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- Designer: Bruce Rogers
- Design foundry: Monotype
- Source: Monotype
The genius of fifteenth-century master printer and designer Nicholas Jenson served as the inspiration for Centaur, itself a classic of twentieth-century type design. In Monotype's digital version, the beauty and communicative power of this classic typeface by Bruce Rogers is brilliantly preserved.
Centaur HistoryOpen
Were it not for the typeface Centaur, Bruce Rogers would be remembered as one of America's great book designers. Consider Centaur, however, and Rogers earns his place in the ranks of America's great typeface designers as well.
While in Boston, Rogers saw a copy of Nicholas Jenson's 1470 Eusebius in an exhibition at the Boston Public Library. This prized incunable is generally regarded as one of the best examples of Jenson's type in use. Rogers was so fascinated with the design that he hunted down the owner of the book to see if he could get a better look. The owner agreed, and even invited Rogers to his home to photograph a page from the book. (Rogers eventually acquired a copy of the Eusebius for himself.)
Rogers' first typeface design (a font for Houghton Mifflin) was based on this photograph, but he wasn't entirely pleased with the results. "The first proofs of the type were faintly disappointing to me," he wrote, "...but Mr. Mifflin was delighted with the new type, and after several of the least successful letters were recut I decided it would have to do – for the time, at least – until I could have another try for my ideal type."
A Second Attempt
Ten years later, Rogers finally had "another try." By this time he had moved to New York and was working as a freelance designer.
For his second attempt at drawing a typeface based on the Eusebius types, he used enlarged copies of his photo prints as the basis for the design. Rogers wrote over the large lowercase characters repeatedly with a broad pen until he was satisfied that his hand, eye, and brain were familiar with the forms. Only then did he draw the letters on white paper.
These, and the capitals which he rendered more carefully, were the drawings Rogers sent to Robert Wiebking, the Chicago engraver and type designer (Rogers trusted Wiebking to craft the forms based on the intent of his drawings, without needing exact renderings).
Both of Rogers' earlier versions of Centaur were roman-only designs, but at Rogers' request, the Monotype version added an italic based on drawings by Frederic Warde. Warde's italic is an interpretation of the work of the 16th century printer and calligrapher, Ludovico degli Arrighi.
In the 1990s, Monotype produced digital fonts based on the original drawings of Rogers and Warde, adding new bold and bold italic weights and a suite of alternate and swash characters. The Centaur type continues to be generally acclaimed as the best revival of Nicolas Jenson's original design – a true Monotype masterwork.
Centaur UsageOpen
The original completed fonts from Rogers were cast in 14 point by The American Type Founders Company and were first used to set a translation of De Guerin's Le Centaure. Following typographic tradition, Rogers named his typeface after the book in which it first appeared.
Centaur was later issued in several other sizes and used exclusively for the New York Metropolitan Museum Press. Soon, fine printers made so many requests for the Centaur types that Rogers considered developing a commercial version of the face.
In 1928, Rogers finally decided to take on the project. He provided Monotype with new drawings specifically for the company's typesetting machines. The process took almost a year, and the new fonts were first used to set The Trained Printer and Amateur in 1929. The most famous use for the type, however, came six years later when a special 22-point size was cast to set the 1,238-page Oxford Lecturn Bible.
Licenses for desktop fonts
A typical desktop font EULA will allow you to install the font on your computer for use with authoring tools including word processors, design tools and other applications that permit font selection. Fonts can also be used for creation of print documents, static images (JPEG, TIFF, PNG) and logos. The cost of a desktop font license is determined by the number of workstations on which the font is to be used.View the desktop EULA for this family
Licenses for Fonts.com Web Fonts subscriptions
The Fonts.com Web Fonts license provides access to a selection of fonts for use on websites for use with CSS@font-face. Font delivery from our global network is available through all subscriptions – even our free plan. Some plans include the option to self-host, access to desktop fonts, and use of our FontExplorer X font manager and Typecast design application. The price of a plan is determined by its pageview allowance and other features included.View the Fonts.com Web Fonts subscription license agreement
Licenses for mobile apps
A mobile app license permits the embedding of a font into the iOS, Android or Windows Phone mobile platforms for a single title and a set number of app installations. You can view and modify the installation limit from the cart. App installations can be spread out across the platforms your app is available for. A new license is not required to cover updates to an app, however installations of newer versions of your app do count toward your installation limit.Learn more about licenses for mobile apps
Licenses for electronic publications (eBooks)
An electronic publication license can be used for the embedding of fonts into electronic documents including e-books, e-magazines and e-newspapers. A license covers only a single title but is valid for the full operating life of that title. Every issue of an e-magazine, e-newspaper or other form of e-periodical is considered a separate, new publication. Format variations do not count as separate publications. If a publication is updated and distributed to existing users, a new license is not required. However, updated versions issued to new customers are defined as new publications and require a separate license.Learn more about licenses for eBooks
Server licenses
Server licenses authorize the installation of a font on a server that is accessed by remote users or website visitors. These licenses are commonly used by Web-based businesses providing goods that are personalized by its users such as business cards, images with captions and personalized merchandise. Users are not allowed to download the font file and the font may not be used outside the server environment. The font may not be employed for a software as a service (SaaS) application in which the service is the actual product and not the means of providing the product. Server licenses cover a set number of CPU cores on production servers (development servers are not counted) on which the font is installed. The license is valid for 1 year.Learn more about server licenses


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Best. Summer. Ever.
Summertime is free of school and free of worries. But summer in Arizona means keeping your cool, one way or another, and being mindful of everything else that comes with seasonal heat. Make yours full of happy memories with these helpful little reminders.Read More →
Valley of the Sun Mended Hearts
The Valley of the Sun Mended Hearts support group invites you to an evening of support and education for individuals with heart conditions including heart failure, atrial fibrillation, valve replacements, etc. Walk-ins welcomed.Read More →
StoryCorps at Virginia G. Piper Cancer Center
Talking about our lives and sharing our personal stories with others creates a connection. It's what makes us human. StoryCorps Legacy records and preserves the stories of people affected by serious illness and their loved ones.Read More →
About HonorHealth™
Two of Arizona's leading healthcare providers have merged to form HonorHealth, a patient-centric healthcare network. See the story of HonorHealth.

subset: commoncrawl


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Wednesday, April 24, 2013
James Hubert Lindsey of Pinopolis, a retired maintenance mechanic for the Charleston Naval Shipyard, died Friday evening, April 12, 2013 in a local nursing home. He was 81.
Surviving are his wife, Lillian Carrigg Lindsey; a daughter, Gail Edwards and her husband, Bob, of Louden, TN; two sons, Jerry Lindsey and Edwin Lindsey and his wife, Vickie, all of Pinopolis; a sister, Barbara Ferrell of El Paso, TX; two grandchildren; and two great-grandchildren.
Online condolences may be sent to the family at www.dial-murrayfuneralhome.com.
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Road to Hana
- Type: Sightseeing
- Time to Spend: Half Day to Full Day
|Overall Rating:
|About these ratings
To find excellent views of Maui's beautiful coastline, all you need to do is drive. The Road to Hana is a scenic highway that twists through the lush rainforest and past the cascading waterfalls that line the island's eastern shore. Most people start their trip in Kahului (home to Maui's main airport) with the intention of motoring 55 miles to Hana. The trip isn't always easy: The route often surprises unfamiliar drivers with hairpin turns. But those who decide to step on the gas aren't sorry they did. Despite all the hype and mental preparation, travelers are regularly surprised by the drive's beauty.
The Road to Hana might seem short, but travelling it will most likely take all day given the number of scenic lookouts and other places to stop. Those who have driven the Road to Hana highly recommend taking your time and stopping as often as possible. You have to stop along the way to explore," one TripAdvisor user insisted. "As they say, its about the journey, not the destination."
There are several notable photo opportunities along the way, including the Twin Falls around the 2-mile marker (driving from Kahului to Hana); and the Wailea Overlook or Waikani Falls around the 21-mile marker. The Waianapanapa State Park and Hookipa Beach are also popular stops. Since the trip will take you awhile, pack snacks and a cooler with drinks. Also, some travelers note that the winding route can weak havoc on those prone to motion sickness — make sure to take it slow and allow for plenty of time outside the car.
Nearby Things To Do
Waianapanapa State Park0.9 miles away
Haleakala National Park10.9 miles away
Hookipa Beach26.1 miles away
Nearby Hotels
Hotel Wailea29.0 miles away
Travaasa Hana1.2 miles away
Grand Wailea, A Waldorf Astoria Resort29.4 miles away


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Mrs. Gloria Geringer
P.O. Box 1163
Denham Springs, LA 70727
(225) 665-3707
Email: email@example.com
[ edit profile ]
I started in purebred dogs in 1963 with Am Cockers from a kennel near my home where I was raised in Detroit Michigan. I showed them to American and Canadian championships. I later added Pointers. In 1988 I started judging with just those two breeds. I now have five groups, Sporting, Hound, Terrier, Toy, Non Sporting and Boxers. I have judged in 27 countries, some numerous times. I have had the honor of judging American Spaniel Club several times, American Pointer National and have judged National specialties in other countries. It was also an honor to judge the Melbourne Royal in Australia in 2013. I now live near Baton Rouge, LA


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Admissions | FAQs | Fees, Schedule, Policies | Program Description | Registration | Brochure
The University of North Florida Division of Continuing Education is pleased to announce that it has registered with the Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. (CFP Board) to provide a new financial planning certificate program.An independent certifying organization, CFP Board owns the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ and federally registered CFP (with flame design), which it awards to individuals who meet its education, examination, experience and ethics requirements. Students completing the financial planning program at UNF's Division of Continuing Education will be eligible to sit for the national CFP Certification Examination administered by the CFP Board.
We're conveniently located at the UNF Adam W. Herbert University Center, 12000 Alumni Drive, Jacksonville, Fla. 32224. For more information about any of our programs, contact us at (904) 620-4200 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
Ron Heymann, CFP® ChFC®
Charter Financial Consultant
Ron Heymann achieved his CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER ™ certification in 2011 after successfully completing the program at the University of North Florida. He added the Charter Financial Consultant ChFC® designation from the American College in 2013. As executive wealth advisor for Davis Capital Management in Jacksonville, Ron is responsible for financial planning and asset management for high net-worth clients throughout the Southeast. The firm is an independent registered investment advisor (RIA) whose philosophy is congruent with the fiduciary principles established by the CFP® standard.
A graduate of Episcopal High School in Jacksonville, Ron earned his bachelors of science from Florida State University in 1997. He returned to Jacksonville after a stint in resort management with Ritz-Carlton to earn an MBA from the University of North Florida, completing the program at the Coggin School of Business in 2006. His financial industry experience includes working as a portfolio specialist and account executive for Fidelity Investments. His present role as executive wealth advisor allows him to incorporate all components of comprehensive financial planning into the service he provides to clients. Ron is a member of the Northeast Florida chapter of the Financial Planning Association, the Small Business Resource Network, the Fernandina Beach Rotary Club, and the Nassau County Chamber of Commerce. He donates time to several non-profit and municipal boards of trustees, providing counsel primarily on finance and planning related issues. In his free time, he enjoys spending time with his wife and two children on the beaches of Amelia Island. An avid scuba enthusiast, he is known to strap on a tank to dive in any kind of environment, from hunting lionfish from the clear waters of the Caribbean to seeking prehistoric fossils and artifacts in the murky, alligator-infested Cooper River of South Carolina.
Ryan Newton, CFP®
Ryan Newton is a native of Georgia and relocated to Amelia Island when he was a young child. He is a graduate of Fernandina Beach High School. He earned his B.B.A. in finance and computer information systems from Mercer University where he graduated Magna Cum Laude. Newton earned his master's degree with an emphasis in sports management from the University of Georgia.
Newton has worked in the Greater Jacksonville area since 2003 and is now a financial planner with Gold Tree Financial, Inc. He became a CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ professional in 2007. Before joining Gold Tree Financial, Ryan formed his own Registered Investment Advisor firm in Jacksonville. He provided fee based financial planning along with investment advisory and management services. Newton holds his Series 7 and 66 securities licenses, as well as his life, health and variable annuity insurance license in the state of Florida. He is also licensed for insurance and securities in several other states. Newton is in the process of earning the Accredited Estate Planner® designation. He teaches the CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ curriculum, Casebook Workshops and the Comprehensive Live Review class around the country for Kenneth Zahn Inc.
In his spare time, he enjoys watching a variety of
sports, reading, surfing in Costa Rica, and playing golf.
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- The humidity sensor measures moisture levels, detecting dry air that may irritate your baby's throat.
- The temperature sensor helps you keep the climate comfortable and consistent in baby's room.
- DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication) technology guarantees a private connection with zero interference at a range of 1,000 feet.
- Talk back feature allows you to comfort your baby from anywhere in the home.
- Sleek, parent unit features vibrate option, and built-in nightlight and soothing lullabie.
- Also features an eco-friendly power saver mode.
- Includes monitor and parent unit, AC/DC adaptor, batteries, charging base for parent unit, belt clip, neck cord, travel bag, DFU/user manual, and quick-start guide.
- Model# SCD535.


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Daren Mueller, Department of Plant PathologyDespite soybean rust infecting fields in Iowa last fall, the pathogen needs to retrace its steps to get back to Iowa in 2008. The first critical step is for the pathogen to survive somewhere over the winter in places like Florida, Texas or Mexico.
An extensive study on the survival of soybean rust was completed in Florida by W. Jurick, J. Marios, D. Wright and P. Harmon. Their data was presented at the National Soybean Rust Symposium. Some of the main conclusions were:
As spring nears (at least in the South), there have been a couple of noteworthy developments. First, soybean rust continues to survive in kudzu patches in Louisiana and Texas, which are further west than survival in previous years. Second, the ipmPIPE web site has made their service available for Mexican plant pathologists to track soybean rust in Mexico. This winter they reported soybean rust on jicama (yam bean) and soybean in a couple of different locations.
Texas Kudzu, 1-8-08, Photo by Tom Isakeit
Temperatures in the south are beginning to warm, but there is still a chance for more killing frosts. Researchers in the southern states will continue to track the survival of soybean rust on kudzu in the U.S. and jicama and soybean in Mexico. For now, the soybean rust pathogen has survived in expected places (Mexico, Florida, southern Georgia and Alabama) and some unexpected places (central Texas and Louisiana).
March 5, 2008 Rust Observation Map, http://www.sbrusa.net/cgi-bin/sbr/public.cgiHaving this information is critical for the accuracy of the predictive models for the movement of soybean rust during the season. For growers, if soybean rust continues to survive in Mexico, Texas and Louisiana, this means the pathogen has passed the first critical step in getting back to Iowa. The next step will be to build up the inoculum this spring when the soybean plants and kudzu vines begin to grow in the southern states.
Daren Mueller is an extension specialist in the Department of Plant Pathology.
This article was published originally on 3/12/2008 The information contained within the article may or may not be up to date depending on when you are accessing the information.
Links to this material are strongly encouraged. This article may be republished without further permission if it is published as written and includes credit to the author, Integrated Crop Management News and Iowa State University Extension. Prior permission from the author is required if this article is republished in any other manner.
www.soybeanrust.info Common Soybean Leaf Diseases and Soybean Rust, PM 1989, pdf
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Anne Semonin wraps and scrubs collection
Express Aromatic Salt Exfoliation
An express aromatic oil and salt scrub; is the perfect skin preparation, leaving skin deeply nourished, soothed and hydrated. This is the perfect treatment to accompany massage as the exfoliation enhances oil absorption and softens the skin and muscles to relax deeper.
30-minutes – GEL 80
Tahitian Black Sand Body Polish
This express black sand exfoliation with nourishing oils leaves skin soothed, hydrated and shining. This is the perfect treatment to accompany massage as the exfoliation enhances oil absorption and softens the skin and muscles to relax deeper.
30-minutes – GEL 95
Sea Salt and Aromatic Oil Wrap and Scrub
This ultra-moisturising body scrub experience incorporates a therapeutic scalp massage. Warmed aromatic oils are applied all over the body designed to deeply nourish and soften the skin followed by a revitalising exfoliation and warm body wrap. This treatment is an ideal preparation for pre-tanning and special occasion as skin is left hydrated and silky smooth.
One hour – GEL 135
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This ultra-moisturizing and hydrating body envelopment is designed to recondition dry, dehydrated or sun-damaged skins. This treatment begins with a full body exfoliation and scalp massage followed by an application of pink Kaolin clay combined with nutrient-rich treatment oils. It is a perfect full body thirst quencher for tired sensitive skin.
One hour – GEL 150
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A detoxifying, slimming and energy-boosting treatment, this envelopment begins with gentle exfoliation to boost circulation combined with seaweed extracts to harness the powerful cleansing and re-mineralising benefits of the ocean.
One hour – GEL 155


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To decipher the meaning of these vocal signals, he and his colleagues, Suzanne Page and Steve Glickman, presented adult hyenas with three objects: unfamiliar spotted hyena cubs, meaty bones, and the empty transport cage used to contain bones or cubs on other experiments. The cubs elicited more groans from more hyenas than other objects, and the groans elicited by other objects were less tonal in nature, with lower fundamental frequency. The researchers conclude that hyena groans can be classified into different groups, based on acoustic characteristics, and that the hyenas modulate the sounds they produce in response to different behavioral contexts.
However, the exact meaning of specific types of groans remains unclear. The groans directed to the cubs might be friendly if produced by a mother toward her cub, or it might be a warning signal for an unrelated cub. The number of recorded interactions is still too small to draw definitive conclusions. The UCB group would like to record the vocalizations of hyena cubs in future studies, to better establish the meaning of the communications.
Paper 4pABd1, "Vocalizations of the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta): Eliciting Acoustic Variation in Groans" will be presented at 5:20 p.m. on Thursday, July 3 in room 343.
Among vertebrates, only a few species are known to produce and detect ultrasonic frequencies for communication and for echolocation -- bats, dolphins and whales, and some rodents -- which suggests that this ability could be limited to mammals. However, UCLA's Peter Narins (email@example.com) and his colleagues recently uncovered the first evidence of ultrasonic communication in an amphibian: the concave-eared torrent frog (Amolops tormotus), found in Huangshan Hot Sprin
|Contact: Jason Bardi
American Institute of Physics


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Tuesday, September 28, 2010
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
SNELLVILLE — With October and Breast Cancer Awareness Month quickly approaching, Emory Eastside Medical Center will host its first-ever women's cancer symposium tonight.Focusing on "Orchestrating Breast Cancer Care," the presentation will include a number of exhibits and discussions led by Eastside specialists all along the spectrum of breast cancer care, including radiologists, pathologists, breast and plastic surgeons and oncologists. Discussion topics led by Emory Eastside physicians will include: diagnosis through radiology and pathology, treatment through surgery and treatment through radiation and medical oncology. The event will be held at the Eastside Physicians Plaza adjacent to the hospital at 1800 Tree Lane Road, Suite 270. Doors open at 4:30 p.m., with a buffet dinner offered at 5:30. An open Q&A session is slated to being at 7:30 p.m. Attendance is free, but guests are asked to RSVP by calling 770-972-7570.
More like this story
- October holds many cancer awareness events ( September 30, 2010 )
- Hospital to host third annual Ladies Night Out ( October 21, 2009 )
- Eastside Medical Center offering mammograms at special rate ( October 19, 2013 )
- GMC, CBS partner to host breast cancer awareness event ( November 7, 2009 )
- Hospital to host third annual Ladies Night Out ( October 28, 2009 )


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During a speech to a conference of sheriffs in Washington, D.C., last week, Michele Leonhart, head of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), reportedly criticized President Obama for saying marijuana is safer than alcohol. Bristol County, Massachusetts, Sheriff Thomas M. Hodgson gave this account to the Boston Herald:
She's frustrated for the same reasons we are. She said she felt the administration didn't understand the science enough to make those statements. She was particularly frustrated with the fact that, according to her, the White House participated in a softball game with a pro-legalization group….But she said her lowest point in 33 years in the DEA was when she learned they'd flown a hemp flag over the Capitol on July 4. The sheriffs were all shocked. This is the first time in 28 years I've ever heard anyone in her position be this candid.
Kern County, California, Sheriff Donny Youngblood, president of the Major Counties Sheriffs' Association, the group Leonhart addressed, confirmed that she "called out Obama for what Youngblood described as 'irresponsible' comments that were a 'big slap in the face' to cops who have lost their lives keeping drugs off the street." He said she received a standing ovation.
For Leonhart to describe Obama's statement as unscientific is pretty rich. Like all of her predecessors, Leonhart has steadfastly refused to reclassify marijuana, which for no rational reason remains on Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, a category supposedly reserved for drugs with a high potential for abuse that have no accepted medical applications and cannot be used safely, even under medical supervision. In response to questions from Rep. Jared Polis (D-Colo.) in 2012, Leonhart famously declined to say whether marijuana was more or less dangerous than crack, heroin, or methamphetamine (which is actually less restricted), repeating the mantra that "all illegal drugs are bad." Mmmkay?
Leonhart's objection to the hemp flag reflects the DEA's unyielding opposition not only to marijuana itself but to anything associated with it. Although many countries manage to ban marijuana while allowing production of industrial hemp, which is not psychoactive, the DEA has always insisted those two policies cannot coexist, which is why the hemp for that flag had to be imported. The DEA's fear and loathing of anything it associates with cannabis culture explains its bizarre, lawless attempt to ban all edible hemp products (such as the hemp seeds and hemp oil you can buy at Costco). That anti-hemp crusade was ultimately blocked by a federal appeals court, which said it had no statutory basis, since the Controlled Substances Act specifically excludes hemp seeds from its definition of marijuana.
You can call Leonhart's revulsion at the thought of a hemp flag flying over the Capitol many things. But "scientific" is not one of them. Likewise, her refusal to concede that alcohol is more dangerous than marijuana has no scientific basis. Tellingly, Sheriff Youngblood calls Obama's statement about the two drugs' relative hazards "irresponsible" and offensive to drug warriors. He does not call it inaccurate.
Leonhart, of course, was Obama's pick to head the DEA, and he surely knew what he was getting, since she had been running the agency as acting administrator since November 2007 and had served as its deputy administrator before that. As acting administrator, she overruled a DEA administrative law judge's recommendation that University of Massachusetts at Amherst scientists be allowed to produce marijuana for research, a function currently monopolized by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, which is more interested in showing how dangerous marijuana is than in exploring its medical utility. That monopoly, unique to marijuana, is even harder to defend than the drug's Schedule I status—which, by the way, Obama has the power to change without new legislation. It is fitting that Obama, having opted to stay the course in the war on drugs despite pre-election statements promising something else, has to endure sniping from the hardline prohibitionists he appointed now that has managed to utter an inconvenient truth.
Addendum: The Marijuana Policy Project (MPP) is urging Obama to fire Leonhart. Dan Riffle, MPP's director of Federal Policies, says:
Whether Ms. Leonhart is ignorant of the facts or intentionally disregarding them, she is clearly unfit for her current position. By any objective measure, marijuana is less harmful than alcohol to the consumer and society. It is irresponsible and unacceptable for a government official charged with enforcing our drug laws to deny the facts surrounding the nation's two most popular recreational drugs.
The DEA administrator's continued refusal to recognize marijuana's relative safety compared to alcohol and other drugs flies in the face of the president's commitment to prioritizing science over ideology and politics. She is neglecting the basic obligations of her job and fundamentally undermining her employer's mission. This would be grounds for termination in the private sector, and the consequences for Ms. Leonhart should be no different.
I don't know about that. It seems to me Leonhart's refusal to discuss the relative hazards of different intoxicants and her outrage at symbols of dissent makes her well-suited to lead the war on drugs, an emotion-driven crusade that has always been at odds with the truth.
Addendum II: Rep. Polis observes that "many of the Founding Fathers, including George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, grew hemp, and some of the first American flags were made of hemp." He wonders, "Is Michele Leonhart embarrassed by Betsy Ross, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington?"
[cross-posted at Hit & Run]


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Everything you need to conduct your own water monitoring program! The kit includes a hydrometer, a high quality student water sampling bottle, a turbidity tube with miniature secchi disc, a leaf pack with flash cards, a pocket case thermometer, student waders, a kit for macro-invertebrate study, and a kit to measure dissolved oxygen, phosphates, nitrates, pH, turbidity, coliform bacteria, and temperature.
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Madonna redefined the word 'spectacular' with her Super Bowl half time show over the weekend. In what we're sure cost the debt of several small third world countries, Madonna's show was a no-holds-barred exercise in precision choreography and aesthetic decadence. Ushered in on the shoulders of an army of Roman Empire soldiers on a giant, regal float complete with gold throne, Madonna vogued to open the set, and what better song to vogue to than "Vogue"? After the perfectly synchronized, slow pace of Madonna's voguing, the veteran broke seamlessly into "Music," showing off some serious athletic agility and surely making America forget that she's a woman in her 50s.
"Music" got a cool mash-up from guests LMFAO, who mixed the classic Madonna track with their hit "Party Rock Anthem." The LMFAO boys shared a fun synchronized shuffle and some awkward slap-stick visual narrative with Madonna for the remix, ripping off her gladiator style skirt to reveal a simple black dress just in time for her new single "Give Me All Your Luvin.'" Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. joined Madge on stage for a gold pom pom filled dance extravaganza which wasn't entirely without controversy (and what would a Madonna show be without controversy?), courtesy of M.I.A. and an inconspicuous enough little bird (more on that later).
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" ended as a large procession walked onto the stage — a marching band led by none other than Cee Lo Green. Singing lines from "Open Your Heart," Madonna and Cee Lo pulled a fast one and with the help of a huge choir broke into "Like A Prayer" instead. Cee Lo was impeccable, soulfully adding the big notes to the final chorus. At the end of the song, Madonna dramatically disappeared in a cloud of smoke, while the words "World Peace" were emblazoned in light across the field.
[Photo: Getty Images]


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Can I get hold of the paper referred to in the UK Sports Diving Medical Committee's proposal?
This was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34:375-378, "Medical supervision of sport diving in Scotland: reassessing the need for routine medical examinations" Glen S, White S and Douglas J. Reprints are available from the British Journal of Sports Medicine, BMJ Publishing Group, BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR, UK.
See the article abstract.
If a diver signs the form stating that all is OK, but is hiding a past illness…
The form is a legal declaration. If a diver is found to have been untruthful and an accident occurs then that diver will be uninsured and may be held individually liable for the consequences.
What if I have had DCI but been cleared to dive? or What if I have a condition listed on the medical form and have to tick yes- but have been cleared to dive by a medical referee?
Simply include details of your previous assessment when completing the form. This certificate may be given for a certain time period or be a clearance that self-declaration forms can be completed by the diver for the future. Provided you have been given the all clear then there will not be a problem.
Who do I speak to if I am unsure about whether an illness in the past will stop me diving?
Telephone your local medical referee. Check the UK Sports Diving Medical Committee's website or your Diving Organisation for the most up-to-date list of referees. The telephone enquiry to a medical referee may result in:
What about the body mass index (BMI)?
There is no longer a cut-off. If you are able to complete the pool training then this is used as an indication of your fitness to dive. A high BMI does not necessarily reflect a poor level of fitness, just as a low BMI does not guarantee good fitness.
Isn't this just a means of medical referees now being able to charge?
The medical referees have diving medicine expertise and incur significant expense maintaining their knowledge, and also performing medicals or arranging investigation. Until recently many referees did not charge for their time, but this is impossible to sustain because of the increasing number of referrals. As an approximate guide, the British Medical Association suggested an initial consultation fee for this type of examination of £61.50 in 2000.
How does the self declaration affect my Diving insurance?
This change has been approved by the diving organisation insurance companies.
At least I was seen by a doctor for my diving medical?
You can continue to have medicals if you choose to do so, but you should not be falsely reassured by their screening value for diving fitness.
Where can I seek general medical advice?
Check the medical standards on the website, or contact your local medical referee.
If I have a condition that warrants a visit to a medical referee, does that referee keep my own doctor up to date?
Copies of correspondence or investigation results are usually sent to your own doctor.
Supposing different advice has been given from another medical source compared to a medical referee, who do I go to seek advice or clarification?
The UK Sport Diving Medical Committee is the final court of appeal for divers, and referees are able to refer to the committee for advice
My DO doesn't agree with the new proposal, will anyone from BSAC or SAA be able to help with updating and giving them more information?
The DO should contact their respective organisation for a further response by their UK Sports Diving Medical Committee representative.
Isn't this decision because everyone else is looking at or accepting self declarations?
The UKSDMC continually monitors the safety of diving in the UK and it is because of the ongoing research programme that this change has been proposed. Other organisations use questionnaires but the proposed system is based on published evidence.
Why do I have to go through a medical for a job, but not for diving which is perceived as more dangerous?
Employment medicals are a different situation entirely because of the concern of employer liability. Although some employers insist on screening medicals there may be little supporting evidence for this for most types of employment.
What about medical conditions such as high blood pressure, mental problems or substance abuse that may be missed by going onto self declarations?
We have had instances of hypertensive divers developing acute pulmonary oedema (fluid on the lungs) from left ventricular failure when diving in cold water. This was mostly in the days of the neoprene wet suit. Now that dry suits are more common, this is no longer such a problem. The current medical system does not prevent the occasional diver developing pulmonary oedema. Mental problems significant in a diving context would normally be detected during training. Substance abuse is a fact of life these days and a medical examination would not normally detect it. Do not forget that by far the commonest drug to be abused is alcohol, and the night in the pub before diving is often a silent contributing factor to diving accidents the following day.


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FOX's 'Enlisted' trailer: Geoff Stults merges comedy with the Army
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enlisted-trailer-fox.jpg FOX's fall TV lineup includes a glut of comedy, not the least of which is "Enlisted." Geoff Stults ("Ben and Kate") stars as Sgt. Pete Waits, a prodigal son returning from Afghanistan to a Florida Army base. He's tasked with ...
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Stock Market & Financial Investment News
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August 20, 2014
SEC sought information on Ocwen Financial's ties to other firms, NY Times says
Ocwen Financial has received a subpoena from the SEC for documents relating to other companies with which it does business, the company reported in a regulatory filing earlier this week, according to The New York Times. The executive chairman of Ocwen, William Erbey, is chairman of some of these other companies, the newspaper stated.
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July 31, 2015
On The Fly: Top stock stories for Friday
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On The Fly: Top stock stories at midday
The Wall Street averages began the session slightly lower, soon turned mixed and have all returned to positive ground near midday. The Nasdaq has been the strongest of the indexes throughout. The S&P 500 is trying to hold onto its gain of about 1.5% for the month as July comes to a close. ECONOMIC EVENTS: In the U.S., the employment cost index for the second quarter increased 0.2%, versus expectations for an increase of 0.6%. The Chicago PMI business barometer index bounced to 54.7 in July, topping the expected reading of 50.8. The final reading of the University of Michigan consumer confidence index for July came in at 93.1, which was down from the 93.3 flash reading and below the 94 that was expected. In Europe, Athex stated that the Athens Stock Exchange will reopen on August 3. COMPANY NEWS: Shares of Exxon Mobil (XOM) and Chevron (CVX) declined 2.9% and 3.6%, respectively, after both energy majors reported lower than expected earnings due to falling oil prices. Exxon noted that its Downstream and Chemical segment earnings increased significantly from the second quarter of last year, but that those higher earnings were more than offset by the impact of weaker Upstream realizations and lower asset management gains. Chevron, meanwhile, recorded impairments of $1.96B and other charges of approximately $670M relating to project suspensions and adverse tax effects, all of which stemmed from a downward revision in the company's longer-term crude oil price outlook. MAJOR MOVERS: Among the notable gainers was Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE), which rose 13% after the Wall Street Journal reported that the company is in advanced merger talks with Coca-Cola bottlers for Germany and the region of Spain, Portugal and Andorra. Also higher following their earnings reports were MoneyGram (MGI), which gained 27%, Expedia (EXPE), which added 10%, and SkyWest (SKYW), which rallied 20%. Among the noteworthy losers was FireEye (FEYE), which fell 5% after reporting quarterly results and announcing that CFO Michael Sheridan intends to leave the company. Also lower following their earnings reports were Ocwen Financial (OCN), which fell 28.5%, and Hanesbrands (HBI), which dropped 10%. INDEXES: Near midday, the Dow was up 10.36, or 0.06%, to 17,756.34, the Nasdaq was up 18.60, or 0.36%, to 5,147.38, and the S&P 500 was up 3.98, or 0.19%, to 2,112.61.
On The Fly: Analyst Downgrade Summary
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On The Fly: Pre-market Movers
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Ocwen downgraded on valuation at Sterne Agee CRT
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Ocwen downgraded to Underperform from Neutral at BofA/Merrill
Ocwen downgraded to Neutral from Buy at Sterne Agee CRT
July 30, 2015
On The Fly: After Hours Movers
UP AFTER EARNINGS: YRC Worldwide (YRCW), up 17.7%... SkyWest (SKYW), up 11.5%... Zeltiq Aesthetics (ZLTQ), up 9%... Columbia Sportswear (COLM), up 11%... Expedia (EXPE), up 7.9%... Ellie Mae (ELLI), up 7%... Comfort Systems (FIX), up 6.2%... DigitalGlobe (DGI), up 5%... Fiesta Restaurant Group (FRGI), up 8%... Amgen (AMGN), up 1.9%. ALSO HIGHER: Juno Therapeutics (JUNO), up 1.7% after getting FDA clearance for IND application for JCAR015... Priceline (PCLN), up 1.5% following Expedia's quarterly results... Coca-Cola Enterprises (CCE), up 9.6% after the Wall Street Journal reported that the company is in advanced talks with Coca-Cola bottlers... Endurance Specialty (ENH), up 2.6% after being added to the S&P MidCap 400. DOWN AFTER EARNINGS: Oculus (OCLS), down 17%... Computer Programs (CPSI), down 11.9%... Outerwall (OUTR), down 9.2%... FireEye (FEYE), down 5.2% after reporting quarterly results and that CFO Michael Sheridan intends to leave the company... Hanesbrands (HBI), down 8.5%... Solazyme (SZYM), down 8.8%... Boston Beer (SAM), down 5.2%... Ocwen Financial (OCN), down 10.7%... LinkedIn (LNKD), down 4.5%... Electronic Arts (EA), down 3.2%.
Ocwen reports Q2 EPS 8c, consensus 20c
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A method and apparatus for detecting a signaling tone within a communications channel, such as a telephone line, is presented. The energy level of the communications channel signal is measured at the frequency of the signaling tone and at one or more frequencies that are integer divisors of the signaling tone (i.e. at one or more subharmonics). The subharmonic energies are evaluated in determining whether the signaling tone is present. The technique can be implemented using a plurality of resonators and a comparator.
1. A method for detecting a predetermined signaling tone within a signal conveyed by a communications channel, the method comprising:
performing a first measurement of the energy of the communications channel signal at the frequency of the predetermined signaling tone;
performing a second measurement of the energy of the communications channel signal at a frequency that is an integer divisor of the predetermined signaling tone frequency;
performing one or more guard band measurements of the energy of the signals conveyed by the communications channel at respective one or more guard band frequencies, the guard band frequencies chosen to lie just above or just below a corresponding signaling tone frequency; and
determining that the signaling tone is present when the result of the first measurement exceeds a first threshold, where the first threshold is derived from the result of the second measurement, and when the results of the guard band measurements do not exceed a second threshold, where the second threshold is derived from the result of the first measurement.
2. The method of
3. The method of
and in which the step of performing a second measurement is further comprised of the substeps of applying the communications channel signal to a second resonator tuned to an integer divisor of the signaling tone frequency; and measuring the output of the second resonator.
4. The method of
5. The method of
6. The method of
7. The method of
8. The method of
9. The method of
in which the step of determining that the signaling tone is present further includes the substep of determining that the result of the first measurement exceeds one or more further thresholds, where the further thresholds are derived from the results of the further measurements.
10. The method of
11. A method for detecting a customer premises equipment alerting signal comprised of one or more signaling tones received on a telephone line by a telephone while voice or other audible communications are occurring on the telephone line, which method is comprised of:
measuring the signal energies present on the telephone line at the frequencies of the one or more signaling tones;
measuring the signal energies present at one or more sub-harmonic frequencies of each of the one or more signaling tones;
measuring the signal energies present at one or more guard band frequencies, the guard band frequencies chosen to lie just above or just below a corresponding signaling tone frequency; and
determining that the alerting signal is present when the energy of each signaling tone frequency exceeds a threshold derived from the energies measured at the one or more sub-harmonic frequencies for each signaling tone, and when the energy of each signaling tone frequency exceeds a threshold derived from the energy measured at the one or more guard band frequencies of that signaling tone.
12. The method of
13. The method of
14. A telephone alerting signal detector for detecting the presence of a signaling tone on a communications channel, the detector comprising:
a signaling tone resonator tuned to the frequency of the signaling tone; one or more sub-harmonic resonators, each sub-harmonic resonator being tuned to a frequency that is an integer divisor of the signaling tone frequency;
one or more guard band resonators, each guard band resonator being tuned to a frequency that is slightly greater than or less than the signaling tone frequency;
a comparator including inputs that are derived from the outputs of the signaling tone and sub-harmonic resonators and from the guard band resonator outputs, whereby the output of the comparator is indicative of the presence of the signaling tone if the signaling tone resonator output exceeds a first threshold derived from the sub-harmonic resonator outputs, and if the signaling tone resonator output exceeds a second threshold, where the second threshold is derived from the guard band resonator levels.
15. The telephone alerting signal detector of
16. The telephone alerting signal detector of
17. The telephone alerting signal detector of
18. The telephone alerting signal detector of
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to telephone communications. In particular, the invention relates to an improved technique for the detection of signaling tones, such as those associated with caller identification services, transmitted over a voice communications link.
2. Background Art
In recent years, numerous advanced telecommunications features have become readily available to home and business telephone users. One such feature that has attained great popularity is caller identification, often referred to as "caller ID" or "CID". Conventional caller ID systems typically involve the transmission of data identifying or corresponding to the calling party's telephone number and/or name from the telephone company central office switch to a called party's CID-capable telephone set or CID box. This data is transmitted over the telephone line during the "silent" period following the first ring of the called party's telephone set. The called party is thus able to determine the identity of the calling party before answering the incoming call. Additionally, if the called party is unavailable or elects not to answer the incoming call, a record of calls received can be stored locally in the memory of the CID-capable telephone set or CID box for later reference by the user. Such conventional caller ID service only operates when the called party's phone is "on hook", i.e. when the called party is not engaged in a telephone conversation.
Conventional caller ID has been further improved through the implementation of a system known as Type II caller ID. Type II CID expands upon the functionality of conventional CID by combining conventional caller ID with a "call waiting" service. A call waiting service operates during an ongoing telephone conversation by audibly signaling a called party to indicate that a second calling party has placed a call to the called party's phone. The called party upon hearing a signal tone can elect to put the first call on hold and establish a connection with the second calling party. After having completed talking to the second calling party, the called party can reestablish a connection with and resume talking to the first party.
However, unlike conventional CID, Type II CID also operates while a called party is already engaged in a telephone conversation and receives a telephone call from a second party. The system first notifies the user of the incoming call by transmitting an audible "call waiting" tone, and then proceeds to transmit Type II CID data to the called party thereby identifying the second calling party. Just as in traditional caller ID, the new caller's information is displayed on the Type II CID-capable telephone set or CID box. Thus, the user is able to determine the relative importance of a newly received call, and to decide whether to interrupt the call in which the user is already engaged by switching over to the second call.
Several standards have been developed for the implementation of Type II CID, such as the BellCore GR-3004 specification, or the BT 202 specification. Such standards dictate that Type II CID operation is initiated via the transmission of a specific signal over the telephone line during the telephone conversation. This signal is known as the Customer Premises Equipment Alerting Signal ("CAS"). According to the BellCore specification, the CAS is a dual-tone signal consisting of a 2130 Hz tone and a 2750 Hz tone, sometimes called CAS tone A and CAS tone B, respectively. When the CAS is detected by the Type II CID-capable customer premises equipment ("CPE") such as a cordless telephone set, the CPE initiates a brief digital communications link with the central office by acknowledging receipt and recognition of the CAS by the CPE. This in turn causes the central office to transmit the modulated digital CID data that is then received by the called party's CPE and displayed on the Type II CID-capable telephone set or CID box display.
To avoid interrupting the user's telephone conversation with an unpleasant burst of noise when the digital communications occur, the CPE mutes the user's audio signal as soon as the CAS is detected. The CID data is then transmitted during the muted period in a brief burst of digital data, after which the caller can continue the current conversation experiencing minimal interruption. If the transmitted CAS tones are not detected by the CPE due to the calling party's telephone set not being Type II enabled, the CPE will not send the requisite acknowledgement signal, and the system will not transmit the CID information to the user. This CPE acknowledgement feature prevents users of CPE without Type II CID functionality from being subjected to a loud burst of digital noise while the CID data is transmitted unnecessarily each time a call waiting signal is received. However, it is also possible that Type II CID-equipped CPE can nevertheless fail to detect a valid CAS, thereby depriving the user of the Type II CID functionality. Furthermore, if the CPE detects CAS tones when a CAS has not in fact been sent by the central office (a "false" CAS detection), the user's telephone conversation is unnecessarily interrupted while the CPE mutes the audio signal to attempt digital communications with the central office. Thus, crucial to the effective implementation of Type II CID is the reliable detection of CAS tones received from the central office, as well as the reliable rejection of false CAS tones.
This CAS detection task is often particularly difficult because the CAS is transmitted over the same channel on which the telephonic audio communications are taking place, at the same time during which these same communications are taking place, and within the same limited frequency bandwidth supported by modern telephone networks. Many techniques may be used by the CPE to detect dual tone frequencies such as a CAS, including analog bandpass filtering followed by a peak detector or PLL, or digital techniques that use digital filtering or discrete Fourier transforms (DTF). Additionally, several techniques are known which are specifically intended to improve the reliability of CAS detection. Such techniques often involve setting stricter standards for the detected CAS signal that must be satisfied before the CAS will be considered to be genuine. These include setting tight criteria for characteristics such as the signal duration, the difference in signal levels between tones in the dual-tone CAS, the allowable frequency of each CAS tone, or the signal level of each tone with respect to the remainder of the voiceband frequencies or some subset thereof. However, as the tightness of such criteria is increased, the system becomes increasingly likely to fail to identify a genuine CAS tone due to uncontrollable variations in the CAS signaling and noise and distortion within the communications channel. Such failures to detect the Type II CID CAS are highly undesirable.
One technique to improve CAS detection reliability is set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 6,122,353 issued to Brady et al., which discloses a technique whereby the CPE's audio signal is muted or disconnected altogether from the transmission channel as soon a potential CAS is detected. The CPE then continues to monitor the CAS on the telephone line for its remaining duration while the near-end audio input remains muted. If the output of the CAS detection mechanism continues to indicate the presence of a CAS even absent the near-end audio (which has been removed due to the audio signal being disconnected), then the incoming signal is likely to be a genuine CAS being received from the central office rather than a spurious product of the audio signal produced by the near-end telephone. However, this technique fails to eliminate interruptions caused by false CAS detections, because the near-end audio must still be muted. Rather, it only decreases the disruption (i.e. decreases the duration of the erroneous muting period) caused by the false CAS detections originating from near-end voice signals, while failing to eliminate false CAS detections caused by voice signals coming from the calling party.
Another method to improve CAS detection reliability involves measuring the energy of the CAS and comparing that energy to the overall energy present in the voiceband channel. If a valid CAS were present, then there would likely be a significant difference in energies between the CAS energy level and the energy level of the remainder of the channel. If it is determined that the energy across the voiceband channel is roughly the same as, or within a certain margin of, the measured CAS, then the CAS would be rejected as a probable by-product of complex audio signals on the telephone line. Unfortunately, this technique very often cannot distinguish between valid but speech-corrupted CAS tones and signals with high energy levels at the CAS tone frequencies due instead to overall very high levels of audio energy across the voiceband channel, thereby resulting in the occasional failure to properly deliver the Type II CID data.
Another technique is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,519,774, issued to Battista et al., in which select sampled bandwidths are chosen specifically from the upper portion of the voiceband, between the frequencies of 2000 and 3000 Hz in which energy from typical voice signals is likely to be low. The measured energies are then weighted by an experimentally-derived weighting function using a complex adaptive algorithm and compared to the energy levels measured at the CAS frequencies to determine whether a detected CAS is valid. However, this technique requires an iterative experimental procedure and prior knowledge of false CAS detections to optimize the complex adaptive algorithm that implements the technique and obtain good performance. Also, the technique's high level of complexity adds to the cost, size and power consumption of products that implement it.
Thus, it is desirable and an object of the invention to provide simple and comparatively inexpensive technique for the reliable detection of CAS signaling.
A method and apparatus for detecting a predetermined signaling tone within a signal conveyed by a communications channel is presented. The energy of the channel is measured at the frequency of the predetermined signaling tone and at a frequency that is an integer divisor of the predetermined signaling tone frequency. The signaling tone is determined to be present when the result of the first measurement exceeds a threshold derived from the result of the second measurement. In one embodiment, this threshold is approximately six decibels greater than the second measurement. The energies can be determined by measuring the outputs of resonators tuned, respectively, to the predetermined signaling tone frequency and to an integer divisor of the signaling tone frequency.
Detection of the signaling tone may also require that the energies of signals at one or more guard band frequencies do not exceed a threshold derived from the signaling tone energy. The guard band energy threshold may be equal to one fourth of the measured signaling tone energy. Detection of the signaling tone may also require that the measured signaling tone energy exceeds a minimum acceptable energy level for a valid signaling tone and/or does not exceed a maximum acceptable energy level for a valid signaling tone. One or more additional measurements of the communications channel energy at frequencies that are further integer divisors of the signaling tone frequency may be made in detecting the presence of the signaling tone. The signaling tone is then determined to be present if the measured signaling tone energy also exceeds the one or more additional measurements by at least a predetermined threshold.
A method is provided particularly to detect a customer premises equipment alerting signal received on a telephone line. The signal energies present on the telephone line can be measured at the frequencies of one or more signaling tones comprising the customer premises equipment alerting signal, at one or more sub-harmonic frequencies of each of the one or more signaling tones and optionally at one or more guard band frequencies for each of the one or more signaling tones. These measurements are then compared to appropriate thresholds to determine if the alerting signal is present.
A telephone alerting signal detector is presented which detects a signaling tone on a communications channel. The detector is comprised of a signaling tone resonator, one or more sub-harmonic resonators and one or more guard band resonators. The resonators are tuned to the frequency of the signaling tone, to the integer divisors of the signaling tone frequency and to guard band frequencies. The detector is further comprised of a comparator that includes inputs derived from the outputs of the signaling tone resonator, sub-harmonic resonators and guard band resonators, and inputs corresponding to minimum and maximum signaling tone levels.
The comparator output may indicate the presence of the signaling tone if the resonator outputs indicate that the signaling tone energy exceeds the sub-harmonic energy by a predetermined amount, such as six decibels. The comparator output may further require that the signaling tone energy exceeds the guard band energy by a desired degree, such as by a factor of four, before the signaling tone is detected. The comparator output may also require that the signaling tone energy satisfies predetermined maximum and/or minimum energy criterion before a signaling tone is detected.
While this invention is susceptible to embodiment in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and will be described in detail herein representative embodiments. The present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principle of the invention intended merely to explain and illustrate the invention, and is not intended to limit the invention in any way to embodiments illustrated.
Speech is often comprised of complex tones that include significant harmonic content. While it is very difficult for a person's voice to directly produce simultaneously, for example, the 2130 Hz and 2750 Hz tones that could mimic the CAS under the BellCore Type II CID specification, it is much more likely for speech to contain signals at the sub-harmonics of the two CAS frequencies. Such sub-harmonic signals are likely to contain energy at the CAS tone frequencies, and are thus likely to be improperly detected as a CAS. Thus, by specifically examining the sub-harmonics of a detected tone rather than other portions of the channel bandwidth, false detections of the tone of interest can often be reliably avoided without significantly desensitizing the detector to valid tone signals of interest.
A sub-harmonic frequency is an integral divisor of the fundamental frequency. This relationship between a fundamental frequency and associated sub-harmonic frequencies is depicted in the plot of FIG. 1. Two sub-harmonics of fundamental tone 100 are illustrated. The frequency of second sub-harmonic 110 equals the frequency of fundamental 100 divided by 2, and the frequency of third sub-harmonic 120 is equal to the frequency of fundamental 100 divided by 3. Thus, the second sub-harmonic of BellCore CAS tone A is the frequency of CAS tone A divided by 2 (2130 Hz/2=1065 Hz). Likewise, the third sub-harmonic of CAS tone A is the frequency of CAS tone A divided by 3 (2130 Hz/3=710 Hz). The second and third sub-harmonics of CAS tone B are similarly calculated to be 1375 Hz and 916.7 Hz, respectively.
It may be advantageous to consider sub-harmonics in evaluating the authenticity of a tone signal such as a CAS because most audible sounds other than noise are comprised largely of energy content at their fundamental frequencies and integer multiples of that fundamental frequency. Therefore, sounds with fundamental frequencies at sub-harmonics of the CAS tones are sounds whose harmonics are likely to fall at the same frequency as the CAS tones. Thus, if high-energy harmonic-rich signals are present at the CAS tone sub-harmonic frequencies, then the harmonics of those signals may appear similar to CAS tones. Because typical voice communications contain harmonic-rich signals in the range of these specific sub-harmonic frequencies, the associated harmonic signals could then likely result in a false CAS detection and subsequent interruption of the communications on the telephone line as the CPE erroneously seeks to initiate digital communications with the central office.
Because a CAS is comprised of pure tones at the CAS A and CAS B frequencies, the CAS itself does not normally contain any significant energy content at sub-harmonic frequencies. Furthermore, harmonics of a signal are normally lower in level than the fundamental frequency signal, such that harmonic energy at CAS frequencies resulting from sub-harmonic signals will normally be lower in energy than the sub-harmonic signals themselves.
A CAS detector utilizing these properties to reject false CAS signals is illustrated in the functional block diagram of
The Goertzel resonators act to measure the energy level at a specific tuned frequency. Specifically, the output of the Goertzel resonator is the magnitude squared of the tuned frequency component of the discrete Fourier transform of the input signal. In one embodiment of the invention, the resonators are implemented with a frame size of 200 samples (N=200) with a sample frequency of 8 kHz. However, it is understood that the energy levels at particular frequencies could alternatively be measured by a variety of techniques, both analog and digital and optionally including Goertzel or other resonators of varying designs, without departing from the scope of the invention.
The output of each of the resonators 220 through 238 is passed to comparator block 240. Comparator block 240 acts to compare the values of the resonator outputs to each other and/or various predetermined values to identify when a valid CAS is received via signaling on output 250.
The flowchart of
However, because resonators typically respond to a range of frequencies centered on the desired frequency to be measured, a single resonator may not yield sufficient information to accurately determine that a tone at a particular CAS tone frequency is being detected. Thus, it may be desirable to employ additional resonators as guard band resonators to triangulate the frequency being measured and provide a more accurate response. In the embodiment of
Returning to
If the total detected energy level is within the valid range for a CAS, then the detector proceeds to determine whether the energy present at the CAS tone A frequency is indicative of a CAS. In step 430, the energy detected by CAS tone A high guard band resonator 224 is compared to that of CAS tone A resonator 220, step 430. If the guard band resonator's energy level exceeds a predetermined portion of the CAS tone resonator energy level, then the tone is not deemed to be a valid CAS, i.e., the energy measured by the resonator tuned to the CAS tone is likely to be due to a broadband signal, rather than a pure CAS tone. In the embodiment of
In addition to examining the guard band resonators to determine whether a tone is present at the frequency of CAS tone A, the sub-harmonics of CAS tone A are also examined. The energy present at the second CAS tone A sub-harmonic, as determined by resonator 226, is compared to the energy of CAS tone A resonator 220 by comparator 240 in step 450. If the sub-harmonic energy exceeds the CAS tone energy, the tone is rejected, step 420. Finally, in step 260 the energy present at the third CAS tone A sub-harmonic, as measured by resonator 228, is compared to the energy of CAS tone A resonator 220. If the third sub-harmonic energy exceeds the CAS tone energy, the tone is also rejected, step 420. Otherwise, the detector is deemed to have detected a valid CAS tone A.
An analogous CAS tone detection and verification process is also performed for CAS tone B. The energy detected by high guard band resonator 234 is compared to that of CAS tone B resonator 230 at step 475. If the guard band energy exceeds one fourth of the CAS tone B energy, the tone is rejected, step 420. Similarly, in step 480 the low guard band energy of resonator 232 is compared to the CAS tone B energy of resonator 230. If the low guard band energy exceeds one fourth of the CAS tone energy, the tone is also rejected, step 420. The energy present at the second CAS tone B sub-harmonic is compared to the CAS tone B energy in step 485. If the second sub-harmonic energy exceeds the CAS tone energy, the tone is rejected, step 420. Finally, in step 490 the energy present at the third CAS tone B sub-harmonic is compared to the CAS tone B energy. If the third sub-harmonic energy exceeds the CAS tone energy, the tone is also rejected at step 420.
Finally, in step 470 the detector determines whether both of CAS tones A and B have been determined to be valid. If so, then it is determined that there has been a valid CAS detection, step 495, and further Type II CID communications between the CPE and the home office may ensue.
In other embodiments, the various thresholds to which the CAS tone energies are compared can be scaled by varying amounts. For example, to further reduce the opportunity for false detection of a CAS, the detector can require that the CAS tone energy levels exceed the sub-harmonic energy levels by a desired amount, such as 6 dB, in order for the CAS tone to be deemed valid in comparison steps 450, 460, 485 and 495. In such an embodiment, if the level detected at the frequency of CAS tone A is −30 dBm and the level at the third sub-harmonic frequency of CAS tone A is measured to be −35 dBm, then the detection would be rejected since the third sub-harmonic is less than 6 dB lower than the fundamental tone. Implementing such an increased threshold helps ensure that a CAS is not improperly detected even when harmonic-rich signals are present even at a plurality of CAS sub-harmonics.
The foregoing description and drawings merely explain and illustrate the invention and the invention is not limited thereto except insofar as the appended claims are so limited, inasmuch as those skilled in the art, having the present disclosure before them will be able to make modifications and variations therein without departing from the scope of the invention.
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1794 Cocktail — the Boulevardier Comes to Manhattan
The 1794 cocktail is a welcome modernization of the Boulevardier, whiskey-heavy, with rye in place of bourbon. Attributed to Dominic Venegas, it is a natural evolution of that drink, and changes a classic but not-so-good mishmash into a deliciously bright and drinkable Manhattanesque whiskey cocktail.
The original Boulevardier is typical of the Prohibition-era expatriate cocktail. First published by Harry McElhone in 1927, it combines good old American bourbon* with a then-unknown European amaro, Campari:
Boulevardier Cocktail
- 1 oz Bourbon Whiskey
- 1 oz Sweet Vermouth
- 1 oz Campari
Combine ingredients and stir until very cold; strain into a chilled cocktail glass.
Where did the Parisians get all that Bourbon during Prohibition? There must be a story there somewhere…
Less typical is that the Boulevardier, like its more famous cousin, the Negroni, is an equal parts drink. These are eye-catching as a class, some of them even delicious if made properly, but with their arbitrary and unwavering proportions they fight an uphill battle for credibility as anything more than parlor tricks. Negroni has succeeded; others (including Boulevardier), not so much.
The secret of this parlor trick, of course, is to balance the intensity, rather than the quantity, of each constituent in order to balance the drink. It works with the Negroni's gin—if you can find the right gin—but matching the intensity of Campari with whiskey is not an easy thing. Campari can be a difficult and overbearing ingredient.
In the Boulevardier, the bourbon doesn't really match all that well, but it makes a fine starting point—increasing the whiskey actually improves the drink. And that is where the 1794 comes into the picture.
The 1794 doubles down on the whiskey, and substitutes the spicier notes of rye. It provides what amounts to a nice, bright Manhattan—rye driven, with a slightly floral, or at least herbal, nose, a middle taste of sweet and bitter, and a crisp and clean aftertaste.
1794 Cocktail
- 2 oz Rye whiskey (Wild Turkey 101 or Rittenhouse 100)
- 1 oz Sweet Vermouth (M&R Rosso)
- 1 oz Campari
- 1 dropper Bittermen's Xocolatl Mole bitters (optional)
- orange or lemon twist for garnish (optional)
Combine ingredients and stir until very cold; strain into a chilled cocktail glass, optionally garnish with orange or lemon twist.
McElhone's original called for bourbon, but it is too sweet for the 1794. This is a good showcase for high-proof ryes. Besides, bourbon isn't really in the spirit of this drink—it's called the "1794," after all, commemorating the Whiskey Rebellion; the whiskey of the day, the macguffin at the heart of the conflict, was rye whiskey. (Jay Hepburn at Oh Gosh! has suggested that a rye-forward bourbon like Buffalo Trace might be an acceptable substitute; he's really exploring adjustments to salvage the original Boulevardier, and along the way basically reinvents the 1794. I didn't have any Buffalo Trace, but I did try it with some rye-heavy Bulleit; it was… okay… but I'll stick to the rye on this one.
Given the "acquired taste" reputation of Campari, I thought I'd try substituting a less aggressive amaro to see what happened. Aperol came to hand, mostly because it stuck to Campari's ostentatious red color scheme. The result is drinkable, but lackluster compared to the Campari version; something in the Campari provides a spicy brightness that just isn't there in the more orangy, earthy Aperol variant.
If you want to tart this drink up a bit, Jessica at Cocktail Virgin describes a variant that includes Bittermen's Xocolatl Mole Bitters. I tried it, it's good. Very good. The chocolate offers a richness to the flavor palate, and helps balance and round the flavors in the mix.
As for the Whiskey Rebellion: the result of that uprising in terms of winners and losers has always been open to interpretation. The tax protesters sort of won, mostly lost; the government mostly compromised, sort of won. One thing I know is that whiskey drinkers won—among other things, the 1794 conflict contributed to the invention of the Bourbon whiskey industry, as many whiskey-making farmers of western Pennsylvania moved west into the corn-friendly land of Kentucky, or south to French New Orleans, and farther from the view of Federalist George Washington's excise tax collectors.
"1794 Cocktail — the Boulevardier Comes to Manhattan" at cold-glass.com : All text and photos © 2010 Douglas M. Ford. All rights reserved.
37 Responses to "1794 Cocktail — the Boulevardier Comes to Manhattan"
Saratoga Cocktail « Cold Glass
[…] are typically made with equal portions of three or more ingredients, and as I've noted previously, messing with those equal proportions is not really in the spirit of the game. Ingredient […]
La Louisiane Cocktail | Cold Glass
[…] I suppose, as another in the "equal parts" category, along with the Negroni and Boulevardier. My opinion of that category continues to change for the […]
Rule 37: The Boulevardier | Squirrel Farts
[…] sweetness would be washed away by the powerful bittersweet in the Campari. A variant of the recipe, the 1794 Cocktail, seems to be just what I'm looking for. It turns out, the Boulevardier is a bit of a classic, […]
1794 Cocktail — the Boulevardier Comes to Manhattan | Cold Glass
[…] Cocktail — the Boulevardier Comes to Manhattan" at cold-glass.com : All text and photos © 2010 Douglas M. Ford. All rights reserved. Other ways to share Cold […]
Tequila and mezcal — messing with the Negroni | Cold Glass
[…] Negroni has inspired many cocktails, but few (most famously, the whiskey-based Boulevardier) have used its equal parts model […]
[…] back I wrote up one of my favorite whiskey drinks, the 1794 Cocktail. At the time, I thought of the 1794 as an improvement of the classic Boulevardier, but it might be […]
[…] Sources: (1) http://imbibemagazine.com/The-Boulevardier-Cocktail-Recipe (2) http://cold-glass.com/2010/09/15/1794-cocktail-the-boulevardier-comes-to-manhattan/ […]
Thanks to this article, I made a 1794 for the first time last night.
I've not tasted either the Rittenhouse rye, nor a Wild Turkey rye whiskey. But I did have Bulleit's 95 straight rye readily at hand.
I garnished with an orange slice. I opted to rim the glass with the orange (as one would do for a Negroni). Though conscious that too much orange can overly sweeten a drink, but I was countering two things. First, Bulleit's 95 straight rye is a fairly spicey whiskey, due in part to it's 95% rye mash. Second, my wife (who does not often request a cocktail, but did on this occasion), does not care for too much of Campari's bitterness.
The net result was a very successful cocktail. It was not too sweet, and we had the delightful slight bitterness from Campari bubble up through the other flavors only in the lingering aftertaste.
Like the Negroni, the 1794 features the dance of the various complex flavors in Campari and in sweet vermouth in a lovely 1 to 1 balance against each other. What surprised me most is that one could suppose the 1794 may be fairly whiskey forward in taste. But the ratios of these ingredients melds the flavors together well, so that none seemed to be ahead of the other, and instead the cocktail creates it's own overall flavor.
Anyway, thank you for sharing this recipe. Two thumbs up from this household!
I've been tweaking my Manhatten's this spring . So far after my Dad's Crown Royal , Dry vermouth, cherry. I went to a Bullet Rye , dry vermouth, & cherry. Now I'm working on a nice High West Double Rye , Dolin's Dry Vermouth with a twist ( oh yeah , biitters too ).
Very Good !
Henry L. Bass
I like the dry , spicy taste of a rye Hattie, it's like bread , bourbon = corn bread , rye = rye bread , right now I'm liking the dry spicy finish.
I love this cocktail – so much, in fact, that I'm oak-aging a batch to serve at my wedding.
Just came across this similar cocktail: The Pabo Amargo. Haven't had a chance to try it yet, but it sounds delicious.
I love this cocktail – so much, in fact, that I'm oak-aging a batch to serve at my wedding.
Just came across this similar cocktail: The Pabo Amargo. Haven't had a chance to try it yet (no Sherry on hand), but it sounds delicious.
[…] 1794 Cocktail (makes one cocktail) […]
Doesn't work for me! wanted it to, but the campari at that percentage slimes it. Feels greasy. Better with just a splash of the C, then its a bitter replacement. I like Campari but it seems to dominate and i lost the rye leadership in my first attempt, which i treasure in this drink. thanks for the idea.
Nice drink, the 1794. I like it better than a Negroni. Thanks for this.
Expatriate (not expatriot).
A lovely blog.
As an employee of Campari America in the US, i am very interested in the 1794 cocktail as well as the earlier comment about barrell aging it. I think i know what i am doing this weekend!
Thanks for sharing!
Is the 1794 an Old Pal with sweet vermouth? Or is the Old Pal a 1794 with dry vermouth?
Given that the Old Pal came first, I would say that the 1794 is an Old Pal with sweet vermouth. And that's an interesting comparison, thanks.
[…] most famous of these experiments is probably the bourbon-based Boulevardier (which has its own riff, the 1794). Tequila and mezcal variants work well, […]
I'm pretty sure they used Canadian Club in Paris back then. It's used in pretty much everything else made in Paris during that era and substituting it with rye is the most popular tweak.
[…] More specifically, it's a direct riff on the Boulevardier's rye whiskey variant, Dominic Venegas's 1794 Cocktail. […]
How do you convert 'a dropper' to a number of dashes from a regular bottle? I found Fee Bros. chocolate mole bitters. Thanks!
Thanks for a great post! Frankly I'm a little confused because I thought the Boulevardier could use Bourbon or Rye. Needless to say, I was wrong.
I'm looking forward to experimenting with the 1794.
[…] Cynevardier 1 rye 1 cynar 1 campari rub glass with kumquat or orangestir with ice, serve up or on the rocks. c/f Doug Ford's 1794 post: http://cold-glass.com/2010/09/15/1794-cocktail-the-boulevardier-comes-to-manhattan/ […]


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Step 1: Supplies
- 2 Paper clips
- A Bottle Cap
- A Rubber Band
- A Needle
Step 2: The Bottle Cap
Step 3: Makeing The Holes
Step 4: The paper clips
Now to make the trigger, take the scrap or a new paper clip and bent the tip down. Go a little ways back and bend a small hole.
Now leave about a 1/2 an inch at the end and cut off the excess.


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Well, as Charlie Papazian said himself many times in his first home brewing book... "don't worry, have a home brew!"
Ecomcon has the right idea... I love Founders Brewing and many of the other brewers in GR but a trip to Asheville to sample their wares sounds like a damn good idea!
A place to grab a bite to eat before and after an event at TheDow would be great!
I'll be there!
"Don't blink. Blink and you're dead. They are fast. Faster than you can believe. Don't turn your back. Don't look away. And don't blink. Good Luck."
- Doctor Who; from the episode "Blink" featuring the weeping angels.
The Thursday, May 17 performance was recently added to the schedule... call the box office and ask about special student pricing that night.
For those any where near Saginaw this weekend you might want to take in Sweeney Todd at Pit and Balcony Community Theatre.
Thank you for catching my error.
I have done the pre-show announcements at Pit & Balcony Community Theatre for a few years now and a standard portion of the announcement is to turn off your cell phone and "please do not use your mobile devises, even for texting".
Live theatre has the added disrespect of annoying not just the people sitting next to you but also the actors... they can see the glow from your phone and it can break their concentration. Turn your phone off, sit back and enjoy the show.
I love the size of the Impala (some of the other models are just too cramped for my height) but the last time I drove one (a 2010 loaner from the dealer) I did not like the endless expanse of plastic that made up the dash. That was a big turn off but it looks like the dash pictured in the gallery is trimmed in leather so I'll definitely take a look. What would make me put my name on a purchase contract in a heartbeat is if they made it a convertible.
Hey Scott,
I've written a couple of zombie related stories myself including one stage play that I'm currently working on.
My list is similar to yours... secure weapons but I would put a larger priority on water over food. As for the ideal place to secure as a strong hold well there is only one choice... a prison. It already has a strong perimeter. The inner buildings are also strong with limited entry points just in case the outer perimeter is breached. Plus there is usually large yards or open areas for planting crops.
My big question is whether to travel south were you won't have to endure winter or stay in familiar surroundings. Considering Michigan's natural resources I lean toward staying put.
Tony works for the Temple so I would trust his interest. He mentions the SBSO to clarify when they are performing so that readers don't come to the movies expecting to hear the orchestra as the article indicates.
To answer your question, yes they should. If they allow a client to sign up for this passport perks program... sounds like a groupon concept... then yes, the massage client should get the same ad opportunity as the sporting goods place.
And as for you cigarette analogy I am sure that there are conditions on what and what cannot be advertised. What do you find objectionable about massages?
I don't see how you can call somebody washed up who still has hit songs on the radio and multi platinum selling albums.
As for him playing the Dow Event Center this is a special tour of all of the SMG owned and run facilities.
The stage play Over The Tavern is this Friday, Saturday and Sunday at Pit & Balcony Community Theatre in Saginaw.
I don't see how you can call something "trendy" that's been around for over 250 years. Agreed however that Guinness in the UK is better than the US.
and I agree with beetlebomb, Founders is the bomb.
One last item... if you want a great beer from Bell's look for their Third Coast Old Ale!
I'm going to stick my neck out here because country music is my business and has been for over 30 years. THANK GOD that country music is a music form that evolves. I loved the music of the late 70s/early 80's when I started as a new DJ but if we had stayed there it would be very boring today. If we were still playing Doc Watson or any other artist mentioned by previous posters as examples of "real country" I would rather sell used cars.
If you study the history of country music you will understand that there has always been criticism of the days current music and a nostalgia for the past generation. When Patsy Cline and Jim Reeves entered the scene they were seen as "too pop". Sound like a familiar complaint?
Cole, what I have learned over 30+ years of country radio is that it is my listeners and your readers who determine what is country music... not you or I. People who disagree are only expressing sour grapes that their pet artist is not winning the current popularity contest.
And as for this country vs pop thing... country IS popular music. There are more radio stations playing country music than any other format in America. If a "pop" station plays a country song it is no fault of the artist nor should it disqualify the song from being included in the country format. I know for a fact that country artists HATE it when their record label remix their songs to make them more palatable to the pop-tarts. It only shows the power and appeal that country has across many demographics.
What you hear on our radio station is what country is today and thank God it won't be the same down the line. I'll even bet you that thirty years from now you will hear people say "that aint country... now Carrie Underwood! SHE was country".
Kevin Profitt
Don't overlook smaller, community theatre's Justin. I volunteer at Pit & Balcony where it is a continuing challenge to bring in funds and yet they consistently produce quality productions season after season.
Part of the problem is that there is no money in the budget for getting the word out about auditions and shows. Any extra assistance they can get would be welcomed.
And I'm sure it's not just P&B that is in that boat... there are community theatre groups in Clio, Caro, Bay City and some that don't even have a home. They could all use a helping hand with some extra coverage.
By the way, Pit & Balcony has the final three performances of The Underpants is this weekend. Why don't you stop in and see the show?
Don't overlook smaller, community theatre's Justin. I volunteer at Pit & Balcony where it is a continuing challenge to bring in funds and yet they consistently produce quality productions season after season.
Part of the problem is that there is no money in the budget for getting the word out about auditions and shows. Any extra assistance they can get would be welcomed.
And I'm sure it's not just P&B that is in that boat... there are community theatre groups in Clio, Caro, Bay City and some that don't even have a home. They could all use a helping hand with some extra coverage.
By the way, Pit & Balcony has the final three performances of The Underpants is this weekend. Why don't you stop in and see the show?
Funny that Dantonio place Michigan at #13 in the coaches poll.
It's interesting the while MSU fans, at least the ones who comment here, seem to think UofM does not deserve their BCS bowl position. While at the same time MSU head coach Mark Dantonio thought otherwise. Here is a quote from a Free Press article on the coaches poll results, who voted and how they voted....
Big Ten coaches generally were more favorable to Michigan, possibly knowing it would help the conference with a second BCS bid. Wisconsin's Bret Bielema and then-Illinois coach Ron Zook voted U-M No. 9, while Hoke and Nebraska's Bo Pelini had the Wolverines at No. 11. MSU coach Mark Dantonio had U-M at No. 13.


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Facebook and Maryland's school systems will pilot an initiative next year that should help make it easier to have offensive or hurtful language on the social media site taken down.
The effort to combat cyber bullying was started by Maryland Attorney General Douglas F. Gansler, who announced the new initiative, called the Educator Escalation Channel, at a meeting Thursday with school district superintendents.
Under the initiative, Facebook will help educate school systems on better ways to combat cyber bullying and give them a channel to the social media giant to report offensive behavior.
"When there is clear cyber bullying going on, then getting that language taken off Facebook as quickly as possible" is important, Gansler said.


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By Bob Evans
Sports Editor
October 14, 2013
BELOIT: It was a close game from start to finish.
Unfortunately for Carrollton, West Branch came out on the winning end of their Northeastern Buckeye Conference contest at Heacock Stadium.
West Branch kicker Zach Minich booted a 25-yard field goal to give West Branch a 24-21 win over the visiting Warriors.
The loss dropped Carrollton to 3-4 for the year and 1-3 in the NBC.
For West Branch, it was their first win of the season.
The Warriors had chances to score, but could not take advantage.
They fumbled once deep in West Branch territory in the first quarter and in the second they turned the ball over on downs after failing to score on first and goal from the eight-yard line.
The most costly turnover was a fumble at their own 16-yard line that was scooped up by Mason Hughes from West Branch and returned for a touchdown.
Each team scored once in the first half.
West Branch scored on their first position of the game on a 5-yard pass from quarterback Bryce Butcher to Jeremy Gorby.
The Warriors got on the board at the 6:08 mark of the second quarter on a 64-yard run by junior quarterback Zade Deitz. Daniel Leary added the extra point to tie the game at 7-7.
The game remained tied at 7-7 until the 10:57 mark of the final period when junior running back Tyler Dodd scored on a 9-yard run giving the Warriors a 14-7 advantage following Leary's extra point.
West Branch evened the score with 7:56 remaining on a 4-yard run by Kip DeShields. Just 15-seconds later Hughes scored on the fumble recovery.
But, the Warriors would not give up. They only needed 39-seconds to get on the board on a 2-yard run by Deitz. The score was set up by a 64-yard run by Dodd.
Dodd had another huge night for the Warriors, rushing 17 times for 209-yards. Deitz also went over the 100-yard mark with 121-yards on 12 carries.
Passing, Deitz was 10-of-20 for just 69-yards.
Senior Adam Warner led Warrior receivers with four catches for 41-yards.
Carrollton held nearly a 100-yard advantage in total yards, 425-328.
Logan Nagy did the bulk of the work for West Branch. He carried 28 times for 117 yards, while quarterback Bryce Butcher hit 17-of-27 passes for 185-yards.
The Warriors will return home Friday night to host Salem.
The Quakers were a 74-36 loser to Marlington last Friday night.
First Quarter
WEST BRANCH: Jeremy Gorby 5-yard pass from Bryce Butcher (Zach Minich kick)
Second Quarter
CARROLLTON: Zade Deitz 64-yard run (Daniel Leary kick)
Fourth Quarter
CARROLLTON: Tyler Dodd 9-yard run (Daniel Leary kick)
WEST BRANCH: Kip DeShields 4-yard run (Zach Minich kick)
WEST BRANCH: Mason Hughes 16-yard fumble return (Zach Minich kick)
CARROLLTON: Zade Deitz 2-yard run (Daniel Leary kick)
WEST BRANCH: Zach Minich 25-yard field goal
RUSHING: Carrollton - 37-356, West Branch - 39-143. PASSING: Carrollton - 10-20-69, West Branch - 16-27-185. FIRST DOWNS: Carrollton - 18, West Branch - 18. TOTAL YARDS: Carrollton - 425, West Branch 328. PENALTIES: Carrollton - 4-37, West Branch 2-26. FUMBLES/LOST: Carrollton - 3-2, West Branch 0-0.
RUSHING: Carrollton - Tyler Dodd 17-209, Zade Deitz 12-121, Brody Robinson 5-14, Adam Warner 3-12, West Branch - Logan Nagy 28-117, Bryce Butcher 7-16. PASSING: Carrollton - Zade Deitz 10-20-69, West Branch - Bryce Butcher 16-27-185. RECEIVING: Carrollton - Adam Warner 4-41, Brandon Johnson 3-3, Caleb Pasiuk 2-17, Tyler Dodd 1-8, West Branch - Kip DeShields 8-118, Austin Smith 3-24, Logan Nagy 3-16, Trae Hillyer 1-22, Jeremy Gorby 1-5.
The Free Press Standard invites you to post your thoughts on the story in the box below.
These posts do not reflect the views of the The Free Press Standard or its employees.
©2013 The Free Press Standard
Carrollton Free Press Standard, P. O. Box 37, Carrollton, OH 44615


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We enjoy our home through each season. The spring brings fresh flowers while summer means listening to the frogs and watching the fireflies at night from the front porch.
We love to watch the trees change color in the fall and spending winter evenings in front of the fire, roasting marshmallows.
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