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Create and implement a Quality system for the procurement of indirect goods and services.
34 years supplier management and procurement experience at Boeing including 17 years in Commercial Airplanes, 12 years in Defense and 5 years in Shared Services. Assignments include direct procurement and support roles working with suppliers in Japan, Australia, Europe, India and the US, and on every phase of the aerospace life cycle, from research & development through production and aftermarket support. Remote assignments include expat to Australia, recovery team in Japan, and work with small businesses in South Carolina. Instructor for Supplier Management Best Practices training. Four years teaching high school English, Speech & Debate.
Executive Master of Business Administration, University of WashingtonBachelor of Education, Seattle University
One doesn't spend decades in aerospace without becoming an "airplane guy." I love to talk about this industry, the macro-economic forces that shape its global markets, the challenges it faces and the contributions to the world that Boeing and its competitors have made.Because I believe that success in human endeavor - and certainly in business - is based on relationships, I'm keen to help students develop their networking skills.As I began my career as a high school English teacher and worked at Boeing for 20 years before taking my first Business class in an MBA program, I am interested in helping students find the bridges across business acumen, technical expertise and other skill sets.I'm interested in working with students who have a passion for learning, who love a robust exchange of ideas, and who teach me things as much as they seek being taught.
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A light modulating switch (210) including a switching element (218) having a first portion (226) of electro-optic material to which first and second electrodes (213, 224) are associated. A second portion (228) is composed of material having an index of refraction matching that of the first portion (226) when no voltage is applied to electro-optically activate the first portion (226), but the index of refraction of the second portion (228) is less than the index of refraction of the first portion (226) when the first portion (226) is electro-optically activated by application of voltage to the electrodes (213, 224). The first and second portions (226, 228) are in close conjunction with each other such that a TIR boundary (230) is formed at the junction of the first and second portions (226, 228) and the switching element (218) is oriented with respect to at least one incident light beam (240) such that the incident light beam (240) enters the first portion (226) and strikes the boundary (230) at an angle such that the light beam (240) is totally reflected internally when the first portion (226) is electro-optically activated, but which will pass unreflected through the boundary (230) when the first portion (226) is not electro-optically activated. The thickness of the second portion (228) is preferably reduced by removal of a step region (246) so that electric field lines within the active first portion (226) are more narrowly directed and the TIR boundary (230) is flatter and more regular.
1. An optical switching array comprising:
a plurality of optical switches in a planar array, at least one of said switches comprising a first non-waveguide section having an index of refraction and comprising electro-optic material, a second non-waveguide section having an index of refraction, said first and second sections being juxtaposed to form a switchably reflective boundary therebetween, and a pair of spaced electrodes generally parallel to each other and generally orthogonal to the plane of the planar array, said electrodes having respective surfaces associated with opposite sides of said first non-waveguide section to induce an electric field therein and change said refractive index; and
optical waveguides extending laterally from said optical switches providing optical connection therebetween,
wherein said plurality of optical switches are laterally disposed across a substrate, and
wherein a light beam entering said at least one optical switch (i) is reflected from said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a first state and the refractive index of the first section has a first value, and (ii) is transmitted through said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a second state and said index of the first section has a second value different than the first value.
2. The optical switching array of
3. The optical switch of
4. The optical switching array of
5. The optical switch of
6. The optical switch of
7. The optical switch of
8. The optical switch of
9. An optical switching array comprising:
a plurality of optical switches in a planar array, at least one of said switches comprising a first non-waveguide section having an index of refraction and comprising electro-optic material, a second non-waveguide section having an index of refraction, said first and second sections being juxtaposed to form a switchably reflective boundary therebetween, and a pair of spaced electrodes generally parallel to each other and generally orthogonal to the plane of the planar array, said electrodes having respective surfaces associated with opposite sides of said first non-waveguide section to induce an electric field therein and change said refractive index;
wherein a light beam entering said at least one optical switch (i) is reflected from said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a first state and the refractive index of the first section has a first value, and (ii) is transmitted through said switchably reflective boundary when said switch is in a second state and said index of the first section has a second value different than the first value, and
said at least one of said switches has an input for receiving a light beam having first and second orthogonal polarizations and said first and second sections and electrodes are configured to switch the first polarization state and permit a second orthogonal polarization state to pass without being switched, and
another of said switches has in input for receiving said light beam and has first and second sections and electrodes configured to switch said second orthogonal polarization state.
10. The optical switching array of
11. The optical switching array of
12. The optical switching array of
13. The optical switch of
14. The optical switching array of
15. The optical switch of
16. The optical switch of
17. The optical switch of
18. The optical switch of
This application is a continuation of patent application Ser. No. 09/434,085, filed Nov. 5, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,381,060, which is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 08/959,778, filed on Oct. 29, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,310,712.
The present invention relates generally to light modulators and light switches, and more particularly to electro-optic modulators. The inventor anticipates that primary application of the present invention will be in high-speed signal processing and it may also be used in optical interconnects, telecommunications and flat panel displays.
Electro-optic modulators have been well known in the art for years, but for multi-channel applications they have suffered from several disadvantages. Prior art modulator arrays have usually been formed from single wafers of electro-optically active material onto which surface electrodes have been attached, to form channels which are defined by the electric field lines within the optical wafer. Cross-talk, or interference between channels, has been a problem because electro-optic modulators are vulnerable on at least two levels. Since the channels are not restricted except by the electric field lines, activity in one channel can easily induce electro-optic interference in a nearby channel. This is in addition to usual electrical cross-talk experienced by closely grouped and unshielded electrical contacts. Also, previous electro-optic modulators and light switches have often relied on surface deposited electrodes, which produce electric field lines that are fringed, rather than channeled and directed. Due to the exponential decay of the electric field intensity inside the material, very high voltages may be required to drive the material to produce the desired electro-optic effect.
Electro-optic materials, such as LiNbO3, can be expensive, and can require high driving voltages. Liquid crystal modulators have also been used, but response times for this type are typically very slow, on the order of milliseconds. Also, the electro-optic effect exhibited by a material can be of several different orders, depending on the material. A first order effect, called the Pockels effect, is linear in its response to increase in applied voltage. A second order effect, called the Kerr effect, is quadratic in its response, thus a greater increase in effect can be produced relative to an increase in voltage. This can theoretically allow smaller driving voltages in a primarily Kerr effect material to be applied to produce a comparable electro-optic effect compared to material which produces primarily Pockels effect.
Lead zirconate titanate polycrystalline ceramic which is doped with lanthanum (PLZT) is a relatively inexpensive, optically transparent ceramic which can be made to exhibit either the quadratic Kerr effect or the linear Pockels effect, depending on the composition, and can be formed into wafers easily and used in sol-gel moldings. The concentrate of lanthanum, or "doping", is variable, and can lead to varying characteristics in the material. PLZT that is commercially available is typically made from a "recipe" which produces a very high dielectric constant κ. Very high κ values produce high capacitance values C, which in turn produce high power requirements, as power (P) is proportional to CV2/2 where V=voltage. High power consumption in turn generates heat, so that some modulators that require high voltage also may require cooling. If the proportion of lanthanum dopant, or other components, in the material is adjusted, the dielectric constant value and electro-optic constant value, as well as the type of electro-optic effect (Kerr or Pockels), may also be varied, with the result affecting capacitance and power consumption.
Prior art inventions for modulating light in arrays generally suffer from common problems experienced by multi-channel optical and electrical systems in which the channels are not appropriately isolated. As discussed above, interference is easily induced in nearby channels resulting in cross-talk which can distort image clarity and corrupt data transmissions. Additionally, much of the prior art requires high driving voltages that are incompatible with TTL level power supplies.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,942 by Moulin shows a wafer of PLZT electro-optic ceramic material with a large number of surface mounted electrodes. This invention suffers from the disadvantage of cross-talk between channels, although there is discussion of attempts to decrease cross-talk by use of large electrodes and increased space of the electro-optic windows. This results in less efficient use of the material. Although typical driving voltages are not given, with larger areas of material, higher applied voltages become necessary to provide the necessary electric field density in the wafer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,867,543 by Bennion et al. describes a spatial light modulator made of a solid sheet layer of electro-optic material such as PLZT, which has paired surface electrodes. This has the disadvantage of requiring a driving voltage of approximately 20 volts to produce a phase retardation of PI radians. U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,521 by Mir et al. discloses a panel of electro-optic material which uses electrodes to define pixel regions. It speaks of using voltages in the range of 100-200 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,033,814 by Brown et al. also shows a single slab of electro-optic material which requires a driving voltage of 150 volts. U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,414 to Oakley discloses a single wafer of Pockels crystal with surface mounted electrodes requiring a 70 volt driving voltage. Besides being obviously incompatible with TTL voltage levels, none of these inventions have any mechanism for confining electric field lines. Also, in general, use of higher driving voltages will generate heat in the electro-optic material, which can mean that a cooling system may be required.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,643 by Collings discusses an array of optical modulators which are built into a neural network. These modulators are mostly of liquid crystal type, although use of PLZT is mentioned. U.S. Pat. No. 4,560,994 by Sprague shows a single slab of electro-optic material with an array of electrodes which create fringe electric fields, which are not channeled. Sarraf's U.S. Pat. No. 5,521,748 also discloses a modulator array in which mirror-like devices deflect or deform when electrostatic force is applied. U.S. Pat. No. 4,367,946 to Varner also discusses a light valve array, with one specifically preferred material being PLZT. However, all four of these inventions can be expected to have the same problems of cross-talk, which the present invention is designed to eliminate.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an array of discrete light modulating elements which can operate at TTL voltage levels, and at high speeds, with almost no cross-talk, and which can be used to produce small pixels or which can be grouped together to create larger pixels and large two dimensional panels or sheets.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an array of discrete modulated elements of electro-optic material.
Another object of the invention is to provide arrays of electro-optically modulators that can be driven by TTL voltages, and thus be compatible with standard TTL power supplies.
Yet another object of the invention is to produce arrays of electro-optic modulators which have very little cross-talk between channels.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an array with very fast response and switching time.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an array of pixels which can be of very small dimensions to reduce problems of aliasing in optical displays.
A yet further object of the present invention is to produce light modulating arrays that can be manufactured by conventional methods very inexpensively.
Briefly, one preferred embodiment of the present invention is a light modulating including a switching element having a first portion of electro-optic material to which first and second electrodes are associated. A second portion is composed of material having an index of refraction matching that of the first portion when no voltage is applied to electro-optically activate the first portion but the index of refraction of the second portion is less than the index of refraction of the first portion when the first portion is electro-optically activated by application of voltage to the electrodes. The first and second portions are in close conjunction with each other such that a TIR boundary is formed at the junction of the first and second portions and the switching element is oriented with respect to at least one incident light beam such that the incident light beam enters the first portion and strikes the boundary at an angle such that the light beam is totally reflected internally when the first portion is electro-optically activated, but which will pass unreflected through the boundary when the first portion is not electro-optically activated.
A second preferred embodiment uses an element in which the thickness of the second portion is reduced by removal of a step region so that electric field lines within the active first portion are more narrowly directed and the TIR boundary is flatter and more regular. The step region is filled with a material having a low dielectric constant k.
A third preferred embodiment uses a number of optical switches in an array or matrix to create N×N or N×M cross-connect switches.
An advantage of the present invention is that it may be operated with TTL voltages or lower.
Another advantage of the invention is that because of the low voltage requirements, heating of the elements is reduced and requirements for cooling are minimized.
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that very small elements may be produced, thus allowing for very fine image resolution.
A further advantage of the present invention is that cross-talk between channels is nearly eliminated.
A still further advantage of the present invention is that standard micro-machining operations can be used, allowing for inexpensive manufacture.
A yet further advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to create arrays very inexpensively.
Still another advantage of the present invention is that the elements can be very rapidly switched, with switching times on the order of pico-seconds (10−12 seconds).
Yet another advantage of the present invention is that sol-gel processes can be used to make displays which are both thin and flexible. These molding processes can produce arrays with large numbers of elements quickly and for very low cost.
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become clear to those skilled in the art in view of the description of the best presently known mode of carrying out the invention and the industrial applicability of the preferred embodiment as described herein and as illustrated in the several figures of the drawings.
The purposes and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description in conjunction with the appended drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a light modulating array, showing the modulation of impinging light beams;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a modulator array, and electrical circuit showing an alternative location for conductive pads;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a modulator array, and electrical circuit showing the elements mounted on a substrate of different material;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit in which electrodes have been attached to the top and bottom wafer surfaces;
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a modulator array and electrical circuit showing an alternate location for conductive pads;
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an alternate embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of another alternative embodiment of a modulator array and electrodes;
FIG. 8 is a perspective view of system for modulating and switching light beams which uses a modulator array and beamsplitters to separate modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 9 is a plan view of a system for modulating and switching light beams, which shows a single element of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a system for modulating and switching light beams which shows a single element of a different version of a modulator array used as an alternate mechanism for separating modulated and unmodulated beams into different channels;
FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a modulator array in which electrodes have been placed so as to produce an electric field which is collinear with the direction of light propagation;
FIG. 12 is a cross-sectional view of an embedded electrode array in a sol-gel matrix of electro-optic material;
FIG. 13 is a front perspective view of a single optical switch of the present invention;
FIG. 14 is a front perspective view of the single optical switch of FIG. 13, from which the upper electrode has been removed for easier viewing, the switch being in an inactive state;
FIG. 15 is a front perspective view of the single optical switch of FIG. 13, from which the upper electrode has been removed for easier viewing, the switch being in an active state;
FIG. 16 is a front perspective view of an alternative embodiment of a single optical switch of the present invention which has improved flatness and uniformity of TIR boundary;
FIG. 17 is a front perspective view of an optical switch having electrodes placed on the side walls of the element.
FIG. 18 is a top plan view of an array of optical switches configured as a cross-connect switch in which two upper and lower input signals cross to exit from output channels; and
FIG. 19 is a top plan view of an array of optical switches configured as a cross-connect switch in which two upper and lower input signals exit from upper and lower output channels without crossing.
A preferred embodiment of the present invention is an array of light modulating and switching microstructure devices. The present invention solves many of the problems of the prior art by using lanthanum doped lead zirconate titanate crystal (PLZT), which is an optically transparent ceramic that becomes birefringent when proper voltage is applied. PLZT has a quadratic electro-optic response to voltage increase thus allowing lower driving voltages. In addition, the present invention uses an optimized compositional "recipe" in which the proportion of lanthanum dopant and matrix elements has been designed to produce low dielectric constant κ, higher electro-optic efficiency, and thus low power requirements. Additionally, the electro-optic elements are 3-dimensional and of very small size, generally 10 μm-200 μm in the light propagation direction, or much less, depending on the design. This allows production of very high-density electric fields in these elements by using small voltages, including TTL levels of approximately 5 volts, and lower. This has advantages because power supplies that are already set up for TTL level digital components can supply the electro-optic modulators as well. Cross-talk has been nearly eliminated by the use of grooves or regions which are filled with air'or other dielectric materials. These physically separate at least a portion of the elements, thus directing and channeling electric field lines more closely. PLZT, as well as other electro-optic materials, also allows for pico-second response time, thus theoretically allowing very high switching frequencies of 100 GHz and more.
The use of embedded electrodes produces more uniform electric field strength in the elements. This allows a much lower driving voltage and a much more predictable and controllable electric field.
The present invention is also useful when using standard recipe electro-optic materials, in which the dielectric constant has not been minimized, and also in a variety of other electro-optic materials beside PLZT. Electro-optic materials fall generally into five categories, 1) electro-optic crystals, 2) polycrystalline electro-optic ceramics, 3) electro-optically active polymers, 4) electro-optic semiconductors, and 5) electro-optic glasses. Although the electro-optic properties of the materials are variable depending on composition, the present invention can be implemented with materials of any of these three categories. Specific examples of electro-optic materials besides PLZT which may be used include, but are not limited to, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, BSN, PBN, KTN, KDP, KD*P, KTP, BaTiO3, Ba2NaNb5O15, GaAs, InP, CdS, AgGaS2, and ZnGeP2. The very small dimensions of the elements result in very low element capacitance even when using material having a relatively large dielectric constant κ.
As illustrated in the various drawings herein, and particularly in the view of FIG. 1, a form of this preferred embodiment of the inventive device is depicted by the general reference character 10.
FIG. 1 illustrates an array of light modulating microstructures 10 as well as a system 11 for modulating or switching light in a number of independent channels. In this preferred embodiment, the array 10 is formed from a wafer 12 of PLZT. PLZT has been chosen for its large electro-optic effect and low absorption for thin wafers.
If PLZT is used, the relative proportion of the Lanthanum dopant in the ceramic can be very important in determining the driving voltage required for the elements. The composition also is important in establishing the optical properties such as transparency, grain size and pore size, speed, power dissipation, operating temperature and for maximizing both the linear and the quadratic electro-optic coefficients of the material. Commercial recipes for PLZT have largely used Lanthanum concentrations of 9.0% to 12%. If Lanthanum concentration is varied in the range of 8.5% to 9.0% of the PLZT ceramic and the concentration of Zirconium and Titanium are unchanged from typical ratios of 65/35, it may be possible to achieve a higher quadratic electro-optic coefficient (R) in the PLZT for the La dopant percentage closer to 8.5%. For the PLZT compositions, where Zr and Ti are maintained in a 65/35 ratio and the overall percentage of La is varied:
It is known that for La<8.0%, PLZT loses quadratic electro-optic properties. It is therefore expected that somewhere around 8.5% La there should be a maximum for R around (5-40)×10−16 m2/V2.
This enhanced value of electro-optic coefficient provides many advantages. It will permit lower required driving voltages, and thus lower power dissipation in the material and hence lower heating of the device. This in turn allows the device to be driven at significantly higher frequencies, even without external cooling. Also, the use of lower La concentrations (which is a free electron donor) will result in a reduced "charge screening" effect. The overall result is higher modulation efficiency of devices manufactured from this material.
The wafer 12 has regions or grooves 14 formed to produce protrusions 16 from the original thickness 18 of the wafer 12. The grooves 14 may be formed by any number of means, such as mechanical machining with micro-saws, chemical etching using photo-resist masks, or laser ablation, or the array may be molded in shape from polycrystalline ceramic, among other methods. The grooves 14 provide isolation between the channels of the array 10, serve to direct and channel the electric field lines in the electro-optic material and thus allow the array to operate with nearly zero cross-talk.
Each protrusion 16 has a top face 20, a first side face 22 and a second side face 24, a front face 26 and a rear face 28. The grooves 14 can be cut through the entire original thickness 18 of the wafer 12, in which case, the protrusions will have an independent bottom face 30, or if the groove is not cut through the entire original thickness 18, the bottom face 30 will be integral with the wafer 12, as shown by the dotted line in FIG. 1.
The faces of the wafer 32 can be polished either before or after the grooves 14 are formed, to prevent scattering of light entering or leaving the wafer 12. Electrodes 34 are attached to the protrusions 16 by any of a number of ways, but one preferred method is to embed the electrodes 34, as this may produce a more uniform electrical field. It is also possible that the material of the electrode 34 may completely fill the grooves 14. Conductive pads 36 of gold or some other metal or conductive material are used to attach electrical leads 38 to the electrodes 34, which connect them in turn to the electrical power supply 40. An electrical field is thus established which is oriented in a transverse direction relative to the direction of the incoming light beams 42. The width of electro-optic material between the grooves 14 in the protrusions 16 establishes the electrode gap 44 in this configuration of electrode 34 placement.
For ease of reference, an assembly containing a protrusion 16, attached electrodes 34, and conductive pads 36 shall be referred to as an "element". The size of the wafer 12, the protrusions 16 and the electrode gaps 44 will depend on the material chosen, and the desired range of applied voltages to be used. The electro-optic effect exhibited by an element of a particular material depends on the electric field strength within that element. The density of that field will in turn depend on the amount of applied voltage, the material chosen, and the physical dimensions of the element in which the electric field is contained. Using very small elements allows a large concentration of electric field density by use of small to moderate voltages. In the present invention, in order to use voltages in the TTL a range, around 5V, it is estimated that the physical size of the elements, if made of PLZT, will be on the order of 20 μm×20 μm×200 μm. The grooves 14 can be made very small, and indeed may be limited by the size of machining tools used to form them. Excellent results in terms of near zero cross-talk have been achieved using micro-sawing methods where the kerf size of the saw cuts are around 25 μm. Effective reduction of cross-talk between channels may be achieved with grooves as small as 5 μm.
Such tiny elements can produce modulated beams of very small size, producing such fine image resolution that the unaided eye is incapable of distinguishing it. It may have applications where microscopic images are required, or where multiple beams are combined in groups of 5 or 10 elements to make up 1 pixel in a display device.
The size of the elements will also depend on whether the beam is transmitted through the element or reflected from a rear surface, in which case, the length or the driving voltage can be cut roughly in half to produce the same degree of modulation. Materials with smaller electro-optic properties may require greater size or increased applied voltage to achieve proper modulation results.
In FIG. 1, a first element 46 and a second element 48 are shown, which in this preferred embodiment, will be assumed to be composed of PLZT. Between the first element 46 and the voltage supply line, an open switch 50 is shown to represent that the element 46 has no voltage applied, and is in an inactive state. It is, of course, to be understood that nothing so primitive as throw-switches need be used to practice the invention. Most likely, very high frequency (perhaps as much as 100 GHz or more) square waves of appropriate voltage will be used, but throw-switches are used here as an easy means of illustrating the state of the applied voltage.
The incoming light beams 42 having incoming linear polarization 54 which is aligned with the upper tip 45 degrees to the left of vertical, (which shall be referred to as "R" polarization) impinge on both elements 46 and 48. This incoming light may be linearly polarized laser light, or it may be initially unpolarized light, perhaps even including light from an incandescent bulb, which has been transmitted through a polarizer to produce linearly polarized light. First element 46 is inactive, thus the outgoing polarization 56 of the first element 46 is unchanged. It passes through an R aligned polarizer 60 and is detected by a light sensor or photo detector 62, perhaps to be recognized as a digital "1".
In contrast, switch 52 is closed leading to the second element 48, thus the supply voltage is applied and the element 48 is active. The element 48 becomes birefringent under the influence of the applied electric field. Birefringence causes an incoming beam 42 which is linearly polarized at a 45 degree angle relative to the direction of the applied electric field to split into two orthogonal components which are respectively parallel and perpendicular to the electric field lines. These components travel along the same path but at different velocities. The electro-optic effect thus will cause a phase shift between the two components, as one is retarded in relation to the other. After traveling through the element 48, the components re-combine with the result that the polarization of the emergent beam 58 is changed. If the voltage is sufficient to cause a λ/2 shift in polarization, the polarization will be rotated by 90 degrees, relative to its original orientation. In FIG. 1, it is assumed that a λ/2 voltage of 5 volts has been applied which produces a 90 degree phase shift to give a linearly polarized output beam 58, which is oriented with the upper tip now 45 degrees to the right of vertical (which shall be referred to as "S" polarization). This S polarized light is now blocked by the R aligned polarizer 60, which allows no light to reach the detector 62. This may be recognized by a digital device as a "0".
If the applied voltage causes a λ/4 rotation, the outgoing polarization 58 will be made into circular polarization, as the tip of the resultant electric field vector will describe a circle as it propagates. Intermediate voltage values will result in elliptical polarization. These will be incompletely blocked by the polarizer 60, which will allow only the R aligned component to pass. Thus, the light seen by the detector 62 may be theoretically controlled anywhere in the range from undiminished incoming intensity to total extinction, to produce analog-type output signals if the appropriate control voltage is applied.
FIG. 2 illustrates a different version of the modulator array 10. A wafer 12 is shown with attached or embedded electrodes 34, and in this embodiment, the conductive pads 36 are located in a different configuration for attachment to electrical leads 38.
FIG. 3 illustrates another version of the modulator array 10, in which the grooves 14 have been extended completely through the original thickness 18 of the wafer. The elements 64 here are composed of the protrusion 16 portions of the wafer 12 and their respective attached or embedded electrodes 22 and conductive pads 24 (see FIG. 1). A number of elements 64 have been formed on a substrate 66 made from a different material which the bottom faces 30 now contact. This substrate 66 is preferably a low dielectric material that is not electro-optically active, such as SiO2, for one example among many. The protrusions 16 may be attached or glued to the substrate 66 prior to machining or attachment of the electrodes 34 and pads 36, or the completed elements 64 may be assembled prior to attachment to the substrate 66.
FIG. 4 shows yet another version of the modulator array 10. In this embodiment, electrodes 34 are attached to the top faces 20 of the protrusions 16 and a single large electrode 68 is positioned on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12. It is to be understood that a plurality of appropriately placed individual electrodes could be used on the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 in place of the single large electrode 68 pictured here and in the following FIG. 5. Conducting pads 36 are attached to the top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 as attachment points for the electrical leads 38. Polished front faces 26 are indicated as before, and incoming light beams 42 are shown to indicate orientation. The polarization direction has not been shown, as the principles of phase retardation operate much the same as in FIG. 1, with a λ/2 shift producing a 90 degree rotation, etc. This placement of electrodes 34, 68 produces a different orientation of transverse electrical fields, but still retains the advantage of channel separation and minimization of cross-talk which was unavailable in the prior art.
FIG. 5 shows a variation of the configuration in FIG. 4, in which the upper conductive pads 36 are located in a different orientation relative to the wafer 12. The top and bottom electrodes 34, 68 are positioned as in FIG. 4, to produce a transverse electric field. The polished front faces 26 and incoming light beams 42 are again shown for orientation purposes.
Although not pictured here, it is to be understood that this arrangement of top and bottom electrodes and the variations in conductive pad locations seen in FIGS. 4 and 5 can be used with elements which have been positioned on a different substrate material, in the manner suggested by FIG. 3, if the substrate material has the proper conductive properties. It may also be possible for elements to be directly attached to a single large bottom electrode which can act as a substrate to support and position the elements. Alternately, the electrodes may be attached or embedded on both sides of the electro-optic material directly before mounting the assembled elements onto a substrate.
FIG. 6 shows another version of an array 10 of modified protrusions 72 which have either been formed on the original wafer 12 or formed separately on a substrate of different optically transparent material 66 in a similar manner to the embodiment shown in FIG. 3. The modified protrusions 72 are shown to be oriented with their long sides parallel to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66, but it should be understood that they may also be oriented with the long sides of the protrusions 72 transverse to the long edge of the wafer 12 or substrate 66. An incoming polarized light beam 42 enters from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12 or substrate 66 and is internally reflected on the angled first side face 74 and angled second side face 76 to reemerge from the bottom side 70 of the wafer 12. If appropriate voltage has been applied to the electrodes 78, the resulting polarization of the emergent light beam 80 will be modulated in the manner described above. The angles of the faces here are chosen to allow total internal reflection, but it is to be understood that if a reflective coating is applied to the faces, a variety of other angles may be used as well.
FIG. 7 illustrates yet another version of a modulator array 10 in which the protrusions 82 have been modified in another manner such that the angled second side face 84 of each has been angled to direct the emergent beam 86 out of the top face 20 of each protrusion 82. As in FIG. 6, the protrusions may be oriented in a transverse direction, a different substrate material may be used, and a reflective coating may be applied to reflecting faces.
FIG. 8 shows a system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses the modulator array 10 in much the same configuration as in FIG. 1. An incoming linearly polarized beam 42 of polarization "R" enters a first element 46 which is inactive due to an open switch 50, so that its exiting polarization 56 is unchanged. This enters a beamsplitter 88 that has been positioned so that light of R polarization will be reflected out of the beamsplitter at angle φ, as shown by reflected beam 90. In a second element 48, which is active, the voltage is assumed to be such as to produce a λ/2 shift, the polarization is rotated 90 degrees to "S" orientation, and this passes through the beamsplitter 88, as shown by unreflected beam 92. These beams can be used to carry separate digital information, and may be designated "channel 1" 94 and "channel 2" 96. It is to be understood that beamsplitters can be used as a channel separation device with any of the various embodiments illustrated herein.
FIG. 9 shows a top plan view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses a different version of a light modulating array 10. A single protrusion 16 is shown, which is composed of a first block 98 or portion of material having an index of refraction N1, and a second block 100 of material having index of refraction N2. A boundary 102 is formed at the junction of the two materials. One of the two blocks, in this case the first block 98, has top and bottom electrodes 104. First block 98 is composed of electro-optic material such that when electrodes 104 are uncharged, the electro-optic material is inactive, and N1=N2. When voltage is applied to electrodes 104, the first block 98 becomes active and the index of refraction changes for polarization components which are aligned with the electric field lines so that for this polarization, N1>N2. When first block 98 is inactive, an incoming beam 106 is projected into the first block 98 at entry angle ε to a normal such that the beam passes through the boundary between the two blocks 98, 100 and emerges as unreflected light ray 108. When first block 98 is active the index of refraction is increased such that total internal reflectance (TIR) occurs, and the beam is reflected back into the first block 98 at the boundary 102, and emerges as reflected light ray 110. The two emergent beams 108 and 110 are separated by angle δ, which has been greatly exaggerated here. These separated beams 108, 110, can be detected by sensors 112, and thus be used to establish channel separation for data transmission.
Alternatively, the protrusion 16 can be made from a single integral block of material, which has been electro-optically divided into portions or sections. A first section 98 may have electrodes 104 attached to induce a different index of refraction in this section. An incoming beam 106 will then be totally internally reflected, as described above, at the interface between the activated 98 and unactivated sections 100. This interface or boundary 102 can be established more definitely by having the second section 100, be of a different thickness than the first 98. This serves to direct the electric field lines better so that less fringing is produced, and a sharper interface boundary 102 is established.
FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of another system 11 for modulating or switching light beams which uses yet another version of the light modulating array 10 to perform channel separation. A single prism-shaped protrusion 114 is shown, which can be electro-optically activated by electrodes 116 to increase the index of refraction. This causes the light beam to be bent towards the normal upon entry slightly differently than when the material is an inactive state. Thus when the element is active, the light beam will follow a first path 118, and will emerge at a slightly different angle relative to the normal upon leaving the element, thus following a first exiting path 120. In contrast, when the element is inactive, the light follows a second path 122 upon entry, and follows a second exiting path 124. Both of these second paths are shown in dashed line in FIG. 10. These first and second exiting paths 120, 124 are separated by angle β, and they can be further directed by mirrored surfaces 126 to sensors 128 to produce separate channels. The separation of the paths and the separation angle has been exaggerated in the FIG. 10.
FIG. 11 illustrates yet another version of the present light modulating array 10 in which end-mounted electrodes 130 each having an aperture 132 have been attached to the front faces 26 and rear faces 28 of the protrusions 16. In this configuration, the electric field lines are collinear with the direction of incoming light beams 42. The application of appropriate applied voltage results in the change in polarized output in a manner similar to that discussed above. It is to be understood that the above mentioned methods of splitting the output into separate channels, or using an external polarizer and sensor may be used, as well as mounting of elements on different substrate material, and variations in conductive pad placement.
It is also possible to have a light-producing element, such as a diode laser, with a modulating element physically attached at the laser's output, in order to produce a single integrated element.
Another variation of the preferred embodiment uses sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature (400-800 degrees C.) method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature (2,000 degrees C.) conventional processes.
When using molding processes, two approaches are possible. In the first approach, a non electro-optic, optically transparent or non-transparent matrix is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable electro-optic material of sol-gel type or polymer resin. It is then cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.
In the second approach, an electro-optically active matrix of solid or flexible material is prepared. Electrodes are deposited on the side walls. Then it is filled with soft, curable non electro-optic material, of optically transparent or non transparent, sol gel type or polymer resin. Then it is cured to produce an array of electro-optic modulators separated spatially by non electro-optic material.
For the PLZT thin films made by the sol-gel process with 1-2 μm spacing between embedded adjacent electrodes, λ/2 voltages range from 20-30 Volts for 0.5 μm thick films, to TTL levels (4-5 Volts) for 1-2 μm film thickness. This idea is very attractive for large area flat panel display applications, which function like CRT tubes and which may successfully compete with them. Because electrode spacing is necessarily very small to achieve low driving voltages, resulting pixel size is also very small, which makes this embodiment ideal for high-resolution flat panel displays or spatial light modulators. This fine pixel structure is below typical resolution capability of the human eye, so for consumer applications, sub-micron and micron size substructures may be aggregated to produce standard sized pixels (usually dozens or hundreds of microns). To simplify the manufacturing process and make it compatible with existing flat panel technology, the pixel size can be made larger. In this case, each pixel represents an interdigital pattern of PLZT embedded shutter electrodes.
FIG. 12 shows a top plan view of a modulator array 10 composed of embedded electrodes 134 that are contained in a sol-gel matrix 136. The arrow lines indicate electric field lines 138. The height of the electrodes 134 (out of drawing plane) is defined by the thickness of the film. In the figure, light also travels perpendicular to the drawing plane. For non-polarized light, the modulator array 10 is placed in between two cross polarizers (not shown).
The electrode structures can be deposited either prior to the sol-gel film deposition, or after it, using standard etching or micro-machining techniques. Using etching techniques and molding processes, the height of the electrodes 134 can be much higher, 10 μm or more with the same 1-2 μm spacing between electrodes. In this case, sol-gel can fill the spacings between electrodes 134 and the thin film can still be thin enough (a few microns) to guarantee the same fabrication process and similar process conditions. This will allow driving or switching voltages on the TTL level (4-5 Volts) or below (1-3 Volts and even lower). The arrays thus fabricated can be used in either transmissive or reflective modes. Additionally, the sol-gel material can either be used to completely fill the gap between electrodes, or it can instead be deposited on the sides of the electrodes as a coating. If used as a coating, an additional electrode can be added on the outer side of the sol-gel coating to make a complete element, each element being separated from its neighbor by a gap or groove.
FIG. 13 shows a preferred embodiment which makes use of several of the inventive features previously disclosed. An optical switch 210 is shown which makes use of total internal reflection at the boundary between an activated portion and an inactive portion of electro-optic material, in the manner of the embodiment previously described and shown in FIG. 9.
The optical switch 210 is fabricated upon a substrate of semi-conductor material 212, which acts as a first electrode 213. Upon this substrate, a matrix of material 214, preferably glass is formed. Light conductive channels 216 are formed in the matrix, and these channels can be formed of either fiber optic material, or preferable are waveguides. The switching element 218 is preferably formed by making a cavity 220 in the matrix material 214, which is then filled with electro-optic material 222. In the preferred embodiment, this electro-optic material is PLZT which is introduced in a sol-gel state, and then cured to a solid. The PLZT sol-gel is used to fill the cavity, and then after hardening, a second electrode 224 is placed on top of a first portion 226 of the electro-optic material 222, leaving a second portion 228 which is not covered by the second electrode 224. The second electrode 224 is connected to a high-speed switching power supply (not shown). At the boundary between the first portion 226 and the second portion 228, there is a potential total internal reflection (TIR) boundary 230. This boundary will act to reflect incident light which approaches from an angle greater than the critical angle for the interface of materials with different indices of refraction. For TIR to occur, the incident light beam must also have polarization which is parallel to the plane of the boundary. In FIG. 13, this would be vertical polarization.
The first material portion 226 and second material portion 228, as discussed above, may be portions of a single unity piece of electro-optic material. It is also possible that the two portions 226, 228 are separate components, perhaps composed of different materials, which have indices of refraction which match closely enough that light will not be reflected at the boundary 230 when the first portion 226 is inactive, but which will be totally reflected internally when the switch 210 is active.
Of the four light conductive channels 216 shown, going counter-clockwise from the upper left hand channel, there is a first incoming signal channel 232 and a second incoming signal channel 234, a first outgoing signal channel 236, and a second outgoing signal channel 238.
FIG. 14 illustrates an optical switch 210 from which the second electrode 224 has been removed for easier viewing. The optical switch 210 shown is in an inactive state, i.e. no voltage is applied to the electrodes, thus the index of refraction of the first portion 226 of the PLZT and the second portion 228 exactly match. Therefore, the TIR boundary 230 only potentially exists, and is shown in dashed lines in the figure. A first incoming signal 240 is shown as a black arrow which enters the switching element 218 through the first incoming signal channel 232. As the switch 210 is inactive, the first incoming signal 240 continues unaffected and is relayed through the first outgoing signal channel 236. A second incoming signal 242 is depicted as a white arrow which enters from the second incoming signal channel 234, and also continues in a straight line to exit from the second outgoing signal channel 238. Since the second incoming signal is not intended to be modulated by the TIR boundary 230, it is merely relayed onward from this switch 210. The second incoming signal channel 242 together with the second outgoing signal channel 238 can be thought of as a passive crossing channel 239 with respect to the second incoming signal 242. The incorporation of a passive crossing channel 239 is useful in routing of signals in larger arrays of optical switches, as will be described below, but is not necessary to the operation of the individual switch 210 shown in FIG. 14. Its inclusion here is thus not to be construed as a limitation on the structure or operation of the switch 210.
FIG. 15 illustrates the optical switch 210, again with the top electrode removed, in an active state. Thus, the electrodes, although not shown, are charged and an electric field is generated in the first portion 226 of electro-optic material. The index of refraction is thus increased for this portion, so that total internal reflection is produced for light which approaches at the angle assumed by the first incoming signal 240, again shown as a black arrow. The TIR boundary 230 is established, and the first incoming signal 240 is reflected off the TIR boundary 230 and into the second outgoing signal channel 238 as the reflected beam 244. Thus the first incoming signal can be switched from the first outgoing signal channel 236 whenever the appropriate electric field is generated in the first material portion 226. This switching can be done very quickly, on the order of pico-seconds (10−12 seconds), and as explained above, standard TTL voltages can be used, which are compatible with many standard power supplies.
The quality of the reflected beam 244 is dependent on the flatness and uniformity of the TIR boundary 230, much the same as that of any reflecting surface. A reflected beam from a very flat surface will naturally tend to retain the properties of the incident beam better than a reflected beam from a less flat and less uniform surface. The properties of the boundary of the electric field produced define the flatness of the TIR boundary. If the electric field lines are diffused and irregular with much fringing, the boundary will also be defused and irregular. Thus it is desirable to confine and direct the electric field lines so that the boundary is as nearly a sharply defined flat plane as possible. FIG. 16 shows a preferred embodiment of the present invention in which the flatness of the TIR boundary is enhanced.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 16, the thickness of the matrix layer 214, as well as that of the electro-optic material 222 has been increased. It should be understood that the relative thicknesses of the layers shown are for illustration only and are not drawn to scale. The switch 210 shown is in the active state, thus charge is applied to the second electrode 224 and an electric field has been established in the first material portion 226, creating TIR boundary 230. A step region 246 has been removed from the second portion 228 by some shaping process such as etching including reaction ion etching and plasma etching, laser ablation, or use of mechanical processes such as abrasion or cutting, so that the second material portion 228 has a remaining thickness less than the thickness of the first portion 226. A step face 248 is thus established as the vertical surface of the first portion 226 above the second portion 228 of the electro-optic material 222, this step face being created by the removal of second portion 228 material resulting in the step region 246. The front edge 250 of the second electrode 224 is configured to exactly match the profile of the step face 248. In fact, both may be formed simultaneously by first depositing the electrode 224 on the electro-optic material 222, and masking the electrode 224 to the extent of the desired material first portion 226. The step region 246 is then etched or ablated along with the unmasked part of the electrode 224, at the same time.
The step region 246 is then filled with some material having a low dielectric constant (k) and low polarizability (p), which will be referred to as low k low p material 252. The glass material of the matrix 214 is well suited for use as low k low p material 252, as is air, plastic and many kinds of gases or liquids. The electric field lines created when the electrode 224 is charged will not propagate well in this low k low p step region 246, and will form a sharp boundary along the step face 248. This defines the upper portion 254 of the TIR boundary 230 as a flat plane along the step face 248. This flatness and definition are extended to all the electric field lines and thus throughout the lower portion 256 of the TIR boundary 230 which extends through to the substrate 212.
As stated above, the illustration has been drawn without any attempt to depict the relative thicknesses to scale. Representative dimensions are 20 microns for the thickness of the PLZT material in the first material portion 226, a step depth of approximately 7 microns, and thus a thickness of 13 microns for the second material portion 228, assuming that an incident beam is approximately 10 microns in diameter. These dimensions are not to be construed as limiting, and much variation is possible.
It will of course be obvious to one skilled in the art that other variations and embodiments are possible as well. As mentioned above, it is possible that the two portions 226, 228 are separate components, perhaps composed of different materials. The second portion 228 may even be of a non-electro-optic material, in which case, the second electrode 224 need not be limited to only the first portion 226, but may extend over both first and second portions 226, 228. Only the first portion 226 will then change index of refraction, and the boundary 230 will correspond to the physical boundary of the first portion 226 component. The uniformity and quality of reflected image from the TIR boundary 230 will then depend on the smoothness of the boundary wall of the first portion 226, as machined or etched. This type of element may have advantages as to ease of manufacture.
For another example of variation, a curved mask could be applied to provide a curved front edge 250 to the electrode 224 and thus also produce a curved step face 254 and TIR boundary 230. This may have some advantages in focusing or manipulating the reflected beam 244 profile. For example, the reflected beam can therefore be focused in such a way as to insure that the beam will be efficiently coupled into the outgoing waveguide. Thus a separate collimating or focusing element could be eliminated. It is also possible to configure the switch 210 with curved outer boundaries or other geometric shapes besides the hexagonal shape shown as the perimeter of the element 218. Perimeter portions 257, as seen in FIG. 16, may be curved or straight, and by providing both a curved perimeter 257 and a curved TIR boundary 230, it is therefore possible to create a first portion 226 which could be a configured in a convex-convex lens shape, for one example among many. Of course, many other combinations of flat and curved surfaces could be used for the perimeter portion 257 and TIR boundary 230 of the first portion 226, and all are contemplated by the present invention.
The switch may also have only one incoming signal channel and two outgoing signal channels, or more than two incoming and two outgoing signal channels.
It is also possible for the electrodes to be placed on side surfaces of the element rather than top and bottom surfaces. Such a configuration is shown in FIG. 17. The switching element 218 includes side walls 259 to which the first electrode 213 and second electrode 224 are attached. As before, the first portion 226 is of lesser thickness than the second portion 228, so that there is a step region 246 formed which serves to direct and confine the TIR boundary 230. An incoming signal beam 240 is shown passing through as if the TIR boundary 230 is inactive, by the black arrow. Also shown is the reflected beam 244, depicted by a gray arrow, which will result if the TIR boundary 230 is activated. The element 218 can be included in a matrix material, which is not shown here, and included in larger arrays, as will be discussed below.
The optical switches 210 are made to be used in arrays and groups to form N×M matrices for switching signals. FIGS. 18 & 19 illustrate a simple 2×2 cross-connect switch 258 using four optical switches, which are designated as first switch 260, second switch 262, third switch 264, and fourth switch 266. A first input signal 268 arrives through the first input channel 270, and a second input signal 272 arrives through the second input channel 274. The incoming signals 268, 272 are each optionally passed through collimators 276 and then enter the cross-connect switch 258. A first output channel 278 and a second output channel 280 are provided at the output of the cross-connect switch 258. All signals may be routed to the cross-connect switch by signal channels, as described above, which may be optical fibers, waveguides or free-space propagation. In FIG. 18, switches 260 and 266 are active, and are represented graphically as active by shading. The switches work as previously described to cause TIR of an incoming beam of the appropriate polarization, assumed vertical, which approaches within an appropriate range of angles. The first input signal 268 is thus reflected by switch 260 and passes through inactive switch 264 to exit through second output channel 280. Second input signal 272 also passes through inactive switch 264 but is reflected by switch 266 to exit through first output channel 280.
FIG. 19 shows the routing of signals when switches 262 and 264 are active, shown by shading. First input signal 268 passes through inactive switch 260, but is reflected by active switch 262 to pass through inactive switch 266 and finally exit through first output channel 278. Similarly, second input signal 272 is reflected by active switch 264 and exits through second output channel 280.
Of course, it will be obvious that other combinations of active and inactive elements exist, for example, where both switches 260 and 262 are inactive so that first input signal 268 will pass in a undeflected straight line to arrive at a possible third output channel, not shown. Similarly, if both switches 264 and 266 are inactive, second input signal 272 will travel undeflected to a possible fourth output channel, also not shown. Thus the cross-connect switch is not limited to an "N×N" switching matrix, where N=2, for instance, but can be designed to a "N×M" matrix, where, for the combinations discussed immediately above, N=2, and M=4. Also obviously, more switches can be added and more input and output channels used to increase the number of possible variations.
The optional collimators 276 discussed above are used to collimate the beam and provide more uniform beam profile within the cross-connect switch 258. Upon exit from the cross-connect switch 258, there may be a focusing lens, not shown, or other optics to manipulate the size or shape of the beam. The beam exiting from a first cross-connect switch can be aligned to enter a second cross-connect switch, a fiber optic, waveguide or other optical device, or may be used to excite pixels on a display screen.
As alluded to above, the incident signal beam must be of polarization which is parallel to the plane of the beam in order to be reflected by an active TIR boundary. This suggests further possibilities and variations, for example, where some components of an incoming beam may have parallel polarization, and thus are switched by a first element, while other components with polarization orthogonal to the first element may pass through unaffected, perhaps to later be switched by a second switch having a TIR boundary at the appropriate orientation to now reflect the signal. It is also possible that larger combinations of switches such as the cross connect switch discussed above could be designed to only act upon light of a certain polarization, letting others pass. Many varieties of signal processing are thus possible. All such variations are contemplated by the present invention.
In addition to the above mentioned examples, various other modifications and alterations of the inventive device 10 may be made without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the above disclosure is not to be considered as limiting and the appended claims are to be interpreted as encompassing the true spirit and the entire scope of the invention.
The present device 10 is well suited for application in a wide range of fields in which light modulators and high speed light switching devices are used, such as in high-speed printing, image processing and telecommunications. The present invention 10 is also especially suited for use in flat panel displays and projection television.
Although the basic array structures 10 discussed above are in a one-dimensional line configuration, these may be configured and arranged to form two-dimensional sheets of large size. Additionally, by use of the sol-gel process, they may be used to make a kind of thin flexible display material almost like cloth, which may be used to cover three dimensional forms or perhaps even to make clothing.
The materials presently used in flat panel displays respond very slowly to changes in display information. This leads to the commonly observed problem, especially in flat panel displays of laptop computers, that the display of a moving object will leave trails behind, due to the lag in the response of the display. The present invention, by contrast, is theoretically capable of switching speeds of 100 GHz and more, producing such fast response that it is beyond the ability of the human eye to register individual steps in a display of motion.
Prior art displays also may exhibit the problem of aliasing, or the jagged edges sometimes seen around the outline of a displayed object due to the comparatively large size of pixels in a digital display. By contrast, the elements of the present invention 10 may be made as smaller than 1 μm×1 μm in cross section, each element being capable of producing an independent signal. Thus each element is potentially an independent pixel. The use of the present invention completely eliminates the problem of aliasing down to the microscopic scale. Indeed, the human eye cannot resolve such small elements. Thus for use on the scale of ordinary unaided human vision, the elements may be grouped into larger pixels, whose overall size can still be small enough to provide far better image resolution than is presently available. There may also be applications in which microscopic pixel size is advantageous, such as making microscopic photo masks for microchip manufacture. The ungrouped pixels of the present invention are uniquely suited for such uses.
The very small size of the elements allows low driving voltages to be used to produce the necessary electric field density to induce the desired electro-optic effect. TTL levels may be used with some materials. The use of TTL level voltages has many significant advantages. TTL level power supplies have been well developed over many years and are commonly available "off the shelf". Thus power supplies can be easily obtained for systems that utilize the present invention 10, without having to provide a customized power supply. This also allows easier introduction of the present invention 10 into equipment that uses TTL devices and already has the appropriate power supply in place.
The present invention 10 also may be designed to utilize sub-TTL levels. It is useful in many applications in which these smaller driver voltages are supplied.
Prior art light modulators and optical switches that are fabricated on a common wafer without benefit of any feature to channel the electric field lines commonly suffer from problems with cross-talk between the channels. This interferes with image clarity and can corrupt transmitted data. By contrast, by utilizing the discrete elements of the present invention 10, cross-talk between channels is practically eliminated, resulting in cleaner image production and improved accuracy and integrity of data transmission. This has very many industrial applications in a wide variety of devices such as printers, telecommunications, and visual displays.
In addition, for telecommunications applications, prior art diode lasers which have been used, have typically suffered from the problem of "chirping" which is interference which can be produced when the voltage supplied to a diode laser is rapidly modulated. In contrast, the present invention 10 modulates the optical output, rather than the diode laser itself. This greatly reduces interference and can eliminate the problem of chirping. This can be an important advantage for telecommunications applications.
Another feature that makes the present invention 10 especially desirable for industrial applications is its ease of manufacture and low cost. It can be made using existing technology by varying methods such as micro-machining, laser ablation, selective etching in an electric field, and molding by conventional means or using a sol-gel process. For micro-machining, the same kinds of micro-saws as are presently used in trimming silicon wafers can be used to form the slots between the projections.
Another method for manufacturing light modulating arrays 10 is the use of sol-gel processing to create an array of elements that are fixed in a flexible medium. Sol-gel processing is a chemically based, relatively low temperature method that can produce ceramics and glasses with better purity and homogeneity than higher temperature conventional processes. Another of the attractive features of the sol-gel process is the capability to produce compositions not possible with conventional methods.
Thin films of PLZT electro-optic ceramic made with the sol-gel process have a number of advantages relative to PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. Large surface areas of thin film can be created which have very uniform (homogeneous) material structure. Small grain sizes are achievable, in the range of 10's of nm, with much less porosity compared with PLZT ceramics prepared from powders. A wide range of film thickness from a few nanometers to a few microns can be produced.
Sol-gel manufacture also easily lends itself to high volume production. It is inexpensive, suitable for large area spatial light modulators or flat panel displays and can utilize micro-machining fabrication processes which are standard in the industry. It can be used for bright, ultra high-speed flat panel displays or spatial light modulators suitable for computer interconnects and high-speed tele-communications with very wide viewing angles which may eventually be used to replace cathode ray tubes.
A light modulating switch 210 as described above creates a total internal reflection (TIR) boundary 230 within an electro-optic element 218 by providing an electric field in only a first portion 226 of the electro-optic element. This produces a change in the index of refraction of the material in the first portion 226 so that it is now greater than the index of refraction of the non-activated second portion 228. Incident light 240 which approaches at an angle greater than that of the critical angle for the two indices of the two portions, and which is of proper polarization orientation, will be reflected into a second path, thus modulating the optical output of the switch 210. The switch can also be operated at TTL levels and pico-second range switching times.
The operation of the switch is enhanced when the electric field lines within the active first portion 226 are narrowly directed, and with minimum fringe effects. In order to decrease fringing, a preferred embodiment of the present invention uses an element 218 which has a step region 246 removed from the second portion 228, leaving the first portion 226 to be of a greater thickness than the second 228. The step portion is filled with material with a low dielectric constant and low polarizability which can be air, glass or plastic. The electric field is thus provided with a sharp boundary at the upper portion 254 of the TIR boundary 230, and this sharp boundary carries into the lower portion 256 of the TIR boundary 230. This causes the TIR boundary 230 to be very flat and sharply defined with very little fringing at the TIR boundary portion at which the incident beam 240 is reflected. The reflected beam 244 thus suffers very little distortion and maintains excellent beam quality throughout modulation or switching.
As alluded to above, TIR will occur only for light of polarization orientation which is parallel to the plane of the TIR boundary 230. Light of different polarizations can thus be separated into components by an active TIR boundary, and this allows additional modes of modulation and signal processing that are not available with traditional electrical signals.
The optical switch 210 can be easily combined in arrays and N×M cross-connect switches 258. They will find many uses in optical imaging and telecommunications, especially since they are easy to manufacture and operate.
For the above, and other reasons, it is expected that the device 10 of the present invention will have widespread industrial applicability. Therefore, it is expected that the commercial utility of the present invention will be extensive and long lasting.
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Golden Trumpets to perform in national showcase
Local artists will get to participate in the event of a lifetime next weekend.
The Golden Trumpets, a local gospel group, will be traveling to Jackson, MISS to participate in The Malaco Artists Retreat and Showcase on Saturday, Feb. 16.
The event is a national singing and performance competition developed to give unsigned artists an opportunity to showcase their talents, win prize money, receive a recording contract with one of the Malaco Music Group family labels and perform on a national television show.
"The showcase is a way for record executives to see us live on stage. They want to make sure we sound just as good live, as we do on the CD," said Terry Jackson, a member of The Golden Trumpets. "We are prepared to perform three songs in a 15-minute set."
The group, who currently has a CD called "The Golden Trumpets: Jesus is Coming" performs all original songs and was honored in 2010 by having it's CD named one of the top 20 gospel quartet CDs by Gloryland Gospel, an organization dedicated to spreading the good news gospel of Jesus Christ.
Members include Rev. Earl Staley, Jackson, Carl Staley, William Ferguson, Jason Staley, John H. Staley, Eric Staley, Johnny Lee Briscoe, Alan McEntyre, Tony Staley, Shaun Hayes and Todd Tanner.
"We like to sing together to uplift Jesus Christ. We also get along well. We are like a family," Jackson said.
The group will leave for the showcase on Friday, Feb. 15.
"This showcase is something that we just started and are going to be taking on the road, like an American Idol type thing. We are going to go to different cities. A lot of people can't afford to travel, so we are going to take it places." said Darrell Luster, A&R/Promotions for Malaco Music Group. "We are really looking forward to this. We can't go everywhere and there are singers in every city, town and community. Doing something like this says that we want them to come out of the woodwork and come to us. You find your next big stars this way."
The Golden Trumpets are hoping to be those stars.
"If we win, we will either get a new CD or revamp our current one," Jackson said. "But just to be able to go is exciting."
The Malaco Artists Retreat and Showcase will take place at the Stronger Hope Baptist Church located at 223 Beasley Road in Jackson, MISS.


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I would describe myself as a down-to-earth girl, who works hard, but loves to have fun. I have a pensive side, but a silly side as well. I'm horrible at telling jokes, but I try regardless. I love spontaneity and doing things on a whim. I love heart to heart conversations, or any meaningful conversation. I enjoy traveling, trying new cuisines, shopping, MMA, and most of all, watching Bollywood movies. Seriously.
I've been born and raised in Los Angeles, and I love this city. But I've traveled quite a bit, particularly to Southeast Asia and Europe. Southeast Asia because of a study abroad program that I completed in Singapore. And Europe, well, that was just for fun? Out of all the countries I've been to, Indonesia is my favorite. I have plenty of interesting itineraries and stories to share, and can't wait to add more to them. Next on my travel list is Chile and Argentina.
On an education basis, I graduated with my Bachelors in Business from USC, and I'm
currently working as an underwriter for a large bank. I work with some pretty smart people, and feel blessed to be where I'm at.
Two qualities that really attract me to a person are intelligence and good humor. I want someone to challenge me and keep me on my toes. Other things that are important to me include sincerity, mutual respect, and an outgoing personality. I am not really concerned about meeting only a Sindhi, but more concerned with meeting someone who has the right personality and with whom I can share my interests.
I realize that trying to sum up yourself in a few paragraphs is difficult. So, I'll end here, and see how this goes.
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VIDEO: 2012 Penn State Individual Champions
VIDEO: Cael Sanderson National Championship Press Conference
ST. LOUIS, Mo. - Celebrate with head coach Cael Sanderson and the Nittany Lions by a taking a look back at a memorable day inside the Scottrade Center. Penn State claimed its second-straight national championship at the NCAA Wrestling Championships in dominant fashion. Sights and sounds from championship Saturday in St. Louis.
VIDEO: 2012 NCAA Wrestling champions
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TrackBack URL: http://cstv.collegesports.com/mt5.2/mt-tb.cgi/32934


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We are headed to San Diego this morning, where I will run the Costume Party Race Half Marathon tomorrow. I think I'm ready. No, I take it back. I am ready. I've done my training, I've been consistent with all my runs, I've even made my costume (except I need a bandana…anyone want to lend me a red paisley bandana for the race?). All that's left is to actually get it done. Two hours.,.here I come.
In the meantime, a little photo story of our 4th of July celebration. We headed to Huntington Beach on Wednesday. As we were leaving, I saw an Instagram photo posted by Tiffany with the Huntington Beach pier in the background.
As you can see from the conversation, we had good intentions of trying to meet up. I seem to always be missing meeting up with fellow Fitfluential Ambassadors, from Lisa, to Kymberly and Alexandra, to Jody, and even Kelly, CEO of Fitfluential. Circumstances seem to intervene. Sadly, they did again this time, with me at one end of the parade, with family near the start, and Tiffany much closer to the end of the parade. Hopefully we will meet next month at IDEA World Fitness Convention. We are both Inspired Advisors and will be there for the event.
All of the above excitement took place on the 3rd of July. My stepson and daughter-in-law had plans for a get together the next day, but a few friends stopped by on Wednesday evening. Then a few more friends. Of course, in this family friendly area, they all brought their kids, so pretty soon, there were fireworks going in the front yard (shhhh, not exactly legal on the 3rd!).
Huntington Beach goes wild for Independence Day. Seriously, I think it is as big as Christmas. Everybody decorates, dresses up, has parties, goes to the parade, the fireworks, and about 5,000 of them went to the Surf City 5k in the morning.
Even though we were up late the night before (almost 11…really really late for us!), we were determined to take the boys and run the 5k in the morning. Unfortunately, they were up late too, which meant a late start, which meant we ran in the open race at 8:00 (instead of the residents' race at 7:00). I had a dish to prepare for the get-together that was to begin about 9:00 (before the parade), so we finally decided to walk to the race start, run as far as the turn-around (which was about 2 blocks from the house), then run straight home. That meant about a mile and a half run, which really was the perfect distance for our two eight-year-old grandsons.
They did great! They ran the whole way at a pretty good pace. There were a lot of people, which actually held them up a little. They may have made it the whole 5k, but we still cut off at the halfway point. I had a tofu scramble to make!
Right in front of the house is the staging point for the race. It's kind of fun to see the horses and their riders up close as they get ready to go.
After food prep, a little breakfast and a shower, our whole group, including the guests and their kids headed the block or so to the parade. Even though we were right near the beginning, it was about a two hour event. In additions to a few videos on Instagram, I mostly took pictures of the horses.
After I'd had enough, I walked back to the house. It looked like a parking lot in front. For bicycles.
Truly the only way to get around on a busy day at the beach, especially with road closures (we had to park several blocks away because the street was used for pre-parade preparation), horrid traffic, and no parking to be found anywhere.
Alan and I headed home a few hours later, back to the heat of the desert (and our dogs, of course). It was great to get out of the heat, run with our grandsons, and to see our family and meet their friends. At home I made veggie burgers and corn, though it was too hot to cook outdoors. All in all, a good holiday.
Oh, and the fireworks? With the exception of our grandsons' 3rd of July fun, we didn't see any fireworks. We stay indoors with our dogs. One in particular tends to freak out from the booming, so we stay inside and try to reassure them.
How was your holiday? Any races or parades? Did you get to see the fireworks?


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Book of Wisdoms – Shaykh Nuh HM Keller
and similar verses that indicate that paradise is entered by virtue of works, they do not contradict these hadiths. Rather, the meaning of the verses is that entering paradise is because of works, although divinely given success (tawfiq) to do the works, and being guided to have sincerity in them, and their acceptability are the mercy of Allah Most High and His favor (Sharh Sahih Muslim, 17.16061).
The true spiritual path is one of gratitude. Abu Sulayman al-Darani used to say, "How can a sane man be conceited about his spiritual works, when his works are but a gift from Allah and a blessing from Him that he should thank Him for" (Nataij al-afkar, 1.114). And Abu Madyan has said, "The heartbrokenness of the sinner is better than the forcefulness of the obedient" (Diwan, 50).
Ibn Ata' Illah in this aphorism is apprising the traveller not to be veiled from the true path by his own high resolve. While irada or "will" is presupposed by the way, indeed the word murid or "disciple" is derived from it, the path ultimately sublimates it into its opposite through tawhid, disclosing it to be a mere cause, conjoined with the souls ascent not out of logical necessity but out of Allahs pure largesse. For this reason some sheikhs term a traveller of the former spiritual vantage a murid or "desirer," and one of the latter a faqir or "needy." The prophet Moses (upon whom be blessings and peace) said when he reached the land of Midian,
"My Lord, I am truly in need of what good You have sent down to me" (Quran 28:24).
This humble sincerity of slavehood, or we could say realism, enables the genuine spiritual traveller to benefit in the path from both his good and his evil.
He benefits from his good by not seeing it as from himself, for as Abu Bakr al-Wasiti says, "The closest of all things to Allahs loathing is beholding the self and its actions" (Uyub al-nafs, 39), that is, because it contradicts tawhid, for Allah says,
"Whatever blessing you have, it is from Allah" (Quran 16:53).
And he benefits from his evil by his faith (iman) that it is evil, which is itself an act of obedience; and by repenting from it, which rejoices Allah Most High. Anas ibn Malik (Allah be well pleased with him) relates from the Holy Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) that he said:
Truly, Allah rejoices more at the atonement of His servant when he repents to Him than one of you would if he were on his riding camel in an empty tract of desert, and it got away from him with all his food and water on it, and he gave up all hope of finding it, so he came to a tree and laid down in its shade, having despaired of ever seeing it again. While lying there, he suddenly finds it standing beside him, and he seizes its halter, and overjoyed, cries, "O Allah, You are my slave, and I am your lord," making a mistake out of sheer joy" (Muslim, 4.2104: 2747).
The secret of true repentance (tawba) in the spiritual path is this divine rejoicing it is met with from Allah Most High. Abul Hasan al-Shadhili, the sheikh of Ibn Ata' Illahs own sheikh, used to daily pray to Allah: "And when we disobey You, show us even greater mercy than You do when we obey You" (Invocations, 27).
Ibn Ata' Illah made this the first aphorism of his Book of Wisdoms to apprise the traveller that when failings happen, there is also work to be done: to repent to Allah, to realize that Allah is generous, and to hope for the best from the spiritual path. The mark of relying on Allah is that ones hope is undiminished. The mark of relying on ones self is that it soars until there is a misstep, when it plummets along with its injured pride. Discouragement in the path is an incomprehension of the Divine Omnipotence, while certitude in the path and in ones Lord is of the adab of those who know Allah.
© Nuh Ha Mim Keller 2000
Abu Madyan al-Ansari, Shuayb, and al-Arabi al-Shawwar. Al-Minan al-rabbaniyya al-wahbiyya fi al-maathir al-Ghawthiyya al-Shuaybiyya. Compiled by al-Shawwar, Edited by Muhammad al-Hashimi (as Diwan al-Qutb al-Rabbani al-Arif bi Llah al-Ghawth al-Samadani al-Shaykh Sayyidi Shuayb Abu Madyan ibn al-Husayn al-Ansari [. . .]). Damascus, Matbaa al-Taraqqi, 1357/1938.
al-Ansari, Zakariyya, Mustafa al-Arusi, and Abd al-Karim al-Qushayri. Nataij al-afkar al-qudsiyya fi bayan maani Sharh al-Risala al-Qushayriyya. [al-Arusis commentary on al-Ansaris Sharh of al-Qushayris al-Risala.] 4 vols. Cairo. 1290/1873. Reprint. Damascus: Abd al-Wakil al-Durubi, n.d.
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Updated at: 10/11/2012 8:35 PM
By JENNA FRYER
(AP) CONCORD, N.C. - AJ Allmendinger returned from an early morning workout to find a slew of missed calls and text messages on his phone.
"I thought this is either something good, or something really, really bad," Allmendinger said.
It was really good news for Allmendinger.
Phoenix Racing has grabbed Allmendinger to drive the No. 51 Chevrolet this weekend as part of the domino effect from Dale Earnhardt Jr.'s concussion. It's the first time Allmendinger has been in a car since his July 7 suspension for failing a random drug test, and comes a week after he spoke briefly with Phoenix owner James Finch at Talladega in Allmendinger's first trip to a NASCAR race.
"I talked to Finch for about three minutes this morning," Allmendinger said Thursday. "He started to tell me what the deal was and I was like, `Man, it's all good. I'll come drive this weekend, and if you like me, you like me. And if not, it's OK.' It's all about taking it as it comes right now."
Kurt Busch had been driving for Phoenix this season, but left the team this week to get an early start on next year's partnership with Furniture Row Racing. That displaced Regan Smith in the Furniture Row ride, and Finch planned on using Smith for at least Saturday night's race at Charlotte Motor Speedway.
Then a doctor decided Earnhardt should not race the next two weeks because of a concussion he suffered in the 25-car wreck at Talladega on Sunday. Team owner Rick Hendrick called Finch late Wednesday and asked for Smith, who is a candidate to run for the Nationwide championship next season at JR Motorsports.
Smith received a text message at 7 a.m. on Thursday morning from Earnhardt crew chief Steve Letarte, who informed Smith he'd be driving the car of NASCAR's most popular driver the next two weekends.
Once he accepted, Phoenix Racing scrambled to find Allmendinger.
It's the break Allmendinger has been waiting for. He has said he tested positive for Adderall, a prescription drug typically used to treat attention deficit disorder, and completed NASCAR's "Road to Recovery" program. The series reinstated him last month, but he was dropped by Penske Racing after his backup "B" urine sample also failed a drug test.
Still looking for work for 2013, Allmendinger wasn't sure if anyone would take another chance on him.
He is not sure how rusty he will be this weekend.
"I've just got to get comfortable," Allmendinger said. "This is the longest I haven't driven a race car in at least six years. In the offseason, I'm always driving a Rolex car and our (NASCAR) offseason is only two months, anyway. So I'm a little nervous, trying to get back into the flow of things.
"I don't expect to set the world on fire. I'm just trying to get used to it again, progress through the weekend, limit my mistakes, finish all 500 miles and wherever that puts us, it puts us."
The first issue the team encountered was a big one _ the car had been fitted Monday for Smith, and Allmendinger couldn't reach the pedals when he got inside the cockpit on Thursday. It forced the lean Phoenix crew to scramble to move the throttle and make the adjustments needed to get Allmendinger on the track in time for first practice.
Allmendinger, who also had to use tape to shorten his Phoenix firesuit, wasn't complaining.
"In a situation like this, beggars can't be choosers," he said.
Meanwhile, Smith hustled to Hendrick Motorsports to get fitted for his second car in a week. He was in Phoenix firesuit, but wearing a hat bearing the logo of Earnhardt's sponsor.
"The past four weeks have been about as up and down as any four weeks in my life," said Smith, who learned in the last month he was being let go by Furniture Row and then he was replaced before the end of the season.
"I just want to do these guys proud and run as good as we can this weekend with this car," he said. "They're the same goals this team has every weekend: We want to go out there and try win the pole and try to win the race and try to be the fastest car in every practice. That's not going to change this weekend."
(Copyright 2012 by The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved.)


text: Soccer – Barclays Premier League – Queens Park Rangers v Tottenham Hotspur – Loftus Road by Alan Duffy | 12th, January 2013 Tweet Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale (left) is closed down by Queens Park Rangers' Fabio (right) and Nedum Onuoha (centre) Posted in | No Comments » By Alan Duffy on January 12th, 2013 in . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site. Like Us Follow @waatpies Share this article Tweet


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noun kick·er \ˈki-kər\
: a person who kicks something; especially : a person who specializes in kicking the ball in a sport like American football
: a sudden and surprising occurrence, remark, etc.
Full Definition of KICKER
: one that kicks or kicks something
: an unexpected and surprising remark, revelation, or set of circumstances
See kicker defined for English-language learners
Examples of KICKER
- The real kicker came when the chairman announced that he was quitting.
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circa 1580
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Most people approach fundraising software as if the most important aspect is getting the data into the system. This is less than half the story. Your data is only as good as the output it enables you to create. If you can't generate output, your data is not working.
- Understanding what data needs to do
- Determining how to get your data where it needs to be
- Documenting standards to maintain data integrity
- Policing data
Cheri Weissman has been working for and with nonprofits since 1984.
After several years as a fundraiser at a Chicago nonprofit, Cheryl moved on to become an account manager for a national software company.
Working exclusively with nonprofits, Cheryl developed and delivered software training programs, performed various data-related services, organized and hosted users groups, provided on- and off-site consulting services and provided input into software updates.
In 1993, believing she could more efficiently serve the nonprofit community without the overhead of a larger company, Cheryl founded CJW Consulting & Services, Inc.
CJW Consulting & Services, Inc. (CJW) is dedicated to preserving the institutional memories of nonprofit organizations. CJW founded in 1993 to help non-profit organizations make the most effective use of their software resources. Cheryl Weissman, CJW's President, has 25+ years of experience with fundraising, the nonprofit community and its associated software. Cheryl's background, along with her commitment to providing affordable, high-quality services, allow CJW to provide high-quality consulting and services at prices designed to fit your budget. CJW Consulting & Services, Inc. offers a wide variety of services, including on-site and on-line software training, data analysis, consulting and temporary staff replacement, all tailored to your specific needs. To date, CJW has assisted nonprofits in over 30 US states and 4 Canadian provinces.


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It's up to you if you want to exchange it or not. Basically, it's the same exact holster as the one for the G19, but it's a little bit longer. So, if you had the same holster for the G19, it would simply be a little shorter. Hope that helps.
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text: Tweet photo by Mikael Miettinen (source: Flickr Creative Commons) Water vapor, a potent heat-trapping gas, absorbs sunlight and re-emits heat into Earth's atmosphere. Its concentrations in the stratosphere, the second of three layers in the atmosphere, appear to have decreased in the last 10 years, according to the study. –New York Times I read two articles discussing the relationship between water vapor and global warming on Friday: one in the Guardian and another in the New York Times. The Guardian piece reports that a recent study suggests that a third of global warming during the 1990s was caused by water vapor in the upper atmosphere and not by man made emissions. Yet the New York Times refers to the same study, stating that the increase in water vapor which sped the warming during the period of 1980-2000 was 'the result of an increase in emissions of methane, another greenhouse gas'. Both articles quote the study's leader, Susan Solomon of the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration who was also co-chair of 2007 IPCC report on the science of global warming. For some reason as yet unknown, water vapor levels in the stratosphere have dropped 10% since 2000. This is thought to have contributed to the 'flattening' of temperatures since that time. To add to the confusion, NASA data shows that the decade ending in 2009 was the warmest on record. [Solomon] said it was not clear if the water vapour decrease after 2000 reflects a natural shift, or if it was a consequence of a warming world. If the latter is true, then more warming could see greater decreases in water vapour, acting as a negative feedback to apply the brakes on future temperature rise. –Guardian Yes, it's confusing and yes the story is always changing. That is the way science is and it's not very convenient for those who wish to see things in black and white, unless they only seek to exploit it for political means. Unfortunately there are plenty of people who do. Nevertheless, the scientists who authored the study say it 'does not undermine the scientific consensus that emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity drive global warming', but rather how water vapor is factored in. The IPCC has estimated that one way in which air travel contributes to climate change is through airplanes' emission of water vapor – as well as nitrous oxides, sulfate, and soot – high up in the atmosphere. SUBSCRIBE TO NEWSLETTER Thank you, your sign-up request was successful! Please check your e-mail inbox. Given email address is already subscribed, thank you! Please provide a valid email address. Oops. Something went wrong. Please try again later.


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Extra Big Dicks
Sporting at least eight-inch cocks, these studs love to stroke it and spill it for the camera. They�re hot, hung and seriously horny and there�s nothing they won�t do on film.
As usual, the more the merrier on ExtraBigDicks and this week we brought three boys together that definitely pack more than the merriest. Among this pole packing trio is a familiar face we have all come to recognize as that sexy, once str8 and narrow, Chef whose eyes have been opened to the fact that guys can handle his 9" dick as well-if not better-than any female. Cooker Stevens is back with us and for those of you who missed out, 30yo Cooker lost his cherry on cam with us a few months ago taking Cameron's dick up his breeder ass and loving every minute of it. Along with Cooker, we have Steven Ponce who is a redheaded Caribbean morsel. From the enchanted Island of Puerto Rico, this 25yo cutie is here and ready to have his share of the fixings. Steven claims he's a natural "redhead" and in a few more than his hairdresser will know the fiery truth. Rounding up the hung trio is Dustin Michaels. Dustin made his debut with us last week and it didn't take long before we knew we
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