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Point taken, but from what I have seen I want to see more of smith and less of powell.
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- COLLEGE FOOTBALL PLAYER: Currently Braxton Miller, all time Mike Doss.
- COLLEGE BASKETBALL PLAYER: Aaron Craft, Michael Redd
- NFL TEAM: Lions, though I also root for the Bengals.
- NBA TEAM: Cavs
- MLB TEAM: Reds, although I'm not a fan of baseball in genera
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I can't agree more, I love smith's style of play, talk about playing like your hair is on fire. Powell Seems like a great kid but he's just not as good as he is hyped up to be. The only thing that stands out for me is when he gets his hands on the ball he catches it, great hands for a db, other than that he seems to take really bad angles and shies away from contact.
But you are defending Mattison and criticizing the kid's dad...
Thanks everyone! I'm looking forward to it!
Does it have to be one? I could see several of these guys getting their stripe removed the first week. I do think Cam Burrows and Jalin Marshall are flying under the radar a little. Both guys seem like hardworking, super competitive guys, who will grind every day. Also they were our first two commits, which takes some excitement out of their recruiting and drops them in the recruiting rankings, but they have been able to show a lot of leadership.
I agree with the idea here, but I have to say, I think Krenzel was underrated as an athlete. I don't know why people discounted his ability to run. He made so many plays with his legs.
As for collier I hope this guy starts at some point, seems like a great kid from those quotes and the film looks great.
Does this mean faster paced offense? I don't think the up tempo offense is really any more fun to watch. I definitely like to watch fast athletes, but even tressel ball could be exciting to watch if our offense was rolling.
I don't know why everyone seems to think these universities are here just to give us an education. If that were the case then education would be free. The universities are in it to make money, just like everyone else. I think it's a poor excuse to not let the athletes try to earn money just because it would be a hard system to work out or it would ruin college football.
I agree, stagnant is a good way of putting it. I've received a few dowvotes for saying that type of thing, but it's true. I don't think the 6 win season with Fickel would have turned out much different with Tressel there. Tressel was great for OSU but it was time for him to go. Strangley I don't think it could have gone better for the program.
Time for craft to take over with his energy.
I think we should be looking at it the other way around. I think Scott benefits a ton from Craft being on the floor with him. I'll admit I haven't watched as much basketball this year as I normally do but when I've seen Scott on the court with the ball in his hands he has not been a good decision maker at all. I think craft out there lessens some of that decision making burden. He really doesn't have a great jump shot and takes bad shots. I don't think he would be ready to play big minutes at pg especially if craft is not on the floor. He is great at defense and good in transition. I think Matta is using him well as an energy boost off the bench.
I think the browns should pick up Troy Smith and Justin Zwick and they can split time at qb.
Personally I hope Kenny doesn't see the field. I think if Miller is healthy you have to go with him. I don't think two qb systems work well. We need braxton to get in a rythm and hopefully build some of that confidence that Kenny seems to have.
42-34 osu
I think if you look back at rg3 he made some big plays in big games. I would say Braxton is a little over hyped but his big play ability has a lot to do with it.


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text:
A Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication system which allocates different sets of frequencies to cells with different transmission power levels. Based upon the transmission power levels of a base station for each cell, each base station is assigned to one of at least two groups of base stations. Each group of base stations is assigned a set of frequencies for traffic communication. The set of frequencies assigned to one group of base stations does not overlap with the set of frequencies assigned to a different group of base stations.
1. In a multiple access, spread spectrum communication system for communication information signals, which include speech, control and pilot-sequence signals, between a plurality of base station and a plurality of mobile stations, a method comprising:
coding blocks of bit sequences of an information signal;
scrambling each said coded information signal using a unique selected scrambling bit sequence;
transmitting said scrambled coded signals from each base station;
receiving a composite signal of overlapping, transmitted signals;
descrambling said composite signal using one of said unique scrambling bit sequences to distinguish coded information signals from a selected base station from other signals in said composite signal;
recursively correlating said composite signal with block codes corresponding to said information signals;
determining which block code generates a greatest correlation and producing a correlated signal;
successively removing said correlated signal from said composite signal;
rescrambling a residual portion of said correlated, composite signal using said corresponding block codes to generate a series of recorded signals;
detecting received pilot-sequence signals;
measuring the signal strength of each received pilot sequence signal; and
storing the measured signal strengths of the received pilot sequences.
2. A method of communication in a code division multiple access system according to claim 1, further comprising the step of:
regularly transmitting the stored signal strengths to a base station.
3. A method of communication in a code division multiple access system according to claim 1, further comprising the step of:
transmitting the stored signal strengths to a requesting base station.
4. In a multiple access, spread spectrum communication system for communicating information signals, which include speech, control and pilot-sequence signals, between a plurality of base stations and a plurality of mobile stations, a transmitter in each base station including:
coding means for coding blocks of bit sequences of an information signal,
means for scrambling each information signal using a unique selected scrambling bit sequence corresponding to one of said base stations, and
means for transmitting said block coded information signal; and
receiving means in each mobile station for receiving a composite signal of overlapping, transmitted signals, including:
descrambling means for descrambling said composite signal using one of said unique scrambling bit sequences to distinguish coded information signals from a selected base station from other signals in said composite signal;
correlation means for recursively correlating said composite signal with block codes corresponding to said information signals;
comparison means for determining a block code that generates a greatest correlation and for producing a correlated signal;
signal removal means for successively removing said correlated signal from said composite signal;
rescrambling means for recording a residual portion of said correlated, composite signal using said corresponding block codes to generated a series of recorded signals;
detection means for detecting received pilot-sequences;
measuring the relative signal strength of each received pilot sequence; and
storing the measured signal strengths of the received pilot sequences.
5. The system according to claim 4, wherein said block codes are formed using Walsh-Hadamard matrices.
6. The system according to claim 4, wherein said block codes are orthogonal block codes.
7. The system according to claim 4, wherein said block codes are bi-orthogonal block codes.
This application is a divisional, of application Ser. No. 07/868,038 filed Apr. 13, 1992 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,295,153.
The present invention relates to the use of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communications techniques used in cellular radio telephone communication systems, and more particularly, to the allocation of frequencies to cells with different transmission power levels in a CDMA communication system.
The cellular telephone industry has made phenomenal strides in commercial operations in the United States as well as the rest of the world. Growth in major metropolitan areas has far exceeded expectations and is outstripping system capacity. If this trend continues, the effects of rapid growth will soon reach even the smallest markets. Innovative solutions are required to meet these increasing capacity needs as well as to maintain high quality service and avoid rising prices.
Throughout the world, one important step in cellular systems is to change from analog to digital transmissions. Equally important is the choice of an effective digital transmission scheme for implementing the next generation of cellular technology. Furthermore, it is widely believed that the first generation of personal communication networks (PCN) (employing low cost, pocket-sized, cordless telephones that can be carried comfortably and used to make and receive calls in the home, office, street, car, etc.), would be provided by the cellular carriers using the next generation digital cellular system infrastructure and the cellular frequencies. The key feature demanded in these new systems is increased traffic capacity.
Currently, channel access is achieved using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and time division multiple access (TDMA) methods. In FDMA, a communication channel is a single radio frequency band into which a signals transmission power is concentrated. Interference with adjacent channels is limited by the use of bandpass filters which only pass signal energy within the specified frequency band. Thus, with each channel being assigned a different frequency, system capacity is limited by the available frequencies as well as by limitations imposed by channel radios.
In TDMA systems, a channel consists of a time slot in a period train of time intervals over the same frequency. Each period of time slots is called a frame. A given signal's energy is confined to one of these time slots. Adjacent channel interference is limited by the use of a time gate or other synchronization element that only passes signal energy received at the proper time. Thus, the portion of the interference from different relative signal strength levels is reduced.
Capacity in a TDMA system is increased by compressing the transmission signal into a shorter time slot. As a result, the information must be transmitted at a correspondingly faster bit rate which increases the amount of occupied spectrum proportionally.
With FDMA or TDMA systems, or a hybrid FDMA/TDMA system, the goal is to ensure that two potentially interfering signals do not occupy the same frequency at the same time. In contrast, CDMA allows signals to overlap in both time and frequency. Thus, all CDMA signals share the same frequency spectrum. In either the frequency or the time domain, the multiple access signals appear to be on top of each other.
In principle, the information data stream to be transmitted is first coded or spread and then combined with a long PN-sequence or a shorter scrambling-sequence. In the latter case, the scrambling-sequences are planned from cell to cell so that neighboring cells use different scrambling-sequences or scrambling-masks. The information data stream and the PN-sequence or the scrambling sequence can have the same or different bit rates. The informational data stream and the PN-sequence or the scrambling-sequence are combined by multiplying the two bit streams together. Each information data stream or channel is allocated a unique spreading code. A plurality of coded information signals are transmitted on radio frequency carrier waves and jointly received as a composite signal at a receiver. Each of the coded signals overlaps all of the other coded signals, as well as noise related signals, in both frequency and time. By correlating the composite signal with one of the unique codes, a corresponding information signal is isolated and decoded.
There are a number of advantages associated with CDMA communication techniques. The capacity limits of CDMA based cellular systems are projected to be up to 20 times that of existing analog technology as a result of the properties of a wideband CDMA system, such as improved coding gain/modulation density, voice activating gating, sectorization and reuse of the same spectrum in every cell. CDMA transmission of voice by a high bit rate decoder ensures superior, realistic voice quality. CDMA also provides for variable data rates allowing many different grades of voice quality to be offered. The scrambled signal format of CDMA completely eliminates cross-talk and makes it very difficult and costly to eavesdrop or track calls, ensuring greater privacy to callers and greater immunity from air-time fraud.
Despite the numerous advantages offered by CDMA, problems can occur when the CDMA system contains different size cells which have different power levels. One problem is how to allocate frequencies between the different types of cells. While this problem can be easily handed in traditional FDMA or TDMA systems, the problem is quite serious in CDMA systems because all of the frequencies are used throughout the system. This problem occurs, for example, when microcells are used within umbrella cells and at the border between urban and rural areas where different size cells are used. The general problem is that the uplink (from mobile station to base station) and downlink (from base station to mobile station) handoff points are not located at the same place. The downlink handoff point is located closer to the microcell than the uplink handoff point.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical scenario of the use of microcells within umbrella cells. An umbrella cell 10 contains a base station 12 and a plurality of microcells 14. Each microcell 14 contains a base station 16. In this example, a mobile station 18 is located near the umbrella base station 12 but is located in a microcell 14. The base station for an umbrella cell 10 generally operates at a power level which is much higher than the power level used for base stations of a microcell. Since the mobile station is located in the microcell 14 and is in communication with the base station 16, the high powered signals from the umbrella base station 12 may interfere with the communications between the mobile station 18 and the microcell base station 16. Since the umbrella base station is operating at a high power level, the interfering signals can easily be 10-20 decibels above the communication signal between the mobile station and the microcell base station. Even if the processing gain of the CDMA system is large enough to handle such interfering signals, the capacity of the system will be decreased. Furthermore, if the mobile station 18 were to connect to the umbrella cell base station 12, the mobile station 18 would have to increase its power which would interfere with the microcell base station 16 in the uplink direction.
FIG. 2 illustrates the problems that can occur around the border between small (urban) and large (rural) cells. A rural cell 20 contains a base station 22 and an urban cell 24 contains a base station 26. In this example, a mobile station is located near the border between the urban cell 24 and the rural cell 20. When the mobile station is moving in the direction of the arrow A, the question becomes to which cell does the mobile station belong. If the mobile station is connected to the base station 26 in the urban cell 24, the mobile station may encounter an interference from the signals from the rural base station 22 due to the different power levels between the rural and urban base stations. If the mobile station is connected to the base station 22 in the rural cell 20, the mobile station will have to increase the power of its own transmission in order to adequately communicate with the base station 22. As a result, the mobile station's transmission will interfere with the reception of the base station 26 since the mobile station is closer to that base station.
The present invention overcomes the above-mentioned problems by allocating different frequencies or sets of frequencies to cells with different transmission power levels. For example, umbrella cells are assigned one set of frequencies to operate on, while microcells are assigned a different set of frequencies to operate on. The sets of frequencies should be sufficiently separated in order to decrease interference between different cells.
In order to allow the communication system to use Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO), the present invention includes several other features. In one embodiment of the present invention, all base stations in the communication system transmit a known pilot-sequence. Each base station transmits a pilot-sequence on each of the frequencies assigned to the particular base station as well as some or all of the other frequencies used in the communication system which are not assigned to that particular base station.
Since the pilot-sequence signals will be received at each mobile station along with other signals containing speech information and noise, each mobile station will have to use a subtractive demodulation process to sort through all of the received signals to detect and decode the desired signals. Using the subtractive demodulation process, a mobile station can detect and decode the information signals being sent to that particular mobile station as well as detect and decode the pilot-sequence signals broadcast from various base stations in the communication system. As a result, each mobile station can receive its own signal on its own frequency and simultaneously measure the signal strength of the neighboring base stations by measuring the signal strength of their pilot-sequences which are being broadcasted on the same frequency.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the present invention takes advantage of discontinuous transmission (DTX) and discontinuous reception (DRX) to measure the signal strength of neighboring base stations. It is well known that the capacity of a DS-CDMA system can be approximately doubled if a transmission occurs only when there is information to be transmitted. In other words the transmitter is turned off during a pause in speech. If the transmitter before being turned off transmits a message which tells the receiver that the transmission will be discontinued for a certain period of time, the receiver can use the rest of the time period to measure signal strengths of other signals on other frequencies. As a result, a mobile station can measure the signal strength of other base stations.
The present invention will now be described in more detail with reference to the preferred embodiments of the invention, giving only by way of example and illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical arrangement of umbrella cells in microcells;
FIG. 2 illustrates a communication system with rural and urban cells;
FIG. 3 illustrates a base station with a pilot-sequence signal in one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 4(a) through 4(f) show a series of graphs illustrating how CDMA signals are generated;
FIGS. 5(a) through 5(f) and 6(a) through 6(f) show a series of graphs for illustrating how CDMA signals are decoded;
FIGS. 7(a) through 7(f) show a series of graphs illustrating CDMA subtractive demodulation according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates a block diagram of a CDMA communications system of a type in which the present invention can be advantageously employed;
FIG. 9 illustrates typical speech activity in the present invention; and
FIG. 10 illustrates a speech frame for one embodiment of the present invention.
While the following description is in the context of cellular communication systems involving portable or mobile radio telephones and/or personal communication networks, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the present invention may be applied to other communication applications.
In the present invention, different sets of frequencies are assigned to cells with different transmission power levels. For example, microcells can be assigned a set of frequencies which is different from the set of frequencies assigned to an umbrella cell. Furthermore, the different sets of frequencies should be separated by a frequency band which is large enough to decrease interference in the system. As a result, the interference caused by the powerful signals generated in the umbrella cell will be decreased since the mobiles operating in the microcells within the umbrella cell will be using frequencies that are different from the frequencies used by the umbrella cell.
However, assigning different sets of frequencies to different types of cells has a drawback in that Mobile Assisted Handoff (MAHO) is not possible. Mobile Assisted Handoff is not possible since mobiles are continuously receiving signals on their own frequency so they are unable to simultaneously measure the signal strength of other signals on other frequencies.
In one embodiment of the present invention, all of the base stations in the communication system transmit a known pilot-sequence. The pilot-sequence is transmitted just like any other type of channel, i.e., a traffic channel. However, the pilot sequence may contain no information or a limited amount of information. The pilot-sequence is only transmitted in the downlink direction. Each base station transmits a pilot-sequence on each of the frequencies assigned to that particular base station as well as on some or all of the frequencies that are not assigned to that particular base station. If the frequency has been assigned to the base station, the corresponding pilot-sequence is transmitted with slightly more power than the other channels in the base station. When the base station is transmitting a pilot-sequence on a frequency that has not been assigned to the base station, the base station just transmits the pilot-sequence at a power level similar to other pilot-sequences.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, each traffic channel 31 and a pilot-sequence 33 are combined by multiplication with a unique PN-sequence 34. The traffic channels and the pilot-sequence are combined by addition in adder 35 and the resulting signal 36 is modulated in a modulator 37 and amplified in an amplifier 38 and is subsequently transmitted from the base station 30 through antenna 39.
Since the pilot-sequence signals are received at each mobile station along with other signals containing speech information intended for the respective mobile station and noise, each mobile station will have to use a subtraction demodulation process to sort through all of the received signals to detect and decode the desired signals. As a result, each mobile station can receive its own signal on its own frequency and simultaneously measure the signal strengths of all of the neighboring base stations on the same frequency. Furthermore, the measured signal strengths can be stored in a memory in the mobile station and updated periodically. As a result, each mobile station can send the stored base station signal strength information to their respective base stations at regular intervals or when requested to do so during Mobile Assisted Handoff.
An exemplary CDMA communication system with subtractive demodulation is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/628,359, filed Dec. 17, 1990, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/739,446, filed Aug. 2, 1991, which is a continuation-in-part application thereof, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. In the present system, the ability to tolerate an increased number of interfering signals to thereby achieve an increase in system capacity, is provided through the use of a subtractive demodulation process. Generally speaking, a receiver in this type of system does not operate to decode only a single desired signal in the presence of a large number of interfering signals. Rather, a number of received signals, both interfering and desired, are successively decoded in the order of their received signal strength wherein the strongest received signal is decoded first. After being decoded, each interfering signal is recorded and subtracted from the received signal, to thereby reduce the interference that is present when the desired signal is decoded.
With this approach, a larger number of signals, each having a unique PN-sequence or scrambling code to provide a means of discriminating them from one another, are permitted to overlap. In the following embodiments, either a PN-sequence or scrambling codes can be used. In some communication systems, each base station has a set of PN-sequences or scrambling codes which are assigned to mobile stations, while in other systems each mobile station has its own PN-sequence or scrambling code. The capacity of such a system is not limited by theoretical bounds, but rather by the amount of the signal processing resources that are available to demodulate a multiplicity of signals.
Subtractive demodulation will now be described in conjunction the signal graphs shown in FIGS. 4-6 which set forth example waveforms in the coding and decoding processes involved in traditional CDMA systems. Using these same waveform examples from FIGS. 4-6, the improved performance of the present invention over conventional CDMA is illustrated in FIG. 7.
Two different data streams, shown in FIG. 4 as signal graphs (a) and (d), represent digitized information to be communicated over two separate communication channels. Signal 1 is modulated using a high bit rate, digital code unique to signal 1 as shown in signal graph (b). For purposes of the present invention, the term "bit" refers to one digit of the information signal. The term "bit period" refers to the time period between the start and the finish of the bit signal. The term "chip" refers to one digit of the high rate coding signal. Accordingly, the chip period refers to the time period between the start and the finish of the chip signal. Naturally, the bit period is much greater than the chip period. The result of this modulation, which is essentially the product of the two signal waveforms, is shown in the signal graph (c). In Boolean notation, the modulation of two binary waveforms is essentially an exclusive-OR operation. A similar series of operations is carried out for signal 2 as shown in signal graphs (d)-(f). In practice, of course, many more than two coded information signals are spread across the frequency spectrum available for cellular telephone communications.
Each coded signal is used to modulate a RF carrier using any type of modulation technique, such as Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK). Each modulated carrier is transmitted over an air interface. At a radio receiver, such as a cellular base station, all of the signals that overlap in the allocated frequency bandwidth are received together. The individually coded signals are added, as represented in the signal graphs (a)-(c) of FIG. 5, to form a composite signal waveform.
After demodulation of the received signal to the appropriate baseband frequency, the decoding of the composite signal takes place. Signal 1 may be decoded or de-spread by multiplying the received composite signal in the signal graph (c) with the unique code used originally to modulate signal 1, as shown in the signal graph (d). The resulting signal is analyzed to decide the polarity (high or low, +1 or -1, "1" or "0") of each information bit period of the signal.
These decisions may be made by taking an average or majority vote of the chip polarities during one bit period. Such "hard decision" making processes are acceptable as long as there is no signal ambiguity. For example, during the first bit period in the signal graph (f), the average chip value is +0.67 which readily indicates a bit polarity +1. Similarly, in the third bit period, the average is +0.80 which indicates a bit polarity of +1. However, whenever the average is zero as illustrated in the second bit period, the majority vote or averaging test fails to provide an acceptable polarity value.
In ambiguous situations, a "soft decision" making process must be used to determine the bit polarity. For example, an analog voltage proportional to the received signal after despreading may be integrated over the number of chip periods corresponding to a single information bit. The sign or polarity of the net integration result indicates that the bit value is a +1 or -1.
The decoding of signal 2, similar to that of signal 1, is illustrated in the signal graphs (a)-(d) of FIG. 6. After decoding, there are no ambiguous bit polarity situations.
Theoretically, this decoding scheme can be used to decode every signal that makes up the composite signal. Ideally, the contribution of unwanted, interfering signals is minimized if the digital spreading codes are orthogonal to the unwanted signals. Two codes are orthogonal if exactly one half of their bits are different. Unfortunately, only a certain number of orthogonal codes exist for a finite word length. Another problem is that orthogonality can be maintained only when the relative time alignment between signals is strictly maintained. In moving constantly, such as in cellular systems, time alignment is difficult to achieve.
When code orthogonality cannot be guaranteed, noise-based signals may interfere with the actual bit sequences produced by different code generators, e.g., the mobile telephone. In comparison with the originally coded signal energies, however, the energy of the noise signals is usually small. The term "processing gain" is often used to compare relative signal energies. Processing gain is defined as the ratio of the spreading or coding chip rate to the underlying information bit rate. Thus, the processing gain is essentially the spreading ratio. For example, a one kilobit per second information rate modulated by a one megabit per second coding signal has a processing gain of 1000:1.
Large processing gains reduce the chance of decoding noise signals modulated using uncorrelated codes. For example, processing gain is used in military contexts to measure the suppression of hostile jamming signals. In other environments, such as cellular systems, processing gain refers to suppressing other, friendly signals that are present on the communication channel with an uncorrelated code. In the context of the present invention, noise includes both hostile and friendly signals. In fact, noise is defined as any other signals other than the signal of interest, i.e., the signal to be decoded. Expanding the example described above, if a signal-to-interference ratio of 10:1 is required, and the processing gain is 1000:1, conventional CDMA systems have the capacity to allow up to 101 signals to share the same channel. During decoding, 100 of the 101 signals are suppressed to 1/1000th of their original interfering power. The total interference energy is thus 100/1000 or 1/10 as compared to the desired information signal energy of one (1). With the information signal energy ten times greater than the interference energy, the information signal may be correlated accurately.
Together with the required signal-to-interference ratio, the processing gain determines the number of allowed overlapping signals in the same channel. That this is still the conventional view of the capacity limits of CDMA systems may be gleaned by reading, for example, "On the Capacity of a Cellular CDMA System," by Gilhousen, Jacobs, Viterbi, Weaver and Wheatly, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, May 1991.
In contrast to the conventional view, an important aspect of the present invention is the recognition that the suppression of friendly CDMA signals is not limited by the processing gain of the spread spectrum demodulator as is the case with the suppression of military type jamming signals. A large percentage of the other signals included in a received, composite signal are not unknown jamming signals or environmental noise that can not be correlated. Instead, most of the noise, as defined above, is known and is used to facilitate decoding the signal of interest. The fact that most of these noise signals are known, as are their corresponding codes, is used in the present invention to improve system capacity and the accuracy of the signal decoding process.
Rather than simply decode each information signal from the composite signal, the present invention also removes each information signal from the composite signal after it has been decoded. Those signals that remain are decoded only from the residual of the composite signal. Consequently, the existence of signal transmissions in the communications channel from the already decoded signals do not interfere with the decoding of other signals. For example, in FIG. 7, if signal 2 has already been decoded as shown in the signal graph (a), the coded form of signal 2 can be constructed as shown in the signal graphs (b) and (c) and subtracted from the composite signal in the signal graph (d) to leave coded signal 1 in the signal graph (e). Signal is recaptured easily by multiplying the coded signal 1 with code 1 to reconstruct signal 1. It is significant that had the conventional CDMA decoding method been unable to determine whether the polarity of the information bit in the second bit period of signal 1 was a +1 or a -1 in the signal graph (f) of FIG. 5, the decoding method of the present invention would effectively resolve that ambiguity simply by removing signal 2 from the composite signal.
To further facilitate an understanding of the invention, a specific example is described where a Walsh-Hadamard (128, 7) block coding technique is employed to provide channel coding and spreading in CDMA modulation. However, the principles of the present invention are not limited to communication systems which employ this encoding technique. In addition, the block codes can be either orthogonal block codes or bi-orthogonal block codes.
An overall view of a CDMA based cellular radio telephone system, of the type in which the present invention can be implemented, is illustrated in block diagram form in FIG. 8. In this Figure, a transmitter 51 and a receiver 52 are depicted in block form. The transmitter might be present at a base station of the radio telephone communications system, and the receiver could be located in a mobile unit, for example. Alternatively, the transmitter could be that of a mobile unit with the receiver located in a base station.
Referring to FIG. 8, speech which is generated by one of the participants in a telephone conversation is provided as an input signal to a speech encoder 54. The speech encoder can be a conventional encoder which converts the speech signal into a digital signal according to any of the well known types of speech digitizing algorithms. Examples of such algorithms which are employed in conventional speech encoders include Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation (CVSD), Adaptive Delta Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM), Residual Excited Linear Predictive Coding (RELP) and Vector Code Book Excited Linear Predictive Coding (VSELP). The particular type of encoder that is selected in a given application will depend upon various design factors, such as the desired compromise between bit rate reduction and encoder cost and complexity.
After the speech signal has been digitized in the encoder 54 its bandwidth is expanded to produce a CDMA signal in CDMA encoder 55. In the preferred implementation, the CDMA bandwidth expansion is obtained by means of (128,7) orthogonal block encoding. In addition to block encoding the digitized speech signal with the block codes, the scrambling device 56 also scrambles the encoded signal with a unique cipher code that is assigned to the communication. The encryption can, for example, consist of the bitwise modulo-2 addition of a unique scrambling code to the block code before transmission. The selection and use of scrambling codes are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/866,865, filed on Apr. 10, 1992, for "Multiple Access Coding for Mobile Radio Communications", which is expressly incorporated here by reference. Since all communications preferably employ the same block codes to expand their bandwidth, the scrambling of the encoded signals with the unique cipher codes enables the various communications to be distinguished from one another, as described in greater detail in the previously mentioned copending patent applications which are incorporated by reference.
Once the digitized speech signal has been encoded with the block code and scrambled with the cipher code, it is passed to a parallel to serial converter 58. In this circuit, the scrambled speech signal is converted into a serial signal that is provided to a modulator 60. A carrier signal at a suitable carrier frequency Fc is modulated with the scrambled speech signal, amplified in an amplifier 62, and transmitted to the receiver 52 of the other participant in the conversation.
At the receiver 52, which can be located in a mobile unit for example, the transmitted signal is received, demodulated to remove the carrier frequency in a demodulator 64, and reconverted into parallel form in a serial to parallel converter 66. The received signal is then unscrambled in a descrambling circuit 68 that is provided with the same cipher code that was used to scramble the signal. Once the signal has been unscrambled, it is provided to a Fast Walsh transform circuit 70 that determines which of the possible 128 bit orthogonal code words was transmitted. In operation, the Fast Walsh transform circuit 70 simultaneously computes the correlation of the received code word with each possible code word, and determines the code word having the highest correlation. This determination is carried out in a signal discrimination circuit 72. A Fast Walsh Transform and a Maximum Search Circuit are described in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/735,805, filed on Jul. 25, 1991, for "Fast Walsh Transform Processor", and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/761,380, filed on Sep. 18, 1991, for "Maximum Search Circuit", both of which are expressly incorporated here by reference. The signal discriminated code word is then provided to a speech decoder circuit 74, which converts it into the original speech signal. The signal strength of the received signal can be stored in a memory 76.
In addition to the desired signal pertaining to the conversation of interest, the receiver 52 also receives signals pertaining to other conversations. For example, the receiver in a mobile unit receives signal broadcast from the base station to all of the other mobile units within the cell. In essence, these other received signals constitute noise relative to the desired signal pertaining to the conversation of interest. In a preferred implementation of the present invention, these other signals are also individually descrambled and decoded, in the order of their received signal strength. Once each of these "noise" signals is determined, it can then be rescrambled and subtracted from the original received signal, to thereby reduce interfering noise and facilitate decoding of the desired signal.
In another embodiment of the present invention, discontinuous transmission (DTX) and discontinuous reception (DRX) are used to allow a mobile station to measure the signal strength of signals on frequencies other than the frequency the mobile station is presently operating on. FIG. 9 illustrates a typical speech pattern in a communication system. As illustrated, a typical speech pattern of a telephone conversation consists of periods of speech activity 40 intermingled with periods of silence 42 or no speech activity.
An example of a speech frame in a communication system is illustrated in FIG. 10. At the beginning of each speech frame 45, code signals 47 called "DTX FLAGS" can be inserted before the speech information section 49 to indicated whether the rest of the speech frame contains speech information. In this example, code signals A indicate to a receiver that speech information will follow, while code signals B indicate to the receiver that the transmitter is going to discontinue transmission for the remainder of the speech frame. As a result, a receiver can discontinue processing that signal for the remainder of the speech frame and regularly measure the signal strength of neighboring base stations.
The present invention provides a communication system which utilizes "discontinuous transmission" (DTX) in a manner that enables receiver synchronization to be maintained while increasing system capacity, and is therefore particularly well suited for use in CDMA communications systems. To this end, according to one aspect of the present invention, a speech frame structure is deliberately imposed on the speech encoding method, even for those encoding methods which are inherently structureless. The speech signal is examined for the presence or absence of active speech. If no active speech is detected during the duration of an entire frame, the transmission of the frame of digitized speech code words is inhibited.
As another feature of the invention, a receiver only attempts to demodulate the received signal for a limited number of sequential code words. If the signal is not observed to reach a minimum threshold of correlation with a valid code sequence, no further attempts at demodulating that signal are carried out for the remainder of the predetermined time corresponding to the speech frame.
Further in accordance with this aspect of the invention, the speech frame structure of a multiplicity of overlapping CDMA signals transmitted from the same base station are given a fixed relative time alignment. This alignment of the signals allows mobile receivers that are decoding at least one signal to accurately anticipate when other signals, that have been temporarily silenced through discontinuous transmission, are likely to resume transmission. Thus, receiver synchronization and frame alignment information can be obtained from signals other than the specific information signal destined for the receiver.
Preferably, the time alignment relationship employs a fixed pattern of offset between the different signals. This arrangement causes the times at which the different signals can resume transmission to be evenly distributed over the period of a speech frame. Thus, the times at which the receiver attempts to demodulate the various signals is also distributed to avoid undesired peaks in receiver activity. According to a further feature of the invention, the speech frame timing for transmissions from a mobile transmitter is derived from the speech frame timing of signals it receives from the base station. Thus, the relative timing that the base station chooses for transmissions from the base stations to the mobile receiver is reflected in the relative frame timing between mobile transmissions to the base station, thereby providing the base station receiver with the benefits of staggered frame alignment. An exemplary CDMA communication system is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 07/866,555, filed Apr. 10, 1992, entitled "Discontinuous CDMA Reception" and is incorporated herein by reference.
When a receiver receives a signal from a transmitter which indicates that the transmitter is going to discontinue transmission for the remainder of the speech frame, the receiver can change frequencies to measure the signal strength of neighboring base stations. The measured signal strengths can be stored in a memory in the mobile station and updated periodically. As a result, each mobile station can send the stored base station signal strength information to their respective base stations when requested to do so during Mobile Assisted Handoff.
While the invention has been described in its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the words that have been used are words of description rather than of limitation, and that changes within the purview of the present claims may be made without departing from the true scope of the invention and its broader aspects.
Referenziert von
Juristische Ereignisse


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KUSA - I have seen the St. Baldrick's organization and the great things they do for years.
This year, I decided to be more than a spectator and be part of the solution.
If shaving my head will continue to raise money and awareness for childhood cancer research, well, bring on the clippers!
Donate to Adam McPherson's cause here: http://bit.ly/10hyEnQ.
Written by Adam McPherson
(KUSA-TV © 2013 Multimedia Holdings Corporation)


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Ulrike Panhorst
Ulrike Panhorst
Vallersund Gård, Sør Trøndelag, Norway
About Ulrike Panhorst
Ulrike Panhorst (1965 Germany) is a self-taught painter. She took her final exam from high school in Germany ' ...and then she traveled the world' by moving every now and then to another European country. Her career as an independent artist started in 1993 in Utrecht (NL). Ulrike is now living and working in Vallersund GÃ¥rd, an intentional community in Norway. Her work is regularly exhibited in different European countries. In 2007 Ulrike had her first exhibition outside of Europe, in South-Korea.


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L.A. Craft Beer Crawl Returns – LA Weekly
If you're looking to experience what some of L.A.'s best breweries have to offer in one whirlwind night, make sure to mark your calendar for the third annual Los Angeles Craft Beer on Saturday, Aug. 18. "Beer Chicks" Hallie Beaune and Christina Perozzi, along with 213 Nightlife proprietor Cedd Moses, have created a list of brews that showcase the 70-plus craft beers involved, spanning seven downtown bars and restaurants laid out walking tour-style, including Golden Gopher, Broadway Bar, Tony's Saloon, Las Perlas, Seven Grand and Caña Rum Bar.
Breweries include Noble Ale Works, Uncommon Brewers, Drake's Brewing, Ballast Point Brewing, Hangar 24, Green Flash Brewing, Smog City Brewing, Eagle Rock Brewery, Strand Brewing Co. and dozens more. Food from Cole's French Dip, Casey's Irish Pub and a plethora of food trucks (including In-N-Out) will be available as well.
You can even fit a bit of learning into your day of drinking, too: Beachwood BBQ's David Watrous will be teaching a class on sour beers, beer writer Tomm Carroll will be hosting a class highlighting the Italian craft beer movement, and the Beer Chicks will be tasting a brief respite from the suds to lead a class on Scotch and craft beer pairings.
Tickets are available online and are priced at $54 per person for unlimited tastings ($10 if you are a designated driver) and $74 for early entrance. Tickets to the additional beer seminars will cost you $15 per person.


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Yacht Registry, a full service yacht brokerage firm, Sabre dealer, Back Cove dealer and home of Heritage East Trawlers, was founded in 1987 by it's current owner. Located in Dunedin, Florida, just north of Clearwater and in Naples, Florida, Yacht Registry offers professional, personalized yacht brokerage services as confirmed by a long list of satisfied customers. From initial contact, through vessel inspection, survey, commissioning, financing and closing, we handle all of the details.
Yacht Registry specializes in Downeast Yachts, Trawlers and Motor Yachts.
We are proud to be one of only ten Sabre powerboat dealers in the United States. Sabre Yachts, built in Maine, are the finest examples of cutting edge construction methods, producing a traditional "Downeast" high speed, economical cruiser. We are past recipients of Sabre's coveted "Broker of the Year" award, "Dealership of the Year" awards and "Outstanding Dealership" awards. Sabre has been building boats "In the Maine Tradition" for over 40 years. Sabre currently builds product from 38-66 with several models of each size and all available with pod drives (IPS or Zeus). If a pre-owned Sabre is your choice, we usually have a number of models listed.
The Back Cove series of single diesel, "Downeast" style yachts in 30', 34', 37' and 41' models, were first introduced in the Fall of 2003. We are proud to be one of only six original dealers selected by this respected Maine boat builder.
From general commissioning, to custom installations including major refit work, there simply is no other dealer or broker with our knowledge and hands-on experience. Contact one of our licensed professional brokers today and find out why buying or selling with Yacht Registry will be an enjoyable experience.
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Posts tagged 'Men's soccer'
Penn State Soccer Beaten, 100-11
Last Friday night, the women's soccer team celebrated senior night—and its 14th straight Big Ten title—with a 2-0 victory over Purdue. That was a lot of fun, but it wasn't the only highlight of the night: At halftime, 11 members of the men's soccer team took the field for a game against kids from Centre Soccer Association, the local youth league. (I coached my son's U7 team in CSA this fall.) A ranked Division I college team playing against a bunch of kids aged 7-13—how could this be fair?
Well, the kids had a numbers advantage. 100 to 11, to be exact.
Someone finally posted video last night, and you can get a sense of how much fun this was to watch. The CSA kids won 3-2, thanks in part to the opening goal scored by Luke Fey, son of Brad '95 and Denise '95 Fey. Hoping this becomes an annual affair at Penn State men's and women's soccer games. It was a blast.
Ryan Jones, senior editor
A Brush With Greatness at Jeffrey Field
Here's what happens when I take my kids to Jeffrey Field to watch a soccer game, as I did Tuesday night for Penn State's 2-0 victory over Penn: I try to pay attention to the action on the field while keeping one eye on my 6-year-old son and 3-year-old daughter, who spend most of the time climbing the bleacher steps and hanging on the railings in an apparent effort to hurt themselves. They're pretty good at it.
It was during one of my son's forays up and over the rows of bleachers that an older gentlemen asked him if he was a soccer player. My son's very 6-year-old response: "Well, I play on a soccer team."
The conversation went on like this for another minute before the man said, "You know, I used to play goalkeeper on this field."
Right then, I knew who he was. I couldn't remember his name, but I was sure enough that I turned to my son and said, "This man was a national champion."
When I got to the office Wednesday, my colleague Julie Nelson and I dug through some back issues of The Penn Stater before finding the ad that gave it away. The man talking to my son was Ron Coder '51, the star goalkeeper on Bill Jeffrey's 1950 and '51 national title teams and an eventual U.S. Olympian. Coder and his wife Hope '54 live at The Village at Penn State, and it was Coder's appearance in an ad for The Village that I remembered. (And yes, at 83, he still looks like he could get out there and stop shots.)
My son is too young to appreciate stuff like this. But for me—as a soccer fan and an alum—it was a really cool moment. One of the great things about living here is the chance to soak up more of Penn State's history. All the better when you encounter that history thriving in the present.
Ryan Jones, senior editor
Penn State Sports: The Monday Blahs
The busiest Penn State sports weekend of the semester was a bit of a letdown. There was some good news: the Nittany and Lady Lion basketball teams and sixth-ranked wrestling team opened their seasons with wins, and the No. 8 women's volleyball team extended its Rec Hall unbeaten streak to 88 matches with sweeps of Wisconsin and No. 9 Illinois.
That was the good news.
There was disappointment but no shame as the field hockey and women's soccer teams both fell to higher-ranked opponents in NCAA tournament play. The men's soccer team, meanwhile, hosted the Big Ten tournament at Jeffrey Field, beating Northwestern in the opener and upsetting top-seeded Indiana in the semis to set up a meeting with Michigan in the final. We were blessed with unbelievable weather this weekend, so I took in both Friday's semifinal and Sunday's final.
I also took our camera; credit for whatever half-decent shots I got goes largely to our Nikon D40. Here's one from Friday afternoon's semifinal against IU. That's Penn State midfielder Drew Cost (8) lining up a long-range shot. (Click to enlarge)
Jeffrey Field is one of my favorite places on campus to be in the fall. The sunsets up there can be gorgeous, and they made for some great shadows and color on the field. It's also a nice backdrop for a fan looking contemplative over his vuvuzela.
Penn State lost the title game to Michigan, 4-1, a score that didn't reflect how well Penn State played — the Nittany Lions actually outshot the Wolverines 23-16 on the day. Here's one of those shots, a first-half attempt by freshman forward Jordan Tyler.
The Nittany Lions' only goal came late in the first half, when Cost received a pass on the edge of the Michigan box, made a quick move to his right and shot low toward the far corner…
The keeper never had a chance.
The final score was a bummer, but at least the kids had a good time: That's my son and my buddy Dave's two boys clowning around at halftime.
Figured I'd end it with some cuteness.
The soccer team awaits confirmation of an NCAA at-large bid, to be announced Monday afternoon.
Ryan Jones, senior editor
Showdown in Columbus
So there's a pretty ridiculous amount of Penn State sports activity at University Park this weekend, which actually kicked off Thursday when the men's soccer team opened Big Ten tournament play at Jeffrey Field with a 3-1, come-from-behind win over Northwestern. (Check out this link for all the weekend events.) That said, for most of us the biggest game is in Columbus, where the Nittany Lions are huge underdogs against No. 8 Ohio State.
Penn State doesn't have a great record in Ohio Stadium — not that any visiting team does — but the Lions did pretty well on their last trip to Columbus. As for Saturday's game, it's not the first time Penn State has been picked to be blown out at Ohio State. The Columbus Dispatch has a great piece about the Lions' very first trip to the Horseshoe, way back in 1956, when Woody Hayes (left) prowled the Buckeye sidelines and Penn State was a late fill-in after Navy cancelled its game there. The home team was favored by three touchdowns in that one, too. Final score? Penn State 7, Ohio State 6.
I imagine most Penn Staters would be thrilled with the same score this weekend.
Ryan Jones, senior editor
JoePa Gets 400, and Much More From a Busy Weekend of Penn State Sports
It's shaping up to be a beautiful week in State College, fitting weather for the campus-wide good vibes still lingering from Saturday night. I took my 5-year-old to Beaver Stadium, and after the game I told him that one day he'd be able to tell his kids about seeing Joe Paterno win his 400th game. Honestly, I don't think he grasped it; all my son knew was that he had a blast high-fiving our neighbors in section NAU over and over again in that second half.
In the two days since, there have been a bunch of great stories on Joe Paterno's 400th career win (we've already linked to a couple of them on our Facebook page). Here's a couple more you might have missed:
–This wrap-up from the Altoona Mirror is cool for the embedded video link, which offers a close-up view of Paterno on the shoulders of lineman Eric Shrive and graduate assistant coach Gus Felder '02 (who I'm pretty sure was on the field as a player when Joe broke Bear Bryant's Division I victory record back in 2001). It offers a (more…)
We're Not the Only Penn Staters Celebrating Our 100th Birthday This Fall
We just got copies of The Penn Stater's centennial issue back from our printer — check the blog next week for more on that — but we got a reminder today that we're not celebrating alone. The men's soccer team this year is marking its 100th season of competition, and on Saturday afternoon, the Lions will try to mark it with a win over a ranked conference rival.
The high-scoring Nittany Lions (led by junior forward Corey Hertzog, the nation's top scorer) welcome No. 25 Ohio State to Jeffrey Field Saturday at 3 pm. It's Senior Day for Penn State, when the Lions will not only send off five graduating players, but also plan to welcome back luminaries from the program's past, including legendary coach Walter Bahr, two-time All-American Dick Packer '56 (pictured at right) and 1979 Hermann Trophy winner Jim Stamatis '80.
Looks like a bunch of former Lions might be back in town, and after a damp, chilly week, the weather is supposed to be gorgeous. My dream Saturday itinerary? Leave the house tomorrow with the football team up two or three touchdowns at Minnesota, stop by the Creamery, and get to Jeffrey Field in time for kickoff. Fingers crossed.
Ryan Jones, senior editor
Penn State Gets Its Man — Again.
The men's lacrosse team has announced its new coach, and based on his résumé, the hiring is a great one. Jeff Tambroni, who led Cornell to the NCAA Final Four in three of the past four seasons, is the man charged with leading the Nittany Lions to a place among the game's elite. Tambroni replaces longtime Penn State coach Glenn Thiel '66, who retired in May.
The hiring looks like a coup for the Lions, who lured a proven coach from a successful program to take over a team that finished just 2-11 last season; indeed, the move left many in the lacrosse world scratching their heads. But Tambroni says family ties explain it: He was an All-American at Hobart College, but his wife, former Cornell field hockey coach, Michelle Frates Tambroni '91, was a field hockey standout for Penn State. (Michelle hopes to help Char Morett '79 with the field hockey team in some capacity now that she's back in town.) Regardless of the details, it's another impressive hire for Penn State, who brought in respected Creighton soccer coach Bob Warming to replace Barry Gorman last month.
Ryan Jones, senior editor


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Below is the poem entitled "The loss of Touch" ( thank you PD) which was written by poet
Pitts. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Trevor Pitts
Never in my head could I picture this
Never in my heart have I ever missed
Never in my soul have I felt so down
Never on my face have I had such a frown
Never before, has any of these feelings occured
But the day that you left, is the day my vision blurred
Things became complicated, I lost touch
These feelings are so depressing, almost to much
Where does this leave me, bewildered without clue
Your gone, im down and all these things im going through
What else is there, for me on this earth
I feel so alone, I feel im not worth
Not worthy of life, or taking a breath
Sad to say, Im not even worthy of death
Where do I begin, the roads seems so hard
Im so out of touch, I let go of my guard
I cant find healing, in anything at all
Iv'e sunk lower than the ground there is no where else to fall
From what Ive realized and from what I have been through
I dont know what to do, or what to pursue
I like a lost pup, Im out of directions
When you left me, I lost all of my connections
In the end of time, I will eventually come out of this hole Im in
Hopefully with my head held high, So all you see is my chin
I promise you this, I will never fall this deep
Cause if there was a next time getting out would be to steep
For now I will make it, but making it will suck
Im all out of my good luck
I will do this, and I promise this to you
Because everything I have seen, been through, was something no one should have a clue
A normal person, would of gave up and died
But not me, I will not subside
Subliminly I did this for me
Woke up realized I could be free
NEver again, Never again
Will I go back to the way of everything I have been


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Full Page
The Warriors will play a home NRL game away from Auckland for the first time in the club's history when they host Canterbury-Bankstown in Wellington in May.
Their previous appearances in New Zealand other than at either Mount Smart Stadium or Eden Park were officially away fixtures that other clubs had moved across the Tasman.
The clash with the Bulldogs, this year's premiership runners-up, will be a Saturday night affair at Westpac Stadium on May 11.
Chief executive Wayne Scurrah says it's fitting that the Warriors' first home match outside Auckland should be in the nation's capital.
"We know there's big interest in the Warriors and rugby league not only in and around Wellington, but in the surrounding regions like Taranaki, Manawatu, Horowhenua, Wanganui, Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay, as well as Nelson and Marlborough across the Cook Strait," he said.
The shift in venue will mean a homecoming for three Warriors players.
Prop Ben Matulino and hooker Alehana Mara were born in Wellington, while skipper captain Simon Mannering lived there and played for the Orcas.
Adding extra interest to the match is the number of New Zealanders in the Bulldogs squad - Kiwis Sam Perrett, Krisnan Inu, Sam Kasiano, Frank Pritchard and Greg Eastwood, ex-Kiwi Dene Halatau, and former Junior Kiwis Martin Taupau and Drury Low.
New Warriors coach Matthew Elliott has good memories of the capital and Westpac Stadium.
He was Canberra coach when the Raiders took their 2003 home fixture against the Warriors to Wellington and won 18-10.


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Privacy and Cookies
Virgin Galactic's WhiteKnightTwo may need to have its rudder and yaw stability improved to counter issues such as the greater fishtail effect that would be expected with a twin fuselage aircraft.
Flight International has learned that WK2 prime contractor Scaled Composites' test pilot Peter Siebold was finding it hard to keep the aircraft on the runway during the 20 December high-speed taxi trials preceding its maiden flight the following day. This could be due to inadequate yaw damping.
On 20 December Siebold asked Scaled's WK2 chase car if there was anything unusual with the rudder's tufts. Tufts are strips of material taped on to a rudder to give a clear indication of airflow around it.
Witnesses to the 21 December maiden flight told Flight International that they noticed some yawing during take-off, indicating a rudder issue or a problem with the airframe's stability in yaw. Flight International also learned that on 21 December, Siebold was hesitant to attempt any sideslip manoeuvres because of "the rudder issue".
Virgin Galactic president Will Whitehorn told Flight International: "There are no issues we know of at all at this stage which will affect the programme or the overall design [of the WK2]. It is beyond ridiculous. I am afraid to comment on alleged take-off cockpit dialogue during a first flight which then went to 16,000ft [4,880m] and landed without a hitch."
Whitehorn told Flight on 21 December 2008 that the next flight would be "early in the new year". To resolve any issues, Scaled may have to redesign WK2's rudder or improve whatever stability augmentation is being used. Scaled declines to comment. "At this time Scaled is not releasing any information related to the flight testing of [WK2] other than the fact it has made its first flight," it says.
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Human Resource Services
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Genesis zeal offers the complete range of Human resource services (staffing/Recruitment services) from conceptualization to execution & maintenance, With QUALITY covering various facts: Business Excellence, and Environmental standards.
We have a large pool of skilled professionals in multiple technologies and functions who have been instrumental in writing the success stories. Our Exceptional customer service, career opportunities and results oriented approach to employment enable us to create the right for both our customers and employees. We are a problem solver, partnering with our customers to meettheir skill requirements and selectively matching our field staff to each assignment.
Genesis zeal is growing leader in Human Resource Services.Our expert staff of trained professionalsresponds quickly and efficiently to your hiring need.
We are focused work segments of Vision Business Solutions which has been developed with a Vision: " to pioneer innovative concepts through which it would provide qualitative Flexible and Permanent staffing services and assist the client organization to concentrate in it's mission-critical areas."
EXECUTIVE SEARCH Services
Assists leading organizations across industry segments with seniorand middle management level searches aiding its clients identify competent resources with a strong professional track record to add value and create a competitive advantage for their business across the country.
Extremely efficient and effective deliveries
Information Excellence
Most Relevant Database
24/7 operational availability
Effective Feedback & Follow-up Mechanism
Specialists for different industry segments
Our Executive Search
Search and Scanning of domestic and international market are possible in specified industries and companies through Vision Business Solutions existing network of business partners and associates in key markets.
In temporary/ outsourced staffing, the proposal for Human Resource Transactional Services is presented in 3 key processes:
Recruitment & Assessment Services
Payroll Management
Transition Management
In Assessment services, we assist our clients with assessment of candidates on key areas as required by the client. Our preliminary screen tests and interviews probe candidate's education & skills, past experience, aspiration levels, future plans, temperament, mental dexterity, general knowledge on currentaffairs etc by interviewing process through telephonically or FRF.
Aptitude tests are also administered to help us understand their job inclination better.


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Leather material gives it a more luxurious feel!!
Step 1: Prepare the Template
Prepare the template that is larger than the actual size of the glasses.
Step 2: Cut out the Leather
Cut out the leather with a leather cutter.
Be careful not to cut your fingers!
Step 3: Needed to Complete Project
These are all the materials you will need to complete the project.
Step 4: Draw the seam line
Draw a line to show the sewing line.At this time, draw a line about 0.1 inch away the sewing line from the edge.
Step 5: Polish the Leather Edge
Apply oil to the leather edge and polish it with the stick of the wood.
Step 6: Draw the seam line for the glasses and pierce it with a hammer
At this time, draw a line on the glasses to make the sewing line.Pierce it with a hammer on the sewing line.
Step 9: Glue the Leather
Glue the belt together using elastomeric adhesive which is used to glue leather.
Step 11: Polish the Leather Edge
Apply oil to the leather edge and polish it with the stick of the wood.
Step 13: You are finished!
You have completed your project.Congratulations!!
Please subscribe!!
How to Make a Glassea Case!!
Congratulations on your win in the leatherworking contest! Good job!
Thank you very much! I will do my best from now on!!
Great directions and fabulous step by step pictures! Finished piece is great! Congrats on being a finalist! :)
Thank you for comment! I want to make it in various ways from now on!
That oil is kind of hores oil!! Hores oil is organic!!
Thank you!!
You could also file your Instructables under "leather" instead of "sewing". Great work! I hope to learn how to work on leather like you!
Thank you for comment! I want to make it in various ways from now on!
Wow, it looks great! You should enter it in the leathercraft contest http://www.instructables.com/contest/leatherworking/
Thank you for information of the leathercraft contest!! I challenge it!


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Quotes on Spirituality
Spirituality Quotes
Spirituality is man's relationship with the Divine. Religion is crowd control.
The personal life deeply lived always expands into truths beyond itself. Anais Nin
People living deeply have no fear of death. Anais Nin
Sometimes people get the mistaken notion that spirituality is a separate department of life, the penthouse of existence. But rightly understood, it is a vital awareness that pervades all realms of our being. David Steindl-Rast
Happiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned, worn or consumed. Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace and gratitude. Denis Waitley
The unique personality which is the real life in me, I can not gain unless I search for the real life, the spiritual quality, in others. I am myself spiritually dead unless I reach out to the fine quality dormant in others. For it is only with the god enthroned in the innermost shrine of the other, that the god hidden in me, will consent to appear. Felix Adler
Love the animals, love the plants, love everything. If you love everything, you will perceive the divine mystery in things. Once you perceive it, you will begin to comprehend it better every day. And you will come at last to love the whole world with an all-embracing love. Fyodor Dostoyevsky
Our lack of compassion stems from our inability to see deeply into the nature of things. Lama Surya Das
All of the places of our lives are sanctuaries; some of them just happen to have steeples. And all of the people in our lives are saints; it is just that some of them have day jobs and most will never have feast days named for them. Robert Benson
That is happiness; to be dissolved into something completely great. Willa Cather
"Religion is for people who are scared to go to hell. Spirituality is for people who have already been there." Bonnie Raitt
"There is within us a fundamental dis-ease, an unquenchable fire that renders us incapable, in this life, of ever coming to full peace. This desire lies at the center of our lives, in the marrow of our bones, and in the deep recesses of the soul. At the heart of all great literature, poetry, art, philosophy, psychology, and religion lies the naming and analyzing of this desire. Spirituality is, ultimately, about what we do with that desire. What we do with our longings, both in terms of handling the pain and the hope they bring us, that is our spirituality . . . Augustine says: 'You have made us for yourself, Lord, and our hearts are restless until they rest in you.' Spirituality is about what we do with our unrest." The Holy Longing, Ronald Rolheiser


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Find percentages of a total price in order to determine a discount.
Figure out prices when markups and discounts are involved
Find discount prices given sales involving percents
Summarize the main idea of a reading, create visual aids, and come up with new questions using a Four Square Concept Matrix.
Promote connections between specific points in the concept's reading and the reader's personal experiences. Connect text with personal experience in order to deepen understanding and engagement as well as promote class discussion.
Learn new vocabulary words and help remember them by coming up with your own sentences with the new words using a Stop and Jot table.
Find out whether or not you should shop on Black Friday for the best deals.


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The "Writer's Corner" feature of the old website was advice to writers (in whatever stage of development), and was, by and large, my answers to questions people had asked me recently. Looking this over, though, I see that some of the items there are badly out-dated (publishing changes pretty rapidly these days), or could be profitably emended. Some of these topics will probably be covered in the new book under construction, titled "The Cannibal's Art" (see "Other Projects" link), and some of the business-related ones will be updated and posted here when I have a chance.
So at the moment, this feature is Under Construction. Please check back!
Blogs About Writing
Below are some of Diana's blogs which discuss writing:
This page last updated on Saturday, July 5, 2014, by Loretta.


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|Matthew Dillon <dillon@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>
|Thu, 25 Sep 2003 00:33:23 -0700 (PDT)
:Testing of NAMEI2.DIFF with compares of without. :All of the testing without used kernel as of Sep 24. :The testing was performed in this order on both occasions. : :-DR Uh. Try removing the debugging printf()'s in the patch I posted and re-run your compare. The patch is not meant to be a performance patch, but it should yield comparable times. -Matt


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Over the weekend, Sweetwater emergency services personnel responded to a wreck on the 1400 block of Lamar Street. A Ford Mustang was reportedly driving south on Lamar when it lost traction and struck the telephone pole. The south bound lanes of Lamar were shut down for a little while as they removed the car and replaced the pole. There were no serious injuries reported.
The Sweetwater Independent School District (SISD) Board of Directors met for their final meeting of 2011 on Monday night, Dec. 19, 2011 at the Administration Building.
Sweetwater Middle School (SMS) brought their campus report to the board through the school's principal and vice principal, Jeff Withrow and Danette Price, respectively.
The holiday season is always a festive time of year, but it can also have an impact on your physical and mental health. Rolling Plains Memorial Hospital (RPMH) is urging the community to be aware of their surroundings to keep themselves and loved ones safe through this joyous time of year.
"Knowing what to look for in any environment is the first step to enjoying a safe holiday," said Donna Boatright, administrator of RPMH. "Every winter, we see an increase in accidents that could have been easily avoided if the victims paid more attention to what they were doing."
The City of Sweetwater City Services Department-Solid Waste Division is announcing their 2011-2012 Christmas/New Year holiday schedule.
The City of Sweetwater business offices will be closed on Friday and Monday, Dec. 23rd and 26th for the Christmas holiday.
The Sweetwater Police Department (SPD) received 33 calls for service, issued one citation and made one arrest on Dec. 19, 2011.
The SPD received 20, 911 calls.
• 1300 block of Lamar.
Calls for service:
• Family violence assault — 1600 block of Robert Lee.
• Family violence assault/impeding breath/circulation — 200 block of E. Fourth.
Arrested by SPD:
• Logan Treadway, 21 — Driving while license invalid with previous conviction.
The Nolan County Sheriff's Office (NCSO) had eight calls for service, served eight civil papers and made two arrests on Dec. 19, 2011.
Troy Gentry will be speaking at the Evangelical Methodist Church tonight, Wednesday, Dec. 21 at their service starting at 6:30 p.m.. Troy and Jenny are raising their money to go as missionaries to Old Mexico.
Troy is the son of John and Paula Gentry. John is the pastor of the Evangelical Methodist Church, located at 700 Lamar Street.
He will also speak during the Sunday, December 25 service starting at 11 a.m.


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Do you have something to say about the state of the blogging community?
Do you have a post you would like to share with other bloggers?
Here are some things we like to talk about here:
- General Blog Improvement
- Monetization
- Advertising
- Corporation-owned Blogging Networks
- Media
- Ethics
- Tech Tips
- SEO Tips
In exchange for your guest post you will receive the following:
- Link to your blog on the post
- Link to your post in your member profile
- Promotion of post and your Twitter profile on IFB's Twitter
- Occasionally: Facebook and Newsletter Promotion
Single guest posts are not paid, as we can only pay regular contributors. At this time we are not accepting applications for regular contributors.
Please send your story pitch to jennine (at) heartifb.com


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$57,260 – $79,329 Invoice
12 / 17 MPG City/Hwy
Enter your information and a representative will contact you for this 2012 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class !
What's New for 2012:
- LED running lights standard on all trims
Exterior Features
The Mercedes-Benz GL-Class is a full-size 7-passenger SUV that is offered in three models: GL350 Bluetec, GL450 4Matic, and GL550 4Matic. Unlike the G-Class, which is built on a truck-based body-on-frame platform, the GL-Class shares a modified Mercedes-Benz M-Class unibody platform for a more car-like ride. Standard exterior features include a power tailgate, power-folding mirrors, automatic lights, LED running lights, self-leveling air suspension, and a sunroof. The GL450 is fitted with 19-inch wheels; the GL350 with 20-inch wheels; and the GL550 with 21-inch wheels, which also features a different front fascia.
Interior Features
Base interior features of the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class are vinyl upholstery, dual-zone automatic climate control, power accessories that include an 8-way power driver's seat, Bluetooth connectivity, proprietary communications system, and an 8-speaker sound system. The GL550 4Matic adds a number of features that are optional on the other trims, including a rearview camera, leather upholstery, premium ambient lighting, bi-Xenon headlights, 3-zone climate control, keyless ignition and entry, and an 11-speaker Harman Kardon sound system. Maximum cargo volume is 83 cubic feet.
Optional Features
A trailer hitch is optional on all GL-Class models, as is a rear-seat entertainment system.
Under the Hood
The 2012 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class features three engines, two of which use gasoline and the third diesel. The standard engine fitted on the GL450 is a 4.7-liter V-8 rated at 335 horsepower. The gasoline powered GL550 features a 5.5-liter V-8 engine rated at 382 horsepower. The diesel-powered GL350 Bluetec comes with a turbocharged, 3.0-liter 6-cylinder engine rated at 210 horsepower, which delivers 400 lb.-ft. of torque. All GL-Class models feature a 7-speed automatic transmission and 4Matic, a permanent all-wheel-drive system.
Fuel Economy
EPA fuel-economy figures for the 2012 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class are:
- GL350 Bluetec: 17/21/19 mpg (city/highway/combined)
- GL450: 13/18/15 mpg
- GL550: 12/17/14 mpg
Standard safety features on the Mercedes-Benz GL-Class include anti-lock disc brakes, traction control, front-seat side air bags, side curtain air bags, and hill-start assist and hill-descent control. Active head restraints are standard on all seven seats.
To date, neither the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) nor the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) have tested the 2012 Mercedes-Benz GL-Class.
|City/Hwy MPG
|GL350 BlueTEC 4MATIC
|7 speed automatic
|210-hp / 3.0L 6-cyl
|7 speed automatic
|335-hp / 4.6L 8-cyl
|7 speed automatic
|382-hp / 5.5L 8-cyl
$63,170–$82,495 Base MSRP
$59,064–$77,133 Invoice
13/18 MPG City/Hwy
$59,200–$62,300 Base MSRP
$54,787–$57,650 Invoice
14/20 MPG City/Hwy
$60,045–$75,245 Base MSRP
$54,641–$68,473 Invoice
12/17 MPG City/Hwy


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The Hasselblad H4D-60 Medium Format DSLR Camera offers the ultimate in digital medium-format image capture to professional commercial, studio, and fine art photographers. Built around a 60 megapixel, 40.2 x 53.7mm CCD image sensor with 16-bit color, the H4D-60 captures the subtle nuances and fine detail of any subject. The chip provides the basis for optimal lens performance with a lens factor of 1.0, with both HC and HCD lenses. From high-profile portraiture and fashion to international travel photography, the H4D-60 provides image professionals with the superior handling and high image quality synonymous with the Hasselblad brand.
The H4D-60 allows you to choose between working tethered to a computer or untethered and storing your images on a compact flash card. A 4GB card will store about 50 images. You can view your captured images on the 3" double-res (460.320 pixels) TFT 24bit color LCD display. The H4D-60 features True Focus with APL (Absolute Position Lock), making auto-focus substantially easier and more accurate. The camera has a wide ISO flexibility (ISO 100-800), and a flash sync of up to 1/800th of a second.
Options including GPS and Perspective Control modules, a choice of eye-level or waist-level finders, and optics from 28mm wide angle to 300mm telephoto, support the H-system philosophy of full user customization with uncompromising quality. Paired with Hasselblad Phocus software, the H4D-60 represents a complete, digital image solution for all of your professional needs.
With the purchase of this item, you are eligible for a free CD version of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4 software. Go here to register for your copy. Hasselblad will ship the software to you directly.
- Built around a 60 megapixel, 40.2 x 53.7mm CCD image sensor with 16-Bit color. The chip provides the basis for optimal lens performance with a lens factor of 1.0, with both HC and HCD lenses.
- Ultra-fast auto focus using True Focus with Absolute Position Lock allows true, accurate focusing throughout the image field. Camera also features AF Assist Illumination for working in dark environments.
- 90 MB/sec read-write performance on Extreme Pro cards from Sandisk
- Rear uni-body housing for improved local servicing
- Choose between working tethered to a computer or untethered storing your images on a compact flash card. This allows you to get the most of your camera system both on location and in the studio.
- The large 3" double-res (460.320 pixels) TFT 24-bit color display with a wide viewing angle allows you to view your images clearly almost anywhere
- Capable of flash sync speeds up to 1/800th of a second, the camera opens the door to powerful, action-stopping studio and location photography. From models in motion to powerful athletic portraits, Hasselblad's central lens shutters lead the industry in speed, consistency, and reliability.
- Process your RAW images in Hasselblad's Phocus imaging toolbox, or work with your RAW images directly in Apple or Adobe imaging environments
- Hasselblad's Phocus Software brings powerful capture, processing, and archiving capabilities to the H system. Using a FireWire 800 connection, Phocus can control all shooting functions of the camera including ISO, shutter speed, aperture value, and fine autofocus. Processing capabilities go beyond simple RAW conversion, with adjustments for distortion, vignetting, and chromatic aberration. Powerful archiving functions such as keyword generation, GPS tagging, and folder creation bring professional image organization to your Mac or PC system.
- Hasselblad's optional Global Image Locator (GIL) tags GPS coordinates, altitude, and time to all of your images files. This data is highly useful for location-specific applications and follow-up assignments. Using the included Phocus software, image mapping can be made directly to Google Earth.
- With the purchase of this item, you are eligible for a free CD version of Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 4 software. Go here to register for your copy. Hasselblad will ship the software to you directly.