text:
How Do We Prepare for a World Without Cheap Oil?
How should the world (and firms, and countries) best adjust to an age of more expensive energy? Among the possible alternatives for tackling the problem, three seem to stand out.
Summing Up
Is the end of cheap oil a challenge to the world? Yes. Will it affect our standard of living adversely? Not likely. At least that is the verdict of most of the large number of respondents to this month's column who rely on assumed human ingenuity combined with market forces and government incentives to bolster their arguments. This view was characterized by Mark Townsend Cox, who commented, "I can count almost twenty methods of creating electricity without burning something, every one of which is essentially an infinite resource that does not pollute or deprive future generations of oil." David Hirsch seconds this notion, saying, "There is nothing our technology (including revisiting our 'revulsion toward nuclear power') cannot achieve."
There is a great deal of support as well for the notion that we are still the masters of our fate by means of energy consumption. As John Friedery put it, "I believe that markets will regulate consumption ...." Suman Das opines that "The world is a very resilient place." "Relatively minor lifestyle changes can lead to huge reductions in energy usage," in the opinion of David Richie. Specifically, Martin Edic points out that "Much of global air business travel, for example, is unnecessary ... (with) broadband connections combined with free VoIP software."
Necessary behaviors can be fostered by incentives as well as education and the transfer of knowledge, according to our respondents. Joseph Butler suggests that "It is the responsibility of corporations and governments alike to share knowledge and to work to educate developing nations ... about consumption, pollution, and efficiency." Mark Cox adds, "I think that the best method to remediate our world is education about the possibilities. I have rarely found anyone who is not ... fascinated by the possibilities ...."
Governments and global organizations may also provide avenues for large-scale remediation. Several expressed interest in Kyoto-type accords to facilitate incentives for international conservation and pool funds for the development of alternative energies.
Others largely see opportunity in what is happening. Remco de Ket's question reflects this view: "Perhaps running out of oil isn't such a bad thing after all?" Marc Schoenen says, "The spike in oil prices, if nothing else, has fostered a sense of entrepreneurship and opportunity in the renewable energy sectors." And Chip Levy suggests that "This is a great time to leap into a growth industry ...We developed the petroleum industry ...we can develop the clean-fuel market just as well."
A problem may result, however, from differences in the timing of the end of cheap oil and the responses it provokes, whether market driven or not. If these differences lead to a period of very high prices, the pain could be substantial, according to some of you. Jeremy Stieglitz cites one possibility when he says that "An end to cheap oil would very well mean an end to cheap food worldwide. And with 6.5 billion people to feed, I am reminded of a somewhat frightening quote that I'll likely garble: "Throughout history, when humans are left between starvation and raiding, they raid." What do you think?
Original Article
A newly-published book by Paul Roberts, The End of Oil, and a variety of observers remind us again that we either have seen or will soon see a peaking out of the production of the world's oil. Worse yet, we are encountering or will soon encounter a decline in the production of so-called "cheap oil," the most easily accessible of the world's carbon energy resources. These events are concurrent with new demands for oil, especially by the rapidly-expanding economies of Asia. All of this helps account for the new reality that instead of encountering recently a mere price "spike" in oil, we may be entering an era in which we have to adjust our thinking to prices that fluctuate around, say, $40 per barrel, a level long thought to be unsustainable even by OPEC, the oil-supplying cartel.
Of course, warnings about the world's heavy reliance on a resource controlled by a few relatively unstable nations have been sounded for years. In the U.S., they became especially acute at the time of the first oil crises in the 1970s. One response was a study, Energy Future, published in 1979 by the Energy Project at the Harvard Business School, headed by Robert Stobaugh and Daniel Yergin. Starting from a premise stated in the title of the first chapter, "The End of Easy Oil," the project team went on to recognize the importance of a balanced approach relying heavily on the marketplace. But it suggested that this could be complemented by two major efforts to deal with the dilemma, at least in the U.S.—incentives to foster conservation and the development of alternative energy sources, particularly solar energy.
Roberts observes that it isn't in anyone's immediate interest to conserve cheap oil. It helps bestow competitive advantage on firms and countries and a convenient, inexpensive, and relatively clean source of carbon energy on the world's consumers. As a result, there is a race to consume it as fast as possible, a race interrupted only by such things as increasingly ineffective attempts to control supply by OPEC, sporadic disruptive efforts by individual governments and their leaders, and wars.
If predictions of the end of cheap oil are not accurate to the barrel or a certain date, they must be directionally right. This assumption raises questions about how the world will best adjust to an age of more expensive energy and how long it will have to do so. Of the possible alternatives for approaching the challenge, three seem to stand out. One relies on market forces to provide the incentives for changes in behaviors. Another would supplement that with government-created incentives of the kind suggested by Stobaugh and Yergin, today possibly including support for the further development of the hydrogen fuel cell or other technologies. Yet a third might include some attempt on the part of the world's major energy-using countries to create incentives for the efficient use of energy on a multi-national basis, an approach similar to the Kyoto Accord intended to reduce the world's pollution—pollution resulting largely from the use of carbon fuels.
Given the trends in demand and supply, no action constitutes action. But is that the best alternative? Is this a matter in which the U.S., as the world's most prolific user of energy, should take the lead? Or does it make any sense for any one nation to risk placing itself at a competitive disadvantage by doing so? What do you think?
- Engineer, U.S Civil Service
While we must look for and create alternatives, we do not need to lose competitive advantage in doing so. In fact, the first countries to successfully develop new layers of infrastructure to support and actively use a new fuel will benefit tremendously. As an example, look at Sweden's IKEA which approaches business in a sustainable fashion and has grown through this approach.
- Peter Perez
- Research Assistant (Fuel Science), The Pennsylvania State University
I would probably start by addressing this question: "What should be the technology with the highest fuel economy and lowest (zero) emissions?" Thinking from this point of view, it is easy to see that petroleum-derived fuels will not longer work for whatever this "breakthrough technology" is going to be. History tells us that the "fuel enables the technology." We probably can say that future technologies (automotive, industrial, etc.) are going to require ultrahigh-purity fuels, ultrahigh quality, and ultra-controlled specifications. This is very difficult to attain by using petroleum. So, I think we will NOT see "cheap oil" deplete. In fact, as emerging, non-oil-dependent technologies develop, the demand and the price will go lower. Future energy markets could be diversified with regional differences depending on localization, population, and environmental conditions, although the target would be the same: high efficiency and low energy consumption.
- Anonymous
The age of oil is a small percentage of the human age. It seems to me that the best we have now was a product of civilizations without oil ... from the Ten Commandments to democracy. Oil provided good things, but I don't think we will be worse off without it. In fact, we might end up reclaiming the rivers, the forests, and even some lost social decorum by finding an alternative to oil.
- Gregory C. Bailey
- Senior Manager - Business Development, UPS Supply Chain Solution
Given the current situation and the relative alignment of the rest of the economy, there is not enough "pain" to warrant any serious action or leadership role by any political body. It's another example of the tragedy of the commons: The result is predictable
- William Devanney
- Consultant
If we imagine looking back from the end of this present interlude of low-cost energy, what will we wish we had done differently now? In the U.S. our number one regret will be that our wealth continued to go into building suburbs—an astoundingly poor choice from an energy perspective. Whatever we can do now to encourage high-quality and high-density urban living should be done. We can look to Portland, Oregon for one example of how this was done.
- John Thomas
- Director - Operations, FMB
This issue should be tackled on two fronts: the domestic front and the international front. For the domestic front, the country should create an efficient internal mass transportation system that will link households with places of work, markets, shops, and schools, at low cost.
For the international front, efforts should be made to develop alternative cheap fuel by seeking cooperation among countries, joint research, sharing information, and development costs so that the entire world can be a better place to live.
- Michael Rivers
The issue is not about how to secure future sources of oil so that you can continue to burn it with abandon.
You Americans consume more energy per head than the rest of the world. You are the first people who should set an example by reducing your consumption. Here are a few suggestions:
- Curb and stop producing your gas-guzzling SUVs and introduce a truly penalizing tax for their purchase and use.
- Incentivize low consumption vehicles, multiple occupant car use, and both private and public car-sharing schemes.
- Raise the tax on one gallon of gas to $10.
- Invest the excess proceeds in efficient public transportation into and between urban centers.
- Buy and use bicycles.
- Walk off your fat.
- Eat less (less energy wasted in producing food that you don't need).
- Charlie Langston
- CFO, Talmage Solar Engineering, Inc.
The challenge is that we have to be bold enough to admit that the current industry structure is—and will continue to—preclude a smooth transition motivated by market forces. What we need is an energy development program on the order of NASA's quest for the moon.
- Marc Schoenen
- MBA student, Harvard Business School
Our future energy needs will increasingly be constrained by technological innovation and available energy sources. The spike in oil prices, if nothing else, has fostered a sense of entrepreneurship and opportunity in the renewable energy sectors. Not only are there increasingly attractive business models for things like solar and hydro energy, but also other energy models, including landfill gas and geothermal sources, are proving to be stable, predictable, and profitable alternatives.
Clearly, many of these business models rely on government support and will probably need to do so in the foreseeable future, unless there is a huge spike in oil, gas, and coal prices, or another round of technological innovation that better harvests these renewable alternatives.
However, it is important to note that high prices for oil are not only attributable to the so-called "low hanging fruit" of oil that is easily harvested. Rather, there is a huge demand for energy in general, as economies have prospered in Asia, in particular, China. The future economic growth in China, India, and other nations will create more cars and, more generally, increased energy usage. These scenarios dictate that the renewable business model be re-evaluated and, hopefully, incorporated into future energy planning.
- James Magaji
- Managing Director, Jimmyken Ventures Ltd.
For us in Nigeria, we live in an oil producing nation and it is our only hope that the high oil revenues will be saved for a rainy day when our oil wells dry up, or will at least be invested in an infrastructure that will make our country attractive for foreign investment.
- Adam Fenderson
- Editor, EnergyBulletin.net
Cheap natural gas and oil underlie not only economic growth, but everything from the pharmaceutical industry to the viability of large scale industrial agriculture — the 'Green Revolution.' Renewable energy technologies help to prevent us from sliding back into the pre-industrial era. However, under close scrutiny, none of these technologies seem capable of delivering enough energy for the continuation of the American Way of Life. The hydrogen economy is a case in point. Perhaps the most important responses to these crises will not be technological, but initiatives such as back to the land movements and a re-localization of economies.
- Mark Townsend Cox
- CEO, New Energy Fund LP
I can count almost twenty methods of creating electricity without burning something— every one of which is essentially an infinite resource that does not pollute or deprive future generations of oil. Oil could then be used for a profitable purpose. Those methods are: Solar; Wind; Wave; Algae; Ethanol; Bacteria; Osmosis; Biomass; Water Currents; Methanol; Efficiency; Geothermal; Hydroelectric; Nuclear Fusion; Ocean Thermal; Waste Remediation; Atmospheric Thermal; and Orbital Magnetospherics (dangling wires in orbit that generate electricity). Using these methods to create energy in a decentralized fashion can be healthier and more economical, especially as oil prices start to climb. There will never be a guarantee that we are free of geopolitical problems, but at least the struggle for energy resources can be one issue taken out of the equation. These methods also make the possibility of regional blackouts more remote.
The above methods for generating electricity can also be used to create hydrogen. With respect to wind, low electrical demand, say at night, often coincides with high winds, when the electricity generated would be otherwise wasted.
I think that the best method to remediate our world is education about the possibilities. I have rarely found anyone who is not almost fascinated by the possibilities of alternative energy. It is certainly a vote catcher, but there is so much misleading material from governments, the media, corporations, and special interests. It's interesting that the underlying improved energy paradigm would be very good for society but not a good model for particular companies to get rich. The productivity impact on the whole community would be impressive, though, and permit a more democratic development of productivity.
Luckily, technology has made the market perhaps the best means by which adoption of such technologies will arrive. Already the numbers of wind farms, green megawatts, hydrogen stations, installed fuel cells, and any number of other projects are growing at rates previously only associated with telecoms or chip technology. We have a long way to go, but the market forces will drive us there as surely as if there were no political leadership at all!
- Suman Das
The real test will be how other developing nations like China and India can manage their dependence on oil as their economies grow and the demand for better infrastructure continues. In the short term, it is difficult to contain dependency on oil.
Throughout history, mankind and the economy have functioned perfectly well without any oil, barring the last hundred years. Once the oil runs out or becomes too expensive to buy, future generations will adjust themselves out of necessity. The world is a very resilient place. Globalization has increased the need to consume oil, and globalization will reduce the need for oil, too.
- Ronald Bourdages
- CEO, YPO International
It is postponing the inevitable to not address these issues now. The oil companies need to switch to the manufacture of alternative fuels, or face being left behind by the next wave of fearless entrepreneurs who are willing to take the ball and run with it.
- Robert Sheperd
1. Given the relative balance of current supply and demand, I believe the U.S. and Chinese government could partner with OPEC to create a relatively stable, somewhat inflated price of oil, say $35-$40, and stabilize the supply by using the U.S. strategic petroleum reserve. This will encourage exploration.
2. Push for ethanol-based fuels. First, as a blend with gasoline (10 percent), and second, as pure ethanol fuel with new engines. Mandate it through Congress.
3. Subsidize promising technologies with tax credits and research grants to encourage solar and wind power.
- Anonymous
I am fifty-nine years old and have lived through the oil embargo, energy tax credits, etc. I used all tax credits possible to reinstall insulation into our house and fine-tune our oil-burning furnace. We bought a new house in 1989 that has gas-forced air heating and cooling. It was much less costly than using oil.
Now the price of natural gas is going up every year and geothermal seems like the next big thing. I know it works in my state of North Dakota, because I belong to a congregation which built a new church in 2000 with geothermal heating and cooling (and with no back up). I am amazed that the church stays warm even at 15° below zero Fahrenheit, and comfortable at 95° above with high humidity. But if geothermal is the future system of choice for building energy conservation, it still needs electricity for pumps, compressors, etc.
That means higher electrical consumption, which can lead to more use of wind energy. The problem with wind energy is having enough large wind farms connected to the national grid in order to provide a dependable level of power all the time.
The point is that the wind is always blowing somewhere, so let's take advantage of that fact, get some federal laws enacted for high power transmission lines, and start saving coal, natural gas, and oil. As for cars, I think some sort of hydrogen hybrid might be the answer. These new gas-electric hybrids are okay, but has anyone thought of what to do with the batteries when they wear out? Or how much it would cost to replace them? Again, tax incentives would be the answer, mixed with a higher federal tax on gasoline.
- Jeremy Stieglitz
- Manager, Cisco Systems
There are various options for addressing the end of cheap oil, including utilizing market forces, government incentives, and trans-national cooperatives. A far more bleak picture for the end of cheap oil is portrayed in Richard Heinberg's The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies. There, Heinberg makes a fairly compelling case that cheap oil drives all aspects of the global economy and, in particular, our methods for producing and distributing food. An end to cheap oil would very well mean an end to cheap food worldwide. And with 6.5 billion people to feed, I am reminded of a somewhat frightening quote that I'll likely garble: "Throughout history, when humans are left between starvation and raiding, they raid."
- Anonymous
I think the most heavily "socially advertised" message in schools, religious institutions, and governments should be this one: that we all seek ways to reduce our footprint on and in the world. That mindset would surely create sustainability geniuses who can help our planet and its inhabitants. Personally, I feel so ignorant of what exactly to do beyond the simple things of everyday life dealing with food, travel, exercise, etc. How can we have nuclear energy and not know what to do with the used end products? Or with garbage? Where are the real leaders coming out of the universities?
- Anonymous
Perhaps we should let the oil prices go up. Then fewer people could afford to drive and there might be more people who would start looking at mass transportation or maybe even try something good for themselves, such as walking or biking to work or to the store. Exercise and use less oil. Maybe this would also stop the rising level of obesity in America, for it would lower health costs (because people would be healthier), and conserve our natural resources.
- Joseph Butler
- Upstream Account Management, Exxon Mobil Corporation
In spite of the fact that we have seen the energy crisis as a zero-sum dilemma for thirty years, creative individuals continue to find ways to expand the current supply and better harness new oil discoveries. We are continuously approaching a more energy-constrained future, but creativity has kept up with the pace of growth in demand.
That said, as the world leader of energy consumption, the United States has a moral obligation to share its wealth of knowledge with developing nations. It is the responsibility of corporations and governments alike to share knowledge and to work to educate developing nations. As the world increases its intellectual resources, the probability of finding new answers to current problems grows exponentially. While government regulation may help in the education process, it is not sufficient to establish effective change because it often ignores self-interest. It is up to corporations to exercise their interests in educating developing nations about consumption, pollution, and efficiency. As education in a developing nation improves, so does opportunity.
ExxonMobil has recently invested billions of dollars into Angola's education systems and infrastructure. In return, newly trained Angolan engineers and technicians are loyal to ExxonMobil as an employer, and the cost of wages is a fraction of similarly trained resources from highly developed nations. The cycle continues from education to improved wages to buying power to new markets for international goods and services.
It is too idealistic to expect to create an instantaneous "equality" of resources. What may be perceived as the "no action" approach is actually a sustainable equalization of opportunity based on self-interest. In the long run, it is good for Americans to feel constraint in our gas tanks. We have been driving gas guzzlers for too long, and need a stronger incentive to apply the knowledge we've learned. Let the market drive the price. It is time to pay the piper ... and the pipeline.
- Ravi Sinivas
- Market Analyst, Reuters
I would prefer to see a radical yet safer alternative, such as 1) setting up and providing incentives for gasoline-free zones across the globe, and 2) establishing a global organization equipped with a global fund pooled from all member countries to further the development of alternative energy.
In the near term, though, the rich and powerful must converge and arrive at a consensus to tackle the political instability of the oil-rich nations. This must definitely be on top of the agenda of every oil-reliant economy. The problems caused by energy scarcity have to be tackled by every member of the global community and not just by a few enlightened nations.
- Colm Kavanagh
Here's another solution: Grow more hemp.
- It can be grown in most parts of the world.
- It would act as a cash crop for many poorer countries and poorer rural dwellers.
- It is capable of replacing oil as a versatile energy source.
- It is a renewable source of energy.
- Ds Rawat
- Manager Management Accounting, Dabur India Limited
Developed countries should take the lead in the use of alternative sources of energy. Otherwise the time will come when the price of oil skyrockets and no alternative technology will be available to restrict the price rise.
- David M. Hirsch
- CEO, Vertex Fasteners
The "oil crisis" has been on and off the issue hot list for a little over three decades. While I agree with Jim Heskett's premise that no policy is a policy, we do need to come up with a national long-term policy regarding energy—without it, our flexibility in foreign policy is severely limited and we risk transferring our wealth to more unstable regions of the world.
With the proper incentives and core research (such as our thrust to put a man on the moon forty years ago), there is nothing our technology cannot achieve. I believe we also need to revisit our revulsion toward nuclear power. How is it that every recent capital ship we have built is powered by nuclear energy, and our biggest ships so powered dock in our major cities, such as San Diego, with no outcry? It is because they are safe!
Leadership is sorely lacking in this area. It calls out for a thorough non-partisan review whose deliverable is a practical working plan.
- Manish Kulkarni
- Business Development Manager, Yash Accounting and E Services
If we look at business and economic history, we see that things are generally getting cheaper—be they long-term interest rates, the costs of labor, or even the costs of raw material—due to improved understanding of correlations and other factors. Although there is a serious need for conservation, oil is still really plentiful at the current rate of consumption. The quest for alternate sources of fuel could be funded not by the U.S., but by a country such as China or Japan, which is very much dependent on the import of oil to sustain its industries.
- David Richie
- Attorney, Stevens & Lee
Relatively minor lifestyle changes can lead to huge reductions in energy usage, at least in the U.S. where wasteful habits are confused with essential freedoms. Driving fuel-efficient cars as opposed to huge SUVs, living closer to the workplace, and using public transportation more often are painless ways to conserve without impairing our essential values.
A further step would be to create strong disincentives against sprawling commercial development in outlying and new areas. These necessitate wasteful long-distance commuting and are impossible to serve via public transport. Instead, all commercial development should be encouraged in the older inner cities where mass transit systems already exist and are underutilized. Encouraging denser residential development in mixed residential-commercial villages could also reduce commuting waste.
- Martin Edic
- President, January Media Group
This requires incremental thinking in addition to massive initiative thinking. Much of global air business travel, for example, is unnecessary. My colleagues in Europe and the U.S. communicate daily face to face using $200 monitor-top cameras and broadband connections combined with free VOIP software. With global networks, a great deal of transport required to move things like documents is no longer practical. The reduction of paper usage in our lives is becoming dramatic—which in turn leads to changes in both fossil fuel consumption by producers and less logging of forests which serve as carbon sinks.
While these changes are taking place as a result of technology, they are not encouraged or planned, in part because they challenge the viability of major industries (airlines, transportation, and paper). If we sat down and spent our corporate and governing planning time developing many incremental changes in the way we use energy, I believe we'd see noticeable results without the huge battles involved in forcing major changes through (although I also believe those types of difficult battles must also be fought).
- Alfonso Leon
- Strategy Adviser, Shell International
The private sector is addressing the challenge. Energy companies are investing tens of billions in developing alternatives to conventional oil such as Gas to Liquids (GTL), oil sands, and heavy crude projects.
Governments in oil-consuming countries now need to do their part. Their tax proceeds actually represent the largest single component of fuel retail prices (up to over 80 percent). These could be reduced for clean fuels such as GTL and for non-conventional sources which expand world reserves, facilitating a smooth transition for society.
As fuel prices are determined by global markets, no country can isolate itself from oil crises. International cooperation is therefore necessary.
Kyoto, imperfect as it may be, exemplifies the path forward. Many European countries are now on target to meet 10 percent of their energy needs from renewable sources through private sector action and adequate government incentives reflecting the externalities involved. However, on the other side of the Atlantic, the largest consumer of energy on the planet still needs to fully recognize the challenges ahead.
- Bob Noah
- President, Noah Onboard
I hope some innovative companies will offer and market energy harvesting devices (wind, streams, sun, bio-mass, waves) in sizes and price ranges attractive to middle-income people everywhere. If millions of people were adding small amounts of electricity to the grid from millions of locations, it would make the whole system more stable, less loaded on stress areas, and allow people to take more control of and responsibility for the energy situation.
- Harry Tucci
I think the third alternative of Kyoto-style protocols to encourage energy independence is the best alternative. However, as long as big oil money lubes the campaign coffers, our government will do everything possible to deny any prediction of running out of cheap oil.
- Anonymous
Two things come to mind:
So far supply (due to production) and demand have determined the price of oil. Future generations must think it a crime not to have internalized the cost resulting from the limitedness of supply.
It will be interesting to see whether technologically advanced economies will better cope with expensive oil despite their high oil consumption, or whether developing economies will profit as they consume less oil anyway.
- John Friedery
- COO, N. American Packaging, Ball Corporation
As a strong proponent of free market economics, I believe that the markets will regulate consumption as consumers of energy accept the shift from a world of $25 per barrel oil to a future of $40 per barrel oil. As the realization sinks in, users of energy will shift capital investments to energy saving opportunities which provide a greater ROI than other cost reduction projects. Those opportunities exist today, but have been pushed down the list in favor of automation and other labor reduction projects. This will repeat the pattern seen in the oil shocks of the 1970s, where rapidly rising prices spurred a combination of conservation efforts and exploration and development of previously uneconomical oil reserves.
Given the reality that oil and gas are finite nonrenewable resources, the ideal approach to this problem would also incorporate incentives to accelerate the development of alternative energy sources. Without a purposeful, directed approach to creating incentives today for the energy supplies of tomorrow, it is likely that these new technologies would not be developed until after they are truly needed, leaving the world with a serious gap in energy supplies.
- Anonymous
I feel that George W. Bush as the current President of the United States is doing everything he can to thwart efforts to move away from the dependency on oil. The government should put tax incentives in place for attempts to change over to wind, solar, and other alternatives just as was done in the '70s, and to support further development of alternatives to bring them to market at affordable prices.
- K. R. Kashyap
- Deputy General Manager, IBM Global Services India
It is time businesses all over the world changed their mindset while investing in energy. Can multiple energy sources reduce risk to a business? For example, ethanol produced from plant sources can be mixed with gasoline. Not every engine needs to run on gasoline—why not diesel or liquefied natural gas? Even if a new fuel results in lower engine performance, could it be cheaper in the long run? There are large parts of the globe where wind power and solar energy are plentiful and free of cost. Can we use these as the primary source of electric power at such locations? Now that communication is wireless, we may avoid investments on hundreds of miles of power and communication lines!
The U.S., with 5 percent of the world's population, consumes over 20 percent of the world's oil. To secure its oil supplies, it also spends as much on the military as the next ten developed countries put together. Isn't it time for U.S. policy makers to focus more on reducing oil usage and saving the environment? Isn't it time for U.S. companies to lead the world in pioneering alternate sources of energy? It would be a pity if they decide to wait and learn from Europe and Asia.
- Anonymous
What is surprising is how little effort we see, beyond that of a few alternative-energy cars, to build a less energy-dependent society in the U.S. With so much income currently flowing into housing in the U.S., why is there so little mainstream thinking—and product offerings—that will make these homes sustainable ten or fifteen years in the future? Will our dual forty-gallon hot water heaters, eight-head showers, and four-person Jacuzzi baths be ripped out in a dozen years to install Japanese-style baths and solar heating systems? With Americans' appetite for the new and fear of the future (think bomb shelters), it would seem an easy sell.
- Donald R. (Chip) Levy
- Principal, The Rochelle Organization, Inc.
The thrust of current U.S. energy policy (reliance on petroleum), appears both suspect (written in secret by oil executives and an oil-centric administration) and short-sighted: Would Harvard Business Review recommend launching a new business based on a dwindling commodity? I think not.
Enlightened government should commit to a radical reform of energy production and consumption on no less a scale than that which we mustered for the space program in the '60s: 66 percent reduction in use of petroleum fuels by 2015, 99 percent by 2025.
This is a great time to leap into a growth industry (with perceptive political and technical leadership), and an opportunity to do something nice for the globe. We developed the petroleum industry (though now our raw materials are under someone else's feet); we can develop the clean-fuel market just as well.
We led the world into space. We can—and should—also lead the world in preserving our own backyards via more enlightened and forward-thinking energy policies, both political and technical.
- Anonymous
I think the oil shock will come much more rapidly than Professor Heskett predicts. So fast, in fact, that markets will not be able to balance out supply and demand.
- Richard Leatherman
The question of switching to an alternative oil source is framed as a Boolean variable: In other words, this change will be either do this or that. The fact that we move toward another source does not necessarily mean that we will be put at a competitive disadvantage. Why couldn't other sources be a competitive advantage?
Our dependence on Middle Eastern oil or our refusal to have it jeopardized has already cost us over $100 billion this year.
Could we please begin the effort to minimize our allegiance to crude before our standard of living is severely compromised by our failure to do so?
- Anonymous
I think the U.S. should take the lead. Using available dollars now to position for the inevitable is something that anyone with common sense should see. It does not have to result in a competitive disadvantage, and will provide a competitive advantage later. Certainly America should be aware that so much oil is used in agriculture, and yet in a few years the U.S. will still be driving SUVs and people will starve in poor countries.
Thank you for raising the issue. Public awareness will push the big companies and politicians because a lot of people will make the decision to be energy-conservative before our leaders do.
- Maria Kacandes-Kamil
I am an American who has lived abroad on and off since 1972 and in the U.K. since 1989, where gasoline (petrol) costs are three to five times U.S. prices, it amazes me that the [American] government has put the profitability of automobile companies ahead of responsible energy management for future generations. It makes no sense to me to allow SUVs and ever-greater gas-guzzling automobiles when safe, fuel-efficient alternatives are possible.
- Anonymous
From the 1970s until today, the U.S. has indeed increased its energy efficiency, but it has relaxed in other areas. The tax system can be an excellent method to align consumers to other alternatives.
The U.S. must let go of its past in oil, when it was among lead world exporters in the early 20th century, and search for new frontiers in the energy matrix.
- Remco de Ket
- Marketing Coordinator, Presbyterian Support Central
In New Zealand we have had various energy crises over the last few years. They were mostly to do with electricity. The major response from government has been to urge the people to save power by turning things off. Older people have paid dearly for doing so. Some have died because they turned their heating off. Yet for some years there have been advisors urging the government to mandate the installation of solar panels on private dwellings to ensure there is never a shortage of electricity. Various schemes have been proposed, yet no action has been taken by government.
It seems that it is the same with respect to the coming oil peak. No one in government is willing to even discuss it, let alone admit it is an issue. It seems that this is the same in countries around the world.
If the peoples of the world are to prepare themselves in any way for a much-changed world economy, it looks like the only way to do this is by popular action.
A sobering thought is that modern agriculture is wholly reliant on oil to produce the quantities of food it does today. Most of the pesticides are oil-based, the spraying is reliant on oil, the harvesting is reliant on oil, and then there is distribution, refrigeration, and on and on.
This truly has the potential to change the world in ways we never imagined. The power balance could shift markedly and nations we currently sneer at because they are backwards agriculturally—and perhaps even subsistence farming nations—will be the ones holding the power. It may even happen that the nations that are currently powerful will move to pre-empt this power shift and we may enter into years of considerable conflict.
Still It is increasingly obvious that one of the most critical shortages we may yet face in the future is a chronic shortage of potable water. We need that more than oil to grow our food. So where are we with initiatives to arrest and reverse the global warming trend? Perhaps running out of oil isn't such a bad thing after all?
One thing is certain, though, and that is that in the end nature will win.
- Rajesh Mhatre
- Analyst, Reliance Infostreams
The alternative sources of energy appear lucrative at this point of time but to really bank on them will require huge investments, which only the energy majors can afford. The perception regarding the future outlook is positive. Also, emerging economies like China are contributing to the global energy demand and that is not going to slow in the near future.


text: Smell your best on even the hottest days by starting the morning with an application of deodorant. If you want to also reduce sweat, choose a deodorant that is also an antiperspirant. Standard products are available in a variety of scents. There are also all-natural deodorants that contain no chemicals or scents. Those who sweat heavily might prefer prescription-strength formulas for added protection.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Regional VP of Sales & Marketing (Northeast, United States) John Casey & Associates is partnering with a people based energy management and conservation organization to identify a Regional VP of Sales & Marketing for the Northeast region of the company. Our client is the only energy conservation company in the United States with a proven 24-year record of helping educational institutions save substantial educational dollars through sound energy management. The RVP of Sales position is based in the northeast and will report to the EVP of Sales. This is NOT a cold-calling role! Due to the ongoing success of this outstanding company, our search is for a top performer with hands-on experience in sales, preferably within the professional services industry. We are looking for a proven leader who can create excitement, effectively communicate at all levels of the organization and continuously sell, at a high level, energy savings consulting services to schools, primarily K-12 systems, community colleges and universities, in the states of CT, RI, VT, NH, ME and NY. Salary for this position is $90-120K guaranteed base for the first 18 months – fully commissioned after 18 months. Unlimited upside in commissions with current RVPs making 3-5 times guaranteed base. Must be authorized to work in the U.S. as sponsorship will not be provided. Excellent benefits, including a Qualified Retirement Plan and a matching 401K plan. Relocation will be provided for the right candidate, if not located in the Northeast. The following minimum requirements apply: Requires a BA/BS in Marketing, Business or Engineering related field. A minimum of 10 years sales and marketing experience. Prefer experience in complex consultative selling of intangible services, within the professional services, educational or technical services industry; however, complex product sales will also be considered. 80% travel is required. (Monday-Thursday – overnight-must enjoy being a road warrior). A demonstrated track record and recent history in closing sales. Requires excellent interpersonal, verbal and written skills with a high degree of professionalism. A demonstrated track record in driving organizational improvement. Experience in group presentations at the senior management/C-level. Strong business acumen and an entrepreneurial attitude. Demonstrated skills in CRM systems and Microsoft Office suite. Preferred skills and experience: Able to demonstrate successful sales accomplishments in a professional environment. Prior sales experience to schools or other public environments is desirable, not required. Ability to understand and clearly articulate the business proposition. Strong analytical skills. Ability to work closely with engineering and other technical consultants. Effective presentation skills and presence in front of school boards a plus. A self-starter needing limited supervision. Stable work history – good tenure. If you meet the above requirements and have a willingness to make a difference and enjoy great benefits with a GROWING company, please send your resume to email@example.com. John Casey & Associates is a professional services firm offering search, consulting and short-term staffing solutions. We build long- term relationships and take pride in our client partnerships and in the career relationships we have with our candidates. We grow by helping individuals desiring to make a career change and those in transition. Our success is founded on bringing our clients and candidates together for winning results.
Pages to are hidden for
"JCA-Regional VP of Sales"Please download to view full document


text:
We use cookies to optimise your experience on Travelzoo. By using our website, you are agreeing to allow this. For more information, see our Privacy & Cookie Policy »
Scuba diving course: Valid Jan. 11 - Aug. 16, 2014. Class dates: Jan. 11-12, February 8-9, March 8-9, April 5-6, May 24-25, June 21-22, July 19-20 and Aug. 16-17. Reservation are required; subject to availability. Saturday pool sessions meet at 8 a.m.; Sunday ocean sessions take place on the North Coast or Monterey at 9 a.m. Call ahead to confirm class locations. Students are required to pick up student kits and required gear before course; allow around one hour for this orientation. Bookwork must be completed before class. Must be in good health and moderate shape to participate. Limit one purchase per person; may buy additional as gifts. If limit is exceeded, voucher subject to forfeiture.
Abalone dive: Valid April 26 - July 12, 2014 . Dives are held on April 26, May 17, June 14 and July 12. Reservations required; subject to availability. Dive sites vary depending on weather conditions. Limit one purchase per person; may buy additional as gifts. If limit is exceeded, voucher subject to forfeiture.
M – F, 9am – 9pm ET
We are now transferring you...
We are now directing you to {0} where you can purchase today's Travelzoo Local Deal directly.
You've got deals!
Get the best travel and local deals delivered to your inbox for FREE!
This little detail makes a big difference in showing you deals that work for you.
Check your inbox. Confirm your email and we'll get you off and running.
Welcome back!


text:
Did you miss last Sunday's message?
Click on Pastor's Page to access the video.
Jason Teague
Senior Pastor
Jason Teague has been a pastor in the United Methodist Church since 2001. He has served churches in Cherokee, Valley Spring, Goliad, and Comfort. He received his B.A. in Communications / Public Relations from Angelo State University in San Angelo, Texas and his Masters of Divinity from Austin Presbyterian Theological Seminary in Austin, Texas. Jason is married to Jana and they have three children Sheaffer, Seth, and Claire, as well as three cats and a dog.
Rev. Trudy Sparks Paul
Associate Pastor
Trudy Sparks Paul was appointed to Asbury United Methodist Church during the Annual Conference of 2002. She continues to attend Perkins School of Theology at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. Her main focus and ministry at Asbury is Pastoral Care. She received training in Pastoral Care at Christus Spohn Hospital Memorial Trauma Center in Corpus Christi, Texas. She was a student and Chaplain from 1998 until 2001 at Christus Sphon. Her ministry includes visitation to hospitals, nursing homes, assisted living and the homebound. She is a Stephen Leader and, along with two other leaders, trains and supervises the Stephen Ministers at Asbury.
Beth Gray
Director of Family Ministries
Beth Gray was born and raised in Orange, Texas and moved to Portland,Texas her sophmore year of high school. She received her Bachelor of Arts in Political Science from Baylor University in 1980. She then attended South Texas College of Law in Houston, Texas and graduated with a Doctor of Jurisprudence in 1983. She served as the Clerk of the Court for the Thirteenth Supreme Judicial District of Texas for six years. Beth joined the Asbury staff in October 1999. Her mission is to help kids know Jesus Christ and help them grow in Him. Beth is married to George, and they have two children, Angela and Christina.
Essence Johnson
Worship Leader / Director of Music Ministries
Essence Johnson-Chicoine was born in Los Angeles, California, raised in Texas, and attended the University of Texas at San Antonio for music. She moved to New Mexico, where she was married and raised a family and continued her degree in music at the University of New Mexico. She has now accepted God's call to return to Texas to use her gifts and talents as Asbury Church's Worship Leader and Director of Music Ministries. Essence brings with her a lifetime of experience in all types of music ranging from opera to gospel to contemporary Christian music. She is excited to be back home in Texas with her husband Randy and children.
Melissa Leija, Director of Asbury Creative Learning Center
Melinda Blanchard
Business Administrator
Melinda was born and raised in Texas and has lived in Corpus Christi since 1992. After attending a conference in 2005, she felt a calling from Christ to pursue a degree in Ministry. She attended Howard Payne University, focusing on youth ministry, and received her Associates in Ministry in 2007. That same year she was blessed with her daughter Brookelyn. She first joined the Asbury staff in 2002 as a Latchkey teacher for Asbury Creative Learning Center. After spending many years focusing on her family and raising her daughter, we are pleased to have her return to Asbury as the Business Administrator.
Candis Armstrong
Administrative Assistant
Candis was born and raised in San Antonio and after a short stay in Washington State and Duncanville, TX, she has been in Corpus Christi for the last 8 years. She is married and has 1 daughter, 2 step daughters, and 3 granddaughters. Raised in a Lutheran church, Christ has always been in her life. She spent several years working for a law firm in Corpus Christi and has spent the last year and half taking care of her family. We are pleased to have her as our Administrative Assistant.
Director of Youth Ministries
To request an application, click here.
United Methodist Church
"An Active Community in Christ"
7501 South Staples
Corpus Christi, TX 78413
EMAIL: firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Hello people My name is Vinnie and I am a graphite artist, I have been drawing my whole life and deeply have a love for realism. I started working with graphite at the age of 14. I am hoping to gain inspiration, meet new Artist within the artist community, and further my life as an Artist.
© 2015 F+W All rights reserved.Use of this site signifies your agreement to the Terms and Privacy Policy, updated March 2007


text:
Arcane Empires
Selected as "New & Noteworthy" by Apple!!!
Join thousands worldwide in the hottest new strategy game by Kabam! Friendship and alliance awaits you in the world of Arcane Empires!
In the midst of a brutal civil war, you and your countrymen have at last secured your independence from the merciless Korassian Empire. The weakened imperial forces, led by Prince Dessen, attempt to regain control of the realm and enslave the population. Build up your city to protect your people and your freedom!
- Play online with thousands of other players
- Forge diplomatic alliances with other cities
- Plan strategy in real time with live chat
- Train an army of rebels, griffons & war mages
- Appoint Captains to lead your troops
- Fortify your city's defenses
- Build a great and powerful colony
- Conquer enemies and isles across the vast world map
- Participate in tournaments for valuable rewards
- and much, much more!
Find more Kabam Games: http://appstore.com/kabam
Follow @ArcaneEmpires for the latest news!
Like us on Facebook: facebook.com/ArcaneEmpires
Note: A network connection is required to play
Works with iPhone 3GS or later, iPod touch 3rd gen or later, all iPads
Requires iOS 4.3 or later
By downloading this game, you agree to the Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and the License Agreement.
What's New
Version 16.1.3 (Apr 23, 2015)
▶ Additional bug fixes and game optimization
Version 16.1.2 (Aug 22, 2014)
▶ Additional bug fixes and game optimization
Version 16.1.1 (Aug 04, 2014)
- Bug fixes and optimizations
Version 16.1.0 (Jan 14, 2014)
- Brand new and high-fidelity UI graphics
- Tablet-optimized UI layout
- Introducing the Private Chat Tab - monitor your one-on-one conversations with ease!
- New Alliance Officer Privileges
- Officer chat for coordinating alliance strategy
- Some Alliance Officers can now view member coordinates, send official alliance messages, elect MVPs, and more!
- Global chat will now be available whenever the game is in maintenance
Version 15.0.2 (Jul 29, 2013)
- Bug Fixes
Version v15.0.1 (Jul 01, 2013)
- Updated Captain assign/unassign functionality
- Bug fixes
Version 15.0.0 (Jun 18, 2013)
• Introducing Enchantment Mode!
10 buildings can now be Enchanted and upgraded through Enchantment Mode levels 1-1 to 1-11 to gain exclusive bonuses!
o Citadel: Enchant your Citadel to control more Isles and unlock more resource field tiles
o Rally Point: Send larger marches with Enchanted Rally Points!
o Training Grounds: Enchant Training Grounds to train Tier 4 troops!
o Ramparts: Unlock more spaces for Defensive Units by Enchanting your City Ramparts
o Warehouse: Shield more precious resources from plunderers in Enchantment Mode
o Homestead: Raise your population limit with Enchanted Homesteads
o Resource Buildings: Increase resource production in your Farms, Ironworks, Crystal Mines + Sawmills!
• Watch out for all-new events in the Event Center!
• Optimizations for smoother Gameplay
Version 13.0 (Apr 23, 2013)
✔ Major performance enhancements for smoother gameplay!
✔ Study recipes to craft valuable high-quality jewels!
✔ Watch out for chances to win new exclusive Attack and Defense boost items!
✔ UX Improvements for managing your treasure in the Storehouse
✔ Check out new game play tips on the loading screen
✔ Bug fixes
Version 11 (Jan 16, 2013)
✔ Check out the all-new Event Center for upcoming tournaments and chances to win valuable prizes!
✔ Uncover lost treasure with the new Isles Survey system!
✔ Watch your troops' progress on the map with March Line
✔ Many UI Improvements
✔ Bug fixes
Version 10.1 (Nov 21, 2012)
New features:
- Build a 3rd City to expand your Kingdom! (Will be enabled in all Worlds shortly)
- New powerful Emerald Paladin ground units available in upcoming Chests
- iOS 6 Compatibility
- Now available in 6 new languages: Swedish, Danish, Dutch, Turkish, Russian, and Polish!
- City coordinates on Battle Reports now link directly to the World Map!
- Steam Dozer items are now returned when a level 10 building upgrade is canceled
- Browse Worlds by language and other helpful search filters
- Push Notification issues have been resolved
- Dismiss Troops option is now displayed at all times
- Many usability improvements
Version 9.0 (Sep 14, 2012)
New Features:
- Look out for special Arcane Spire events where you can get in-game items and other prizes!
- Unlock free reward chests by reaching key Player Levels!
- Alliance Wall notice board for posting messages for fellow alliance members
- Buy Upgrade feature now allows upgrades even when you don't have enough resources
- New ambient soundtracks
- Improved usability in the Shop and on March planning screens
Version 8.1 (Aug 16, 2012)
Commanders of the Colonies of Arcane Empires we are proud to announce Arcane Empires Version 8.1 packed with many awesome new features and improvements!
New Features:
- Language support for French, Italian, German, Spanish and Portuguese
- 5 Brand New Defensive Units: Inferno Projectors - Magnetic Disruptors - Freeze Rays - Lightning Cannons - Aerial Mines
- Watch Tower now shows Isles being under attack
- Ability to "forward" and to "delete all" mails
- Faster in-game Mail System
- Improved visibility for Sales and Sales Info/Details
- Improved Messaging when the App is Under Maintenance
- UI improvements
- Fixed in-game message bug


text:
Party, Craft & School Supplies
Brainy Toys for Kids of All Ages
A Berkshire Hathaway Company
Back To School
Shop Now
Our children's necklace items contain breakaway features, attachments or materials required by the Consumer Product Safety Commission's children's jewelry standard.
Makes 12
Item added to your wish list!
Rainbow Craft Sand Assortment
1 Set(s)
4.9 out of 5
Dolphin Sand Art Necklaces
Makes 12
Heart Sand Art Bottle Necklaces
Per Dozen
4.8 out of 5
Mermaid Sand Art Bottle Necklaces
5.0 out of 5
Safari Sand Art Bottle Necklaces
3.0 out of 5
Cupcake Sand Art Bottle Necklaces
Dolphin Sand Art Bottle Key Chains
3.5 out of 5
Star Sand Art Bottle Key Chains
3.8 out of 5
Sand Art Bracelets
24 Piece(s)
4.3 out of 5
Self-Adhesive Jewels
500 Piece(s)
4.4 out of 5
Hibiscus Hair Clips
4.5 out of 5
Sports Sand Art Bottles
2.3 out of 5
Ice Cream Cone Sand Art Bottle Necklaces
Tropical Fish Sand Art Bottle Key Chains
Yes, Clear All
No, Keep All


text:
Our Lady Peace Tickets
Canadian rock band Our Lady Peace has been together since 1992. With eight studio albums to date, the majority of Our Lady Peace's releases have been certified as platinum. Their debut in 1994, Naveed, has sold over four million records in Canada. You can catch Our Lady Peace at any of their upcoming shows by ordering tickets through GoTickets.


text:
bennieD's Mom Answers Activity
Is it normal to feel cramping during the first three weeks.
Most recent answer (03/24/2014):
Am having cramping also I think am about two weeks along or three! Won't be sure till my doc confirms it but with my first child I h...posted by patricew21
How high is the uterus at 21 weeks?
Most recent answer (01/31/2013):
Mine is a lil above my belly button. I'm 21 weeks and one day n those kicks i fill from her can't be mistaken there noticable in all my a...posted by a BabyCenter Member
Am 17weeks plus and I just noticed bleeding this morning
posted by bennieD 10/11/2010
I don't feel any kicks at 16wks,,just some worm-like movement around my belly button.Is this normal?
Most recent answer (10/02/2010):
I dont understand how you can not know if you are pregnant or not at this point after having a doctors appointment. Have you done an ult...posted by andrew+1mommy
I'm 16wks plus, and I stretch a lot at night and change position often in my sleep.Is this ok?
posted by bennieD 10/02/2010
Am 16weeks+ and I have this terrible waist pain
posted by bennieD 10/02/2010
12 weeks pregnant with no symptoms, is my baby ok?
Most recent answer (09/01/2010):
I am 13weeks assumed pregnant this week, I have no signs, no morning sickness, just some funny worm-like movement on my left side not ver...posted by bennieD


text:
Bitchie or Not? Khloe Kardashian's Chanel Rain Nails
As you know, we are always scouting for that new new when it comes to nails and we recently spotted a trend that caught our eye.
Back in August, Khloe Kardashian showed off her new nail art which she called the 'Chanel Rain' on her website. The unique design, which features the chanel logo and appears to be dripping, was inspired by Chanel's popular Glitter tank ($22). All you need is a bottle of white and black nail polish, a nail art brush and some patience and you can be rocking this look too.
Check out a few re-creations below:
Via [StopItRightNow]
Via [Effortless Cool]
Via [Et Cetera Blog]
Interested in Doing it yourself, check out this tutorial!


text:
Boat saftey course
- When: Saturday, September 7, 2013, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m.
- Where: Schroon Lake Marina, Schroon Lake
- Cost: Not available
- Age limit: Not available
- Categories: Class, Community
SCHROON LAKE — The New York State Safe Boating Course will be offered Saturday, Sept. 7, from 8 a.m. - 4 p.m. at the Schroon Lake Marina, 31 Marina Road. Participants must pre-register by calling 532-9309 or 303-249-4607.
The class is available to people age 14 and older who operate a personal watercraft, people ages 10-17 who wish to operate a boat alone without adult supervision and anyone interested in boater safety. Lunch will be provided.
Use the comment form below to begin a discussion about this content.


text:
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
] [
Log in to check your private messages
] [
Log in
Registration to forum?
Goto page
OOoForum.org Forum Index
Site Feedback
View previous topic
View next topic
The Liquidator
Super User
Joined: 27 Feb 2003
Posts: 1368
Location: Manchester, UK
Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2003 5:57 am
Post subject: Registration to forum?
Hi ftack
In a thread on bullets I noted that someone said that they had googled their way straight into the forum and was able to freely post as "guest".
This raises an interesting point as to whether there should be some control of access to the forum or, rather, those who post here.
I would venture to suggest that, whilst this is not OOo support, most people use it as such, and those wish to post a genuine query will be generally willing to supply their e-mail address. It would help to do away with some of the crank postings we have had of late.
Contentious point, I know, but I for one have no fear of those who come here. What does everyone else think? Don't know whether this is right for a poll.
Back to top
Joined: 02 Apr 2003
Posts: 3991
Location: Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2003 6:39 am
Post subject:
Are we really having a
problem with crank postings yet? (Yes, an occaisional minor annoyance.)
The site owner has very recently arranged things so that crank postings are likely to get deleted right away.
On the subject of new users, Newbies or Guests, I find myself answering a lot of questions from them lately. I don't take this as a bad thing. I just try to provide a good quality answer, and hope that the original user reads the answer, or that possibly other readers here will read it and benefit. In many cases the questions are ones that could be answered by scouring over hundreds of past postings in the Macros and API section (which is where I hang). But I take it as a positive sign that more people are lookiing at programming OOo for the first time -- and this pleases me very much. After all, last February 03, I was new to this myself and knew absolutely nothing about programming OOo. (That's 2003, btw,
century that I started programming OOo. I joined OOoForum in April.)
Anyone should be encouraged by the good news that if you are willing to seriously warp your brain, solve puzzles, gather together obscure bits of information from diverse incomprehensible sources, you really can learn to program OOo.
See my recent crank post "ENLARGE THE SIZE OF YOUR recent files list" in Macros and API. Is the technique to do this documented anywhere? Not anywhere onthe planet I can find, except in that posting, and embodied within the macro that does it. Well, maybe documented in the sense that I was able to find enough information scattered about to write the macro. And I will say that OOo docs are great (in fact outstanding compared to any other open source project of this large scope) and getting better all the time.
Although it may be somewhat annoying to long time visitors to see FAQ's asked frequently, this is a sign that more and more people are stumbling upon this site. Maybe we can help them to find it a valuable resource. My motivation in spending the time I do here is to (A) have fun, (B) pass on what I have learned (as Yoda says).
Want to make OOo Drawings like the colored flower design to the left?
Back to top
The Liquidator
Super User
Joined: 27 Feb 2003
Posts: 1368
Location: Manchester, UK
Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2003 7:14 am
Post subject:
No, we are not getting too many cranks at the moment, and I suppose the ability to post a (potentially daft) question anonymously will make some people feel more comfortable with things. The forum is growing, however. Hopefully many of those who join as "guest" later sign up.
One thing that supports your position is what I see has happened at the StarOffice Forum, which does require registration. The last couple of times I looked, it seemed much quieter than this one. Don't know if it's still the same as I've not been there for a while.
It was just a thought, which I have already forgotten about
Back to top
Joined: 07 Mar 2003
Posts: 9183
Location: Lexinton, Kentucky, USA
Posted: Fri Nov 14, 2003 12:21 pm
Post subject:
I think one of the reasons you don't see heavy posting in the Star Office forums is that most who pay attention there soon learn that the heavy duty stuff is going on over here. I did. I still participate there also because the technical support that should be there from Sun is hit and miss, at best.
Back to top
Super User
Joined: 09 Jan 2003
Posts: 1050
Location: Malaysia
Posted: Sun Nov 16, 2003 9:40 am
Post subject:
Just have to agree with JohnV. I has been at least 3 months I never visited the SO forum. In fact I started going there before I found this lovely place
Now I only occasionally visit SO Forum, mainly to check out things like whether there are any improvements to the cranky Adabas that comes with it, the MS Office and WP converters etc, if they are really up to mark, I will consider getting SO, otherwise I am extremely confortable with OOo (but how I wish if it has a simple-to-use relational database like MS Access
Back to top
Posted: Sun Nov 16, 2003 1:59 pm
Post subject:
As a recent "Guest", may I offer the suggestion that being a guest for a while, mostly lurking, but occasionally trying a post on a subject of personal interest is the only real way to see if the forum is the sort what one wants or not. It would be pity to drive genuine "seekers" away, surely.
The only trouble, of course is, as Grouch Marx pointed out - I am not sure I would not want to be a member of a club that would accept a person like me!
Back to top
Super User
Joined: 09 Feb 2003
Posts: 606
Location: Australia, mate!
Posted: Sun Nov 16, 2003 7:10 pm
Post subject:
You're right, JR. Nobody likes lurkers unless you've got a detector nearby and a siege tank.
Back to top
General User
Joined: 17 Nov 2003
Posts: 14
Location: Pembroke UK
Posted: Mon Nov 17, 2003 2:48 am
Post subject:
Is that right? I'm not sure if I follow your meaning. I have always heard it is good to lurk for a while before leaping in with all feet.
Back to top
Joined: 02 Apr 2003
Posts: 3991
Location: Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Posted: Mon Nov 17, 2003 7:00 pm
Post subject:
If you are not confident in yourself and of the nature of the group, then it is indeed wise to lurk. In contrast, last April, I just jumped right in with both feet in my mouth with questions about programming OOo and licensing questions to see if I was allowed to do so. (Never did get a proper answer, btw.)
Want to make OOo Drawings like the colored flower design to the left?
Back to top
Joined: 10 Dec 2002
Posts: 353
Location: San Francisco
Posted: Tue Nov 25, 2003 1:30 am
Post subject:
I personally like sites that don't require registration. I agree registration-only sites can be a little 'cleaner' but I've noticed that some spammers have no problem registering beforehand. They just register with a phony e-mail and post as a user. I tend to think the benefits of anonymous posting outweigh the disadvantages.
Also, I use google extensively and there's nothing worse than clicking on a relevant link only to find that the content is only available to registered users! Google actually sends more visitors here than any other resource including openoffice.org.
Back to top
Posted: Tue Nov 25, 2003 2:50 am
Post subject:
Hello, I'm a long time lurker.
I don't currently use OOo because here at my work I can't avoid to use MS Office.
But I istalled it on 3 or 4 computers. The fact is that, being free, it offers completely different possibilities. For example if you have a computer with serious problems with Office and you work in a big structure it can happen that the assistance will let you expect a week for a reistallation of the software. If you NEED to work on that computer you can install OOo and be productive or, at least, read MS Office documents.
You have a PDF generator that can be used by everyone: they don't have to set another printer but click on a button.
And so on...
For me these forums are extremely useful to know what OOo can do. If I know that I can do some tasks quickly with OOo, I'll use it for these tasks. If I talk with a friend of mine which has a computer shop I can say him "don't you know that OOo can do this?" or let him try one of the beautiful DannyDraws PowerTools to impress him (I hope I'll convince him to install/distribute OOo).
So please don't block me from reading. Even lurking I try to give my contribute!
Thanks for your help
Back to top
Joined: 27 Jan 2003
Posts: 3102
Location: Belgium
Posted: Fri Jul 02, 2004 4:12 am
Post subject:
As people have seen again, many old threads are being revived due to an organized robot attack sending spam replies. Now, I am doing the same with this thread, although intentionally.
Robot attacks like we have seen today and around 19 juin are an argument in favour of registration. I agree with Draude that the site should remain directly accessible ... for viewing. If you get here from a Google link, you should see the content right away.
I am however in favour of imposing registration as a requirement to post in this forum. This will not prevent spammers, but it will make their job a bit more difficult. Certainly it will diminish the chances of getting automated mass spam like we have seen twice recently. Each time these people would want to post mass spam, they would have to go at least through the effort of manual registration. If they want to post under different user names, they'd have to register several times. Currently, all they have to do is push a buttom to flood our excellent forum with spam. As another benefit on the side of the administrator, posts of registered users can be tracked down easily, including these of registered 'abusers'.
Something will need to be done, I am afraid. We as moderators cannot mass-delete particular posts. If we could, for me, we could leave things like they are. A moderator would stumble on one of these messages and delete all posts from that user in one go. This is not possible currently for moderators. Two weeks ago, I have spend my saturday evening with deleting about seventy of these spam posts using the web interface. Clearly, that's not a 'sustainable' solution.
I thus see two possibilities of coping with such mass spam attacks
* Require registration to be able to post messages (anyone, also not registered, can view)
* Implement tools for mass deletion to the moderators. This obviously would pose risks if one of our moderators is before his screen too late at night ... Perhaps an 'alarm' procedure to the Administrator, where the admin could do the mass deletion would be safer.
Back to top
OOo Advocate
Joined: 11 May 2003
Posts: 279
Posted: Fri Jul 02, 2004 5:44 am
Post subject:
Today I got 5 topic reply notifications and none of them is a real notification, replies are just spams :
I imagine that dozens of other spams were posted by the same spammers on the forums !
So I think you should forbid guests from posting. A guest that posts a new thread doesn't really expect any answer as it can't get a notification. A guest that replies doesn't really pay attention to what it's saying as it can't be
. But more important, a community is built upon its members, not guests and unknown users, to help each other, we should be able to better know each other.
So today I got 5 spams, what's next ?
An OOo mascot designer
Back to top
Joined: 02 Apr 2003
Posts: 3991
Location: Lawrence, Kansas, USA
Posted: Fri Jul 02, 2004 3:17 pm
Post subject:
I have deleted several hundred of the troll/spams. If you get e-mails notifying you of replies to threads you may be watching. You can probably expect to get a number of e-mails that lead to non existant messages.
Want to make OOo Drawings like the colored flower design to the left?
Back to top
Super User
Joined: 09 Jan 2003
Posts: 1050
Location: Malaysia
Posted: Fri Jul 02, 2004 10:26 pm
Post subject:
I think Ian and myself were loitering around when the attack started. I first have about 10 replies alert email and the replies are all spams. I then logout and login again so that those spams will not show as unread posts to me. During the half hour or so I have another hundreds of posts pouring in. Other then sending distress email and PM to the moderators, Ian and myself can only sit there and do nothing but watching the %&*&$@#$*)&*^ spammer SH*T here.
Back to top
Display posts from previous:
All Posts
1 Day
7 Days
2 Weeks
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
1 Year
Oldest First
Newest First
OOoForum.org Forum Index
Site Feedback
All times are GMT - 8 Hours
Goto page
Jump to:
Select a forum
OpenOffice.org Forums
Setup and Troubleshooting
OpenOffice.org Writer
OpenOffice.org Calc
OpenOffice.org Impress
OpenOffice.org Draw
OpenOffice.org Math
OpenOffice.org Base
OpenOffice.org Macros and API
OpenOffice.org Code Snippets
Community Forums
General Discussion
Site Feedback
post new topics in this forum
reply to topics in this forum
edit your posts in this forum
delete your posts in this forum
vote in polls in this forum
Powered by
© 2001, 2005 phpBB Group


text:
Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by Mr west LA on 03/24/2011
Roscoes is great
Posted by Gil on 03/18/2011
Love everything about this place! I'm from Texas and have been craving this place since (3 years)!!
Posted by Anonymous on 02/14/2011
I've been to both the roscoes in Hollywood and in long beach and to be perfectly honest, I wasn't much impressed with either. Maybe I'm too much of a food snob but I have had real deal soul food in the south, and the roscoes fried chicken, Mac and cheese, and collards just can't even compare flavor wise. Everything seems overcooked and/or under seasoned. The fried chicken never seems to have that thick, salty, crispy coating that i yearn for that makes the calorie splurge worth it. I know I'm in the minority here, but I don't think roscoes deserves it's rep as the best fried chicken in LA. It is somewhat of a landmark though, and pretty amazing people watching on a weekend.
Posted by Anonymous on 07/01/2010
Foods pretty good but the service is slow, make sure ur not in a hurry if u go there!
Posted by Gary on 01/30/2010
Unless you want to wait around forever, call your order in and take it home with you. The food is all incredible though! There isn't a single thing on the menu that sucks. I mean, it's Roscoe's Chicken and Waffles, the name speaks for itself...
Posted by Anonymous on 01/29/2010
I stop here every time I'm in California!
Posted by ScottScott on 09/22/2008
I have been a customer of Roscoes for many years. The food is delicious. After having tried many fried chicken dinners at various coffee shops and restaurants, I have come to the conclusion that Roscoes is now the only game in town. The place gets packed, and the staff gets swamped, but they deliver the goods time and time again. Try to get a seat on a Friday or Saturday night, good luck. As far as bad service, its never happened to me there. You have to understand, when the place is packed shoulder to shoulder, its amazing that they can get the orders out and still keep is so delicious! Excellent place to get Fried Chicken, the way its supposed to be made, not dry and overcooked or greasy and full of salt like all the other so called chicken places in town. Delicious waffles, and the best biscuits and gravy in town. If you haven't had it, you have to try it!


text:
Griffin Press Room
Griffin Introduces Papernomad Tootsie Folio for iPad and iPad mini
Personalize it with paint, markers, pens and more to create a unique, protective folio designed by you
Nashville, Tenn. – October 10, 2013 – Griffin Technology, one of the world's foremost creators of innovations for everyday life, announces the availability of Papernomad Tootsie Folio for iPad and iPad mini. The new folio's exterior is made from water-resistant and tear-resistant paper. It is both unbelievably durable, and the perfect blank canvas for artistic creativity.
Austria-based Papernomad is a group of socially conscious artists whose customizable and durable case designs meet the needs of modern nomads: identity, mobility and sustainability. Papernomad's passion is to question existing systems and design sustainable solutions with respect to social and environmental issues. Nashville-based Griffin Technology fell in love with Papernomad's philosophy as well as their products and is proud to serve as exclusive distributor of Papernomad products in North America.
"We've really enjoyed working with the Papernomad team to develop a case adapted for North American customer's preferences," says Keavy Murphree, Product Line Manager at Griffin Technology. "Papernomad brought a solution to the table that delighted us all, one unlike any case we'd ever seen in the folio market. Tootsie's unique magnetic system combined with Papernomad's patented paper composite make it the ideal solution for creative people seeking device protection."
Papernomad products are meant to be drawn on, marked on, and written on with crayons, ink, coffee stains, lipstick, pencils and everything people use to make their mark on the world. This collection of marks and traces turns every Papernomad into a unique companion that tells its owner's story. Tootsie for iPad is not only a work of art, it is designed to protect the iPad with minimum impact on the environment.
Tootsie Folio is created with Papernomad's patented paper composite, a wool blend lining and a natural hemp fiber closure-strap, all sewn by hand in Europe. Embedded magnets in the strap hold the folio closed or folded into a stand for viewing and typing. A magnetic strip on the interior of the folio grips the iPad's built-in magnet and works with two corner straps to hold the iPad securely in place.
Tootsie Folio for iPad, $69.99, and iPad mini, $59.99, are now available. For more information about Griffin's offering of Papernomad products, please visit: www.griffintechnology.com/papernomad.
About Griffin Technology
Founded on Paul Griffin's kitchen table in 1992, Griffin Technology Inc., is today one of the world's foremost creators of accessories for home, mobile, and personal technology. Unique products such as iTrip®, PowerMate®, iFM®, iMic® and Evolve® Wireless Speaker System have broken new ground in consumer electronics and created loyal fans the world over. Today, Griffin products are conceived, designed and developed in-house and continue to push the envelope of the industry they helped create. Learn more about Griffin's entire range of ingenious designs at www.griffintechnology.com, www.facebook.com/griffintech and on Twitter, @griffintech.
About Papernomad®
Papernomad GmbH was founded in Vienna, Austria in 2011, and was soon followed by Papernomad USA LLC. The company grew out of a quest for industrial niches where traditional materials could be replaced by paper. Christoph Rochna, Mario C. Bauer and Benjamin Kwitek worked on the development of the paper composite since early 2010 before they found the perfect combination of materials and shareholders. Papernomad designs and manufactures green products with ecological and social imperatives in mind. They design sleeves and covers for mobile electronic devices made from a patent pending paper composite to meet the needs of modern nomads: identity, mobility and sustainability.


text:
This item has been discontinued and is no longer available
Ordering for a Team?
Let our Team Division Help!
Item has a Minimum Qty
Training just got a little easier with the resilient, comfortable stylings of this Canari® Men's Core Cycling Jersey.
NEW!Now you can comment & reply on customer reviews. Simply click "comment" below any review.
Inexpensive, comfortable
Its not a race day form fitting jersey, but it sure is suitable for everyday riding. I will be interested to see how well it holds up to a season of wash and wear. But then again, if all goes well, it will be too large in a couple months! I bought the Infrared and the Killer Yellow.
Cass County, Mo
Fit: Feels true to size
Report abuse
Your comment has been posted.
Get an alert when we add new styles of Canari! Simply sign up and we'll notify you.
Canari Cyclewear is a USA owned producer and wholesaler of cycling and triathlon specific clothing, both retail and custom. Based in Vista, CA Canari produces over 70% of its unique seasonal collections in the factory behind the front offices. 100% of Canari's custom gear is designed and manufactured in San Diego County.
Canari custom will gladly work with you providing performance, price and quality. Canari's custom product uses the finest domestic and imported fabrics, as well as Italian made pads for superior performance. Shop around and you will see that Canari value and performance cannot be beat.
Go ride! Have fun! Look good!


text:
St. Patrick's Day Headbands and Clips
To avoid being pinched on St. Patrick's Day, you must wear green! We're showing you some adorable "green" wear that's…
Heart Clips
Using packing plastic and rubber stamps, create these pretty package clips. Use the clips to decorate bags of treats for…
Magnetic Dragonfly Clip
A colorful clip perfect for holding artwork or notes on the frig or inside a school locker.


text:
Diana Vreeland, Madeleine Vionnet, Elsa Schiapparelli, Edith Head. Fashion loves its icons, but how much importance does looking back have in an industry so focused on looking forward? Last night, editor Sally Singer and designers Jason Wu and Jonathan Adler joined author Lesley M. M. Blume for a panel in honor of Blume's latest book, Let's Bring Back: An Encyclopedia of Forgotten-Yet-Delightful, Chic, Useful, Curious, and Otherwise Commendable Things from Times Gone By — and it was as riveting as that title is long.
Let's Bring Back is literally an encyclopedia. It's organized alphabetically, and interspersed between entries like Petticoat Mirrors (p. 178) and Elocution (p. 69), are excerpted recipes, rules, and recommendations from luminaries like Letitia Baldridge, Jaqueline Kennedy's White House social secretary. In her opening statement, Singer — who moderated the panel — described Let's Bring Back as a the perfect book to read when you're feeling lousy, and she's spot on. It's whimsical, entertaining, enlightening, and utterly captivating — not only because of its eccentric contents but because of the nostalgia invoked by those things we do remember, like, for example, old-fashioned egg beaters (p. 67).
And the relationship between fashion and nostalgia has never been stronger — spring's collections were a pastiche of '90s minimalism and '70s color and shape — which is why the panel devoted no small amount of time to discussing the difference between an homage and a rip-off. While Blume gave originality the somewhat cheeky definition of "simply being good at masking your sources," Wu, Singer, and Adler all agreed that good design will always be referential. Perhaps Singer said it best when she defined successful nostalgia as capturing the feeling of the silhouette but making the details your own.
And that's exactly what Let's Bring Back has done. While the cover, design, and even typeface of the book evoke the feeling of turn-of-the-century hardcovers, Blume's details and descriptions are entirely her own. To whit:
One-Piece Swimsuits: Bikinis are grand, but it's hard to live up to their expectations.
Stegosaurus: These dinosaurs had such bold fashion sense with all of those beautiful, fierce plates. (See also Rabanne, Paco)
Dough: Using this word in lieu of "money" will garner you lots of retro street cred. Equally pleasing synonyms include "bread" and "clams."
Gold Teeth: So festive. Also: handy assets in recession.
As for what the panelists would love to bring back, Wu championed the exuberance of the '80s, while Singer (who currently resides in New York City's infamous Chelsea Hotel ) told us after the panel that hotel living is particularly resonant for her, but not before complimenting Mediaite's Glynnis MacNicol on her Khaki Vert nail polish by Chanel — an artful juxtaposition which made her the perfect host for last night's panel.


text:
An image captured utilizing a digital camera and a flash is processed by locating distortions of said captured image due to said flash such as "red-eye" effects and removing them. The process includes the steps of determining if the flash is on 11, if so, determining any faces within the captured image 12, locating eyes within said faces 13, determining if "red-eye" removal is required 14, and if so, correcting for such effects 15 and storing corrected image 16 in a memory device of the digital camera.
1. A method of processing and printing, in a digital camera having an integral pagewidth inkjet printhead, an image captured by the camera, the method including the steps of, carried out in a processor of the camera:
locating faces within the captured image by detecting regions of contiguous color which map a hue, saturation and value of the range of human face colors and passing the detected regions through heuristic tests which produce a resulting probability of a face being present in the image;
locating eyes of the located faces; and
determining if the captured image of the located eyes has been modified by the act of capturing the image, and if so,
locating any unwanted distortions of the located eyes in the captured image that have occurred as a result of the act of capturing the image, and
modifying the captured image to at least reduce the effect of the unwanted distortions and to produce a modified image; and
the step of printing the modified image with the pagewidth inkjet printhead.
2. The method of
3. The method of
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
This is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/112,742 filed Jul. 10, 1998 now abandoned.
The following Australian provisional patent applications are hereby incorporated by cross-reference. For the purposes of location and identification, US patent applications identified by their US patent application serial numbers (USSN) are listed alongside the Australian applications from which the US patent applications claim the right of priority.
The present invention relates to an image processing method and apparatus and, in particular, discloses a process for correcting for flash induced distortions in a Digital Image Camera.
The present invention further relates to the field of digital image processing and in particular, the field of processing of images taken via a digital camera.
Recently, digital cameras have become increasingly popular. These cameras normally operate by means of imaging a desired image utilizing a charge coupled device (CCD) array and storing the imaged scene on an electronic storage medium for later down loading onto a computer system for subsequent manipulation and printing out. Normally, when utilizing a computer system to print out an image, sophisticated software may be available to manipulate the image in accordance with requirements.
Unfortunately such systems require significant post processing of a captured image and normally present the image in an orientation in which it was taken, relying on the post processing process to perform any necessary or required modifications of the captured image. Further, much of the environmental information available when the picture was taken is lost.
It is an object of the present invention to utilize flash information in a digital image camera for processing digital images.
In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of processing an image captured utilizing a digital camera and a flash said method comprising the steps of:
In accordance with the second aspect of the present invention there is provided a digital camera having reduced flash distortion effects on captured images comprising;
Notwithstanding any other forms that may fall within the scope of the present invention, preferred forms of the invention will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
The preferred embodiment is preferably implemented through suitable programming of a hand held camera device such as that described in Patent Application having applicant's reference (ART01) U.S. Ser. No. 09/113,060 filed concurrently herewith by the present applicant the content of which is hereby specifically incorporated by cross reference.
The aforementioned patent specification discloses a camera system, hereinafter known as an "Artcam" type camera, wherein sensed images can be directly printed out by an Artcam portable camera unit. Further, the aforementioned specification discloses means and methods for performing various manipulations on images captured by the camera sensing device leading to the production of various effects in any output image. The manipulations are disclosed to be highly flexible in nature and can be implemented through the insertion into the Artcam of cards having encoded thereon various instructions for the manipulation of images, the cards hereinafter being known as Artcards. The Artcam further has significant onboard processing power in an Artcam Central Processor unit (ACP) that is interconnected to a memory device for the storage of important data and images.
As disclosed in U.S. Ser. No. 09/113,060 (issued as U.S. Pat. No. 6,750,901), the Artcards contain, on one surface encoded information and on the other surface, contain an image distorted by the particular effect produced by the Artcard. The Artcard is inserted in an Artcard reader in the side of camera and, upon insertion, results in an output image being distorted in the same manner as the distortion appearing on the surface of Artcard.
One important form of processing is the removal of "red-eye" effects that can result in captured images as result of utilization of a flash.
Turning now to
Turning now to
Once a face has been determined within an image, the eyes are located within the face in step 13. Each eye in step 12 is then independently processed to determine its special range of colors so as determine whether a red-eye removal process is required in step 14.
If the red-eye removal process 14 is required, a retouching algorithm 15 is applied to the eye area so as to reduce the red saturation whilst simultaneously not introducing any discontinuities or likely artifacts in the output image. Of course, many different techniques could be utilized including a form of Gaussian alteration around a central point of the eye. Finally, the image is written in step 16 in its updated form, back to the memory device of the ACP.
Preferably, any other retouching algorithms including remapping colors affected by the spectral nature of the flashlight are also utilized at this time.
Alternatively, the Artcard inserted could have a number of manipulations applied to the image that are specific to the flash setting. For example, clip arts containing candles, light globes etc could be inserted in an image utilizing a flash and large suns inserted in non-flash images.
It would be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that numerous variations and/or modifications may be made to the present invention as shown in the specific embodiment without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as broadly described. The present embodiment is, therefore, to be considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restrictive.
Ink Jet Technologies
The embodiments of the invention use an ink jet printer type device. Of course many different devices could be used. However presently popular ink jet printing technologies are unlikely to be suitable.
The most significant problem with thermal ink jet is power consumption. This is approximately 100 times that required for high speed, and stems from the energy-inefficient means of drop ejection. This involves the rapid boiling of water to produce a vapor bubble that expels the ink. Water has a very high heat capacity, and must be superheated in thermal ink jet applications. This leads to an efficiency of around 0.02%, from electricity input to drop momentum (and increased surface area) out.
The most significant problem with piezoelectric ink jet is size and cost. Piezoelectric crystals have a very small deflection at reasonable drive voltages, and therefore require a large area for each nozzle. Also, each piezoelectric actuator must be connected to its drive circuit on a separate substrate. This is not a significant problem at the current limit of around 300 nozzles per print head, but is a major impediment to the fabrication of pagewidth print heads with 19,200 nozzles.
Ideally, the ink jet technologies used meet the stringent requirements of in-camera digital color printing and other high quality, high speed, low cost printing applications. To meet the requirements of digital photography, new ink jet technologies have been created. The target features include:
All of these features can be met or exceeded by the ink jet systems described below with differing levels of difficulty. Forty-five different ink jet technologies have been developed by the Assignee to give a wide range of choices for high volume manufacture. These technologies form part of separate applications assigned to the present Assignee as set out in the table under the heading Cross References to Related Applications.
The ink jet designs shown here are suitable for a wide range of digital printing systems, from battery powered one-time use digital cameras, through to desktop and network printers, and through to commercial printing systems
For ease of manufacture using standard process equipment, the print head is designed to be a monolithic 0.5 micron CMOS chip with MEMS post processing. For color photographic applications, the print head is 100 mm long, with a width that depends upon the ink jet type. The smallest print head designed is IJ38, which is 0.35 mm wide, giving a chip area of 35 square mm. The print heads each contain 19,200 nozzles plus data and control circuitry.
Ink is supplied to the back of the print head by injection molded plastic ink channels. The molding requires 50 micron features, which can be created using a lithographically micromachined insert in a standard injection molding tool. Ink flows through holes etched through the wafer to the nozzle chambers fabricated on the front surface of the wafer. The print head is connected to the camera circuitry by tape automated bonding.
Tables of Drop-on-Demand Ink Jets
Eleven important characteristics of the fundamental operation of individual ink jet nozzles have been identified. These characteristics are largely orthogonal, and so can be elucidated as an eleven dimensional matrix. Most of the eleven axes of this matrix include entries developed by the present assignee.
The following tables form the axes of an eleven dimensional table of ink jet types.
The complete eleven dimensional table represented by these axes contains 36.9 billion possible configurations of ink jet nozzle. While not all of the possible combinations result in a viable ink jet technology, many million configurations are viable. It is clearly impractical to elucidate all of the possible configurations. Instead, certain inkjet types have been investigated in detail. These are designated IJ01 to IJ45 which match the docket numbers in the table under the heading Cross References to Relation Applications.
Other ink jet configurations can readily be derived from these forty-five examples by substituting alternative configurations along one or more of the 11 axes. Most of the IJ01 to IJ45 examples can be made into ink jet print heads with characteristics superior to any currently available ink jet technology.
Where there are prior art examples known to the inventor, one or more of these examples are listed in the examples column of the tables below. The IJ01 to IJ45 series are also listed in the examples column. In some cases, a print technology may be listed more than once in a table, where it shares characteristics with more than one entry.
Suitable applications for the ink jet technologies include: Home printers, Office network printers, Short run digital printers, Commercial print systems, Fabric printers, Pocket printers, Internet WWW printers, Video printers, Medical imaging, Wide format printers, Notebook PC printers, Fax machines, Industrial printing systems, Photocopiers, Photographic minilabs etc.
The information associated with the aforementioned 11 dimensional matrix are set out in the following tables.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image