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The invention comprises a method and a device for fixing a joint prosthesis (1, 2; 5) in which all surfaces intended for tissue contact consist of titanium or a titanium-based tissue-compatible metallic material. For safely anchoring the prosthesis in relation to the bone tissue, use is made of pointed fixing elements (3, 11,16) which from the side of the bone tissue that should be facing the prosthesis are driven into the bone tissue with their pointed portions, and which are anchored in cement (9) between the prosthesis and the bone tissue or directly to the prosthesis, such that a solid connection is established by the bone tissue growing onto the anchored pointed portions. For proper adjustment of the prosthetic joint cup and the prosthetic joint ball, these members are moulded under pressure and heat, each respective articular surface being shaped against a model mould of the mating articular surface, and are hardened or sintered in shape contact for minimizing any aftertreatment.
1. A method for fixing a prosthesis in relation to living bone tissue comprising applying between the prosthesis and the bone tissue and in contact with the bone tissue, a plurality of fixing elements of a material and a surface structure which allows bone tissue to grow thereon, wherein the fixing elements have a first end which is inserted into the bone and a second end with a contact head or projection thereon to provide an attachment surface for the bone cement; said fixing elements being inserted into the bone so that the projections or contact heads are spaced apart from the prosthesis and the bone and applying a bone cement which is capable of adhering to the prosthesis, between the bone tissue and the prosthesis, such that the prosthesis whereby the projections or contact heads are completely embedded in said bone cement through said bone cement and said elements, is connected to the bone tissue.
2. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each element to be fixed in contact with living bone tissue comprises a body having a coating disposed thereon for surface contact with the bone tissue said coating comprising a tissue-compatible material which permits ongrowth of bone tissue to the element, said coating being connected to the body so as to form a surface layer which is mechanically inseparable with respect to the body and which tightly encloses and covers at least the portion of the body which engages the bone tissue in the position of use of the element.
3. Method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein said coating is a coating of a titanium-based or pure titanium.
4. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein each element is an element with a body produced by moulding and sintering a sinterable material, such that the body or the portion thereof to which said coating is applied, has pores or other uneven portions, said coating covering said uneven portions, such that said uneven portions are reflected on the outer side of the coating.
5. Method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said elements are pointed or barbed fixing elements or are in the form of screws or pins with projections or heads at the ends opposite to those provided with said pointed portions, to be anchored in the bone cement between the prosthesis and the bone tissue.
6. Method as claimed in claim 5 wherein the pointed fixing elements are screws or pins comprising a body of a metallic material having a coating of a titanium-based metal or pure titanium applied by metal evaportion on a porous surface of said body.
7. Method as claimed in any one of claims 5 or 6, wherein some of said fixing elements are disposed on a supporting, expandable member and driven with the pointed portions into the bone tissue by expansion of the expandable member.
8. Method as claimed in claim 7 wherein said fixing elements comprise a powder or grains of titanium which are applied to the bone tissue and/or the bone cement such that, the titanium grains permit ongrowth of bone tissue to the grains and such that said grains are connected to the bone cement, whereby the bone tissue and the prosthesis are connected to each other.
9. Method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the titanium powder or grains are applied by spraying or painting.
10. Method as claimed in claim 7, wherein the titanium powder or grains are applied as a dispersion in the liquid.
11. Method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the titanium powder is applied in the form of a dispersion in a paste-forming substance in the form of a dispersion in a paste-forming substance compatible with bone cement.
12. Method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the titanium powder or grains are applied in contact with the bone tissue as a dispersed additive in the bone cement.
13. Method as claimed in claim 8, wherein other tissue-compatible fibres are applied in contact with the bone tissue as a layer disposed between the bone tissue and the prosthesis, and that the pores and other interspaces between the titanium grains and/or other fibres are filled with a liquid bone cement which is thereafter caused to set in contact with the prosthesis.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first end of the fixing element is pointed and said first end is barbed so that the barbs of the elements engage the bone when the first end is inserted into the bone.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the fixing elements are in the form of screws or pins.
16. A method of fixing a hip joint prosthesis, said joint being of the type which comprises an acetabular cup prosthetic part and a femoral prosthetic part having a ball and stem; said method comprising:
fixing said acetabular cup into a pelvis by means of pins or screws which extend from a convex portion of the cup into the pelvic bone; said cup having an articular surface layer which is applied to a concave surface of the cup before said cup is fixed to the bone;
providing a plurality of fixing elements; said fixing elements having a first end for insertion into the bone tissue and a second end with a contact head or projection thereon;
inserting the first end of the fixing elements into the bone within a femoral medullary canal; said elements being inserted into the bone so that the projections or contact heads are spaced apart from the bone;
inserting the stem section of the femoral prosthetic part into the femoral medullary canal containing said fixing elements; said stem having a centering means attached at a lower end thereof and said centering means having penetrating means for penetrating the wall of the bone to fix said centering means in the femoral medullary canal; and said stem being narrower than the medullary canal so that upon insertion, a space is formed between the stem and the bone whereby said projections or said contact heads are spaced apart from the stem and the bone;
inserting said penetrating means into the bone to fix the centering means and attached stem to the bone;
cementing the stem in a canal by filling the space between the stem and the bone with bone cement whereby said femoral prosthetic part becomes fixed in the femoral medullary canal.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the centering means comprises an expandable annular member expandable by means of a threaded bolt extending through a channel; said channel extending from a top portion of the step to the centering means attached to the lower end of the stem; said thread of the bolt consisting of one left-hand threaded portion and one right-hand threaded portion and said bolt engaging two internally threaded annular expansion washers on either side of an expandable annular torus of the centering means which is mounted at the end portion of the stem and from which a plurality of pins project radially outwardly to engage the bone; one of said washers having right-hand thread and the other having left-hand thread so that the washers and bolt cooperate as a turnbuckle when the bolt is turned to cause the washers to move towards one another and thereby causing expansion of the annular torus and penetration of the pins into the bone;
said method further comprising the step of turning the bolt to cause penetration of the pins extending from the torus into the bone.
18. The method of claim 16, wherein the fixing elements are barbed pins and said method includes the step of inserting said barbed pins into the bone.
1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for promoting the connection and fixing of joint prostheses, in particular hip joint prostheses but also shoulder, knee, foot and finger joint prostheses etc.
2. Description of Prior Art Practices
The implantation of joint prostheses is today general routine within orthopedic surgery. The surgical technique generally faces surmountable difficulties. However, a serious problem, apart from infections and thrombosis, is that one or both of the prosthetic components may loosen. The most typical joint reconstruction is the so-called hip joint reconstruction. About 5,500 operations of this type were performed in Sweden in 1981 and the commonest reasons therefor is arthosis in the hip joint or joint injuries caused by bone fractures and malformations resulting from other causes, e.g. rheumatic affections.
The problems involved in hip joint reconstruction have been subjected to intensive studies over the last decades and were discussed, for example at the so-called Consensus conference in Stockholm on May 12-14, 1982. In a Consensus statement made by the Medical Research Council after the conference, it was recommended in hip joint arthroplasty to use a femoral part of metal and pelvic part of plastic, and in routine cases to use cement for fixing the prosthesis.
From other sources it appears that by "cement" is generally understood a polymer which is allowed to polymerize in situ. The polymerization temperature may vary according to the components used but often considerably exceeds 47° C. which is a limit for the temperature to which bone tissue can be exposed without any commencing injury to the tissue resulting in so-called membrane formation.
Many researchers (Rik Huiskis at the Orthopedic Institute of the University of Nijmegen, E. Morscher at the Institute of Orthopedic Surgery at the University of Basel and others) are of the opinion that the material for the femoral part of the prosthesis should be selected among stainless steel, cobalt-chromium alloys and titanium, and that plastic should be selected for the pelvic part of the prosthesis. This combination is advantageous in that it entails relatively low friction and is wear-resistant. The choice of material is dictated not only by the mechanical properties of the material but also by the requirement that the material should be biocompatible with the body tissues. The use of stainless steel has declined to an increasing extent, the major interest being today directed toward titanium, titanium alloys and cobalt-chromium alloys. Of the metals hitherto tested, titanium seems to be the most tissue-compatible and corrosion resistant, and it has the excellent property of being highly resistant to fatigue and is relatively flexible.
As material for the acetabular cup, researchers primarily recommend polyethylene, Delrin and methyl methacrylate. High-density polyethylene is extensively used for acetabular cups because of its excellent frictional and wear resistant properties in combination with the above-mentioned metals and in that fragments resulting from wear cause a minimum of irritation to the tissue. Delrin, which has lately come into use, is harder than polyethylene and would scarcely offer any advantages over polyethylene. Among other possible materials, mention may be made of ceramic materials with high tissue compatibility. Such materials resist corrosion but are considered unreliable in respect of mechanical properties and may cause irritation and infections by fragments loosening from the surfaces of the ceramic material.
For fixing the parts of the prosthesis, and in particular the prosthetic part in the femur, use is made of cement which serves to fill the entire space between the prosthesis and the inner side of the bone wall and to distribute the load over as large an area of the bone as possible. Cement materials hitherto used (plastic glues) ensure good adherence to metal but are inapt to establish a chemical bonding to bone tissue. The main function of the cement therefore is to form a stabilizing filling between the prosthesis and the bone.
Although the prosthetic materials for the acetabular cup and the femoral head with the stem have been thoroughly tested and give satisfactory results in respect of the friction produced between the prosthetic cup and the prosthetic head or ball, and although materials with suitable elastic properties may be selected, one serious problem remains, i.e. that micromovements occur between the wall of the femoral medullary canal and the stem of the femoral prosthetic part fixed therein because of the loads on the femoral joint head caused by the weight and the movement of the body and because the stem is not sufficiently stably fixed with respect to the bone tissue in the wall of the medullary canal. Such micromovements which will be most pronounced between the upper and lower ends of the stem too often result in that the stem loosens, thus necessitating reoperation.
The object of the present invention is to provide a system and a method which ensure safe and permanent anchorage of prosthetic parts of the above-indicated materials having good tissue-compatible and mechanical properties versus bone tissue without adding any undesirable properties.
A further object of the invention is to provide a simplified method for economic production of joint cup and joint head prostheses with perfectly mating articular surfaces of low friction and suitable elastic properties with respect to each other.
According to the invention, these objects have now been achieved by a device and a method having the features stated in the accompanying claims.
The invention will be described in greater detail hereinbelow with reference to the accompanying drawing which shows an acetabular cup prosthesis which is designed in accordance with the invention and fixed to the pelvis by fixing means and by a method for fixing prostheses according to the invention, and which, in longitudinal section, shows part of the femur with a prosthesis fixed in the femoral medullary canal and comprising a joint head or ball with a stem conformed to the acetabular cup of the joint.
The acetabular cup prosthesis shown in the drawing consists of a cup-shaped main portion 1 and a layer 2 applied to the concave side of the cup and forming the articular surface of the acetabular prosthesis. The main portion 1 of the acetabular prosthesis is preferably obtained by compression moulding a metal powder and sintering the metal powder according to known powder moulding, compression moulding and sintering methods, such that its concave side is provided with pores. However, it may also be possible to obtain the portion 1 from metal by a suitable cutting technique or a conventional metal shaping technique, such that the concave side is given an uneven structure corresponding to the above-mentioned pores and ensuring good adherence to the layer 2 when prepared as described below. A suitable material for the acetabular portion 1 is selected from any of the metals mentioned by way of introduction, preferably titanium which is known for its tissue compatibility, a tissue-compatible titanium alloy or optionally a cobalt-chromium alloy of any other tissue-compatible metallic material.
The cup portion 1 is preferably designed in such a manner that its convex upper face intended to engage the pelvis B is also porous or rough to increase the ability of ongrowth of the bone tissue to said surface.
The acetabular portion 1 can be fixed to the pelvis, for instance by means of pins or screws in a manner which is known in conjunction with the fixing of cup prostheses of plastic, but the cup portion 1 is preferably fixed in accordance with the invention in such a manner that a plurality of pins 3 projecting from the convex side of the portion 1 and consisting of a tissue-compatible metal onto which living bone tissue can grow, are fixed in the material. These pins should have barbs and pointed ends, such that they can be driven into the underlying pelvic bone and mechanically hook onto the bone tissue so as to form a bond which will be subsequently strengthened by the bone growing onto the pins.
Before the acetabular portion 1 is connected to the pelvic bone, the layer 2 is preferably applied according to the invention in such a manner that the cup portion 1 is placed in an injection moulding tool by means of which the layer 2 is injection moulded against a model of the joint ball so as to obtain a good calibration of the articular surface of the joint cup with respect to a joint ball with which it is to cooperate. A suitable material for the layer 2 is preferably selected among any of the initially mentioned plastics or any other tissue-compatible plastic with suitable elasticity and thickness for distributing the loads which generally occur in a hip joint. Suitable plastics are for example plastics of the types polyethylene, Delrin and methyl methacrylate. Instead of plastic, it is possible to choose a suitable enamel or a ceramic material.
The femoral prosthetic part 5 is preferably prepared in the same way and from the same types of material as the acetabular prosthetic portion 1. By preparing the prosthetic part 5 by moulding, compressing and sintering a metal powder of a suitable particle size, it is possible to obtain an appropriately porous or rough surface to be connected to cement of the type which is generally used for fixing prosthetic stems in the medullary canal of a bone. However, the femoral prosthetic part may also be produced in a conventional way. In this case, too, the surface of the stem portion should be sufficiently porous or rough for adequate adherence to the cement material selected for applying in the medullary canal of the bone.
When the prosthetic part 5 has been prepared, it is inserted in an injection moulding tool by means of which there is applied to the joint ball 6 a layer 7 of a material which gives a uniform, smooth articular surface similar to the articular surface of the, acetabular prosthesis 1, 2. The injection-moulded material on the joint ball is selected with regard to the injection-moulded material on the joint cup or socket so as to obtain the best possible combination in respect of both friction and elasticity between the joint socket and the joint ball, for instance plastic to plastic, enamel to plastic or ceramic to plastic. By injection moulding the layer 7 on a model of the joint socket and vice versa, it is possible to obtain a very accurate fit between socket and ball. By this moulding technique for both the joint ball and the joint socket, the very expensive finishing and polishing operations hitherto used may be reduced or entirely dispensed with.
However, for the combination of articular surfaces of the type metal to plastic it is also possible to apply a metallic surface to the joint ball by metal evaporation in vacuum or, possibly, by electrolytic or electrochemical metal deposition. However, these methods generally necessitate the use of more precise manufacturing methods for the joint ball surface to which the layer 7 should be applied, because it is more difficult to achieve the required exact calibration of shapes and dimensions by plating or metal deposition than by injection moulding of an injection mouldable material. It should be emphasized that a substantial advantage of the manufacturing method according to the invention is that it makes it possible to reduce the demand for accuracy in the manufacture of the prosthetic parts on which the articular surfaces are to be designed by applying a layer of material.
As appears from the above, the acetabular cup. prosthesis is fixed to the pelvic bone without the use of cement. For fixing the stem 8 of the prosthetic part 5 in the femoral medullary canal, use is however made of the well-tried technique of embedding the stem in cement 9 filling the entire space between the stem 8 and the wall 10 of the bone. As appears from the introduction to the specification, this method does however not give a fully satisfactory result because the cement may loosen from the bone tissue. Therefore, the application of cement is supplemented according to the invention by fixing the cement material to the bone tissue by means of elements of a metallic material which is tissue-compatible and allows the bone tissue to grow onto the elements and which is "cement-compatible", such that the conventional cement material used will adhere to the elements.
In accordance with the invention, the metallic fixing elements used are preferably barbed pins 11 similar to the pins 3 which are used for fixing the joint cup to the pelvic bone. The barbed pins 11 can be applied to the bone tissue, for instance by driving them into the bone tissue from the inner side of the medullary canal by means of a driving tool or by pressing them into the bone tissue by means of any suitable tool. The pins are fixed in place before the stem of the femoral prosthetic part is inserted and cemented in the medullary canal of the bone. The pins should only penetrate into the bone tissue and should of course not project from the outer side of the wall of the bone. On the other hand, the pins should have, at the inner side of the medullary canal, sufficiently large contact surfaces, contact heads or projections to offer an adequate attachment surface for the cement material.
Instead of barbed pins, which are preferred, use may be made of metal screws which may optionally be screwed from the outside so as to extend into the medullary canal of the bone to be enclosed therein and bonded to the cement material.
As an alternative of more or less sophisticated pins, use may be made of metal plates or strips which are provided with pins and to which the cement material to be used for cementing the prosthetic stem adheres.
It may be advantageous to use pins, screws or the like having porous surfaces for good adherence to the cement material and for stable ongrowth of the bone tissue to the pins, screws etc.
It is advantageous to design the metal elements 11 in such a manner that the cement material 9 not only adheres to the metal elements but also will be firmly connected, because of the shape of such elements, by embedding portions thereof. A sufficient number of relatively small pins, screws etc. should be used, especially in the region of the lower end and neck portion of the prosthetic stem, such that there will be a sufficient number of fixing points to efficiently secure the cement to the wall of the bone.
By using a certain concentration of pins, nails etc. in annular areas in the upper portion of the medullary canal of the bone adjacent the joint ball and at the lower end of the prosthetic stem, it is possible in these areas to obtain concentrated anchorage, and the use of a centering ring of metal which, according to conventional methods, is often mounted on the stem, especially at the lower end thereof, may be dispensed with.
The number of such fixing points should however be selected also in consideration of the risk that a reoperation may become necessary despite the reliable fixing. In a reoperation, the fixing points must of course be loosened to make it possible to remove the prosthesis, which speaks for as few fixing points as possible. For loosening the pins in connection with a reoperation, it may become necessary, from the outside, to bore or otherwise break loose the attachments. The loosening of the fixing points will of course become easier, the fewer the fixing points are. If the pins are bored loose, the holes which are left open will be so small that they will be fully healed by growth of bone tissue after a reoperation.
As already intimated above, use is often made of a guide or centering means at the outer (lower) end of the stem of the femoral prosthesis to maintain the stem in as correct a position as possible during the cementing operation. In a per se known embodiment, the centering means consists of a band-shaped ring disposed on the stem adjacent its lower end and being of the same material as the stem. The ring generally carries a sparse corona of obliquely outwardly-upwardly directed resilient tongues or tines of the same material which are urged by the wall of the bone inwardly towards the prosthetic stem during the insertion thereof in the medullary canal. The ring with its resilient tongues or tines are capable but to an insignificant extent to prevent the loads on the femoral prosthesis from initiating a vibratory and oscillatory movement of the stem in the medullary canal. Such an oscillatory movement, which may initially be microscopically small and has its amplitude at the lower end of the stem, tends to increase with time and may in a relatively short time have a devastating consequence for the retention of the femoral prosthesis.
To pursue the idea of stabilizing the prosthesis in the femoral medullary canal, it is therefore suggested according to the invention that a guide or centering means, at least at the lower end of the prosthetic stem, is fixed by means of hooks, pins or the like which penetrate the wall of the bone and consist of titanium or a titanium-based tissue-compatible material allowing the bone tissue to grow onto the pins or the like.
There are many different ways for achieving such a penetration of pins or like elements for ongrowth of bone tissue, which are fixed or being fixed to a guide or centering means of the above type or simply to the prosthetic stem itself,
One way is implanting pins from the outside in the wall of the bone and fixing the pins to the stem. Another way is fixing a ring by means of pins or a circle of pins in the bone prior to the insertion of the prosthesis, such that the prosthetic stem can thereafter be inserted in the ring or circle of pins with adequate fit therein for stable retention with or without the use of cement. Another possible way according to the invention, which seems promising but has not yet been clinically verified, is using a pin-equipped, expandable annular member 12 which is expandable from the outside and, for example, is of the schematic design intimated in the drawing.
The illustrated annular member 12 is expandable by means of a bolt 13 which with a threaded end portion 13' engages in two internally threaded expansion washers 14 on either side of an expandable annular torus 15 which is mounted at the end portion of the stem 8 and from which a number of pins project radially outwardly, so that they can be urged into the femoral wall 10 by rotation of the bolt 13. The bolt extends through a channel bored in the stem 8 to a point at the upper end portion of the stem that is spaced apart and laterally offset from the joint ball 6. At its upper end, the bolt 13 has a member 17 with which a tool (not shown) can engage.
For moving the expansion washers 14 towards each other for expanding the member 15, one washer has a left-hand thread and the other a right-hand thread, and the thread of the bolt consists of one left-hand threaded portion and one right-hand threaded portion, i.e. the washers 14 and the bolt 13 act as a turnbuckle device in the illustrated example.
Instead of the expansion assembly 12 shown in the drawing, it is possible to use any other per se known expandable device suitable for the contemplated purpose, provided it can properly stabilize the stem 8 in the above-described manner by expanding, such that the pins will penetrate into the femoral wall, and/or by expanding into engagement with and abutment against the inner side of the wall.
The toroid member 15 should consist of a tissue-compatible material, such as titanium or a titanium-based material or a tissue-compatible plastic. It is possible by a suitable choice of material and design to achieve a certain elasticity to force the expandable member 12 (15) to conform to the shape of the medullary canal without neglecting the need for eliminating vibrations or at east reducing them in the prosthetic stem in the femoral medullary canal.
It should be noted in particular that the expandable annular member and the prosthetic stem can be so arranged that the stem can be inserted in the annular member after expansion thereof in the medullary canal before the prosthesis is inserted in place. In this case, the prosthetic stem need not have a bore and the bolt 13 may be dispensed with, but there will instead be required a tool which can be inserted through the bone or at the end of the medullary canal for expanding said member.
It should be noted that the invention is only schematically illustrated in the drawing, in which for instance the thickness of the cement layer 9 and of the layers 2 and 7 forming articular surfaces is chosen rather for purposes of illustration, which also applies to the pins serving as fixing elements.
The thickness of the different layers and in particular the geometrical shapes of the fixing elements may vary and several modifications of the shape of the fixing elements are possible within the scope of the invention. Also, it is possible to use many combinations of materials for the fixing elements. Thus, it is possible, for instance, to make the fixing elements of steel or any other inexpensive material and to coat the surface with a more biocompatible material, primarily pure titanium or a titanium-based material which is particularly tissue-compatible and in other respects biologically acceptable.
It should however be emphasized that the femoral prosthesis need not consist of titanium in its entirety. On the contrary, an embodiment is preferred which consists of a core of for instance steel coated with a titanium metal. The different fixing elements of metal preferably consist of for instance steel with a titanium coating in accordance with the above. Further, it should be noted that the joint prosthesis of the invention can also be used for joints other than hip joints, for instance knee joints, shoulder joints etc., and that it is possible, as a supplement to the illustrated fixing elements, to use metal screws coated with a surface layer of titanium. Steel screws with a titanium layer provide the same tissue compatibility as titanium screws but are less expensive and, moreover, a suitable elasticity is more readily obtainable by a combination of steel/titanium surface layers. Incidentially, such screws may also be used for fixing bone shafts in cases of complicated fractures or for strengthening the bone shaft where a joint prosthesis is applied.
Nor is the invention restricted to the method described above where the metallic fixing elements are applied before the prosthetic stem 8 is cemented in the medullary canal. In fact, it is possible, from the outside, to drive or screw fixing elements through the wall of the bone and into the cement material. In order to obviate any impermissible stresses, use should then be made of fixing elements provided with throughholes allowing cement subjected to pressure to escape therethrough. This method of application can also be carried out after cementing but before the cement has set.
As a supplement to or in replacement of the abovementioned bridging elements in the form of pins, staples, screws or the like between bone cement for fixing a prosthesis with respect to a bone tissue, and the bone tissue itself, the following means are suggested which for the sake of simplicity will be described in connection with a hip joint prosthesis with a stem to be connected to the femoral wall, but may also apply to many other cases where a prosthesis should be fixed to bone tissue, possibly also artificial roots or stems of teeth.
In the open medullary canal of the bone, titanium particles are inserted which are caused to adhere temporarily or more permanently to the bone tissue. The particle layer may be concentrated or relatively sparse depending on the field of use and on how concentrated points of attachment are desired. These particles or grains may be applied in any suitable manner, for instance advantageously by spraying through a nozzle. The particle size may in principle be selected within the range of from μm to several mm depending on the size of the prosthesis and the thickness of the bone cement layer. Thus, the titanium particles may also be in the form of a very fine power. This powder can be applied by means of fine nozzles before or after application of the prosthesis but before the application of the bone cement. However, it is quite possible and, in some cases, even advisable to mix the titanium powder or grains with the bone cement.
In tests on living animal bone tissues, it has been found that the bone tissue grows onto the grains fixed by means of the bone cement, whereby the cement which readily adheres to the prosthesis, as when pins etc. are used, will form a solid bridge between the bone tissue and the prosthesis.
The titanium grain or powder material can be applied in the form of a more or less easy flowing paste or thin slurry or, if a fine grained titanium powder is used, as a pigment-like substance.
Good results are also anticipated for a method according to the invention in which titanium grains are introduced as a layer between the prosthesis and the bone tissue, whereupon a binder for fixing the prosthesis and for fixing the grains is injected in the powder layer by means of an injection needle or in any other suitable way and in such an easy flowing state that the binder will fill the voids between the grains by capillary action.
In the case described above, animal tests have confirmed or given to expect very favourable results which should also apply to human application.
In combination with the fixing and consolidating methods described above, in which use is made of a binder of some kind or also simply bonding by sintering, it may also be possible to use fibres, such as titanium fibres, but also other fibres, such as carbon fibres, are conceivable.
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|ALL BRANDS > Ninco
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subset: commoncrawl


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For the first time ever the Search Engine Giant Google was temporarily worth more than Apple. It is a known fact that Apple's share price has been steadily declining over the last few months and earlier this week the price was at its lowest ever. The Fruit Company dipped below $400 and because Google has been on the rise, Google was temporarily worth more than Apple.
The Wall Street Journal stated "Strip out Apple's $145 billion of net cash as of March, and Google's $45 billion. This leaves an enterprise value of $233 billion for Apple, but $241 billion for Google, reflecting the underlying value of the companies' actual operations."
In reality, however, when it comes to the amount of money both companies have in the bank Apple is still in the lead. This would bump Apple's value to approximately $378 billion and Google would be left with $286 billion. When you take away this cash on hand though, Google becomes a more valuable company.
Apple recently gave the title of the world's biggest company by market cap back to Exxon Mobil as well, so this has got to be a slightly alarming for Apple.


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text:
A moisture-proof housing is disclosed intended for containing a battery. The housing includes two walls or plates which are kept in place by a sealing band located therebetween which defines interior of the housing. Portions of the walls, namely wall or plate protrusions, extend beyond the sealing band. One of the plates has a hole located exterior to the housing during normal conditions. The sealing band includes a movable part which slides between the two plates. When the interior housing pressure exceed the exterior pressure, the movable part slides outward to include the hole within the housing interior. This provides a safety valve and vents out the excessive interior pressure. A stop device is provided to avoid excessive displacement of the movable band, such as displacement beyond the plate protrusions.
1. A housing comprising:
a sealing band located between walls of the housing; said sealing band sealing an interior of the housing and having a shiftable part; and
a stop device which limits displacement of said shiftable part.
2. The housing of claim 1, wherein said stop device includes a lug.
3. The housing of claim 1, wherein said stop device includes a plurality of lugs.
4. The housing of claim 1, wherein one of said walls has an opening located on an outer side of said interior when an interior pressure of the interior is substantially equal to an outer pressure of the outer side; and wherein, when said interior pressure is greater than said outer pressure, said shiftable part moves to include said opening in said interior for venting said interior pressure.
5. The housing of claim 1, wherein one of said walls has a protrusion for holding said stop device.
6. An accumulator formed by at least one battery element and a housing as claimed in claim 1.
7. The accumulator of claim 6, wherein said walls are formed by plates so that said accumulator is in a flat form.
8. The accumulator of claim 6, wherein said walls are flat plates.
The invention relates to a moisture-proof housing for withstanding a certain pressure and intended for notably containing at least one electric accumulator or battery element, the housing being formed by at least one wall on which there is at least one closing area formed by a plastic band which has a part that can be shifted.
The invention also relates to a flat accumulator in the form of such a housing.
The invention finds highly significant applications, for example, for containing an accumulator of the lead acid type.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,652 describes such an accumulator and its housing. However, in that document, the problem of the internal pressure of the accumulator is not mentioned. In fact, accumulators create pressures inside enclosures formed by housings containing them. This pressure may sometimes be so large that the enclosure explodes, especially if the accumulator is of the type containing lithium. Valves may then be provided which open when the pressure exceeds a certain value that is incompatible with the rigidness of this enclosure. When the enclosure pressure increases, a band at a tightening part of the valve may protrude from the walls of the housing of the container. However, once the internal or container gas pressure returns to its normal value, it is possible that the protruding band does not return to its initial position. Another problem is preventing outside air from entering the housing, thereby contaminating the battery elements, when the internal pressure is less than the external pressure.
The present invention is a moisture-proof housing comprising an efficient and cost-effective valve which largely solves problems of conventional housings.
The housing comprises a sealing band located between two walls of the housing. The sealing band seals the interior of the housing and has a tightening or distortable part. A stop device is provided for imposing limits to the displacement of said tightening part.
Thus, thanks to the invention, in the case where there is too much interior pressure, the tightening part which is not attached to the edges of the walls, may shift outward to include an opening of one of the walls within the housing interior, so that the gas creating an excessive pressure may escape. The stop device prevent over-displacement of the tightening part either outward or inward. For example, when the interior pressure is larger than the exterior pressure, then the stop device prevents outward over-displacement and allows the tightening part to return to its initial position once the large interior pressure vents out and equalizes with the interior pressure. Alternatively or in addition to, in the under-pressurized case where the interior pressure is smaller than the exterior pressure, the stop device prevents interior over-displacement of the tightening part and over-deformation thereof.
These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiments described hereinafter.
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 shows an perspective view of a housing according to the invention,
FIG. 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the an opening area according to the invention,
FIG. 3 shows another embodiment of a housing according to the invention,
FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional view of the housing shown in FIG. 3,
FIG. 5 shows an embodiment of the stop device,
FIG. 6 shows a plan view of a variant of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, and
FIG. 7 shows a flat battery formed using the housing according to the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a housing according to the invention. For other embodiment features, reference may be made to French patent application No. 96 06356, filed May 22, 1996 in the name of the applicants. This housing is formed by two plates 20 and 21 arranged opposite each other and connected by a silicon-based polymer band 22 which is placed around the periphery of these two plates 20 and 21. The band thus forms a closing area. The format of this housing is similar to credit cards used by the public at large. This housing is, more particularly, intended to contain lithium-ion battery elements and/or of a type described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,326,652, that is, having a large-capacitance supply capacitor. In the housing of FIG. 1, the closing band 22 comprises an adhesive part and a tightening part 23. The adhesive part is the part for which the plastic band 22 is stuck to the plates 20 and 21 either by its natural adhesion or by glue or by sealing. The tightening part is not adhered at all to the edges or if so, only slightly adhered. This may be realized by a teflon coating. This tightening or distortable part 23 is thus kept in place in that it is held between the two plates 20 and 21. This tightening or distortable part 23 may also be kept in place by hollow grooves which hold the band 22 adequately in place. This tightening part 23 may be distorted under the effect of pressure and may let the gas escape from the housing interior when excessive over-pressure occurs therein, by letting the excessive internal gas pass through an opening 25. This is better shown in FIG. 2. Under the influence of the inside pressure P, the part called tightening part 23 slides between the two plates 20, 21 to include the hole 25 withing the housing interior.
However, one wishes to avoid the tightening part 25 of the band protruding beyond the edges of the two plates 20, 21. Therefore, according to the invention, a stop device 30 is provided which is formed here by a lug provided between the two plates. Each of the plates 20 and 21 has a prominence 35 and 36 respectively, relative to the band 22 where the tightening part 23 is in an initial position I, shown by dashed lines in FIG. 2. FIG. 2 also shows an expanded position II of the tightening part 23 which is stopped by the lug 30.
Thus, by the measures of the invention,after the excessive internal pressure is vented out through the opening 25 while the tightening part 23 is in its expanded position II, then the tightening part 23 returns to its initial position I. The tightening part 23 returns to its initial position I by sliding inward between the prominence or protrusions 35, 36. This arrangement of the stop 30 and the location of the tightening part 23 between the protrusions 35, 36 prevents jamming of the tightening part 23.
As shown in FIG. 3, the stop 30 may be positioned within the housing interior to solve the problem of battery contamination by exterior oxygen. Such a contamination typically occurs when the exterior pressure is larger than the interior pressure. The cross-section along line XX' made at the level of the lug 30 is shown in FIG. 4. In the absence of the stop 30, the exterior pressure F may distort the tightening band 23 such that a leak occurs at a distortion point shown in FIG. 4 as numeral 34. The lug 30 thus prevents this excessive distortion from causing outside air to leak inward.
The stop device shown in the preceding figures was formed by a single lug. It may be formed in various manners, for example, by a range of such lugs 30a, 30b and 30c, as is shown in FIG. 5.
FIG. 6 shows a manner which combines the various ways of realizing said housing.
As shown in FIG. 6, the housing may comprise a plurality of tightening zones 23a and 23b. Also a plurality of holes 25a and 25bmay be provided. Inner lugs 30a, 30b and 30c prevent the tightening band 23a from excessively deforming and moving toward the inside of the housing. This avoids the outer oxygen from contaminating the housing interior. An outer lug 30 prevents the tightening band 23a from protruding to the exterior of the housing. At a second tightening band 23b located on opposite side of the first tightening band 23a,a single lug 30e is provided for stopping excessive movement of the second tightening band 23b toward the inside of the housing, whereas a range of lugs 30f, 30g, 30h, 30i is provided for preventing excessive movement toward the housing exterior. Thus, the displacement of the tightening part 23 is guided and stopped by the stop device.
FIG. 7 shows in an exploded view an accumulator according to the invention. It is formed by a flat housing of the type shown in the preceding figures and by an accumulator element 50 of a type described in cited patent. The electrodes of this element 50 are accessible by plates 52 and 54 which are coated by a band so as to ensure the moisture tightness.
As a matter of course, the electric accumulator element may be of any other type. Similarly, the tightening band can be placed only along part of the periphery, while the other part may be formed by a rigid, soldered or molded material.
The lug 30 may be formed by a piece of elastic which may be flexible.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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Pray Tell
An open forum on faith.
Monthly Archive for February, 2012
White House giving birth-control policy hard, second look
The AP is reporting that the Obama administration is continuing to review its controversial policy mandating free birth-control coverage by employers. Not surprising given the outcry since announcing this policy last month. It sparked an ongoing protest by many religious leaders who see it as government intrusion into religious freedom. Catholic leaders in particular have been outraged because […] [Read More]


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|Avg. Dinner Entrée
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Posted by Anonymous on 05/24/2014
Like having brunch in a London pub, except quieter. The eggs benedict are among the best I've had, especially with the home fries. The English breakfast was good too, other than the rubbery mushroom. The mimosa and bloody mary were fine, and they were included in the price of the meal. We'll be back, perhaps next time for cocktails and dessert (we were too full to try the sticky toffee pudding).
Posted by Adele on 12/19/2012
Dont want to waste too much time withthis review just like i won't waste another night tasting their subpar food.. sorry, but there are alot of other great tasting places around the area
Posted by Sam on 03/24/2012
As a Brit living in New York there are some things from home I've discovered I can't live without. Thank you to Churchills for bringing a delicious cottage pie to NY. (Not forgetting the HP sauce too!) This place is decked out really well and almost makes you feel like you've been transported to a London pub. The pint glasses are the perfect size and the service is very attentive & friendly. You gotta try this place.


text:
Arguing Anti-Semitism
To the Editor:
My message, as far as Gabriel Schoenfeld's article on anti-Semitism is concerned ["Israel and the Anti-Semites," June] is, in apposite street language, come off it! Jews are not all that innocent and helpless. Three millennia of being God's favorites have had their effect. Jews may stupidly pay one steep price for it, but it is their choice.
William B. Wilson
Pleasant Hill, California
To the Editor:
I am stunned that Gabriel Schoenfeld had the temerity to quote Richard John Neuhaus's article in the May issue of First Things so out of context and so piecemeal that his intent and views are seriously misrepresented. As a consequence, Father Neuhaus has been portrayed by Mr. Schoenfeld as anti-Semitic and anti-Israel, which he emphatically is not.
I have followed Father Neuhaus's writings in First Things and can only say that they always reflect his habits of candor and rigorous pursuit of truth wherever it may lead. Some of what he says about Jews, Episcopalians, Muslims, Mormons, (occasionally) Catholics, or others are consistent with his "no b.s." manner, which may offend those who are used to the obfuscation and cant so widely disseminated in the media. We may or may not agree with all that Father Neuhaus says regarding Jews or Israel, but friends—and he is a friend to Jews—can have honest differences.
Mr. Schoenfeld has indulged in yellow journalism of the worst sort, damaging the integrity of COMMENTARY and the reputation of Father Neuhaus alike. I strongly believe that he is owed a full apology and retraction, though it is doubtful that Mr. Schoenfeld's slander, for that is exactly what it is, can ever be rectified.
Stephen Hubert
Camarillo, California
To the Editor:
In connection with "Israel and the Anti-Semites," my grandfather, Mendel Beilis, was accused of ritual murder in Kiev just prior to the Russian Revolution. He never sought to be a martyr and suffered dearly throughout the ordeal, though the case did lead many Jews to leave Europe, saving them from the Holocaust. It is quite disgraceful that the Arabs are today bringing back the blood libel.
Jay Beilis
Oradell, New Jersey
To the Editor:
Is it better to ignore anti-Semitism or to fight it? I asked this question in Germany in my teens, but it was already too late. The murderous anti-Semitism promoted by Julius Streicher's newspaper Der Stürmer was too big. But now, as the examples cited by Gabriel Schoenfeld show, simply saying "Never Again" about the Holocaust is once again not enough. For anti-Semitism itself has been redefined by the Holocaust: unless someone actually wants to kill Jews, he does not qualify as an anti-Semite. Hitler must be laughing in hell.
Emil L. Fackenheim
Jerusalem, Israel
To the Editor:
Gabriel Schoenfeld's article made me recall something I saw in Morocco in the summer of 1943, when I was nineteen. I had crossed the Atlantic as a replacement on the USS West Point and landed at Casablanca (I couldn't find Rick's café). There had been a three-day war with the French in November 1942 and the wreck of the French battleship Jean Bart lay in the harbor. We were taken to a tent city not far away. At dusk every evening, we would put on our helmets and run double-time down the highway east of the camp. At about our turning-around point, there was a black building or wall on which someone had painted, with a coarse brush, "Mort Aux Juifs" ("Death to the Jews"). No one erased it. Fortunately, none of our guys knew what it said.
Robert Kerr
Boulder, Colorado
To the Editor:
I feel very close to the subject of "Israel and the Anti-Semites," having spent the end of World War II in Sachsenhausen, a concentration camp for political prisoners where the inmates included the cream of the resistance in France, Belgium, and the Netherlands. These men were heroes, unquestionably. Still, the fact remains that far fewer West Europeans chose to sign up with the resistance than with the German SS, especially in the period before it became evident that Germany would lose the war. The Jews of Europe could not have been rounded up without the cooperation of these indigenous forces, who on some occasions took direct responsibility for the task.
Only about a generation separates the age when Jews were depicted as sheep-like, frightened people led passively to their deaths from today's portrayal of them as overaggressive brutes. The basic tenet pressed on Israel by so many, that concessions will bring peace and an end to hatred, was proved entirely wrong in Europe on the eve of World War II, with tragic consequences.
Ervin G. Erdös
Chicago, Illinois
To the Editor:
In his excellent article on Israel and anti-Semitism, Gabriel Schoenfeld cites excerpts from the Guardian and the Evening Standard, British newspapers that attacked Israel's incursion into Jenin last spring.
Interestingly, files from the British Mandate in Palestine opened in 1989 tell of an action the English themselves took against Arabs in that very same town of Jenin in 1938, after a British district commissioner was assassinated there. What remained of the city after the English went in with some 4,200 kilos of explosives to exact revenge was a "pile of mangled masonry."
Judith Hirsch
Boca Raton, Florida
To the Editor:
As Gabriel Schoenfeld points out, the European reaction to recent murderous attacks by Arab terrorists on Israelis was quite restrained—to put it nicely—but when the Israeli government finally took necessary steps of self-defense, suddenly the European "conscience" awoke and we witnessed the revival of the basest forms of anti-Semitism.
Unfortunately, this shameful campaign finds ready support in the universities. Mr. Schoenfeld mentions the movement for divestment initiated by a group of faculty members at Harvard, MIT, and Princeton. Perhaps even more notorious is the petition published last April in the Guardian. Signed by 125 mostly British professors, the document calls for a moratorium on the awarding of grants to Israeli academics "unless and until Israel abides by UN resolutions and opens serious peace negotiations with the Palestinians, along the lines proposed in many peace plans including most recently that sponsored by the Saudis and the Arab League." In this single sentence, historical truth is abused in the most shameful way.
What is especially appalling is that a number of Israeli academics also signed the document. Their signatures are just one more sign of how thoroughly some elements of the Israeli Left have lost any connection with the harsh and dangerous reality facing their own country.
Boris A. Kushner
University of Pittsburgh
Johnstown, Pennsylvania
To the Editor:
Gabriel Schoenfeld identifies something new about today's anti-Semitism: "the left-wing strain, the strain that loathes the Jews not on explicitly racialist or religious grounds but on 'universalist' ones." It is imperative to understand the roots of this peculiar ideology that extends tolerance to every stripe of humanity except the Jews.
For nearly two decades, the World Core Curriculum, conceived by the UN and based on the teachings of the occultist Alice A. Bailey, a mid-20th-century proponent of universalism, has been adopted by progressive educational institutions around the world. What is not recognized is that in her other writings, including her "divine plan" for global harmony, Bailey held that the Jews constituted one of four "world problems" that must be "solved" before the "new age" can dawn for humanity. Bailey called Israel a "real danger to world peace and human development . . . mark[ing] a point of triumph of the forces of evil," and explained that "the Zionist dictators . . . were attempting (somewhat unsuccessfully) to be to the Jewish people what . . . Hitler and his gang have been to their people." It is not widely appreciated how many contemporary liberals were exposed to the World Core Curriculum in their formative years, acquiring through it a deep admiration for Bailey and her various teachings.
Hannah Newman
Ariel, Israel
To the Editor:
Gabriel Schoenfeld's provocative and disturbing article raises a number of questions that merit further consideration. First, if public opinion in America at some point were to shift toward the views of the European and American Left, how long could Israel be expected to survive? The United States today provides the only effective opposition to Islamic, European, and academic attempts to isolate Israel, and offers the only effective opposition to calls for divestment and economic sanctions. Some American political figures would, no doubt, stand against the tide no matter what the polls showed. But how long would they hold out once it became clear that their constituents regarded Israel with either indifference or hostility?
This leads to a second question: where in American public opinion does support for Israel reside, and is it likely to remain there? As recent surveys show, the strongest base of support, Jews aside, is among Republicans, conservatives, evangelicals, and Southerners. These groups believe that Israel and America share common values as well as a common enemy in terrorism and the jihadist ideology that drives it. Hostility toward Israel on the Right is found chiefly among followers of Patrick J. Buchanan. On the Left, by contrast, there is widespread antipathy toward Israel, and a willful failure to distinguish between terrorism and counterterrorism, or between premeditated murder and unintended killing.
Israel faces a daunting challenge in seeking to broaden its support among groups that are left of center. On the other hand, Israelis can feel reasonably confident that the coalition of groups on the American Right will continue to stand with them.
Clifford D. May
The Foundation for the
Defense of Democracies
Washington, D.C.
Gabriel Schoenfeld writes:
William B. Wilson's epistle, with its rudimentary theological disquisition, is a useful reminder of the profoundly irrational nature of the phenomenon of anti-Semitism. Jay Beilis's letter is a very different sort of reminder. His grandfather, a humble bricklayer, was arrested in 1911 and charged with murdering and draining the blood of a thirteen-year-old boy for ritual purposes. Worldwide protests against the Czarist authorities ensued, with the United States, a half-century before Jimmy Carter claimed credit for first injecting "human rights" into American foreign policy, even canceling its trade agreement with Russia over the affair. Would that our government today were willing to take equivalent action against some of our "allies"—like Saudi Arabia—that have been using petrodollars to propagate the blood libel on a worldwide scale.
Emil L. Fackenheim points out that the deviancy known as anti-Semitism has been defined downward. In the post-Holocaust era, he writes, "unless someone actually wants to kill Jews, he does not qualify as an anti-Semite." Alas, in some highly respectable quarters, even an open expression of the desire to kill Jews does not qualify. Anti-Israel demonstrators in France, for example, have carried posters reading "Death to Jews," but the New York Times, in analyzing this development, seems in genuine doubt about what it means. Does such "ferocious" language, the newspaper asks, "mark a recrudescence of that most ugly of Western diseases, anti-Semitism? Or is it legitimate, if crude, criticism of a nation's policies? Where does one draw the line? And how does one judge?"
Although each of my other correspondents raises points worth responding to, and I am grateful to each of them, I want to devote the balance of this reply to Stephen Hubert's letter, which is as stridently worded as it is devoid of evidence. Mr. Hubert adduces not a single phrase from my article to illustrate his accusation that I misquoted Richard John Neuhaus or took his views out of context. Indeed, writing in First Things, the publication of which he is the editor-in-chief, Father Neuhaus has himself commented on my article, and does not claim to have been misquoted in the slightest—let alone "slandered." But since Father Neuhaus is in fact critical of my article, as he was of a previous essay in COMMENTARY by Hillel Halkin ("The Return of Anti-Semitism," February), it is perhaps worth considering at somewhat greater length what he has to say on the subject.
Halkin had argued as follows:
[O]ne cannot be against Israel or Zionism, as opposed to this or that Israeli policy or Zionist position, without being anti-Semitic. Israel is the state of the Jews. Zionism is the belief that the Jews should have a state. To defame Israel is to defame the Jews. To wish it never existed, or would cease to exist, is to wish to destroy the Jews.
It was these successive propositions that Father Neuhaus took exception to in the May issue of First Things. Soon afterward, I jumped into the fray with "Israel and the Anti-Semites," where the words that so outrage Stephen Hubert appeared. In them, I commented very briefly on Father Neuhaus's quarrel with Halkin. This in turn prompted another reply from Father Neuhaus in the August First Things, where he wrote:
Gabriel Schoenfeld, senior editor of COMMENTARY, describes me as among the "avowed friends of the Jewish state" but deplores my comments on [Hillel] Halkin's article. "Such," he writes, "are the tortuous rationalizations to which the swell of worldwide anti-Semitism has led." (I note, but decline to entertain, the possibility that Mr. Schoenfeld is suggesting that anti-Semitism led me to write what I did.) My reflection, I am persuaded, was neither tortuous nor a rationalization. It was a straightforward clarification of a serious confusion in Mr. Halkin's argument. There is a worldwide swell of anti-Semitism, except for, thank God, the United States. As American support for Israel becomes ever more crucial, those of us who advocate such support should not accuse everyone who disagrees of being anti-Semitic or of wishing to destroy the Jews. To divide Americans between those who support U.S. policy toward Israel and those who wish to destroy the Jews is, I believe, false, uncivil, and counterproductive.
Unfortunately, this does little to clarify matters, and it is also irrelevant to the issue I was trying to raise. In my article I did not, as Father Neuhaus writes here, deplore his comments about Hillel Halkin's article. I did deplore one specific comment—which he does not address at all—and nothing he says here persuades me that the criticism I leveled was unfair or off the mark.
The single statement that seized my attention in Father Neuhaus's earlier remarks on Halkin was his assertion that to "wish that Israel 'would cease to exist' is . . . not necessarily a wish to destroy the Jews, since one might at the same time hope that the minority of the world's Jews living in Israel would find a secure home elsewhere, notably in the U.S." It was these words that I called a "tortuous rationalization."
They are tortuous, to begin with, because it is impossible to conceive of the circumstances Father Neuhaus posits—namely, circumstances in which, should Israel come under grave threat or be defeated in a war, the "minority of the world's Jews living in Israel would find a secure home elsewhere, notably in the U.S." Father Neuhaus undoubtedly recalls that in 1975, the United States did not exactly lay out a welcome mat for its allies in Cambodia whom it had pledged but failed to defend from Communist aggression; in short order they were slaughtered by the millions. An older and even more relevant episode took place when, in the 1930's and 40's, the United States did its best to keep out Jewish refugees from Nazism—on one notorious occasion in 1939 refusing admission to those aboard the steamship St. Louis and forcing the ship back to Europe, where most of the 937 passengers met their deaths. It is not impertinent to note in this connection that the draconian refugee policy adopted in that period was greeted with sincere indifference by almost all of America's Christian churches.
True, one might hope that things would be different in our enlightened age. But that hope is a reed that splinters in an instant when weighed against the practical obstacles in the way of rapidly ferrying five million Jews to safety from the Middle East. Exactly how would such a mass evacuation take place? To ask the question is to answer it. Unless we are indulging in tortuous rationalizations, we should admit to ourselves the likelier truth: if Israel "would cease to exist," so inevitably would most of its Jews, and therefore to "wish that Israel would 'cease to exist' " is, in practical effect, to wish for the mass murder of its Jews. If that is not an anti-Semitic sentiment, what is?
Of course, I stress again, as I did in my article, that Father Neuhaus himself is far from harboring a wish that Israel "cease to exist." Nevertheless, his contention that those who do harbor such a wish are not necessarily anti-Semitic strikes me as unusually unapprehending in one who enjoys a well-deserved reputation for (in Mr. Hubert's words) cutting through "obfuscation and cant."
While I am at it, I should add that I have been struck by some of the other things Father Neuhaus has said as well, especially his admonishing words in the May First Things on the issue of support for Israel among American Christians. "Ninety-eight percent of Americans are not Jewish," he wrote there,
and the great majority of them strongly support Israel for explicitly moral reasons, and those moral reasons are inseparable from a religious and theological understanding of the bond between Judaism and Christianity. It is therefore hard to understand why so many Jews and Jewish publications—COMMENTARY very much included—are preoccupied with trivial pursuits such as the fringe phenomenon of Holocaust denial, and with emphatically nontrivial pursuits such as attacks on Pius XII and the Catholic Church, and on serious Jewish-Christian theological dialogue. Such unremitting attacks—which in some cases, such as Daniel Goldhagen and Leon Wieseltier in the New Republic, are of a viciously anti-Christian character—can do nothing to enhance "broad public backing" for Israel or positive attitudes toward Jews and Judaism.
It is hard to know what Father Neuhaus has in mind in stating that COMMENTARY has been "preoccupied with trivial pursuits such as the fringe phenomenon of Holocaust denial." In the last ten years, the magazine has published, by my careful count, exactly one short item focusing on this subject. But that aside, Father Neuhaus's real concern in this passage is the fact that "so many Jews and Jewish publications" have engaged in critical discussion—"unremitting attacks," in his words—of the role of Pius XII and the Catholic Church during the Holocaust. Because of this, he suggests, "backing" for Israel by Christians might be negatively affected. What is more, the views of certain individual Jews on these matters are so profoundly repugnant as to jeopardize the "positive attitudes toward Jews and Judaism" held by many Christians.
I hold no brief for the two individuals Father Neuhaus names, and have been a critic (in these pages) of some of the shockingly crude formulations of one of them. But even if both of them could fairly be shown to have propounded theses of a "viciously anti-Christian character," I fail to see why "Jews and Judaism" at large should, in classical fashion, be made to bear the blame. To judge by his previous writings, Father Neuhaus has long eschewed the notion of collective guilt, and I decline to entertain the possibility that he has changed his mind. If he is simply reporting a danger he sees on the horizon, there is, so far as I know, no evidence that the "broad public" is so radically incapable of drawing distinctions between an individual and a group—or for that matter that this broad public is intensely focused these days on the question of the behavior of the Catholic Church during World War II. In any event, the sharpest contemporary detractors of Pius XII happen to be primarily Christians themselves.
In the end, the conclusion seems inescapable that in issuing his words of warning Father Neuhaus has been aiming to terminate the debate about Pius XII by dramatically raising the stakes for its Jewish interlocutors, raising the specter of a return of anti-Semitism and an end of support for Israel. If I am right about this, it marks an ominous turn for a leading Christian thinker, especially one so deeply invested in "serious Jewish-Christian theological dialogue."


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Francesca Garrett is a Psychology student in New Haven, CT. When she isn't translating SMS messages (or in the chat room as AnyaPetrova), she writes for Mission 4636, and serves as Resource Coordinator for the Translation Team and Fletcher School Situation Room. She can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com
Valérie-Ann Nathalie Michel was a vibrant 34 year old working in Port au Prince as a Bank Manager. She was known locally for her love of photography, and most days could be found at the National Palace, camera in hand. She held daily prayer groups in her home and sang with her family, joking that the Michels would be the next big music crew. Then the January 12 earthquake struck, and Danielle was buried beneath the rubble.
In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, a talented team of programmers, designers, and volunteers launched a free phone number, 4636, allowing Haitian survivors to send requests for aid along with a location, name, and phone number. Ushahidi Inc., an open source project which allows users to crowdsource crisis information, launched http://haiti.ushahidi.com, and began tracking the requests in partnership with the U.S. Department of State, InSTEDD, Thomson-Reuters, Digicel, Voila /Comcel, and countless others. There was just one problem: the messages were in Creole.
Now it's January 20th, and Nathalie's brother, Fred Michel, sits at his computer entering GPS coordinates. His shoulders shake a little as he remembers the depth of his loss. On his screen, a chorus on digital voices rush to comfort him. "Respe Nathalie," "We remember Nathalie." Fred is logged into the Mission 4636 Translation site, and tonight most of us are working in his sister's memory.
Mission 4636 is the first stop for the emergency SMS messages from the ground in Haiti. Before they can be sent to Ushahidi teams around the world for triage and dispersal, our translators must first decode the heartbreaking requests, always in the same polite tone despite their desperation.
I first stumbled in the Mission 4636 Chat Room (where translators ask for assistance with slang or landmark identification) a week ago. I've hardly logged off since. Like many in the group, my computer follows me into the kitchen while I cook, and stays inches from my head as I nap. We often joke about the addiction, and members typically say goodnight half a dozen times, unwilling to leave the message queue unmanned.
In the early days, we would call the families of missing survivors who had sent us messages, "Mwen vivan!" "I'm alive! Please tell my family." These days the conversions still move easily from grief to elation ("Mwen pa rive sove lavil"…."I couldn't save her"…"I just saw my first ultrasound – it's a girl!"), but are more often focused on improving our geo-mapping skills and on the future.
A constant stream of support runs between friends who have never met. Sarah Bernard (UHSarahB) has translated our instructions page into three different languages, widening our volunteer base. Sebastian (Sea Bass) somehow finds hours each day (despite two young children and a very pregnant wife) to find much needed improvements in our technology. Another user, Sxpert has created a code that automatically pulls the trickier coordinates from our conversations, and logs the locations in a spreadsheet I created. The goal? Accuracy.
And it's working. Two days ago a young woman in Haiti went into labor. She was bleeding out and her life was in danger. She texted 4636. Across the world, one of our translators pinpointed her location on a map. The US Coast Guard would later tell us that the latitude and longitude provided were accurate to 5 decimal points.
We're making a difference in Haiti. But sometimes, when morale lags at 3:00am, we need to be reminded that we are making a difference in the lives of the people we work with as well.
- "I just wanted to say," began a recent email of encouragement from volunteer / survivor Anna F., "that what you're doing is one of the few bright lights in an otherwise almost unendurable tragedy. If there is any comfort in all of this horror, it is seeing clear evidence that just as people can be utterly corrupt, malign, & self-centered, they can also be extraordinarily smart, inventive, resourceful & generous. Among the ways you've helped this week, you've also helped by reminding me of this. If I could, I'd work with you all day…it's the only thing that really makes sense to me right now.
- I'd say 'God bless you,' but like everyone else, I'm having a few God-issues right now. If He's there and paying any attention, I hope He understands what He's doing better than I can, and I hope He blesses you. Failing that, I just wish you luck."
We are the volunteer translators of Mission 4636. We span six time zones and seven languages on any given night. We are students, medics, stay at home mothers, archivists, firefighters, and software developers. We are the quiet force behind Ushahidi Haiti & we give a voice to the lost.


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Dallas Cowboys and the NFL
Latest news on the Cowboys
Monthly Archive for April, 2011
What's the Cowboys draft grade at the midway mark?
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – At the halfway mark of the draft, I'd give the Cowboys a grade of C. An argument can be made for giving them a B because their first-round pick, USC tackle Tyron Smith, has such a tremendously high upside. But a sober assessment of the pick should point out that […] [Read More]
Cowboys select Missouri State guard in fourth round
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – The Cowboys' fourth round pick is in: Missouri State guard David Arkin. He's No. 109 overall. Arkin, 6 foot 5, 302 pounds, started all 44 games in his career. According to Pro Football Weekly's 2011 Draft Guide, "he is a big, strong, competitive mauler who could help at right tackle […] [Read More]
Bryant hurt himsef by failing to show up at Valley Ranch on Friday
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – Coach Jason Garrett said he and his staff made the most of having several players at Valley Ranch on Friday before the lockout was reinstated by the 8th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis. "It was a good day," Garrett said. "I think we had about 20 or so players […] [Read More]
Cowboys' selection of Murray thrills OU running back's family
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – Oklahoma RB DeMarco Murray's family erupted into cheers when the Cowboys made him their third-round draft pick Saturday night. Murray said he grew up in a Cowboys household, so everybody was thrilled that he'll be wearing a star on his helmet. "There was a bunch of yelling and screaming. I […] [Read More]
Switzer encouraged Cowboys to select OU running back
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – The Cowboys' selection of Oklahoma running back DeMarco Murray in the third round came after they received a thumbs-up on the pick from Barry Switzer. Switzer, the former OU coach who guided the Cowboys to their last Super Bowl win over the 1990s, encouraged Jerry Jones to pick Murray. "He […] [Read More]
Drafting of Oklahoma running back likely will lead to Barber's release
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – The Cowboys made injury plagued Oklahoma running back DeMarco Murray their third-round pick. The selection likely means the team will part ways with Marion Barber and split carries between Felix Jones and Tashard Choice. That means they need a running back who can play special teams, and Murray fits the […] [Read More]
Garrett likes Smith's Hall of Fame confidence
IRVING – Cowboys first-round draft pick Tyron Smith raised eyebrows when he said in a conference call Thursday night that he possesses Hall of Fame potential. One day later, the tackle from USC didn't back down from that claim. "It's more confident in my hard work," Smith said at a news conference. "I am going […] [Read More]
North Carolina alum will move to inside linebacker for Cowboys
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – Seeking to add depth to their aging linebacker corps, the Cowboys selected North Carolina linebacker Bruce Carter in the second round of the NFL draft on Friday. Carter was the eighth pick of the round, No. 40 overall. He played outside linebacker for the Tar Heels but will move inside […] [Read More]
Garrett: 'It was great to see the players'
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – Speaking at an afternoon news conference for first-round draft pick Tyron Smith, Cowboys coach Jason Garrett said "it was great" to see so many players at Valley Ranch on Friday. Quarterback Tony Romo and his top two targets, tight end Jason Witten and wide receiver Miles Austin, showed up on […] [Read More]
Cowboys draft pick studies work of tackles for Jets, Falcons
By Tom Orsborn IRVING – Every NFL rookie has a veteran or two he tries to emulate, and Cowboys draft pick Tyron Smith is no exception. "Basically, it's (Jets offensive tackle) D'Brickashaw Ferguson," Smith said Thursday night after the Cowboys selected him ninth overall. "I'm similar to him in body size when he came out. I […] [Read More]
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Eat Like a Local: Birmingham, Alabama
For Yahoo Food's travel summer series, Eat Like a Local, we're taking you on a cross-country food crawl, city by city. Here's where to chow down in America's lesser-known destinations without sticking out like a sore thumb.
The no-frills facade of Gus's Hot Dogs. Photo credit: southernfoodwaysalliance / Flickr
Birmingham, Alabama, home to the largest cast iron statue in the world, spirited cheers of "roll tide," and a way more diverse food scene than you might think. Walt Lewellyn of weekly newspaper Weld for Birmingham gave us the lowdown Birmingham's best restaurants, and now we're sharing them with you.
Best Hole in the Wall: Gus's Hot Dogs
"It is just a phenomenal hot dog," Lewellyn said of the fare at Gus's Hot Dogs, which has been around since the 1940s. "It really does draw a diverse crowd because it's very cheap—you get lawyers hobnobbing with people who just walked in off the street, which is unusual in Birmingham, where people tend to be tribal." Try the "special dog," a weiner topped with seasoned ground beef, sauerkraut, chopped onions, and a barbecue-like sauce that remains mysterious to all but owner George Nasiakos. Serious Eats calls the dog "gloriously messy, cheap, and delicious." (1915 Fourth Ave. N, Birmingham, AL 35203; 205-251-4540)
Best Dive Bar: The Upsidedown Plaza
The Upsidedown Plaza is "the kind of place where you don't want to go there wearing sandals," Lewellyn warned. "It is 100 percent a dive bar. It fits all those qualifications. And it's cheap." Come to play pool, knock back a few PBRs, and kibitz with students from nearby University of Alabama at Birmingham. (2012 Magnolia Ave., Birmingham, AL 35205; 205-930-0333)
Best Dark and Sexy Date Spot: Bettola
Photo credit: Bettola/Facebook
"Bettola actually means 'dive bar' in Italian, but that's not what that place is," Lewellyn said. He's a fan of the restaurant's antipasti, pizza, salad, and "small-town Italian vibe. It's a little like Naples!" The interior can be dark and moody in the evening, though Lewellyn suggests an outside table for dates. (2901 Second Ave. S, Birmingham, AL; 205-731-6499)
Best Lunch: Niki's West
Niki's West has been around since 1957, and it looks it. "I highly doubt that it looked that much different if you were to eat there in the '50s," Lewellyn said with a laugh. The restaurant is set up like a cafeteria serving up Creole fish, baked Greek chicken, "and any soul food side imaginable," but don't even think about holding up the line. "The guys [behind the counter] are not especially forgiving if you are on your phone," Lewellyn warned. "They are not afraid to shout at you to get your order. If you know the system, it's very nice. If you don't, it can be a hassle. But I think it's part of the charm." (233 Finley Ave. W, Birmingham, AL 35204; 205-252-5751)


text: Free Classic Movies Manfish (1956) March 10, 2013 Kevin Leave a comment Manfish is an adventure based on the stories "The Gold-Bug" and "The Tell-Tale Heart" by Edgar Allan Poe. Lon Chaney Jr. plays the role of Swede. Three deep-sea divers who are involved in a murder during a search for a lost treasure. Share on FacebookShare on TwitterShare on Google+


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Project Management Certificate - Focus: Strategic Leadership
Sauder School of Business, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC CANADA
Bachelor of Arts - Major: Political Science, Minor: Communications
University of Washington, Seattle WA
Olympic Games Experience
Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games - Sport
London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Summer Games - Operational Readiness and Venue Management
Vancouver 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games - Sport
Beijing 2008 Olympic Summer Games - Observer
Torino 2006 Olympic Winter Games - Sport Information secondment
2012-2014 Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Organizing Committee General Manager, Sport Policy & Operations
2012 London Organising Committee for the Olympic and Paralympic Games Manager Games Readiness
2005-2010 Vancouver Organising Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games
Director Sport Services
1999-2004 Various contracts in the technology and insurance industry. Focus on reporting and sales.
Rowing Career
2002 FISA World Rowing Championships - 6th Women's 8+ CANADA
1999 NCAA First Team All-American - UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
1998 FISA Under 23 World Rowing Championships - Women's 4- CANADA
1998 NCAA Champion - Women's Varsity 8+ UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
1997 FISA Under 23 World Rowing Championships - BRONZE Women's 4- CANADA
1997 NCAA Champion - Women's Varsity 8+ UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
1997 Rowing Canada Aviron Female Sculler of the Year Award


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Definition of sheath-like in English:
Resembling a sheath in form or structure, especially in being long, narrow, and close-fitting: a long, flowing sheath-like gown
More example sentences
- Not since the blackouts of 2003 were the sheath-like towers of the city's iconic skyline etched in such deep black, as opposed to their customary high-wattage glitter.
- Dr. Rolf developed a theory that the body's aches and pains arose from basic imbalances among muscles and fascia - the sheath-like connective tissue that surrounds and binds muscles together.
- Short, sheath-like dresses in bright colors were paired with quilting, leather and touches of fur.
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Pearl Harbor Day
Today is the 72nd anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. I realize most people will be like "so what" or might not even know what it is. As a big fan of our history, I thought I would give it a mention in hopes that maybe someone other than me thinks this day has some importance.
Re: Pearl Harbor Day
This day to me,is important.Most of my family are police or military.Pearl Harbor,hastened the United States entry and involvement in WW II.
I've been to the USS Arizona,which to this day,is still leaking diesel fuel,which must be cleaned up by the US Parks Service.I've also been to the "mighty Mo",the USS Missouri
I believe we need to ,move on as a society,but still hold on to the memory of events like these,which define a society also.To think that totally blotting this out of our memory,will serve any purpose,is folly.
Steve B
Re: Pearl Harbor Day
We should never forget our history.
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Video:Best Inexpensive Vodka Brandswith Christine Curran
Vodka brands fall into a wide price range, but top quality vodka isn't always expensive. Watch this About.com video to learn more about the best inexpensive vodka brands.See Transcript
Transcript:Best Inexpensive Vodka Brands
Hey this is Christine with Ft. Liquordale Entertainment for About.com and we're going to talk about the best inexpensive vodka brands.
Svedka Vodka
So my company is mainly known for our Jello shot girls, and with Jello shots we use a lot of vodka. So I'm definitely familiar with a lot of the brands. The Svedka is the best vodka you can get for a very low price, it's the cleanest and smoothest.
Smirnoff's Flavored Vodkas
If you want to go into flavored vodka I would recommend UV or Smirnoff. They have an immense amount of flavors; from cherry to lemonade, every flavor under the sun. Those bottles you can get for anywhere from 10 to twenty dollars even up to the 1.75 liter, so its very affordable.
Smoothest Vodka Brands
I think Ketel One doesn't get enough recognition for their vodka, they have way better flavor and taste than Grey Goose. So I would recommend Ketel One. If you want a very affordable ultra premium vodka, I personally like Silver Dagger. I don't thnk a lot of people have heard about it, but I have tasted it straight up and its like water going down. Its amazing, and they have an awesome bottle too, which makes a great keep sake.
So my top three inexpensive vodkas compared to quality is Svedka for $10 bottle range. Ketel One would be my next choice up for the $20 range. And Silver Dagger for ultra premium, it's a diamond in the rough. For more information visit us online at About.com


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About AQ
About Aquinas
About Grand Rapids
Adult Undergraduate
Financial Aid
A-Z Dept. Listing
Course Catalog
Service Learning
International Programs
Campus Life
Residence Life
The Moose
December 5, 2003 - Pfizer Inc. recently donated over $175,000 in science equipment to the Aquinas College Science and Math Division. This gift recognizes our strong tradition of science education and commitment to training future doctors, dentists, nurses, engineers, and other technical professionals. Sr. Katrina Hartman, chair of the Aquinas College chemistry department, selected the following equipment: Agilent 1100 Series Autosampler Uv Detectors (3) High Performance Liquid Chromatography is a popular method of analysis because it is easy to learn and use and is not limited by the volatility or stability of the sample compound. HPLC has many applications including separation, identification, purification, and quantification of various compounds. Here at Aquinas, we would use these instruments in several different classes. In CY 345, Instrumental Analysis, the theory of operations will be thoroughly discussed and experiments preformed to exemplify the theory both qualitatively and quantitatively. In CY 211/212 (Organic chemistry), the instruments will be used to determine the purity of a synthesis (separating the main product from impurities and side products). In CY 325 (Biochemistry), it will be used to separate sugar solutions and identify sugars/flavanoids/nucleotides. The instruments will also be used in research projects. These are versatile instruments. HP 6850 Gas Chromatographs Gas Chromatography is somewhat similar to HPLC but differs in that the components to be separated must be volatile, that is easily promoted to the gas phase. This technique works well for groups of compounds like smaller alcohols, esters, hydrocarbons as in gasoline. Since it is used widely in industrial chemistry and research, student chemists need to have a ease in working with the instrument. Leica Digital Microscope This digital microscope will allow biology professors and their students to take pictures of their work on slides and transfer them to computer programs for further study. Pictures of chromosomes and DNA analysis results will stored for further study and use. Miscellaneous Smaller items were donated as well, such as water baths (to maintain constant temperatures), pH meters (to measure acidity), gas generators, a rotary evaporator or rotovap (to evaporate solvents under low pressure), de-ionizers (remove ions from water to get distilled quality water), small hot plates and stir plates, and glassware such as beakers, flasks, bottles for the HPLC.


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|Gotta Move Storytime!-Austintown
Event Type: Story Time
Age Group(s): Toddlers, Preschoolers
Date: 3/6/2014
Start Time: 10:00 AM
End Time: 11:00 AM
For children ages 2-5 who are accompanied by a caregiver. Join us for a variety of musical and movement activities that appeal to the "young and restless," stimulate brain development, and motivate language learning. Adults and kids, get ready to act out stories and rhymes, sing and dance, and talk and play! One child's name will be drawn to win four vouchers for the family that can be redeemed at Powers Auditorium for tickets to Sesame Street Live on March 12th.Library: Austintown Library
Location: AU Meeting Room
Presenter: Staff-Juvenile Librarian


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Female , 18-21
I am 21, I just graduated college. I currently work at a peds office. I was born and raised in Illinois. The best part about being there is it led me to my wonderful navy guy
Last Seen Dec 28, 2012
Member Since Jan 02, 2012
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Local Time July 28th, 2:03 PM
My Prince Charming Wears A Dixie Cup I met my boyfriend while he was at Great Lakes, I currently live 45 minutes from the base. When we met we had no mutual friend, we were complete strangers. After out first date I knew this guy was... [more]
Orders Up! I had never planned on moving with my sailor when the time came, but now that orders are up I'm thinking differently. Told he was told there it is 99.9% sure that he will be going to C school in Norfo… [more]
I Want to Share Military and Deployment SongsAnchors Aweight I found these really cute anchor bracelets and I just wanted to share the link with you guy! http://www.etsy.com/listing/51819925/naughty-nautical-bracelet?ref=sr_gallery_26&sref=&ga_incl… [more]
I Said Yes!! Hooyah!! On Friday February 24, 2012, my amazing sailor got down on one knee and asked me to be his wife. Of course I said yes. As perfect as this all sounds the day did no start off to wonderfully.My mo… [more]
I 'm a Military Girlfriend, Fiance Or Wife UnleashedWhere Love Goes... Check out this page its really great I promise! We are just starting to get off the ground with this. I swear you wont regret it. Couples Albums coming next week! Daily Discussions. Rant/ Brags of c… [more]


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Rally For Gubernatorial Candidate Being Moved
PORTLAND, Maine (AP) – A rally for Democratic gubernatorial hopeful Mike Michaud that's being headlined by former President Bill Clinton is being moved to a bigger venue. The event scheduled for Tuesday night will now take place at the Portland Exposition Building. It was supposed to be at the Ocean Gateway, but Michaud's campaign said high demand prompted them to move it to a larger location. More than 1,500 are expected to attend the rally, which starts at 8:00 p.m. Michaud's campaign said that the overwhelming interest in the event shows the energy Mainers have for his campaign. Republicans have seized on Clinton's visit, noting that he also visited Maine in 2010 to support Democratic candidate Libby Mitchell, who came in third place with just 19 percent of the vote.
Category: News


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MOUNT PLEASANT ‑‑ Town council members today approved a $520,874 contract with Gulfstream Construction for the first phase of Coleman Boulevard's revitalization.
The work could begin by month's end between Fairmont Avenue and Pherigo Street. Gulfstream would be expected to finish in about two months, shortly after the Cooper River Bridge Run.
The first phase will add bike lanes, upgrade sidewalks, onstreet parking and new landscaping along part of Coleman where the Boulevard, a large residential and commercial project, is under construction.
Read more in tomorrow's Post and Courier.
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