text:
Toyota Prius
|Toyota Prius
|Body and chassis
|Compact car (1997–2003)
Mid-size car (2003–present)
|Body style
|4-door sedan (1997–2003)
5-door hatchback (2003–present)
|Front-engine, front-wheel drive
The Toyota Prius (/ˈpriːəs/) is a full hybrid electric mid-size hatchback, formerly a compact sedan developed and manufactured by Toyota. The United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Air Resources Board (CARB) rate the Prius as among the cleanest vehicles sold in the United States based on smog-forming emissions.[1]
The Prius first went on sale in Japan in 1997, and was available at all four Toyota Japan dealerships, making it the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle. It was subsequently introduced worldwide in 2000.[2] The Prius is sold in almost 80 countries and regions, with its largest markets being those of Japan and the United States.[3][4] Global cumulative Prius sales reached the milestone 1 million vehicle mark in May 2008,[5] 2 million in September 2010,[4] and passed the 3 million mark in June 2013.[6] Cumulative sales of 1 million Priuses were achieved in the U.S. by early April 2011,[7] and Japan reached the 1 million mark in August 2011.[8]
In 2011, Toyota expanded the Prius family to include the Prius v, an extended hatchback wagon, and the Prius c, a subcompact hatchback. The production version of the Prius plug-in hybrid was released in 2012. The Prius family reached global cumulative sales of 4.8 million units by September 2014, representing 67.7% of the 7 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota Motor Company since 1997.[9] Global sales of the Prius c family passed the 500,000 mark in August 2013.[10][11][12][13]
- 1 Etymology and terminology
- 2 First generation (XW10; 1997–2003)
- 3 Second generation (XW20; 2003–2009)
- 4 Third generation (XW30; 2009–present)
- 5 Fourth generation
- 6 Prius family
- 7 Sales
- 8 Design and technology
- 9 Environmental impact
- 10 Marketing and culture
- 11 Motorsports
- 12 Government and corporate incentives
- 13 See also
- 14 References
- 15 External links
Etymology and terminology[edit]
Prius is a Latin word meaning "to go before". According to Toyota, the name was chosen because the Prius was launched before environmental awareness became a mainstream social issue.[14]
In February 2011, Toyota asked the public to decide on what the most proper plural form of Prius should be, with choices including Prien, Prii, Prium, Prius, or Priuses.[15][16] The company said it would "use the most popular choice in its advertising"[17] and on February 20 announced that "Prii" was the most popular choice, and the new official plural designation.[18] In Latin prius is the neuter singular of the comparative form (prior, prior, prius) of an adjective with only comparative and superlative (the superlative being primus, prima, primum), consequently, like all 3rd declension words, the plural in Latin was priora (cf. Latin declension) which was used by the Lada Priora in 2007.
Despite the "official" plural form used by Toyota, "Priuses" remains good English,[19] and is the more frequently used plural form.
Beginning in September 2011, Toyota USA began using the following names to differentiate the original Prius from some newer members of the Prius family: the standard Prius became the Prius Liftback, the Prius v (known as the Prius α in Japan, and Prius + in Europe), the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, and the Prius c (called Toyota Aqua in Japan).[20][21]
First generation (XW10; 1997–2003)[edit]
|Toyota Prius (XW10)
|Japan: Toyota, Aichi (Takaoka and Motomachi plants)
|Body and chassis
|Body style
|4-door sedan
|1.5 L 1NZ-FXE I4 (gasoline hybrid)
In 1995, Toyota debuted a hybrid concept car at the Tokyo Motor Show, with testing following a year later.[22] The first Prius, model NHW10, went on sale on December 10, 1997.[23][24] It was available only in Japan, though it has been imported privately to at least the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[25]
The first generation Prius, at its launch, became the world's first mass-produced gasoline-electric hybrid car. At its introduction in 1997, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award, and in 1998, it won the Automotive Researchers' and Journalists' Conference Car of the Year award in Japan.
UK sales of the first generation Prius began on October 19, 2000.[26]
Production commenced in December 1997 at the Takaoka plant in Toyota, Aichi, ending in February 2000 after cumulative production of 37,425 vehicles.[27] Production recommenced in May 2000 at the Motomachi plant in the same area, before XW10 manufacture ended in June 2003 after a further 33,411 vehicles had been produced.[28]
The NHW10 Prius styling originated from California designers, who were selected over competing designs from other Toyota design studios.[24]
In the United States, the NHW11 was the first Prius to be sold. The Prius was marketed between the smaller Corolla and the larger Camry. The published retail price of the car was US$19,995.[29] The NHW11 Prius became more powerful partly to satisfy the higher speeds and longer distances that Americans drive.[30] Air conditioning and electric power steering were standard equipment.[31] The vehicle was the second mass-produced hybrid on the American market, after the two-seat Honda Insight.[32] While the larger Prius could seat five, its battery pack restricted cargo space.
The US EPA (CARB) classified the car with an air pollution score of 3 out of 10 as an Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV).[33] Prius owners were eligible for up to a US$2,000 federal tax deduction from their gross income.[32] In contrast with the NW10, Toyota executives stated that the company broke even financially on sales of the NHW11 Prius.[32]
European sales began in September 2000.[34] The official launch of the Prius in Australia occurred at the October 2001 Sydney Motor Show,[35] although sales were slow until the NHW20 (XW20) model arrived. Toyota sold about 123,000 first generation Priuses.[6]
Second generation (XW20; 2003–2009)[edit]
|Toyota Prius (XW20)
|2003–2009 (Japan)
2005–2009 (China)
|Japan: Kariya, Aichi (Fujimatsu plant); Toyota, Aichi (Tsutsumi plant)[36]
China: Changchun, Jilin
|Body and chassis
|Body style
|5-door liftback
|1.5 L 1NZ-FXE I4 (gasoline hybrid)
Presented at the 2003 New York International Auto Show, for the 2004 US model year, the Prius was completely redesigned. It became a mid-size liftback, sized between the Corolla and the Camry, with redistributed mechanical and interior space significantly increasing rear-seat legroom and luggage room. The new Prius is even more environmentally friendly than the previous model (according to the EPA), and is 6 inches (150 mm) longer than the previous version.[37] Its more aerodynamic Kammback body balances length and wind resistance, resulting in a drag coefficient of Cd=0.26.[38] The development effort, led by chief engineer Shigeyuki Hori, led to 530 patents for the vehicle.[39]
Production commenced in August 2003 at the Tsutsumi plant in Toyota, Aichi,[40] supplemented in October 2004 with the Fujimatsu plant at Kariya, Aichi.[41]
The Prius uses an all-electric A/C compressor for cooling, an industry first.[42] Combined with a smaller and lighter NiMH battery, the XW20 is more powerful and more efficient than the XW10.[43] In the U.S., the battery pack of 2004 and later models is warranted for 150,000 miles (240,000 km) or 10 years in states that have adopted the stricter California emissions control standards, and 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years elsewhere.[44][45] The warranty for hybrid components is 100,000 miles (160,000 km) or 8 years.[46]
It is classified as a SULEV (Super Ultra Low Emissions Vehicle) and is certified by California Air Resources Board as an "Advanced Technology Partial Zero Emission Vehicle" (AT-PZEV).[47]
From 2005 to 2009, the second generation Prius had been built by FAW-Toyota in the city of Changchun for the Chinese market.[48] It was reported that a total of 2,152 Priuses were sold in 2006 and 414 in 2007. The relatively low sales was blamed on high price, about US$15,000 higher than the equivalent in Japan or the U.S., caused by high duties on imported parts.[49] In early March 2008, Toyota cut the price of Prius by up to eight percent or US$3,000 to CN¥259,800 (US$36,500). It was thought that the sales dropped as a result of both a lack of acceptance and increased competition. The Honda Civic Hybrid was exported to China from 2007.[50] Toyota sold about 1,192,000 second generation Priuses worldwide.[6]
|Euro NCAP test results
|Toyota Prius (2004)[51]
|Adult occupant:
|Child occupant:
U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash testing of the 2004 US model year Prius yielded a five-star driver and four-star passenger rating in the frontal-collision test (out of five stars). Side crash results were four out of five stars for both front and rear seats. The car scored four out of five stars in rollover testing.[52]
U.S. Insurance Institute for Highway Safety crash tests scored the Prius Good overall in frontal collisions and Good overall in side-impact collisions in models equipped with side airbags.[53] A Poor score was given to models without side airbags.[54] Side curtain and torso airbags became standard on 2007 American models.
Third generation (XW30; 2009–present)[edit]
|Toyota Prius (XW30)
|March 2009–present
|Model years
|Japan: Kariya, Aichi (Fujimatsu plant)[41]
Toyota, Aichi (Tsutsumi plant)[36][55]
Thailand: Chachoengsao (December 2010–present)[56]
|Body and chassis
|Mid-size car
|Body style
|5-door liftback
|1.8 L 2ZR-FXE I4 (gasoline hybrid)
1.8 L 5ZR-FXE I4 (gasoline hybrid; China)
Toyota debuted the new Prius (2010 US model year) at the January 2009 North American International Auto Show,[57] and sales began in Japan on May 18, 2009.[58] Toyota cut the price of the Prius from ¥2.331 million to ¥2.05 million to better compete with the Honda Insight,[59] leading some to wonder whether increased sales of the Prius might come at the expense of sales of other vehicles with higher margins. Competition from lower priced hybrids, such as the Honda Insight, also made it difficult for Toyota to capitalize on the Prius's success.[60] As of June 2013[update], Toyota has sold about 1,688,000 third-generation Priuses worldwide.[6]
At its introduction in 2009, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time.
Its new body design is more aerodynamic, with a reduced drag coefficient of Cd=0.25. This figure is disputed by General Motors which found the value for the model with 17-inch wheels to be around 0.30 based on tests in GM, Ford, and Chrysler wind tunnels.[61] Car & Driver measured the 3rd Generation Prius at 0.26 in a privately arranged 5-way wind-tunnel test of comparable cars.[62] An underbody rear fin helps stabilize the vehicle at higher speeds.[citation needed]
The estimated fuel-efficiency rating, using the U.S. EPA combined cycle, is 50 mpg-US (4.7 L/100 km; 60 mpg-imp).[63] The Prius was the most efficient car powered by liquid fuel available in the U.S. in 2009, based on the official rating.[64] Only the first-generation Honda Insight (2000–2006) equipped with a manual transmission attained a lower fuel consumption rate. The official UK fuel efficiency data for the Prius T3 is Urban 72.4 mpg-imp (3.90 L/100 km; 60.3 mpg-US), Extra Urban 76.4 mpg-imp (3.70 L/100 km; 63.6 mpg-US), Combined 72.4 mpg-imp (3.90 L/100 km; 60.3 mpg-US).[65]
The 1.8-liter gasoline engine (previously 1.5 liters) generates 98 hp (73 kW), and with the added power of the electric motor generates a total of 134 hp (100 kW) (previously 110 hp or 82 kW). The larger engine displacement allows for increased torque, reducing engine speeds (RPM), which improves fuel economy at highway speeds. Thanks to its electric water pump, the Prius engine is the first consumer automotive production engine that requires no accessory belts, which also further improves its fuel economy.[66] The electric motors and other components of the hybrid powertrain are also smaller and more efficient than the industry average.[67] Toyota estimates the new inverter, motor and transaxle are 20 percent lighter.
In constructing the Prius, Toyota used a new range of plant-derived ecological bioplastics, made out of cellulose derived from wood or grass instead of petroleum. The two principal crops used are kenaf and ramie. Kenaf is a member of the hibiscus family, a relative to cotton and okra; ramie, commonly known as China grass, is a member of the nettle family and one of the strongest natural fibres, with a density and absorbency comparable to flax. Toyota says this is a particularly timely breakthrough for plant-based eco-plastics because 2009 is the United Nations' International Year of Natural Fibres, which spotlights kenaf and ramie among others.[68]
On February 12, 2014, Toyota UK announced a recall of the Prius, citing a software error which could cause the car to stop suddenly.[69]
In December, 2013, Consumer Reports named the Prius as the "Best Value", for the second year in a row.[70]
High trim levels in the third generation Prius include features like softex trim seats (that look and feel just like leather but are lighter in weight), headlight washers, parking sensors, premium JBL speaker system and electrically operated lumbar support adjustment for the driver's seat.
|Euro NCAP test results
|Toyota Prius (2010)[71]
|Adult occupant:
|Child occupant:
|Safety assist:
The IIHS rated the 2010 Prius as Good except for side-impact "structure/safety cage", which was rated Acceptable.[72]
In EuroNCAP testing, the Prius was given an overall rating of five out of five stars
2011 facelift[edit]
In mid-2011 (for the 2012 model year), the third-generation Prius Liftback received modest style and equipment changes. The exterior changes include updated headlamps, revised tail lamps, plus a distinctive front fascia and bumper, and the deletion of the "Super White" color option in the United States. Prospective American Prius buyers wanting a white exterior must either choose the "Blizzard Pearl" color (a metallic off-white) for an additional $220, or choose another make or model. The Prius can be equipped with an updated infotainment system featuring the optional Toyota Entune suite of connectivity features. Other updates include a 6.1-inch touch-screen, an AM/FM CD player unit, a USB port for iPod connectivity, an auxiliary input jack, a Bluetooth hands-free phone capability and streaming audio. The Prius also includes an optional solar panel on the roof of the car, solely to power a ventilation fan while the car is parked, to keep the interior cooler in sunny conditions. For the U.S. market only the Prius Two, Three, Four and Five were offered. The premium Prius Five model's Advanced Technology Package includes the Premium HDD Navigation System, plus the Head-up Display, Dynamic Radar Cruise Control, Pre-Collision System and Lane Keep Assist. The Pre-Collision System retracts the front seatbelts and applies the brakes in certain conditions when it determines that a crash is unavoidable. Lane Keep Assist can help the driver stay within the lane.[20] The U.S. 2012 model year includes Toyota's Vehicle Proximity Notification System (VPNS), which emits an artificial engine noise to alert pedestrians, the blind, and others of the vehicle's presence due to significant noise reduction typical of a hybrid vehicle traveling at low speeds in all-electric mode.[73][74]
Fourth generation[edit]
In August 2013, Toyota Managing Officer Satoshi Ogiso, who was chief engineer for the Prius line, announced some of the improvements and key features of the next generation Prius.[75][76] The fourth generation Prius is scheduled to be released by December 2015.[77]
The next-generation Prius is being designed to deliver significantly improved fuel economy in a more compact package that is lighter in weight and lower in cost. These objectives are being achieved through the development of a new generation of powertrains with significant advances in battery, electric motor and gasoline engine technologies. The next Prius will feature improved batteries with higher energy density; smaller electric motors, with higher power density than the current Prius motors; and the gasoline engine will feature a thermal efficiency greater than 40% (in the current Prius is 38.5%). The Prius fuel economy has improved on average by about 10% each generation, and Toyota has set the challenge to continue to improve at this rate. The next Prius will feature the Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA), which provides a lower center of gravity and increased structural rigidity. These features, along with other improvements will allow for gains in ride-and-handling, agility and aerodynamics. The improved aerodynamics will contribute to an all-new exterior design, which includes a roomier interior.[78][79]
Ogiso also explained that the next-generation Prius plug-in hybrid vehicle is being developed in parallel with the standard Prius model. Toyota is developing a new wireless or inductive charging system that produces resonance between an on-floor coil and an onboard coil to transmit power to the battery. The company plans to begin testing of the wireless battery charging system in Japan, the U.S. and Europe in 2014 for a future plug-in Prius. Toyota is also considering requests from Prius PHV owners for additional all-electric range.[78][79]
Prius family[edit]
Prius Plug-in Hybrid[edit]
The Prius Plug-in Hybrid (ZVW35) is based on the conventional third generation (ZVW30) with a 4.4-kWh lithium-ion battery that allows an all-electric range of 23 km (14.3 mi).[80] A global demonstration program involving 600 pre-production test cars began in late 2009 and took place in Japan, Europe, Canada, China, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.[81][82][83]
The production version was unveiled at the September 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show.[80] Deliveries began in Japan in late January 2012,[84] followed by a limited roll-out in the U.S. in late February.[85] Deliveries began in Europe in June 2012 and in the UK in August 2012.[86][87] During its first year in the market, global sales reached 27,181 Prius PHVs, making the Prius PHV the second top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 after the Chevrolet Volt.[88] As of May 2015[update], about 71,000 units have been sold worldwide. Accounting for cumulative sales since 2010, the Prius PHV is the second top selling plug-in hybrid in the world after the Volt/Ampera family of vehicles.[89]
Production of the first generation Prius Plug-in hybrid is scheduled to end in June 2015.[90] The next-generation Prius plug-in is being developed in parallel with the standard fourth generation Prius model, scheduled to be released by December 2015. The second generation plug-in variant has no official release date announced, but according to Automotive News production of the new plug-in version is expected to begin in about October 2016.[77]
Prius v[edit]
At the January 2011 North American International Auto Show, Toyota revealed the 2012 model year Prius v, an extended hatchback wagon, which is derived from the third-generation Prius and features over 50 percent more interior cargo space than the original Prius design.
In May 2011 Toyota introduced the Prius α (alpha) in Japan, which is available in a five-seat, two-row model and a seven-seat, three-row model, the latter's third row enabled by a space-saving lithium-ion drive battery in the center console. The five-seat model uses a NiMH battery pack.[91][92] The Alpha is the basis for the five-seat Prius v launched in North America in October 2011 with a nickel-metal hydride battery pack similar to the 2010 model year Prius, and with two rows of seats to accommodate five passengers. The European and Japanese versions are offered with a lithium-ion battery, with three rows of seats with accommodations for seven passengers.[93] The European version, named Prius+ (plus), began deliveries in June 2012.[86][91] Global sales totaled 498,007 units as of September 2014[update]. Japan is the main market with 350,230 units sold, followed by the U.S. with 107,528 and Europe with 26,955.[12][94][95][96]
Prius c[edit]
Toyota unveiled the Prius c concept at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show. The Prius c has a lower list price and is smaller than the current Prius hatchback. The production version was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show as the Toyota Aqua, and was launched in Japan in December 2011.[97] The Prius c was released in the US and Canada in March 2012,[98][99] and in April 2012 in Australia and New Zealand.[100][101] The Prius c is not available in Europe, where instead, Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid since June 2012.[102] The Prius c and the Yaris Hybrid share the same powertrain.[103] The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car in Japan in 2012 after the Prius brand, as Toyota reports together sales of the conventional Prius and the Prius α.[104][105] When sales of these two Prius models are broken down, the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan, including kei cars, with the Aqua leading monthly sales since February through December 2012.[106][107] The Aqua was the top selling new car in Japan in 2013, including kei car sales.[108]
The Aqua is considered the most successful nameplate launch in Japan in the last 20 years.[109] Global sales of the Aqua/Prius c passed the 500,000 milestone in August 2013.[11][12][13][104] As of September 2014[update], with 853,834 units sold worldwide, the Aqua/Prius c is the second top selling TMC hybrid after the regular Prius. The top market is Japan with 711,649 units sold, capturing a 83.3% of global sales.[94]
The Prius is sold in almost 80 countries and regions.[3][4] Worldwide cumulative sales of the Prius had passed the 1 million mark in May 2008,[110] exceeded 2 million units in September 2010,[4] and reached the 3 million milestone in June 2013.[6] Global sales of all Prius family vehicles totaled 4.78 million units through the end of September 2014, including 3.36 million Prius Liftbacks, 498.0 thousand Prius +/v/α, 853.8 thousand Aqua/Prius c and 65.3 thousand Prius Plug-in Hybrids. Prius family vehicle sales accounted for 67.7% of Toyota Motor Company (TMC) worldwide volume of 7.05 million hybrids sold through September 2014, including the Lexus brand.[9]
As of April 2011, the U.S. accounted for almost half of Prius global sales, with 1 million Priuses sold since 2000.[7] However, the Prius experienced two consecutive years of sales decreases from its peak in 2007, falling to 139,682 units in 2009[111] before rebounding to 140,928 units in 2010.[112] Sales in Japan reached 1 million Priuses in August 2011.[8]
Cumulative Prius sales in Europe reach 100,000 in 2008 and 200,000 units by mid-2010, after 10 years on that market. The UK is one of the leading European markets for Prius, accounting more than 20 percent of all Priuses sold in Europe.[113] Toyota Prius became Japan's best selling vehicle in 2009 for the first time since its debut in 1997 as its sales almost tripled to 208,876 in 2009.[114] In that year it overtook the Honda Fit, which was Japan's best-selling car in 2008 excluding Kei cars.
Rising oil prices caused by the Arab Spring led to increased sales of the Prius in the first quarter of 2011, but the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami led to a production stoppage. Production restarted several days later, but output was hindered due to shortages from parts suppliers.[115] Nevertheless, during the 2011 Japanese fiscal year (April 1, 2011 through March 31, 2012), the Prius family sold 310,484 units, including sales of the Prius α, launched in May 2011, and the Toyota Aqua, launched in December, allowing the Prius brand to become the best-selling vehicle in Japan for the third-consecutive year.[116] Until September 2012, The Prius liftback was the top selling new car in Japan for 16 months in a row, until it was surpassed by the Toyota Aqua in October, which kept the lead through December 2012.[104][117][118] The Prius liftback, with 317,675 units sold in 2012 (including sales of the Prius α), was the best selling car in Japan during the 2012 calendar year for the fourth consecutive year. The Aqua ranked as the second best selling car with 266,567 units sold in 2012.[104][119] Nevertheless, when sales of the two Prius models are broken down, the Toyota Aqua ranked as the top selling model in Japan in 2012, including kei cars, leading sales since February through December 2012.[120][121]
|Annual Prius sales worldwide and by region
(in thousands)
|2014 (1)
|Notes: (1) Cumulative sales through September 2014.[94]
High gasoline prices in the U.S., approaching US$4 a gallon by March 2012, contributed to record monthly sales of the Prius family vehicles. A total of 28,711 units were sold in the United States during March 2012, becoming the one-month record for Prius sales ever. The third-generation Prius liftback accounted for 18,008 units (62.7%); the Prius v accounted for 4,937 units (17.2%); the Prius c, for 4,875 units (17.0%); and the Prius Plug-in Hybrid, for 891 units (3.1%).[123][124] Another record was set during the first-quarter of 2012, with Prius family sales of 60,859 units, it became the best selling quarter ever.[125] Sales of Toyota Prius family vehicles in California represented 26% of all Prius purchases in the U.S. during 2012. With 60,688 units sold during this year, the Prius became the best selling vehicle in California, ahead of the previous leader, the Honda Civic (57,124 units) and the third ranked, the Toyota Camry (50,250 units).[126] The Prius nameplate was again in 2013 the best selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold in the state, ahead of the Honda Civic (66,982) and the Honda Accord (63,194).[127][128]
Toyota sold 223,905 Priuses among the various HEV family members in the U.S. in 2012, representing together a market share of 51.5% of all hybrid sold in the country that year.[12] In addition, a total of 12,750 Prius PHVs were sold in 2012, allowing the plug-in hybrid to rank as the second top selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. after the Chevrolet Volt, and surpassing the Nissan Leaf.[129] The Toyota Prius liftback, with 147,503 units sold, was the best selling hybrid in 2012, the Prius v ranked third with 40,669 units, and the Prius c was fourth with 35,733 units.[12] Toyota USA estimated that sales of its hybrids models in 2012 would represent 14% of total Toyota sales in the country.[130] Since their inception in 1999, a total of 1.5 million Prius family members have been sold in the U.S. by mid October 2013,[131] representing a 50.1% market share of total hybrid sales in the country. Of these, 1,356,318 are conventional Prius liftbacks sold through September 2013.[12][112][132][133]
Prius family sales also set a record in Japan in March 2012. Accounting for the conventional Prius and Prius α sales, a total of 45,496 units were sold in March 2012, becoming the highest monthly sales ever for any model in Japan since 1997, and representing a market share of 9% of all new car registrations excluding kei cars. The Toyota Aqua sold 29,156 units, ranking as the third top selling car that month. Together, all Prius family vehicles sold 74,652 units, representing 15% of monthly new car sales in March 2012.[134][135] With a total of 247,230 vehicles sold during the first quarter of 2012, the Toyota Prius family became the third top selling nameplate in the world in terms of total global sales, after the Toyota Corolla (300,800 units) and the Ford Focus (277,000 units).[136][137]
The following table presents retail sales of the other vehicles of the Prius family by year since deliveries began in 2011 through September 2014.
|Annual sales of other Prius family vehicles by year
between 2011 and September 2014[94]
Prius v/α/+
Aqua/Prius c(3)
Prius PHV
|Total by model(2)
|Notes: (1) Sales through September 2014. (2) Global cumulative sales for the Prius nameplate,
when the Prius liftback is included, add up to 4,777,557 units through September 2014.[94]
(3) Not be available in Europe, instead, Toyota is selling the Toyota Yaris Hybrid which shares the same
powertrain as the Prius c.[138] A total of 118,113 Yaris Hybrids have been sold through September 2014.[94]
Design and technology[edit]
The Prius is a power-split or series-parallel (full) hybrid, sometimes referred to as a combined hybrid, a vehicle that can be propelled by gasoline and/or electric power. Wind resistance is reduced by a drag coefficient of 0.25 (0.29 for 2000 model) with a Kammback design to reduce air resistance. Lower rolling-resistance tires are used to reduce road friction. An electric water pump eliminates serpentine belts.[139] In the U.S. and Canada, a vacuum flask is used to store hot coolant when the vehicle is powered off for reuse so as to reduce warm-up time. The Prius engine makes use of the Atkinson cycle.[140]
EV mode[edit]
When the vehicle is turned on with the "Power" button, it is ready to drive immediately with the electric motor. In the second generation Prius, electric pumps warm the engine by pumping previously saved hot engine coolant from a coolant thermos[141] before the internal combustion engine is started. The delay between powering the car on and starting the internal combustion engine is approximately seven seconds. The third generation Prius does not have a coolant thermos. Instead, the engine is heated by recapturing exhaust heat. A button labelled "EV" maintains Electric Vehicle mode after being powered on and under most low-load conditions at less than 25 mph (40 km/h). This permits driving with low noise and no fuel consumption for journeys under 1 mile (1.6 km). The car automatically reverts to normal mode if the battery becomes exhausted.[142][143] Prior to the 2010 model, the North American model did not have the "EV" button, although the "EV" mode is still supported internally by the Prius Hybrid Vehicle management computer.[citation needed]
There are two principal battery packs, the High Voltage (HV) battery, also known as the traction battery, and a 12 volt battery known as the Low Voltage (LV) battery. The traction battery is a sealed 38-module nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery pack providing 273.6 volts, 6.5 A·h capacity and weighing 53.3 kg (118 lb)[144] is supplied by Japan's Panasonic EV Energy Co. They are normally charged between 40–60% of maximum capacity to prolong battery life as well as allow headroom for regenerative braking. Each battery pack uses 10–15 kg (22–33 lb) of lanthanum, and each Prius electric motor contains 1 kg (2 lb) of neodymium; production of the car is described as "the biggest user of rare earths of any object in the world."[145] The LV battery is essential to starting the car, providing initial power to the computer.
The Second Generation Prius contains a 1.310kWh battery, composed of 28 modules. Each battery module is made of 6 individual 1.2v 6.5Ah Prismatic NiMH cells in series forming a 7.2v 6.5Ah module with 46kWh/kg energy density and 1,3 kW/kg output power density.[146] Each module contains an integrated charge controller and relay. These modules are connected 28 in series to form a 201.6v 6.5Ah battery (traction battery), also known as the energy storage system. The computer controlled charge controller and battery management computer systems keep this battery between 38% and 82% state of charge, with a tendency to keep the average state of charge around 60%. By shallow cycling the battery only a small portion of its net available energy storage capacity is available for use (approximately 400Wh) by the hybrid drive system, but the shallow computer controlled cycling dramatically improves the cycle life, thermal management control, and net long term calendar life of the battery. Active cooling of this battery is achieved by a blower motor and air ducting, while passive thermal management was accomplished through the metal case design.
Battery life cycle[edit]
As the Prius reached ten years of being available in the U.S. market, in February 2011 Consumer Reports decided to look at the lifetime of the Prius battery and the cost to replace it. The magazine tested a 2002 Toyota Prius with over 200,000 miles on it, and compared the results to the nearly identical 2001 Prius with 2,000 miles tested by Consumer Reports 10 years before. The comparison showed little difference in performance when tested for fuel economy and acceleration. Overall fuel economy of the 2001 model was 40.6 miles per US gallon (5.79 L/100 km; 48.8 mpg-imp) while the 2002 Prius with high mileage delivered 40.4 miles per US gallon (5.82 L/100 km; 48.5 mpg-imp). The magazine concluded that the effectiveness of the battery has not degraded over the long run.[147] The cost of replacing the battery varies between US$2,200 and US$2,600 from a Toyota dealer, but low-use units from salvage yards are available for around US$500.[147] One study indicates it may be worthwhile to rebuild batteries using good blades from defective used batteries.[148]
Replacement battery pack[edit]
In 2010, multiple aftermarket large capacity replacement HV battery packs have become available for the first generation Prius, including GreenTec Auto.[149] As of January 2011, GreenTec Auto began producing replacement hybrid car batteries ; GreenTec offers a four-year warranty compared to one year with dealer sourced remanufactured packs.
Environmental impact[edit]
Fuel economy and emissions[edit]
- United States
Since its inception, the Toyota Prius has been among the best fuel economy vehicles available in the United States, and for the model year 2012, the Prius family has three models among the top 10 most fuel-efficient cars sold in the country as rated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).[150] After the Honda Insight first generation was discontinued in September 2006, the Prius liftback became the most fuel-efficient car sold in the American market,[150][151][152] until it was topped by the Chevrolet Volt in December 2010, as the plug-in hybrid was rated by EPA with an overall combined city/highway gasoline-electricity fuel economy of 60 mpg-US (3.9 L/100 km; 72 mpg-imp) equivalent (MPG-e).[153] According to the EPA, for the model year 2012, and when only gasoline-powered vehicles are considered (excluding all-electric cars), the Prius c ranks as the most fuel-efficient compact car, the Prius liftback as the most fuel-efficient midsize car, and the Prius v as the most fuel-efficient midsize station wagon.[154]
among Prius family models sold in the U.S. (model year 2001–2012)[155][156]
City mileage
Highway mileage
(grams per
mile CO2)
Air Pollution
|Prius 1st gen (NHW11)
|42 mpg-US (5.6 L/100 km)
|41 mpg-US (5.7 L/100 km)
|217 (135 g/km)
|Prius 2nd gen (XW20)
|48 mpg-US (4.9 L/100 km)
|45 mpg-US (5.2 L/100 km)
|193 (120 g/km)
|Prius 3rd gen (XW30)
|51 mpg-US (4.6 L/100 km)
|48 mpg-US (4.9 L/100 km)
|178 (111 g/km)
|Prius v (ZVW41)
|44 mpg-US (5.3 L/100 km)
|40 mpg-US (5.9 L/100 km)
|212 (132 g/km)
|Prius c (NHP10)
|53 mpg-US (4.4 L/100 km)
|46 mpg-US (5.1 L/100 km)
|178 (111 g/km)
|Prius Plug-in Hybrid
|Gasoline equivalent
in EV mode
(blended operation)
|Hybrid mode
|133 (82 g/km)
|All-electric range
(blended mode)
|95 mpg-e (2.5 L/100 km)
|50 mpg-US (4.7 L/100 km)
|11 mi (18 km)
|Source: U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[155][156] All ratings correspond to EPA 5-cycle testing procedure (2008 and beyond).
Note: (1) First score is for California and Northeastern states, the second score is for the other states and D.C. Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (SULEV) is a U.S. classification for conventionally powered vehicles designed to produce minimal emissions of certain categories of air pollution.
- Japan
The following table presents fuel economy performance and carbon emissions for all Prius family models sold in Japan since 1997. The ratings are presented for both, the current official 10-15 mode cycle test and the new JC08 test designed for Japan's new standards that goes into effect in 2015, but it is already being by several car manufacturers for new cars. The Prius 2nd generation became the first car to meet Japan's new 2015 Fuel Economy Standards measured under the JC08 test.[157]
among Prius family models sold in the Japan (years 1997–2012)
10-15 Mode Test
(km per litre)
JC08 Test
(km per litre)
(grams per km CO2)
10-15 Mode Test
(grams per km CO2)
JC08 Test
|Prius 1st gen (NHW10)[158]
|28 km/L (66 mpg-US)
|Prius 1st gen (NHW11)[158]
|29 km/L (68 mpg-US)
|Prius 2nd gen (XW20)[159]
|35.5 km/L (84 mpg-US)
|29.6 km/L (70 mpg-US)
|Prius 3rd gen (XW30)[160]
|38 km/L (89 mpg-US)
|32.6 km/L (77 mpg-US)
|Prius α (ZVW40)[161]
|31 km/L (73 mpg-US)
|26.2 km/L (62 mpg-US)
|Toyota Aqua (NHP10)[162]
|40 km/L (94 mpg-US)
|35.4 km/L (83 mpg-US)
|Prius Plug-in Hybrid
|Gasoline equivalent
in EV mode
(blended operation)
|Hybrid mode
|All-electric range
(blended mode)
|EV Mode
JC08 Test
(grams per km CO2)
|61 km/L (140 mpg-US)
|31.6 km/L (74 mpg-US)
|26.4 km (16.4 mi)
Lifetime energy usage[edit]
In 2008 the British government and British media have requested that Toyota release detailed figures for the energy use and CO2 emissions resulting from the building and disposal of the Prius. Toyota has not supplied the requested data details to address statements that the lifetime energy usage of the Prius (including the increased environmental cost of manufacture and disposal of the nickel-metal hydride battery) is outweighed by lower lifetime fuel consumption.[164] Toyota states that lifetime CO2 saving is 43 percent.[165] As of 2010, the UK Government Car Service runs over 100 Priuses, the largest part of its fleet and lists the Prius as having the lowest CO2 emissions among its fleet.[166]
CNW Marketing Research initially published a study[167] in which they estimated that the total lifetime energy cost of a 2005 Prius was greater than that of a Hummer H2. The study is widely cited, but its contents have also been widely debunked: see for example "Hummer versus Prius: 'Dust to Dust' Report Misleads the Media and Public with Bad Science".[168]
Electromagnetic field levels[edit]
The Prius uses electric motors in the hybrid propulsion systems, powered by a high voltage battery in the rear of the car. There has been some public concern over whether the levels of electromagnetic field exposure within the cabin are higher than comparable cars, and what health effects those fields may present, popularized by a 2008 The New York Times article.[169] However, Toyota[169] and several independent studies[170][171] have indicated that aside from a brief spike when accelerating, the electromagnetic fields within the Prius are no different from those of a conventional car and do not exceed the ICNIRP[172] exposure guidelines.
A 2013 study by the Mayo Clinic found that patients with implanted cardiac devices such as pacemakers and defibrillators can safely drive or ride in hybrids or plug-in electric cars without risk of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The research was conducted using implantable devices from the three major manufacturers and a 2012 Toyota Prius hybrid. The study used 30 participants with implanted devices, and measured electric and magnetic fields in six positions inside and outside the Prius, and each position was evaluated at different speeds.[173]
The Wall Street Journal reported in February 2007 on concerns that quiet cars like the Prius may pose a safety risk to those who rely on engine noise to sense the presence or location of moving vehicles.[174] Blind pedestrians are a primary concern, and the National Federation of the Blind advocates audio emitters on hybrid vehicles,[175] but it has been argued that increased risks may also affect sighted pedestrians or bicyclists who are accustomed to aural cues from vehicles. However, silent vehicles are already relatively common, and there is also a lack of aural cues from vehicles that have a conventional internal combustion engine where engine noise has been reduced by noise-absorbing materials in the engine bay and noise-canceling muffler systems. In July 2007, a spokesman for Toyota said the company is aware of the issue and is studying options.[176]
In 2010, Toyota released a device for the third-generation Prius meant to alert pedestrians of its proximity.[177] Japan issued guidelines for such warning devices in January 2010 and the U.S. approved legislation on December 2010.[178][179] Models equipped with automatically activated systems include all 2012 and later model year Prius family vehicles that have been introduced in the United States, including the standard Prius, the Prius v, the Prius c and the Toyota Prius Plug-in Hybrid.[74][180] The warning sound is activated when the car is traveling at less than 15 mph (24 km/h) and cannot be manually turned off.[181]
Marketing and culture[edit]
CO2 advertising[edit]
In the UK, the Advertising Standards Authority, an independent body charged with policing the rules of the advertising industry, ruled that a television advert for the Toyota Prius should not be broadcast again in the same form, having breached rules concerning misleading advertising. The advertisement stated that the Prius "emits up to one tonne less CO2 per year", while on-screen text included "1 tonne of CO2 less than an equivalent family vehicle with a diesel engine. Average calculated on 20,000 km a year." Points of contention were the vehicles chosen for comparison, whether "'up to' one tonne less" adequately communicated that reductions could be lower, and whether the distance used was appropriate: 20,000 km per year is around a U.S. car's average annual driving distance, while a UK car's is 13,440 km.[182]
Political symbolism[edit]
The large number of Prius-owning progressive celebrities in 2002 prompted the Washington Post to dub hybrids "Hollywood's latest politically correct status symbol".[183] Conservatives called "Prius Patriots" also drive the cars because they want to contribute to reduce U.S. dependence on foreign oil.[184] A 2007 San Francisco Chronicle article said "Prius Progressives" were becoming an archetype, with American conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh opining that "these liberals think they're ahead of the game on these things, and they're just suckers".[185]
In July 2007 The New York Times published an article using data from CNW Marketing Research finding that 57% of Prius buyers said their main reason for buying was that "it makes a statement about me", while just 37% cited fuel economy as a prime motivator.[186] Shortly afterwards Washington Post columnist Robert Samuelson coined the term "Prius politics" to describe a situation where the driver's desire to "show off" is a stronger motivator than the desire to curb greenhouse gas emissions.[187] Some conservatives promote use of the Toyota Prius and other hybrid cars. For example, Jim Road from What Would Jesus Drive? encouraged people to drive hybrid cars because of the damage that large SUVs and faster cars can do to others.[188]
Former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) chief R. James Woolsey, Jr. drives a Prius because of its low fuel consumption. Woolsey noted the volatility of the Middle East, coupled with anti-U.S. sentiment in much of the region. Noting that the high percentage of oil drilled in the Middle East gives vast profits to Middle Eastern regimes, Woolsey believes that it is a patriotic obligation to drive more efficient vehicles. In a Motor Trend magazine article, Woolsey stated that those oil profits find their way to terrorist groups like al-Qaeda, meaning that Americans who buy inefficient vehicles would, in effect, be indirectly funding terrorism. "We're paying for both sides in this war, and that's not a good long-term strategy", said Woolsey. "I have a bumper sticker on the back of my Prius that reads, 'Bin Laden hates this car.'"[189]
DARPA driverless edition[edit]
A driverless version of the Prius was one of six cars to finish the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge.[190]
Other media[edit]
Brian Griffin, the anthropomorphic dog from the animated sitcom, Family Guy, drives a silver second generation Prius.[191]
The Karin Dilettante, a drivable vehicle appearing in the 2008 video game Grand Theft Auto IV, and its successor, the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V, is based on the second generation Prius.[citation needed]
The Car Shop on a Android and iOS video game The Sims Freeplay sells a Toyota Prius for the Sims, Available colors are White, Blue, Metallic Black, Green and a Red spotted on the Skating Rink.
A racing version of the car took class pole position[192] and finished sixth at the 2012 Fuji GT 500km.[193]
Government and corporate incentives[edit]
There have been a number of governments with incentives intended to encourage hybrid car sales. In some countries, including the U.S. and Canada, some rebate incentives have been exhausted, while other countries such as the United Kingdom, Sweden, Belgium, and the Netherlands have various or alternative incentives to purchasing a hybrid vehicle.
Several U.S. companies offer employees incentives. Bank of America will reimburse US$3,000 on the purchase of new hybrid vehicles to full- and part-time associates working more than 20 hours per week.[194] Google,[195] software company Hyperion Solutions,[196] and organic food and drink producer Clif Bar & Co[194][broken footnote] offer employees a US$5,000 credit toward their purchase of certain hybrid vehicles including the Prius. Integrated Archive Systems, a Palo Alto IT company, offers a US$10,000 subsidy toward the purchase of hybrid vehicles to full-time employees employed more than one year.[194][broken footnote]
Travelers Companies, a large insurance company, offers hybrid owners a 10% discount on auto insurance in most U.S. states.[197] The Farmers Insurance Group offers a similar discount of up to 10% in most U.S. states.[194][broken footnote]
See also[edit]
- Comparison of Toyota hybrids
- Fuel economy-maximizing behaviors
- Honda Insight
- Hybrid electric vehicle
- Hybrid Synergy Drive
- Hypermiling
- List of hybrid vehicles
- Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
- Toyota Camry Hybrid
- Toyota eCom
- Toyota FT-CH Concept
- Toyota Prius c
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- ^ a b c d "Alternative Fuel Vehicles (AFVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs): Trend of sales by HEV models from 1999–2010". Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE). Retrieved 2011-03-05. Total registered electric hybrids in the U.S. is 1,888,971 vehicles until December 2010. (Click and open the Excel file for the detail by year for each model) Sales 1999–2010
- ^ "Toyota Prius Sales in Europe Reach 200,000 Units". Green Car Congress. 2010-07-16. Retrieved 2010-07-16.
- ^ "Prius No. 1 in Japan sales as green interest grows". USA Today. Associated Press. 2010-01-08. Retrieved 2010-03-14.
- ^ "Toyota Prius dealers see demand rise and inventories fall" By Jerry Hirsch, Los Angeles Times 31 March 2011
- ^ Asahi Shimbun (2012-04-06). "Hybrids Now 16% of Market in Japan as Prius Wins Annual Sales Crown Again". Integrity Exports. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ Associated Press (2012-10-06). "Aqua Tops Prius as Best-Selling Car in Japan". Product Design and Development (PDDnet). Retrieved 2012-11-10.
- ^ Mat Gasnier (2012-11-06). "Japan October 2012: Toyota Aqua takes the lead, 86 up to #14". Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2012-11-10.
- ^ "2012 (Full Year) Japan: Best-Selling Car Models". BestSellingCars.com. 2013-01-10. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ 2月のボディタイプ別売れ筋モデルをチェック [Check the best selling models of different body types February 2012] (in Japanese). Car View. Retrieved 2012-10-22. When sales are broken down by model, the Aqua ranked second in January and first in February 2012.
- ^ "Japan by version December 2012: Nissan Sylphy & Subaru BRZ up". Best Selling Cars Blog. 2013-09-29. Retrieved 2013-01-29.
- ^ Timothy Cain (October 2014). "Toyota Prius Sales Figures - Canada". Good Car Bad Car. Retrieved 2014-10-25.
- ^ "Liftback accounts for 63% of March Prius sales; Prius v and c account for about 17% each". Green Car Congress. 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "March 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com. 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2012-04-06.
- ^ Alan Ohnsman (2012-04-03). "Toyota Sets Prius Sales Record on Bigger Lineup, Gas Prices". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ Jerry Hirsch (2013-01-22). "Toyota Prius topples Honda Civic as bestselling car in California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-01-22. The sales figure includes the Prius liftback, Prius v, Prius c and Prius PHV.
- ^ Bloomberg L.P. (2014-02-13). "Toyota Prius keeps Calif. sales crown; Tesla moves up". Automotive News. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2014). "California Auto Outlook: Fourth Quarter 2013". CNCDA. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
- ^ John Voelcker (2013-01-03). "Plug-In Electric Car Sales Triple In 2012 As Buyers, Models Increase". Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2013-01-17.
- ^ Sebastian Blanco (2012-11-28). "Toyota's Jim Lentz looks into the future of wireless charging, CNG and more hydrogen". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-11-28.
- ^ "2014 Toyota Prius Continues to Dominate the Hybrid Category" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2013-10-16. Retrieved 2013-10-26.
- ^ "December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing". HybridCARS.com. 2012-01-09. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ Jeff Cobb (2013-10-03). "September 2013 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-10-26. See the section: September 2013 Hybrid Car Sales Numbers: A total of 389,910 hybrid vehicles were sold in the U.S. between January and September 2013.
- ^ "Japan March 2012: Toyota Prius, Aqua & Honda Fit all beat records". Best Selling Cars Blog. 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Passenger car sales ranking" (in Japanese). Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ Patrick Rall (2012-05-30). "Toyota Prius becomes 3rd bestselling nameplate in the world". Torque News. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ Hans Cheong (2012-05-30). "Corolla World's Top Selling Nameplate, Focus World's Best Selling Model". New Sunday Times. Retrieved 2012-08-05.
- ^ Toyota News Release (2012-10-09). "Toyota Motor Europe Posts 13% Sales Increase In Q3" (Press release). Europe: Toyota. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
- ^ "Toyota Specs". Toyota.com. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ "Our Point of View: Atkinson Meets Otto: Why the Prius is So Efficient" (Press release). USA: Toyota. 2008-09-08.
- ^ "Motor Trend 2004 Car of the Year Winner: Toyota Prius". Motortrend.com. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ Toyota. "Toyota Prius - Three drive modes". Toyota01. Retrieved 2014-11-23. EV Mode works under certain conditions at low speeds for up to a mile.
- ^ Nelson Ireson (2009-03-25). "First drive: 2010 Toyota Prius". Motor Authority. Retrieved 2014-11-23.
- ^ "Toyota Prius II Battery Pack". The Clean Green Car Company. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-30.
- ^ Steve Gorman (2009-08-31). "As hybrid cars gobble rare metals, shortage looms". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ "Battery Module NP2". Primearth EV Energy Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2015-07-12.
- ^ a b Jake Fisher (2011-02-16). "The 200,000-mile question: How does the Toyota Prius hold up?". Consumer Reports. Retrieved 2011-02-26.
- ^ Leijen, Peter; Scott, Jonathan. "Failure analysis of some Toyota Prius battery packs and potential for recovery". Waikato University Research Commons. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
- ^ http://www.greentecauto.com
- ^ a b U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (April 2010). "Fueleconomy.gov's Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2012)". FuelEconomy.gov. Retrieved 2012-04-08. Click on the tab "EPA Rated for 2012", and "EPA Rated - All Years" to display the Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (1984 to present)
- ^ "EPA reveals top 10 most fuel-efficient cars since 1984, original Honda Insight takes top honors". Autoblog.com. 2010-06-11. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Chris Woodyard and James R. Healey (2009-01-14). "Auto Show Notebook: New Prius gets 50 mpg". USA Today. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ David Bailey and Kevin Krolicki (2012-04-10). "Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating". Reuters. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (April 2010). "2012 Most and Least Efficient Vehicles". FuelEconomy.gov. Retrieved 2012-04-08. Click on the tab "Cars (excluding EVs)".
- ^ a b "Hybrid Vehicles: Compare side-by-side". U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2012-04-05. Retrieved 2012-04-08.Click on 2001, 2004, 2010, and 2012 models. See also here [1]
- ^ a b Toyota News Release (2012-02-28). "Prius Plug-In eligibile for a $1,500 California consumer incentive plus $2,500 Federal tax credit". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2012-04-08.
- ^ "Prius Certified to Japanese 2015 Fuel Economy Standards with JC08 Test Cycle". Green Car Congress. 2007-08-11. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ a b Toyota (2001). "Evolving to Achieve Maturity and Diversity toward the Hybrid Era: Prius & Estima Hybrid". Efonet. Retrieved 2012-04-10. pp. 73 - download the paper
- ^ Toyota News Release (2007-08-10). "TOYOTA、プリウスが「2015年度燃費基準」を達成" [TOYOTA, the Prius achieve "fiscal 2015 fuel economy standards"] (in Japanese). Toyota. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Sam Abuelsamid (2009-04-03). "Japanese ratings call Prius world's most efficient car, 89.4 mpg (US)!". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Eric Loveday (2011-05-13). "Toyota Prius Alpha launches in Japan; delivery delays expected". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-04-10. See details in TMC press release.
- ^ "Toyota launches Aqua compact hybrid in Japan; targeting 12,000 units per month in sales". Green Car Congress. 2011-12-26. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ "Toyota starts taking orders for soon-to-be-launched Prius PHV plug-in hybrid in Japan; targeting 35,000-40,000 units per year". Green Car Congress. 2011-11-29. Retrieved 2012-04-10.
- ^ Andrew English (2008-10-11). "Toyota Prius - green winner or loser?". The Daily Telegraph (London: Telegraph Media Group). Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ "Sustainability Report 2010" (PDF). Toyota Motor Corporation. 2010.
- ^ "GCDA Annual report and accounts 2009–2010 (see page 15)" (PDF). Government Car and Despatch Agency. 2010.
- ^ "Dust to Dust" (PDF). CNW Marketing Research. 2006.
- ^ Peter H. Gleick (2007). "Hummer versus Prius: 'Dust to Dust' Report Misleads the Media and Public with Bad Science" (PDF).
- ^ a b Jim Motavalli (2008-04-27). "Fear, but Few Facts, on Hybrid Risk". The New York Times.
- ^ "Measurement and Analysis of Electromagnetic Fields from Trams, Trains and Hybrid Cars". Rpd.oxfordjournals.org. 2010-06-16. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ "Mythbuster: EMF levels in hybrids" (Press release). ConsumerReports.org. 2010-08-04. Retrieved 2011-01-26.
- ^ http://www.icnirp.de/documents/LFgdl.pdf
- ^ Danny King (2013-03-01). "Relax, electric-drive vehicles play nice with pacemakers, defibrillators". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2013-03-20. See more details in the Press Release.
- ^ Raymund flandez (2007-02-13). "Blind Pedestrians Say Quiet Hybrids Pose Safety Threat". The Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "National Federation of the Blind 2006 Resolutions". The Braille Monitor. August–September 2003.
- ^ Youso, Karen (2007-07-20). "Fixit: Will quiet hybrids get noisier?". StarTribune.com (Star Tribune, Minneapolis MN).
- ^ "TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius'". Toyota Motor Company News Release. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25. Click this link for a video showing a demo of the warning sound at different speeds.
- ^ "TMC to Sell Approaching Vehicle Audible System for 'Prius'". Toyota Motor Company News Release. 2010-08-24. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
- ^ American Council of the Blind Press Release (2010-12-16). "Critical Pedestrian Safety Legislation Moves to White House for President's Signature". PR Newswire. Retrieved 2010-12-17.
- ^ Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2011-09-23). "2012 Toyota Prius, Prius V, Prius Plug-in Hybrid: Now With Spaceship Sound". Electric Car Reports. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
- ^ Gabe Nelson (2013-03-01). "Louder EVs may turn off drivers, automakers say". Automotive News. Retrieved 2013-03-20.
- ^ "ASA Adjudication: Toyota (GB) plc". UK Advertising Standards Authority. 2007-06-06.
- ^ "Half Gas, Half Electric, Total California Cool: Hollywood Gets a Charge Out of Hybrid Cars". The Washington Post, page C01, via washingtonpost.com, 2002-06-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Anderson, Kevin. "Hybrid cars take hold in US". BBC News Website, 2005-02-22. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Haddock, Vicki. "Oh, so pious, Prius drivers: Smugness drifts over the warming Earth -- is that a bad thing?" San Francisco Chronicle, page D-3, via sfgate.com, 2007-07-15. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Maynard, Micheline; Nick Bunkley and Mary M. Chapman contributing. "Say 'Hybrid' and Many People will Hear 'Prius.'" The New York Times, 2007-07-04. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Samuelson, Robert J. "Prius Politics". The Washington Post, page A15, via washingtonpost.com, 2007-07-25. Retrieved on 2007-08-13.
- ^ Ember Herrick (2003-01-06). "'What would Jesus drive?' stirs religious coals". Universe, Brigham Young University. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ "James Woolsey - Interview". Motor Trend. Retrieved 2012-06-01.
- ^ Belfiore, Michael (November 4, 2007). "Carnegie Takes First in DARPA's Urban Challenge". Wired.
- ^ "Snapshot: Brian Griffin's Prius". unknown.
- ^ Nancy Knapp Schilke (2012-09-12). "Joao Paulo de Oliveira clinches first career Super GT pole at Fuji". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 2013-04-29.
- ^ "Results 2012 Series JAF GP Fuji Sprint Cup Race". Super GT. 2012-11-17. Retrieved 2013-05-03.[clarification needed]
- ^ a b c d Corporate Incentives (Website). Hybridcars.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-11.
- ^ "Q&A with Google's VP of Marketing" BusinessWeek Online, 2007-08-06. Retrieved on 2007-08-12.
- ^ "Details of Hyperion Solutions' Drive Clean Program". Hyperion Solutions. November 2004. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ^ Cool Mayors for Climate Protection - Global Warming: More Than the Environment[dead link]
External links[edit]
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Toyota Prius driving tricks
|Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Toyota Prius FAQ
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Toyota Prius.
|« previous — Toyota road car timeline, North American market, 1980s–present (model years)
|Model year
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|Prius v
|Sport compact
|Corolla GT-S/SR5
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|Celica Supra
|Celica Supra
|MR2 Spyder


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Treen May & Tasha May
It's no secret that finding a man in these times isn't easy. As young men lose their masculinity and spend more time shopping and hairstyling than women, as they turn up the collars of their pink shirts, as they fear losing their freedom to a nagging wife and crying child, women are losing their self-esteem and spending an inordinate amount of time dieting and trying to look pretty. Or picking up men and never calling them again. Or convincing themselves that they are happy being alone. So many people seemingly confused about what they are supposed to be doing with their lives with so many choices at their disposal – to be married or not, to have children or not, to be free to do whatever they want to do with no ties.
In Jakarta, many of my Indonesian friends are feeling the fear of growing old alone, but they don't have the same confusion about what they will do with their lives. The direction they are heading in is clear – they are going to get married, have children, and grow old – hopefully buy a house, hopefully stay healthy, and probably look after their aging parents. In the three years I have been here, many of my female friends have found a man, gotten married and had a baby. Everything seems to happen so fast as I recall the slow years of my 20s and the ever increasing speed as I head closer towards the big 4-0.
In Australia, people don't have the same pressure from family to get married – they can live together for years, even have 5 children, and no one will bat an eyelid if they are unmarried. Indonesia, in regards to love and marriage, sometimes reminds me of how I imagine Australia to have been in the 1950s. Then it was unheard of to have a child before marriage, or to have sex before marriage, though of course people were doing it, as they do now in the love hotels in Jakarta. If people were together and showing small signs of affection, then it was almost guaranteed that they would be married soon. Couples here are not afraid to talk of marriage in the early stages of their relationship – in Australia it is unmentionable until a few years have passed, if at all. In Indonesia, your family still has a say in whom you can marry.
It is my good fortune to have come to Indonesia after many years of traveling, of short term relationships and long term disasters, and to my surprise, fall in love with an Indonesian man. In one of our recent blog posts, I mentioned that my boyfriend is an Indonesian Muslim — and to my surprise the comments reeked of animosity, with accusations of his controlling me. I laughed as I thought of the absurdity of his trying to control me.
I know that it is still unusual for people in Jakarta to see us together – some people assume he is my ojek driver. Sometimes waiters ask him with big eyes, "How did you meet that bule?" Ha, how he laughs at that.
It isn't surprising that people assume something is unequal here. After all, the main examples of relationships featuring white people and Asians is generally old white men and young Asian women, not vice versa. The first time I ever went to an American-style bar in Kemang, I arrived early to meet my friend to find that I was the only bule woman there, but there was an abundance of white men there propped up against the bar. Although the bar was not really busy, it was difficult to find a waitress to take my order as they were busy making moony eyes at the old men who were comfortable enough to put their hands on these young women's backsides as they walked past. I don't know why I was surprised to see this in Indonesia – after all, the old white man/young Asian girl phenomenon is not new or unfortunately, unusual. My stomach lurched as I watched the scene. On this particular night, beer bellies and bulbous alcoholic noses seemed to be the look to aim for if you wanted to pick up, acting like some kind of aging rock stars, and able to use the pull of their wallets to draw the starry-eyed stares of these beautiful young women who dreamed of escape into the Land of the Bule – where life is an endless party and they can live in a big house and get out of their current situations.
After being here for three years now, I see that these situations aren't the only ones common in Jakarta. In fact many people are enjoying the best relationship of their lives – whether they started off equal or not, whatever that means, they have found a new groove in their lives – a partnership, a friendship – crossing the cultural boundaries. This is certainly difficult for some people to believe. An Indonesian friend of mine who married an older man, went to live in Australia with her new husband and was faced with endless difficulties – no less than her husband's grown children treated her like a maid, people on the street stared at her like a prostitute, and people assumed constantly that she was in it for the money — not the love. As she faced a growing pile of laundry that her maid would have done for her in Indonesia, she could only sigh and dream of going back to her polluted city.
As time passes, perhaps people will be more accepting of relationships across cultures and will get out of their mail order bride thinking. Perhaps Indonesian wages will increase to a fair level so that they don't seek out old men or women to make their fortune. Maybe women will stop being used for sex and men will control their need for satisfaction. Until that time, I will enjoy my relationship with my Indonesian man who talks about having kids and growing old together, who laughs a lot and takes me out to dinner, who is smart and caring.
Yes, I will continue with my trite blog and plans to ban the use of loud speakers to project religion onto the masses while he continues to snore blissfully. I may even set up an online dating service for Australian women and Indonesian men with promises of a little sweetness. And then I will just relax in the knowledge that in this house, everything is OK.

subset: commoncrawl


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Easy Lemon Tart
Posted 23 September 2010 - 12:32 PM
gluten free cookies, sweetened condensed milk and lemons.
Child's play, you've got to try it.
- 0
Diagnosed in Nov 2005 after Biopsy and Blood Tests
Cannot tolerate Codex Wheat Starch.
Self Taught Baker.
Bake everything from scratch using naturally gluten-free ingredients.
Posted 23 September 2010 - 12:44 PM
200g Gluten Free cookies
70g butter, melted
400g tin sweetened condensed milk
2 eggs
3 lemons, Grated zest and juiced
Preheat the oven to 180 degrees C.
Crush the gluten-free biscuits then add the melted butter and mix.
Line the bottom of a pie dish by pressing the mixture onto the dish with the palm of your hand.
Pour the condensed milk into a bowl then add the eggs and mix well.
Add the lemon juice and lemon zest.
Pour the lemon mixture into the tart shell.
Bake in the preheated oven for 10 minutes.
Cool and refrigerate before serving.
Yummy!!! I love lemon.
- 0
Positive Bloodwork Oct 1st 2007. Gluten-free 3 YEARS Oct 1st!
Dairy & Soy free since Dec 1st 2007.
Potato free since January 3rd 2008.
Remaining Nightshades since April 1st 2008. Back on September 2010.
Developed Rice & Tapioca & Corn Intolerances...
NO Carageenan.
In a constant state of evolution... sending love!
0 user(s) are reading this topic
0 members, 0 guests, 0 anonymous users


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The midfielder has been at the club since pre-season training began and played in Saturday's draw with York City.
He wore the armband at Meadow Lane when Pool manager Paul Ince was in charge there in 2010-11, and Ince feels the player is ready to step up to Championship level.
"Without a doubt I want to keep him here," Ince told the Blackpool Gazette.
"He is full of energy and loves to get forward, even though he is a little behind in terms of fitness.
"We need that type of dynamic midfielder who can get into the box. He does that job very well.
"I know what he can do against higher-level opponents. I know he can play at this level, so I'm not worried about that."


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Our travelers come from all over the world. That means air travel is often a must.
One of the things that can foul-up an otherwise good airborne trip is the delay and stress of airport security, if you come unprepared. Getting to the security line late or poorly prepared can result in a missed flight or a sweaty, tense last-second boarding. It can also cause delays for your fellow travelers who are also attempting to move swiftly through security scanners.
No one wants that, whether traveling for business or pleasure. So we encourage our guests and would-be guests to take certain steps and precautions to make their movements through security details at airports as smooth and stress-free as possible.
To that end, take these steps – from the Transportation Security Administration and other travel advice sites – to ensure that you're able to pass through airport security with the fewest hassles.
We hope that taking these steps will ensure that you have a safe, stress-free and enjoyable flight.
Written by Mike Consol


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Tiger Out
June 18, 2008 - Seth Staskey
It's the biggest sports news of the week since Monday when he won the U.S. Open on the 91st hole. It was announced Wednesday morning that Tiger Woods will miss the remainder of the season due to the need for additional knee surgeries and the rehab that goes along with that.
Well, here's the thing for the PGA, this is awful news. Let's be honest, the entire nation was captivated by the final two regular and playoff rounds of the U.S. Open because the game's most popular and most recognizable player was in the thick of it. This nation loves a winner because most are front-runners.
Tiger being out will make him a better player down the road he continues to push toward Jack's record. However, the tournaments that are still remaining, including two majors and the Ryder Cup just won't be the same without Woods. People won't be as nearly as interested and ratings will demonstrate that.
It's unfortunate for the game, but for Tiger it's just going to make him that much better because if he won a tournament on one leg, what will he do with two good ones?
Again, only time will tell.
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Late night Sunday inspo browsing for my shoot tomorrow and stumbled upon this editorial for the new issue of Vogue. Seems even more relevant to me as I constantly update and delete various items from my Zara shopping basket; all the while hating myself for even shopping there, when all I really want is this entire perfect Stella McCartney pinstripe.
There is nothing more iconic or covetable to me than the perfect thick wool winter coat; just looking at this makes me excited to move on to designing AW14! Having said that I never thought about how perfect a floor length winter coat looks with some flimsy undergarments and Birkenstocks.. watch out London, flasher-fashion might be making it's move, and I may be it's newest convert..
Source: StyleInspo
yeah, this is seriously perfect! Thanks for sharing such hot inspo, Charlie!
she is sooo amazing !
I share the same feelings about Zara shopping! Love the editorial, so simply chic and a perfect nod to the end of summer


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Tonight my boyfriend and I decided to try Giotti's. I ordered crab dip with toasted bread slices and a southwest chicken panini. He ordered an italian sub with onion rings. The onion rings came out with what was to the best of our knowledge buffalo sauce mixed with ranch dressing. It was a shock to the unsuspecting eater. This would have been dismissable as peoples' tastes differ. Our server did bring us ketchup to dip the onion rings in instead. I hoped that the southwest chicken panini I just ordered didn't have the same sauce.
The crab dip was brought to our table with no bread remaining in the crusts. I'm assuming they must have been burned out. Our server promised to bring me more bread, but didn't want the crab dip to get cold. If I were her, I would have deemed this dish unacceptable for serving until the entire dish was intact. I was later delivered three pieces of equally burnt bread, save the bread inside the crusts.
Next came our southwest chicken panini and italian sub. As I feared, the panini had the buffalo sauce on it. Our server brought me some ranch dressing to drown the heat. I ate what I could of it, but we already agreed before we were done eating that we would never come back again.
Our server was nice enough to try to get the items we were unsatisfied with off our bill. The owner wouldn't allow her to and instead gave us a $10 gift certificate. We politely explained that we most likely wouldn't be returning and that they could keep the gift certificate.
All of the above issues were handled pretty well by our server, who was trying her best to accomodate us and make sure that you had our repeat business. What was most shocking to me were the comments made by the owner in clear earshot of most of the restaurant which included the following:
"Nothing gets taken off the bill."
"I don't care if they come back."
When my boyfriend went up to just pay for the meal in its entirety so that we could just get the hell out of there and go home, the owner said to him:
"I'm sure you know how to run a restaurant. I'm trying to be nice by giving you the gift certificate." He also told him to just leave without paying for the food, but my boyfriend insisted. Eventually, the panini was removed from our bill with the help of our server.
My boyfriend doesn't know how to run a restaurant. However, I happen to be in the business of food service management and have also dealt with a lot of restaurant owners in my career. I would never argue with a customer who was unhappy with their food. If an employee of mine were to argue with a customer, that behavior would lead to termination. I might even expect such behavior from lower level employees, but certainly not from a manager or owner!
I've received bad service before and eaten some pretty bad food, but never have heard the owner of a brand new restaurant make such unprofessional and rude comments that would cause customers to not return to his establishment. Knowing the failure rate of restaurants and how difficult it is to stay in business, feedback from customers should be welcomed and encouraged and not feared or taken personally.


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Haynes and Boone has broad experience representing clients that are power generators, power marketers, retail electric providers, load-serving entities, qualified scheduling entities, and large industrial and commercial customers. We offer deep bench strength in the power sector from regulatory to transactional matters; including:
Haynes and Boone lawyers have a depth of knowledge about the coal industry. Our representations have included:
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Haynes and Boone's experience representing clients in connection with alternative energy combines a long-term perspective with cutting-edge experience in current markets. Our involvement in renewable energy includes strategic planning and advice to clients with regard to both regulatory and commercial risks and mitigation strategies for those risks. We also represent new technology companies in connection with the development and commercialization of their technologies and their strategic relationships with investors and joint venture partners. Our experience relates to wind, solar, energy storage, hydro, geothermal, biodiesel, ethanol and landfill gas.
Our experience includes:
Sending an email will not establish an attorney-client relationship. You should not send us any information that you want treated confidentially. By clicking Accept you acknowledge that we may review and use any information you transmit to us.


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Monday - Friday
9:00am - 4:00pm (closed 12:00pm - 1:00pm)
Phone: 805.893.2668
Disabled Students Program is conveniently located on the second floor of the Student Resource Building, in Room 2120. We are across from the Office of Student Life (OSL) and the Educational Opportunity Program (EOP).
Each year temporarily and permanently disabled students attend classes at the University of California, Santa Barbara. They are attracted by the university's academic reputation, moderate weather conditions, and excellent physical accessibility offered here. The lay of the land is flat and free from environmental barriers and most physical structures are accessible. In addition, the UCSB campus provides excellent barrier free, modified, residential facilities to those students seeking to live on campus.
Providing academic accommodations to students with disabilities is a shared responsibility of the campus. Students with disabilities are responsible for ensuring that the Disabled Students Program (DSP) is aware of their disabilities and for providing DSP with appropriate documentation. DSP is located at 2120 Student Resource Building and serves as the campus liaison regarding issues and regulations related to students with disabilities. The DSP staff works in an advisory capacity with a variety of campus departments to ensure that equal access is provided to all disabled students.
Students with disabilities attending UCSB can be assured of receiving the same core support academic services offered throughout the University of California's System-wide chain of campuses.


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This season on T.I. And Tiny: The Family Hustle, one of Tiny's dreams came true. She finally got a deal to host her own talk show (and made Shekinah's dream of being a correspondent come true too), and we're excited to finally see the show when it airs next month.
In the midst of filming the show, Tiny's been tweeting out photos from backstage of her with her celebrity panel that will appear with her, which is made up of her friends Trina, Tamar Braxton, and Claudia Jordan, which is quite the line-up of ladies. Check out a few more photos of the group below.
[Photos: Twitter/Instagram]


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Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Anna Boothe - Exhibition Reception & Artist Talk - Wed Night!
6:00-8:00pm Reception
7:00pm Artist Talk
Gallery One One is proud to welcome internationally recognized glass sculptor, Anna Boothe, for Joie de Vie, an exhibition of small vessels and goblets celebrating the escapism and whimsy of drinking rituals. Anna Boothe is known for her time consuming, detailed casting technique, Pate de Verre.
See you tomorrow!
Posted by Sandra Gross at 1:30 PM No comments:
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Off this Monday? Bring your child to create a fused glass portrait!
SOG Kids presents Portraits & Presidents!
Monday, February 21, 2011
Bring your creative child to create their own original fused glass portrait (or a portrait of their favorite president)! REGISTER ONLINE TODAY.
Posted by Sandra Gross at 3:32 PM No comments:
Monday, February 14, 2011
Design and Create Your Own Fused Glass Jewelry! Tuesday Night, Feb 15
Beginners welcome! Join us to create your own fused glass jewelry in Make & Bake: Cabs & More!
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
CLICK HERE for more details and to register online.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
CLICK HERE for more details and to register online.
Posted by Sandra Gross at 1:47 PM No comments:
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
Kids Shirts - In Progress
Our friends at Powerhouse Factories are working on our School of Glass kids shirts right now. Available at Brazee tomorrow!
Posted by Sandra Gross at 12:14 PM No comments:
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
NEW! 2-day Glass Casting Workshop with Anna Boothe!
Couldn't make the 5-day? NEW 2-day Anna Boothe Glass Casting Workshop!
Join us for this jam-packed, mold making, glass casting, pate de verre workshop with master-glass-caster, Anna Boothe. This is an incredible opportunity! Register online today.
Particular about Particulates: Traditional Pate de Verre Casting with Anna Boothe
Date(s): February 22-23, 2011
Time(s): 10:00-4:00 Tuesday
10:00-1:00 Wednesday
Register Online Today!
Posted by Sandra Gross at 11:55 AM No comments:
Thursday, February 3, 2011
Need a Valentine's Day gift idea?
Posted by Sandra Gross at 1:40 PM No comments:
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Sovereign Bank Branches, Contact Information and Online Banking
Sovereign bank was founded in 1902 and is based in Boston, MA, with their primary market being the Northeastern United States. Sovereign Bank has 750 branches, over 2300 ATMs and assets of more than $90 billion. They offer an array of services, including mortgages, capital markets, trust and wealth management, retail banking and insurance. Company headquarters are is Wyomissing, Pennsylvania and they are a wholly owned subsidiary of Grupo Santander. Sovereign Bank has the naming rights to several arenas in the Northeast, including the Sovereign Performing Arts Center and Sovereign Center Arena in Reading, PA and Sovereign Bank Stadium in York, PA.


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Advanced Medicine. Compassionate Care. Close to Home.
We offer primary care for all ages 10 and up. This includes but
is not limited to: Providing management for all of your health concerns including asthama, high blood pressure, diabetes,
dermatology (including liquid nitrogen for mole/skin tag removal),cough and cold, flu, back sprains, and ADD treatment.
We also provide general wellness exams, school or work physicals, and DOT physicals as well as tetanus and tuberculosis
Blood drawn on site!
We accept
most major insurances: Aetna, BCBS (except BlueValue), United Healthcare, Cigna, Medcost, PHCS, Medicare, Tricare (active
military only), and other Major Medical.
Patients without insurance are also accepted at Dixon Primary. Forms
of payment we accept include CASH, Visa, Mastercard, and checks $35.00 or less with valid picture ID. Please see our
Self-Pay Pricing page for those who do not have insurance at this time.
Please call our office during business hours if you have any
questions or need more information - (910)762-9995.
Douglas Dixon, MD. 720 Market Street Wilmington, NC 28401 Phone: (910) 762 9995 Fax: (910) 762 2134