIGS. 7 and 8 are flow charts for implementing an example of such a system. FIG. 7 illustrates the compression process. In the first step 100, a buffer is created for temporarily holding the compressed file. In the step 102, the file is compressed using a predetermined compression routine. The results are inserted in the buffer. Then a pad of bytes and a unique pattern of bits is appended to the file, step 104. The length of the pad is chosen so that the last data block of the file has a predetermined length, such as 1023 bytes. The pattern is used to identify the file as a compressed file. Finally, the uncompressed file is replaced with the contents of the buffer in the last step 106.
The process that is followed whenever a file's contents are accessed is illustrated in FIG. 8. When the system receives a request to access the contents of a file, step 110, it examines the size of the file stored in the inode to determine whether the file ends with a block having the predetermined length, such as 1023 bytes. If so, the system determines whether the file also contains the unique pattern that identifies it as a compressed file (step 112). If the file does not end with such a block or does not have the unique pattern, the system simply passes the access request to the underlying file system (step 120) for further processing in the normal way. If the file does end with a block having the chosen length and has the unique pattern, the system decompresses the file and replaces the compressed file with the decompressed file in a series of steps 114, 116 and 118. Now, the file appears as though it had never been compressed and is ready for processing by using the underlying file system's access routines, step 120.
Similarly, the invention can be used to provide a system for transparently managing encrypted files. The above-described processes would work by replacing the compression and decompression steps with encryption and decryption steps. If the file is determined to be an encrypted file in the second step 112 of FIG. 8, the system then determines whether the process that issued the request for access has permission to decrypt the referenced file, and, if so, the system provides the decryption key. Alternatively, each user on a system has a decryption key associated with the user's account, and if the system tests YES in step 112, the system obtains the key for the user ultimately responsible for the access request. Other ways of implementing secure encryption/decryption of files will be known to persons of ordinary skill in the art.
The processes of FIGS. 7 and 8 could also be used to transparently log each time a specified file is accessed. The specified file would end with a block having the predetermined size and would contain the unique pattern. Each time the intercept layer intercepted a request to access the file, it would add an entry to a log file, specifying desired information such as the time of access and the owner of the process issuing the access request.
This invention is also useful for residency maps. A residency map is a map that indicates which segments of a file have been migrated and which segments remain resident. Residency maps are useful partially resident files. For example, a file that is 20K in length can have the entire file stored on a migration store and three different 512 byte segments in the stub file. The residency map indicates that these three segments are in the stub file.
With this invention the residency map is stored in the file and the length of the file is fixed so that the last data block has a predetermined size, such as 1023 bytes.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
This is a great list of consignment stores in the DC area that I just found on Washingtonian.com. This was originally written by Sara Levine and Gretchen Cook (the descriptions are theirs). I have added some comments about the places I have been to, the addresses and a link to the website - if the store has one. If you have been to others, please let us know how they are!
Best for fashionistas: Grace & Kelli. (7311 Little River Turnpike, Annandale, VA) The boutique ambiance hints at the sticker shock here: Handbags from Ferragamo, Prada, Chanel, and Gucci can run more than $1,000, suits from Akris, Burgamo, and Diane von Furstenburg $100 to $300. But the 30- to 40-percent discount on the latest fashions lure many—and prices drop 25 percent after two months. Online store runwayclothesconsignment.com shows and sells some of the shop's clothing.
Best for urbanites: Secondi. (1702 Connecticut Ave. NW, DC) In the oft-updated selection of clothing, shoes, and handbags you'll find designer labels like Fendi, Louis Vuitton, and Gucci. A great place to look for party dresses. [RR says: I agree - a great place for party dresses . . . plus you can always bring them back to resell after your event! I find the prices a little steep for the lesser labels - about the same as you would score on sale at Macy's. However, you can get some nice designer pieces for a good price. Every once in a while, the store will have a vintage piece that is TO DIE for. Secondi also has nice coats each season. My favorite coat from last winter was a faux shearling, vintage suede number that I paid less than $80 for at Secondi. I wore it all winter long! However, I find the customer service a bit spotty, which is always so surprising to me because the owner is amazingly nice.]
Best for socialites: Inga's Once Is Not Enough. (4830 MacArthur Blvd., DC) The place for such high-end finds as fur coats, Tuleh dresses, and Manolo Blahnik stilettos. The Chanel section is particularly impressive, as is the hidden back room with haute handbags. While prices may seem high, everything is in excellent shape; some items still have tags from Neiman Marcus.
Best for ladies who lunch: Encore Resale Dress Shop. (3715 Macomb St NW, DC) This longtime favorite with socialites offers a good selection of conservative but dressy couture, evening wear, and furs. Prices are most competitive in the everyday category, and don't miss the $1 bin where an opera-going velvet gown recently landed.
Best for career women: Fashion Exchange. (6663 Old Dominion Dr. # B McLean, VA) A great selection of professional and casually elegant outfits. The small shop has a few upmarket designers like St. John, Christian Lacroix, and Carolina Herrera, but most racks contain midrange separates for as low as $15. Handbags and shoes run to the practical and lower-priced, with a few justifiably costly items like a beautiful Prada purse for $350.
Best for power lunchers: The Ritz. (5014 Nicholson Lane, Rockville, MD) Pricey knit suits dominate, with more than 200 by St. John on a recent visit, but the prices on those—average $300—are still one-third below retail. The shop stocks conservative designers—Chanel, Hermès (scarves and men's ties too), Louis Vuitton—as well as a small selection of furs and casually elegant separates. [RR says - they sell fur. Ugh. Enough said.]
Best for wide selection: Carousel Consignments. (12168 Nebel St, Rockville, MD) From $15 Ann Taylor slacks to midprice evening wear to $400 Chanel suits, this is a one-stop shop for top designers and affordable brands—and the discounts are some of the best around. The friendly staff will help you pick through the selection.
Best for your first job: Clothes Encounters. (202 7th St SE, Washington, DC) Lots of young Hill staffers head here. The prices are low, and the selection skews toward business attire: jackets, pantsuits, conservative dresses. [RR says: I've gotten some cute accessories here for super cheap: a Coach belt for $5, a Banana Republic suede hobo for $25. The selection is less interesting than at Secondi, but things get marked down a lot, so it is a fun place to stop into if you are visiting Eastern Market.]
Best for a (discounted) splurge: Second Chance. (4920 Fairmont Ave, Bethesda, MD) This small shop doesn't have truly cheap finds, but you may spot an Yves Saint Laurent dress or Ferragamo shoes at a discount. If the gently used designer finds are still out of range, visit during twice-yearly sales.
Best for stylish everyday wear: Current Boutique. (2529 Wilson Blvd, Arlington, VA) There are some designer pieces at this shop, which stocks new and consigned items, but the emphasis is on midprice brands—think Banana Republic or Seven jeans. Fun jewelry, too.
Best for dressing up: Chic to Chic. (15900 Luanne Dr, Gaithersburg, MD) The chandelier says it all: couture clothing mixed with great service. Power suits mingle with sexy separates. Eveningwear from Moschino, Max Studio, James Perse, and Versace offers the best choices—with bargains like a $98 Nicole Miller cocktail dress. Lots of items are new because the owner shops retail sales.
Best for European flair: New to You. (108 W Broad St, Falls Church, VA) French rock sets the scene for hard-to-find couture—like a Thakoon evening jacket ($369) and a Roland Mouret jacket ($520). The style is largely for young, well-heeled hipsters looking for True Religion, Seven, and Citizens of Humanity jeans at one-third below retail, but professional women can find sophisticated or sexy separates, handbags, and shoes. Don't miss the fine jewelry, which recently included a pair of 18-karat Cartier hoops for $1,645 ($1,000 off retail).
Best for teens: Mustard Seed. (7349 Wisconsin Ave, Bethesda, MD) Though the consignment selection can be hit-or-miss, prices are good, and there are always plenty of jeans to peruse—with patience, you're likely to find a good pair, no matter your age. The store also sells vintage and new items. [RR says: Yes, many teenagers! And many teenager type clothing! The boutique has also started selling new items as well, so definitely keep an eye out if you are buying something new or something old. Last winter, I got a grey vintage wool dress that was one of my staples for winter events. We've gotten some shoes for my fiancé there as well. It is not convenient for me to go there and I wouldn't make a special trip out of it - just not enough things to make it worth it.]
Best vibe: Diva Boutique. (116 S Pitt St, Alexandria, VA) Housed in a lovely three-level Old Town rowhouse, owner Cindy McCartney's shop is as cheery as she is. She sets out candy and other goodies for shoppers as they browse the well-edited selection of designer dresses, jeans, shoes, handbags, and more.
Sunday, September 27, 2009
DC's BEST Consignment Stores (from Washingtonian.com)
This is a great list of consignment stores in the DC area that I just found on Washingtonian.com. This was originally written by Sara Levine and Gretchen Cook (the descriptions are theirs). I have added some comments about the places I have been to, the addresses and a link to the website - if the store has one. If you have been to others, please let us know how they are!
Posted by Righteous (re)Style at 12:51 PM
Labels: clothing, consignment; resale; buy local, Fashion (re)Style, Shopping (re)Style
8 comments:
- wuld said...
It was the dawning of MJ not being on the basketball court—certainly an odd sight for all, and yet Tinker Hatfield believed so deeply in the Air Jordan line that he pushed for its release regardless. The IX featured a sleek upper with a lateral forefoot support story. Along the outsole, it will be Mark Smith's graphic patterning that the IX is most remembered for – that and it being the shoe worn by Michael Jordan on the famous statue, front and center, outside of the United Center. If you disregard the fact he never actually wore the shoe in Bulls uniform, the IX really was a great shoe rooted in support, fit and the global celebration of basketball. Full-grain leather upper with perforation for breathability Leather wrapped cupsole with full-length Air-Sole unit for cushioning Rubber outsole for excellent traction
- December 6, 2009 at 9:42 PM
- Jennifer said...
Great list! A few of my favorites that you left off are Finder's Keepers (http://finderskeepershome.com) and dc area teen consignment store It's All Good (http://shopitsallgood.com). As a poor student, these stores have supplied much of my furniture and wardrobe!
- September 23, 2010 at 9:00 AM
- Deborah Hartman said...
Also - visit No Place Like Home, Wilson Blvd In arlington - the best!!!!!!
- January 13, 2013 at 7:55 AM
- maymay said...
Discover all the GWA1000FC-1A4 among the superlative sorts wonderfully 'tough chanel replica no (it will be identifiable to G-Shock aviation home lots of the conditions) who are designed to keep on supplier as well as by means of aviators. It will be for those so, who digs accelerate. A fervent aviator (still all the executive tier), for sure will be exposed to at this time louis vuitton replica sale free of cost crash (Preferred cascading routine on the problem in a individuals up-wards, exposed to earth's gravitational line of business) right from dangerous altitudes. Climbing down closer to globe's foremost the law of gravity is very little tall tale in the event you'll find that there's this approach G-Shock chanel outlet device is normally present. All the works to make sure you figure out all the crash and additionally fixing the software or possibly travelling off-road is wonderful, your keep an eye on has to take up residence to achieve that. It will be Triple-G Ignore working on the software and some a great deal more remarkable louis vuitton replica who are unsociable closer to The law of gravity, Centrifuge and additionally Vibration. The software acquired all the keep an eye on proceed through 3 varied significant studies to make sure you specify, a lot of louis vuitton replica sale traversing all the restrictions about wise reason.
- October 28, 2014 at 12:58 AM
- josez davis said...
On a party or possibly a party, every individual would surely notice what we really are donning. Can the idea be Prada and also Armani? Parallels many of us want for you to catch same interest at each celebration. Formerly, there replica lv Monogram Mini Lin bags were just one or two well-liked brands available. They'd their unique or probably signature types the crooks to be renowned for. As a result, the specialized class have been the individual who used for fake Omega Watches you to wear these kind of artist issues. It ended up considered replica louis vuitton Damier Azur bags a new standing impression, due on the fact developer things are actually thus high priced which an ordinary individual are unable to afford the idea. Right currently, people employ designer merchandise denoting significant reputation and replica Rolex watches also real specialized. Commercialism has built people for that reason materialistic that would commit profoundly with regards to merely a bit of a developer item. Otherwise, they probably have obtained abilities with a similar sum of best replica Welder watches UK cash.
- January 17, 2015 at 5:53 AM
- Mark Taylor said...
Your post is truly good and informative I actually enjoy reading them every day. I've learned a lot from your post Thank you so much for sharing this nice post. Keep it up…
Visit : Accredited GED Diploma Online
- April 5, 2015 at 10:36 PM
- Jahirul Islam said...
Most of the women's are the vanity of desires that they want should be fulfill within few minutes. The only thing that they love in their life is their wardrobe. They want their wardrobe should be completed with every color. Any girl can try online top clothing store for the vanity of desires.
- May 8, 2015 at 3:41 PM
- chenlina said...
coach outlet
jordan 8 bugs bunny
new jordans
christian louboutin shoes
christian louboutin shoes
chanel handbags
chanel handbags
retro 11
tod's shoes
hermes outlet
tods outlet store
hollister kids
ray ban glasses
abercrombie store
louis vuitton outlet
burberry outlet online
michael kors outlet online
ralph lauren outlet
coach outlet
christian louboutin outlet
coach outlet
discount oakley sunglasses
beats by dr dre
michael kors outlet
gucci bags
kate spade outlet
christian louboutin outlet
coach outlet
burberry handbags
cheap ran bans
true religion
ray ban wayfarer
polo ralph lauren
lebron 11
coach canada outlet
ralph lauren outlet
oakley outlet
louis vuitton outlet
prada handbags
- May 28, 2015 at 6:08 PM

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Le Corbusier
Born Charles-Edouard Jeanneret-Gris in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland, Le Corbusier (1887-1965) traveled widely and met many early modern architects. He sought to reconcile his deeply felt responses to their work with the historical works he studied in his travels, particularly Greek temples.
In the 1920s, Le Corbusier found a vocabulary for domestic architecture that resulted in one of the great works of modern architecture, the Villa Savoye in Poissy, France (1928-30). Standing alone in a field, the pristine white house is supported on pilotis, slender concrete columns that carry the load of the floors and free the interior to be developed into flowing horizontal and vertical spaces.
He produced work of astonishing diversity, including the Unite d'Habitation (1946-52), an apartment building in Marseilles, France; the pilgrimage church of Notre-Dame-du-Haut (1950-55) in Ronchamp, France; and the principal public buildings for the capital of Punjab in Chandigarh (1951-65), India.
In a seminal book, "Towards a New Architecture" (1923), he delivered his notorious dictum, "The house is a machine for living in," but his houses were elegant, with hints of classicism, and far from machinelike. -- adapted from "The New York Times Guide to Essential Knowledge"
Le Corbusier's Architecture and His Politics Are Revisited
Three new books and an exhibition at the Pompidou Center about Le Corbusier put new focus on his work and politics.
July 13, 2015, Monday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Le Corbusier , Architecture , Pompidou Center , France , Books and Literature
Differing Fates for Art and Design Cousins
Recent sales in Brussels and London have shown that in the eyes and wallets of collectors, the two disciplines may be related, but they are far from equal.
May 4, 2015, Monday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Art , Auctions , Design , Interior Design and Furnishings , Architecture , Le Corbusier , Giacometti, Alberto , Bacon, Francis
What's On This Week Around the World
A celebration of two Japanese artists in Tokyo, a theater festival in Berlin and a biennial in a bunker near Sarajevo.
April 24, 2015, Friday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Abramovic, Marina , Bruguera, Tania , Calle, Sophie , Flo Rida , Ibsen, Henrik , Jakuchu, Ito , Le Corbusier , Shonibare, Yinka , Thicke, Robin , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Musee d'Orsay , Musee de l'Orangerie , Zurich Opera , Art , Culture (Arts) , Opera , Theater
A New Exhibition Celebrates Le Corbusier, Through the Eyes of Those He Influenced
"Re-Corbusier" collects 16 contemporary works that allude to the designs of the iconic Modernist Swiss architect.
April 1, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Angus, James , Le Corbusier , Pardo, Jorge , Sachs, Tom , Switzerland , Architecture , Art , Museums
The LC2 Chair, in Living Color
Cassina, which has licensed Le Corbusier's furniture since 1964, has reached into the archives for five new frame hues.
March 24, 2015, Tuesday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Jeanneret, Pierre , Le Corbusier , Perriand, Charlotte , Cassina , Chairs
Visiting Le Corbusier's Grave
We wanted to see where Corbu lived and died after reading a strange story: He kept his wife's backbone.
March 13, 2015, Friday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Death and Dying , Cemeteries , Le Corbusier , France
The Art of Living
The Italian design companies Cassina and Nemo bring the work of the French designer Charlotte Perriand, who was known for her understated, functional objects, stateside.
March 31, 2014, Monday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Le Corbusier , Perriand, Charlotte , Cassina , Architecture
In Paris, Pictures at an Airport Exhibition
Espace Musees offers free showcases at Roissy-Charles de Gaulle Airport in Paris.
March 21, 2014, Friday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Calder, Alexander , Le Brun, Charles (1619-90) , Le Corbusier , France , Travel and Vacations , Art , Airports
French Historical Gem Restored to Its Simple Glory
The Villa Stein-de Monzie was one of the architect Le Corbusier's first constructions to reflect the principles of his Esprit Nouveau design manifesto.
March 7, 2014, Friday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Le Corbusier , Real Estate and Housing (Residential)
On View | A Curious Path to Auction for India's Modernist Furniture
The artist Amie Siegel realized the elegant midcentury chairs and tables she saw in an auction catalog were the same that had been left stacked in decaying piles in Chandigarh, the first built-from-scratch city in postcolonial India.
October 2, 2013, Wednesday
MORE ON LE CORBUSIER AND: Movies , Siegel, Amie , Furniture , Le Corbusier , Empathy (Movie) , India
'An Atlas of Modern Landscapes'
Images from the Corbusier show at the Museum of Modern Art.
Le Corbusier at the Barbican
Views of an exhibition devoted to the Modernist architect at the Barbican Center, which is itself part of a Corbu-inspired complex.
Rss Feeds On Le Corbusier
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?
Get Alerts On Le Corbusier
Receive My Alerts e-mails on topics covered on this page.More Alerts >>


text:
Oh yeah, take that physical keyboard nay-sayers!
Thursday Fun Video: iPhone vs Netbook in Stress-Typing Test
Crave UK (via Gizmodo) decided to put two ultimately mobile devices, the iPhone 3G and the Asus Netbook, to the ultimate mobile stress-typing test, in a rally car going 80mph under 3Gs (not cell speed, forces of gravity!).
Yep, it's virtual keyboard vs. cramped keyboard, typing on glass vs. typing on chiclets.
Any guesses as to which device reigned supreme?
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Thursday Fun Video: iPhone vs Netbook in Stress-Typing Test
Yay thats my local track! Mmmm really good Breakfast rolls on race days.
I bet this test is legit, but it does not really test virtual vs physical keyboard -- it just shows that Apple's predictions and autocorrections are very good. The more stressful the environment, the more important role these will play. In rally car where you are likely to miss every 3rd key, those corrections will help tremendously, something they must have known before stepping in the car.
Now, if he really wanted to test just the virtual vs physical keyboard aspect, he could have also typed in a URL or something else not likely to be predicted or corrected, to provide a correction vs non-correction data point. Or he could have just tried to go back and put the word "brown" in the sentence, which he completely forgot to type during the iPhone run-through. Either one of those would have made this a much more interesting test.
@fassy - I don't think the point is REALLY which one is better, but more like just showing how good auto-correction on the iPhone actually is.
Although I think his performance on the netbook was hindered by how you type on it. It's much easier to type while in motion with just your thumb than both hands on the keyboard on your lap. If he had helt the netbook in one hand and pecked at the keys with just his index finger on the other it probably would have been a lot better.
In all fairness, one device is held in the hand while another is separated from the hand (resting on the lap). It seems obvious that if your holding the iPhone, the phone is going to move everywhere the hand moves, making it easier for the fingers to remain aligned to the keyboard... while the netbook keyboard is moving differently than the hand typing on it.
But the point, as I see it, is that the iPhone IS easier and more accurate to type on, while moving, regardless. So, it's still a fair product comparison.
Good poker guide. Made a poker guide myself, check it out if you want.
This is a test of the auto-correction feature, being conducted to compare a device with auto-correction vs a device without auto-correction. It's like a French language test carried out by a French and an Italian to see who has better French.
and my desktop would heat my room up an extra 4 or more degrees. To lessen the heat, and save on high energy bills, my Asus is doing most everything that I ordinarily would do with my desktop. About the only time I use the desktop during the hot weather is when I want to burn a movie, or write software to a USB-drive for installation on this Asus machine. Bottom line: I have no regrets about having bought this machine, and I can easily recommend it to anyone else. It is a solid little machine!


text:
Recovery demands courageWritten by Stephen Sherline | | email@example.com
If you examine the words cascading over us today — crisis, catastrophe, fear, panic, recession, depression, losses, fraud, malfeasance — it is no surprise our confidence as a country has been shaken.
In a recent edition of USA Today, I counted 282 uses of one of those words in the stories that day. Well, big surprise that consumer confidence is at all-time lows and the uncertainty about what will happen over the next year weighs on nearly all Americans in a way that we have not felt as a nation since the 1970s (See how easy it is to be negative!). Many believe that this deluge of media cynicism around our nation's economy has actually deepened the speed and severity of the decline.
Think about 2008. After an extended period of prosperity, we have hit some very rough water. This created an immediate slowdown in consumer buying behavior. That led to a breakdown in confidence, which ratchets down consumption further, which escalates fear; well, you get the point. What we need now is to stop perpetuating the cycle of negativity, take account of the realities of our situation and then react with the resolve and courage of the great nation we are.
Since when are Americans afraid of a challenge?
Borrowing from another adviser I know, my new response to negative aspersions is "Yes. I have heard there is a recession going on; I am choosing not to participate." I, for one believe that it is time to stop the madness, take a stand and push back on those who want to sell us on apocalypse theories.
Yes, I realize that these problems are real, but this decline is ultimately about a loss of confidence in our economic system. I greet that opinion with open defiance. Our system has fostered the single greatest economic force ever seen in the world. At nearly $14 trillion in output, the U.S. economy is not just the largest in the world; it is larger than the next four countries combined. Most countries rely on our stability more than they know. Even some who thought that they might benefit from a U.S. downturn, like China and France, have quickly seemed to recognize how dependent they are on the health of the U.S. economy.
I wonder if we collectively decided to simply refuse to be baited into doomsday thinking, if that might be in itself the stimulus we need to accelerate a recovery. Speaking as a jury of one, I will not convict my country for its mistakes. I believe that this environment provides us a great opportunity to re-connect with the entrepreneurial spirit that is at the foundation of our system. We can and should flourish once more — but it will require courage.
Of course, if you have recently lost your job or your home, acting with courage is decidedly more difficult — and more important. Interestingly, many of the most successful people I have ever met have struggled mightily at some point in their lives, having dealt with illnesses, bankruptcy and the loss of employment. Most of them point to that period of struggle as an asset to them. Some describe it as the very source of their current success.
The root of the word "courage" comes from the French word, coeur, or heart. So when you act with courage, you're acting from the heart, or put another way, you trust your inner instincts. Mark Twain famously wrote, "Courage is not the absence of fear, but the willingness to act in spite of it."
What matters most is to personally believe in our system and in our country. Regardless of your position in society, courage is always an individual action. It always starts with you.
So when you're feeling uneasy, anxious or frightened about what your next move should be, remember this handy formula: When C > F=S. Defined, this means, when courage is greater than fear that equals success. Keep in mind however, success is this context is a verb — it requires you to take action and when you do, I believe great things will happen for you.
Put a different way, an individual can approach today's circumstances by being bitter — or by being better. I'm in the camp of better.
- Fifth Third Private Bank is a division of Fifth Third Bank offering banking, investment and insurance products and services. Fifth Third Bancorp provides access to investments and investment services through various subsidiaries, including Fifth Third Securities. Fifth Third Securities is the trade name used by Fifth Third Securities Inc., member FINRA/SIPC, a registered broker-dealer and registered investment adviser. Securities and Investments offered through Fifth Third Securities, Inc:
- Are Not FDIC insured
- Offer no bank guarantee
- May lose value
- Are not insured by any federal government agency
- Are not a deposit
Insurance products made available through Fifth Third Insurance Agency, Inc.


text:
Your Packing and Shipping Experts!
Welcome to Mail Center USA
Mail Center USA has been serving Saratoga, Schenectady and Albany County since 2005--providing a full menu of products and services for almost everything related to packing, shipping, mailing, copying and business services. Just look at our directory in the left-hand box and you'll see what we mean.
There may be others who try to do what we do, but no one can deliver the Superstar Customer Care you get at Mail Center USA. Our staff prides itself on our expertise and understanding of the package transportation network—we know all the rules and tricks that allow us to guide you on the best way to pack and ship your important documents and special items.
Whether you need it there ASAP, or the most economical way possible, we can deliver via FedEx, UPS or the Post Office!
But we don't just pack & ship! We do so much more---and everything we do is with that same Superstar Care.
So many services, one easy stop, that's Mail Center USA.
Take a tour of our site. Chances are, we can get or do what it is you need! Don't hesitate to call and ask.
Mail Center USA is a FedEx Authorized ShipCenter, an Approved Shipper for The US Postal Service and a shipper of UPS packages. This gives us a variety of shipping and mailing options, so we can provide you with the service that best fits your needs—both for budget and speed.
Our fully integrated shipping system lets you see exactly when each carrier delivers, and what each service costs—no need to spend hours looking up different rates online or calling for quotes. And we can tell you exactly what it will cost to pack, insure, and ship your items—all in a matter of minutes. We put the word convenience into shipping.


text:
Welcome to the home page of Bigfoot Campers, where you can find out all about the range of off road camper trailers from our Perth workshop.
As a 100% Australian family owned and operated business, we're dedicated to delivering the highest quality trailers at the best value for money prices on the market. With decades of combined experience in designing and manufacturing (not to mention using) camper trailers, we have the knowledge and resources necessary to create trailers that stand up to the roughest and toughest conditions on roads and tracks throughout the country.
The Bigfoot story began with our own passion for camping and seeing this great country as it was meant to be seen – up close and personal. We began designing and manufacturing a trailer that incorporated all of our requirements in terms of space, versatility and comfort. Many of our fellow campers were impressed with the results, and we identified a real need for practical and affordable new models built for local conditions. Today, when we conduct camper trailer sales from our Perth HQ, we offer customers a great combination of innovative design, practicality and good old-fashioned customer service.
Make sure to take a look through our site for more information, including technical specifications, and where you can see Bigfoot campers in action at events and shows. We're happy to answer any questions you may have about the Bigfoot Explorer. You can even hire a camper to test the difference for yourself!


text:
GREENEVILLE — Park "Bob" Laws, 88, of Morning Pointe of Greeneville, passed away Tuesday morning, November 1, 2011, at Morning Pointe.
He served during World War II in the Army Air Corps, European Theater with the 567th Bombardment Squadron Army Air Corps as a Corporal. He received the Distinguished Unit Badge, Good Conduct Medal, European African Middle Eastern Service Medal with one Silver Star and 4 Bronze Stars.
He was a tool and dye maker at Metals Engineering (retired).
Mr. Laws is survived by two daughters and sons-in-law: Sandra Ann Laws and Danny Laughren, of Oak Island, North Carolina, and Amanda Rose Laws and Michael McElyea, of Unicoi, Tennessee; four step-daughters: Judy and Larry Smith, of Telford, Sandra Kay and John Smith, of Greeneville, Janice and Jim Farnsworth, of Greeneville, and Kathy Brooks, of Greeneville; four sisters: Pauline Laws Ellis, of Unicoi, Ruth Laws McCurry, of Erwin, Kathleen Laws McIntosh, of Unicoi, and Mary Jane Laws Linville, of Brandon, Florida; brother and sister-in-law: Jeff and Nancy Laws, of Walkertown, North Carolina; sister-in-law: Genevieve Laws, of Erwin; grandchildren: Matthew and Lisal Roberts, Tabitha and Jeff Bruce, Melinda Laughren, Adam and Amber McElyea, Heather and Erik Mullins; step-grandchildren: Michelle and Jay Curtis, Roger and Kim Smith, Miranda and Chris Dean, Allison and Chad Tweed, Chip and Cecelia Hopson, Jason Hopson, Richie Tweed, Melanie and Troy Brown; sixteen great grandchildren; and several nieces and nephews.
He was the son of the late Caney Laws and Savannah Bailey Laws and was preceded in death by two brothers: L.C. Laws and Clyde Laws.
The family will receive friends from 4-6 p.m. Thursday at Kiser-Rose Hill Funeral Home preceding the funeral service at 6:00 p.m. in the funeral home chapel. Rev. J.D. Swanger and Rev. Stephen Rutherford will officiate.
Interment will follow at 10:00 a.m. Friday at Roselawn Memorial Gardens in Carter County. Family and friends are asked to meet at the cemetery at 10 a.m. Friday for the committal service. The Tennessee National Guard will conduct a military graveside service. His pallbearers are his grandsons: Matthew Roberts, Adam McElyea, Jason Hopson, Chip Hopson, Roger Smith; and great grandson: Neelynn McElyea.
Online condolences may be sent to the Laws family at www.kiserrosehillfuneralhome.com.
Kiser-Rose Hill Funeral Home, 125 Idletime Drive, Greeneville, TN 37743; (423) 638-3121


text:
Nicki Bluhm & The Gramblers' folk music has perennial appeal—it's not breaking any molds, but it's timeless and completely appropriate for a rolling train ride.
In this episode of A Trolley Show, the San Francisco band performs "Till I'm Blue." The tradeoff between the male and female voices on the choruses creates an interesting dynamic that's far more genuine than the pseudo-bohemian-folk stylings of bands like Edward Sharpe & The Magnetic Zeros. It's a comforting jam, and sometimes the most affecting songs just have to roll over you.


text:
Bogart's Smokehouse Opens Today
Categories: Restaurant News & Reviews
Bogart's features Pappy's vets Skip Steele (pitmaster) and Niki Puto (general manager). The menu offers the expected barbecue standards as well as prime rib, pastrami and other specialties.
Gut Check has dispatched one of our most trusted operatives to file one of our new First Look reports on Bogart's. But if you can't wait till then, we understand.
Location Info
Sponsor Content