text:
A process system adapted for processing of or with a material therein. The process system includes: a sampling region for the material; an infrared photometric monitor constructed and arranged to transmit infrared radiation through the sampling region and to responsively generate an output signal correlative of the material in the sampling region, based on its interaction with the infrared radiation; and process control means arranged to receive the output of the infrared photometric monitor and to responsively control one or more process conditions in and/or affecting the process system.
1. A system adapted to supply a gaseous reagent species to a gaseous reagent species-utilizing manufacturing process region, the system comprising:
(a) a sampling region for analyzing the gaseous reagent species, said sampling region being disposed upstream of the gaseous reagent species-utilizing manufacturing process region;
(b) a monitor in sensory communication with the sampling region, the monitor being constructed and arranged to responsively generate an output signal correlative of presence or concentration of the gaseous reagent species in the sampling region; and
(c) a process controller arranged to receive the output of the monitor and to responsively control one or more process conditions in and/or affecting the gaseous species-utilizing manufacturing process region.
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22. A method of manufacturing a semiconductor, the method comprising monitoring a gaseous reagent species using the system of
23. A gaseous reagent species supply system comprising:
a sampling region for analyzing a gaseous reagent species, said sampling region being disposed upstream of a gaseous reagent species-utilizing manufacturing process region;
an infrared radiation source arranged to emit infrared radiation into the sampling region;
a photometric detector arranged to receive infrared radiation from the sampling region and responsively generate an output signal correlative of presence or concentration of the gaseous reagent species in the sampling region;
at least one infrared radiation filter element optically coupled between the infrared radiation source and the photometric detector; and
a process controller arranged to receive the output of the detector and to responsively control one or more process conditions in and/or affecting the gaseous species-utilizing manufacturing process region.
This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/157,760 filed Jun. 21, 2005 in the name of Jose I. Arno, et al. for "In-Situ Gas Blending and Dilution System for Delivery of Dilute Gas at a Predetermined Concentration," issued Jun. 6, 2006 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,058,519, which in turn is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/641,576 filed Aug. 14, 2003 in the name of Jose I. Arno, et al. for "In-Situ Gas Blending and Dilution System for Delivery of Dilute Gas at a Predetermined Concentration," issued Jun. 21, 2005 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,909,973, which in turn is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/402,759 filed Mar. 28, 2003 in the names of Jose I. Arno, et al. for "In-Situ Gas Blending and Dilution System for Delivery of Dilute Gas at a Predetermined Concentration," issued Jun. 20, 2006 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,063,097. The disclosures of these prior applications and patents are hereby incorporated herein by reference, in their respective entireties.
The present invention relates to apparatus and method for photometrically modulating the delivery of reagent, e.g., in a semiconductor manufacturing operation including processing of or with such reagent. In a specific aspect, the invention relates to supply of reagent gas deriving from solid and/or liquid sources.
The semiconductor industry uses a wide variety of reagent gases in applications where the source materials for such reagent gases are solid and/or liquid in character. Such source materials may be highly toxic or hazardous and the dosage of active gas species may in some instances be very small.
When solid and/or liquid source materials are employed, metering the delivery of such non-gaseous materials to a semiconductor processing tool is difficult. Typically, the non-gaseous material is bubbled or swept from a vessel containing the material, by means of a carrier gas that is flowed through the vessel to entrain the vapor of the source material. The resulting carrier gas/active material vapor is then transported as a feed gas stream to the semiconductor tool.
The feed gas stream is flowed to the tool through flow circuitry including lines that typically are heated to prevent condensation and/or freezing of the reagent in the piping, valving, etc. of such flow circuitry.
In design and construction of the semiconductor process system including such tool and the delivery system for the solid and/or liquid source material, it is often necessary to rely on published vapor pressure values for the source material in order to estimate the delivery rate of the source material. Vapor pressure curves in the literature, however, relate to steady state conditions involving vapor-saturated streams. They do not take into account time-varying fluctuations in source material delivery rate, such as may be attributable to (i) changes in liquid levels in the system that may result in non-saturated vapor streams, (ii) concentration spikes that can occur during initial opening of carrier gas valves, (iii) changes in the rate of vaporized material deriving from changes in available surface area of solid source materials, (iv) losses of transported source material due to condensation of the material from the feed stream on cold spots in the flow circuitry, (v) thermal degradation of source material in regions of the flow circuitry or in other process system components that are heated to temperatures above the decomposition temperature of the source material, and (vii) fluctuations in carrier gas flow rates that result in corresponding changes of concentration and delivered amount of the source material.
The foregoing problems involving use of solid and/or liquid source materials has resisted solution, and pose continuing obstacles to the successful utilization of solid and/or liquid source materials for industrial process use, such as in semiconductor manufacturing processes, in which metalorganic compounds and a wide variety of other reagent materials are of non-gaseous form, and require volatilization, vaporization, sublimation or similar operations to provide gaseous or vapor forms of the material to the process for use therein.
The present invention relates to apparatus and method for photometrically modulating the delivery of reagent, such as may derive from solid and/or liquid sources.
In one aspect, the invention relates to a process system adapted for processing of or with a material therein, said process system comprising:
Another aspect of the invention relates to a method of operating a process including processing of or with a material, such method comprising exposing the material to infrared radiation and responsively generating with an infrared photometric monitor an output correlative of the material, based on its interaction with the infrared radiation; and controlling one or more conditions in and/or affecting the process, in response to the output.
Other aspects, features and embodiments will be more fully apparent from the ensuing disclosure and appended claims.
The disclosures of copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/157,760 filed Jun. 21, 2005, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/402,759 filed Mar. 28, 2003 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/140,848 filed May 8, 2002 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their respective entireties, for all purposes.
The present invention relates to utilization of an infrared photometer in a metering arrangement for delivery of reagent, which is useful for delivery of reagent to a process from a non-gaseous source material. The infrared photometer in such arrangement operates as a mass flow meter permitting an output from the infrared photometer to be employed for responsively controlling one or more process conditions in and/or affecting the process system.
More specifically, an infrared photometric monitor is constructed and arranged to transmit infrared radiation through a sampling region, such as a gas cell, and to responsively generate an output correlative of the material in the sampling region, based on its interaction with the infrared radiation.
The process system in addition to a gas-utilizing facility, such as a semiconductor manufacturing facility, e.g., a semiconductor manufacturing tool, or other process unit adapted for processing of or with the monitored material therein, advantageously includes a source for such material providing same in gaseous form for monitoring and subsequent utilization.
The source means may comprise a storage and dispensing vessel for the material, or a synthesis or generating unit for such material, or other suitable supply containers, bulk storage facilities, or the like. The material itself may be in an initially gaseous form, but in a preferred aspect, described more fully hereinafter, the invention is advantageously employed with materials that are in an initially non-gaseous form, e.g., in a liquid state and/or a solid state. The invention thus is amenable to implementation for metered delivery of reagents deriving from source materials that are vaporizable, sublimable, volatilizable, atomizable or otherwise able to be delivered in a gaseous form. The term "gaseous" in such context includes gases as well as vapors.
Infrared photometers usefully employed in the practice of the invention can be of any suitable type including an infrared radiation source and detector elements and associated componentry, e.g., infrared radiation modulation components. Illustrative IR photometers include the CLEANSENS® NDIR photometer commercially available from CS Clean Systems Inc. (Fremont, Calif., USA), the MCS 100E IR photometer commercially available from SICK AG (Waldkirch, Germany) and the PIR3502 Multiwave Process Photometer commercially available from ABB USA (Norwalk, Conn., USA).
The IR photometric monitor can be installed in-line between the material source and the process facility utilizing the gaseous reagent being monitored. In application to a semiconductor manufacturing facility, the IR photometric monitor can be situated in-line in the flow circuitry between a chemical vapor deposition reactor and a liquid material vaporizer or bubbler. Where the flow circuitry coupled with the IR photometric monitor is heated to prevent condensation or freezing of the gaseous reagent being monitored, the IR photometric monitor can be heated to a temperature in the same temperature regime as the flow circuitry.
By such arrangement, the IR photometric monitor provides a time-dependent concentration profile of the material delivered to the gas-utilizing facility. The IR photometric monitor enables concentration of the material of interest to be tracked in real time in a qualitative and quantitative mode. The IR photometric monitor can be arranged to monitor the reagent species of interest, as well as one or more decomposition by-products of such reagent species, thereby providing the capability of detecting unwanted degradation of the reagent, so that process conditions and operation can be responsively altered to suppress any significant decomposition from occurring, when changes in process variables or settings would otherwise cause such degradation to occur.
The output of the IR photometric monitor can be used to control delivery parameters such as carrier gas flow rates, vaporizer temperatures, pressures, etc., so that a desired delivery rate of the reagent of interest can be achieved and maintained even under fluctuations in process conditions and operating modes.
Referring now to the drawing of
The semiconductor manufacturing process system 10 as illustrated includes an infrared photometric monitor 12 and a semiconductor manufacturing facility 114. The semiconductor manufacturing facility 114 may comprise a semiconductor manufacturing tool such as a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor, an ion implantation chamber, a lithotracks unit, or other processing unit in which a reagent in gaseous form is used.
The gaseous form reagent is supplied to the semiconductor manufacturing facility 114 from a reagent material source 40.
Reagent material source 40 includes a bubbler vessel 42 containing a source material 62 in liquid form. The bubbler vessel 42 is disposed in a heating jacket 44 that is coupled by electrical line 50 to the heating jacket controller 46 that in turn is connected by power line 48 to a suitable power source. The heating jacket controller thus is arranged to vary the extent of resistive heating of the vessel 42 by the heating jacket, by correspondingly varying the current flowed in line 50 to the heating jacket 44.
The liquid 62 in vessel 42 is contacted with a gas in the form of bubbles 64 by flow of carrier gas, e.g., helium, argon, nitrogen, hydrogen, or other suitable single component or multi-component carrier medium, from carrier gas supply 52 (e.g., a compressed gas cylinder, bulk gas storage tank, or the like) in carrier gas feed line 54 containing flow control valve 56 therein to the diptube 60. The diptube 60 is open-ended at its lower extremity, thereby permitting the carrier gas to bubble through the non-gaseous source material 62 so as to entrain the source material in the carrier gas.
The carrier gas entraining the source material therein disengages from the liquid 62 in the headspace 66 of the vessel 42, and is discharged from the vessel in line 68 as a feed stream containing the source material and the carrier gas. The feed stream flows in line 68, containing flow control valve 70 therein, and traced with a heat tracing element 92, to the gas sampling chamber 29 of the IR photometric monitor 12. The gas sampling chamber 29 is arranged to be heated by heater 96, to provide an input heat flux denoted schematically by arrow Q.
From the gas sampling chamber 29, the feed stream flows in delivery line 73, traced with heat tracing element 94, to the semiconductor manufacturing facility 114.
By this arrangement, involving heat tracing of the flow circuitry lines 68 and 73, and heating of the gas sampling chamber 29 by the heater 96, the temperature of the feed stream is maintained at a temperature level that ensures that no condensation of the source material takes place in the flow circuitry or the gas sampling chamber.
In the semiconductor manufacturing facility 114, the reagent material is utilized, e.g., as a precursor from which a layer of metal, dielectric, insulator, is deposited under appropriate deposition conditions therefor, or in other manner as a process gas, cleaning fluid, etc. Effluent gas from the semiconductor manufacturing facility 114, which may derive at least in part from the reagent material, is discharged from the semiconductor manufacturing facility 114 in line 73 and flowed to effluent pump 74.
From pump 74, the effluent flows in line 75 to effluent treatment unit 76 for abatement of hazardous species therein, e.g., by scrubbing (wet and/or dry scrubbing), catalytic oxidation, incineration, chemical treatment, or the like. From the effluent treatment unit 76, the final treated effluent is discharged from the process system in vent line 78.
The IR photometric monitor 12 comprises a source of infrared radiation 14 whose output radiation 24 is directed along a path illustratively shown in dashed line representation. The output radiation 24 is modulated by diaphragm wheel 16 having openings 18 and 20 therein. The rotation of the wheel 16 thereby permits the radiation to pass through opening 18 or 20, or alternatively be blocked by the opaque portions of the wheel intermediate the openings 18 and 20. The wheel is rotatable by means of axle 22, which may be operatively coupled with suitable drive means, e.g., an electric motor, generator, gearing assembly, power take-off assembly, flywheel, etc., to effect rotation of the wheel 16 in the direction indicated by arrow A in
The modulated radiation passes through an interference filter 26 that is transmissive of radiation of a specific frequency range. The resulting infrared radiation enters the sampling chamber 29 through inlet window 30 and interacts with the feed stream introduced into the chamber in line 68, thereby altering the radiation so that the radiation passing out of the sampling chamber 29 through exit window 32 to detector 34 differs from the radiation passing into the chamber through inlet window 30, in a manner that is characteristic of the presence of the reagent species in the feed stream at that point in time. The inlet and exit windows 30 and 32 are formed of IR-transmissive material, such as for example zinc selenide or other suitable material.
The detector 34 of the IR photometric monitor is coupled by terminals 36 to the central processor unit (CPU) 38, to transmit to the CPU a signal that is correlative of the reagent species of interest and its concentration in the feed stream.
The CPU thus is inputted a signal from the IR photometric monitor that is indicative of the presence and amount of the reagent species of interest. The CPU may comprise any suitable means such as a programmable general purpose digital computer, microprocessor, logic unit, integrated circuitry, etc. that is effective for signal processing of the IR photometric monitor signal to produce an output for controlling one or more process conditions in and/or affecting the process system.
In the
By these respective control linkages, which may be used singly, alternatively, or in various combinations, the photometric monitor and associated control assembly can be operated to photometrically sense the concentration of the reagent species of interest in the feed stream and to responsively adjust (i) the flow rate of carrier gas flowed to the bubbler, (ii) the flow rate of the feed stream comprising the carrier gas and the reagent species that is flowed to the sampling chamber and the downstream gas-utilizing process, (iii) the heating of the liquid source material in the bubbler, (iv) any of the tool settings, process conditions, etc. in the semiconductor manufacturing facility, and/or (v) the pumping rate of the pump used to flow the effluent from the semiconductor manufacturing facility to the effluent treatment unit. Additionally, or alternatively, the CPU may be arranged to control the heating of material in gaseous or non-gaseous form in the process system, e.g., by controlling rate of heat input to the heat tracing elements and the sampling chamber.
It will be appreciated that the specific control linkages shown in
Thus, the system is arranged so that the gas-utilizing process is controlled in response to the photometric sensing of the reagent species of interest, thereby permitting optimal process operation to be achieved and maintained throughout the temporal duration of the gas-utilizing process.
It will be further recognized that although the illustrative embodiment of
As will be apparent from the foregoing, the present invention provides the capability for monitoring and control of a gas-utilizing process system that permits the efficient use of non-gaseous source materials for generating gaseous reagent species, thereby obviating the numerous deficiencies of prior art approaches for using non-gaseous source materials, as discussed in the Background of the Invention section hereof.
While the invention has been described herein with reference to specific aspects, features and embodiments, it will be recognized that the invention is not thus limited, but is susceptible to implementation in numerous other variations, modifications, and alternative embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is intended to be broadly construed as encompassing such variations, modifications and alternative embodiments, within the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
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6. Johnny's surprise party in The Room
The terrible vegetable platters and pretzel bowls, the inexplicable sheep-like compliance of the crowd as they file in and out of the room to 'get fresh air/cake', the fact that one of the guests has breast cancer and doesn't seem to actually care about it – this has to be the most depressing party ever. Who are these people with their slack-jawed smiles and inability to emote appropriately? What happened to their brains?
Then what has to be the worst fight in the world breaks out over a ridiculous soap opera love triangle and the birthday boy storms off. It's just so bleak and surreal for everyone involved – like a dream you might have after falling asleep while watching Twin Peaks.
It's also a really bad movie.

subset: commoncrawl


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Hoping to satisfy both security-minded IT managers and consumers, BlackBerry Balance lets BB10 users quickly switch between Personal and Business profiles. Each profile has its own apps and security options. Balance also enables businesses to remotely manage devices and wipe any sensitive data if the handset gets lost or stolen.
How about the battery life? How is it better compared to the previous bb's
some version of the Nokia Lumia, i can't remember which one.. maybe 510, or whatever, has a similar "time shift" function…
Awesome Article. BB10 looks amazing from what I've seen.. Thanks!


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The Official Game for ICC Cricket World Cup 2011! Play as one of the 14 Cricket teams to compete for the ultimate prize in Cricket, The ICC Cricket...iOS Version 1.0.0 ... Added: 03/20/11Total Downloads9,873Last Week15
Embark on Gameloft's refreshing revisit of the classic game you used to play on Apple II now.The press already love it. Youll love it too.**IGN:...iOS Version 1.9.8 ... Added: 08/27/11Total Downloads10,242Last Week10
Play a car racing game.Mac Version 1.2.8 ... Added: 05/04/04Total Downloads11,110Last Week9
The official Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert-approved app of the Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear. Download it before you board the sanity bus...iOS Version 1.0 ... Added: 03/05/11Total Downloads7Last Week1
Looking for a car? Trovit! All used cars for sale in one place and on the go!SUV, coupe, station wagon, convertible, sedan, sports car, van... find...iOS Version 2.8.0 ... Added: 07/21/15Total Downloads8Last Week4
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OK, so maybe that headline is a bit misleading, but Wall is darn close if you watch the above video from ESPN's "Sports Science."
Host John Brenkus and ESPN's research team analyzed Wall's speed and vision with some tests, presenting viewers with some ultra-slow, highly empirical video of why Wall can make such an immediate impact in the NBA.
After a series of cone tests, Brenkus' team concludes taht Wall reacts and changes direction in 253 milliseconds, which is faster than a Cheetah makes a single stride at top speed.


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Everything You Need To Know About UMSL, UMKC Fake Video Debacle In One Easy Sitting
Categories: Dirty Rotten Scoundrels, Follow That Story, Politics
|Christofanelli: Wash U. senior allegedly edited the controversial video.
As you likely know by now, Ancel and Don Giljum, a professor at University of Missouri - St. Louis, were targeted last month in a highly edited video appearing on the website of right-wing blogger Andrew Breitbart. The video showed Ancel and Giljum allegedly telling students in their labor relations class that violence was an acceptable part of worker-employer negotiations.
Giljum was forced to resign because of the video and was later arrested when things got heated after another conservative blogger confronted him on UMSL's campus. (The university has since issued a statement calling the the Breitbart video "highly distorted" and "taken out of context" and offering Giljum the option of possibly returning to the school.)
The Breitbart video also provided fodder for conservative pundits across the nation, including St. Louis' own Dana Loesch, who vilified the professors on her radio show.
On yesterday's program, Goodman and Ancel did a good job of outlining the controversy and separating fact from fiction. Ancel also fingers the person who allegedly provided the video to Breitbart. His name is Phillip Christofanelli, a senior at Washington University who was enrolled in the class at UMSL. Christofanelli is member of the conservative Wash. U. club, Young Americans for Liberty, that's had ties to activist James O'Keefe, the man behind the ACORN and NPR hit pieces.
Anyhoo, following is Goodman's interview with Ancel. It's worth your time to give it a watch.
Video courtesy of Fired Up! Missouri
Much more information on the videos can be found on St. Louis Activist Hub.
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text:
Astringent dentifrice containing a water-soluble zinc salt and a hydrous silica gel polishing agent compatible and substantially non-reactive with the zinc salt.
1. An astringent dentifrice comprising about 20-90% by weight of liquid vehicle comprising water in amount of at least about 3% by weight of said dentifrice, about 0.5-5% by weight of a gelling agent and about 10-50% by weight of a polishing agent comprising a synthetic precipitated, amorphous silica gel having an average particle size of 1 to 30 microns and
(a) a surface area of 1 to 600 m2 /g,
(b) a pore volume of 0.05 to 0.5 cm3 /g,
(c) a product of surface area (in m2 /g)�pore volume (in cm3 /g) less than or equal to 240,
(d) a calculated pore diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 nm and
(e) a water content of less than 25% by weight; and
up to about 5% of a water-soluble zinc salt which provides at least about 50 ppm of zinc ions to said dentifrice.
2. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said zinc salt is present in amount of 0.01-3% by weight.
3. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said zinc salt is selected from the group consisting of zinc sulphate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate.
4. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 3 wherein said zinc salt is zinc sulphate heptahydrate.
5. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 3 wherein said zinc salt is zinc chloride.
6. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said water in said liquid vehicle comprises about 3-10% by weight of said dentifrice and said synthetic amorphous silica gel comprises about 10-40% by weight of said dentifrice.
7. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said water in said liquid vehicle comprises about 11-50% by weight of said dentifrice.
8. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said synthetic amorphous silica gel is selected from the group having characteristics consisting of:
______________________________________ a b c______________________________________Average particle size 4 7 4(according to Coulter) μmWet screen residue 0.02 0.02 0.02(42 μm) %pH (5% suspension in 3 6 6-8water)Surface are (B.E.T) m2 /g 7 4 7Loss in drying % 7 4 7SiO2 content (on 96 99 96ignited substance)Refractive index 1.46 1.46 1.46and (d) mixtures thereof.______________________________________
9. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said dentifrice is packaged in an unlined aluminium tube.
10. The astringent dentifrice claimed in claim 1 wherein said dentifrice also contains about 0.005-0.5% by weight of zinc oxide.
This invention relates to a dentifrice containing a water-soluble zinc salt which provides an astringent effect on oral mucosa and periodontal tissue during toothbrushing.
The astringent effectiveness of zinc ions provided by water-soluble zinc salts to promote and improve oral hygiene has long been known. Nevertheless, there have been limits on the practical use of zinc in dentifrice compositions since zinc ions can readily react with typical dentifrice components causing substantial loss of availability of zinc ions.
For instance, siliceous polishing agent is often employed in dentifrice gel compositions prepared for toothbrushing. Such siliceous polishing agents as silica xerogel having an average particle size between about 2 and 20 microns and generally a surface area of at least about 300 m2 /gm, typically about 300-370 m2 /gm, or about 600-800 m2 /gm, which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230 to Pader et al, undergo in situ reaction with zinc ion so that much of the theoretically available zinc is lost by physio-chemical means such as absorption. Similar compatibility problems would occur when water-soluble zinc salt is present together with other dentifrice salt polishing agents, particularly calcium salts such as dicalcium phosphate or calcium carbonate. In fact, it has been believed that it would be difficult to employ water-soluble zinc salt and maintain high level of availability of zinc ions in such conventional dentifrices.
It has therefore been difficult to prepare dentifrices containing amounts of zinc ions which remain effective in providing astringent properties. In particular, gel-type dentifrices providing zinc astringency have not been available due to the incompatibility of zinc ion with various siliceous polishing agents.
In the present invention, use is made of a precipitated, amorphous silica gel which has been described in British Published Patent Application No. 2 038 303 A to Feig et al and in co-pending commonly assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 576,046, filed Feb. 1, 1984. Such material is available from Grace G.m.b.H. as product such as Syloblanc 81, Syloblanc 81C and Syloblanc 82. It is distinct from the types of xerogel which have been sold by W. R. Grace and Co. under the trademark Syloid and which are particularly described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230 to Pader et al. Indeed, although some products sold by Grace G.m.b.H. under the trademark Syloblanc were formerly or are still available under the trademark Syloid, none of Syloblanc 81, Syloblanc 81C or Syloblanc 82 have ever been available under the trademark Syloid. It is particularly noteworthy that the grades of the silica gel employed in the present invention are less abrasive as the surface area increases whereas the grades of silica xerogel which are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230 are generally more abrasive as their surface area increases.
In view of the low compatibility of most polishing agents with zinc including those polishing agents of U.S. Pat. No. 3,538,230, it was quite unexpected that a particular siliceous polishing material would not have such a problem. Nevertheless, in accordance with the present invention, it has been found that retention of high levels of astringency from zinc ions is attained when such particular siliceous polishing material is employed.
It is an advantage of this invention that an astringent dentifrice containing zinc ions is provided.
It is a further advantage of this invention that an astringent gel-type toothpaste containing zinc ions is provided.
Further advantages of the invention will be apparent from consideration of the following specification.
In accordance with certain of its aspects, this invention relates to an astringent dentifrice comprising about 20-90% by weight of liquid vehicle comprising water in amount of at least about 3% by weight of said dentifrice, about 0.05-5% by weight of a gelling agent and about 10-50% by weight of a polishing agent comprising a synthetic precipitated, amorphous silica gel having an average particle size of 1 to 30 microns and
(a) surface area of 1 to 600 m2 /g,
(b) a pore volume of 0.05 to 0.5 cm3 /g,
(c) a product of surface area (in m2 /g)�pore volume (in cm3 /g) less than or equal to 240,
(d) a calculated pore diameter of 1.5 to 2.5 nm and
(e) a water content of less than 25% by weight; and
up to about 5% of a water-soluble zinc salt which provides at least about 50 ppm of zinc ions to said dentifrice.
As indicated above, the synthetic precipitated silica is of the type described in British Published Patent Application No. 2 038 303 A and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 576,046. Specific grades of the silica material described therein are suitable for use in the practice of the present invention. Further, specific grades which are particularly preferred are described in an October, 1980, trade publication of Grace G.m.b.H. of Norderstadt, Germany, as Syloblanc 81 and Syloblanc 82 as having the following typical physical and chemical characteristics:
______________________________________ SYLOBLANC SYLOBLANC 81 82______________________________________Average particle size 4 7(according to Coulter) μmWet screen residue (42 μm) % 0.02 0.02pH (5% suspension in water) 3 6Surface area (B.E.T.) m2 /g 400 480Loss on drying % 7 4SiO2 content (on ignited 96 99substance) %Refractive index 1.46 1.46______________________________________
In a variation of Syloblanc 81 available as Syloblanc 81C, the pH (5% suspension in water) is about 6-8.
Syloblanc 81 and 81C, in particular are highly effective in polishing dental surfaces. Syloblanc 82 is lower in polishing effect but can be used by consumers desiring such reduced effect. Likewise, grades of the silica material may be proportioned in mixtures to produce appropriate polishing characteristics. It is noteworthy that the dentifrices are compatible in unlined aluminium dentifrice tubes even in the absence of phytate salt, which is necessary in the invention described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 576,046. The precipitated amorphous silica gel is employed in amount of about 10-50% by weight, typically about 10-40% in a gel dentifrice.
Aqueous slurries of the silica materials (e.g. about 5 to 20% slurries) typically have a pH of about 2 to 9. Since the dentifrice composition of the present invention preferably has a pH (measured in 20% aqueous slurry) of at least about 5.5, e.g. about 5.5-7.5, the pH of the dentifrice may be adjusted with an appropriate material such as sodium hydroxide, etc.
The water-soluble zinc salt is present in the dentifrice in amount of up to about 5% by weight, preferably about 0.01-3% and most preferably about 0.1-2%. Water-soluble zinc salts in accordance with the present invention are at least about 10% by weight, preferably at least about 20%, soluble in water. There is provided at least about 50 ppm of zinc ions to the dentifrice, preferably at least about 750 ppm and most preferably at least about 1000 ppm of zinc ions. Suitable zinc salts include zinc sulphate, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, zinc nitrate and zinc acetate. In the case of zinc chloride, 0.01% by weight provides about 50 ppm of zinc ions and 0.2% by weight provides about 1000 ppm of zinc ions. 0.48% by weight of zinc sulphate, heptahydrate provides about 1000 ppm of zinc ions. In addition, zinc oxide, a sparingly soluble (below 0.0005%) zinc compound may also be added to prevent a lowering of the pH in the product. This acts as a buffer system and improves pH stability and compatibility in unlined aluminium tubes. It may be present in amount of about 0.005-0.5% by weight.
The dentifrice comprises a liquid vehicle containing about 3-60% by weight of water, typically mixed with at least one humectant. The liquid phase comprises about 20-90% by weight of the dentifrice and is generally about 25-80% liquid, typically with about 3-50% by weight, preferably about 3-10%, of water in a substantially clear gel dentifrice or gel dentifrice which would be substantially clear except for the presence of an opacifying agent, such as titanium dioxide, and about 11-50% of water in a hazy to opaque gel dentifrice, with about 10-90% by weight, preferably about 15-80%, of humectant. Typical humectants include glycerine, sorbitol (e.g. 70% solution), maltitol, polyethylene glycol of molecular weight of about 400-600, propylene glycol and mixtures thereof.
The dentifrice also contains a gelling or binding agent as a solid vehicle agent, although this may be in small amount, since the synthetic, precipitated silica can effect a thickening or gelling of the dentifrice into a creamy or pasty consistency. Gelling or binding agents include xanthan, Irish moss, iota-carrageenan, gum tragacanth, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, starch and mixtures thereof. Gelling agents may be used in amount of about 0.05-5% by weight, typically about 0.05-2% and preferably about 0.1-1.5%.
Any suitable surface active or detersive material may be included in the dentifrice compositions. Such compatible materials are desirable to provide additional detersive foaming and antibacterial properties depending upon the specific type of surface active material and are selected similarly. These detergents are water-soluble compound usually, and may be anionic, nonionic, amphoteric or cationic in structure. It is usually preferred to use the water-soluble non-soap or synthetic organic detergents. Suitable detersive materials are known and include, for example, the water-soluble salts of higher fatty acid monoglyceride monosulphate detergent (e.g. sodium coconut fatty acid monoglyceride monosulphate), higher alkyl sulphate (e.g. sodium lauryl sulphate), alkyl aryl sulphonate (e.g. sodium dedecyl benzene sulphonate, higher fatty acid esters of 1,2-dihydroxy propane sulphonate) and the like.
Further surface active agents include the substantially saturated higher aliphatic acyl amides of lower aliphatic amino carboxylic acid compounds, such as those having 12 to 16 carbons in the acyl radical. The amino acid portion is derived generally from the lower aliphatic saturated monoaminocarboxylic acid compounds. Suitable compounds are the fatty acid amides of glycine, sarcosine, alanine, 3-aminopropanoic acid and valine having about 12 to 16 carbons in the acyl group. It is preferred to use the N-lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl sarcoside compounds, however, for optimum effects.
The amide compounds may be employed in the form of the free acid or preferably as the water-soluble salts thereof, such as the alkali metal, ammonium, amine and alkylolamine salts. Specific examples thereof are the sodium and potassium N-lauroyl, myristoyl and palmitoyl sarcosides, ammonium and ethanolamine N-lauroyl glycide and alanine. For convenience herein, reference to "amino carboxylic acid compound," "sarcoside," and the like refers to such compounds having a free carboxylic group or the water-soluble carboxylate salts.
Such materials are utilized in pure or substantially pure form. They should be as free as practicable from soap or similar higher fatty acid material which tends to reduce the activity of these compounds. In usual practice, the amount of such higher fatty acid material is less than 15% by weight of the amide and insufficient to substantially adversely affect it, and preferably less than about 10% of said amide material.
Other particularly suitable surface-active materials include nonionic agents such as condensates of sorbitan monostearate with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide, condensates of ethylene oxide with propylene oxide, condensates of propylene glycol ("Pluronic" materials) and amphoteric agents such as long chain (alkyl)amide-alkylene-alkalated amine derivatives, which are available under the trademark "Miranol" C2 M. Cationic surface active germicides and antibacterial compounds such as diisobutylphenoxyethyoxyethyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, benzyl dimethyl stearyl ammonium chloride, tertiary amines having one fatty alkyl group (of from 12-18 carbon atoms) and two (poly)oxyethylene groups attached to the nitrogen (typically containing a total of from about 2 to 50 ethanoxy groups per molecule) and salts thereof with acids, and compounds of the structure ##STR1## wherein R represents a fatty alkyl group containing from about 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and x, y and z total 3 or higher, as well as salts thereof with mineral or organic acids, may also be used. It is preferred to use from about 0.05 to 5% by weight of the foregoing surface-active materials in the oral preparation of the present invention.
Various other materials may be incorporated in the dental creams of this invention. Examples thereof are opacifiers, preservatives, stabilizers, silicones, chlorophyll compounds and ammoniated materials such as urea, diammonium phosphate and mixtures thereof. These adjuvants are incorporated in the instant compositions in amounts which do not substantially adversely affect the desired properties and characteristics and are suitably selected and used in conventional amounts.
For some purposes it may be desirable to include antibacterial agents in the compositions of the present invention. Typical antibacterial agents which may be used in amount of about 0.01% to about 5%, preferably about 0.05 to about 1.0%, by weight of the dentifrice composition include cetyl pyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride as well as:
N1 -4(chlorobenzyl)-N5 -(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)biguanide;
p-chlorophenyl biguanide;
4-chlorobenzhydryl biguanide;
N-3-lauroxypropyl-N5 -p-chlorobenzylbiguanide;
N1 -p-chlorophenyl-N5 -laurylbiguanide;
and their non-toxic addition salts.
Any suitable flavouring or sweetening materials may be employed in formulating a flavour for the compositions of the present invention. Examples of suitable flavouring constituents include the flavouring oils, e.g. oils of spearmint, peppermint, wintergreen, sassafras, clove, sage, eucalyptus, marjoram, cinnamon, lemon and orange, as well as methyl salicylate. Suitable sweetening agents include sucrose, lactose, maltose, sorbitol, sodium cyclamate, sodium saccharine, dipeptides of U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,261 and oxathiazin salts of U.S. Pat. No. 3,932,606. Suitable flavor and sweetening agents may together comprise from about 0.01 to 5% or more of the composition.
The dentifrice is packaged in a container from which it can be readily extruded such as a pressure differential or mechanically operated dental cream dispenser or a lined or unlined aluminium tube or wax lined lead tube or plastic tube, which may be laminated with aluminum. The rheological properties are highly desirable when a mechanically operated dispensing container of the type described in British Patent Application No. 2,070,695A, published Sept. 9, 1981, is employed. This dispensing container comprises a dispensing mouthpiece, a tension member, a central rod, a piston and operating hand control. The disclosure of this published application is incorporated herein by reference.
Pressure differential dispensing container may be of the aerosol or vacuum type. Suitable pressure differential dispensers include those comprising a collapsible product-containing bag being disposed within a rigid container which contains a propellant fluid. In such dispensing containers, operation of the valve permits release of the product only, the propellant fluid being separated from the product by the fluid impermeable bag. Dispensers of this type are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,828,977 and 3,838,796. These are the so-called Sepro dispensers. So-called Exxel and Enviro Spray containers also utilize pressure.
Still another type dispenser is the barrier piston container described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,171,757. Such container includes a valve, a product-containing compartments and an essentially fluid-tight barrier piston which separates the propellant fluid from the contained product (the so-called Diamond container).
The dentifrice is typically prepared by forming a premix of the gelling agent with the liquid vehicle components, e.g. water and humectant, which may also contain additional ingredients such as sweetener, and blending therewith the synthetic precipitated silica gel and zinc salt. If employed, additional ingredients may then be added.
Although the invention is described with regard to illustrative examples, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various modifications may be made thereto which fall within its scope. All amounts are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
The following opacified gel dentifrices are prepared and placed in unlined aluminium tubes:
______________________________________ PARTS A B______________________________________Glycerine 25.000 25.000Sorbitol (70%) 47.050 43.830Xanthan 0.260 0.260Sodium saccharin 0.170 0.170Titanium dioxide 1.000 1.000Water 3.000 3.000Zinc sulphate heptahydrate 0.480 0.480Precipitated amorphous 20.000 --silica gel*Silica xerogel** -- 17.000Silica aerogel*** -- 6.500Sodium hydroxide (40%) 0.280 --Sodium lauryl sulphate 1.760 1.760Flavour 1.000 1.000pH (20% slurry) 5.9 6.1______________________________________ *Syloblanc 81 available from Grace G.m.b.H.; **Syloid AL1 available from Grace G.m.b.H., formerly known as Syloid 63.
The theoretical amount of soluble zinc ions in each gel dentifrice is 1000 ppm or 0.100%.
Dentifrice A does not require the presence of thickener material to provide desirable gel character. Its consistency is about equivalent to that of dentifrice B.
Each dentifrice is aged at room temperature and at 43� C. Both retain generally equivalent desirable consistencies. The percentage amounts of available soluble zinc ions in each dentifrice is determined to be as follows:
______________________________________ % Zn+2 -Room Temperature 43� C. 1 3 two one three Initial month months weeks month months______________________________________Dentifrice A 0.084 0.080 0.050 0.091 0.070 0.050Dentifrice B 0.054 0.042 0.005 0.049 0.048 0.005______________________________________
Dentifrice A containing Syloblanc 81 retains superior levels of soluble zinc ions compared to the otherwise generally equivalent Dentifrice B containing Syloblanc AL1.
Similar superior levels of retention of soluble zinc ions are attained when Syloblanc 81 of the dentifrice A is replaced with Syloblanc 82 and with a 1:1 mixture of Syloblanc 81 and 82, in each, with levels of sodium hydroxide reduced or omitted, with their amounts added to sorbitol (70%).
Likewise, superior retention levels of soluble zinc ions are attained when Syloblanc 81 is replaced with Syloblanc 81C, with sodium hydroxide omitted and its amount added to sorbitol (70%).
0.25 parts of zinc oxide are incorporated into each of dentifrices A and B, in place of corresponding amounts of sorbitol, thereby stabilising the pH during aging and improving compatibility with unlined aluminium tubes for prolonged periods.
The following stable visually clear gel dentifrices are prepared and placed in unlined aluminium tubes:
______________________________________ PARTS A B C D______________________________________Glycerin 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000Sorbitol (70%) 48.310 48.590 48.590 48.450Xanthan 0.260 0.260 0.260 0.260Sodium saccharin 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170Water 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000Zinc chloride 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.020Syloblanc 81 20.000 -- -- 10.000Syloblanc 81C -- 20.000 -- --Syloblanc 82 -- -- 20.000 10.000Sodium hydroxide (40%) 0.280 -- -- 0.140Sodium lauryl sulphate 1.760 1.760 1.760 1.760Flavour 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000Blue colour solution (1%) 0.200 0.200 0.200 0.200______________________________________
The following hazy and opaque gel dentifrices are prepared and packaged in mechanically operated dispensing containers:
______________________________________ PARTS A B C D______________________________________Glycerine 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000Sorbitol (70%) 24.970 24.870 24.870 24.870Iota carrageenan 0.700 0.700 0.700 0.700Sodium saccharin 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.170Water 25.000 25.000 25.000 25.000Zinc bromide dihydrate 0.400 -- -- --Zinc iodide -- 0.500 -- --Zinc nitrate hexahydrate -- -- 0.500 --Zinc acetate dihydrate -- -- -- 0.500Syloblanc 81C 21.000 21.000 21.000 21.000Sodium lauryl sulphate 1.760 1.760 1.760 1.760Flavour 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000______________________________________
In the examples sodium cyclamate may replace sodium saccharin.
It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that further modifications of the examples illustrative of the invention may be made thereto.
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Although the official announcement of this year's Playmate of the Year will be done by Hugh Hefner at an official ceremony tonight at the Palms Hotel in Las Vegas, Miss March 2008 Ida Ljungqvist reportedly already has the title in the bag.
"Ida won! She is so excited!" a pal of the stunner tells The FABlife.
Ida, 27, was born in Tanzania to a Swedish mother and Tanzanian father. She is the first Playmate born in Africa and is fluent in English, Swedish, and Swahili.
But Ida's new fame does not come without scandal. Ida recently went through a messy divorce with ex Joshua Lang, with whom she reportedly had a custody battle over their pet chihuahua Bonnie.
Check out our gallery of the 50th Playboy Playmate of the Year, Ida Ljungqvist! [Photos: ]


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PA Standards Aligned with SIM Biology Labs
- Biochemistry/Macromolecules
- Cell Biology
- DNA, Genetics and Genetic Engineering
- Animals
- Forensics
- Health and Human Biology
- Digital Microscopy
- Ecology
- Microbiology
- Plants
- Nanotechnology
- Spectroscopy
Investigating Enzymes (AP Lab)
Extract the enzyme catalase (peroxidase) from potato cells, and investigate the variables that affect enzyme function (substrate and enzyme concentration, temperature, pH, salinity) using laptop computers and Vernier gas pressure sensors. This lab can be completed in a single period with groups investigating different variables or in a double period with time for additional variables. (40 minutes with data sharing; 80 minutes with additional variables)
Energy in Foods
Students calculate the Calories present in various foods by burning them and measuring the associated change in temperature of water using laptop computers and Vernier temperature probes. This lab can be completed in a single period or in a double period with time for additional tests. (40 minutes; 80 minutes with additional tests)
The Effect of Acids and Bases on Biological Materials
Using laptop computers and Vernier pH probes, students investigate the buffering capacity of a variety of biological and non-biological materials demonstrating the stability of pH in the event of environmental changes. pH is also explored as an element of the Investigating Enzymes and the What Chemicals can Affect Biological Membranes? labs as well as in the Acid Rain ecology lab. (40 minutes)
Protein Electrophoresis
Using gel electrophoresis, students separate proteins by size and charge. Using precast polyacrylamide gels, students investigate the proteins extracted from fish muscle in the protein fingerprinting lab Something Fishy about Evolution or in the forensic lab Species Substitution. These labs are 2 day labs with the first day spent in extraction of protein and loading of gels (a fast paced 40 minutes) and the second day in analysis of stained and destained gels (40 minutes). Gels must destain overnight. Protein electrophoresis can also be performed as a final step in the purification of the Green Fluorescent Protein in the Genetic Engineering section.
Amino Acid Starter Kit
The Amino Acid Sidechain Kit is designed to allow students to explore how the unique chemical properties of each of the 20 amino acids determine the final shape of a protein. Students explore the shape and chemical properties of the 20 amino acid sidechains with engaging foam models. The sidechains feature dual coloring schemes - color on one side indicates chemical properties and on the other side students color-code atoms. Since understanding protein structure begins with this unique combination of shape and chemical properties of the amino acid sidechains, students will gain a basic knowledge of the laws that determine protein folding. This is a loaner item that comes with a CD guide of activities.
Cell Biology
Why Are Cells Small?
Use agarose cubes to demonstrate the effect of the surface area to volume ratio on diffusion of nutrients in cells. The release of sodium and chloride ions from the cubes into distilled water is measured with a Vernier Conductivity Probe and data recorded with a laptop computer. (40 minutes)
Investigating Diffusion (AP Lab)
Using Vernier Conductivity probes and laptop computers, students investigate the process of diffusion using dialysis tubing. (40 minutes)
What Chemicals Can Affect Biological Membranes?
Using beet cubes and Vernier Colorimeters, students can study the effects of alcohol, pH, detergent and salt on the cell membrane. (40 minutes with some data sharing between groups) See also Effect of Alcohol on Biological Membranes in Health and Human Biology.
Are Seeds Alive? (AP Lab - Cellular Respiration)
Using Vernier oxygen and carbon dioxide gas sensors, students can compare germinating and non-germinating pea seeds to observe that germinating seeds (as well as plants) do use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide as they perform cellular respiration. (40 minutes for basic lab; 80 minutes with addition of temperature variable)
Exploring Cellular Respiration with Yeast Cells
Which Sugars do Yeast Cells Prefer?
Using a Vernier carbon dioxide gas sensor, students evaluate the effectiveness of four different sugars as a food source for yeast cells. This lab can also be performed using popular drinks that contain different sugars (sports drinks, fruit juices, etc) (40 minutes with sharing of data between groups; 80 minutes for all variables)
Does Temperature Affect Cellular Respiration?
Students investigate the effect of temperature on the rate of respiration in yeast cells undergoing fermentation or aerobic respiration. (40 minutes) (Crickets can also be used as the experimental organism for this investigation. See How Does Temperature Affect Poikilotherms?)
Lactase Action
Students will test the action of lactase by testing for the presence of glucose in a test system and determine if yeast can metabolize glucose, lactose, or galactose by monitoring production of carbon dioxide with a Vernier carbon dioxide gas sensor. (40 minutes with group data sharing)
DNA, Genetics and Genetic Engineering
Preparing a Human Karyotype
Students prepare a human karyotype to view chromosomes, using cells from a human tumor cell line, (HeLa) and a splat preparation technique, and then study the chromosomes using light microscopes. Slides are prepared and stained in the first class period. Slides can be observed under oil immersion the next day. ( 2-40 minutes classes; slides must dry 24-48 hrs. before use under oil immersion)
DNA Fingerprinting
Using a restriction enzyme digest of DNA, students use agarose gel electrophoresis to prepare and analyze a DNA fingerprint. Gels are stained and analyzed to determine size of DNA fragments and introduce the concept of a molecular weight standard curve. Day 1 of the lab is the electrophoresis of the DNA and Day 2 is the preparation of a standard curve and analysis of DNA size. DNA fingerprinting is an element of the Crime Scene lab in the Forensics section. (Two 40 minutes classes; gels stain overnight)
Electrophoresis of Restriction Digests of Lambda DNA (AP Lab)
Students use agarose gel electrophoresis to analyze lambda DNA fragments and determine molecular weight. Gels are stained and analyzed to determine size of DNA fragments and introduce the concept of a molecular weight standard curve. Day 1 of the lab is the electrophoresis of the DNA and Day 2 is the preparation of a standard curve and analysis of DNA size. (Two 40 minutes classes; gels stain overnight)
Genetic Engineering in the Classroom (pGLO Bacterial Transformation - AP Lab)
Students use bacterial transformation techniques to create E. coli bacteria that glow in the dark by introducing a plasmid with genes from a glowing jellyfish species. This a 2 day lab with the transformation accomplished in the first day and analysis of resultant colonies using UV light the second day. The experiment can be extended by growing up a culture of the glowing bacteria and purifying the green fluorescent protein using column chromatography. (Two 40 minutes classes; bacteria must grow overnight)
Crime Scene PCR
This lab is an introduction to the PCR technique and to the use of STRs (short tandem repeats) in the forensic analysis of DNA. Students perform PCR reactions on provided DNA templates representing a crime scene DNA sample and DNA from 4 suspects. The resulting PCR products are separated on high percentage agarose gels. Following agarose gel electrophoresis, students stain the gels to visualize the products, compare them to a DNA ladder of possible alleles, and assign a genotype for the DNA samples. Students will then look to see if any of the suspects' genotype matches the crime scene, and see whether they can identify the perpetrator. This lab can act as a standalone lab or can be used as the DNA portion of the Biology Crime Scene. (Three 40 minute periods)
Genetically Modified Organism PCR
Students engage in a complete investigation in which they choose sample food items obtained from the grocery store, extract DNA from the samples, amplify the DNA using PCR, and use gel electrophoresis to identify the presence or absence of amplified GMO sequences. This lab is a multi-day lab: foods are extracted for DNA on day 1, PCR reactions are set up on day 2 and run overnight, electrophoresis of DNA is done on day 3 with gels stained overnight, and results are analyzed on day 4.
How Does Temperature Affect Poikilotherms?
(Another approach to Cellular Respiration) Students study the effect of temperature on the metabolism of "cold-blooded" organisms, by monitoring the carbon dioxide production of crickets at various temperatures. (40 minutes with data sharing)
Biology Crime Scene
When presented with a crime scene and evidence, students compare the effectiveness of DNA evidence with traditional fingerprinting, blood typing, and hair analysis techniques. Students will use gel electrophoresis to prepare and analyze a DNA fingerprint in the process of completing this investigation. (Three to four 40 minute periods depending on elements chosen)
Species Substitution
The marinated fish at the exclusive restaurant is advertised as red snapper. But is it really? Using fresh fish samples, students will extract proteins and analyze them using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine which fish species is actually the special of the day. ( Two 40 minute classes; gels must destain overnight)
Health and Human Biology
EKG/Heart Rate/Respiration (AP Lab)
Using laptop computers and Vernier Sensors, students
- Use the EKG Sensor to collect an EKG waveform; determine the time interval between EKG events; calculate heart rate based on the EKG recording.
- Use hand grip heart rate monitors to determine the effect of body position on heart rates; the effect of exercise on heart rates; evaluate overall fitness level.
- Use the respiration sensor to monitor the respiratory rate of an individual; evaluate the effect of holding of breath on the respiratory cycle; evaluate the effect of rebreathing of air on the respiratory cycle.
(40 minutes for each of the component of this description. The labs can be scheduled individually) Teaching stethoscopes and semi-automatic blood pressure monitors are available as equipment loans.
Blood Pressure
A number of blood pressure labs are available using the Vernier Blood Pressure sensor. These include Blood Pressure as a Vital Sign which includes baseline blood pressure measurements and blood pressure response to cold, and Blood Pressure and Exercise measuring baseline blood pressure and blood pressure following exercise. Other labs from the Vernier physiology book combine blood pressure and heart rate measurement
Pressures Underfoot
Students explore the biomechanics of their own body by determining foot area, foot pressure, and force due to gravity using the computer and the Vernier force sensor and the Novel pressure platform. (40 minutes)
Effect of Alcohol on Biological Membranes
Students study the stress that alcohols (methanol, ethanol and propanol) have on biological membranes, using beet cells and a Vernier Colorimeter linked to the computer to measure cellular damage. (40 minutes)
Disease Transmission
Using the technique of ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay) students track the spread of a disease outbreak and assay for the presence of the disease antigen. (40 minutes)
Transfusion Confusion (Blood Typing)
Wiley has had an unfortunate accident. He may need a blood transfusion. Which one of his siblings, David, Jane, or John can donate blood to their desperate brother? Using simulated blood, samples are typed into blood and Rh groups using A, B, and Rh antisera. Antigens and antibodies are discussed as the students solve the medical dilemma. (40 minutes)
Lung Volumes and Capacities
Measurement of lung volumes using the Vernier spirometer provides a tool for understanding normal function of the lungs as well as disease states. In this experiment, students will measure lung volumes during normal breathing and with maximum effort and will correlate lung volumes with a variety of clinical scenarios. From the LabPro data collection, students will determine tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory reserve and from these numbers will calculate vital capacity and total lung capacity. (40 minutes)
Grip Strength Comparison and Grip Strength and Muscle Fatigue
These labs use the Vernier Hand Dynamometer to measure grip strength, pinch strength, and to perform muscle fatigue studies. In Grip Strength Comparison, students measure and compare grip strength in the right and left hand collecting maximum force and mean force data for each hand. Students also compare pinch strengths of the individual fingers of the dominant hand. Class data can be compiled and correlated with gender and height. Grip Strength and Muscle Fatigue examines the effect of fatigue on muscle action as students perform sustained and repetitive isometric contractions of the hand and arm muscles using the hand dynamometer. Students will generate a graphical representation of the force exerted by the hand while gripping. They also observe the change in hand strength over time using first a continuous grip and then a repetitive grip. These experiments give students a great visual representation of the forces generated as a muscle is fatigued. These activities appeal to the fitness-oriented crowd and may generate a sense of competitiveness among those sports participants. (each lab requires a 40 minute period)
Neuromuscular Reflexes
The EKG sensor can be used to measure the electrical activity resulting from contraction of muscles other than the heart. Students will use the Vernier EKG sensor to obtain a graphical representation of the electrical activity of a muscle activated by the patellar reflex arc. They will observe the effect of the central nervous system influence on reflex amplitude by measuring the relative strength of the patellar reflex with and without reinforcement. (40 minute period)
Digital Microscopy
Boreal digital microscopes and a dedicated set of 6 laptop computers that utilize Motic software can be a great learning tool for your classroom. Slides are viewed on the computer screen making it a great set-up for lab group participation and communication. Still images can be captured with the software and saved as jpg files that can then be used by students or teachers in written or PowerPoint presentations. The software has a measurement feature that will allow students to analyze many size parameters of the images. Video images can also be captured and reviewed again and again by students. The digital scopes have been used in the hair analysis for crime scene, to view slides prepared in the human chromosome splat lab, as an introduction to microscopy, and to survey and classify pond water samples or bacterial cultures. Many teachers reserve the digital microscopes as a loan to give students time to learn the software and to become comfortable with this type of microscopy.
Introduction to Digital Microscopy
This lab provides a refresher in skills with the microscope, and slide preparation and an introduction to some of the features of the digital microscope. (40 minutes or longer if combined with plasmolysis activities)
Observing and Measuring Plasmolysis of Elodea through Digital Microscopy
Students will use the digital microscopes to observe both normal plant cells and plasmolyzed plant cells noting changes in the internal structure of the cell. The common aquarium plant, Elodea, will be used in this lab. (40 minutes)
Acid Rain
Using the Vernier pH probes, students explore how varying sources of the acid in "acid rain" may affect ecosystems differently, and learn why some bodies of water are more vulnerable to acid rain than others. (40 minutes)
Biodiversity and Ecosystems
Students explore how biodiversity creates differing microclimates as they explore the plant and animal diversity in different locations and relate it to the environment's temperature measured with the Vernier temperature probe. (40 minutes for limited collection; 80 minutes more variables)
Population Dynamics
Phases of population growth are tracked through a population of yeast cells in a closed environment, using a Colorimeter and laptop computers to evaluate population density. This lab is available as an equipment loan. (Nine 40 minute classes)
Measuring Primary Productivity (AP Lab)
Students use Vernier Dissolved Oxygen probes to investigate the use of oxygen by photosynthetic algae in both light and dark conditions. By comparing oxygen produced with oxygen consumed, students can calculate both gross and net primary productivity as they address the misconception that plants don't require oxygen. (Two 40 minute classes; requires an overnight incubation period)
Water Quality Testing
A variety of Vernier probes [including Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, Conductivity, Nitrate, pH, Turbidity, Ammonium, Calcium (Water Hardness), Chloride (Salinity), Flow Rate] can be used to evaluate the quality of different water samples. The probes may be used with the LabPro and a laptop computer or with a LabPro remote collection method. (40 minute in-lab with 1-2 samples; more time if in field)
Greenhouse Effect
Using what students know about sunlight, temperature, greenhouses, and global warming, they will first make predictions and then collect data using two Vernier Temperature Probes to measure and compare the temperatures in model greenhouses under various conditions. (40 minutes)
Bacterial Inhibition
Students learn the importance of antibiotics and antiseptics in inhibiting the growth of bacteria. Non-pathenogenic species are plated on growth media along with various antibiotic and antiseptic disks. Zones of inhibition are observed and recorded by students. (Two 40 minute classes; requires an overnight incubation)
Gram Stain Technique
Students learn the traditional method to classify bacteria by preparing bacterial smears and treating slides with crystal violet, Gram's Iodine, decolorizing solution, and safranin. Bacterial smears can be classified as Gram positive (purple) or Gram negative (pink) and physical characteristics are described as students observe results with the light microscopes. (40 minutes for slide preparation; 40 minutes for observation)
Population Dynamics
Phases of population growth are tracked through a population of yeast cells in a closed environment, using a Colorimeter and laptop computers to evaluate population density. This lab is available as an equipment loan. (Nine 40 minute classes)
Investigating Water Movement in Plants (AP Lab)
Students use a Vernier Gas Pressure sensor to track movement of water through a plant stem as transpiration occurs, then manipulate environmental variables that may affect the transpiration rate. (40 minutes possible with instructor set-up; 80 minutes with student set-up)
Do Plants Need Oxygen? (Measuring Primary Productivity (AP Lab)
Students use Vernier Dissolved Oxygen probes to investigate the use of oxygen by photosynthetic algae in both light and dark conditions. By comparing oxygen produced with oxygen consumed, students can calculate both gross and net primary productivity as they address the misconception that plants don't require oxygen. This a 2 day lab involving an overnight incubation period. (Two 40 minute classes; requires an overnight incubation period)
Photosynthesis and Respiration
Students use sensors to measure carbon dioxide consumed or produced by plant leaves to determine the rate of respiration and photosynthesis. (40 minutes)
Photosynthesis and Plant Pigments (AP lab)
Students follow the photosynthesis reaction in a preparation of chloroplasts using a blue dye (2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, or DPIP) to replace NADPH in the light reactions. When the dye is oxidized, it is blue. When reduced, it turns colorless. Since DPIP replaces NADPH in the light reactions, it will turn from blue to colorless when reduced during photosynthesis. This color change is measured with the Vernier Colorimenter and data points are plotted to obtain a rate of photosynthesis. Plant pigments may be separated using paper chromatography to complete the AP requirements for this lab. (each segment of the lab requires 40 minutes)
Bacterial Sensitivity to Silver Nanoparticles
Many products contain silver nonoparticles and claim to inhibit bacteria growth thus reducing odors or spoilage. Student will synthesize their own silver nonoparticles and test for antimicrobial effects. (Two 40 minutes classes; requires an overnight incubation)
Determination of Chlorophyll in Olive Oil
Students use the Vernier SpectroVis to differentiate between various grades (extra virgin, regular and light) of olive oil. (40 minutes)


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Festival Events at Pumpkinville
Pink Pumpkin Festival Weekend
September 21-22, 2013
Purchase a pink pumpkin & Pumpkinville will donate to the WNY Susan G. Koman Association for the Cure.
A weekend of Pink!! - Pink pumpkins galore. Pink T shirts. Pink Fudge. Pink Ice Cream. Pink Apples & More. Entertainment all Weekend.
Fall Festival Weekend
October 12-14, 2013
Featuring fall festivities each day
Don't forget our famous pumpkin doughnuts-made while you watch!


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Individual highlights: Paul Scholes v Shanghai Shenhua
- July 30, 2012
- Comments0
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Welcome to the home page of your site!
Hi all...
Big things have been going on in the company and in inflight.
In Aug the FAC had a meeting with management to talk about compensation as it pertains to the inflight group ... we are in negotiations with management about our compensation as a whole; hourly rate, incentive pay, bonus flight time and more. More to come on compensation in the next few months. The FAC is trying to negotiate things that will improve our quality of life, like flu shots.
We'd also like to take this opportunity to welcome all the LAX IFTMs...
Inflight is growing again...don't forget the referral bonus if you tell someone about allegiant.
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Today's Devotional
I Can Do All Things Through Christ – by Emma Forbes
"I can do all things through him who strengthens me." – Philippians 4:13 [ESV]
It's really easy to get discouraged. I get discouraged when a project I thought would be easy turns out to be hard. Sometimes I quit because I don't think I can do it. After all, I'm only human right? There's times when I wonder, "How will I ever get this done?"
Sometimes I wonder how I completed that huge list of chores. If I sleep in, and half the day is gone, it's a little overwhelming to see all the chores I need to do. Other times, I get nervous about doing something different and meeting new people. During the school year, it's trying to get all my assignments done on time.
Yet, through it all, I know that in Philippians it says, "I can do all things through him who strengthens me." We can do all things through Christ who strengthens us. All things. Isn't that wonderful? With the strength that Christ gives me, I can tackle that huge chore list and get things done. I can participate in new activities and meet new people because I know that Christ is giving me strength. I can complete that hard project with His help!
When anything comes my way, any of the trials that life brings, I know that I can get through it because I can do all things through Christ. He'll give me the strength I'll need.
Emma Forbes is a fifteen year old member of FaithWriters Kids site and loves Jesus with all her heart. In addition to writing, she enjoys spending time with friends and family and loves photography.
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Here in Brasilia, the capital of Brazil, it's a big day. Joe Biden is here chilling with Dilma. And the Brazilian team is playing their second match of the World Cup.
The entire month during the World Cup is a holiday for most Brazilians. Offices are closed and the streets are noisy with fireworks and horns and plastered with green and yellow.
For those fans who need to dress for the game, though, impromptu vendors have them covered. A popular passageway in Brasila is crowded with people selling jerseys, flags, hats, horns, wigs, and more. The best part is that they're cheap. Here's the list of stuff for sale:
Jerseys – $12 ($24 for the better kind with the collar, and $14 for the long-sleeve blue version)
Wigs – $7
Small flags – $1
Large flags – $9
Soccer ball hat – $9
Bags – $2
Tank tops for girls – $5
Baby jerseys – $12
Then there are the horns. They're from $5 to $12 and they come in an exciting variety — hand-sized horns to blow, double-horns that produce an awful dissonance, a high-pitched shrieking horn that's pumped like a water gun, and the old-fashioned megaphone crooner.
It's not for tourists. Half of the Brazilians passing through are buying the gear, or at least asking about the price.
Claudio Alves, a 40-year-old janitor at a university, sells the cheap merch whenever Brazil's team plays. He expects to make $500 today.
At least not all the money's going to FIFA.


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First day of practice more about paperwork than drills
The first day of high school football practice in West Virginia traditionally brings gratification to thousands of fans and players who have waited since the previous autumn to return to the field.
Heat, helmets and hitting, all the things that so many fans love to romanticize about preseason practices return each August. The proliferation of midnight practices conducted by teams in recent years has only added to the buildup to the start of the season.
The three "H"s will be there, all in good time. The first day, South Charleston coach Donnie Mays explained, is a bit more bureaucratic than that.
"The first practice takes forever. We have to pass out all kinds of things, equipment and things like that that we normally don't have to deal with," said, who is entering his second year as the Black Eagles' coach.
"We have to make sure everybody's physical is lined up and their insurance papers are turned in, all that kind of stuff," he said.
The lack of a scheduled equipment night, where players would be issued their helmets, pads and workout gear that typically includes shorts and a T-shirt referred to as a "team pack" requires that those issuances take place prior to the team hitting the field the first day of practice.
"There's so much administrative work that takes away from it," Mays said. "You wish that you could go straight in there and practice, but that's not the case."
So while fans are interested in items such as the number of players each team had show up for the first day of preseason camp, some coaches can only supply an informed answer by counting physical forms submitted by the end of the day.
"I didn't even count," Mays said when asked the number of Black Eagle players on hand for practice. "I know that we have quality over quantity, and that's what we're interested in."
Kanawha County schools begin class Aug. 11, meaning that eight of the 12 Kanawha Valley teams will only get one week of two-a-day workouts. That puts a premium on practice time, Mays said. Putnam County begins class one week later, on Aug. 18.
Mays spent most of the first day working with the Black Eagle linemen. The team returns all five starters on its offensive line from a 7-4 finish in 2013 but the coach acknowledged it is the spot where the team most needs to improve.
"That's where we need to grow," Mays said. "We always have an idea that we're going to have a little bit of skill. Last year, I can't even tell you how many practices we went and (linemen) stayed extra just to get things done.
"We had four sophomores and a freshman and now having four juniors and a sophomore makes a world of difference," Mays said. "The emphasis is always with the line. The line wins football games."
n n n
CAPITAL COACH Jon Carpenter said he thinks the Cougars might be better off in 2014 than what a roster sheet could lead some to believe.
"I don't think we're going to be as shiny, but we're going to be more solid," the fifth-year coach said Sunday evening, less than 12 hours before the start of the Cougars' first practice session.
The Cougars (11-2 in 2013) lost Hunt Award winner James Walton, second-team All-State defensive lineman Jaisson Dyer and numerous other defensive starters to graduation. While Capital will miss the big-play capabilities of several of those players, Carpenter said the personality of the defense will certainly change, but that its production could actually improve compared to a year ago.
"We had some guys who would make big plays but take plays off on occasion that would hurt us," Carpenter said. "They'd say, 'Coach, I made this play or that play,' and I'd have to remind them of the six they gave up. This group is more likely to make the play you need to make on every down."
n n n
NITRO'S DEREK Midkiff hopes the Wildcats' improved dedication to offseason weight room work produces results worthy of upgrades made to the locker room and weight room at Underwood Field.
"The biggest progress we've made is that we're a whole lot stronger than what we were last year," said Midkiff, who is entering his third year as Nitro's coach.
"We've had our best offseason work program as far as kids buying in and kids showing up and getting it done," he said. "I'm excited about that. I think we're going to be able to compete up front for the first time, really."
Nitro finished 1-9 last year and has regularly been pushed around up front by opposing teams for several years running.
"The previous two years we were outmatched in most games, and I don't think that will be the case this year," Midkiff said. "We've got some kids that can get up there and compete and they've been starting. This will be their third or fourth year up there."
n n n
FIRST SCRIMMAGES of the preseason will take place the weekend of Aug. 15-16, with most teams participating in a second scrimmage a week later. The regular season is scheduled to begin Thursday, Aug. 28, when George Washington visits South Charleston. The Daily Mail Preseason Poll will be released Monday, Aug. 18.
Contact Preps Editor Derek Taylor at email@example.com or 304-348-5170. Follow him on Twitter at @ItsreallyDT. Daily Mail sportswriter Tom Bragg contributed to this report.


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Friday, July 15, 2011
© Copyright 2015 Gwinnett Daily Post
LAWRENCEVILLE -- None of the roughly 35 rounds traded in apartment 1806 during a bloody, crossfire drug clash last year have been linked to Stone Mountain resident Tommy Griffin, yet he stands the real possibility of being convicted of felony murder.
It might never be known whether Griffin fired a gun, invaded the stash house or, as his defense posits, was ambushed by an assault-rifle wielding Hispanic man who sprang from a closet, inadvertently and fatally shooting his friend in the face.
That Griffin was admittedly in the Norcross apartment the evening of April 8 last year to buy drugs is enough to convict him under Georgia's broad "party to a crime" law.
Deliberations began late Thursday afternoon for a jury tasked with weighing conflicting statements Griffin made to police against circumstantial evidence brought by prosecutors.
The gunbattle plugged neighboring apartments with bullets, narrowly missing one man whose couch absorbed eight rounds. Griffin was struck in the stomach and turned up at a hospital hours later. He told police he was accompanied by a friend named "Tru" and another man he didn't know. They haven't been located.
The victim, Pedro Ortiz-Gonzalezz, used the apartment as a "drug store," along with co-conspirators Fredrico Espinal, who was shot in the foot and arrested in nearby woods, and another suspect who was arrested. All others have likely fled the country, prosecutors believe.
"Somebody got away with the money and the drugs," Assistant District Attorney Robby King told jurors during closing statements.
Griffin admitted in taped interviews to being at the home with $4,000, ready to purchase marijuana. Prosecutors believe the drug at issue was thousands of dollars worth of cocaine; a felony murder conviction hinges on jurors finding he was there to buy that specific drug.
Griffin's defense attorney, Charlie Wrinkle, said the prosecution has relied too heavily on speculation.
"They can't prove that there was any cocaine Tommy knew about, they can't prove he was there to buy it," Wrinkle told jurors, sipping at a Dixie cup. "We're not here as a referendum on drugs."
The first officers on scene noted human flesh, skin and teeth in the living room. A $7,000 stash was found in an open heating vent in a back closet, suggesting the occupants left in a hurry.
King painted Griffin as a liar and villain, arguing that he'd switched his story for police, and that the Hispanic drug dealers would never call Griffin to their own house with the intention to ambush and rob him. The spray of assault-rifle bullets was an unplanned "reactive move" by the Hispanic men getting robbed by Griffin and company, King said.
That the accused and victim were dealing drugs underscores the danger they posed to honest residents living nearby, King told jurors.
Along with two counts of felony murder, Griffin is charged with conspiring to traffic cocaine and commit arm robbery and possessing weapons during the commission of a felony.
Fully recovered, Griffin was arrested two months after the shooting but wasn't charged with murder until a later indictment.
Deliberations are expected to continue today.
More like this story
- Deliberations begin in Norcross murder trial ( July 14, 2011 )
- Man gets life in '10 shootout ( July 16, 2011 )
- Man to face trial for murder charge ( July 10, 2011 )
- Man to face trial for murder charge ( July 9, 2011 )
- Defense: Drug-house bloodbath wasn't Gwinnett man's doing ( July 13, 2011 )


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Discussions Relating to Universal Reconciliation > Lounge
(1/5) > >>
Reading 1 peter 1 today and was struck by the fact that peter never once mentioned the return of Jesus, He did however mention "when Christ be revealed to you" 3 times and "when Christ be manifested to you"
I wonder why the difference? Help me out please?
Those who hear from God say that Christ is returning in His many membered body. That means US! Which would be the same as Christ being manifested to us. "When we see Him, we will be like Him." So the return of Christ is His manifestation in His many membered body, at least that is what those who hear tell me. (I believe them, and it's exciting!!!)
ded, I'd personally guess it's one isolated wording, and there are other scrips to also include.
Do you think 1 John 3:2 is related, as well as Colossians 3:4 and I Corinthians 15 enter into it? My understanding is, when Jesus ushers in the next age, He is revealed to us, literally appears to us ("we will be like Him", because we will "see Him as He is" 1 John 3:2) - then we are transformed into His likeness, we will be as He is, upon His return and our miraculous transformation. Col. 3:4. (from the extremely literal Christian Bible - "When the Anointed One, who is our Life, appears [at the beginning of the Last Age], then you too will appear together with Him in glory." (notice 'together with' Him)
:dontknow:, I could be wrong. There are different interpretations as to what that means, and as Lomorah pointed out and has been discussed before, some believe that will be either before or without Christ's literal return. I personally believe it will be as described in Acts 1:1 - "why do you stand here looking into the sky? This same Jesus, who has been taken from you into heaven, will come back in the same way you have seen him go into heaven." And I Cor. 15 - [THIS is apparently a miraculous and sudden event, and will be accompanied by a resurrection of the dead in Christ] "..we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet. For the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we shall be changed. For this perishable body must put on the imperishable, and this mortal body must put on immortality.." Blessings.
It just seemed strange to me that he would use the terms revealed and manifested rather than return. I don't think the word return was used at all in that chapter. I believe God has a reason to choose the words he uses to mean what he says. I'll see if I get more input. Maaybe something totally off the wall will jump out at me :laughing7:
I checked the Greek Interlinear. Interestingly in vs. 7 and 9, the Greek word is the same, and literally supposedly translate as From-covering/unveiling. However, in the actual text, the GI translates them differently - once as appearing in vs. 7, and the other time as revelation in vs. 13.
Then, in vs. 20 it's a totally different word, translated as manifest. I see there it's talking of Jesus being "hidden" in the OT, then made apparent/manifested as the Messiah and "available" for belief in Him unto salvation IN THIS AGE. On the other hand, vs. 7 and 13 seem to be talking about a coming at the beginning of the NEXT age. Yes, interesting. I'll check some more references. :Chinscratch:
7 might be found unto praise and honour and glory at the appearing of Jesus Christ:
n_ Dat Sg f
13Wherefore gird up the loins of your mind, be sober, and hope to the end for the grace that is to be brought unto you at the revelation of Jesus Christ;
n_ Dat Sg f
20Who verily was foreordained before the foundation of the world, but was manifest in these last times for you
vp Aor Pas Gen Sg m
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Step 1: Required Parts
I chose a 12" Long Extension tube. The bottom fitting just happen to perfectly fit my flashlight.
2. Flashlight
3. Dremel Cutting Kit
4. Dremel (I don't own a Dremel so I just attached the blade to my drill)
5. Colored Gels
I used transparent folders at $.50 each.
6. Velcro
7. Aluminum Foil
8. Glue
Step 2: Cutting the trench
Remove and discard the unneeded plastic.
Coat the inside of the pipe in glue
Line the inside of the pipe in the Aluminum foil. I blocked the top end of the pipe to stop light spilling through.
Step 3:
Use the Velcro to secure the colored Gels.
Step 4: Paint with light
You'll need a dark room. The Light Painter provides a ribbon appearance with bright a dim spots depending on how the light reflects off the foil.