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- 50states.comIncludes almanac type information on each of the 50 states (plus the Commonwealths and Territories) with links to a variety of official sites and related information.
- Guinness World RecordsThis site features only a small selection of the records in the Guinness World Records database. Browse world records by category or search by keyword. Requires the flash player browser plug-in.
- Information Please AlmanacThe Almanac may be searched, browsed, or cross-searched along with an english language dictionary, a thesaurus, an atlas, and The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition.
- Statistical Abstract of the U.S. [Rutgers Restricted]Searchable version of the essential resource formerly produced by the U.S. Bureau of the Census. Provides a comprehensive summary of statistics on the social, political, and economic organization of the United States. Divided into broad sections such as Population; Health and Nutrition; Labor Force, Employment, and Earnings; Foreign Commerce and Aid; and many others.
- Statistical Abstract of the United StatesFull-text PDF versions of the publication from the U.S. Bureau of the Census from 1878 to 2012. Includes statistics on social and economic conditions in the United States and selected international data. Also includes a full-text PDF version of Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970.
Stephanie Bartz
Contact Info
Archibald S. Alexander Library
Rutgers, The State University
169 College Ave.
New Brunswick, NJ 08901-1163
Phone: 848-932-6113
Send Email
Profile & Guides


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Below is the poem entitled College Years which was written by poet
Heemstra. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Robert Heemstra
Luzerne County Community College
I further my education right there
Being there really increased my knowledge
W-S-F-X was on the air
I was the promotion director there
and I hosted Campus Talk a few times
Associate's Decree without despair
and having a family more than dimes
back in High School college wasn't in mind
Working out at sea college wasn't bad
college did get me ready for the grind
and for a moment my mother was glad
but most of all I learn more poetry
and my writing makes me feel truly free

subset: commoncrawl


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The stock exchange in Athens is set to reopen next week after a closure of more than a month, amid tough bailout negotiations.» Read More
Turkey's bombing campaign in Syria and Iraq has diverted attention from "exploratory talks" for a new governing coalition. However, Turkey's president is almost certainly seeking to reassert himself as Turkey's de facto executive.
It's that time of year again, when Arab boy racers in souped-up Lamborghinis and Bugattis, cruise along London's most luxurious streets.
As more people take to cycling, bike accessories have become a boon market with fans spending more on clothing than on bikes themselves.
An outsider from the Labour Party's far left-wing is storming ahead in polls, sparking talk that the UK could be seeing a resurgence on the left.
Euro zone annual inflation held steady at 0.2 percent in July, far below the European Central Bank's target.
Lloyds Banking Group reported a 15 percent jump in pre-tax profit for the first half of 2015 to £4.4 billion ($6.9 billion) on Friday.
BNP Paribas reported better-than-expected profit on Friday, as the strong dollar gave the French bank's earnings a boost.
Bank of Ireland, which was bailed out during the country's debt crisis, reported soaring profits for the first half of 2015 as bad debts were reduced.
Carrefour, the world's second-largest retailer, posted stronger-than-expected first-half operating profit on Friday, driven by a recovering Europe and resilient Brazilian operations.
Airbus Group reported a 6 percent rise in first-half core operating profit and revenue on Friday.
The world's largest producer of steel retained its 2015 profit outlook, but cut its forecast for global steel consumption this year.
A U.K. withdrawal from the EU could trigger a second independence referendum in Scotland, Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland, told CNBC.
After the deal with Europe, Greece has one way to move forward, and it must move quickly says this BCG consultant in Athens.
The problem of how Europe handles the increasing number of people risking life and limb for a new life abroad has reached a flashpoint.
Tsipras has told a committee of key Syriza members that the party is facing a "big dilemma" – to "succumb or compromise" over a bailout.
Everybody loves a good dance, but could getting your groove on be a source of clean energy?
Sacked BBC "Top Gear," host Jeremy Clarkson has signed with Amazon to make a new car show with co-presenters Richard Hammond and James May.
The oil price fall helped airline, Deutsche Lufthansa AG post better-than-expected Q2 earnings, in spite of the Germanwings crash and labor disputes.
The IMF board has been told that Greece is not allowed to get a third IMF bailout, The Financial Times Reports.
Swiss Re, the world's second-largest reinsurer, said on Thursday that second-quarter net profit rose 2 percent on fewer natural disasters.
Get the best of CNBC in your inbox
Jane Foley, senior FX strategist at Rabobank, gives her currency predictions if there is a rate hike by the Federal Reserve in 2015.
European equities closed mixed on Friday after a choppy end to trading in July, as investors eyed key earnings.
Blanka Kolenikova, senior analyst at IHS Country Risk, explains why the markets are ready for the Greek stock exchange to reopen.


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Name: Padding PAD111 Area Rugs
Manufacturer: Safavieh Rugs
Collection: Padding
Material: Polyester
, Plastic
Construction: Machine Made
Colors: Multi
Origin: China
Ships in 1-2 weeks
Description: Grid Pad is made from polyester fabric coated with a high grade vinyl compound allows maximum air circulation through an open weave construction making vacuuming easy. It helps keep tapestries and rugs safe from accidental slipping. It can be easily cleaned by hand-washing in a mild detergent, rinsed, and laid flat to dry. Grid pad is anti microbial to inhibit the growth of odor-causing bacteria, mold and mildew and is fire-retardant and moth-proofed and can be custom cut to fit any rug size. (Padding PAD111 Multi Machine Made Plastic Rug Pad)


text: Two-Way Radios Home > Two-Way Radios Motorola Digital 100 Line Radio DTR410 Regular Price: $305.00On Sale For: $259.01 Motorola Digital 150 Line Radio DTR550 Regular Price: $335.00On Sale For: $279.01 Motorola Eight Channel UHF Radio RMU2080D Regular Price: $310.00On Sale For: $249.01 Motorola Five Channel MURS Radio RMM2050 Regular Price: $225.00On Sale For: $189.99 Motorola Four Channel UHF Radio CLS1410 Regular Price: $209.00On Sale For: $179.01 Motorola Four Channel UHF Radio RMU2040 Regular Price: $245.00On Sale For: $209.01 Motorola Single Channel UHF Radio CLS1110 Regular Price: $189.00On Sale For: $159.01 Motorola Sixteen Channel UHF Radio RDU4160d Regular Price: $380.00On Sale For: $299.01 Motorola Ten Channel UHF Radio RDU4100 Regular Price: $360.00On Sale For: $279.00 Motorola Ten Channel VHF Radio RDU5100 Regular Price: $325.00On Sale For: $259.01 Motorola Eight Channel VHF Radio RMV2080 Regular Price: $245.00On Sale For: $199.01 Motorola two-way radios offer a list of benefits over using cell phoneson the jobsite. They increase productivity by enabling groupcommunication and cutting down on time wasted looking for someone. Theyincrease safety by offering immediate communication in the event of anemergency - everyone hears the message instead of just one person. Ontop of all that, there are no monthly service plans or contracts toworry about and no dead spots or coverage issues. Motorola offers UHF,VHF, and digital walkie-talkies with a variety of settings, features,and accessories to help make them as useful and beneficial as possibleon your jobsite.


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Speak Up! Sign our Petition!
Barbur Boulevard, home to fast-moving motor vehicle traffic, has many characteristics of a great route for bicycle traffic: a direct route to important destinations, a gentle grade, and a wide right-of-way. Barbur has also been the focus of energy and frustration by residents, institutions, and businesses who have been clamoring for a safe route to and through the SW Portland metropolitan region for years. Repurposing underused motor vehicle lanes at the northern end of Barbur will allow for safe, protected bike lanes. The commerce and freeway-oriented southern end, stretching five miles into Tigard, will require a combination of buffered and physically separated bicycle lanes and bicycle-specific signals.
We are currently focused on securing safe, separate space for people walking and biking across the two narrow "Barbur Bridges." At present, the bridges have no bike lanes or legal sidewalks.
STATUS In December 2014, ODOT released a traffic study showing that there was no traffic diversion and minimal travel time impact associated with closing one northbound lane on SW Barbur. Reallocating space gained from eliminating a lane could make room for bike lanes and legal sidewalks while reducing speeding. Despite these findings, ODOT has shown no intention to make changes to Barbur outside of the regional Southwest Corridor Plan. Construction of SW Corridor Plan projects will not begin until 2021 at the earliest.
Reports and Designs


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RSS is the acronym used to describe the de facto standard for the syndication of Web content. RSS is an XML-based format and while it can be used in different ways for content distribution, its most widespread usage is in distributing news headlines on the Web. A Web site that wants to allow other sites to publish some of its content creates an RSS document and registers the document with an RSS publisher. A user that can read RSS-distributed content can use the content on a different site. Syndicated content can include data such as news feeds, events listings, news stories, headlines, project updates, excerpts from discussion forums or even corporate information.
Because there are different versions of RSS, the term RSS is most frequently used as a name to mean the syndication of Web content, rather than as an acronym for its founding technology. When using the name RSS the speaker may be referring to any of the following versions of Web content syndication:
- RDF Site Summary (RSS 0.9, RSS 1.0)
- Rich Site Summary (RSS 0.91, RSS 1.0)
- Really Simple Syndication (RSS 2.0)
When using the term RSS, most will use it in reference to Rich Site Summary or the previous version called RDF Site Summary. When referring to Really Simple Syndication, it will usually be called RSS 2.0, not RSS. There are several versions of RSS available, with the most commonly implemented version being RSS 0.91. The most current version, however, is RSS 2.0 and it is backward-compatible with RSS 0.91. RSS was originally developed by Netscape. The RSS 2.0 specification was authored by Dave Winer.
Compare with Atom, an alternative open source XML-based Web content and metadata syndication format.
See also "How to Create an RSS Feed" in the Quick Reference section of Webopedia.
It's hard to imagine our lives without smartphones. But people who suffer separation anxiety when they don't have their phones nearby may be in... Read More »13 Best Free Android Apps
From secure messaging to document editing, our top free must-have apps have been rated, reviewed and named the best free Android apps of 2015. Read More »The Five Generations of Computers
Learn about each of the five generations of computers and major technology developments that have led to the current devices that we use today. Read More »
From wacky alarm clocks to lecture hall tools and after class entertainment, these Android apps are a good fit for a student's life and budget. Read More »Network Fundamentals Study Guide
A network is a group of two or more computer systems or devices, linked together to share resources, exchange files and electronic communications.... Read More »Computer Architecture Study Guide
This Webopedia study guide describes the different parts of a computer system and their relations. Read More »
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Electricide Chlorine Dioxide Systems
Ozone Bottled Water Disinfection Systems
Fiberstrut Channel and Fasteners
ProMinent Chemical Dosing Equipment
Fristam Stainless Steel Hygienic Pumps
Atlantium HOD UV Disinfection
Glasco UV
LSM Pumps Hose Pumps
Likuid Nanotek Ceramic Membranes
IPM Systems Powder Feed Systems
Chemical Dosing Systems
Ozone Systems
Chlorine Dosing Systems
Sodium Hypochlorite Dosing Systems
Gas Chlorine Dosing Systems
Chlorine Dioxide Dosing Systems
Electrochemical Generation Systems
Acid Chlorite Generation Systems
UV Disinfection Systems
Building Mount Dosing Systems
Skid Mount Dosing Systems
Fluoride Dosing Systems
United States Office
United StatesP: 702-938-6418 F: 702-938-4118 email@example.com B-562 / 2654 W Horizon Ridge PkwyHenderson NV 89052-2803
Sydney (NSW)P: +612 9999 4594 F: +612 9999 4534 email@example.com 9, 5-7 Prosperity Pde, Warriewood NSW 2102 AustraliaPerth (WA)P: +618 9337 5415 F: +612 9999 4534 email@example.com (Vic)P: +613 9005 1681 F: +612 9999 4534 email@example.com
ContactDioxide Pacific
PE Chemical TanksMade of transparent UV-stabilised polyethylene, having mounting flange with moulded-in studbolts for stirrer and metering pumps. All tanks are fitted with 3/4" BSPF plugged outlet. Sizes are: 35, 60, 100, 140, 250, 500 and 1000 litres.
ElectrodesProMinent can offer a variety of electrodes for: Free and total chlorine, pH, ORP, chlorine dioxide and ozone.Chlorine sensors are available as total chlorine and free chlorine. Total chlorine sensors are pH independent in the pH range 5.5 - 9.0. Free chlorine sensors can be pH corrected. Free chlorine, total chlorine, ozone and chlorine dioxide sensors are amperometric closed cells which utilise membranes and electrolyte. The electrode design allows for fixed conditions of pH and conductivity at the electrodes, thereby removing the requirement for zero calibration. Slope calibration is accomplished simply using a photometer. Operation of these sensors is extremely reliable with maintenance only requiring replacement of membrane caps.
Sophisticated electrodes are available for measurement of hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid concentration. Typical applications include odour scrubbers, hydrogen sulphide H2S oxidation and bottle washing in breweries.
Electrode HoldersA variety of electrode holders are available depending upon the system requirements. For example; flow through holders with flow switch, in-line holders, flexible and rigid submersible and withdrawable. The correction installation of any electrode requires the correct probe holder so that velocity past the probe is correct and electrodes are not subject to fouling.
Pulse output water metersAvailable in a range of pulse outputs. Used together with metering pumps for flow proportional metering of chemicals.
Pump AccessoriesPump accessories including multi-function valves, load and pressure relief valves, injection and foot valves, calibration cylinders and tube fittings. We can provide chemical dosing tube in all sizes 6 x 4mm, 8 x 5mm, 12 x 9mm, 16mm, 20mm, 25mm.


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You might be a Stephen King fan when you get funny looks from people because you say things like: Mayhap, Thankee Sai, and Long Days and Pleasant Nights.
Printable View
You might be a Stephen King fan when you get funny looks from people because you say things like: Mayhap, Thankee Sai, and Long Days and Pleasant Nights.
If you have a giant tattoo of the DT on your arm......:blush:
Or if you hand SK books to everyone who ever tells you they can read.....
You might be a Stephen King fan if you have a charm bracelet with a turtle, a rose, and the letters KA instead of things about your kids...
You might be an SK fan if you repeatedly walk back and forth through a door (or a gate like I did) hoping to end up in mid-world.
You might be a SK fan if you break out in Calla speak to strangers. You might also be a SK fan if you randomly yell out "TAK" when upset.
....if the number 19 makes you queasy........
...if your house it lit by arc-sodium lights and you pee yer pants everytime you see a woodchuck run over by a Plymouth Fury.
You may be a SK fan if you pretend you are the Lawnmower Man,while mowing your lawn..if you refer to your black porcelain commode as "The Dark Tower"..your dog is named Oy,your cat is named Jake,and you proudly claim to all who will listen that your mode of transport is "The Silver Bullet" when in reality it is an old monte carloof undeterminate color..
....you've ever pulled in the CVS driv-thru and asked if your "Astin" prescription is ready for pick up....
You think you have the killer flu. Definitely feels like it could be Captian trips.


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The Logan High School baseball team feels like it has something to prove.
Last year, the Wildcats saw their string of 13 straight sectional championships come to a close at South Charleston.
This year, Logan was placed into a tougher new Class AAA sectional with St. Albans and Nitro — a pair of traditional state powerhouses.
The Cats want to regain the sectional title this week.
Logan (17-8), ranked No. 10 in the state, is scheduled to open Class AAA sectional play on Wednesday night at unranked St. Albans (19-9).
Nitro (19-10), last year's Class AAA state runner-up, was scheduled to open the sectional at home on Monday night against St. Albans but that game was rained out and moved to Tuesday night.
Game 3 is now set for Thursday at 6:30 p.m. as Logan hosts Nitro in the double elimination tourney.
The two surviving teams would then meet on Friday night. If another game is needed it would be played on Saturday.
No games are allowed to be played next Monday through Wednesday due to the WESTEST. If the sectional tourney is not completed by then it would pick up on Thursday, May 16.
Logan has had the upper hand on both the Red Dragons and Nitro Wildcats this season as LHS has swept over both teams. Nitro and St. Albans split in their two-game regular season series.
Logan coach Roger Gertz said he expects a very competitive sectional tourney.
The Cats had played a three-team Class AAA sectional with George Washington and South Charleston from 2009-12 since moving back up to Triple-A. Logan and St. Albans last played each other in a baseball sectional back in the 1999 and 2000 seasons.
"It should be a good one because all three teams are evenly matched," Gertz said. "All three teams have good pitching. This is the first year that we've been in this sectional. St. Albans and Nitro are traditionally strong baseball programs. Nitro has probably been the top program in the state over the last 10 years. It's going to be a challenge."
Going 4-0 this season over its sectional foes is meaningless heading into post-season play, Gertz said.
"I'm not sure if we have faced their best pitching or not," Gertz said. "All four games were relatively close. But really, beating them four times doesn't mean anything. You can just throw that out the window. We just have to start playing some better baseball than what we have been. We haven't hit the ball this year like I thought that could have. But our pitching has been pretty solid."
Logan has had a very good three-man rotation this season on the mound with sophomore right-hander Z. Minnick, junior righty Troy Burgess and senior right-hander Johnny Morrison. Other arms have also stepped up to give Logan a deep pitching staff.
Good pitching always seems to trump good hitting when it comes to sectional tourney play.
Logan knows this well.
"Our pitching has been what has carried us," Gertz said. "Chase Preston has also pitched several games for us and has done a good job. We've also pitched Chase Burnette a time or two here late in the season and he's also done a good job. We feel like we've got four or five pretty solid kids that we can throw in there."
Minnick has led Logan's bats this season. He's played a variety of positions in addition to his mound time as he's also played at shortstop, third and a few games at catcher. Minnick has hit for both power and for average, Logan's version of Miguel Cabrera if you will.
"He's led us all season and has hit the ball well," Gertz said of Minnick. "Troy Burgess has also hit well. Josh Rein was hitting well but had an injury. He's back now and hopefully he can help us. He's a good defensive player, too. When he gets on base he runs the bases very well."
Gertz said he hopes senior catcher Benji Adkins can have a breakout sectional tourney.
"Benji Adkins hasn't had the year that we or he expected but he's always dangerous," Gertz said. "Hopefully, he can turn it around here at the end of the year. That's what he did last year and we're hoping for the same thing."
Trent Dalton, a senior middle infielder, has also been key to Logan's success. He's expected to sign with Salem International University on Wednesday morning.
"Trent hasn't had a great offensive year but he's a great defensive player," Gertz said. "Hopefully he can also turn it around in the next few weeks. We're optimistic. Hopefully, we can get everyone hitting at the same time."
Another key Logan player is senior starting first baseman Alex Lakatos, a left-handed hitter.
Gertz said he hopes the weather will clear enough to be able to get in all of the sectional games this week.
The Logan baseball team has been no stranger to bad weather when it comes to post-season time.
Back in 2005 it was the worst weather of all when it took eight days to play a single game — the Class AA sectional championship contest between Logan and Scott.
It all started on May 13, 2005 in the infamous "tarp game."
That night, the game started but rain forced Logan baseball officials to put the tarp on the infield. The tarp was left over from the previous summer when Logan was the site of the West Virginia American Legion State Baseball Tournament.
As the tarp was being placed hurricane-forced winds of an estimated 75 miles per hour blew the tarp across the Logan diamond and up against the visiting dugout, the baseball building and the power poles.
The game was suspended and could not continue the next day due to the tarp which was still lodged into place.
Then came the WESTEST May 16-18, so no games could be played.
Logan and Scott tried to finish the game on May 19 but the game was rained out again.
So on Saturday, May 20, 2005 — the last day a sectional tourney could be played due to WVSSAC rules — Logan and Scott finally finished its sectional title game as the Wildcats won 6-2 on a bright, sunny day, en route to a 26-4 record and the Class AA state championship.
Logan has since gotten rid of its infield tarp but hopes the weather will not be a factor this year.
Again in 2008, rain delayed the sectional tourney, spreading it out over two weeks. Logan lost to Chapmanville 11-0 in the '08 sectional opener, but then came back to beat the Tigers 10 days later in the finals, 8-5, on the last available day. The Cats went on to finish 27-9 and beat Point Pleasant 13-3 in the Class AA state championship game.
"If we don't get in the tourney by this Saturday we won't be able to play again until next Thursday," Gertz said. "Then you would have Thursday, Friday and Saturday but it would have to be complete by next Saturday. If you don't it would revert back to a single-elimination tournament. We lost the first game of the sectionals to Chapmanville one year (2008) and we had to play on the following Saturday on the last day on a wet field."
If the tourney is complete the winner usually plays tune-up regular season games before the regionals are played.
"You hope to get the sectional in so you can play more regular season games on that next Thursday, Friday or Saturday," Gertz said. "If you haven't played your 32 games you can do that. Most teams don't play a full 32-game schedule because of the rain."
* The Man High School baseball team was scheduled to open its best-of-three Class A sectional tournament series with Tug Valley on Tuesday night at Man.
The game was called off due to rain and rescheduled for Thursday at 6 p.m.
Man enters with a 4-21 record while Tug Valley is 8-11.
Game 2 is now set for Friday, also 6 p.m., at Man. Game 3 would be played on Saturday at Man, if necessary.
The Hillbillies, which won 8-4 last Friday in its regular season finale, did not play the Panthers this season.


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Mining and quarries
>> Search for case studies in different sectors
>> Search for case studies in different sectors
Winstones - driving down transport energy costs
With a suite of solutions to cut its per-kilometre fuel use, Winstone Aggregates improved its margins without the need for dramatic increases in cartage prices - and it reduced greenhouse gas emissions as well. Travel planning and management as well as improving driving practices played a part.
Higgins Aggregates – pumping cost control using a water bladder tank system
An energy audit identified the opportunity for improved booster pump control at Higgins Aggregates Te Matai quarry. They installed a bladder tank and pressure switch on their bore booster pump. This delivered annual energy savings of 5,300kWh.


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Midlothian, VA Mobile Auto Detailing
Better Vision Detailing
Better Vision Detailing offers mobile auto detailing services to the Midlothian, VA area. To ensure the quality of workmanship on every job, we hand-wash and dry your car.
Learn More About Better Vision Detailing:
- Interior vacuum and shampooing
- Bumper-to-bumper detailing
- Fleet washing
Bundle packages are available.
Call Better Vision Detailing today at 804-726-0066 for a mobile service.
Contact Information


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Vermont Democrats issue endorsements for electionBy DAVE GRAM
THE Associated Press | July 27,2014MONTPELIER Progressive candidate Dean Corren got a warm welcome from Vermont Democrats on Saturday as he asked for their support in his bid for lieutenant governor.
The Democratic State Committee, at its bimonthly meeting, stopped short of a formal endorsement, with party leaders saying there is a specific process for that and it hadnt been adhered to. But it was agreed that the minutes of Saturdays meeting would reflect Correns endorsement by John Bauer, a Democrat who dropped his candidacy for lieutenant governor last month.
His presentation came during a roughly 90-minute meeting in which Democrats formally endorsed Gov. Peter Shumlin, U.S. Rep. Peter Welch and other statewide officials for re-election.
Corren acknowledged that there had been tension between Vermont Democrats and Progressives in the past, with Democrats worrying that Progressive candidates might drain away some of their support. I feel like I need to convey the message to you that times have changed, Corren said.
But to repeated applause from the more than 50 people who attended the Statehouse meeting, Corren sought to emphasize the common purpose of the two parties, particularly in their support for a universal, publicly funded health care system, sometimes called single-payer.
The No. 1 reason I am in this race, got in this race in May, is health care reform, Corren said, noting that as a House member from Burlington in the 1990s, he joined with other lawmakers to write Vermonts first legislation calling for a single-payer system.
Corren asked the state committee members to work through their county committees to generate support for him.
Republican incumbent Lt. Gov. Phil Scott has expressed skepticism about a state-run health care system, saying he has serious concerns about its possible effects, especially on small businesses.
The issue is expected to top the agenda in the two-year legislative term beginning in January. Legislation passed in 2011 calls for Vermont to move toward a single-payer system, and many supporters have said they want it in place by 2017. Among the issues still to be determined are how the system will be paid for and what range of benefits it will offer.
At this critical point in time, in order to seize this opportunity, we need both of them (the governor and lieutenant governor) working shoulder-to-shoulder to push this issue forward, said Corren, a renewable energy entrepreneur.
On other issues, Corren said he would support the states efforts to shift from fossil fuel to renewable energy and combat climate change. He also said he supports public financing of campaigns as an answer to concerns that wealthy contributors can distort the political process.MORE IN This Just InFarmer Olympics Full StoryBROC receives Full StoryArt donated Full Story
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- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day 1739, 'Richard Palmer' identified in prison at York Castle as the notorious outlaw DICK TURPIN; IN 1836, Battle of the Alamo begins near San Antonio de Bexar, Texas; 1896, the Tootsie Roll invented by LEO HIRSCHFELD.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1472, Orkney, Shetland islands put up as collateral by Norway to Scotland in lieu of dowry for MARGARET OF DENMARK on her marriage with JAMES III, king of Scotland; 1962, JOHN GLENN first American to orbit Earth.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: City mayoral candidates debate campaign issues; Hartford, Conn., woman still missing; Neal Goswami reports attempts to legislate suicide; local woman loses 100 pounds through TOPS program.
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1878, JOHN TUNSTALL murdered near Lincoln, New Mexico, by the outlaw JESSE EVANS; in 1930, ELM FARM OLLIE first cow to fly in aircraft, first to be milked airborne; 1955, nuke test WASP; '79, snow in Sahara.
- TOMORROW'S HEADLINES TODAY: Rutland Herald News Editor Alan J. Keays and staff writer Gordon Dritschilo discuss stories planned for the February 18, 2015, edition of the newspaper: Winter budgets maxed, legal marijuana, Springfield bank job, USPS slowdown
- RICHARD'S POOR ALMANACK: On this day in 1249 AD, ANDRE of LONGJUMEAU is dispatched by LOUIS IX of France to meet the KHAGAN, ruler of the Mongol Empire; in 1804, during 1st Barbary War, STEPHEN DECATUR scuttles the pirate-held USS Philadelphia in Tripoli.


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Garmin North America City Navigator NT Software 2008 DVD for PC
NOTE: This item has been discontinued by Garmin. It is replaced by the City Navigator NT 2009 (click here), with updated maps and both PC and Mac compatibility.
With MapSource City Navigator North America 2008 DVD, you can literally travel to a new city, look up your hotel, restaurants, and other services and use your compatible Garmin GPS to guide you there without stopping for directions. This DVD includes fully routable detailed maps throughout the U.S., Canada, and Puerto Rico. It is included with the purchase of several Garmin units and is also available for purchase as a stand-alone product.
Garmin City Navigator NT DVDs include the same detailed maps and coverage areas found on City Navigator North America and City Navigator Europe DVDs. The primary difference is the compression technique used to create these DVDs.
City Navigator NT data is identical to the content on existing City Navigator products, so you can still literally travel to a new city, look up your hotel, restaurants, and other services and use your compatible Garmin GPS to guide you there without stopping for directions. City Navigator NT includes the same fully routable detailed maps.
Since NT data is compressed differently than other products, it can only be used with compatible Garmin devices. Some versions of City Navigator NT, such as North America and Europe, include traffic data that allows certain units to use traffic receivers.
So if your Garmin unit provides text-to-speech voice prompts and live traffic support, you'll want to use the NT version of City Navigator software.
Version 2008 features include:
- Now with updated coverage for 46 cities and expanded metro areas
- Now with expanded coverage throughout Canada
- Premium maps contain full coverage throughout the U.S., Canada and Puerto Rico, including metropolitan and rural coverage.
- Includes detailed maps containing highways, interstates, business and residential roads with attributes such as turn restrictions, speed categories and other navigation features.
- Displays nearly 6 million points of interest such as:
- food and drink
- lodging
- attractions
- entertainment
- shopping
- emergency services
- post offices
- camp grounds
- movie theaters and more
- Postal code support for Canada
- Enhances pronunciation data for compatible GPS devices that can speak street names (example: "Turn right on Main St."). Your GPS device must be able to speak street names to use this data.
- Will automatically create point-to-point routes in MapSource and on compatible Garmin GPS units.
- With the "Unlock Wizard" to guide you through the unlock process.
Coverage Map:
System Requirements:
- Includes USB device drivers. Internet access is required for the unlock process. Cable and GPS not included.
- PC: Windows 2000 or newer, 512 MB minimum RAM, at least 1024 x 768 display, 24-bit color monitor, 2 GB free disk space, USB port, USB cable, DVD drive
Compatible with (partial list):
eTrexes: Legend Cx, Venture Cx, Vista Cx; GPSMAPs 276C, 376C, 378, 396, 478, 496; GPSMAPs 60Cx, 60CSx, 76Cx, 76CSx; iQue M4; all nuvi models; Quest 2 StreetPilots: 2720, 2730, 7200, 7500, c320, c330, c340, c550, c580, i2, i3, i5; and zumo 450 & zumo 550.
Note: You cannot use this product to update the maps on your preloaded Garmin device. To order updated map data for your preloaded Garmin device, visit Garmin's Map Updates page.
- Wrist / Fitness GPS
- Automotive GPS Units
- Handheld GPS Units
- Chartplotters / GPS
- Fishfinders / GPS
- Motorcycle / ATV GPS
- Two-Way Radio / GPS
- Safety & Tracking
- Camping & Outdoors


text:
HTC has a Herculean task on its hands with its new One M8. The handset, which goes on sale April 10 for $199 with a two-year contract, has to improve on its predecessor, the One M7, which was widely regarded as one of the best smartphones of 2013. However,with a bigger screen, sexier design and impressive internals, the One M8 might just have what it takes. Even better, HTC has added a new Duo Camera that lets you take 3D-like images, and well as a host of other new features. So how does the One M8 stack up to the One M7? Let's take a look.
HTC One M8
HTC One M7
5-inch, 1920 x 1080 Super LCD 3
4.7-inch, 1920 x 1080 Super LCD 3
2.3-Ghz quad-core Snapdragon 801
64-bit A7 processor
16GB/32GB (expandable to 64GB)
802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, Bluetooth 4.0
802.11 a/b/g/n/ac, Bluetooth 4.0
Operating System
Android 4.4.2 KitKat
Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean
Ultrapixel rear Duo Camera, 5-MP front
Ultrapixel rear, 2.1-MP front
5.8 x 2.8 x 0.37 inches
5.4 x 2.7 x 0.36 inches
5.6 ounces
5 ounces
2,600 mAh
2,300 mAh
MORE: Top 10 Smartphones
Everything is bigger with the HTC One M8. Up front, you get a larger 5-inch 1920 x 1080-pixel Super LCD 3 display. The original One M7 sported a 4.7-inch 1920 x 1080-pixel display. The One M8's larger display means its footprint grows significantly from 5.4 x 2.7 x 0.36 inches to 5.8 x 2.8 x 0.37 inches. That extra volume also means the One M8 has packed on some weight. The new One tips the scales at 5.6 ounces, 0.6 ounces heavier than its 5-ounces predecessor. Still, the One M8 is evenly weighted so that the additional heft shouldn't bother you too much.
Along with its bigger body, HTC has also added more metal to the One M8's aluminum chassis, 90 percent versus the One M7's 70 percent. That means the One M8's body is a bit softer to the touch. Adding to that is the new One's more rounded design, a result of HTC's decision to wrap the One M8's metal rear panel all the way around the phone from glass-to-glass.
The new HTC One M8 is more powerful than the One M7 in every way. The new One packs an impressive 2.3-GHz quad-core Snapdragon 801 processor, 2GB of RAM and your choice of 16GB or 32GB of onboard storage. If that's not enough, HTC has also added a 64GB microSD card slot, as well as 50GB of free Google Drive storage. The One M7 featured a 1.7-GHz Snapdragon 600 CPU with 2GB of RAM and 32GB of storage.
Battery life is also improved on the One M8, with the new phone getting a 2,600 mAh battery , compared to the original's 2,300 mAh power pack. What's more HTC has added a new enhanced power saver mode that goes beyond the original's power saver option. With the new mode, HTC says the phone can last up to 10 days. The One M8 achieves this by disabling data until you need it. Unfortunately, the mode won't be available at launch, and will instead require a separate download.
The One M8 also has better BoomSound speakers than the M7. According to HTC, the new One's speakers are 20 percent louder than the One M7's so you should get deeper bass and higher trebles without any loss in quality.
MORE: Best Smartphones 2014
HTC's BlinkFeed app was one of the standout features of the One M7, offering a Flipboard-style news reader with all of the latest posts from your favorite websites and social media apps. With the One M8, HTC has upped BlinkFeed's functionality adding integration with Foursquare and Fitbit.
With Foursquare, BlinkFeed can now give you the names of nearby restaurants during meal times. Fitbit functionality lets you import all of your workout stats from your Fitbit into an activity hub that you can monitor at any time. Unfortunately, the feature isn't quite ready for prime time, so you'll have to download it at a later date.
The HTC One M8's slick Duo Camera combines the original One M7's Ultra-megapixel shooter with a secondary camera to give your photos a sense of depth. It does this by combining images from the two cameras, allowing you to make 3D-like photos using the new Dimension Plus tool.
You can also blur the background or foreground in your shots using the UFocus setting, or add background filters using the backgrounder tool. HTC has also given the One M8 a new 5-megapixel front-facing shooter, which means your selfies will be sharper and more colorful than those taken with the previous One's 2.1-megapixel front camera.
MORE: Best and Worst Smartphone Brands
The One M8 one ups its predecessor in nearly every way. Its display is larger, its design is sexier and its performance is out of this world fast. We're also intrigued by the new Duo Camera and updated BlinkFeed app. However, with Samsung getting set to release its Galaxy S5 and Apple likely to debut its iPhone 6 this fall, the One M8 will face some stiff competition.
the processor and ram stats for the htc one m7 are incorrect.
Its supposed to be: 1.7GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 600, quad-core and 2gb of ram
Your specs are a bit off. The M7 also had 2GB of RAM, not 1GB. See PhoneArena – http://www.phonearena.com/phones/HTC-One_id7678
Pretty sure the M7 had 2GB of RAM.
Nice comparison but noticed that you listed the processor for the iPhone 5s instead of the HTC One M7
The BoomSound in the M8 is 25% louder than in the M7


text:
After 4 weeks of the 2008-9 season through October 19, 2008, CBS has the largest season to date audience with 11.20 million viewers, up a bit from last week (followed by ABC with 10.05 million). This week CBS seized the season to date lead for adults 18-49 from ABC now leading with an average of 4.16 million. CBS also had the most adults 25-54 with 5.05 million (again followed by ABC with 4.56 million).
Only NBC prevented complete domination by CBS by maintaining a wafer thin lead in adults 18-34 with 1.73 million to Fox's 1.71 million. ABC was close behind with 1.65 million.
(click chart for full sized image)
Nielsen TV Ratings Data: ©2008 The Nielsen Company. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Methods for indexing and storing genetic data include assigning a virtual private identity (VPI) to participants in a clinical study. The VPI may comprise a random number, or some other type of identifier that lacks any information that may be employed, in and of itself, to determine identity information. The system may then create an encrypted and secure database that contains the pairing between patient identity information and the assigned VPI. Information collected from the patient may be stored into data tables of a database where the VPI is employed as an index into the tables that store the patient data. The data stored in association with a respective VPI may be encrypted with an encryption key generated from the VPI. The encryption key may be stored in a Key Table and the Key Table may be encrypted with a Master Key.
1. A system for securely storing medical data, comprising
an input process allowing an individual to enter identity information and medical data to associate with the identity information,
an encryption key process for providing to each individual an encryption key for encrypting medical data associated with the individual, and
a data table generator for storing medical data including encrypted medical data, in a table, whereby stored medical data from different individuals may be encrypted with different encryption keys.
2. A system according to
a key table generator for storing the encryption key in a key table.
3. A system according to
a private identity generator for generating for an individual a unique private identity being generated independently of the identity information.
4. A system according to
5. A system according to
6. A system according to
means for employing the private identity as a relational link key for relating medical data associated with the individual to the encryption key associated with the individual.
7. A system according to
8. A system according to
9. A system according to
10. A system according to
a table encryption process for encrypting the key table to secure the encryption key stored therein.
11. A system according to
a relational link generator for processing the private identity to generate a relational link for associating medical data in the data table with a respective private identity.
12. A system according to
13. A system for storing medical data, comprising
an input process for allowing an individual to enter identity information and medical data to associate with the identity information,
a private identity generator for generating independent of the identity information,
a unique private identity for the individual,
an encryption key process for providing to the individual a respective encryption key for encrypting the medical data of the individual,
a relational link generator for providing relational links for the medical data and the encryption key associated with the individual, whereby the medical data and encryption key can be stored in a table of a relational database.
14. A system according to
15. A system according to
16. A system according to
17. A system according to
18. A process for controlling access to medical data, comprising:
allowing an individual to provide medical data and identity information,
providing the individual with a private identity and storing the medical data and identity information in tables of a relational database employing the private identity to provide a relational link to the medical and identity data,
employing the private identity to create an encryption key for the respective individual, and
encrypting, as a function of the encrypting key, medical data associated with the individual, whereby medical data of different individuals are encrypted with different respective encryption keys.
19. A process according to
allowing a medical professional to search the relational database to identify medical data of interest.
20. A process according to
allowing a medical professional to request identity information associated with medical data in the relational data base, and employing the private identity to notify the respective individual of the request.
21. A process according to
allowing the individual to control access to the medical data of the individual.
22. A process according to
allowing the individual to store portions of the medical data in the clear and portions in an encrypted form.
23. A process according to
allowing a medical profess ional t o search the relational database.
[0001] The invention relates to encryption of data, and more particularly to an encryption scheme for increasing the security of a database where private information is stored that is associated with an individual user identified by a User ID. More particularly, the systems and methods described herein include systems designed to support the creation, management, analysis, and archival of data produced from genetic studies and relative data. These include clinical and pharmacogenetic studies, post-marketing drug surveillance studies, and national genotyping projects.
[0002] The sequencing of the human genome will generate an avalanche of genetic information to be linked with information about microbial, chemical, and physical exposures; nutrition, metabolism, lifestyle behaviors, and medications. Interestingly, much like blood type information is today, this genetic information will likely be available to individuals as part of their medical profile. This information will be important as advances in DNA sequencing technology and in the understanding of the human genome will usher in a new era of genomic medicine, one with dramatic potential to not only benefit society through research involving human subjects, but also to cause economic or psychosocial harms to clinical subjects and their families. While in some cases such information may be beneficial to research subjects and their families, there is also the potential for misappropriation and misuse.
[0003] In today's medical environment a health practitioner or clinical trial sponsor would never consider sharing genetic data collected from a patient without the explicit consent of the participant. In most cases, particularly clinical studies, permission will not be given, and certainly, even if permission is given to share the genetic information, such permission is very likely to prohibit linking the disclosed genetic information with the actual identity of the participant that provided that genetic data. In these cases, the health practitioner is obligated to keep the patient's genetic and other data as private and protected as possible. This is not only important from a risk management perspective, but is basic to the proper practice of medicine.
[0004] Special concerns have arisen about the process for storing genetic information and other private data. Concerns have also arisen about how best to separate a participant's identity from the client's medical data. Current guidance and protections need to be enhanced to deal with the special considerations related to genetics research.
[0005] Thus, with the rapid advances in the computerization of medical data, including genetic data, the awareness of a need for protecting the privacy of medical records has begun to rise. Storing a large amount of sensitive information at a central location could open the door to "invasion of privacy" issues that were not as common as with the keeping of paper files.
[0006] Methods that address these issues and develop guidelines and frameworks for ensuring the safe and appropriate use of genetic information and other physical or biochemical traits are crucial to the success of large use of genetic and medical information.
[0007] Any system that stores and manipulates genotype, phenotype and other sensitive information must engender a sense of privacy and strong, but not obtrusive security. All classes of users must feel that while the application is easy to access and utilize, it will prevent any unauthorized individual, including highly experienced hackers, from accessing and manipulating any private information.
[0008] These principles are the prerequisites for the creation of highly secure, reliable, and centralized genetic system for the enrollment of large number of genetic study participants and for the storage, management, and analysis of their tissue samples, general type, medical and personal data. These principles must also apply to the creation of an online infrastructure to support an informed consent process that is dynamic in nature. That is, one that allows participants in a genetic study to be recontacted for follow-up studies without violating their privacy. Also, the system is expected to protect confidential genetic, medical, and personal data appropriately and diligently. The security mechanisms implemented within the application must earn the "trust" of all constituencies. These users must not have any doubt that their interactions with the application are private and confidential.
[0009] It would therefore be desirable to provide a system and a method that supports adequate security precautions to prevent people without appropriate authorization from accessing the information contained in its databases. Moreover, the most important privacy element, that is the association of individual identities with their corresponding genotype or phenotype data, must be inaccessible, or substantially inaccessible, to any authenticated user without the authorization of a supervisory trusted party.
[0010] The invention is directed to systems and methods for securely storing genetic and medical data, as well as other types of private information. In one exemplary application the systems and methods described herein provide secure database systems that may be employed to protect confidential medical information of participants in a medical study. For example, in such a study a large number of participants may submit personal medical information for the study and this information is to be kept secret. To this end, the systems and methods described herein include embodiments and practices wherein study participants register with the study, and upon registration are assigned a virtual private identity (VPI). In one practice the VPI may comprise a random number, or some other type of identifier, that lacks any information that may be employed, in and of itself, to determine identity information, such as name or social security number of the participant assigned the respective VPI. The system may then create an encrypted and secure database that contains the pairing between patient identity information and the assigned VPI. For subsequent operations of storing or accessing patient data, the system may employ the VPI, thus, decoupling patient identity information from operations for reading and storing data. Once the patient has an assigned VPI, information collected from the patient may be stored into data tables of a database. In one practice the VPI is employed as an index into the tables that store the patient data. In particular, in one practice the VPI acts as an index key to identify a table, and optionally a row within that table, that stores information associated with that VPI.
[0011] The data, or portions of the data, stored in association with a respective VPI may optionally be encrypted with an encryption key. Optionally, this encryption key may be generated from the VPI according to a process or function, thus providing an encryption key, KVPI, that is based on the VPI assigned to the respective patient. Depending upon the process or function employed, the generated encryption keys may be symmetric or asymmetric. In either case, an encryption key based on the VPI may provide a different key for each patient or participant.
[0012] The encryption key may be stored in a Key Table, typically a database table. Optionally, the Key Table may be encrypted with a Master Key, KM. A patient's encryption key is indexed from within the Key Table by the patient's VPI, similar to the manner by which the patient's medical data is stored in a table and indexed by the patient's VPI.
[0013] Thus, the VPI may act as the index for the patient's data and the key or keys employed for encrypting and decrypting that data. In optional practices, the VPI may also be encrypted, hashed or otherwise processed, to encrypt or secure the relational link for indexing the patient's data and the key or keys for encrypting and decrypting that information.
[0014] More specifically, the invention, in one embodiment, provides systems that protect the privacy of the many participants in a clinical study. To this end, the systems may be network based systems, including web-based systems, that support clinical studies that allow individuals to register with the clinical studies over a data network. The systems allow records for different individuals to be encrypted using different keys. Such systems also allow records for different patients to be accessed using a primary key, which is also encrypted using different keys. Furthermore, in this embodiment the keys employed to encrypt the individual records and primary keys are themselves encrypted using a Master Key and they are stored in a central Key Table indexed by a the primary key, which may be a unique random number, called the Virtual Private Identity (VPI).
[0015] In one aspect of the invention, one VPI is created for each participant in a study and is used as an index in two tables, a Key table and a Data Table. The Key Table is used to associate each of the VPIs created for the different participants with a preferably different encryption key KVPI. All encryption keys KVPI in the Key Table may be encrypted by a unique Master Key, KM, that can be split for enhanced security. Optionally, the Key Table is located on a different computer system than the databases containing the Data Table(s). The encryption keys KVPI stored in the Key Table are then used to encrypt all data or some predefined data in the Data Table. These keys can be either symmetric or they can be the private key of a public-private asymmetric pair where the public part is the VPI, or another key associated with the VPI. In the first case, data in the Data Table is both encrypted and decrypted using the same key KVPI, while in the second case data is encrypted with the public portion of the key-pair and decrypted with the private portion of the key-pair. The systems described herein may employ the keys to decrypt data for allowing access to the data.
[0016] In one embodiment, the primary key (i.e., index) used to access the Data table is not the VPI but the encrypted version of the VPI, KVPI(VPI). This guards against attempts to reconstruct the relational links between the individual data and the virtual private identity without knowing the master key.
[0017] It will be apparent to those of skill in the art from a review of the following examples, that a number of variants of this approach are possible where there are more than one key stored in the master table or where the primary keys of the data tables are a further mapping of the VPI or of the encrypted VPI, KVPI(VPI). Furthermore, multiple levels of VPIs and or encrypted VPIs are possible.
[0018] Further features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the following illustrated embodiments.
[0019] The following figures depict certain illustrative embodiments of the invention in which like reference numerals refer to like elements. These depicted embodiments are to be understood as illustrative of the invention and not as limiting in any way.
[0020]FIG. 1 shows schematically a secure data storage facility;
[0021]FIG. 2 shows schematically a system for encrypting data and storing the encrypted data on secure databases;
[0022]FIG. 3 depicts one example of key tables and data tables;
[0023]FIG. 4 depicts a further example of key tables and data tables suitable for use with the systems and methods described herein;
[0024]FIG. 5 depicts still another example of key tables and data tables suitable for use with the systems and methods described herein;
[0025] The invention provides systems and methods that, inter alai, are directed to techniques for storing and managing confidential or private data generated from genetic studies, including, but not limited to, pharmacogenetic studies, post-marketing drug surveillance studies, and national genotyping projects. The systems and methods described herein operate for increasing the security of a database where such information, or any private information, is stored on an individual basis and where each individual is identified by a universal mechanism, such as a serial number or a User ID. In particular, the systems and methods described herein can be used to enhance the security for storing and manipulating medical records, financial data, military data, and any application where, among other issues, security on a per record level is advantageous. These systems and methods also allow for recontacting an individual that has stored information in the system. The purpose for recontacting the individual will vary according to the application, and may include contacting an individual about results achieved during a clinical study or about shareholder rights. Other applications and purposes will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
[0026] In one particular exemplary application, the systems and methods described herein provide for secure data storage for data generated or collected during a clinical study. For example, in certain applications, the systems and methods described herein may support a health care practitioner carrying out a clinical study wherein prospective study participants have provided genetic data, medical history, and other information. The health care practitioner may employ this information for screening the prospective participants to identify those that are to partake in the study. The health care professional may employ the systems and methods described herein to store a person's identity information, as well as the person's genetic data. To this end, the systems and methods of the invention may include database systems that separate the patient's identity information from the patient's medical data. The separated identity and medical data may then be securely stored within a database table, and done so in a way that allows the health care practitioner to store portions of the data in a secure format, typically as encrypted data. Other tuples of medical data may be stored in a non-secure format, typically in clear text, thereby providing data that the database management system may expose for searching the data and building views.
[0027] Referring first to FIG. 1, an exemplary system 10 is depicted that has a secure database 12, 14 that stores phenotype and genotype information, respectively, wherein the information can be cross-matched by approved guidelines which are outside the scope of the present application. The exemplary system allows a patient's medical data, i.e., "Patient Informed Content" 18, for study participants to be entered, for example, by an authorized physician. The type of data to follow and report are defined in a study protocol. The collection of all that data can constitute a "Study-Specific Medical Record" (SSMR) of the study participants. Optionally, a "Universal Medical Record Model" (UMRM) may be adapted to describe (possibly using XML DTDs) a large number of phenotypic traits stored on the phenotype database 12. For such traits, the UMRM will contain information like (i) the trait name (e.g., "blood pressure"), (ii) the associative value type (e.g., "numeric"), (iii) permissible ranges (e.g., "positive, less than 40"), etc. A security system 16 allows only authorized persons (e.g., the authorized physician or a proxy) that have appropriate rights to the study participant's account, to alter the SSMR of a study participant.
[0028] It will be understood, however, that such system is not limited to the aforedescribed application, but could also be used for other applications requiring a high level of data security.
[0029] Referring now to FIG. 2, in a secure system 20, a patient registers with a physician to participate in a study, 22, and the patient's identity is stored, 24, in a patient database table 26. To protect the patient's identifiable information, a random number, called the Virtual Private Identity (VPI), is generated for the patient and stored in a VPI database 28 in a table that associates the stored VPI with an encrypted value of the Patient ID stored in the database 26. The encryption scheme described herein is independent on the access control method used by the database vendor as the Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) used. By way of example, the depicted databases can be any suitable database system, including the commercially available Microsoft Access database, and can be a local or distributed database system. The design and development of suitable database systems are described in the literature, including McGovern et al., A Guide to Sybase and SQL Server, Addison-Wesley (1993). The database can be supported by any suitable persistent data memory, such as a hard disk drive, RAID system, tape drive system, floppy diskette, or any other suitable system. The system depicted in FIG. 2 includes a database device that is separate from the data processing platform, however, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that in other embodiments the database device can be integrated into the data processing platform, including a web server system.
[0030] The patient's phenotypic data 32 entered by the physician and their association with the patient, in encrypted form, as will be described in detail below, are stored in the phenotype database table 12 indexed by the VPI of the patient. Likewise, genotypic data can be stored after sample collection 34 and genotyping the samples, 38, in encrypted form in the genotype database table 14, also indexed by the VPI of the patient. Furthermore, the identity information of the patient, e.g., name, SSN, etc., can be stored in an identity database table shown as 26 in FIG. 2 also in encrypted form and indexed by the encrypted value of the VPI rather than directly by the VPI. This later optional step reduces the ability to trace back the genotypic and phenotypic data of the individual starting from the table that contains the identity information even if the encryption key is known because the VPI is not stored in the identity table and cannot, or cannot feasibly, be reconstructed from its encrypted form.
[0031] As mentioned above, the phenotypic and genotypic data in the databases 12 and 14 are advantageously stored in the form of tables, with rows of the tables indexed by the encrypted VPI, while the identification information is stored in a table with rows of the table indexed by the encrypted VPI. The depicted system incorporates a separate and unique table with a list of the encryption keys KVPI related to the VPI's. This table will be referred to hereinafter as the "Key Table."
[0032] Each user related table is indexed on a primary key based on the VPI. This could be the VPI itself, a function, such as a hash function, of the VPI, or the encrypted VPI. The process employed for creating the hash of the VPI may include any suitable hash function, including any of the hash functions discussed and described in Bruce Schneier, Applied Crytpography (Addison-Wesley 1996), the contents of which are incorporated by reference. By way of example, the system may employ the MD5 hash process to create the hashed key for indexing data within the Key and Data Tables. Each row in a table indexed by the VPI will have all or some fields encrypted with the corresponding KVPI key, uniquely associated to the VPI through the Key Table. Independent rows indexed by the same VPI will be partly or fully encrypted with the same encryption key. Consequently, anybody who breaks or otherwise decrypts any row indexed by a VPI, will be able to also read in clear text any other row in any related table for that same VPI, and for that VPI only. Other VPI indexed records will still be secure.
[0033] The Key Table contains a list of encryption keys related to the VPI's. To optimize data security of the system, the Key Table may be located on a different database, preferably on a different system, than the databases 26, 28, 12, and 14. For example, this list of encryption keys and VPI's can be located on a Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP).
[0034] The security of the system can be further enhanced by encrypting the Key Table with a master key, referred to as "Mega-Key." This can also be either symmetric or asymmetric in nature. Since the Key Table does not contain any easily identifiable information, but merely seemingly random numbers consisting of the VPIs and of the encryption keys KVPI, as seen in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, the Key Table will be difficult to break computationally. It is a further realization of the invention, that genetic data and financial numeric data presents information as a sequence of symbols, letters or other marks. This presentation is difficult to break computationally as it avoids or resists some of the more common attacks applied to encrypted data, including attacks, like word count attacks, that seek to identify portions of the encrypted text that appear to represent common words, such as the word "the". Thus, in certain embodiments of the invention, the systems described herein include systems that segment that portion of the genetic data that may be presented as a string of marks into a separate tuple that may be encrypted separately. This may make the decryption of this information more difficult than if this information was encrypted in combination with common English words, or words of another language. Optionally, the Mega-Key KM will be harder than the individual encryption keys KVPI. For instance, the individual encryption keys could be 128-bit while the Mega-Key could be 1024-bit.
[0035] Referring now to FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the association between the Key Table and the Data Table stored in databases 12, 14, respectively, can be implemented either using a symmetric key model (FIG. 3), an asymmetric key model (FIG. 4), or a hybrid key model (FIG. 5). With the symmetric model illustrated in FIG. 3, the primary key KVPI that encrypts the data 308 in each user-related Data Table 320 may be generated independently for each VPI and is associated with the VPI in the Key Table. The VPI itself or the encrypted VPI, KVPI(VPI), or a function of either one may be used as the primary key 302 for the Key Table 310.
[0036] The Key Table 310 contains the symmetric key KVPI 304 generated and corresponding one-to-one to the VIP 302. With the symmetric key model, the data are accessed in the following manner: any user-related Data Table 320 is indexed by the VPI or by the encrypted VPI, KVPI(VPI), or by a hash or other function of either. In order to get the encrypted data fields 308 corresponding to a VPI 306, the Key Table 310 is to be accessed. First, the row indexed by the VPI in the Key Table 310 is to be decrypted with the Mega-Key. As described above, the Mega-Key may be a symmetric key and it may have to be assembled from more than one part. Once the appropriate Key Table row is decrypted the symmetric key KVPI 304 corresponding to the VPI 302 is obtained.
[0037] Once the appropriate user-related Data Table row 320 is identified based on the VPI or on the encrypted VPI, or on a function of either, the data may be decrypted using the symmetric key KVPI 304 from the Key Table 310. Thus, during a study data may be selected from the data table 308. This data selection may be achieved using any suitable technique, and may for example include conventional database queries performed on the clear text within the data table 320. Thus, a clinician may search the database to identify all males within a certain age range and living in a specific geographic region. This search may be performed on clear text demographic data to identify individuals that meet these characteristics. For each individual, the system may provide the VPI, encrypted data and clear text data associated with the data record. Optionally, the clinician may send the VPI data to the administrator of the database system 10 with a request to contact the individuals to ask if they would be willing to participate in a clinical study. Additionally, the clinician may request the system administrator with a request to have the encrypted data, or portions of the encrypted data, decrypted for use in the study. As can be seen from this above example, the systems described herein provide for flexible control over the data stored in the data table 320, including the ability to contact the owner of the data and to allow controlled access to clear text and encrypted or secure data.
[0038] Thus, FIG. 3 depicts one embodiment of the systems described herein wherein a symmetric key is employed for encrypting and decrypting data associated with a user. FIG. 4 illustrates an alternative embodiment, wherein an asymmetric key is employed for encrypting and decrypting data associated with a user. Specifically, FIG. 4 illustrates a Key Table 410 that stores the VPI 402, a private portion of the key, Kpv and the Public portion of the Key Kpb. FIG. 4 further depicts a data table 420 that stores data associated with the user. As shown, the data, 414, may be encrypted, in part or in whole, and stored within the data table 420. FIG. 4 illustrates that the data that is encrypted may be encrypted with the public Key 408 of the Key Table 408. The Data Table 420 may also store the VPI, the encrypted VPI, a hash of the VPI or some other function thereof, to provide an index key for accessing the data 414. In this asymmetric model, the KVPI may be the private part of the public and private key pair, and the VPI, or a function of the VPI, may be the public part of the pair. Thus, the system described herein may employ a public key encryption process to store data in an encrypted format within the data table 420. Public Key encryption processes are known in the art and described in the literature, including in Bruce Schneier, Applied Crytpography (Addison-Wesley 1996), the contents of which are incorporated by reference. This asymmetric embodiment may be used to securely encrypt data remotely for each individual patient without having to divulge the private encryption key. That is, data is encrypted, say by a physician, using the VPI and can be then decrypted by the system using the KVPI. Thus, the public key may be employed for encryption and the private key may be employed for decryption.
[0039] The practices depicted in FIGS. 3 and 4 may be joined into a hybrid system, such as the system depicted in FIG. 5. Specifically, FIG. 5 depicts a hybrid system that employs both a symmetric key and the public and private key of FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 5, the hybrid key model includes a key table for keeping the keys. The Key table 510 includes the VPI 502, the private key 504, the public key 506 and the symmetric key 508. The Key Table may work with the Data Table 520 that included the index keys 512, shown as the public, private, hash or some other function, of the VPI. The data may be encrypted with the symmetric key, the public key or left in the clear. Thus the hybrid model provides alternate levels of security for the data stored in the system,
[0040] The symmetric key model is simpler and may be applied in a majority of cases. The asymmetric key model is more complex and may be suitable for special, high security cases where data must be encrypted securely by a third party outside of the system. The Key Table format for the asymmetric model is identical to the format for the symmetric model, so one format for the Key Table is advisable. The symmetric and asymmetric key models will have to be differentiated before the Data Tables are accessed.
[0041] Accordingly, although FIG. 1 graphically as functional block elements, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that these elements can be realized as computer programs or portions of computer programs that are capable of running on a data processor platform to thereby configure the data processor as a system according to the invention. As discussed above, the systems can be realized as a software component operating on a conventional data processing system such as a Unix workstation. In that embodiment, the system may be implemented as a C language computer program, or a computer program written in any high level language including C++, Fortran, Java or basic. General techniques for high level programming are known, and set forth in, for example, Stephen G. Kochan, Programming in C, Hayden Publishing (1983).
[0042] Those skilled in the art will know or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the embodiments and practices described herein. Accordingly, it will be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the embodiments disclosed herein, but is to be understood from the following claims, which are to be interpreted as broadly as allowed under the law.
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Obesity Prevention Inside and Outside the Doctor's Office
Americans cannot achieve health goals and effectively follow their doctor's advice without support in their neighborhoods, workplaces and schools. The Affordable Care Act provides new opportunities to expand coverage for proven community-based programs.
Current Status
Many Americans only have doctor's appointments once or twice a year. The rest of the year they are often on their own to try to find ways to follow their doctor's advice in their daily lives. A growing body of evidence shows that Americans cannot achieve health goals — including eating healthier, increasing physical activity and managing obesity and related health problems — without support in their neighborhoods, workplaces and schools.1
"Health professionals are adept at treating a vast range of diseases, injuries and other medical conditions. But their training and healthcare delivery incentives do not emphasize addressing the root causes of health problems that occur outside of the healthcare system — factors such as education, access to healthy food, job opportunities, safe housing, environment and toxic stress — that fundamentally shape how long or well people live," according to a report by the RWJF Commission to Build a Healthier America.2
For instance, individuals whose doctors counsel them that they are at risk for health problems related to obesity, such as prediabetes, are often left to try to follow their doctors' advice on their own in their daily lives where nutritious foods are costly and can be hard to access, and it is hard to find time and convenient, safe places for physical activity. Connecting healthcare inside the doctor's office with community-based health and other social service programs and resources can provide ongoing support, education and opportunities to improve health where people live, learn, work and play.
Approaches can range from doctors providing direction and information for patients, such as writing prescriptions for healthy, active living, including good nutrition and physical activity to educating families about the importance of healthy eating habits, regular activity and sleep at every well-child visit to referring patients to resources or health management programs in their community, such as at their local YMCA or nutrition counseling support.
These approaches, however, are often not taken because the U.S. health system has traditionally focused on covering activities that occur directly within a healthcare setting and are aimed at helping someone who is sick get well. The old, disjointed fee-for-service model and siloed systems have dis-incentivized coordinated care, and have been ineffective at preventing chronic disease and reducing healthcare costs.3
For example, outdated regulations and billing practices have constrained insurers from paying for programs that are not directly delivered by doctors and other licensed medical providers, such as community health workers and obesity counselors, or that help support the health of an entire neighborhood rather than focusing on a specific individual who is tied to a specific diagnosis and billing code. Currently, nearly half of all Americans do not access many commonly recommended preventive services, which can include obesity and nutrition education or prediabetes and blood pressure screenings.4 Some private insurers cover some evidence-based community prevention programs, such as the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), but these efforts are limited and not well known or understood in the provider community.
In response, many public and private insurers are increasingly expanding coverage for proven community-based programs to achieve better results for improving health and reducing obesity rates. One factor that contributed to this was the enactment of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), which has helped create incentives and mechanisms for new models to improve focus on a coordinated continuum of care that begins with a focus on prevention - inside and outside the doctor's office. Several provisions that help support the prevention and control of obesity and related diseases include:
- Requiring new plans (private, self-insurers and Medicare) to cover screening and counseling for obesity with no cost to the patient through co-payments, co-insurance or deductibles.
- Providing incentives to encourage state Medicaid programs to cover more preventive services. In 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) issued a rule that would give states greater flexibility in what types of providers could provide recommended preventive services, such as for obesity education and counseling activities.
- Integrating public health and healthcare via new approaches, such as Accountable Care Organizations (ACOs) and global payment and "wellness trust" models. Coordination efforts can increase the focus on improving the overall health of the insurance pool and offer strong incentives to providers to deliver the most effective care strategies possible, and to maximize effectiveness, including community-based prevention programs and services to provide support to patients to be able to follow doctor's advice in their daily lives. ACOs are groups of healthcare providers that prioritize coordinated care and quality goals to achieve improved health for their patients which reduce costs.5
- Updating tax-exempt hospitals' community benefit requirement by requiring a community health needs assessment and implementation strategy in order to maintain tax-exempt status. New U.S. Treasury Regulations on community benefit administered by the Internal Revenue Service could address whether a community benefit implementation strategy may include activities related to obesity prevention.
Why Better Integration of Medical Care and Support Where People Live, Learn, Work and Play Matters
- To maximize effectiveness and better help patients follow their doctors' advice, providers and insurers, including state Medicaid programs, can use an integrated approach that focuses on community-based prevention and public health. For instance, a new model that created an Affordable Care Community (ACC) in Akron, Ohio, involves a coordinated clinical-community prevention approach and has reduced the average cost per month of care for individuals with type 2 diabetes by more than 10 percent per month over 18 months. A second project, a diabetes self-management program, resulted in estimated program savings of $3,185 per person per year.6 This initiative also led to a decrease in diabetes-related emergency department visits.
- Reviews of the CDC-led National Diabetes Prevention Program, an evidence-based lifestyle change program, show that it can help people cut their risk of developing type 2 diabetes in half. One study found that making modest behavior changes helped program participants lose 5 percent to 7 percent of their body weight (10 to 14 pounds for a 200-pound person). Participants work with a lifestyle coach in a group setting for one year. The program includes 16 core sessions (usually one per week) and six post-core sessions (one per month).7
- The American Heart Association published a review of more than 200 studies and concluded that most cardiovascular disease could be prevented or at least delayed until old age (65 and older) through a combination of direct medical care and community-based prevention programs and policies.8
- There are approximately 2,900 nonprofit hospitals in the United States and financial benefits to these hospitals from federal, state and local tax preference was estimated to be worth $12.6 billion annually in 2002. Some of this funding can be used to promote population health improvement that extends beyond hospital walls and in to the community.9
Policy Recommendations
- Encourage and incentivize new health system approaches, such as ACOs, to incorporate community obesity prevention programs to help them be successful in improving health and lowering costs.
- Government and private insurers should implement policies and programs to increase the use and improved integration of clinical and community-based preventive services, particularly among communities where services are underutilized.
- Medicaid should provide additional technical assistance and education to increase uptake in use of the new regulations for preventive services that allow states to reimburse a broader array of health providers and entities.
- Medicaid should identify and disseminate community prevention best practices by Medicaid programs, including Medicaid Managed Care Organizations.
- Broader healthcare delivery reform efforts, such as the CMS Innovation Center-funded State Innovation Models, should ensure that community-based prevention to control obesity costs are included.
- The U.S. Department of Treasury should continue to clarify the use of community benefit dollars by nonprofit hospitals to improve population health.
Examples of Improving the Clinical-Community Continuum of Care
- A number of providers have been using the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (also known as Better Choices, Better Health), which helps doctors connect patients to community-based health workshops. Referred patients have an extended opportunity during a series of workshops to learn about effective exercise, good nutrition, communicating with health professionals and families about needs and other strategies. The program, which is based on an evidence-based model developed at Stanford University, has shown results in improved health outcomes, reduced utilization of healthcare and increase use of self-management techniques.10
- A number of health systems and providers are also creating referral systems to connect patients with community-support programs. For example:
- The Division of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in the Iowa Department of Health has partnered with the Iowa Primary Care Association (IPCA) and local boards of health to create a Community Referral Project, so doctors have access and information about programs in their communities and can refer and match patients to those resources.
- The Boston Medical Center and Boston Bikes have partnered to create a Prescribe-a-Bike program. Doctors and nurses can write prescriptions for the local bike share program, New Balance Hubway, that allow their patients to rent a bike for $5 to $80 less than the regular charge. The program helps support health, equity and access to affordable transportation for more lower-income Boston residents.11
- Integrating clinical care with community-based programs is a focus of HHS's Million Hearts®, a national initiative that aims to prevent 1 million heart attacks and strokes by 2017. A key objective is reducing uncontrolled high blood pressure — which obesity can contribute to — by supporting improved nutrition, increased physical activity, integrated medical care and other strategies.
Additional Resources
- Transforming Health By Developing an Accountable Care Community. J. Janosky. Austen BioInnovation Institute in Akron
- Total Health: Public Health and Healthcare in Action Case Study. T. Norris. Kaiser Permanente
- Hospital Community Benefits after the ACA: Present Posture, Future Challenges. The Hilltop Institute Hospital Community Benefit Program
Connecting Diabetes Care from the Clinic to the Community
by Johnna Reed, vice president, business development, Bon Secours Health System
In 2011, the Bon Secours St. Francis Health System in Greenville, South Carolina created a Diabetes Integrated Practice Unit (IPU) to foster a new environment that improves the health of patients with, or at risk of developing, type 2 diabetes.
Since most of the factors that influence health exist outside of the doctor's office, we've learned the importance of connecting our patients to resources in their communities. This helps them in their daily lives and better supports their ongoing medical care.
The goal of the Diabetes IPU is to connect patients with community resources that can help benefit their health through improved nutrition, increased physical activity and support to manage their condition. The program also ensures that physicians and other caregivers have sufficient time to focus on their patient's needed care. This added time also allows providers and patients to work together to understand how obesity, prediabetes and diabetes can affect health and daily life and to set goals that work for each patient's unique circumstances.
The program also emphasizes the importance of prevention, to avoid developing additional health risks or problems in the future. We help prediabetics avoid the progression to diabetes and help diabetics avoid developing additional conditions.
The program is designed around a network of community and clinical resources, providers and technology. While the program hub is at St. Francis Millennium, the programs themselves are delivered where patients are — at work, home, and throughout the community.
The Diabetes IPU includes an extensive coordinated team of care givers, including a primary care physician, ophthalmology, cardiology, nephrology and podiatry services, and an endocrinologist who consults with the primary care physicians regarding innovations in diabetes care and assists with the care of patients facing particular medical challenges.
The medical care is managed by a registered nurse care coordinator. It's also important to note that our care team includes a psychologist, social worker, registered dietician, diabetes educator, pharmacist, and an exercise physiologist to help patients get to a healthy weight. It is not just a clinical-centered approach — it's a total community health approach.
How the IPU Works
A patient's initial visit with the diabetes team begins with a fasting blood draw to determine blood glucose, HbA1c, cholesterol, and other relevant lab values. Following the blood draw, patients are provided a diabetes?appropriate breakfast. Next, the patient is asked to participate in a small group discussion about issues they have in dealing with diabetes, led by a diabetes educator and nurse. Facilitators are continually surprised at the level of engagement in these groups — patients tend to share readily and openly.
The group discussion not only introduces patients to others who share similar health and lifestyle challenges — including being overweight or obese and struggling to engage in physical activity and eat healthy — but also enables the nurse?facilitator to determine the best match for the patient with individual caregivers. After the discussion, the entire group receives an introduction to exercise with an exercise physiologist who provides an easy, low stress overview of exercise options.
In the course of this first morning, the patient sees the primary physician, psychologist, diabetes educator, and registered dietitian. Each patient also receives a retinal scan and foot exam. Finally, patients are served a diabetes-friendly lunch with the clinical team present to answer questions about the food or anything else related to diabetes.
However, our work doesn't stop when the patient leaves the clinic. Because the needs of patients with type 2 diabetes require support and resources in the community, our diabetes program provides worksite and home services. After their visit, a team member meets with patients in their home to assess the support network available and to identify areas where patients will face particular challenges. Our teams then work with family and employers to inform and facilitate improvements in the home and work environments and sometimes in the local grocery stores and pharmacies.
Often, the care team conducts a thorough workplace assessment to determine how each patient's work setting impacts his or her health. For example, if there is no access to healthy foods, we work with the employer to improve the food options at a worksite. It might be surprising that employers have been incredibly supportive, however they fully understand the importance of having a healthy, happy, and productive workforce.
From the patient perspective, the most important measure is improvement in the ability to live (i.e., to work, participate in family life, attend important events, and enjoy daily activities). With each patient, the care team identifies capabilities that are motivating and meaningful and track their improvement. While these measures require greater effort to quantify, they are often the drivers of people's long?term commitment to lifestyle change and health.
Patients have responded incredibly well. A recent patient entered the program hoping to improve his health, get off regular insulin and lose about 60 lbs. With the diabetes team's help, he understood the need to deny barriers and stressors, such as fast food and sugary drinks, and was very successful.
Through the program, he increased glucose monitoring from to three to four times daily; went from not exercising at all to exercising four times a week at the facility we recommended to him; attended all prescribed education opportunities and shared medical group appointments; and engaged often with our dietician. While he hasn't yet reached all his top-level goals, he lost more than 45 lbs., reduced his BMI from 33.7 to 27.5 and his waist size from 44 to 36, and no longer needs mealtime insulin coverage.
The most successful patients are the ones who receive a continuum of care from the clinic to their community. Our model improves a physician's capability by bringing all of the necessary community resources together. Research shows that what happens outside the doctor's office can have a major impact — either positive or negative — on our health. That's why we began the Diabetes IPU model and why we'll continue using it to fight obesity and improve the care of individuals with prediabetes or diabetes.
1 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Time to Act: Investing in the Health of Our Children and Communities. Princeton, NJ: RWJF, 2014 (accessed May 2014).
2 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Time to Act: Investing in the Health of Our Children and Communities. Princeton, NJ: RWJF, 2014 (accessed May 2014).
3 State Health Care Cost Containment Commission. Cracking the Code on Health Care Costs. Charlottesville, VA: Miller Center, University of Virginia, 2014 (accessed May 2014).
4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of Selected Clinical Preventive Services Among Adults?United States, 2007-2010. MMWR, 61, 2012.
5 Accountable Care Organizations (ACO). In Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (accessed May 2014).
6 Healthier by Design: Creating Accountable Care Communities. In Accountable Care Community (accessed May 2014).
7 National Diabetes Prevention Program. In Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (accessed May 2014).
8 Weintrub WS et al. AHA Policy Statement: Value of Primordial and Primary Prevention for Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 124: 967-990, 2011.
9 The Hilltop Institute. What are Hospital Community Benefits? 2013 (accessed May 2014).
10 Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (Better Choices, Better Health Workshop). In Stanford Patient Education Resource Center (accessed May 2014).
11 City of Boston, Boston Bikes. State of the Hub: Boston Bikes 2013 Update Presented March 2014 (accessed April 2014).


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Posted October 16, 2013 11:00 a.m. CDT
As Bridget Hammons browsed portrait packages for her son's upcoming school photos, she came across an alarming image: Railroad tracks filled the background of a featured portrait, giving the overall impression that a child was standing on the tracks.
Bridget Hammons, Union Pacific manager-centralized train dispatching
"The photo had 'wrong' written all over it," said Hammons, a Union Pacific manager of centralized train dispatching. "I felt it was my responsibility to make the company aware of how these portrait styles were communicating the wrong message to children about railroad tracks."
After coordinating with the UP Public Safety Team, Hammons and Rick Mooney, Missouri Operation Lifesaver (OLI) state coordinator, reached out to the photography studio to discuss the background's dangerous implication and railroad safety. Shortly thereafter, the studio thanked Hammons for her actions.
"We appreciate your perspective on this, as it frankly did not occur to us that using this backdrop could be viewed as posing a danger to children," the photography studio said in a note to Hammons. "Understanding that it could be interpreted this way has prompted our decision to discontinue its use. We will keep a safety perspective in mind as we plan for future scenic backgrounds."
The popularity of trackside settings for portraits is not a new trend. As part of the UP CARES public safety initiative and an ongoing partnership with OLI to educate and call attention to railroad crossing and pedestrian safety, Union Pacific published a photography policy reminding photographers that walking on or near railroad tracks is extremely dangerous.
"You never know when a train will come along," said Dale Bray, director-public safety. "Using train tracks as a backdrop is not only unsafe, it is illegal trespassing. We urge professional and amateur photographers alike to set the right example for others by adhering to the safety guidelines."
Hammons encourages employees to keep a safety mindset at all times, no matter the location.
"Courage to Care doesn't end at work," Hammons said. "When you see something that isn't safe, tell somebody and get the right people involved."
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Content is produced by Union Pacific Corporate Relations, 1400 Douglas St., STOP 1550, Omaha, NE 68179. Contact us via the Feedback page.