text:
A patient's pharyngeal wall is treated by inserting an expander member into the airway and positioning an active portion of the expander member in opposition to portions of the pharyngeal wall to be treated. The expander member is activated to urge the wall portions outwardly to an outwardly displaced position. The expander member is then deactivated while leaving the wall portions in the outwardly placed position and the expander member is removed from said airway. A further aspect of the treatment includes stabilization of at least a portion of the pharyngeal wall after compression of portions of the wall.
1. A method for treating sleep apnea by treating a pharyngeal airway having a pharyngeal wall of a patient at least partially surrounding and defining said airway, said method comprising;
identifying a patient with sleep apnea;
inserting an expander member into said airway and positioning an active portion of said expander member in an interior of said airway of said patient and external to a tissue of said pharyngeal wall and in opposition to an airway-defining tissue of portions of said wall to be treated;
activating said expander member to urge against said airway-defining tissue of said portions to urge said portions outwardly to an outwardly displaced position;
treating said portions to retain said portions in said outwardly displaced position following deactivation of said expander member for a time sufficient to treat obstructive sleep apnea;
deactivating said expander member while leaving said portions in said outwardly placed position; and
removing said expander member from said airway.
2. A method for treating sleep apnea by treating a pharyngeal airway having a pharyngeal wall of a patient at least partially surrounding and defining said airway, said method comprising identifying a patient with sleep apnea; stabilizing at least a portion of said pharyngeal wall of said patient against underlying structure by securing said portion of said pharyngeal wall to said structure to resist inward collapse of said pharyngeal wall, said stabilizing include treating said portion to resist inward collapse independent of a mechanical force acting against an external tissue of said pharyngeal wall within said airway for a time sufficient to treat obstructive sleep apnea.
3. A method according to 2 wherein said stabilization includes mechanically securing said portion to said structure.
4. A method according to 2 wherein said stabilization includes adhering said portion to said structure.
5. A method according to
6. A method for treating sleep apnea by treating a pharyngeal airway having a pharyngeal wall of a patient at least partially surrounding and defining said airway, said method comprising:
identifying a patient with sleep apnea;
compressing at least a portion of a tissue of said pharyngeal wall of said patient to a compressed state; and
stabilizing said portion of said tissue in said compressed state, said stabilizing includes treating said portion to resist inward collapse independent of a mechanical force acting against an external tissue of said pharyngeal wall within said airway for a time sufficient to treat obstructive sleep apnea.
7. A method according to
8. A method according to
9. An apparatus for treating sleep apnea by treating a pharyngeal airway having a pharyngeal wall of a patient at least partially surrounding and defining said airway, said method comprising;
an expander member dimensioned so as to be inserted into said airway with an active portion of said expander member positioned in an interior of said airway and external to a tissue of said pharyngeal wall and in opposition to an airway-defining tissue of portions of said wall to be treated;
an activator for activating said expander member to urge against said airway-defining tissue of said portions to urge said portions outwardly to an outwardly displaced position;
an applicator to treat said portions in said outwardly displaced position with a treatment to retain said portions in said outwardly displaced position following deactivation of said expander member for a time sufficient to treat obstructive sleep apnea;
said expander member adapted to be deactivated while leaving said portions in said outwardly displaced position;
said expander member further dimensioned so as to be removable from said airway.
10. An apparatus according to
11. An apparatus according to
12. An apparatus according to
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/066,967 filed Feb. 4, 2002 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,146,981.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to methods and apparatuses for treating the pharyngeal wall of a patient. More particularly, this invention pertains to method and apparatus for treating a pharyngeal wall area as part of a sleep apnea treatment.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Sleep apnea and snoring are complex phenomena. Commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,307 describes various prior techniques and discloses a novel treatment for such conditions (including a permanent palatal implant).
These prior art teachings include Huang, et al., "Biomechanics of Snoring", Endeavour, p. 96-100, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1995). That publication estimates that up to 20% of the adult population snores habitually. Snoring can be a serious cause of marital discord. In addition, snoring can present a serious health risk to the snorer. In 10% of habitual snorers, collapse of the airway during sleep can lead to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Id. In addition to describing a model for palatal flutter, that publication also describes a model for collapse of the pharyngeal wall.
Notwithstanding efforts have been made to treat snoring and sleep apnea. These include palatal treatments such as electrical stimulation of the soft palate. See, e.g., Schwartz, et al., "Effects of electrical stimulation to the soft palate on snoring and obstructive sleep apnea", J. Prosthetic Dentistry, pp. 273-281 (1996). Devices to apply such stimulation are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,284,161 and 5,792,067. Such devices are appliances requiring patient adherence to a regimen of use as well as subjecting the patient to discomfort during sleep. Electrical stimulation to treat sleep apnea is discussed in Wiltfang, et al., "First results on daytime submandibular electrostimulation of suprahyoidal muscles to prevent night-time hypopharyngeal collapse in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome", International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, pp. 21-25 (1999).
Surgical treatments for the soft palate have also been employed. One such treatment is uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) where about 2 cm of the trailing edge of the soft palate is removed to reduce the soft palate's ability to flutter between the tongue and the pharyngeal wall of the throat. See, Huang, et al., supra at 99 and Harries, et al., "The Surgical treatment of snoring", Journal of Laryngology and Otology, pp. 1105-1106 (1996) which describes removal of up to 1.5 cm of the soft palate. Assessment of snoring treatment is discussed in Cole, et al., "Snoring: A review and a Reassessment", Journal of Otolaryngology, pp. 303-306 (1995). Huang, et al., propose an alternative to UPPP which proposal includes using a surgical laser to create scar tissue on the surface of the soft palate. The scar is to reduce flexibility of the soft palate to reduce palatal flutter. RF ablation (so-called Somnoplasty as advocated by Somnus Technologies) is also suggested to treat the soft palate. RF ablation has also been suggested for ablation of the tongue base.
In pharyngeal snoring and sleep apnea, the pharyngeal airway collapses in an area between the soft palate and the larynx. One technique for treating airway collapse is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). In CPAP air is passed under pressure to maintain a patent airway. However, such equipment is bulky, expensive and generally restricted to patients with obstructive sleep apnea severe enough to threaten general health. Huang, et al. at p. 97.
Treatments of the pharyngeal wall include electrical stimulation is suggested in U.S. Pat. No. 6,240,316 to Richmond et al. issued May 29, 2001, U.S. Pat. No. 4,830,008 to Meer issued May 16, 1989, U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,080 to Kallok issued Oct. 27, 1992, U.S. Pat. No. 5,591,216 to Testerman et al. issued Jan. 7, 1997 and PCT International Publication No. WO 01/23039 published Apr. 5, 2001 (on PCT International Application No. PCT/US00/26616 filed Sep. 28, 2000 with priority to U.S. Ser. No. 09/409,018 filed Sep. 29, 1999). U.S. Pat. No. 5,979,456 to Magovern dated Nov. 9, 1999 teaches an apparatus for modifying the shape of a pharynx. These teachings include a shape-memory structure having an activated shape and a quiescent shape. Dreher et al., "Influence of nasal obstruction on sleep-associated breathing disorders", So. Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie, pp. 313-317 (June 1999), suggests using nasal stents to treat sleep associated breathing disorders involving nasal obstruction. Upper airway dilating drug treatment is suggested in Aboubakr, et al., "Long-term facilitation in obstructive sleep apnea patients during NREM sleep", J. Applied Physiology, pp. 2751-2757 (December 2001).
Surgical treatments for sleep apnea are described in Sher et al., "The Efficacy of Surgical Modifications of the Upper Airway in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome", Sleep, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 156-177 (1996). Anatomical evaluation of patients with sleep apnea or other sleep disordered breathing are described in Schwab, et al., "Upper Airway and Soft Tissue Anatomy in Normal Subjects and Patients with Sleep-Disordered Breathing", Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., Vol. 152, pp. 1673-1689 (1995) ("Schwab I") and Schwab et al., "Dynamic Upper Airway Imaging During Awake Respiration in Normal Subjects and Patients with Sleep Disordered Breathing", Am. Rev. Respir. Dis., Vol. 148, pp. 1385-1400 (1993) ("Schwab II). In Schwab I, it is noted that apneic patients have a smaller airway size and width and a thicker lateral pharyngeal wall. For reviews of pharyngeal wall thickness and other structure and obstructive sleep apnea, see, also, Wheatley, et al., "Mechanical Properties of the Upper Airway", Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, pp. 363-369 (November 1998); Schwartz et al., "Pharyngeal airway obstruction in obstructive sleep apnea: pathophysiology and clinical implication", Otolaryngologic Clinics of N. Amer., pp. 911-918 (December 1998); Collard, et al., "Why should we enlarge the pharynx in obstructive sleep apnea?", Sleep, (9 Suppl.) pp. S85-S87 (November 1996); Winter, et al., "Enlargement of the lateral pharyngeal fat pad space in pigs increases upper airway resistance", J. Applied Physiology, pp. 726-731 (September 1995); and Stauffer, et al., "Pharyngeal Size and Resistance in Obstructive Sleep Apnea", Amer. Review of Respiratory Disease, pp. 623-627 (September 1987)
According to one aspect of the present invention, methods and apparatuses are disclosed for treating a pharyngeal airway having a pharyngeal wall of a patient at least partially surrounding and defining said airway. The method includes inserting an expander member into the airway and positioning an active portion of the expander member in opposition to portions of the wall to be treated. The expander member is activated to urge the wall portions outwardly to an outwardly displaced position. The expander member is then deactivated while leaving the wall portions in the outwardly placed position and the expander member is removed from said airway. A further aspect of the invention includes stabilization of at least a portion of the pharyngeal wall in the outwardly placed position after compression of portions of the wall.
A. Physiology Background
Referring now to the several drawing figures, in which identical elements are numbered identically throughout, a description of a preferred embodiment of the present invention will now be provided.
The disclosures of U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,307 and PCT International Publication No. WO 01/19301 (PCT/US00/40830) are incorporated herein by reference.
The soft palate SP (a muscle activated soft tissue not supported by bone) depends in cantilevered manner at a leading end LE from the hard palate HP and terminates at a trailing end TE. Below the soft palate SP, the pharyngeal wall PW defines the throat passage TP. A nasal passage NP connects the nasal cavity NC to the pharyngeal wall PW. Below an epiglottis EP, the throat passage TP divides into a trachea TR for passing air to the lungs and an esophagus ES for passing food and drink to the stomach.
The soft palate SP is operated by muscles (not separately shown and labeled) to lift the soft palate SP to urge the trailing edge TE against the rear area of the pharyngeal wall PW. This seals the nasal cavity NC from the oral cavity OC during swallowing. The epiglottis EP closes the trachea TR during swallowing and drinking and opens for breathing.
For purposes of this disclosure, the nasal cavity NC, oral cavity OC and throat passage TP are collectively referred to as the naso-pharyngeal area of the patient (defining, in part, the pharyngeal airway PA in
Snoring can result from vibration of any one of a number of surfaces or structures of the naso-pharyngeal area. Most commonly, snoring is attributable to vibration of the soft palate SP. However, vibratory action of the nasal concha C and the pharyngeal wall PW can also contribute to snoring sounds. It is not uncommon for vibratory action from more than one region of the naso-pharyngeal area to contribute to snoring sounds. Sleep apnea can result from partial or full collapse of the naso-pharyngeal wall during sleep.
B. Disclosure of Prior Application
In addition to disclosing the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,307 and the teachings of selected embodiments of PCT International Publication No. WO 01/19301 (both incorporated herein by reference), commonly assigned and co-pending patent application U.S. Ser. No. 09/636,803, filed Aug. 10, 2000, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes techniques for stiffening tissue of the pharyngeal airway with a bolus of particulate matter.
The particles of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,792,478 and 5,421,406 are one example of particles for stiffening injection. Such particles can also include ceramic particles or pure carbon or other bio-compatible particles. The particles can be carried in a liquid or gel medium. The particles can have multi-modal particle size distributions (i.e., a mix of two or more sizes of particles with the smaller particles filling interstitial spaces between larger particles).
The bolus 10 of particles can be applied by a needle to inject the bolus 10 into the soft palate SP. The bolus can be the same volume as the volume of the implants 20 of FIGS. 8 and 9 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,250,307. With reference to
The foregoing emphasizes the use of implants to stiffen the soft palate SP. Implants 10 can be placed in any of the tissue of the naso-pharyngeal area (e.g., the concha C, soft palate SP or pharyngeal wall PW) to treat snoring. Also, such a treatment can stiffen the tissue of the throat and treat sleep apnea resulting from airway collapse by stiffening the airway.
While a needle deposition of a bolus of particles may be preferred, the bolus can be applied in other manners.
One side 12 a of the patch 12 contains an array of micro-needles 18 communicating with the volume 14. The needles 18 may be small diameter, shallow penetration needles to minimize pain and blood. Examples of shallow, small diameter needles are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,582,184 to Erickson et al. Placing the surface 12 a against the tissue (e.g., the pharyngeal wall PW as shown in
Stiffening of the naso-pharyngeal tissue provides structure to reduce vibration and snoring. Such structure reduces airway collapse as a treatment for sleep apnea.
C. Pharyngeal Wall Compression
The expander member 20 includes left and right supports 22 positioned opposing the right and left lateral pharyngeal wall portions RLPW, LLPW. Compression pads 24 are carried on the supports 22 and in direct opposition to the right and left lateral pharyngeal wall portions RLPW, LLPW. The supports 22 are maintained in fixed spaced apart relation by a spacer bar 26.
While not shown in the drawings, the spacer bar 26 can be adjustable to permit a physician to modify the spacing between the supports 22 and to permit narrowing the spacing between the supports 22 to facilitate ease of placement of the expander member 20 in the airway PA at a desired treatment area. Preferably, the pads 24 and supports 22 have a length (distance parallel to the longitudinal axis of the airway PA) greater than a width (distance parallel to the opposing surface of the wall PW as indicated by W in
The compression pads 24 are inflatable bladders connected by a tube 28 (
In addition to compressing the walls of the pharyngeal airway PA, the compressed walls may be stabilized in a compressed state to ensure longer lasting retention of the therapeutic benefits of the enlarged airway PA. This stabilization can include injecting a bio-adhesive or bio-sealants into the tissue adjacent the treated portions of the pharyngeal wall.
An example of bio-adhesives includes cyanoacrylates. Without intending to be a limiting example, these include 2-octyl cyanoacrylate and 2-butyl cyanoacrylate. The 2-octyl cyanoacrylate is developed by Closure Medical Corp., Raleigh, N.C., USA for use to treat topical skin wounds, oral cancers and periodontal disease. It may last 1-2 weeks with faster absorbing products in development. The 2-butyl cyanoacrylate is used as a skin protectant and dental cement and is available from GluStitch, Inc., Delta, BC, Canada Biocompatible adhesives also include surgical adhesives such as those developed by CryoLife International, Inc., Kennesaw, Ga., USA whose product is composed of purified bovine serum albumin (45%) and cross-linking agent glutaraldehyde (10%). Similar formulations include natural proteins (e.g., collagen, gelatin) with aldehyde or other cross-link agents.
Such bio-sealants may be fibrin sealants. Examples include blood-derived products (e.g., Tisseel™ distributed by Baxter Corp., Deerfield, Ill., USA). Other examples of coatings include hydrogel coatings. An example of these include a photo-curing synthetic sealant developed by Focal, Inc., Lexington, Mass., USA which can adhere to moist or dry tissue and is highly flexible and elastic. This sealant may be absorbable over short or long terms. The sealant is currently used to treat air leaks associated with lung surgery. Other coatings include denture adhesives approved for use in humans.
From the foregoing, it can be seen there are a wide variety of adhesives and other coatings suitable for use with the present invention. The foregoing lists are intended to be illustrative and not exhaustive.
With the description given with respect to
Bio-adhesives degrade and the therapeutic benefit of the bio-adhesives can be lost over time. Accordingly, a still further embodiment of the present invention includes injecting a fibrosis-inducing agent into the compressed tissue. The fibrosis-inducing agent induces a fibrotic response of the tissue to stiffen the tissue and helping to retain the tissue in a compressed state.
It will be appreciated that the fibrosis-inducing agent may be used in conjunction with the bio-adhesive or the bio-adhesive and fibrosis-inducing agents can be used separately. In the preferred embodiment the fibrosis-inducing agent will be substantially non-biodegradable so as to provide a long lasting, chronic effect maintaining the compressed state of the pharyngeal wall PW.
By way of non-limiting example, a fibrosis-inducing material may be microbeads as described above. While microbeads may be a preferred embodiment, alternative techniques for inducing fibrosis can be in the form of placement in the compressed tissue of polyester material or other foreign bodies which induce a fibrotic response.
In addition to the adhesives or fibrosis-inducing agents, drugs may be admitted into the tissue. Drugs may be injected directly or in microspheres.
The compressed tissue CT may be compressed mucosal tissue or may be compressed muscular tissue. Also, the compressed tissue CT may be compressed fatty pads adjacent the pharyngeal wall PW.
Stabilization could result from a chemical agent (e.g., a sclerosing agent) or by application of energy (e.g., radiofrequency ablation) or any other means (e.g., cryogenic ablation). It will be appreciated that not all of these techniques need provide a permanent stabilization and some of these techniques may result in remodeling over time. Subsequent treatments may then be provided.
The foregoing describes numerous embodiments of a method and apparatus to treat a pharyngeal wall. Having described the invention, alternatives and embodiments may occur to one of skill in the art. For example, a physician may stabilize all or a portion of the pharyngeal wall within the teachings of the foregoing with conventional surgical instruments. It is intended that such modifications and equivalents shall be included within the scope of the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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text:
Although Newcastle's players look to be on their summer holidays already, the club's supporters are still out in force, and today at Stoke some showed their anger at Alan Pardew's management of the Magpies. The current St James' Park chief has always been a man to divide option, and although he was backed by some fans after his shocking David Meyler head-butt, it seems patience is running out among the 'Toon' faithful. These supporters labelled Pardew a muppet in the Britannia Stadium stands, and it's hard to argue with them after recent events.
#PardewOut banner in the away end earlier today. 0-0 #NUFC pic.twitter.com/Y1CmC75c4o
— NUFCfans.co.uk (@nufcfans) April 12, 2014
Newcastle getting beat getting beat – again #pardewout smug looking clown #nufc
— #nufcG (@GraemeRchardson) April 12, 2014
How many Alan Pardews does it take to change a lightbulb? Can't be done, he'd just replace it with a left-back. #nufc #PardewOut
— Euan Anckorn (@evarofzentral) April 12, 2014
Can hear chants of "we want Pardew out" from our fans on the radio.
— Steph. (@StephNUFC) April 12, 2014
For your chance to WIN the new England kit made by Nike, simply comment below with your size...
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
From the Board to the Books
Blue Devils return to campus post-Olympics
Senior Abby Johnston and junior Nick McCrory made waves in London this summer as the latest Duke-affiliated athletes to medal in the Olympic Games. Johnston, who won a silver medal in synchronized 3-meter springboard diving, and McCrory, a bronze medalist in synchronized 10-meter platform diving, describe medaling as the culmination of their athletic careers: the result of early mornings, physical therapy sessions and a diving schedule of more than 25 hours per week. Johnston and McCrory helped earn the United States its first Olympic diving medals in 12 years. The moment that Johnston realized she and her partner, Kelci Bryant, had won silver remains a blur.
"I just ran over to Kelci my partner, hugged her and started yelling, 'We did it! We did it!'" she said, noting that the victory did not fully sink in until she was standing on the podium. "The dream had become a reality."
Disbelief, relief and a sheer sense of "wow" were the three emotions running through McCrory's mind when he and his partner, David Boudia, realized he had won the bronze medal.
"It was such an amazing moment," McCrory said. "It took days to set in... that I had actually did it. Four years in between and anything can happen." Both Johnston and McCrory are grateful for the opportunities this summer's Olympics presented. Johnston cites the opening ceremonies as one of her favorite moments outside the competition.
"You start in the village and as a country walk together to the stadium," she said. "To be surrounded by all of these elite athletes that you're used to seeing on TV—it was very cool. When we were walking, we started spontaneously cheering 'USA! USA!' It gave me chills."
McCrory said he went into the Olympics simply trying to do his best. "I would say being at the Olympics, it's the definitive [moment] of your career, but it doesn't change who you are," he said. "I tried to do my best and have a good performance—medaling was kind of an afterthought."
Olympic dreams caused the athletes to put their Duke careers aside, though they trained on campus. Johnston did not take classes at Duke this Spring and took a reduced courseload Fall 2011. McCrory took off all of the 2011-2012 academic year.
But now that the games are over, Johnston and McCrory are focusing on classes. Both Johnston and McCrory are pre-med, majoring in psychology and mathematics, respectively.
"It's been a bit challenging," Johnston said of the adjustment back to school life. "I am just happy to be back on campus."
McCrory is similarly transitioning back into the dual role of student-athlete. "Right now, I'm really focused on school," he said. "My first two years here, everything was very diving-oriented. Now, I feel like for the first time, I have a chance to give school all of my attention and strike a balance that's a little bit more shifted toward my schoolwork. That being said, I'm still going to try to have a great season for Duke."
Once the first semester winds down, Johnston and McCrory will return to Duke swimming and diving. Johnston's goal is to win another NCAA championship. McCrory is on a break from training, but he said he resumes training in about a month. The junior has two more years of NCAA eligibility and says "he is looking forward to it."
Are another Olympic Games in this duo's future? It is not out of the realm of possibility, they both said.
"I want to go to medical school and that would put my life on hold for another year, so we'll see," Johnston said.
McCrory faces a similar choice.
"The next Olympics is four years way, which is a long time, but at the same time, the decision will make a difference in how I train now," he said.


text:
The PIN for the FAFSA is the number that you use to sign your application as well as other things with the Department of Education. The PIN or Personal Identification Number can be applied for at the PIN site which is www.pin.ed.gov.
To start the application process, go to the PIN site and click on the apply now button on the right side of the page. After reading the instructions, click on next and you are taken to the actual PIN application. The application will ask you for your social security number, name, and date of birth. The information you put in the application must match the information in the social security administration database. If this information does not match, your PIN application will be denied.
If you try to apply for a PIN and you already have one that was issued to you at any point in the past, it will give you an error and say that a PIN already exists. You can then be sent to a page where you can request a duplicate PIN. As long as your information matches with the social security administration, your PIN will be automatically shown to you. You can also choose your own PIN when applying for the first time, have the PIN emailed to you instantly, or have it sent to you via postal mail.
The main use for the PIN is to sign your FAFSA when you get to the end to expedite processing. If you are a dependent student and need to put parental information on your FAFSA, you can have your parent also apply for a PIN as the FAFSA will require their signature and the fastest way to get the application processed is for both the student and parent to have a PIN.
The FAFSA PIN can also be used on the National Student Loan Data System at nslds.ed.gov to review what financial aid you have been awarded over the years. This information can be a little misleading because it is not necessarily the amounts that you have been disbursed, it should be the amounts that your were originally awarded. Schools can make changes to your financial aid award and it might not be reflected in the amounts listed. You can see all federal loan and federal grant information on the NSLDS site.
The PIN can also be used to sign some MPN's or Master Promissory Notes for receiving your loan payments form the government. All student who are receiving federal loans must sign an MPN to receive their funds. Only the financial aid office at your school will instruct you where and when you would use your PIN for signing an MPN.
Your PIN must be treated like a PIN you use for your bank card. Since your college financial aid information can be changed with using you PIN, you must keep it safe and if possible, memorize it or choose a number that is easy for you to remember, but hard for others to guess. The only time you would want to give your PIN out is on a secure government financial aid site, when you are signing your FAFSA, or if you have employed a professional FAFSA preparer to complete your financial aid forms.


text:
Design by Phil Jones
Say somethin' nice
No account?
halfgotten on May 23, 2013 at 09:25:56
sondag on May 15, 2013 at 12:09:17
Cristiansen on Feb 18, 2013 at 08:43:18
Reprint S&M!!!
totoroftw on Feb 8, 2013 at 23:05:31
please please please D:
MissMJ on Jan 25, 2013 at 01:08:04
please reprint
dostupidthingswithmoreenergy on Dec 5, 2012 at 11:02:31
Cool. Please reprint! Girly L
Krockman on Nov 28, 2012 at 20:14:39
reprint now!
R3gz on Nov 23, 2012 at 02:34:31
Reprint! Medium, girly tee please
R3gz on Nov 23, 2012 at 02:34:23
Reprint! Medium, girly tee please
totoroftw on Oct 6, 2012 at 02:56:18
REPRINT GIRLY - L! Pretty please :D
rias2012 on Sep 21, 2012 at 22:54:39
nice...how if this : http://www.threadless.com/critique/108664/i_love_music
please submit if u like ^_^ thanks all
BreadOverBliss on Aug 19, 2012 at 13:07:04
Has anyone received one with a solid print job? I love this design and was happy with the printing on "maths" on this site, but now I'm not sure this one's worth it. Anyone?
superkev500 on Aug 15, 2012 at 06:14:12
"minor imperfections" is an understatement. Threadless were however great at exchanging mine for credit - so am happy threadless customer again!
youngsang.kim.1257 on Aug 13, 2012 at 22:47:05
can you shipping to South Korea?
lareine on Jul 25, 2012 at 19:28:57
Just received this today, and mine was very badly printed. I know there's a warning about potential imperfections, but the tee I received was pretty darn awful. Threadless essentially said there's already a warning on here, so too bad for me because all the tees are messed up like that. SIGH!


text:
Gear Review
Marie Chicago
the best sunglasses ever
I thought sunglasses were mainly the same and always bought cheap ones, in case I lost them. These sunglasses have changed my mind completely! Even with direct sun in my eyes, my eyes never hurt I don't have to squint to see. There is no place at the edge for the sun to leak in. They are very comfortable and not overly fragile. These are worth every penny.
View More Details on Oakley Flak Jacket XLJ Polarized Sunglasses


text:
Fujitsu launched 5 Lifebook notebooks in India with the configurations specifically designed for enterprise customers. The notebook's price starts from Rs. 21,995. The final price depends on the configuration choose by the buyer.
According to Fujitsu, the notebooks will be available with 2nd generation Inter Core processor. Consumers will have the option to select from i3, i5 or i7 CPUs.
The 5 Notebook models launched by Fujitsu are LIFEBOOK LH531, LIFEBOOK SH531, LIFEBOOK AH531, LIFEBOOK A531, and LIFEBOOK E751.
LH531 is an all purpose notebook from Fujitsu. The screen size is 14 inches and it weighs 2.2 kg. It comes with 1.3 MP webcam and anti-glare display with LED backlight. It also comes with a feature called anytime-USB-charge which helps the user to charge phones or media devices even when the notebook is turned off.
It's a ligh weight notebook with just 1.9kg and a screen size of 13.3 inches. This notebook is aimed for users who want everyday mobile companion at home, in the office, at school or on the go.
This notebook is for seroius works and it comes 15.6-inch screen. The big advantage with AH531 is support for 3G.
This is notebook is much similar to AH531. It also has the 15.6 inches screen and option for 3G connectivity. Extra reliability and usability are provided by the spill-resistant keyboard with numberpad and anytime-USB-charge.
This notebook is also a 15.6-inch laptop. But it claims better security features and data protection and focus on business users


text:
Shawn armwood
Meantime, the old woman sat rocking backward and forward in violent agitation, and now and then breaking out into exclamations, That ever I should live to be so insulted!-I, the most faithful of servants. At length, the eldest princess, who had most spirit and always took the lead, approached her, and laying her hand upon her shoulder, Well, mother, said she, supposing we were willing to fly with these Christian cavaliers-is such a thing possible. The good old woman paused suddenly in her grief, and looking up, Possible, echoed she; to
shawn armwood
sure, it is possible. Have not the cavaliers already bribed Hussein Baba, the renegado captain of the guard, and arranged the whole plan. But, then, to think of deceiving your father. your father, who has
zone availabilty report
such confidence in me.
Shawn armwood
the worthy woman gave way to a fresh burst of grief, and began to rock backward and forward, and to wring her hands. But our
has never placed any confidence in us, said the eldest princess, but has trusted to bolts and bars, and treated us as captives.
Shawn armwood
, that is true
, replied the old woman, again pausing in her grief; he has indeed treated you most unreasonably, keeping you shut up here, to waste your bloom in a moping old tower, like roses left to wither in a flower-jar.
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text: I recently went a few days without getting high and didnt feel like taking those bullshit subs so I got a some vivance pills which are like adderall. They worked great for keeping withdrawals at bay and also kept me in a positive state of mind. I got a lot accomplished while on them which is a major plus considering usually when SWIM is kicking he is feeling down in the dumps. SO i woke up and popped a vivance. after my shower and shave i threw on a fre$h polo and some new kicks and went about "gettin it in" for the day! hahahahaha. What do yall think? HAs anyone tried this and had the same good experiences i have? Any bad experiences? A negative side effect for me was that I was up till like 3 or 4 in the morning which isnt cool since I had 2 tests the nect day. Other than that i was happy wit the results. Holla at me


text:
GStreamer on TI DaVinci and OMAP
|2011-05-20 10:06:44
|Whats wrong with this pipe?
|Posted By: Jérémie Guillot
Join Date: 2010-12-08
Location: FRANCE
Hello Everyone
I am trying to figure out what is the CPU load and DSP load of the following pipe:
gst-launch filesrc location=sample_1_100000.m2v ! TIViddec2 codecName=mpeg2dec engineName=codecServer ! dmaiperf print-arm-load=true engine-name=codecServer ! TIDmaiVideoSink videoStd=VGA videoOutput=LCD rotation=270
Unfortunately I receive the following error
Setting pipeline to PAUSED ...
I know that dmaiperf is still under development but I think that it's more a wrong pipeline rather than a bug of dmaiperf.
I am using the DVSDK4 for OMAP3530
Any help or suggestion would be really appreciated.


text:
For the first time in at least a handful of years, the Dallas Stars find themselves in the enviable position of having the ability to go after big-name players via free agency or by making trades. One player who the Stars may have had on their radar was removed yesterday when the Calgary Flames traded a fifth-round pick in the 2013 NHL draft and AHL defenseman, Jordan Henry to Washington for the bargaining rights to defenseman Dennis Wideman, whom they signed to a 5-year, $26.25 million deal.
Despite the fact that Stars owner, Tom Gaglardi stated they "will be there on any free agent," remember he is a successful businessman for a reason. He's intelligent with his finances and isn't just going to throw money on a problem. In addition, he knows his hockey. I can't begin to tell you how much a breath of fresh air it was watching Mr. Gaglardi so actively involved last week during the draft.
With that being said, the team has so many directions they can go throughout the rest of the off season to address their needs to set themselves up for success in the future. One option is to completely do nothing for the rest of the summer. Rely on the team that has missed the playoffs four years in a row, however only missed by a handful of points in the last two seasons. They can allow the next season play out in front of them and see how things present themselves come next February.
The hope, I think by most Stars fans is that the team go after a top-notch free agent. In a sense, it tells the fan base that Dallas is serious about winning and getting a big name like they did with Brett Hull. But what defines a "big name?" Wideman is off the table and Suter and Parise might ultimately price themselves out of contention (if Gaglardi is smart and not going to overpay for UFA).
Though those three are not the only "big names" available this summer, could the Stars be casting their eyes beyond this summer and into next year? The summer of 2013 boasts a substantial list of players that would fit the needs that the Stars will continue to look to fill, despite the four centers taken last week. Ryan Getzlaf, Joffrey Lupul, Mike Fisher and Derek Roy are just a few names that top the list of free agents-to-be. One name that, though very unpopular amongst Stars fans that requires the full attention of the Dallas brass is Anaheim right winger, Corey Perry.
I'll wait for you to get back from the restroom.
Feel better? Good, now let me tell you why this needs to be tops of the Gaglardi to-do list. Of course there's no doubt the Hart Trophy winner from 2011 has skills (50 goals, 48 assist in MVP season) but he has been on winning teams his whole career. Perry's resume includes a Stanley Cup, Olympic gold medal playing for Team Canada in Vancouver, the Memorial Cup when he played with the London Knights of the OHL and another gold medal when he represented Team Canada in the World Junior Championships. The only thing missing from his repertoire is a gold medal from the IIHF World Championships, which he missed out on when Canada was eliminated by Slovakia in shocking fashion.
In his six full seasons with the Ducks, he has averaged 67.3 points a season. To put that in perspective, in the four years the Stars have failed to crack the top-8, Loui has scored more than 65 three times and former Stars Brad Richards and Mike Ribeiro each did it twice.
Other names that might interest the Stars to a trade-and-sign are Stephen Weiss from Florida who had a very strong playoff series against the eventual East Champs, New Jersey, Teddy Purcell from the Lightning and Perry's linemate, Ryan Getzlaf, but it's the former MVP who's skills, leadership and winning track record that makes him the future star for the Stars future.


text: The Dodgers have talked about moving Dee Gordon off shortstop and into the outfield, according to Dylan Hernandez. The Dodgers have talked about moving the fleet-footed Gordon to the outfield but appear inclined to keep him at shortstop for now. Gordon figures to start the season at triple-A Albuquerque. "I hate to give up on him at short," Mattingly said. ... Read More »


text:
Statewide scholarships are awarded annually to high school students in financial need who have demonstrated academic achievement and community involvement.
To apply for an RMHC scholarship, a student must meet the following criteria:
Beginning October 1, 2014, students may apply online by clicking here. Applicants will be notified of scholarship award status in May – June, 2015. The deadline for the 2015 academic year is January 21, 2015 and all mailed back-up documents must be postmarked by the same date.
For more information or questions regarding the scholarship application process, please contact us at email@example.com.


text:
Feb. 28, 2014
Junior lefty Joe Filomeno retired the final 10 batters he faced and 13 of the last 14 overall on Friday in his first win of 2014.
CardsTV Postgame Interviews: LHP Joe ~nbsp>Filomeno | OF Jeff ~nbsp>Gardner
LOUISVILLE, Ky. - Junior lefthander Joe Filomeno delivered his best career start on the mound, while senior outfielder Jeff Gardner led the offense as the ninth-ranked Louisville baseball team opened its weekend with a 6-2 win over Toledo on Friday afternoon at Jim Patterson Stadium.
Making his third collegiate start, all this season, Filomeno (Cicero, Ill.) matched a career-high with five strikeouts while surrendering only two unearned runs in a career-long outing of six innings to earn his first win of 2014. His longest outing prior to Friday's performance was a four-inning start against West Virginia on opening day earlier this season, while his five strikeouts equaled his total against Rutgers in a relief outing on March 23, 2013.
At the plate, Gardner (Louisville, Ky.) connected for his second home run of the season and drove in three runs as the Cardinals (7-2) plated five runs in the first three innings against Toledo lefty starter Ryan Wilkinson. Having allowed just one run and eight hits in two previous starts this season, Wilkinson surrendered six runs (all earned) on eight hits in five innings on Friday to suffer his first loss of 2014 and fall to 0-1 overall.
The Rockets (2-4) opened the scoring on Friday with an unearned run in the first inning after outfielder Tyler Grogg reached base on a Louisville error to start the game and later scored on a RBI single by catcher James Miglin. The Cardinals answered in the bottom of the first inning when junior infielder Grant Kay (Omaha, Neb.) singled into right field to score freshman designated hitter Nick Solak (Woodridge, Ill.), who led off the first with a double to left center.
After Toledo plated its second unearned run of the day in the top of the second inning, Louisville moved ahead for good in the bottom of the second with a pair of runs. Sophomore first baseman Danny Rosenbaum (Lafayette Hill, Pa.) started the inning with a single to right and after moving to third on a double by junior infielder Zach Lucas (Louisville, Ky.), later scored on a RBI groundball off the bat of senior third baseman Alex Chittenden (Indianapolis, Ind.). The Cardinals moved ahead at 3-2 moments later when freshman outfielder Logan Taylor (Lexington, Ky.) perfectly executed a bunt on a squeeze play to score Lucas from third.
An inning later, Louisville added to its lead when Gardner followed a single by senior Cole Sturgeon (Owensboro, Ky.) by sending a 2-0 pitch from Wilkinson screaming down the right field line and out of Patterson Stadium for his second home run of the season and a 5-2 advantage. It was the 16th career home run for Gardner, who leads the Cardinals in hitting with a .419 average and in RBI with 14.
The final run of the day scored in the fifth inning when Gardner connected for a RBI sacrifice fly to right field to score Solak, who walked to start the inning. Overall, the Cardinals finished with a 10-5 advantage in hits.
Following Filomeno's strong start, freshman righty Mason Richardson (Owensboro, Ky.) worked 1.1 innings of shutout relief, while freshman lefty Robert Strader (Louisville, Ky.) had two strikeouts in 1.2 innings of scoreless work to earn his first career save. After entering the game in the eighth inning with two runners on base and only one out, Strader got a flyout and a strikeout to end the threat and then worked a 1-2-3 ninth inning to close the victory.
Fans can follow Louisville baseball on Twitter (@UofLBaseball) at http://twitter.com/uoflbaseball and on Facebook at http://www.facebook.com/ulbaseball.
Impending Weather Alters Weekend Schedule
Due to impending weather for Sunday, the final two days of the weekend schedule at Jim Patterson Stadium have been altered. The Saturday slate will begin at 10 a.m., ET with a matchup featuring No. 17 Indiana and Toledo. At 1:30 p.m., the No. 9 Cardinals will host the Hoosiers before the day is concluded at 4:30 p.m., with a Louisville-Toledo matchup, which was previously scheduled for Sunday. There will be no game action on Sunday at Patterson Stadium.
Louisville Postgame Notes
- Entering the day with an ERA above 10, Joe Filomeno dropped that by nearly five runs (1-0 with 5.93 ERA) by not allowing an earned run in six innings. And he got stronger as the game moved forward retiring the final 10 batters he faced and 13 of the last 14 overall.
- Friday's game marked the sixth time in eight games and the fourth straight time overall Louisville has limited an opponent to two earned runs or less.
- Making his second career start and hitting in the leadoff spot for the first time, freshman Nick Solak started the home half of the first inning with his first career double on a laser to left center to set the stage for the Cardinals' first run of the game.
- Jeff Gardner (home run), Cole Sturgeon (single) and Danny Rosenbaum (single) have reached base safely in all nine games this season.
- Louisville reached double-figures in hits for the fourth time this season after finishing with 10 on Friday.
- UofL improved to 6-0 this season when leading after the eighth inning. Last season, they were 46-0 when leading after the eighth.
- The Cardinals improved to 5-1 at home this season and 219-76 (.742 winning percentage) all-time at Jim Patterson Stadium since its opening during the 2005 season.
- Louisville played without junior shortstop and team captain Sutton Whiting on Friday, who was out of the lineup after having his fractured nose reset earlier this week.


text:
The Trial of Jesus
There may still be people who think, or pretend to think, that no such person as Jesus of Nazareth ever existed. One hears them saying that the story of Jesus was invented to account for the emergence of a strange salvation myth, intended by those who invented it to bring hope to the oppressed masses living under the sway of imperial Rome. No doubt, there are in the New Testament mythical features, but the persons who figure in the story, Jesus and his disciples, are not mythical characters; they are historical persons. Jesus of Nazareth lived, and he died. He died on the cross.
This much, at least, is confirmed by two ancient historians, Josephus and Tacitus, both of whom record that Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor of Judaea, condemned Jesus. Josephus explicitly mentions the mode of execution—crucifixion; Tacitus does not say in what manner the execution was carried out. However, neither the reason for the execution of Jesus nor the character of the penal proceedings which preceded it, is disclosed by either of the two historians, who, moreover, show a marked difference in their manner of referring to Jesus. Josephus, the Jew, speaks rather respectfully of him, calling him "a wise man," "a teacher of people."1 By contrast, Tacitus, the aristocratic Roman, is full of scorn for one whom he considers to have been "the originator of a pernicious superstition," an agitator among barbarian orientals, and an enemy of the law and order introduced and upheld by Rome in a distant province. (He seems to connect the teachings of Jesus and the activities of Jesus's disciples after their master's death with the outbreak of the great Jewish revolt in the year 66.)
What we also know for a fact is where Jesus was arrested. Visitors to the Arab part of Jerusalem will be shown a grove on the Mount of Olives called "the Garden of the Agony." There, or somewhere not far from that place, Jesus was apprehended. He was then taken to the house of the Jewish high-priest, and from there, according to the Gospel of Luke, to the meeting-place of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish Council, before being handed over for trial to Pilate. We do not know where the high-priest's house stood. The locality shown by Jerusalem cicerones as "The House of Caiaphas" is certainly not the spot; it is the ruin of a large building from Byzantine times. As for the location of the Sanhedrin's meeting-place, we have conflicting reports; it seems, however, to have been situated on the Temple Mount, in the area known today as the Haramesh-Sherif. And the residence of Pilate, when the governor stayed in Jerusalem for official or for private reasons, was the Herodian Palace which was located in the southwestern sector of the present-day walled city, near the Jaffa Gate.
We do not know the exact year of Jesus's death; nor do we know the day. All that is certain is that he was crucified while Pontius Pilate held office as Prefect of Judaea—that is, some time between 26 and 36 of the current era—and that his crucifixion took place shortly before or on the feast of Passover. Since Jesus is popularly supposed to have been born in the year 1, since the Gospel of Luke reports that he was approximately 30 years old when he began to preach, and since the Gospel of John seems to lend some support to the assumption that His preaching activities lasted three years, the year of his death has widely been thought to be 33. But all the premises on which this calculation is based are wrong. In recent times, the year 30 has been suggested by an increasing number of scholars, notably continental Roman Catholic scholars, but I believe that we have to go still further back, to 29 or even 28.
Three arguments favor this earlier dating. First of all, a 2nd-century tradition, preserved by Clement of Alexandria, states that Jesus died forty-two years before the destruction of Jerusalem under Titus—that is, in 28. Secondly, Josephus places the crucifixion among those events which occurred close to the beginning of Pilate's governorship. The third reason, and in my opinion the decisive one, for dating the crucifixion before the year 30, lies in the chronology of the Apostle Paul's missionary travels. Fourteen years after his conversion, Paul attended what is traditionally called the "Council of Jerusalem," a meeting of the elders of the Church which is believed to have taken place during the reign of Agrippa I. If this Council met as late as the year of Agrippa's death, 44, Paul's conversion would fall somewhere around the year 30. Paul was not one of the original disciples of Jesus, but on the contrary an opponent of the messianist sect whose members he is said to have persecuted in the beginning. Hence, we must assume that some time elapsed between the death of Jesus and Paul's conversion. How long this time was, we do not know. But it pushes the year of Jesus's crucifixion back before 30.
We do not know the exact day. The fact that all four Gospels place the trial either on the eve of Passover or on the day of the actual festival, makes it virtually a certainty that Jesus was arrested and tried around that time, but it might well have been a few days earlier or later. It would appear that one group of his followers drew a comparison between the death of Jesus and he slaying of the paschal lamb, and therefore lad the moment of the crucifixion coincide with that event. This tradition, mentioned already by the Apostle Paul, was preserved by John, who dates the crucifixion on the fourteenth of Nisan. Another early group of Christians connected the festive Passover meal, the seder, with the establishment of the New Covenant, the institution of the Eucharist, and to allow Jesus to partake of the seder, his crucifixion had to be dated after it. This tradition influenced the Marcan dating. Since both datings are inspired by religious motivation, there is little to choose between them from the historian's point of view. All we can say for sure is that the trial and subsequent crucifixion fell on a day close to the Passover.
All four Gospels report that Jesus was arrested at night. According to Mark, Matthew, and Luke, his arrest was carried out by a team, some men being armed with swords, others with staves or cudgels. According to John, the arrest was carried out by a detachment of soldiers under the command of a Roman officer, and accompanied by Jewish policemen. At first sight, these reports conflict with each other, but the conflict is resolved if we remember that Roman soldiers carried swords, while the Jewish police carried batons. Thus the men who are mentioned in Mark as having been armed with staves are Jewish policemen, while those members of the crowd whom Mark describes as carrying swords are identical with the detachment that is specified as a cohort of soldiers by John.
Mark, we must remember, was written in Rome, at a time when Christians were exposed to attack by the Roman mob, and were subject to suspicion on the part of Roman officials. Therefore, the evangelist may well have had cogent reasons for not wishing to draw attention to the fact that Jesus had been arrested by Roman soldiers or mercenaries in the service of Rome; and this may well have made him substitute the vague and colorless expression "a crowd with swords" for the more definite designation of his source—a source which still comes to the fore in the Johannine account. Jesus was arrested by Roman soldiers who were accompanied, probably as guides, by some Jewish policemen.
None of the evangelists tells us in plain language the reason for the arrest. But Mark, Matthew, and Luke reproduce the gist of a conversation which Jesus is reported to have held with the people who came to arrest him: "You have come," Jesus complains, "with swords and batons to arrest me as a rebel. I stayed with you in the daytime [or daily] on the Temple Hill and I taught. You did not arrest me then."2 The Greek word which the synoptic evangelists use (leeistees) can be and usually is translated "robber" as well as "rebel." In the 1st century, however, this term was not exclusively used of bandits, but was applied to persons who in any of the Roman provinces resorted to armed resistance against Roman rule. In Roman eyes such people were bandits, robbers; in the people's estimate of themselves, they were patriots, perhaps guerrillas, partisans, freedom fighters. When Jesus, on the Mount of Olives, said to those who were taking him into custody, "You come with swords and batons to arrest me as a rebel. Was I not with you, teaching openly in the light of day?"—he was defending himself by asserting his peaceful aims as a teacher. In Pilate's court, the charge was the same as that for which he had been arrested: he was accused of being "King of the Jews." And the cause for which he was sentenced to crucifixion was again the same, as the inscription on the cross confirms. Jesus was arrested by Roman troops as a Jewish rebel.
After his arrest, Jesus was brought to the house of the Jewish high-priest. All four Gospels agree on this. But why was he not immediately taken to the Jewish law court? Because it was night, and the court was closed. Then why was he not immediately taken to the Roman prison? Because a preliminary investigation was required for which the Romans used local officials, Jews, who, by reason of their knowledge of the local conditions and language, were better equipped to carry out any necessary inquiries. Up to the moment when Jesus arrived in the house of the high-priest, the four reports of the Gospels are more or less in agreement; from that moment on, they differ profoundly in their accounts of the proceedings. According to John, Jesus was led to Annas, who interrogated him privately. There is no accusation, no witnesses are heard, no court assembles. It is a private conversation, or at the most a preliminary hearing. In the morning Jesus is sent, via Caiaphas, to the procurator Pontius Pilate. Thus, in John's account, no Jewish law court deals with the case. Yet at the very time at which John presents Jesus as conversing with Annas, Mark and Matthew arrange for him to be tried in a plenary session by the whole Sanhedrin. Mark does not mention the name of the presiding high-priest; Matthew gives his name as Caiaphas. The Sanhedrin meets at night in the high-priest's house—surprisingly, for this body, as the Parliament cum High Court of the Jewish nation, had a meeting-place of its own, its proper Council Hall, and there exists no record besides the accounts of Mark and Matthew from which it might be guessed that it ever met in a high-priest's residence to hold its consultations; especially not at night, and not on a feast day. Nevertheless, according to Mark and Matthew, Jesus is tried before an official session of the Council held in the high-priest's residence; witnesses are examined, their testimony is dismissed; Jesus is then closely interrogated by the presiding high-priest, convicted on his self-incriminatory reply—without corroboration—by all the assembled councilors, and sentenced to death for the crime of blasphemy.
Luke has nothing of that. No session of the Sanhedrin takes place at night. Jesus spends the rest of the night in the custody of the guards who had arrested him.
Early in the morning the Sanhedrin convenes—for the second time, according to Mark and Matthew; for the first time according to Luke; John reports nothing of a session. From the Lucan wording it can be concluded that the morning session of the Sanhedrin was held in a locality other than the place where Jesus had been detained during the night. At their morning session the Jewish councilors decide to conduct Jesus to Pilate, to be tried by the Roman authority.
Here we are faced with a problem. If Jesus, as Mark and Matthew have it, was sentenced during an earlier session by the Sanhedrin, we would expect to find a reference to the verdict in the report of the Sanhedrin's second meeting. No word of it. As if they have forgotten that they themselves had sentenced Jesus for the crime of blasphemy, the Jewish magistrates hand Jesus over to Pilate for trial, on another charge—the charge, it turns out, on which he had been arrested in the first place! Pilate is not asked to confirm a sentence for blasphemy; he is not even told that Jesus has been tried and found guilty of such an offense; and he acts throughout as a magistrate who is presiding over the first stage of judicial proceedings, not as one who has been called to confirm a sentence passed by some other court of law. He demands to know whether Jesus has claimed to be the king of the Jews. The reply of Jesus, "You have said it," may be taken as an affirmation, though there are scholars who dispute this. In any case, it is not a direct reply.
All four Gospels agree that Jesus appeared before Pilate in the early morning. It must have been at a very early hour indeed, if the Marcan statement that Jesus was crucified at 9 A.M.3 is correct. For even if we leave out the amplification of the trial scenes in Luke and John, Mark himself places quite a few events between the examination of Jesus by Pilate and the execution: a protracted parley with the accusers, Pilate's indecision, the Barabbas episode, the clamor of the mob, the death sentence, the scourging and the mockery of Jesus, the journey to the place of execution outside Jerusalem. Such early preparedness on the governor's part to sit in judgment would have been impossible unless Pilate had been given prior knowledge that his presence would be required in the court. The early hour thus tends to confirm the reliability of the Johannine report concerning the arrest of Jesus by military personnel under the command of a Roman officer.
The evangelists—all four of them—describe Pilate as convinced of Jesus's innocence and anxious to acquit him. But instead of using his supreme authority as the highest judge and governor of the province, and simply passing a verdict of acquittal, Pilate offers to let Jesus go as an act of grace. The Gospels refer to a habit of Pilate, or a Jewish custom, of releasing a prisoner on the Passover; in accordance with this, Pilate asks the Jews whether he should release Jesus or another prisoner called Barabbas. Here the evangelists actually contradict themselves. On the one hand, they say that the Jewish citizens of Jerusalem were free to demand the release of any one prisoner; on the other hand, they report that Pilate limited the people's choice by offering them only the alternative of freeing Jesus or Barabbas. We read later on in the Gospels that Jesus was not crucified alone, but together with two other men. Hence when Jesus stood before Pilate there must have been at least two more accused or condemned men in the governor's custody. If the Jews of Jerusalem were free to demand the release of any prisoner, why should Pilate have limited them to Jesus or Barabbas? In actual fact, no custom of releasing a prisoner at the Passover season ever existed, either in Jewish or in Roman law. Barabbas, however, seems to have been a historical person, though "Barabbas" is only part of his name. There exist Gospel codices which give the name in full as Jesus bar Abba. If two persons, both called Jesus, had been arrested instead of one, the Roman magistrate might have asked which of the two was to be tried. In that case, endeavoring to present Pilate as being favorably disposed toward Jesus, the writer of the Second Gospel might have construed the Barabbas episode as we have it in his book, making it appear that the governor was not asking about the identity of the accused, but rather offering one of the two for pardon: "Which one of the two shall I release, Jesus who is called Bar Abba or Jesus who is called Messiah?" Yet Pilate had no need to resort to a presumed paschal custom of granting amnesty; nor did he have any reason to leave the decision to the crowd. He was the judge. If he found Jesus to be guiltless, and the stubborn Jews insisted that Barabbas should be granted a pardon, all Pilate had to do was pronounce Jesus innocent and release him along with Barabbas. Nobody in Jerusalem—no high-priest nor any other Jew—could have prevented the imperial governor from setting Jesus free, if he had ever been inclined to do so.
The evangelists, however, report that Pilate's kindly gesture to set Jesus free by an act of grace proved of no avail. The Jews prefer Barabbas. He is released and the proceedings of the court come to an end.
If we wish to understand what lies behind this version of the story, we have to remind ourselves once again that Mark—the oldest Gospel, though the second in the Canon—was written in Rome at a time (around the year 70 of the current era) when the small community of Christians living there was in constant danger of persecution. Already in the 40's, Christian missionary preaching had provoked the Emperor Claudius to expel all Jews from the capital city, those who believed that the Messiah had appeared and those who did not share such a belief (the Romans were as yet unable to distinguish between messianist Jews—that is, Christians—and other Jews), and in Nero's reign the persecution of the Christians took an even grimmer form. Since Mark was composed either at the end of Nero's reign or shortly afterward, the evangelist had every reason to try to ingratiate himself and his co-religionists with the Romans. The fact that Jesus had been sentenced to the cross by Pilate—a death penalty which carried opprobrium in Roman eyes, as being reserved for the most heinous crimes, and for slaves and despised foreigners—could not be concealed. But the evangelist could portray Pilate as having been unwilling to pass a death sentence and as having recognized the innocence of the man whom Christians now worshipped. For this purpose Pilate had to be presented as acting under Jewish pressure against his own better conviction. The evangelist's tendency was not "anti-Semitic," as some might say; it was defensive and apologetic. He was concerned with promoting the fortunes of his little group, and was anxious to avoid suspicion and counter hostility on the part of the authorities. Accordingly, he presented the Roman authority of Jesus's own day, Pontius Pilate, as professing that he had found "no fault in this man." The writer of the Second Gospel and those who came after him never realized what results this shift in the responsibility for Jesus's crucifixion would have in future generations.
In this connection, it is instructive to look at how the various evangelists refer to the governor's final decision. Not one of them is prepared to state plainly that a sentence of death was passed on Jesus by the Roman magistrate. In Mark and Matthew we read that "Pilate delivered Jesus to be crucified"—an oblique manner of reporting a judicial verdict. Luke and John are even more reticent. The former states that Pilate gave in to the demand of the Jews and allowed Jesus to be crucified, while the latter goes so far as to say that Pilate relinquished Jesus to the Jews who themselves took him away and crucified him. All the evangelists are at pains to avoid putting on record the passing of a death sentence by the Roman magistrate. But the fact remains that crucifixion was a Roman punishment, not a Jewish one.
Jesus is crucified, according to Mark at nine o'clock in the morning, according to John in the late afternoon. Together with him two other prisoners are executed by crucifixion, of whose trial and sentencing the New Testament gives no information. But there is one small, perhaps significant, detail: the two men are designated as leeistai, rebels—the same appellation which is applied to Jesus in the synoptists' account of his arrest. On Pilate's order, an inscription is attached to the cross stating the reason, the causa, or eitia, for pronouncing the death sentence. This inscription reads: "King of the Jews." In the tangled mass of evangelical accounts of Jesus's trial, one point stands out with clarity: he was arrested as "a rebel," accused before Pilate as "King of the Jews," found guilty as such, and executed as such. None of the later accretions which in the Gospels overlay the original primitive account, and none of the editorial modifications from the hands of successive evangelists, can hide or disguise the fact that Jesus of Nazareth was arrested, accused, tried, sentenced, and executed on a charge of insurrection against Roman rule in Judaea.
Christian Scholars, Catholic and Protestant, generally do not dispute this. But many of them, the great majority perhaps, will say that the political accusation was a "trumped-up charge," invented by the Jewish authorities of the day who had found Jesus "worthy of death" for religious reasons, but who could not act on their own authority because while the Sanhedrin had the right to pass sentences of death, it had no right to carry out such sentences. This argument is faulty. At the time when Judaea was under procuratorial rule, from the year 6 to the year 66 C.E., Jewish law courts did pass death sentences upon Jewish inhabitants of Israel, and did carry out such sentences on their own authority, without referring the cases to the Roman political administrator of the country.
There is evidence for this in the New Testament itself. The Acts of the Apostles (a book which has as its subject the growth of Christianity in the first three decades or so after Jesus's death) mentions several cases in which the Sanhedrin either intended to exercise its power to pass and carry out capital sentences, or actually did so. For example, there is the description4 of how Stephen, denounced for his preaching, was brought before the Jewish magistrates, led into the courthouse for his trial and, after being taken out again, was immediately carried off to his execution. He was executed in the Jewish manner, by stoning, in strict accordance with Jewish law as laid down in Deuteronomy.5
Certain exegetes explain away the execution of Stephen on the Sanhedrin's orders as an irregularity, an illegal act of lynching carried out by an excited mob. But these exegetes commit the error of concentrating primarily on the contents of the so-called "Speech of Stephen" to his judges6 instead of on the factual account of how Stephen was taken into the Sanhedrin's council-hall and executed after he re-emerged. The author of the Acts of the Apostles was in a position to obtain factual information only concerning what happened before Stephen was taken to the courthouse and what happened after he left it. He had no minutes of the court proceedings, no information about what went on inside the council-hall, and knew nothing of what Stephen might have said to his judges. The diatribe he attributes to Stephen is not a defense plea; it bears no connection with the case at all; and except for the additional final words7 is not even "Christian" in its content. It is a violent denunciation of the Temple ritual—and Jewish Christians took part in the Temple cult until the Temple was destroyed in the year 70—such as might possibly have originated among members of the pre-Christian Dead Sea Covenanters or a kindred Jewish group. The writer of the Acts could have found some transcript of a homily with an anti-cultic tenor, restyled and adapted it, and then used this material to amplify and enliven his meagre account of the trial of Stephen.8
Once we recognize that what the Acts presents as Stephen's speech is in no way a transcript of the actual words Stephen said to his judges, we shall not fall into the error of contending that Stephen so enraged his audience by this speech that they seized him and carried him off to be stoned without awaiting the court's proper verdict. Stephen was not stoned by an excited mob. He was executed in pursuance of a legal sentence, legally passed by a court competent to try him.
Another reference to the Sanhedrin's power to pass and carry out sentences of death is in Acts 5:27,33, where it is reported that the Sanhedrin, when investigating the activities of some of Jesus's disciples, intended to sentence them to death and execute them. According to the Acts, the Jewish councilors were persuaded to abstain from carrying out this intention by Gamaliel's counsel of moderation.9
In chapters 13-26 of the Acts, we also have an account of a conflict of competence between the Jewish and the Roman authorities concerning the question as to whether the Apostle Paul—a Roman citizen!—ought to be tried by a Jewish or a Roman court. Acts 26:10 puts the following declaration on the lips of Paul: "On the authority of the senior priests, I sent many of the saints [Christians] to prison. When they were put to death, I cast my vote against them." The relevant point, when appraising the significance of this declaration, is not whether Paul actually uttered these words or not. Nor does it matter much whether the statement here ascribed to him is historically correct. Of significance is the fact that the author of the Acts, writing in the latter part of the 1st century, had Paul make this statement. If jurisdiction in capital cases was in Judaea reserved to the Roman governor, it would have been common knowledge among the readers of the Acts of the Apostles that Jewish criminal courts had no right to carry out capital sentences and that Paul the Apostle could not have taken part in proceedings of this sort. Would the author of the Acts have deliberately invited contradiction by attributing a statement to Paul that his readers must have known to be incorrect?
Even in later centuries, several Fathers of the Church preserved knowledge of the fact that in the time of Jesus Jewish law courts in Judaea exercised unlimited jurisdiction over Jews who were being tried for capital offenses. Origen describes the condition of the Jewish judiciary after the year 70, and explains that it lost its capital jurisdiction as a result of the victory of Roman arms in that year.10 In another passage,11 Origen mentions that Jewish law courts continued to administer the death penalty even after the year 70, but were now compelled to do so clandestinely in order not to risk a conflict with the Roman rulers whom they were defying.
Origen wrote in the early 3rd century. Still later, Augustine of Hippo, when commenting on the passage of the Fourth Gospel which denies the Jewish leaders any right to carry out sentences of death,12 offers the following explanation: "This is to be understood in the sense that the Jews could not carry out an execution because they were celebrating a festival."13 Thus according to Augustine, the Jews of Jesus's time were not deprived of the right to put sentences of death into effect; they voluntarily refrained from exercising it on a holy day. John Chrysostom of Antioch has the same explanation.14
Those who contend that the Sanhedrin lacked the power to administer the death sentence it is alleged to have passed on Jesus15 are therefore giving inadequate weight to the evidence which the New Testament itself provides. What is more, they fail to draw the logical conclusion from their argument when they maintain that the Sanhedrin was authorized to pass a sentence of death, yet not authorized to carry out this sentence without endorsement from the Roman procurator. For if it were indeed the procurator's duty to confirm or set aside a death sentence passed by a Jewish court, he would have been required to review the case in terms of Jewish law—the law that had been applied by the inferior court when passing sentence. Unless the procurator were an expert in the procedures and substance of Jewish law, it would have been quite impossible for him to do this. The Romans, however, true to their maxim not to become embroiled in the religious affairs of other nations, did permit the Sanhedrin jurisdiction in all cases, including capital ones, where Jewish religious law came into question.
But even supposing that the Jews were prevented by constitutional limitations from putting into effect a death sentence which they had passed on religious grounds, they would still not have needed to invent a political charge of sedition. It is ridiculous to assert, as some quasi-scholars do, that Pontius Pilate would have taken no cognizance of an accusation on religious grounds, that he might have "shrugged his shoulders" if the representatives of the Sanhedrin had asked him to confirm a sentence passed for blasphemy. When Rome took over the political administration of Judaea (at the wish of the Jews themselves, who hoped to enjoy a greater measure of autonomy under Roman dominion than they had done under the misgovernment of the Herodian dynasty), the Emperor recognized Rome's obligation to uphold the ancestral Jewish law and religion in the country. And Roman law provided the death sentence for religious offenses. We know from Josephus that a Roman procurator sentenced a Roman soldier to death because that soldier had shown disrespect for a scroll of the Torah.16 In other words, the Jewish religion, to use a modern expression, was "the religion of the State" in Judaea, even in procuratorial times. Hence, supposing that the Sanhedrin was not in a position to put into effect its own judgment and therefore referred Jesus's case to Pilate, the Jewish councilors could simply have accused Jews of a religious offense.
It may be argued—and not without justification—that the charge of sedition on which Jesus was tried and executed was made by his enemies, Jewish or Roman, and that it says nothing about his own aims or of the state of his own mind. Owing to their nature and their origin, the Gospels are unsuitable as documents that would allow access to the mind of Jesus. The Gospels do contain, however, traditions of undeniably Christian origin which assert a claim to kingship on behalf of Jesus. In two of the Gospels, for instance, we find the genealogies of Jesus, intended to trace back his descent to David17 and thus establish the legitimacy of his royal right as David's heir. In one Gospel, we find the solemn announcement of Jesus's birth, made by an angel, who promises Mary that Jesus will inherit his royal ancestor's throne and reign over the house of Jacob. In two of the Gospels, we find on Jesus's lips a declaration to his twelve disciples that they will sit on thrones and judge the tribes of Israel. In one of the Gospels we also read that Jesus's followers, after the shattering experience of their master's death, voiced their despair in the words, "We had hoped that it would be he who comes to redeem Israel."
Now the Gospels (all written two and three generations after the death of Jesus) reflect a great variety of traditions that developed in different surroundings and at different times. These traditions express divergent concepts of the character and function which various groups of people, all in some way attached to the memory of Jesus, assigned to him. The clearest indication of the differences in their outlook lies in the titular designations they gave to him. Sometimes he is called "teacher," sometimes "the Son of Man," sometimes "the Prophet," sometimes "the Son of David," sometimes "the Messiah (Christ)," sometimes "the Son of God"; he is also called by several other names. These titles are by no means synonymous. Each describes a distinct social status or a specific theological concept, pointing to a different role in the eschatological drama of history which the followers of Jesus expected to unfold.
The title which in due course came to sup plant all the others is, of course, christos ("Christ" in English) which is Greek for the Hebrew "Messiah," meaning "The Anointed One." Anointing was in ancient Jewish custom the formal act of investing the holder of the highest office in the Jewish polity with authority over those under his command, the act by which his legitimate appointment to the leadership of the nation was made known to one and all. What coronation is in British constitutional law, anointing was in Jewish law. The Anointed One, the Messiah, the Christ, was thus a title of honor, due to the highest functionary of the Jewish state. By the time of the Apostle Paul, however, the concept of messiahship, or rather christhood, had already advanced far beyond its primary connotation and toward the meaning which it now holds for Christians, denoting to them a Being of supra-historical significance and of transcendent character. This change resulted—to simplify a complex process—from the gradual amalgamation of two distinct eschatological concepts which were in vogue among Jews in the New Testament era: the expectation of a messiah who would re-establish Israel's political independence; and the expectation of the coming of the Son of Man, a mythical figure who would restore man to the primordial glory that was his before Adam fell from the friendship of God. A certain group of Jews, who believed that Jesus of Nazareth would take on a paramount role in the impending last act of human history, thought and spoke of him as the Messiah; another group of Jews, no less convinced of Jesus's vocation, thought of him in terms of the apocalyptic Son of Man. The two groups mixed, their members coalesced, and the combined group continued to use for their cult-hero the designation "Christ" (a title borrowed from legal-political terminology) while now attributing to the Christ the characteristics and functions of the transcendent, supra-historical Son of Man. The spread of Christianity to parts beyond Galilee and Judaea and the influx of converts with pagan antecedents accelerated the process of change, for to converts from the Gentile world the primary meaning of the word "Christ-Messiah" was unknown. There is already in the New Testament, the Gospels as well as the Epistles, a difference between what Christians meant when they used the expression "Christ," and what "Messiah" meant in Jewish usage. Yet the fact that certain of his followers chose the title "Messiah" for him, and that their choice prevailed over others, indicates that an influential section among the early Christian fellowship connected with their belief in Jesus the expectation of political independence from foreign domination. In no other way can their choice of the title "Messiah" or "Christ" be explained.
But if the Gospels make it clear that it was Christians who harbored hopes of Israel's emancipation from political subjection, of re-establishment of the ancient Jewish dynasty, and who believed that the final triumph of Israel over Rome would be the triumph of Good over Evil, the victory of God over Satan—the Gospels do not tell us whether the hope arose in the lifetime of Jesus or only after the disciples' experience at Easter. We can say without hestitation that Jesus's followers cherished aspirations of Jewish national independence. We cannot say whether they were encouraged to such aspirations by Jesus himself. Only what his followers hoped, what they thought and expected, finds expression in the Gospels. What Jesus himself thought, what his aims were, what he asserted or what he expected, we simply do not know.
1 Josephus, Jewish Antiquities, 18:63,64. Scholars are divided in their opinions on the authenticity of this passage. The text in our editions of the Antiquities certainly contains insertions which do not come from Josephus's own hand. The passage appears to have been tampered with by a Christian copyist, probably in the 3rd century. Nevertheless, there are good reasons for assuming that Josephus did relate the death of Jesus. When writing about James the Just (Jewish Antiquities 20:199, 200), Josephus casually mentions that James was the brother of "Jesus who is called Christ." It thus seems that Josephus, before he referred to James, had already informed his readers about Jesus. Furthermore, the testimonium displays features which can scarcely be attributed to a Christian interpolator. Jesus is here called "a wise man," a designation not in keeping with 3rd-century Christian notions about who and what Jesus was. The immediately following words, "if it is permissible to call him a man," may have been added; they show that the copyist felt uneasy about an expression Josephus had used. The testimonium distinguishes between the roles which the Jews and which the Romans played in Jesus's trial. It refers to an indictment that was drawn up by Jewish nobles, yet states that the death sentence was passed by the Roman governor. It was not customary for Christians in the 3rd century to make such fine distinctions; they flatly charged the Jews with responsibility for everything—arrest, trial, sentencing, and crucifixion. Ultimately, the adherents of Jesus are in the testimonium called "the tribe of Christians," a phrase not used of Christians by people who were Christians themselves, but credible in the mouth of a 1st-century Jew who was steeped in the Old Testament and would be accustomed to describing internal divisions within the body politic of the Jewish nation by the word "tribe."
2 Mark 14:48, 49; Matthew 26:55; Luke 22:52, 53.
3 Mark 15:25.
4 Acts 6:12-7:59.
5 Acts 7:58b; compare Deuteronomy 17:5-27.
6 Acts 7:2-53, 56.
7 Acts 7:56.
8 Compare my remarks in the Deutsche Literaturzeitung, Vol. 82, 1961, columns 790-792.
9 Acts 5:34-40.
10 Origen, Commentary on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans 6:7 (Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 14, columns 1072, 1075).
11 Origen, Letter to Africanus 14 (Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 2, column 84).
12 John 18:31.
13 Augustine, On John, Tractate CXIV 4 (Patrologia Latina, Vol. 35, column 1937).
14 Chrysostom, Homilies on John, LXXXIII 4 (Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 59, column 452).
15 Mark 14:64b; Matthew 26:66.
16 Josephus, The Jewish War 2:231. For similar instances of Roman deference to the susceptibilities of the Jewish population, see The Jewish War 3:246 and Antiquities 20:136.
17 Matthew 1:1-16; Luke 3:23-31. The two "family trees" were manifestly revised before being incorporated into the Gospels. In the evangelists' presentation, the line of Jesus's descent from David is broken (in Matthew 1:16 and Luke 3:23) as a result of rewording.


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In today's world, technology has given us that we can all benefit from is increased amounts of security in our homes. By using this technology even when we are away we can keep an eye around our home.One of the best places to install a wireless network camera is on the exterior of your home where it will give you a view of your entrance ways. Therefor you can watch who is coming to your home even when you are away. Placing the network cameras in the nursery will allow you to look at the baby. When you are away from your house as children is precious to you.Business owners can place network cameras in storage places. If there is an alarm you can quickly look into the images that camera is picking up from your smartphone or computer and immediately be able to see if there is anyone in the area and what they are doing there. To explore more about wireless cameras just do visit us at "telecamereip"
With the advent of home alarm systems linked to CCTV it appears that too many homeowners are failing to consider the importance of securing their home from the outside – as well as from the inside. Installing a strong, attractive, secure perimeter fence and gate with good locks, will act as an effective first line of defence to deter and prevent thieves from gaining access to your home and its contents. California Fence Company offers the best vinyl fences that are versatile, economical and virtually maintenance-free. They provide maximum privacy and minimum maintenance.http://californiafenceco.com
Yes, exterior of home is best place to install the wireless network camera. Advance technology has made the security system much better. Using a wireless network camera, we can view our home or office, even if we are hundreds of miles away from home and office.
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Watches. Most of us own one, and most of them do no more than just tell the time. But the Smartwatch is an idea which has recently been a focus of many of the major tech firms. With an iWatch on the horizon, we must ask: are they really worth the fuss?
Watches, for many, are a fashion statement. An item of clothing which we commit to, wear every day, and may even be recognised for. Watches are often expensive and intricate, well designed, and have strong brand identities. So when all the major tech companies are allegedly working on their own smart watches, we wonder, how can they succeed when people buy watches for personality, as well as for their function?
Currently, most smart watches have been created by small independent companies and start ups. While the big names such as LG and Sony have introduced their own products, currently the Pebble Watch, funded through Kickstarter, is taking the tech world by storm, having sold over 275,000 devices to date. Its simple design, low asking price and straightforward functionality has made it increasingly popular. The Pebble watch connects through bluetooth to an Android phone or iPhone, and shows alerts for emails, texts, and allows you to control music using the buttons on the side. Custom watchfaces and apps can be installed through the phone, and come from a variety of developers. The Pebble watch benefits greatly from its cross platform capability – if Apple release the much rumoured iWatch, then it is likely it will be iPhone exclusive, and Google may restrict their wearable tech to Android.
The $150 Pebble watch is not an eyesore, but does not excel in the design department either. Made primarily of plastic, it fails to embody the idea of a watch as a luxury item. Pebble's brand recognition, however, remains relatively small, so it is unlikely that the design will become common. In the case of a watch from Apple, potentially millions of people may end up with an identical (albeit iconic) watch design, and certain people will be turned away from the product as it becomes 'mainstream'. Just as we wouldn't all want to wear the same top at the same time, we may not take kindly to wearing the same watches either.
The larger companies who have taken early ventures into wearable technology have been met with little praise and minimal adoption. While Samsung is currently said to be developing an iWatch competitor, Sony have already announced the SmartWatch 2, a successor to their relatively unknown first iteration. Due out in September, the SmartWatch 2 is made primarily of aluminium, giving it a more premium feel than the Pebble, however its touchscreen navigation has been called a "mess" by Pocket-Lint, and Gizmodo (possibly overzealously) called it "Maybe the worst thing Sony has ever made". Even the successful companies are struggling to differentiate themselves, and struggling to convince consumers that they really need a gadget on their wrists to save them the couple of seconds it takes to pull a phone out of a pocket.
Causing the biggest stir is the potential Apple iWatch, rumours of which have been making the rounds for over a year. 9to5mac recently published an extensive report with information from a variety of analysts. It seems that the iWatch may have an edge-to-edge touchscreen, and rely on biometrics for both security and even health related features. Expected later this year, or in 2014, the iWatch is highly anticipated but will still suffer the same issues, and possible lack of adoption, as other watches.
Many of us suffer from a 'phantom' viabrating leg. I check my phones multiple times a day, thinking I have felt it vibrate – most of the time it hasn't. A watch may solve that issue, and being able to read a text from your wrist is a luxury, and entirely unnecessary, but it's still something which I would jump at the chance to do as an early adopter. Nevertheless, watches are an identity, just like clothes. All those people who have potentially invested thousands of pounds in a watch to last them their whole lives won't be interested in a smartwatch to last up to a couple of years. Wearable tech is a risky business, but Apple and Google can be risky companies.
Promotional images sourced from the respective companies. Other images courtesy of 'John "Pathfinder" Lester' and 'and one half images'.


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Firefighters are still investigating the cause of a fire that engulfed a townhouse Wednesday night in unincorporated Deerfield.
Deputy Chief Tony Ugaste of the Lincolnshire-Riverwoods Fire Department said crews were called to 884 Swan Blvd. near Lincolnshire at 8:04 p.m. Upon arrival, they found heavy fire at one unit of a row of eight townhouses, he said.
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Ugaste said everyone evacuated the building before crews arrived, but one resident was injured and sent to a hospital. He did not know the extent of their injuries or where they were sent.
The fire damaged most of the first floor and some of the second floor of the unit, according to Ugaste. He did not have an estimate for the cost of damages.


text: Study Search Results Your query returned 4 results. Results per page: 25 50 100 Sort by: Study Relevance Title A-Z Released/Updated Time Period Most Cited in ICPSR Bib. Variable Relevance (?) Study Title/Investigator 1. Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJDATS): Detention to Community (DTC), 2006-2008 [United States] (ICPSR 29062) Liddle, Howard A. 2. Maternal Lifestyle Study in Four Sites in the United States, 1993-2011 (ICPSR 34312) Lester, Barry; Bada, Henrietta; Bauer, Charles; et al. 3. Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant (SPF SIG) National Cross-Site Evaluation [Restricted Use] (ICPSR 28921) United States Department of Health and Human Services. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Center for Substance Abuse Prevention 4. Experience of Violence in the Lives of Homeless Persons: The Florida Four City Study, 2003-2004 (ICPSR 20363) Wright, James D.; Jasinski, Jana L.; Mustaine, Elizabeth; et al. [1]


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Candidates Reveal Positions on Recreational Fishing and Fisheries Management
With just over a week before the presidential election, we thought we might share some pertinent information before you choose your candidate.
The American Sportfishing Association posed questions to both candidates through their angler advocacy campaign, providing insight as to how the candidates would manage the nation's fisheries and access to recreational fishing.
The candidates were asked 8 questions each. Issues ranged from invasive species and ocean closures to the user-pay model of fish and wildlife management and the economic importance of America's fishing industry.
Both candidates provided answers to all eight questions, allowing anglers to get a sense of what direction fisheries management might be headed in the next four years. The question and answer documentation can be found on the ASA's advocacy and campaign site, KeepAmericaFishing.


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Criminal Law Society Panel
The NIU College of Law Criminal Law Society will be hosting a panel discussion on April 3, 2012 at 3:00 PM in the Francis X. Riley Courtroom, Swen Parson Hall. The event will discuss the case of Juan Rivera, who spent nearly 20 years in the Illinois Department of Corrections wrongfully convicted for the rape and murder of an 11-year-old girl.
Mr. Rivera was convicted in 3 separate jury trials, but with the aid of the Center on Wrongful Convictions at Northwestern University, his conviction was overturned in December 2011 by the Second District Appellate Court based on crime scene evidence and DNA recovered that did not match Mr. Rivera. In January 2012, Mr. Rivera was released from prison. The appellate court opinion can be found on Westlaw at 2011 IL App (2d) 091060 (password required) and more information, including a video of his release, can be found on the Chicago Sun-Times website.
Panelists for the event will include:
- Justice Susan F. Hutchinson, Illinois Appellate Court, Second District
- Stacey Mandell ('96), Senior Law Clerk to Hon. Susan F. Hutchinson
- Jane Raley, Senior Staff Attorney, Center on Wrongful Convictions, Northwestern University
- Juan A. Rivera, Jr.
This event is free and open to the public. A reception in the Thurgood Marshall Gallery will follow the event.


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Information > Information Overview
Information Overview
In this section we will look at three important ways that Information provides a starting place for applying the Cognitive Design Process to support the goals of organizational development:
Each of the major sections of this web site presents the essential role of Information in building performance solutions that support organizational development. Click on Knowledge Management, E-Learning and Performance Support for each of these discussions.
Business Process & Project Mgt
The distinction between Project Management and Business Process Management is illustrated by the following graphics. Project management requires an information flow that supports a timeline sequence of tasks leading to a Final Deliverables which must meet quality, time and cost criteria. The section on Project Management describes this process in detail.
Business Process Management requires an information flow which supports perpetual cycles of productivity — with ongoing and regularly delivered end products. It is process focused, internally governed, and has a goal of long-term improved metrics meeting quality, time and cost criteria. Business processes will be successful only if its internal requirements, workflow steps, and deliverables satisfy customer needs. The section on Strategic Planning describes a framework for designing and monitoring effective business processes.
The section on Information Architecture provides a framework and tools for building effective information flow and presentation.
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E-Learning Knowledge Management Performance Support
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