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The invention comprises a borosilicate retention aid composition and a method for improving the production of paper by addition of the borosilicate. The borosilicate may be utilized in conjunction with a high molecular weight synthetic flocculent and/or starch, with or without the addition of a cationic coagulant. The borosilicate material is preferably a colloidal borosilicate. Methods for the preparation of the borosilicate material are disclosed.
1. A Method for increasing retention of fines and fillers on a cellulosic sheet formed from a papermaking furnish subjected to papermaking conditions comprising the steps of:
adding to the papermaking furnish from about 0.00005 to about 1.25% by weight, based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish, of a borosilicate having a mole ratio of boron to silicon of from about 1:1000 to about 100:1, a mole ratio of alkali metal to silicon of from about 6:1000 to about 1.04:1, a particle size of from about 1 to 2000 nm; and a surface area of from about 15 to 3000 m2/g; and from about 0.001 to about 0.5% by weight, based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish of a substantially water soluble polymeric flocculant having a molecular weight greater than 500,000 Daltons; and then subjecting the furnish to papermaking conditions; and recovering a cellulosic sheet, whereby the retention of fines and fillers on said sheet and the rate of drainage of liquid from said sheet is increased.
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This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/444,741, filed Nov. 22, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,627 B1; which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/940,888, filed Sep. 30, 1997, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a borosilicate retention aid composition and, a method of using the borosilicate retention aid composition in the production of paper. A method of making such borosilicate retention aid composition is also disclosed. The borosilicate materials are preferably an aqueous suspension of colloidal borosilicate.
2. Background of the Invention
In the manufacture of paper, an aqueous cellulosic suspension or furnish is formed into a paper sheet. The slurry of cellulosic fiber is generally diluted to a consistency (percent dry weight of solids in the furnish) having a fiber content of about 4 weight percent of fiber or less, and generally around 1.5% or less and often below 1.0% ahead of the paper machine, while the finished sheet typically has less than 6 weight percent water. Hence the dewatering and retention aspects of papermaking are extremely important to the efficiency and cost of the manufacture.
Gravity dewatering is the preferred method of drainage because of its relatively low cost. After gravity drainage more expensive methods are used for dewatering, for instance vacuum, pressing, felt blanket blotting and pressing, evaporation and the like. In actual practice a combination of such methods is employed to dewater, or dry, the sheet to the desired water content. Since gravity drainage is both the first dewatering method employed and the least expensive, an improvement in the efficiency of this drainage process will decrease the amount of water required to be removed by other methods and hence improve the overall efficiency of dewatering and reduce the cost thereof.
Another aspect of papermaking that is extremely important to the efficiency and cost is retention of furnish components on and within the fiber mat. The papermaking furnish represents a system containing significant amounts of small particles stabilized by colloidal forces. A papermaking furnish generally contains, in addition to cellulosic fibers, particles ranging in size from about 5 to about 1000 nm consisting of for example cellulosic fines, mineral fillers (employed to increase opacity, brightness and other paper characteristics) and other small particles that generally, without the inclusion of one or more retention aids, would in significant portion pass through the spaces (pores) between the mat formed by the cellulosic fibers on the papermachine.
Greater retention of fines, fillers, and other components of the furnish permits, for a given grade of paper, a reduction in the cellulosic fiber content of such paper. As pulps of lower quality are employed to reduce papermaking costs, the retention aspect of papermaking becomes more important because the fines content of such lower quality pulps is generally greater. Greater retention also decreases the amount of such substances lost to the whitewater and hence reduces the amount of material wastes, the cost of waste disposal and the adverse environmental effects therefrom. It is generally desirable to reduce the amount of material employed in a papermaking process for a given purpose, without diminishing the result sought. Such add-on reductions may realize both a material cost savings and handling and processing benefits.
Another important characteristic of a given papermaking process is the formation of the paper sheet produced. Formation may be determined by the variance in light transmission within a paper sheet, and a high variance is indicative of poor formation. As retention increases to a high level, for instance a retention level of 80 or 90%, the formation parameter generally declines.
Various chemical additives have been utilized in an attempt to increase the rate at which water drains from the formed sheet, and to increase the amount of fines and filler retained on the sheet. The use of high molecular weight water soluble polymers was a significant improvement in the manufacture of paper. These high molecular weight polymers act as flocculants, forming large flocs which deposit on the sheet. They also aid in the dewatering of the sheet. In order to be effective, conventional single and dual polymer retention and drainage programs require incorporation of a higher molecular weight component as part of the program. In these conventional programs, the high molecular weight component is added after a high shear point in the stock flow system leading up to the headbox of the paper machine. This is necessary since flocs are formed primarily by the bridging mechanism and their breakdown is largely irreversible and do not re-form to any significant extent. For this reason, most of the retention and drainage performance of a flocculant is lost by feeding it before a high shear point. To their detriment, feeding high molecular weight polymers after the high shear point often leads to formation problems. The feed requirements of the high molecular weight polymers and copolymers which provide improved retention often lead to a compromise between retention and formation.
While successful, high molecular weight flocculant programs were improved by the addition of so called inorganic "microparticles".
Polymer/microparticle programs have gained commercial success replacing the use of polymer-only retention and drainage programs in many mills. Microparticle containing programs are defined not only by the use of a microparticle component but also often by the addition points of chemicals in relation to shear. In most microparticle containing retention programs, high molecular weight polymers are added either before or after at least one high shear point. The inorganic microparticulate material is then usually added to the furnish after the stock has been flocculated with the high molecular weight component and sheared to break down those flocs. The microparticle addition re-flocculates the furnish, resulting in retention and drainage that is at least as good as that attained using the high molecular weight component in the conventional way (after shear), with no deleterious impact on formation.
One such program employed to provide an improved combination of retention and dewatering is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,753,710 and 4,913,775, to Langley et al., the disclosures of which are hereinafter incorporated by reference into this specification. In the method disclosed in Langley et al., a high molecular weight linear cationic polymer is added to the aqueous cellulosic papermaking suspension before shear is applied to the suspension, followed by the addition of bentonite after the shear application. Shearing is generally provided by one or more of the cleaning, mixing and pumping stages of the papermaking process, and the shear breaks down the large flocs formed by the high molecular weight polymer into microflocs. Further agglomeration then ensues with the addition of the bentonite clay particles.
Other such microparticle programs are based on the use of colloidal silica as a microparticle in combination with cationic starch such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,388,150 and 4,385,961, the disclosures of which are hereinafter incorporated by reference into this specification, or the use of a cationic starch, flocculant, and silica sol combination such as that described in both U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,098,520 and 5,185,062, the disclosures of which are also hereinafter incorporated by reference into this specification. U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,801 claims a method for the preparation of paper using a high molecular weight anionic water soluble polymer, a dispersed silica, and a cationic starch.
Although, as described above, the microparticle is typically added to the furnish after the flocculant and after at least one shear zone, the microparticle effect can also be observed if the microparticle is added before the flocculant and the shear zone (e.g., wherein the microparticle is added before the screen and the flocculant after the shear zone).
In a single polymer/microparticle retention and drainage aid program, a flocculant, typically a cationic polymer, is the only polymer material added along with the microparticle. Another method of improving the flocculation of cellulosic fines, mineral fillers and other furnish components on the fiber mat using a microparticle is in combination with a dual polymer program which uses, in addition to the microparticle, a coagulant and flocculant system. In such a system a coagulant is first added, for instance a low molecular weight synthetic cationic polymer or cationic starch. The coagulant may also be an inorganic coagulant such as alum or polyaluminum chlorides. This addition can take place at one or several points within the furnish make up system, including but not limited to the thick stock, white water system, or thin stock of a machine. This coagulant generally reduces the negative surface charges present on the particles in the furnish, particularly cellulosic fines and mineral fillers, and thereby accomplishes a degree of agglomeration of such particles. The coagulant treatment is followed by the addition of a flocculant. Such a flocculaqnt generally is a high molecular weight synthetic polymer which bridges the particles and/or agglomerates, from one surface to another, binding the particles into larger agglomerates. The presence of such large agglomerates in the furnish, as the fiber mat of the paper sheet is being formed, increases retention. The agglomerates are filtered out of the water onto the fiber web, whereas unagglomerated particles would, to a great extent, pass through such a paper web. In such a program the order of addition of the microparticle and flocculant can be reversed successfully.
The present invention departs from the disclosures of these patents in that a borosilicate, preferably a colloidal borosilicate is utilized as the microparticle. Surprisingly we have found that borosilicates provide improved performance over other microparticle programs, and especially those using colloidal silica sols as the microparticle. The borosilicate microparticles of the invention allow the production of paper and board having improved levels of retention, formation, uniform porosity, and overall dewatering.
One aspect of the invention comprises a borosilicate retention aid composition. The borosilicates, preferably aqueous solutions of colloidal particles of borosilicate, useful in this invention have a mole ratio of boron to silicon of from 1:1000 to 100:1 and generally from 1:100 to 2:5. Preferably the mole ratio of sodium to silicon in the borosilicate materials of this invention ranges from 0.006 to 1.04 and even more preferably ranges between 0.01 to 0.7. A further aspect of the invention comprises a papermaking system which comprises the steps of adding to a papermaking furnish from about 0.00005 to about 1.25% by weight, based on the weight of the dry fiber in the furnish, of a borosilicate. In an alternative embodiment, a nonionic, cationic, or anionic polymeric flocculant is added to the furnish either before or after addition of the borosilicate in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.50% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. An alternative is the addition of cationic starch or guar gum in place of or in addition to a polymeric flocculant to the furnish either before or after addition of the borosilicate in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 5.0% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. Another alternative is the addition of a coagulant to the furnish in an amount ranging from 0.005 to 1.25% by weight of the dry weight of the fiber in the furnish. The flocculation of components of the papermaking furnish is increased when the borosilicate is added alone or in combination with a conventional polymeric flocculant, alone or in combination with a coagulant.
By the addition of the borosilicate particles of this invention to a papermaking furnish or slurry prior to sheet formation, improved sheet properties may be obtained. As used herein, the term furnish or slurry is meant as a suspension of cellulosic fibers used to form a cellulosic sheet. The sheet may be a fine paper (which as used herein includes virgin-fiber-based as well as recycle-fiber based materials), board (which as used herein includes recycle-fiber based test liner and corrugating medium as well as virgin-fiber based materials),and newsprint (which as used herein includes magazine furnishes as well as both virgin fiber and recycle-fiber based), or other cellulosic material. The final sheet may contain in addition to a cellulosic fiber mat, fillers, pigments, brighteners, sizing agents, and other materials used in the production of the numerous grades of cellulosic mats commonly referred to as paper or board.
The invention comprises a retention and drainage aid composition comprising a borosilicate (preferably a colloidal borosilicate) having a mole ratio of boron to silicon ranging from about 1:100 to about 2:5. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the borosilicate is characterized as having a mole ratio of sodium to silicon ranging from about 6:1000 to 1.04:1. The microparticle retention aid is preferably a colloid of borosilicate having a chemistry similar to that of borosilicate glass. The borosilicate is preferably used in the form of an aqueous colloid. This colloid is generally prepared by reacting an alkali metal salt of a boron containing compound with silicic acid under conditions resulting in the formation of a colloid. The borosilicate particles useful in this invention may have a particle size over a wide range, for example from 1 nm (nanometer) to 2 microns (2000 nm), and preferably from 1 nm to 1 micron. When a colloidal borosilicate is utilized the particle size will generally be in the range of from 1 nm to 200 nm and preferably from 1 to 80 nm and most preferably 20-80 nm. The surface area of the borosilicate particles useful in this invention can likewise vary over a wide range. Generally as particle size decreases, surface area will increase. The surface area should be in the range of 15 to 3000 m2/g and preferably 50 to 3000 m2/g. When the preferred colloidal borosilicate particles of the invention are utilized the surface area will generally be in the range of 250 to 3000 m2/g and preferably from 700 to 3000 m2/g.
The preferred colloidal borosilicate materials useful in this invention are generally prepared by first preparing silicic acid. This may be advantageously accomplished by contacting an alkali metal silicate solution, preferably a dilute solution of the alkali metal silicate with a commercial cation exchange resin, preferably a so called strong acid resin, in the hydrogen form and recovering a dilute solution of silicic acid. The silicic acid may then be added, with agitation to a dilute solution of an alkali metal borate at a pH of from 6-14, and a colloidal borosilicate product suspended in water is recovered. Alternatively, the alkali metal borate and the silicic acid may be added simultaneously to prepare suitable materials. In the usual practice of this invention, the concentration of the silicic acid solution utilized is generally from 3 to 8 percent by weight SiO2, and preferably 5 to 7 percent by weight SiO2. The weight percent of the borate solution utilized is generally 0.01 to 30 and preferably 0.4 to 20 weight percent as B2O3. The borate salt utilized may range over a wide variety of compounds. Commercial borax, sodium tetraborate decahydrate, or sodium tetraborate pentahydrate are the preferred material in the practice of this invention because of the ready availability of these materials and their low cost. Other water soluble borate materials may be utilized. We believe that any soluble alkali metal borate salt may be employed in the practice of this invention. The preparation of the colloidal borosilicate material of this invention may be accomplished with or without pH adjustment. It is sometimes advisable to conduct the reaction at a pH of 7.5 to 10.5 through the addition of an appropriate alkali metal hydroxide, preferably sodium hydroxide, to the reaction mixture. Best results have been obtained in the pH range of 8 to 9.5 although as will be appreciated, the synthesis procedures for the borosilicate compositions of this invention are still being optimized. We believe that agitation, rate of addition, and other parameters are non-critical to the formation of the colloidal borosilicate compositions of the invention. Other methods of preparing the colloidal borosilicates of this invention may also be utilized. These methods could encompass preparing the colloidal borosilicate as above and spray drying the particles followed by grinding, or other methods which would yield a borosilicate material meeting the parameters set forth above.
The invention further comprises a method of improving the production of paper which comprises the step of adding to a paper mill furnish from about 0.00005 to about 1.25% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the slurry or furnish of a borosilicate, preferably a colloidal borosilicate. In an alternative embodiment, a nonionic, cationic or anionic polymeric flocculant may be added to the furnish either before or after the addition of the borosilicate in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.5% by weight based on dry weight of fiber in the furnish. A cationic starch may alternatively be added to the furnish in place of, or in addition to the synthetic polymer flocculant in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 5.0% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. More preferably, the starch is added in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 1.5% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. In yet another embodiment, a coagulant may be added to the furnish in place of, or in addition to, the flocculent and/or the starch in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 1.25% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the papermaking furnish. Preferably the coagulant is added in an amount of from about 0.025 to about 0.5% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish.
This invention is also directed to a method for increasing retention and drainage of a papermaking furnish on a papermaking machine which comprises the steps of adding to a papermaking furnish from about 0.00005 to about 1.25% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish of a borosilicate particle, preferably a colloidal borosilicate. The borosilicate may be added to the papermaking furnish along with a nonionic, cationic or anionic polymeric flocculant. The flocculant may be added either before or after the borosilicate in an amount of from about 0.001 to about 0.5% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. Starch may alternatively be added to the furnish in place of or in addition to the flocculant in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 5.0% by weight based on dry weight of fiber in the furnish. If starch is utilized it is preferably a cationic starch. When used, the starch is preferably added in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 1.5% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. In yet another alternative, a coagulant may be added to the furnish in place of, or in addition to, the flocculant and/or the starch in an amount of from about 0.005 to about 1.25% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. Preferably, the coagulant is added in an amount of from about 0.025 to about 0.5% by weight based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish.
The dosage of the polymeric flocculant in any of the above embodiments is preferably from 0.005 to about 0.2 weight percent based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. The dosage of the borosilicate is preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.25 percent by weight based on the weight of dry fiber in the furnish, and most preferably from about 0.005 to about 0.15% by weight of fiber in the furnish.
It should be pointed out that since this invention is applicable to a broad range of paper grades and furnishes the percentages given above may occasionally vary. It is within the spirit and intent of the invention that variance can be made from the percentages given above without departing from the invention, and these percentage values are given only as guidance to one skilled in the art.
In any of the above embodiments, bentonite, talc, synthetic clays, hectorite, kaolin, or mixtures thereof may also be added anywhere in the papermaking system prior to sheet formation. The preferred addition point is the thick stock pulp before dilution with whitewater. This application results in increased cleanliness of the papermaking operation which otherwise experiences hydrophobic deposition affecting both the productivity and the quality of paper.
In addition, any of the above embodiments may be applied to papermaking furnish selected from the group consisting of fine paper, (which as used herein includes virgin fiber based as well as recycle-fiber based materials), board (which as used herein includes recycle-fiber based test liner and corrugating medium as well as virgin-fiber based materials), and newsprint (which as used herein includes magazine furnishes as well as both virgin fiber and recycle-fiber based), or other cellulosic material. These furnishes include those that are wood-containing, wood-free, virgin, bleached recycled, unbleached recycled, and mixtures thereof.
Paper or paperboard is generally made from a suspension or furnish of cellulosic material in an aqueous medium, which furnish is subjected to one or more shear stages, in which such stages generally are a cleaning stage, a mixing stage and a pumping stage, and thereafter the suspension is drained to form a sheet, which sheet is then dried to the desired, and generally low, water concentration. The borosilicate materials of the invention may be added to the furnish before or after a shear stage.
In addition to the retention and drainage aid applications described above, the borosilicate materials may be used in conjunction with standard cationic wet strength resins to improve the wet strength of cellulosic sheet so treated. When utilized in this manner the borosilicate is added to the furnish prior to placement of the furnish, containing the wet strength resin, on a papermachine. The borosilicate is generally utilized at the levels set forth above.
The borosilicate of this invention has been found to significantly enhance the performance of synthetic polymeric flocculants and retention aids, and starch in the papermaking process. Further, the borosilicate materials are believed to have utility as additives in solids/liquids separation processes such as water pretreatment, and in wastewater treatment applications. The borosilicates in addition to enhancing drainage and retention in newsprint, fine paper, board and other paper grades, may also find utility in pitch and stickies control in papermaking, pulp dewatering in the production of dry-lap pulp, saveall and clarifier applications in pulp and paper mills, water clarification dissolved air flotation and sludge dewatering. The compositions of this invention may also find utility in solid/liquid separation or emulsion breaking. Examples of such applications are municipal sludge dewatering, the clarification and dewatering of aqueous mineral slurries, refinery emulsion breaking and the like. The enhanced performance seen utilizing the borosilicate particles of this invention in combination with synthetic polymers and or starch includes higher retention, improved drainage and improved solids/liquids separation, and often a reduction in the amount of polymer or starch used to achieve the desired effect.
Microparticle retention programs are based on the restoration of the originally formed flocs broken by shear. In such applications, the flocculant is added before at least one high shear point, followed by the addition of microparticle just before the headbox. Typically, a flocculant will be added before the pressure screens, followed by the addition of microparticle after the screens. However a method wherein this order may be reversed is contemplated herein. Secondary flocs formed by the addition of microparticles result in increased retention and drainage without detrimentally affecting formation of the sheet. This allows increased filler content in the sheet, eliminates two-sidedness of the sheet, and increases drainage and speed of the machine in paper manufacturing.
The use of a slight excess of polymeric flocculant and/or coagulant is believed necessary to ensure that the subsequent shearing results in the formation of microflocs which contain or carry sufficient polymer to render at least parts of their surfaces positively charged, although it is not necessary to render the whole furnish positively charged. Thus the zeta potential of the furnish, after the addition of the polymer and after the shear stage, may be cationic or anionic.
Shear may be provided by a device in the apparatus used for other purposes, such as a mixing pump, fan pump or centriscreen or one may insert into the apparatus a shear mixer or other shear stage for the purpose of providing shear, and preferably a high degree of shear, subsequent to the addition of the polymer.
The flocculants used in the application of this invention are high molecular weight water soluble or dispersible polymers which may have a cationic or anionic charge. Nonionic high molecular weight polymers may also be utilized. These polymers may be completely soluble in the papermaking system, or alternatively may be readily dispersible. They may have a branched or crosslinked structure provided that they do not form objectionable "fish eyes", so called globs of undissolved polymer on the finished paper. Polymers of these types are readily available from a variety of commercial sources. They are available as dry solids, aqueous solutions, water-in-oil emulsions which when added to water allow the polymer contained therein to rapidly solubilize, or as dispersions of the water soluble or dispersible polymer in aqueous brine solutions. The form of the high molecular weight flocculant used herein is not deemed to be critical so long as the polymer is soluble or dispersible in the furnish.
As stated above, the polymers may be cationic, anionic, or nonionic. Cationic polymer flocculants useful herein are generally high molecular vinyl addition polymers which incorporate a cationic functional group. These polymers are generally homopolymers of water soluble cationic vinyl monomers, or may be copolymers of a water soluble cationic vinyl monomer with a nonionic monomer such as acrylamide or methacrylamide. The polymers may contain only one cationic vinyl monomer, or may contain more than one cationic vinyl monomer. Alternatively, certain polymers may be modified or derivatized after polymerization such as polyacrylamide by the mannich reaction to produce a cationic vinyl polymer useful in the invention. The polymers may have been prepared from as little as 1 mole percent cationic monomer to 100 mole percent cationic monomer, or from a cationically modified functional group on a post polymerization modified polymer. Most often the cationic flocculants will have at least 5 mole percent of cationic vinyl monomer or functional group, and most preferably, at least 10 weight percent of cationic vinyl monomer or functional group.
Suitable cationic vinyl monomers useful in making the cationically charged vinyl addition copolymers and homopolymers of this invention will be well known to those skilled in the art. These materials include: dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEM), dimethylaminoethyl acrylate (DMAEA), diethylaminoethyl acrylate (DEAEA), diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEM) or their quaternary ammonium forms made with dimethyl sulfate or methyl chloride, mannich reaction modified polyacrylamides, diallylcyclohexylamine hydrochloride (DACHA HCl), diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium chloride (MAPTAC) and allyl amine (ALA). Cationized starch may also be used as a flocculant herein. The flocculant selected may be a mixture of those stated above, or a mixture of those stated above with a cationic starch. Those skilled in the art of cationic polymer based retention programs will readily appreciate that the selection of a particular polymer is furnish, filler, grade, and water quality dependent.
High molecular weight anionic flocculants which may be useful in this invention are preferably water-soluble or dispersible vinyl polymers containing 1 mole percent or more of a monomer having an anionic charge. Accordingly, these polymers may be homopolymers or water soluble anionically charged vinyl monomers, or copolymers of these monomers with for instance non-ionic monomers such as acrylamide or methacrylamide. Examples of suitable anionic monomers include acrylic acid, methacrylamide 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate (AMPS) and mixture thereof as well as their corresponding water soluble or dispersible alkali metal and ammonium salts. The anionic high molecular weight polymers useful in this invention may also be either hydrolyzed acrylamide polymers or copolymers of acrylamide or its homologues, such as methacrylamide, with acrylic acid or its homologues, such as methacrylic acid, or with polymers of such vinyl monomers as maleic acid, itaconic acid, vinyl sulfonic acid, or other sulfonate containing monomers. Anionic polymers may contain sulfonate or phosphonate functional groups or mixtures thereof, and may be prepared by derivatizing polyacrylamide or polymethacrylamide polymers or copolymers. The most preferred high molecular weight anionic flocculants are acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers, and sulfonate containing polymers such as those prepared by the polymerization of such monomers as 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonate, acrylamido methane sulfonate, acrylamido ethane sulfonate and 2-hydroxy-3-acrylamide propane sulfonate with acrylamide or other non-ionic vinyl monomer. When used herein the polymers and copolymers of the anionic vinyl monomer may contain as little as 1 mole percent of the anionically charged monomer, and preferably at least 10 mole percent of the anionic monomer. Again the choice of the use of a particular anionic polymer will be dependent upon furnish, filler, water quality, paper grade, and the like.
While most microparticle programs perform well with only a high molecular weight cationic flocculant, we have seen surprising effects using the borosilicate particles of the invention with high molecular weight anionic water soluble flocculants with the addition of a cationic coagulant.
Nonionic flocculants useful in this invention may be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene oxide and poly(meth)acrylamide. In addition to the above, it may be advantageous to utilize so called amphoteric water soluble polymers in certain cases. These polymers carry both a cationic and an anionic charge in the same polymer chain.
The nonionic, cationic and anionic vinyl polymer flocculants useful herein will generally have a molecular weight of at least 500,000 daltons, and preferably molecular weights of 1,000,000 daltons and higher. Water soluble and/or dispersible flocculants useful herein may have a molecular weight of 5,000,000, or higher, for instance in the range of from 10 to 30 million or higher. The polymers of the invention may be entirely water soluble when applied to the system, or may be slightly branched (two-dimensional) or slightly cross linked (three dimensional) so long as the polymers are dispersible in water. The use of polymers which are entirely water soluble are preferred, but dispersible polymers, such as those described in WO 97/16598, may be employed. Polymers useful may be substantially linear as such term is defined in Langley et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,710. The upper limit for molecular weight is governed by the solubility or dispersiblity of the resulting product in the papermaking furnish.
Cationic or amphoteric starches useful in the application of this invention are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,385,961. the disclosure of which has been incorporated by reference into this specification. Cationic starch materials are generally selected from the group consisting of naturally occurring polymers based on carbohydrates such as guar gum and starch. The cationic starch materials believed to be most useful in the practice of this invention include starch materials derived from wheat, potato and rice. These materials may in turn be reacted to substitute ammonium groups onto the starch backbone, or cationize in accordance with the process suggested by Dondeyne et al. in WO 96/30591. In general starches useful in this invention have a degree of substitution (d.s.) of ammonium groups within the starch molecule between about 0.01 and 0.05. The d.s. is obtained by reacting the base starch with either 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride or 2,3-epoxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride to obtain the cationized starch. As will be appreciated it is beyond the scope and intent of this invention to describe means for the cationizing of starch materials and these modified starch materials are well known and are readily available from a variety of commercial sources.
Various characteristics of the cellulosic furnish, such as pH, hardness, ionic strength and cationic demand, may affect the performance of a flocculant in a given application. The choice of flocculant involves consideration of the type of charge, charge density, molecular weight and type of monomers and is particularly dependent upon the water chemistry of the furnish being treated.
Other additives may be charged to the cellulosic furnish without any substantial interference with the activity of the present invention. Such other additives include for instance sizing agents, such as alum and rosin, pitch control agents, extenders, biocides and the like. The cellulosic furnish to which the retention aid program of the invention is added may also contain pigments and or fillers such as titanium dioxide, precipitated and/or ground calcium carbonate, or other mineral or organic fillers. It may be possible, and it is within the spirit of the invention that the instant invention may be combined with other so called microparticle programs such as bentonite, kaolin, and silica sols. However data demonstrated herein shows that the particles of the subject invention out perform these materials, and the combination thereof may yield a performance level less than either of the materials by themselves. Nevertheless, when papermakers change grades or furnishes it is possible that in certain situations the combination of the borosilicate materials of the invention with other microparticles may be practical and desirable.
The borosilicate microparticles of the invention may also be used in combination with a coagulant according to the teachings of Sofia et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,795,531, the disclosure of which is hereinafter incorporated by reference into this specification. Sofia teaches a microparticle program in which a microparticle is utilized in the presence of a cationic coagulant and a high molecular weight charged flocculant.
The cationic coagulant materials which may find use in this aspect of the invention include well known commercially available low-to mid molecular weight water soluble polyalkylenepolyamines including those prepared by the reaction of an alkylene polyamine with a difunctional alkyl halide. Materials of this type include condensation polymers prepared from the reaction of ethylenedichloride and ammonias, ethylene dichloride, ammonia and a secondary amine such as dimethyl amine, epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine, epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine-ammonia, polyethyleneimines, and the like. Also useful will be low molecular weight solution polymers and copolymers of vinyl monomers such as diallyldimethylammonium halides, especially diallyldimethylammonium chloride, dialkylaminoalkylacrylates, dialkylaminoalkylacrylate quaternaries, and the like where 'alkyl' is meant to designate a group having 1-4, and preferably 1-2 carbon atoms. Preferably 'alkyl' is methyl. These monomers are exemplified by such materials as dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, dimethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate and their water-soluble quaternary ammonium salts. In certain cases cationic starch may be employed as the coagulant. Inorganic coagulants, e.g., alum and polyaluminum chloride, may also be used in this invention. The usage rate of inorganic coagulants is typically from 0.05 to 2 weight percent based on the dry weight of fiber in the furnish. The use of a coagulant with the borosilicate microparticles of this invention is optional.
The present method is applicable to all grades and types of paper products that contain the fillers described herein, and further applicable for use on all types of pulps including, without limitation, chemical pulps, including sulfate and sulfite pulps from both hardwood and softwood, thermo-mechanical pulps, mechanical pulps and groundwood pulps.
The amount of any mineral filler used in the papermaking process, generally employed in a papermaking stock is from about 10 to about 30 parts by weight of the filler per hundred parts by weight of dry fiber in the furnish, but the amount of such filler may at times be as low as about 5, or even 0, parts by weight, and as high as about 40 or even 50 parts by weight, same basis.
The following examples are presented to describe preferred embodiments and utilities of the invention and are not meant to limit the invention unless otherwise stated in the claims appended hereto.
Each of the Examples shown in Table I below was prepared using the following general procedure and varying the relative amounts of reagents.
Silicic acid was prepared following the general teaching of Bechtold et al., U.S. Pat. No. 2,574,902. A commercially available sodium silicate available from OxyChem, Dallas, Tex. having a silicon dioxide content of about 29% by weight and a sodium oxide content of about 9% by weight was diluted with deionized water to a silicon dioxide concentration of 8-9% by weight. A cationic exchange resin such as Dowex HGR-W2H or Monosphere 650C, both available from Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Mich. was regenerated to the H-form via treatment with mineral acid following well established procedures. The resin was rinsed following regeneration with deionized water to insure complete removal of excess regenerant. The dilute silicate solution was then passed through a column of the regenerated washed resin. The resultant silicic acid was collected.
Simultaneously, an appropriate amount of borax solution (reagent grade sodium tetraborate decahydrate) was combined with an appropriate amount of aqueous sodium hydroxide to form a "heel" for the reaction. Optionally, water may be added to the heel to insure adequate volume during the early stages of formation.
Freshly prepared silicic acid was then added to the "heel" with agitation at room temperature. Agitation was continued for 60 minutes after complete addition of the silicic acid. The resulting colloidal borosilicate may be used immediately, or stored for later use. The table below gives amounts of silicic acid, sodium hydroxide, and sodium tetraborate decahydrate (borax) as well as pH.
The commercially available compounds defined in Table II below are used throughout the following Examples. Unless otherwise indicated, all are available from Nalco Chemical Company, One Nalco Center, Naperville, Ill. 60563-1198.
The following describes the preparation of Example 9 appearing in Table I. A control was prepared for comparison purposes. This amounts to carrying out the synthesis without borax in the heel. A colloidal silica was prepared by taking 9.68 g of a commercially available sodium silicate and diluting with 22 g of water. The mixture was agitated with a magnetic stir bar and brought to room temperature, i.e., 25� C. Where upon, silicic acid. 249 g with a specific gravity of 1.047, was added over a 40 minute period. Once all of the silicic acid was added to the reaction mixture, agitation continued for an additional hour. The colloidal silica formed contained 8.26% by weight SiO2.
A "simple blend" control was prepared by mixing a commercially available colloidal silica and borax. A mixture was prepared at room temperature consisting of 50 g of 0.1M borax solution, 92.3 g of water, and 82 g of Nalco 8671. The pH of the solution was adjusted with concentrated hydrochloric acid to 9.5. The boron to silicon molar ratio was 0.098, while sodium to silicon molar ratio was 0.049.
An anionic polysilicate microgel, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,220 by Rushmere. Example 3 was tested. The purpose of the example within the subject patent was to demonstrate that certain ionic salts induce the formation of polysilicic acid microgel. These salts are chosen so as to adjust the pH of a sodium silicate solution into the unstable, pH range. A 5% by weight borax solution was prepared from 5 g of sodium orthoborate.decahydrate and 95 g of water. A 3.75% sodium silicate solution was prepared from 12.5 g of a commercially available sodium silicate, containing 29.3% as silicon dioxide and 9.0% as sodium oxide, and 87.5 g of water. Following the instructions of the subject patent, 60 g of the 5% borax solution was mixed with 40 g of the dilute sodium silicate solution. The mixture was allowed to stand for 8 minutes after which time it was further diluted to 0.125 weight % as silicon dioxide. It was confirmed repeatedly in our laboratory, that the 1.5% silicon dioxide solution of polysilicic acid microgel gelled upon standing at 23 minutes. The boron to silicon molar ratio was 1.24. Similarly, the sodium to silicon molar ratio was 1.2. The final product solids were 0.125% by weight actives.
A blank devoid of silica was prepared for study using 100 mL of 0.1M Borax solution, 48.6 mL of 1M NaOH solution and 300 mL of water. The solution pH was 13.
The following test protocols were used in conducting the experiments presented below.
Preparation of Synthetic Standard Furnishes
Alkaline Furnish—The alkaline furnish has a pH of 8.1 and is composed of 70 weight percent cellulosic fiber and 30% weight percent filler diluted to an overall consistency of 0.5% by weight using synthetic formulation water. The cellulosic fiber consists of 60% by weight bleached hardwood kraft and 40% by weight bleached softwood kraft. These are prepared from dry lap beaten separately to a Canadian Standard Freeness (CSF) value ranging from 340 to 380 CSF. The filler was a commercial ground calcium carbonate provided in dry form. The formulation water contained 200 ppm calcium hardness (added as CaCl2), 152 ppm magnesium hardness (added as MgSO4), and 110 ppm bicarbonate alkalinity (added as NaHCO3).
Acid Furnish—The acid furnish consisted of the same bleached kraft hardwood/softwood weight ratio, i.e., 60/40. The total solids of the furnish comprised 92.5% by weight cellulosic fiber and 7.5% by weight filler. The filler was a combination of 2.5% by weight titanium dioxide and 5.0 percent by weight kaolin clay. Other additives included alum dosed at 20 lbs active per ton dry solids. The pH of the furnish was adjusted with 50% sulfuric acid such that the furnish pH was 4.8 after alum addition.
Britt Jar Test
The Britt Jar Test used a Britt CF Dynamic Drainage Jar developed by K. W. Britt of New York University, which generally consists of an upper chamber of about 1 liter capacity and a bottom drainage chamber, the chambers being separated by a support screen and a drainage screen. Below the drainage chamber is a flexible tube extending downward equipped with a clamp for closure. The upper chamber is provided with a 2-inch, 3-blade propeller to create controlled shear conditions in the upper chamber. The test was done following the sequence below:
In all cases above, the starch used was Solvitose N, a cationic potato starch, commercially available from Nalco. In the case of the alkaline furnish, the cationic starch was introduced at 10 lbs/ton dry weight of furnish solids or 0.50 parts by weight per hundred parts of dry stock solids, while the flocculant was added at 6 lbs/ton dry weight of furnish solids or 0.30 parts by weight per hundred parts of dry stock solids. In the case of the acid furnish, the additive dosages were: 20 lbs/ton dry weight of furnish solids of active alum (i.e., 1.00 parts by weight per hundred parts of dry stock solids). 10 lbs/ton dry weight of furnish solids or 0.50 parts by weight per hundred parts of dry stock solids of cationic starch, and the flocculant was added at 6 lbs/ton dry weight of furnish solids or 0.30 parts by weight per hundred parts of dry stock solids.
The material so drained from the Britt Jar (the "filtrate") is collected and diluted with water to provide a turbidity which can be measured conveniently. The turbidity of such diluted filtrate, measured in Nephelometric Turbidity Units or NTUs, is then determined. The turbidity of such a filtrate is inversely proportional to the papermaking retention performance; the lower the turbidity value, the higher is the retention of filler and/or fines. The turbidity values were determined using a Hach Turbidimeter. In some cases, instead of measuring turbidity, the % Transmittance (%T) of the sample was determined using a DigiDisc Photometer. The transmittance is directly proportional to papermaking retention performance; the higher the transmittance value, the higher is the retention value.
SLM (Scanning Laser Microscopy)
The Scanning Laser Microscopy employed in the following examples is outlined in U.S. Pat. No. 4,871,251, issued to Preikschat, F. K. and E. (1989) and generally consists of a laser source, optics to deliver the incident light to and retrieve the scattered light from the furnish, a photodiode, and signal analysis hardware. Commercial instruments are available from Lasentec™, Redmond, Wash.
The experiment consists of taking 300 mL of cellulose fiber containing slurry and placing this in the appropriate mixing beaker. Shear is provided to the furnish via a variable speed motor and propeller. The propeller is set at a fixed distance from the probe window to ensure slurry movement across the window. A typical dosing sequence is shown below.
The change in mean chord length of the flocs present in the furnish relates to papermaking retention performance; the greater the change induced by the treatment, the higher the retention value.
Surface Area Measurement
Surface area reported herein is obtained by measuring the adsorption of base on the surface of sol particles. The method is described by Sears in Analytical Chemistry, 28(12), 1981-1983(1956). As indicated by Iler ("The Chemistry of Silica", John Wiley & Sons, 1979, 353), it is the "value for comparing relative surface areas of particle sizes in a given system which can be standardized." Simply put, the method involves the titration of surface silanol groups with a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, of a know amount of silica (i.e., grams), in a saturated sodium chloride solution. The resulting volume of titrant is converted to surface area.
S-value Determination
Another characteristic of colloids in general, is the amount of space occupied by the dispersed phase. One method for determining this was first developed by R. Iler and R. Dalton and reported in J. Phys. Chem., 60(1956), 955-957. In colloidal silica systems, they showed that the S-value relates to the degree of aggregation formed within the product. A lower S-value indicates a greater volume is occupied by the same weight of colloidal silica.
DLS Particle Size Measurement
Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) or Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (PCS) has been used to measure particle size in the submicron range since as early as 1984. An early treatment of the subject is found in "Modern Methods of Particle Size Analysis", H. Barth, editor, Wiley, New York, 1984. The method consists of filtering a small volume of the sample through a 0.45 micron membrane filter to remove stray contamination such as dust or dirt. The sample is then placed in a cuvette which in turn is placed in the path of a focused laser beam. The scattered light is collected at 90� to the incident beam and analyzed to yield the average particle size. The present work used a Coulter� N4 unit, commercially available from Coulter Corporation, Scientific Instruments.
The following examples show the results of a comparison between the colloidal borosilicate compositions of the invention and the prior art in several papermaking furnishes.
The following work was done on a commercial alkaline fine paper composed of 100% bleached hardwood virgin fibers. Ash content was 8% via precipitated calcium carbonate. Consistency was targeted at 1%. The furnish also contained recycled coated broke.
The following data were collected using an alkaline furnish prepared using European hardwood and softwood drylap. The preparation follows that outlined above for "standard" alkaline furnish. The alkaline furnish has a pH of 8.1 and is composed of 70 weight percent cellulosic fiber and 30% weight percent filler diluted to an overall consistency of 0.5% by weight using synthetic formulation water. The cellulosic fiber consists of 60% by weight European bleached hardwood kraft and 40% by weight European bleached softwood kraft. These are prepared from dry lap beaten separately to a Canadian Standard Freeness value ranging from 340 to 380 CSF. The filler was a commercial ground calcium carbonate provided in dry form. The formulation water contained 200 ppm calcium hardness (added as CaCl2), 152 ppm magnesium hardness (added as MgSO4), and 110 ppm bicarbonate alkalinity (added as NaHCO3).
The next furnish, a commercial European furnish, is used to prepare coated alkaline fine paper. The furnish consists of 50% cellulosic fiber, i.e. 100% bleached kraft fiber, and 50% filler. The filler is ground calcium carbonate. The furnish has a pH of 7.4 and an overall consistency of 1.5%. The Britt Jar and SLM testing protocol consisted of the following sequence:
The next furnish, a commercial European furnish, is an acid furnish composed of 40% TMP fiber consisting of sulfite bleached and unbleached, 40% is kraft fiber and the remaining is coated broke. The filler is kaolin clay. The final product is a LWC (i.e., Light Weight Coated) grade. In particular, the furnish pH was 4.8, with a consistency of 0.71%. The Britt Jar and SLM testing protocol consisted of the following sequence:
Sequence the same, however the dosages of polymers changed. Alum was added at 6.7 kg/t, cationic starch added at 5.0 kg/t, the coagulant was added at 5.0 kg/t, the flocculant was added at 0.66 kg/t just prior to the microparticle being added at 2.0 kg/t.
The next furnish, a commercial European furnish, is an alkaline furnish. The alkaline furnish consists of 32% Kraft fiber, 48% broke, and 20% ash. The Kraft fiber consists of 63% hardwood and 37% softwood kraft pulp. The 20% ash is composed of equal components of precipitated and ground calcium carbonate. The furnish pH was 8.25, with a consistency of 1.2%. The SLM testing protocol consisted of the following sequence: at 30 seconds the coagulant, Polymer "C", was added at 1.0 kg/t; this was followed 30 seconds later with the flocculant, Polymer "F" at 0.5 kg/t; and the last additive was the microparticle at 90 seconds and at 1.0 kg/t.
The next furnish, a commercial European furnish, is used to make a neutral coated wood-containing sheet. The furnish consisted of CTMP, coated broke and some Kraft pulp. The furnish pH was 7.5, with a consistency of 0.7%. Of this some 20% was ash. The SLM testing protocol consisted of the following sequence: beginning with cationic starch at 8 kg/t; at 60 seconds the coagulant, Polymer "C", was added at 4.8 kg/t; this was followed 30 seconds later with the flocculant, Polymer "E" at 0.9 kg/t; and the last additive was the microparticle at 120 seconds and at 2.0 kg/t.
Changes can be made in the composition, operation and arrangement of the method of the present invention described herein without departing from the concept and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims:
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One of summer's nastiest menaces is about to get nastier for Floridians.
The dreaded mosquito with a wispy appearance and a wicked bite is likely to be demoted on the "things to hate about summer" list. Scientists say it will be trumped by the gallinipper.
A giant mosquito with shaggy hair and a painful bite that is compared to being knifed, has taken up residence in Florida in increasing numbers. Last summer, there was a gallinipper boom after Tropical Storm Debby dumped rain on the Sunshine State. And eggs laid last year could produce the monster mosquitoes if this year is soggy enough.
Oh, yes. Gallinipper eggs can lie dormant for years until floodwaters or rain enable them to hatch.
And while they are in their larval stage, gallinippers can eat tadpoles.
And, unlike mosquitoes that feed mostly at dawn and dusk, gallinippers feed day and night. And they like to feed on pets and wild animals (and even the larvae of other insects).
And they're 20 times larger than the garden variety mosquito.
Hate them yet?
They make Charleston's monster cockroaches seem almost sweet.
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subset: commoncrawl


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As the only program of its kind in South Carolina, and one of only a handful of public college programs in mortuary science in the United States, Piedmont Technical College's ABFSE-accredited Funeral Service Education program is well equipped to prepare students for a rewarding career in the Funeral Service and Mortuary Industry.
Funeral Service Major
Graduation Date: May 2011
Fernandez earned his bachelor's degree in elementary education from North Greenville and began teaching for the Cherokee County School District. After 20 years in education, though, the interest in funeral service was still there. "Since funeral service was still in the back of my mind, I thought it had to be a calling for me to pursue," he said. "Then I found out Piedmont Tech had a funeral service program."
The Funeral Service program offers both an Associate of Applied Science degree and a certificate.
The associate degree offers students the educational foundation needed to seek licensure in South Carolina or in another state, both as a funeral director and an embalmer.
The certificate, which is available only online, was developed for students interested in becoming licensed funeral directors in the Carolinas. The courses in this program will prepare students to take the South and North Carolina Funeral Directors' Exams.
Because many funeral service students at PTC already hold bachelor's degrees and are attending classes while working full-time, we know it's important to offer classes that can accommodate a busy life. Our classes are scheduled two days a week to increase your flexibility as you complete your degree. For funeral service professionals, we offer distance learning opportunities for continuing education.
Freshmen attend classes Mondays and Tuesdays, while upper classmen have class Wednesdays and Thursdays. Classes generally run from 1pm to 6pm both days.
The certificate program is offered completely online, and all of the general education requirements for the associate degree are available online.
Students in the program learn the profession in a facility featuring state-of-the-art technology for embalming, cremation and restorative art.
The funeral service facility features a fully functional, custom designed Duncan Stuart Todd embalming lab that exceeds industry standards and includes the same cutting edge equipment found in modern funeral homes.
The restorative art laboratory offers students hands-on experience in facial reconstruction and restoration for proper viewing. Laboratories featuring sophisticated modeling equipment and instruments are conducted by experienced licensed instructors.
The program is also equipped with a B & L pet crematorium—the first of its kind in any mortuary science program in the country. This facility offers student students hands-on experience with the preparation of bodies.


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Not for nothing is marula (Sclerocarya birrea) dubbed "food of kings."1 In the giant triangle from Cape Verde in the west to the Horn of Africa in the east and to the Cape of Good Hope in the south, its prized fruits and macadamia-like seeds are in demand. Many Africans consider a gift of marula nuts a sign of signal friendship. In some societies, the tree ranks as a major food supplier, its economic and social importance being such that they are said to have a "marula culture."2
Marulas are plum-sized stone fruits with a thick yellow peel and translucent white flesh. Many are eaten fresh but most are processed into things such as beverages, jams, and jellies. Although the succulent pulp has its own flavor, writers searching for a frame of reference have variously described it as being like litchi, apple, guava, or pineapple. Regardless of taste, the juice is nutritionally important, containing as much as four times the vitamin C of orange juice.
The kernels inside the stone that is found at the center of the fruit are also eaten. They too have high nutritive value, not to mention a delicate taste and such exceptional oil content that they burn like a bright candle. These nuts provide tasty sustenance for both human and beast.
Given these products, marula is at once a fruit tree and nut tree—a sort of tuck shop on a trunk. It is also a good food-security resource. Especially significant in this latter regard is the fact that it provides food during the season when grain stocks are low and other crops have yet to reach harvestable form. It is also significant that the nuts store so well they provided nutritious food long after all else is gone.
The living tree is remarkable in its own right. When fully grown it is large and shady. People genuinely like having it around for its shade and beauty as well as for its fruits. When farmers clear the land, these trees are often all they leave standing. Marula has long been also planted deliberately.
This is a common Bantu description of marula. It is, for instance, the name given it by the Tonga, who live in Mozambique as well as in the neighboring parts of South Africa and Zimbabwe.
This has been said of the Phalaborwa, for example. Krige, E.J. 1937. Note on the Phalaborwa and their marula complex. Bantu Studies 11:357-366.


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Cover Story
Intertwined Sciences
Integrative research approaches to a broad range of issues — from the psychological impact of poverty to genetic influences on behavior — served as the theme of the first International Convention of Psychological Science, held March 12–14 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In this issue of the Observer, APS shares highlights of the momentous gathering.
Presidential Column
Thoughts on the Future of Data Sharing
APS President Nancy Eisenberg warns that recent federal policy changes on scientific data sharing could threaten the quality of data, the privacy of research participants, and even the design of… More>
Decoding the Neural Signature of Consciousness
Science is teasing apart the series of distinct operations that occur in the brain as a person processes information. APS Fellow Stanislas Dehaene describes new research methods that can help… More>
The Lasting Power of Patience
Longitudinal data collected from thousands of participants from New Zealand and the United Kingdom show that childhood measures of self-discipline predict everything from personal income to the pace of physiological… More>
How Brains Think
Humans understand complex aspects of their day-to-day experience through their bodies, says George Lakoff. The acclaimed cognitive linguist provides a comprehensive look at the nature of embodied structures in the… More>
Psychology of Language: From the 20th to the 21st Century
The late psychological scientist George Miller, in an article for the very first issue of APS's flagship journal, called for the study of language to be considered across general theories… More>
Remembering Richard R. Bootzin
Colleagues and former students honor a scientist for pioneering the study and treatment of sleep disorders and for championing science-based training for clinical psychological scientists. More>
Watch Out for the Experienced Study Participant
Researchers might not think about participants' past experiences as a research subject, but new findings suggest that these experiences could make a difference in study outcomes.More>
Perspectives on Psychological Science
Read about the latest issue of Perspectives on Psychological Science.More>
A New You: Behavior Change May Drive Personality Change
What does it really take to alter your personality? Researchers have presented a framework describing three preconditions for self-directed personality change.More>
Toddlers and Touchscreens: A Science in Development
A new study launched by APS Board Member Annette Karmiloff-Smith and Tim Smith of Birkbeck, University of London, will investigate how digital technology affects early child development across various domains.… More>
Brain Activity of Passengers on Terrifying Flight Sheds Light on Trauma Memory
Neuroimaging data from passengers on a flight that nearly crashed in 2001 are helping researchers understand how trauma memories are processed in the brain.More>
APS Commits to Promoting Transparent Science
APS, along with many other scientific journals and organizations, has voiced its support of using publication guidelines to promote open science practices.More>
Shoham Honored Posthumously for Contributions to Family Research
Late APS Board Member Varda Shoham was recognized posthumously as a recipient of the Distinguished Contributions to Family Systems Research Award at the 2015 Annual Meeting of the American Family… More>


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Mon December 9, 2013
Poetry Out Loud on Lehigh Valley Discourse
By Rebecca Walz
Poetry Out Loud is our topic this evening's program. Host John Pearce welcomes local poet Marilyn Hazelton and Kathy Odorizzi from the Allentown Art Museum. What is the poetry contest to be held at the museum? Why poetry in an art museum anyway? Join us to learn about this adventure.


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The single template in this section was created by our web designer Mercury. Razor Templates in the zero downloads category are razor templates that we've not had anyone download, yet. Razor Templates come from all categories far and wide to be included in the zero downloads category. If you want the freshest designs around, designs that haven't been downloaded before, look no further! Get 'em while they're hot, be the first to download these templates today, before it's too late! Our Zero Download Razor Templates are made using the Microsoft Razor syntax. The Razor syntax is in turn part of the Microsoft WebMatrix which is a new web development environment that makes the process of creating websites extremely easy. With our Razor Templates the code is very easy to understand and modify. With our Microsoft Razor templates, the website elements can be modified directly in your browse by pressing the "Edit" button next to any element. Also you can modify any shared elements such as a footer or header and once changed it will automatically be changed on all pages of your website. Our Razor templates have built-in helper functions which allow you to easily embed videos, connect to a database, integrate Facebook or Tweeter and much more.
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2011-13: Member of the scout team.
2010: Attended Shorter University ... 2010 Mid-South Conference Academic All-Conference.
High School: Ola, coached by Jack Hines and Thomas McLaurin ... Named Senior Male Athlete of the Year at Ola ... Member of Henry County/Clayton Senior All-Star team ... Nominated for Wendy's Heisman Award as a junior and named Underclassmen Male Athlete of the Year ... Earned All-Region honors in basketball ... Also lettered in basketball and track for three years ... Honors student who earned bronze academic honors in French and was Student of the Month once ... Acted and was awarded the Best Acting Performance and to the All-Star Cast in 2006 ... Named to state and region's All-Star Cast in 2008.
Personal: CURTIS L. WYATT III ... Born April 25, 1991 ... Major: Theatre.


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Have we played good defense?
this week in unintentionally grim-sounding recruiting headlines
Have we played good defense?
I think this is the first time this year I have seen Michigan simply quit.
I just hope we get out of the first weekend of the tourney this year.
It's looking less and less likely.
Is this for real? What the fuck
The team mailed it in. Fuck it.
immeasurably with his mugging style of play. Almost as ugly as Wisky.
Whining about thi, we are getting our ass kicked, maybe could learn how to play this style on defense. Just quit it, take it like a man.
How is he allowed to go out on the court during play? Isn't that a t or something. Done it twice already.
Fuck this. Outhustled. Burke just gave up after that last turnover. This team lacks heart which is why they get blasted on the road.
Disgusting to watch.
Is "over the back" still a call in basketball?
I honestly don't know if we're a top 20 team right now.
These are the type of comments that are ridiculous, it's fine to criticize certain aspects but this is a team that is 21-3, I repeat 21-3.
Can we get Greg Mattison out there to coach? When did we get so bad?
I'm so sad right now.
absolutely pathetic, no heart, hustle or desire. where's that novak guy???
This one is over.
Mitch McGary is playing absolutely TERRIBLE!!
But you are correct sir. First time he seems intimidated. Playing like freshmen today. So are the soph and juniors.
Just embarassing. Of course it doesn't help when MSU seemingly hasn't missed a single shot this entire game.
No Defense.
No Offense.
No gonna win.
Freshman are rattled at this dump... Look timid
We are over rated. Period
Not going to bother watching if Michigan isn't going to bother trying.
Now panic.
Michigan 41%
Michigan 7
Michigan 9 (2)
Soooo the State of the Union is also on...
Now I feel like a fool...
It now seems like he was the great energy guy off the bench.
It's march already? Where have I been for the last few weeks!!
It's almost like Belien forgot how to coach the past few weeks. We have been more competitive against MSU with much less talented teams in the past. Calm the guys down and find them ways to score some points.
Such a soft team this Michigan team has proven them selves to be.
The TV is about to be turned off
Where's that fucking RESET button? Seriously guise, WHERE IS IT
S found in the aisle called "defense", an aisle UM avoids with enthusiasm.
Is Brady Hoke busy at half-time?
We are being exposed as a weak team, physically and mentally.
Why did I delay THAT for THIS!
we're overrated. 3-4 seed. no one outside of Burke
Totally agree on the seed. I think we have some good players besides Burke though. Just not tough, Novak-like players.
Did I just seriously see him WALK down the floor after that turnover?
First time he has ever pissed me off on the court!
Gonna be another year or two until we have a veteran, battle-tested lineup. Shame Burke and THJ won't be around to see it.
Will devastate this team. We have no one other than them who can create O off the dribble.
Sweet offensive sets we've been running. Wtf happened to running a cohesive offensive play?
I just don't understand? How do teams play so well offensively against us with field goal percentage as high as 65% Is our defense really that terribly suck?!
Yes it is.
I hate Big10 refs. It isn't rational that a team 6 steals, 5 OREB and 3 blocks and only 4 fouls. If you play like that you are going to foul more then your opponent.


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ST's STM8T series uses a ProxSense™ charge-transfer capacitive acquisition principle to support various applications from a basic single touch including proximity sensing up to an advanced matrix capable of managing up to 300 touches or channels. Proximity detection ranges up to 20 cm, and the capacitive electrode can be made using a simple conductive material such as a copper pad or conductive ITO layer.
The STM8T141/143 is a single-channel capacitive sensor with two independent outputs to transmit touch or proximity events.
The STM8T52/L53 series is based on the STM8L platform with ProxSense™. The robust cell provides strong immunity to perturbation, while the innovative STM8L provides the benefits of low-power Flash-based technology. The combination of these two advanced solutions meets the needs of the most demanding user interfaces.


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12 years of experience
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He is the reason why I am no longer afraid to have a male OB/GYN! He has an excellent bedside manner, kind, informative, funny.... I could go on and on. He delivered my little boy and I am hoping we still live in this area when baby #2 comes along! Just a great doctor...made this first-time mommy feel a bit more at ease during labor (if "ease" is really even possible at that time!)
Dr. Segal doesn't rush you through the appt. and takes time to ask about all medical issues. He is concerned with total health and not just gyn issues. A wonderful, caring Doctor!
He is really a wonderful doctor, and I have seen many in my life. He is always attentive, caring and very professional about all the areas of my concerns. His office staff,in Lakewood, have also been excellent.
Dr. Segal is a first rate OB/GYN who recently helped me through a difficult pregnancy and delivery. His compassion and bedside manner are as impressive as his skill and intelligence.
Very happy, He and his team of 4 other doctor are the best thing a pregnant women can have. They do follow ups and are very attentive. Also a great Plus they are on call to answer all of your questions 24/7. Dr. Segal helped me even on none OBGYN matter and acted as a general doctor on numerous occasions. Something not many OBGYNs would do.


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G House by Paz Gersh Architects is a modern dream home built for a family of five. Situated in Ramat Hasharon, Israel, this zen-like dwelling is spectacularly defined by its surrounding Mediterranean gardens.
At approximately 4,800 square feet, this two-story home is clad in horizontal wood siding and white concrete. The structure is unique, seemingly a box within a floating box when viewed from the outside. Pale rocks are set as a beautiful natural carpet underneath the hovering foundation. The first-floor balcony wraps the home, allowing the family lifestyle to harmonize with the landscape, which includes lovely orchard trees. A white wall surrounds the home, creating utmost privacy for family and friends.
What is most eye-catching is the framed geometric "trellis" of the balcony–such bold, clean design. Glazed living spaces by way of large sliding window panels and doors, mesh with this terrace allowing for an uninhibited appreciation of both areas, gracefully linking inside with out.
The living room, dining room and kitchen encompass the first level layout, while more private quarters including the bedrooms are upstairs. A second-floor lounge and casual office workspace overlooks the double-height living room and features glass railings which further the airy vibe of this dwelling. The kitchen is appealing in that it is adjacent to the main living area, yet features a partial wall keeping all of the noisy culinary ongoings at bay. Glossy white cabinetry is streamlined and elegantly fills this space.
Furnishings are iconic modern, while warm wood flooring travels throughout the home, a nice backdrop to the brown, black and grey palette. The absence of vivid coloring in this contemporary dream home allows the lush greenery to become a focal point, inducing a perpetually pleasing vision from within.
Another stand-out is the utilization of daylight. Clerestory windows filter brilliant shards of natural light across the interiors of this home, creating interest. The stairwell features slender vertical rods along its one wall, which, when hit with light from above, creates a distinctive diamond pattern across the dining room ceiling–so chic! The trio of copper globe lighting pendants is also a smashing, somewhat retro contribution to this space.
G House is a modern family home designed to dramatically capture light, while meticulously embracing its verdant, leafy Mediterranean landscape.


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Now, with Labor Day behind us and the first splashes of tree color developing, children in the North Country will be returning to school.
For some it will be their first time at school. Many will have been to their community school, but only to visit with mom and Dad but never left at school without them.
I can remember my first day of school quite clearly. I had to get up early and I had to take a shower and I had to put on new clothes and shoes that pinched my heel as they were not worn in yet to a more comfortable fit.
The step from the road up to the first step of the bus was big and then getting up on to the seat was a struggle. There I sat, my feet not touching the floor. I had several siblings on the bus so it was not as scary as it might have otherwise been. As I struggled from by bouncy seat, my sister took my hand and brought me to my classroom and told me that she would come see me later.
It seems almost impossible to believe, but one of my greatest difficulties that first day was keeping my pants up. Though my belt was cinched up to the last hole, there just was not very much of me back then and I noticed that other little boys were also struggling. The bigness of everything left a strong impression, the tall ceilings, the tall people, the tall water fountains and the tall buildings.
Many people that I have encountered over the years do remember their first day of school no matter what their perception of the experience might have been. There is no question what an endelible impression that first day of school makes. It goes without saying that these first school impressions may have long lasting impact, good or bad.
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The Hamilton Sundstrand Honorary Scholarship
The Hamilton Sundstrand Honorary Scholarship is awarded annually in perpetuity to a deserving son or daughter of a United States Army soldier or to the spouse of an active duty enlisted soldier.
Hamilton Sundstrand, a United Technologies Company, has established this scholarship to assist Army family members through a generous donation and pledge of funding to the Army Scholarship Foundation. In creating this scholarship, Vice President of Space, Land and Sea for Hamilton Sundstrand Mr Edward M. Francis, a United States Army veteran, said, "U.S. Army soldiers are serving in harm's way across the globe helping to defend the rights and freedoms which all Americans enjoy. This scholarship is but one small way that we in Hamilton Sundstrand can say 'thank you' for the many sacrifices these soldiers and their families make every day on our behalf."
Hamilton Sundstrand is a United Technologies Company headquartered in Windsor Locks, Connecticut. Hamilton Sundstrand employs approximately 18,300 people at more than 50 major facilities worldwide and is among the world's largest suppliers of technologically advanced aerospace and industrial products. Hamilton Sundstrand designs and manufactures aerospace systems for commercial, regional, corporate and military aircraft, and is a major supplier for international space programs.
Hamilton Sundstrand's Space, Land and Sea (SLS) business unit provides highly reliable, advanced technology solutions to a broad range of government and industry customers. SLS continues to bring innovative and integrated solutions to our traditional Space, Missile, Launch Vehicle, and Undersea markets, while seeking new applications for our advanced technologies in support of the United States Army and Joint Services.


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- Capitol Quickies - http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies -
No nominees, so no hearings
Posted By Michael Symons On January 28, 2010 @ 9:04 am In Uncategorized | Comments Disabled
The Senate Judiciary Committee, which must hold hearings on Gov. Chris Christie's Cabinet nominees as the first step toward the Senate's approval, is supposed to have its turn to meet Monday but won't.
In part, that's because the committee has no nominations before it to consider. Though Christie has been ann0uncing nominees since mid-December (though mostly since Jan. 7th), the governor didn't formally submit any names at the Senate's quorum call on his inaugural day, Jan. 19th.
The committee does have 80 bills before it, as well.
The Senate Judiciary Committee is next scheduled to convene Feb. 8th, followed by March 1st and March 15th.
Article printed from Capitol Quickies: http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies
URL to article: http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies/2010/01/28/no-nominees-so-no-hearings/
Click here to print.
Copyright © 2008 Capitol Quickies. All rights reserved.


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Looks like I was here six years ago!
I'm 24 now, and I'm just looking at when I last logged on! Six years ago, wow. And I've not got where I've wanted to go, but I've really found the motivation and have the lifestyle now to make things work. Here's my story.
Just to give you more of an idea, I'm 5 foot 9. My weight has always gone up and down as my commitment to fitness has never been more than brief flirts. I've never been technically overweight, but as I'm sure as with a lot of people here, Christmas overindulgence got the better of me and my weight was at its highest of 75kg. This doesn't really have spread over my body but always seems to concentrate on my belly which is annoying.
I've always wanted to get bigger as I'm quite a weedy guy, but I've always wanted to get rid of my belly too as it always makes me uncomfortable taking my top of in front of others. So I thought the best plan would be to lose weight for two to three months to get a flatter belly and then start on the weights after, as it may be too difficult to lose the belly fat after bulking.
After almost two months, I'm on around 63kg, so I've lost 12kg. I've been doing a mixture of weights and cardio at least four times a week. I've been incredibly strict and cut down fatty foods to one treat a week and cut down carbs by at least 80%. I'm very proud and it's a lot to lose in this period. My belt has gone to its lowest notch and now is a bit too big, but my belly still feels too big in proportion to everything else! On a really good day, I can suck it in and I can see my abs vaguely (I've been working on them a lot), but it still doesn't seem to have to gone away to the extent I want.
I'm not sure what to do, as if I carry on with my diet and plans I'll be way lighter than I really want to be. I've crossed that threshold where I'm under 10 stones, and I don't want to be a skinny guy, I want to be a big guy with some nice abs! Any ideas on what I can do? I definitely have the dedication to work for it, but I need to know what to do!
I would focus on getting stronger with the basic lifts. As you start to move more weight on Squats, Deadlifts, Bench, Overhead Press, and some back movements, you will put on lean mass and your metabolism will increase. Contrary to what you said about it being difficult to lose your belly after bulking, as long as you don't get carried away, it will be EASIER to lose the fat after gaining some lean mass because you will have a naturally faster metabolism.
That said, I don't know how overweight you are, if you are really overweight, then yes, cut down a bit before trying to gain any mass.
But no matter what your goal, i.e. losing fat, gaining muscle. The focus in the gym should be progressive resistance.
James 1:16-17 ESV
Do not be deceived, my beloved brothers. Every good gift and every perfect gift is from above, coming down from the Father of lights
With God's help...Mens sana in corpore sano
Welcome back! I also just rejoined after a hiatus of 6-7 years. Good to be back and looking forward to seeing your progress.
Age: 26
B.S. Nutrition
CEO of Cyborg Supplements
Unless you are truly overweight i think it is a mistake to drop weight first. Based on your stats i dont think you should drop weight further. i realize you said you are 5'9 and weighed 165, and now under 140. But stop cutting and just start bulking. You dont have to get out of hand with your bulk. Just do a program up your calories in order to bulk. You dont have to get fat. As commander said focus on moving more weight each week and you will put on muscle. That muscle will help you lose the fat. Just dont overthink it and make things complicated. If you give it enough time and keep up with your diet and workout program you will see changes in your body. Less fat more muscle.
Man O steel.
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BOTOX® Cosmetic, Restylane, Juvederm and other injectables
Understand how BOTOX® Cosmetic, Restylane, Juvederm, Radiesse and other injectables can temporarily help smooth wrinkles and improve the appearance of moderate to severe lines.
It's an unfortunate reality that our skin begins looking less and less healthy as we age. This is caused by many factors, chief among them being the sun. Due to modern science and technology, there are many treatment options available to reverse these signs of skin damage.
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Better Skin through Science
Science is working to repair the ravages of age. The last several years have seen a huge leap forward in our ability to improve aged skin with laser treatments, dermal fillers, and other technologies which improve and stimulate new protein development. New injectable fillers such as Restylane and Juvederm are available which can enhance lips and bring a plump fullness to our skin. Botox is also often used to prevent dynamic lines which can often make us look old and tired. There are also a number of collagen injections, both human and bovine, which are used to improve the skin's appearance. The goal of these treatments is to provide an instantaneous improvement to our face and provide soft tissue augmentation to replace what damage the sun has done.
Options for More Beautiful Skin
It's an unfortunate reality that our skin begins looking less and less healthy as we age. This is due to many factors, chief among them being the sun. Sun exposure damages our skin's collagen proteins and connective tissues, making our skin less attractive. We see the development of facial veins, wrinkles on the face, sagging skin, and thinning of our lips. Our skin begins to lose its elasticity and the fibrous protein matrix made of collagen and elastin in our skin becomes rigid as the sun does more and more damage.
VIP Beauty: Collagen Regeneration
The goal of VIP Beauty is to provide quality information about bovine or human collagen injections, dermal fillers, laser treatments, and other skin care methods, as well as a list of physicians who offer treatment for aging skin near you. As a Patient's Guide™ website we are committed to providing our visitors accurate information that is reviewed and edited by some of the leaders in the field. Please do note that no website, advertising, or opinion can replace consultation with an expert physician and before making any decision on treatment, it is advisable to speak to your doctor first.


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Doing the annual update of the copyright last night to welcome the new year, it occurred to me there's quite a bit of unused or unneeded source in the main tree. There was an early philosophy with the development of Noble Ape – reuse or remove.
There is a need for both of these with the current source code. With Bob Mottram's substantial submissions to the Noble Ape source code base slowing down over the past few months, I have made periodic updates to simplify some of the source. This has been a piecemeal effort to-date.
One of the methods I've wanted to try is a source code book of all the used source code. Actually running your eyes down source code in a linear form sometimes draws your eye to source that normally isn't considered in general source code browsing. I will use Lulu for the book printing and review with a pen-in-hand for changes to be implemented in the source.
If you are interested in reading about any Noble Ape related topics through this blog, please don't hesitate to contact me.
Happy New Year!


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American Legion Post gets new home
Tuesday, Sept. 11, was an extremely important day for American Legion Post 81.
In the afternoon, the legionnaire veterans happily celebrated their move into a new headquarters building on Baca Avenue in Belen. But by that evening, the mood had muted to a somber commemoration of the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks with American Legion Riders — motorcyclists — at the forefront of a procession from the Heart of Belen Plaza to the 9/11 Memorial Park.
The veterans were led by Joel Brown, state vice president of the riders, and Roger Sisneros, president of Chapter 25 in Belen. Sisneros and the local riders were also busy preparing for a ceremony last Saturday when they received a new American Legion charter. The charter was issued at the new headquarters by Brad Schroenghamer, the state president, Sisneros said.
The new headquarters is airy, spacious and solid. It contains reminders of the legionnaires' sacrifices and service rendered to the nation, but also offers members a place just to hang out and talk.
Post 81 leaders said they hope their building will attract a new generation of veterans from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Many vets aren't even aware that an American Legion post exists in Belen.
Some may not even know what the American Legion is or does, the leaders said.
They described the new building alternately as a den, a man-cave and a place to get together to watch an NFL game.
"Our old building on Becker Avenue was falling down," said Barbara Bowman, the post's commander.
The Legion had been in the century-old building for about five years. It is owned by Claudine Montano, the proprietor of the Becker Street Pub. Montano let the veterans use the building "for just about nothing," Bowman said. "We're very grateful to her."
Chapters of the American Legion Riders are known from coast to coast for their charitable work, which has raised hundreds of thousands of dollars for local children's hospitals, schools, veterans homes, severely wounded service members and scholarships.
For the past half-dozen years, Riders nationwide have participated in the Legion Legacy Run to raise money for a scholarship fund for children of U.S. military personnel killed since Sept. 11, 2001.
Riders from Belen and 24 other chapters across New Mexico plan to embark later this month on the Legion's Operation Wounded Warrior run. They will converge on Ft. Sam Houston's Brooks Military Hospital in San Antonio to assist and otherwise lend their support to amputees, burn victims and those with brain injuries. Last year, 43 Riders made the trip.
"We're just G.I.s who care," Sisneros said.
The group is also raising $3 million to open a Fisher House, a home away from home at Kirtland Air Force Base for families of severely wounded service members. Fisher Houses provide a way for military families to be near loved ones at no cost during hospitalization for an injury or illness.
There is at least one Fisher House at every major military medical center in the United States. The program serves more than 17,000 families annually.
The American Legion was chartered by Congress in 1919 as a patriotic veterans organization. Its main focus is on service to veterans and members of the military.
Since its inception, the American Legion evolved from a group of war-weary World War I veterans into one of the most influential nonprofit groups in the United States. Today, with a membership of more than 2.4 million in 14,000 posts around the world, it is the nation's largest veterans organization.
The American Legion has three main membership categories: Legionnaires, or actual veterans; the auxiliary, usually wives of servicemen; and S.A.L., Sons of the American Legion, which is open to sons, grandsons and nephews of veterans. The posts are organized into 55 departments, one each for the 50 states and District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, France, Mexico and the Philippines.
Over the years the Legion has influenced considerable social change in America, won untold benefits for veterans and produced important programs for young people.


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Friday, September 24, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Clayton News Daily
By Doug Gorman
It was one of those games where everything just seemed to go right for the Eagle's Landing Christian Chargers.
On a night when ELCA relied on big plays by both the offense and the defense, the Chargers built a 35-0 lead against First Presbyterian from Macon at the half, and the scored held up the rest of the way in the Region 5-A showdown.
"I was proud of the way our defense played," ELCA head coach Jonathan Gess said. "I was proud of the way our offense played. Our goal is we want to get better each and every week. We played better tonight than we did two weeks ago. It's not going to be perfect everytime."
The victory kept the No. 6-ranked Class A team unbeaten at 4-0 overall and 1-0 in region play.
ELCA dominated the battle for field postion, rolling up 438 yards of total offense. First Presbyterian, which is in its first year as a member of the Georgia High School Association, had trouble getting its offense on track, and picked up just 54 yards of offense for the game.
Quarterback Aaron Spratlin was the catalyst for the Chargers, completing 11 of 12 passes for 221 yards. Twice he hit his favorite target, Virginia Tech commitment, Christian Reeves on 64 and 41 yard touchdown strikes.
"It was important to take control of the game early," Spratlin said. "The first few games have been close in the first half, then it would take us one or two drives in the second half to get us rolling. This game we came out really focused."
But it was the defense that helped get things started for the Chargers less than two minutes into the contest when Cole Carrera stepped in front of a Clay Martin pass, intercepting it and returning it for a 31-yard touchdown
First Presbyterian moved the ball into Charger territory on its next series thanks to Martin's 20-yard strike to Mathew Davis, but the drive bogged down and the ball wen back to ELCA on downs. It was one of the best series for the Vikings all night.
Three plays later, the Chargers were in the end zone again. This time when Spratlin connected on his first scoring strike to Reeves on an acrobatic catch he turned into a touchdown.
ELCA added to its side of the scoreboard midway through the second quarter. Mixing up several running plays with a couple of key passes including a fourth-down strike to Conner Weatherington, and the Chargers were back in the end zone on Kayante Green's 1-yard plunge with 9:28 left in the first half.
The Chargers added two more first-half touchdowns in the final 3:11 of the second quarter. After stopping their guest on four downs, the Chargers took over at First Presbyterian's own 44.
Running back John Tatum then went to work, finding the end zone on the first play of the series, a 44-yard sprint.
The Spratlin to Reeves combination hooked up one more time before the break, this time on a 41 yard touchdown pass.
"The players around me really make my job easier," Spratlin said. "It's nice to know I can throw up a pass and a guy like Christian is going to come down with it."
Gess knows all games are important from here on out.
"We have to come to play and bust our tails every night," he said.
ELCA is home again next week against Whitefield Academy.
More like this story
- ELCA keeps record perfect with win ( October 29, 2010 )
- No. 7-ranked ELCA stays perfect with win against Manchester ( September 10, 2010 )
- ELCA 35-21 win over GWA advances the Chargers to quarterfinals ( November 19, 2010 )
- ELCA beats Wesleyan to capture Region 5-A title ( November 5, 2010 )
- 'Confident' Reeves is big part of ELCA's success ( November 23, 2010 )


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Important Water Storage for Anaheim Homes and Businesses
DESCRIPTIONWalnut Canyon Reservoir is a 920-million-gallon reservoir that supplies water to homes and businesses in Anaheim's hill and canyon area that recently has undergone a major rehabilitation. We are very appreciative of the patience and understanding demonstrated by our neighbors during the project's planning, design, and construction phase. Now that work has been completed and the project rededicated, we look forward to continuing to work closely with surrounding neighbors as operations continue.
BACKGROUNDThe reservoir receives deliveries of imported, untreated Colorado River Water from the Metropolitan Water District (MWD) of Southern California. Water from the reservoir is then treated at the August F. Lenain Treatment Plant prior to delivery to Anaheim Public Utilities' customers. Capable of storing 920 million gallons of imported water, enough to supply the area for 30 to 45 days in the event of an interruption to imported supplies from MWD. It also offers operational flexibility to avoid imported water peaking charges during summer periods of extended hot weather and provides a valuable resource in helping to contain brush fires.
RECENT IMPROVEMENTSConstructed in 1968, Walnut Canyon Reservoir and the adjacent dam have served the community for close to 40 years. It is common practice with reservoirs of this type to do more significant rehabilitation work periodically to ensure continued safe performance. The scope of this project included: • Replacing the existing reservoir lining system; • Improving reservoir water quality by improving our ability to mix water and control algae; • Repairing the 1.7 mile perimeter road and local drainage system; and • Enhancing public-use amenities by rehabilitating and relocating fencing, extending natural landscaping into barren areas and installing interpretive signs.
August, 2009