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An ultraviolet radiation sensor for use in a liquid purification system senses ultraviolet radiation present in an incident beam containing ultraviolet and visible radiation and includes a beamsplitter which reflects ultraviolet radiation and transmits visible radiation. The reflected ultraviolet radiation impinges on a glass plate having a phosphor layer which emits visible radiation. The visible radiation emitted impinges on a photocell which is connected to an electrical meter and thereby provides a measure of the ultraviolet radiation present. The visible radiation transmitted through the beamsplitter enables visual monitoring of a source of radiation while simultaneous ultraviolet measurements are made.
1. For use in an ultraviolet purification system in which liquid flowing through a housing is exposed to ultraviolet radiation emitted by a light source within said housing,
an ultraviolet radiation sensor comprising a hollow support tube having a first open end and a second open end, and adapted to be mounted on a wall of said housing with said open end in direct communication with said light source whereby to receive an incident radiation beam from said light source,
beamsplitting means disposed within said mounting tube at an intermediate location between said first end and said second end, said beamsplitting means being adapted to reflect ultraviolet radiation and transmit visible radiation and being located in line with the axis of said beam entering said support tube through said first end,
ultraviolet radiation detection means mounted on said support tube in a position offset from the axis of said beam,
said beam splitting means being positioned to reflect the ultraviolet radiation of said beam in a direction angular to the axis of said beam and toward said offset detection means, and to transmit the visible radiation of said beam through said support tube and out through the open second end thereof, and
electrical meter means connected to said ultraviolet radiation detection means and adapted to monitor ultraviolet radiation detected by said ultraviolet radiation detection means,
said ultraviolet detection means comprising a glass plate, a phosphor layer deposited on said glass plate with said phosphor layer adapted for emission of visible radiation responsive to incident ultraviolet radiation, photocell means disposed adjacent to said glass plate and adapted for receipt of said visible radiation emitted by said phosphor layer, and electrical connection means connecting said photocell and said electrical meter means.
2. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 1 in which said beamsplitting means comprises a glass plate-type beamsplitter.
3. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 2 in which said glass plate-type beamsplitter is made of ultraviolet radiation absorbing glass.
4. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 1 in which said open second end of said support tube is of sufficient size to permit visual observation therethrough of the source of said incident radiation beam, using said visible radiation trasnmitted through said beamsplitting means.
5. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 1 further including a mounting flange connected to said first end of said support tube and optical window means mounted on said mounting flange with said optical window in general alignment with said beamsplitting means, said optical window means being capable of transmitting both ultraviolet and visible radiation.
6. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 5 further including sealing means disposed on said mounting flange preventing entry of liquid into said support tube.
7. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 1 in which said beamsplitting means is disposed to reflect said ultraviolet radiation through an angle in the order of 90 degrees.
8. An ultraviolet radiation sensor according to claim 1 in which said hollow support tube has a wall aperture located intermediate said first and second ends thereof, with said ultraviolet radiation detection means mounted in communication with said aperture, said beamsplitting means comprising a glass plate mounted within said support tube in alignment with said aperture, said glass plate being disposed at an angle of approximately 45 degrees to said incident radiation beam entering said support tube, and to reflect ultraviolet radiation at an angle of approximately 90 degrees from said incident radiation beam to said aperture and said ultraviolet radiation detection means.
The present invention relates generally to ultraviolet radiation sensing devices and more particularly to an ultraviolet radiation sensing device which incorporates an optical beamsplitter.
The prior art related to ultraviolet radiation sensing devices includes devices such as the photomultiplier tube and the ultraviolet sensitive phototube. These devices both have the disadvantage of requiring relatively high anode potentials for operation. In addition, the ultraviolet sensitive phototube is an avalanche type device which cannot record incremental changes in ultraviolet radiation. The photomultiplier tube and the ultraviolet sensitive phototube are also relatively complex and costly devices.
Efforts to overcome the disadvantages of the photomultiplier tube and the ultraviolet sensitive phototube has led to the development of the device shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,247,413, entitled "Ultra-Violet Radiation Sensing Device", in which incident radiation, which includes ultraviolet radiation, impinges on an optical band-pass filter which transmits radiation of a selected wavelength, such as ultraviolet radiation. The radiation transmitted by the band-pass filter impinges on a phosphor layer which emits radiation in the visible range. This visible radiation is sensed by a photocell, the resistance of which varies according to the intensity of the incident visible radiation. The photocell thus provides a measure of incremental changes in the ultraviolet radiation present in the incident radiation which impinges on the optical band-pass filter.
In practice, when the aforementioned device is used for continuous measurement of ultraviolet radiation over a prolonged period, it has been found that the accuracy of the device progressively declines. This deterioration in the accuracy of the device is due to the use of the band-pass filter, which, when exposed to ultraviolet radiation on a prolonged and continuous basis, tends to solarize in the sense that it acts as its own filter, transmitting less and less ultraviolet radiation to pass therethrough. Such solarization of the band-pass filter therefore results in inaccurate readings of low ultraviolet intensity.
When such an ultraviolet radiation sensing device is used as an element in an automatic measurement and control system such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,772, entitled "Split-Stream Ultraviolet Purification Device", the problem of progressive deterioration of accuracy is extremely serious. In this purification device an ultraviolet radiation sensor is used to monitor the ultraviolet radiation transmitted through a constantly flowing liquid which is subjected to continuous ultraviolet radiation as part of a purification process. If the ultraviolet radiation sensor detects a low level of radiation passing through the flowing liquid (such as would be caused by impurities in the liquid), then the purification device slows the flow of fluid in an effort to permit an additional dosage of radiation to effect proper purification. A false low reading resulting from solarization of the band-pass filter would cause an unnecessary decrease in the liquid output and therefore a deterioration of the overall efficiency of the purification device.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided an ultraviolet radiation sensing device in which an incident beam of radiation, containing both ultraviolet and visible wavelengths impinges on a beamsplitter which causes the ultraviolet radiation component of the incident beam to be deflected through an angle which is approximately 90 degrees. The deflected ultraviolet impinges on an ultraviolet sensor of a known type, which is capable of measuring small increments of ultraviolet radiation, such as the phosphor layer and photocell combination shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,242,413. The visible light component of the incident beam of radiation passes through the beamsplitter and then continues through a viewing port which is in general alignment with the centerline of the incident beam of radiation. The viewing port may be used for viewing the source of radiation. The invention features the use of a glass plate-type beamsplitter which is made of a type of glass which is known to absorb ultraviolet radiation.
The ultraviolet radiation sensing device according to the present invention may be applied in any one of a number of applications, one of which is a liquid purification system in which a plurality of ultraviolet radiation lamps are disposed in a cylindrical tank. The ultraviolet radiation sensing device is mounted adjacent to a port on the tank which is opposite one of the plurality of ultraviolet radiation lamps. Liquid that is to be subjected to ultraviolet purification is introduced into the tank and flows past the ultraviolet radiation lamps. The ultraviolet sensor senses the amount of ultraviolet radiation which is transmitted through the liquid and thereby determines the adequacy of the ultraviolet radiation dosage. The viewing port on the ultraviolet radiation sensing device permits inspection of the ultraviolet radiation lamp thereby facilitating monitoring of the condition of the surface of the ultraviolet radiation lamp without the need to disassembly of the tank.
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the disadvantages of the prior art by providing an ultraviolet radiation sensor which eliminates the need for a selective wavelength band-pass filter.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an ultraviolet radiation sensor which incorporates a beamsplitter which separates ultraviolet radiation from visible radiation, and is not subject to deterioration caused by the solarization phenomenon which is inherent in the conventional band-pass filters.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an ultraviolet radiation sensor which permits direct viewing of the radiation source.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide an ultraviolet radiation sensor which is both rugged and economical in manufacture.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent during the course of the following specification, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is an overall perspective view of an ultraviolet radiation sensor made in accordance with the present invention and shown mounted on a liquid purification tank, with a portion of the tank shown broken away to reveal internal details, of construction;
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line 2--2 of FIG. 1; and
FIG. 3 is an enlarged central longitudinal sectional view of the ultraviolet radiation sensor shown in FIG. 2, showing connections to an electrical meter and showing the path of a beam of radiation from an ultraviolet radiation lamp through said sensor.
Referring in detail to the drawings, there is shown in FIG. 1 an ultraviolet radiation sensor 10 made in accordance with the present invention and shown mounted on the wall 12 of an ultraviolet purification tank 14. The ultraviolet radiation sensor 10 comprises a support tube 16 having an inner open end 18 which is mounted on an annular flange 20 projecting radially from the wall 12 of the tank 14.
The tank 14 contains a plurality of ultraviolet lamps 22 which emit both ultraviolet and visible radiation. The lamps 22 are evenly spaced from each other and are arranged in a circular array, when viewed from an end, as is shown in FIG. 2. The radius of the centers of the lamps is such that the lamps 22 are spaced equally between the interior surface 24 of the tank 14 and the tank core 26, so that liquid in all portions of the tank 14 receives radiation of equal intensity. The flange 20, on which the support tube 16 is mounted, is located in line with the center of the lamp 28 as is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. The flange 20 encloses a glass plate 30 which is of a type which transmits therethrough both visible and ultraviolet radiation. A suitable material for this glass plate 30 has been found to be quartz glass. The glass plate 30 and the flange 20 are sealed against leakage of liquid which is present in the tank 14 during operation of the tank 14 for the purification of liquid by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
With reference to FIG. 3, a glass plate 32 is located at an intermediate location within the support tube 16. The glass plate 32 is disposed at a selected angle to the centerline of the incident beam 34 of combined visible and ultraviolet radiation which is generated by the ultraviolet lamp 28, and which enters the support tube through the inner open end 18. Intermediate its ends, the support tube 16 is formed with an aperture 35 bordered by a sensor mounting tube or ring 36 which projects radially from the wall thereof and communicates with the interior of the support tube 16. The upper end 38 of the sensor mounting tube 36 supports an ultraviolet radiation detector 40 which is of a conventional type.
The glass plate 32 may be made of any one of a number of glass materials which are capable of absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Quartz is unsuitable for this purpose since ultraviolet rays pass readily therethrough. On the other hand, ordinary window glass is particularly suited as the constituent material of the plate 32 since ultraviolet light is not transmitted therethrough, but is rather reflected from its surface.
It is a novel feature of the present invention that the glass plate 32 which conventionally would absorb ultraviolet radiation is disposed at a selected angle and reflects the ultraviolet component 42 of the incident beam 34 while transmitting the visible component 44 of the incident beam 34. Depending on the selected angle between the incident beam 34 and the glass plate 32 the ultraviolet component 42 of the incident beam 34 is reflected through an angle of approximately 90 degrees. Appropriate angles of incidence have been found to range between 20 degrees and 70 degrees, but for optimum results it is preferred to position the glass plate 32 at a 45 degree angle to the incident beam 34, as shown in FIG. 3.
An example of an ultraviolet detector element 40 which has been found suitable for use with the present invention comprises a phosphor layer 46 deposited on a glass plate 48 above which there is located a photocell 50. Details of construction of the phosphor layer 46 and photocell 50 combination may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 3,247,413 entitled, "Ultra-Violet Radiation Sensing Device". The photocell 50 is connected via leads 54 and 56 to an electrical meter 52 which measures the resistance of the photocell 50. Changes in the value of resistance measured by the electrical meter 52 provides a measurement of the level of ultraviolet radiation received by photocell 50 from the lamp 28, as well as an indication of any change in the level of ultraviolet radiation received by photocell 50.
The use of a glass plate beam splitting device 32 which reflects ultraviolet radiation and transmits visible radiation, thereby separating the ultraviolet from the visible radiation emitted by the ultraviolet lamps 22, eliminates the problems of the prior art in which a bandpass filter is used to separate the ultraviolet from the visible radiation. In accordance with the present invention ultraviolet radiation is reflected by the front surface 58 of the glass plate 32 beamsplitter rather than being permitted to enter the optical medium as is the case in a band-pass filter. This prevents deterioration of the accuracy of the ultraviolet radiation sensor 10 due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation energy within an optical medium.
Visible radiation 44 passes through the glass plate 32 and continues through the outer open end 60 which acts as a viewing port. The ultraviolet radiation lamp 28 may thus be viewed directly while ultraviolet radiation measurements are made simultaneously.
In an alternative embodiment of the invention, which is not shown, the support tube 16 includes a telescope, disposed at the second end 60, which permits close viewing of the ultraviolet radiation source.
Although a beam splitter 32 constituting a glass plate has been shown and described herein, other alternative beam splitting devices capable of reflecting ultraviolet radiation and transmitting visible radiation may be used.
In utilizing the invention herein, it is intended that the measurement of the level of ultraviolet radiation, which is fed as a measure of the resistance of photocell 50 through leads 54, 56 to the meter 52, is also fed to an automatic monitoring and control system which is operative to insure that the liquid flowing through tank 14 receives a sufficient dosage of ultraviolet radiation. Such monitoring and control systems are conventional and well-known, and operate, upon receiving information from the ultraviolet detector that an insufficient level of ultraviolet radiation is passing through the flowing liquid, to decrease the rate of flow of the liquid, add pure liquid thereto, or recirculate the liquid. One form of such automatic monitoring and control system is disclosed in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,772, to which reference is made for further disclosure.
While a preferred embodiment of the invention has been shown and described herein, it is obvious that numerous omissions, changes and additions may be made in such embodiment without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
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As a community-based school, the ICS relies upon parental involvement in many ways. Along with partnering with parents in stewarding their children's educational development, the ICS encourages parents to work with us as volunteers. In fact, at the start of each school year, parents sign a Student-Family-Teacher Contract, which includes committing to at least 20 hours of volunteer work at the school throughout the year.
We have many volunteer opportunities from which to choose, including:
Guest readers, tutors, craft project developers, and visitors to talk about their occupations. We can also use playground helpers for our younger grades, as well as assistance during lunch.
We offer our students quite an array of after-school clubs (which meet from 3:20 - 4 p.m.), including chess, current events, walking, athletics, and role-playing games, and our teachers who direct these clubs can often use parental assistance.
Our front office can use help with copying, mailings, filing, and lamination.
The ICS music teachers need assistance with choral concerts and variety shows, including:
- Monitoring students waiting for auditions and seeing that they report to After Care
- Constructing backdrops and/or sets for the variety show (fall event)
- Running spotlights during the variety show
- Running sound equipment for the variety show and/or choral concerts
- Playing piano at choral concerts
- Setting up and breaking down tables and chairs at choral concerts and the variety show
We also could use chaperones for skating parties and dances throughout the year.
Grounds Beautification
In order to maintain and build upon our school's work with Keep Indianapolis Beautiful, Inc., we have an ongoing need for planting, weeding, mulching, and generally tidying up the school grounds.
After Care
Our After Care team can use a hand with fine arts-and-crafts programming. We also welcome assistance during athletic/exercise programming.
Field Trips
Our parents are heavily involved in planning and chaperoning student field trips. Upcoming field trips in the works include a first grade trip to the Indianapolis Zoo.
Wellness Events
Throughout the school year, the ICS Wellness Department hosts a number of events that could use volunteer assistance, such as Family Fitness Night(s), the President's Physical Fitness Challenge, and Field Day during the last week of school. To learn more about these specific opportunities, contact Physical Education Teacher Jennifer Smith-McNeely.
PTSA Volunteer Opportunities
The ICS Parent Teacher Student Association is wholly dependent upon volunteers for its success, and there are a number of opportunities for you to contribute, including:
- Membership Chairperson: in this role, you will lead the PTSA membership drive as well as manage the membership list and dues payment tracking.
- Volunteer Coordinator: works closely with the ICS Client Services Manager to fill volunteer needs.
- Special Events Coordinator: this position oversees two major annual fundraising events for the school.
- Movie Night Coordinator: makes arrangements for the quarterly Movie Night in the school gym, where family friendly feature films are shown and refreshment concessions are available.
- Hospitality Steward: oversees menu selection and all related arrangements in serving PTSA-sponsored dinners, which take place twice a year during two monthly PTSA meetings.
- Box Tops and Labels for Education Coordinator: monitors associated program websites for upcoming deadlines and coupon redemption specials, as well as counts box tops and labels several times a year - with other volunteers - and submits them for redemption.
- Fundraiser: put your talents to work by helping to guide the PTSA's overall fundraising efforts.
If you have a unique talent or interest not mentioned above that you think might be of assistance to us, please let us know. Contact Tim Mulherin, ICS Client Services Manager, at email@example.com or 317.357.5339 x132. Or contact your PTSA officers for more information on how you can help!

subset: commoncrawl


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Parent Home > Health and Safety
Health and Safety
Emergency Notification
In case of campus emergencies, the University uses multiple communications to notify the campus community, including tone alert radios, on-the-ground public safety personnel, email, the University home page and TXT-U. TXT-U is the University of Minnesota's emergency notification text messaging system.
Although only University of Minnesota students, faculty, and staff can register for TXT-U, students can sign up parents, other family members, or friends by designating more than one mobile device to their account. For information on how students can sign up for TXT-U and add parents' cell phone numbers, see TXT-U on the SafeU website.
Parents are also encouraged to sign up for the Parent email listserv. Parent messages are sent routinely throughout the academic year, and in critical situations, notices will be sent through the listserv and posted on the University Parent website.
For messages about weather, safety, and health emergencies on the Twin Cities campus, call 301-SAFE (612-301-7233).
Crime Alerts and Public Safety Updates
The University informs the campus community about safety concerns via Crime Alerts and Public Safety Updates. Parents can receive these updates by signing up at this website.
Campus Safety and Security Tips
The Twin Cities campus is among the safest college campuses in the country. Parking facilities, skyways, and tunnels are monitored 24 hours a day with the aid of security cameras and security monitors. Alarm buttons and emergency phones are located around campus. However, safety is everyone's responsibility. Ten safety and security tips are here to help keep your student's experience at the University of Minnesota as safe as possible.
See the Safety and Security Tips >
Crime Prevention
Campus safety is everyone's responsibility. The University makes efforts to educate students about crime prevention, and the University Police and Minneapolis Police cooperate in patrolling campus and the surrounding area.
See tips and suggestions on Crime Prevention >
Health and Safety Topics
Disability Resource Center (DRC)
Students with mental health, attentional, learning, physical, or sensory conditions that may affect their access to campus services or classes are encouraged to register with Disability Services for resources and support.
Read about Disability Resource Center >
Students and Alcohol: A Guide for Parents
Suggestions for how to start a conversation about alcohol use and some facts that may help guide your discussion. Also included are some resources that you can call on at any time if you are concerned about your student's use of alcohol or other drugs.
Quiet Students
Quiet, shy, and less outgoing students contribute important qualities in the classroom and on campus.
Resources for Quiet Students >
How to Raise a Sensitive Issue or Approach a Student
University counseling professionals provide suggestions for talking to your student when you think he or she is overwhelmed or depressed.
Learn about How to Raise a Sensitive Issue >
Relationships, Sexuality, and Sexual Activity
Relationships, sexuality, and sexual activity offers resources that may help as you discuss these issues with your student.
Download the Concerned Parents brochure (PDF) from the Aurora Center for strategies and support for talking with your college daughter about sexual assault.
Links Related to Health and Safety
The Aurora Center for Advocacy & Education—The Aurora Center for Advocacy and Education (TAC) provides free and confidential crisis intervention to victims of sexual assault, relationship violence, stalking and harassment. TAC also provides services for "concerned persons," that is, people who are concerned about a friend or loved one who has experienced these types of crimes. This webpage also offers a variety of sites for more specified information on sexual assault.
Boynton Health Service—Boynton Health Service provides medical care, health education, and wellness workshops for students.
Boynton Health Service information for parents.
Campus escort service—The Security Monitor Program offers a walking/biking escort service to and from campus locations and nearby adjacent neighborhoods.
Disability Resource Center (DRC)—The DRC office ensures access and opportunities for all.
Drug-Free Campus and Workplace Compliance—The University's policy associated with the use of drugs and alcohol.
Eating disorder information on the Boynton Health Service website.
E-CHUG—A brief, anonymous online alcohol assessment and feedback tool for college students, is available to students through University Counseling & Consulting Services and Boynton Health Service.
Living in Online Communities—Frequently asked questions about websites such as Facebook and MySpace.
Recreation and Wellness—Student stay in shape with workouts, programs, and team sports at University Recreational Sports.
SafeU—This website helps you and your student understand how you will be notified and what to do during an emergency. It also provides public safety and light rail transit safety information.
Student mental health—A web resource with information on crisis and urgent consultation as well as alcohol resources, counseling, disability accommodations, mental health screening, stress management, and more.
The Transition Year—An online resource center to help parents and students focus on emotional health before, during and after the college transition.
University Counseling & Consulting—Personal and group counseling, advice on career development, and assistance with time management and study skills are available through University Counseling & Consulting.
University Police—The University Police Department serves the campus community to create a safe environment to learn, live, work, and visit.
The Attorney General of Minnesota provides student-specific information on consumer protection.


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(Source: Getty Images)
2007 - Present
Trump and Kushner -- a young media executive who owns 'The New York Observer' -- married in a lavish ceremony on...
Jared Kushner Wall
Jared Kushner (born January 10, 1981) is an American businessman and the husband of Ivanka Trump. In July 2006, he paid $10 million to purchase 'The New York Observer,' a popular weekly newspaper.
Show Jared Kushner with:


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Security in Europe
Hello all,
I have been to Europe numerous times and (thankfully) have never had a problem. I know Rick pushes money belts, but I just cannot wear the darn things. They are so uncomfortable and sweaty. I also know that people wear the heavy travel vests. Not my style. There may not be an answer to my question, but has anyone found a comfortable solution for storing valuables on your body? I also never carry my passport, I leave it at the hotel. Has anyone had a passport stolen from a hotel room? Thanks JonnaRob, Orange, CA


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Our family has a very similar photo - slightly different poses and no dog. However, on the Wilby Gun Club board there is also a date "9.8.05".
It was obviously taken on the same day. I am interested to know which of the 5 males was Joe (snr) Smith. No relation to my Smith family although my Great Grandfather William Smith had farmed at Peelchelba. I had thought the old man above the sign was Robert Adams and the man below was his son John Adams. Both were from Mansfield and John ran a carting business.
Search the collections
Where is it from?
- A Place & Date Depicted Yarrawonga, Australia
Similar items over time
Negative - Yarrawonga, Victoria, 1904 Reg. No: MM 6079
- Description Of Content:
- A wagon load of 524 hares after a hare drive. O 'Brien's wool store is in the background and one man is holding a sign for the Wilby Gun Club.
- Acquisition Information:
- Copied from Mrs Jessie Smith, 1988
- Acknowledgement:
- The Biggest Family Album of Australia, Museum Victoria
More information
|Tagged with:
|advertising, dogs, domestic animals, firearms, hares, horsedrawn vehicles, horses, hunting, sporting clubs, wool stores
|Themes this item is part of:
|Arms Collection, Images & Image Making Collection, Leisure Collection, Sustainable Futures Collection, Transport Collection, The Biggest Family Album in Australia Collection
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Tertiary Classification:
|People Depicted:
|Smith, Joe (Snr); Smith, Joe (Jnr)
|Organisations Depicted:
|O'Briens Wool Store; Wilby Gun Club
|Negative: Black & White; 35 mm
|Place & Date Depicted:
|Yarrawonga, Victoria, Australia, 1904
This item is part of the following themes:
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There was a dead tree in my backyard, and when it was cut down, we got the stump ground up and it left me with a giant pile of dirt and tree parts in the middle of my yard.
So i decided to make mulch out of it.
Step 1: Materials
1) a Shovel
2) a Metal Rake
3) Buckets (1 or 2 will do)
4) a Wheelbarrow
5) the Ground
Step 2: Fill Up the Wheelbarrow with Water
Step 3: Add Your Dirt/Bark/Ground Up Stump to the Water
Wood floats in water, and dirt doesn't as much.
So when you add the dirt/bark/ground up stump into the water in the wheelbarrow, the wood and bark float to the surface of the water, and the dirt settles to the bottom of the wheelbarrow.
So, once you have added the dirt/bark mix into the water, take the rake and mix everything so there is no mountain of dry material in the wheelbarrow, everything has to be underwater. You can always add more water too.
Step 4: Rake Out the Mulch
Step 5: Rake Out the Mud
A) you have dirt for gardening and other yardwork
B) so that you only have water to put the next shovelful's of dirt/stump into. Putting more dirt in without cleaning mud out reduces the effectiveness of this process. The deeper the water level, the more effectively wood and dirt seperated.
Once again with the rake, rake the mud from the bottom of the wheelbarrow, let it drain, and rake it into a container or, in my case, the ground.


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Lincoln Young
A man suspected of driving under the influence is now facing even more trouble after a bottle containing nearly 500 Xanax pills allegedly fell out of his pants leg during a traffic stop.
According to reports, Washington County Sheriff's Office deputies stopped Lincoln Young, 24, of Afton, around 5:45 p.m. Tuesday on Highway 11E near McMackin Drive, on suspicion of driving under the influence.
During the stop, a police K9 reportedly detected drugs inside the pill bottle that had allegedly fell out of Young's pants.
Further investigation revealed 465 Xanax pills in the bottle as well as a small bag of marijuana and a syringe in Young's sock, according to reports.
The street value of the pills is estimated at $2,800.
Young was charged with possession of schedule IV drugs for resale, simple possession of schedule VI drugs, possession of drug paraphernalia, DUI and violation of the implied consent law. He was being held at the Washington County Detention Center on a $13,000 bond pending a court appearance.comments powered by Disqus


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We have rich conversations with our clients every day, and increasingly these conversations are happening online. We encourage you to ask questions, share your views, and connect with like-minded professionals.
The International Annual Review demonstrates our achievements and reflects the insights and expertise professionals bring to client relationships.
KPMG's Global IFRS Institute provides information and resources to help Board and Audit Committee Members, Executives, Management, Stakeholders and Government Representatives gain insight on the evolving global financial reporting framework.
KPMG's global network of climate change and sustainability practices helps you build long-term value in a rapidly changing world.
Mining organizations need to adapt across the mining asset lifecycle, from expansion to closure, as changing economic, political and regulatory environment demand greater flexibility.
The Chemical industry's landscape is changing fast - global companies are developing or launching new products and services – and appear optimistic - setting sights on geographic expansion.
Report shows VC-backed companies haul in US$32 billion across 1,819 deals globally in Q2 2015 driven by mega financing and rise of non-traditional investors.
Growth. Volatility. Disruption. Uncertainty. When it comes to doing business, CEOs globally are being challenged to navigate the path to success within an environment of constant change.
The global job search tool allows you to search available career opportunities within many of our 150 member firms worldwide.
KPMG's International Case Competition (KICC) is a chance for students to challenge yourself to solve a real business issue and an opportunity to meet new people across the globe.
Against a shifting macro-economic and political landscape, these forces create both opportunities and threats. The insurer of the future will have to adapt to these mega-trends in order to remain competitive, to stay relevant for its customers and accountable to its stakeholders and to create value for its investors. Here we look at one specific strand of these developments: how the intelligent use of technology could be a key distinguishing advantage in this new world.
By comparison with their opposite numbers in banking, insurers have been comparatively slow and unadventurous investing in new technology. However, it will be an increasingly important factor in developing innovative new distribution channels and reinvigorating existing brands on better technological platforms. Three developments seem particularly fundamental:
Cloud computing affords opportunities to enhance efficiency, flexibility and scalability. It offers potential gains in areas such as speed to solution and widespread accessibility. Transferring applications and processes to the cloud provides an alternative way of delivering technology services which can move insurers' costs from capital to operating expenditures. Although initial investment will be needed in order to achieve this, the long-term benefits can be significant.
One of the most desirable approaches to use is an outsourced model that makes full use of a third-party's experience and allows insurance companies to focus on their core business. Although the level of trust in the 'public cloud' offering remains low, adoption of private and community clouds, where the adopter maintains a higher degree of control, is much more palatable to stakeholders, since the synergies with classical outsourcing are much tighter.
The potential benefits in terms of speedier delivery of technology solutions to market, the increased ability to rapidly establish a presence in new jurisdictions and the promised reduction in technology costs as economies of scale are recognized are clear. At a time of increasing cost pressure and margin constraints, these characteristics are indeed valuable. A KPMG analysis suggests that adoption of cloud services across 75 percent of relevant information, communication and technology spending can yield operating and capital expenditure savings of 25 percent and 50 percent, respectively.1
The centralized management of cloud data repositories can also bring collateral benefits, such as:
Consumer use of social media – especially, but not exclusively, by the tech-savvy younger generations who are prime targets for new business development – is growing exponentially. The challenge is to harness this trend to build relationships and to deliver products which meet real consumer needs.
Social media is commonly viewed as an additional marketing channel for most organizations, utilizing word of mouth- based interactions to advise potential markets of new products and recent campaigns. However, social media also offers the ability to create dynamic two- way communications between insurance organizations and their customers. This can greatly improve an organization's delivery of customer service.
At KPMG, we have distilled the major themes we see emerging today into a thought-provoking new report: The Intelligent Insurer: Creating value from opportunities in a changing world. 'Our main current intention is to stimulate debate and analysis: in order to share views that are diverse and wide-ranging, we are opening up the conversation through social media and face-to-face discussions with industry players and experts. Later in 2012, we will formulate a series of scenarios arising from these collective views, setting out the possible state of the global insurance industry in 2020, supported by in-depth analysis of the influencing and contributory factors.
Social media also provides the platform for customers to self-serve and help each other. By establishing a 'self-help group' that is monitored and managed by the insurance organization, the cost of customer support can be reduced while its quality is improved. Social media also provides the potential to gain access to an ever-increasing amount of market data, as social media networks provide trend and market information on the growing online and connected generation. Insurance organizations must keep in mind that their own staff will increasingly be users of social media and that they must be the biggest advocates of the organization's offerings and products, which are accessible on these platforms.
Corporate use of social media is increasing rapidly, although it varies significantly by country. In financial services, its use may be limited by regulatory constraints on how financial services firms use new media channels to communicate financial promotions to customers. Such constraints exist in the UK, among other countries. Nevertheless, 74 percent of finance, insurance, business services and communications firms around the world are active on social media.2 And while the pay off may seem unclear, companies that have invested in greater use of social media say it is worthwhile.
Consumer use of smart phones, tablets and GPS technology continues to grow rapidly as convenience, speed of service and ability to compare products are valued increasingly highly. In 2011, 17 percent of respondents to a KPMG survey said they preferred to conduct banking and personal finance transactions (mortgage, stocks, etc.) through phones, tablets and other devices, rather than through a personal computer.3
Mobile payments are gaining an increasing share of the market across Asia, Africa and Europe, with corporate customers adding their voices to calls for more advanced mobile payments solutions. Security of personal data remains a concern. Nevertheless, mobile payments are expected to grow globally by 97 percent per annum over the next three years to 2015, driven by customers' desires to shop in environments that are "always on, always fast and always accessible."4
Insurance companies need to understand that their existing and new market offerings need to be 'mobile aware', from presentation of form factor to speed of provisioning of products on the platform (e.g. just-in-time insurance models), through to enabling payments for policies (e.g. integration with mobile payment technologies).
Insurers that commit to mobile technology have the potential to win two battles: to win the customer and to cut costs – a significant advantage at a time of low investment returns.
For consumers, speed and security of payment will be the mark of success; mobile applications can increase access to entry-level financial services. The winning insurers will be those companies that can provide the richest consumer experience with the greatest convenience. It is also important to note that it is not just the latest smart phones and tablets which make up the channel: legacy SMS and 2G phone services offer some of the only ways in order to interact and access developing markets in Asia and Africa.
For micro-insurance services, this has been a mechanism of choice for many years. With improved technology in this area, the possibility of offering services which were once considered out of the risk profile may now be possible.
For example, in Kenya, Kilimo Salama ('Safe Agriculture') is a type of insurance designed for smallholder farmers so they may insure their crops against drought and excess rain. The scheme relies on mobile phone technology and 12,000 farmers had enrolled as of late 2011.5
Innovative models are needed to insure new technologies and emerging risks, such as non-damage business interruption insurance against losses caused by intangible events, such as supplier failure, product recall, cyber attack, loss of patents, etc. We believe that continued innovation by insurers can be pursued much more effectively by companies that have a solid commitment to the kind of new technologies outlined above.
The technology theme is just one of four underlying mega-trends, the others being environment, demographics and social values and ethics, which we believe will determine the nature of tomorrow's insurance industry. As yet, there is no clear consensus as to how these will play out; however, taken together, these trends will have a profound impact. The intelligent insurer should be preparing for that impact now.
1Modelling the economic impact of cloud computing, KPMG in Australia, 2012
2Going social, KPMG, 2011
3Smartphone and tablet popularity brings maturity of mobile payment marketplace, KPMG in the UK, April 2012
4Kilimo Salama: Farmers in Kenya cash in on new micro-insurance program,October 2011
5Intelligent insurer: Creating value fromopportunities in a changing world, KPMG, June 2012
© 2015
KPMG International Cooperative ("KPMG International"), a Swiss entity. Member firms of the KPMG network of independent firms are affiliated with KPMG International. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vis-à-vis third parties, nor does KPMG International have any such authority to obligate or bind any member firm. All rights reserved.


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State Rep. Todd Hunter lays out funding plan to aid Texas Windstorm Insurance Association
AUSTIN - State Rep. Todd Hunter on Tuesday touted his plan for addressing the ailing Texas Windstorm Insurance Association that would strengthen and leave intact the state-run insurer-of-last resort for wind and hailstorm policies on the coast.
The House Insurance Committee heard testimony — most of it against House Bill 2352 — but took no action on the measure which Hunter, R-Corpus Christi, drafted with input from several coastal communities, most notably the city of Corpus Christi.
The bill would try what past legislation has failed to accomplish, namely creating a funding structure hearty enough to pay claims from catastrophic storms, while keeping policyholder rates low.
The association, as of the end of 2012, carried about 266,000 policies worth about $74 billion in direct liabilities, spread through 14 counties in the "catastrophe zone" along the coast.
About $14 billion of those liabilities are in Nueces County, where the association writes more than 57,000 policies, most of which are residential.
Hunter's bill, which he said Tuesday requires fine-tuning, seeks to broaden the burden of paying for anything larger than a 50-year storm away from policyholders in coastal counties while giving the association access to as much as $7 billion, enough for a 250-year storm.
It would accomplish this by a combination of assessments on insurance companies and surcharges on insurance policies statewide. Though the bill has the support of several industry groups such as the Texas Association of Realtors and was backed without exception by coastal communities, it held little sway with insurance industry representatives who testified against it.
The primary sticking point is a provision that would allow assessments on insurance companies to help maintain a minimum $1 billion balance in the association's Catastrophe Reserve Trust Fund.
The fund, a cash reserve protected by statute, is maintained through policyholder premiums, but in recent years has been raided to pay ongoing litigation and claims related to Hurricane Ike.
The fund stands at about $180 million, raising concerns over the association's fitness to meet a hurricane.
Under Hunter's bill, the insurance company assessments, levied in proportion to how much wind and hailstorm insurance a company writes statewide, could be levied any year in which the trust fund dips below the lesser of $1 billion or 1.5 percent of the association's exposure.
A surcharge of about 3.9 percent for premiums on all wind and hail policies and all personal and commercial auto insurance policies in the coastal counties also would be levied.
Supporters say keeping $1 billion in the fund not only would provide a strong hedge for several classes of hurricanes, but give the association leverage to go out for billions more in post-storm bonds.
Opponents, including the Property Casualty Insurers Association of America, said the assessments and surcharges amount to a tax on policyholders and industry.
Hunter, who remained near the witness podium as his bill was heard, said the insurance industry was too willing to "hide" precisely when lawmakers need help addressing windstorm insurance problems.
"Get in here; give us some solutions," Hunter said to the packed committee hearing room that included industry representatives and officials from the Texas Department of Insurance and the windstorm association.
Insurance Commissioner Eleanor Kitzman attended the hearing but was not called to testify.
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General Bastard marches into WoodchucksWritten by Kristen Criswell | | firstname.lastname@example.com
General Bastard will bring its brand of surf thrash to Woodchucks Bar & Grill on Jan. 22.
"It's a lot of different styles of music with a guitar influence," said General Bastard, lead singer and guitarist for the band. "It's got that punk attitude, heavy metal heaviness and cool vibe of surf music. It's real upbeat and energetic."
Based out of Detroit, General Bastard began as a one-man band and is now a three-piece group. In addition to General, the band is comprised of Pvt. Nick the Dick on bass and Sgt. Six Pack on drums.
The band started out as an idea for a band that would cover all TV. theme songs and consist of different characters from those shows, General said. Since General Bastard has grown into what it is today, with the members wearing camouflage and wrestling masks, he said.
The group still sometimes plays TV themes, such as "Aqua Teen Hunger Force," but is focused on different music, the General said.
Individuals who come out to the show can expect to see "great musicianship" and experience a whole lot of fun and humor, he said.
"It'll be guitar playing like they've never seen before," General said. "We also talk a lot of smack about people — like Justin Bieber and Lady Gaga. There's a big-time wrestling aspect to the show, going out there and picking on other people. It's all in good fun."
General Bastard will release its new CD, "You're Not Special," Jan. 29. Fans can expect to hear some songs from the new album at the show, General said.
Also playing that evening are The Deadbeat Moms, Downspeed and the Infernal Names.
"People should come out to support their local musicians," General said. "If local musicians don't get support on the local scene, everything will become a dance club and 'American Idol' karaoke. There will be no good places to listen to music."
The show is $5 for those 21 and older and $7 for those under 21. The doors open at 9 p.m. with the show starting at 9:30 p.m. Woodchuck's is located at 224 S. Erie St.
For more information about General Bastard, visit the website www.generalbastard.com.
Tags: General Bastard, Woodchuck's


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CISC215 Database Design and Application Development
Department of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics: Computer/Information Science
- I. Course Number and Title
- CISC215 Database Design and Application Development
- II. Number of Credits
- 3 credits
- III. Minimum Number of Instructional Minutes Per Semester
- 2250
- IV. Prerequisites
- CISC113 (C or better) or CISC115 (C or better)
- Corequisites
- None
- V. Other Pertinent Information
- This course is designed to present database concepts and prepare students to effectively develop applications using current database models. This solid base of knowledge enables the student to use the information as a foundation for learning new models as they evolve. Lab experiences with a currently available database programming package ensure that this course remains at a practical, hands-on level.
- VI. Catalog Course Description
- This course provides students with a foundation of knowledge needed to work with database management systems and to create applications utilizing current development strategies. Students examine various types of database techniques with emphasis on relational designs. Students design and implement solutions to business-related problems.
- VII. Required Course Content and Direction
Learning Goals:
- Course Students will:
- analyze a business problem and develop data management requirements;
- develop a conceptual model to meet the problem requirements using an Entity- Relationship diagram or another conceptual modeling tool (UML);
- apply normalization to reduce/eliminate redundancy in database design; and
- implement the conceptual model in a commercial relational database such as MS Access, Oracle, MySQL.
- Core (if applicable) This course is not included in the Core.
Planned Sequence of Topics and/or Learning Activities:
- database fundamentals
- advantages of database
- relational database design
- entity relationship diagrams
- normalization
- modify CRM database for normalization
- create MS Access CRM database with tables, form and reports
- Structured Query Language
- data definition
- queries
- SQL views
- create SQL database with tables, queries and views
- database design
- requirements analysis
- data modeling and entity-relationship model
- transforming data model into database design
- database management
- database administration
- control, security, and reliability
- create a database security plan
- database processing applications
- triggers and stored procedures
- set up Web database processing
- business intelligence systems
- examine basic concepts of data warehousing, data marts, dimensional databases, and data mining
Assessment Methods for Core Learning Goals:
- Course The assessment of Course Learning Goals is based on written tests, labs, and other assignments, as well as performance-based tasks as appropriate.
- Core (if applicable) This course is not included in the Core.
Reference, Resource, or Learning Materials to be used by Students:Departmentally selected textbook. Details provided by the instructor of each course section. See course format.
- VIII. Teaching Methods Employed
- Section VIII is not being used in new and revised syllabi as of 12/10/08.
Review/Approval Date - 9/98; Updated: 4/06 from Access to Oracle; Updated: 5/07 from Oracle to Access; Revised 6/09; Revised 10/2010; Revised 5/2012


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We've ranked the top hotels in Myrtle Beach based on an unbiased analysis of awards, expert
recommendations and user ratings. Out of five luxury hotels, two made the U.S. News
list of the Best Hotels in Myrtle Beach. The highest ranked hotels are Myrtle Beach Marriott Resort & Spa at Grande Dunes
and North Beach Plantation.
Showing 1-10 of 431
Named one of the U.S. News Best Hotels in Myrtle Beach for 2015
The sprawling Myrtle Beach Marriott Resort & Spa at Grande Dunes sits about 6 miles northeast along the coast from downtown Myrtle Beach ... continue »
Sitting pretty on a 7½-acre island (tucked between the Atlantic Ocean and White Point Squash North Beach Plantation), this Myrtle Beach retreat ... continue »
Round-the-clock room service and pristine grounds make the Marina Inn the ideal getaway for leisure-seekers. Guests report the rooms are spacious with ... continue »
The Island Vista offers guests a sophisticated and relaxing retreat from the kitsch factor of downtown Myrtle Beach (which is just five ... continue »
Because it's connected to the Myrtle Beach Convention Center, the Sheraton has a practical monopoly on convention guests. But ample meeting ... continue »
Home to seemingly endless golf courses, restaurants, stores, nightlife and miles & miles of beach, this city stretches from just north of Myrtle ... continue »
The Anderson Ocean Club and Spa is the new standard of luxury and distinction in one of Americas most exciting vacation destinations ... continue »
Welcome to Dunes Village Resort, a true benchmark of luxury and design. Newly opened, it has guest rooms complete with DVD players ... continue »
Welcome to the Embassy Suites Myrtle Beach-Oceanfront Resort on the Grand Strand. Our Myrtle Beach family hotel is located on the north ... continue »
Brand new in july 2008 the horizon at 77th is a beautiful beach resort offering guests spacious upscale 1 2 and 3 ... continue »
*Any unranked hotels have been sorted by hotel class and then alphabetically. More information can be found on our methodology page.
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German ESM Ruling Unlikely to Be Delayed, Court Spokeswoman Says
Aug. 14 (Bloomberg) -- A ruling by Germany's highest court on the euro-area's permanent financial backstop probably won't be delayed by a complaint from plaintiffs led by German Professor Markus Kerber, a court spokeswoman said.
Kerber's group said yesterday it filed a complaint asking the Federal Constitutional Court to await a European Court of Justice ruling on the planned rescue fund, the European Stability Mechanism, before issuing its own opinion. The complaint has been received by the German court, deputy spokeswoman Friederike Lange said by phone today.
"As far as we can tell from the documents, we don't see any delay for the Sept. 12 date" on which the ruling is due to be made, Lange said. "As of now, I don't see it being necessary to wait for the European Court of Justice's ruling."
Markets are awaiting the establishment of the 500 billion-euro ($617 billion) ESM, which is on hold pending a decision by the German court. Kerber, who proposes the introduction of a so-called guldenmark in euro countries running current-account surpluses, according to his group's website, says that Germany's public finances could be crushed by debt as high as 3.7 trillion euros as a result of commitments toward troubled euro countries.
Irish lawmaker Thomas Pringle, who challenged legislation on the permanent backstop, was referred to the European court after Ireland's Supreme Court ruled that it can't block the government from ratifying domestic legislation on the ESM.
Germany's top court is unlikely to allow proceedings at the European court to sway it from the deadline it has set itself next month, Handelsblatt newspaper cited constitutional law expert Joachim Wieland from the School of Administrative Science in the town of Speyer as saying in today's edition.
To contact the reporters on this story: Rainer Buergin in Berlin at firstname.lastname@example.com; Janhenrik Forster in Frankfurt at firstname.lastname@example.com
To contact the editor responsible for this story: James Hertling at firstname.lastname@example.com


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At One Ocean Resort & Spa we like to think of ourselves as a family. As with any family, we have holiday traditions that we look forward to each year. One of those traditions is High Tea at Azurea Lounge, and we could not be more excited to share the experience with our guests once more.
A traditional holiday tea, guests sit down to a selection of gourmet and herbal teas, assorted pastries, sandwiches and champagne at Azurea Lounge. High Tea is perfect for families, friends, business associates and couples who are looking for a unique way to spend a winter afternoon.
Available Friday, November 29 through Monday, December 23, enjoy High Tea from 3 – 5 p.m. daily at $22 per person. Reservations are required and may be made by calling Azurea at 904-249-7402 or visitingwww.opentable.com/azurea-at-one-ocean.


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Article ID: 280294 - View products that this article applies to.
This article was previously published under Q280294
This article has been archived. It is offered "as is" and will no longer be updated.
On This Page
Under some circumstances, the SQL Server 2000/MDAC 2.6 RTM version of Microsoft ODBC Driver for SQL Server (2000.80.194) reuses a parameter binding that is too short. This truncates the parameter value and causes incorrect or no data to be returned.
This behavior occurs only when you are using the SQL Server 2000/MDAC 2.6 ODBC driver against a SQL Server 2000 database; it does not occur when you are connecting to a SQL Server 7.0 server or with earlier versions of the driver.
When a statement is prepared and run by the ODBC driver, a query plan for the statement is cached on the server and a handle for the plan is returned to the driver. The information in this query plan is based partly on the size of the parameters that are being used in the statement.
If the size of the bound parameters change, logic in the driver checks to see if the query plan that was cached for the previous running of the statement can still be used. If the query plan cannot be reused because of increased parameter sizes, the plan is unprepared and then re-prepared with larger parameter sizes.
The driver is incorrectly determining that the older query plan (with the shorter parameter length) can be reused. This causes the parameter values to be truncated, which causes the incorrect results.
MDAC 2.6To resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Microsoft Data Access Components 2.6. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/300635/ )How to obtain the latest MDAC 2.6 service pack
SQL Server 2000To resolve this problem, obtain the latest service pack for Microsoft SQL Server 2000. For more information, click the following article number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base:
(https://support.microsoft.com/kb/290211/ )How to obtain the latest SQL Server 2000 service pack
HotfixNOTE: The following hotfix was created prior to Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 1.
The English version of this fix should have the following file attributes or later:
Please note that the hotfix contains three files. Due to version dependencies, all three files must be installed together.
Date Version Size File name ------------------------------------------------------------ 10/13/2000 2000.80.212.0 471,119 bytes Sqlsrv32.dll 10/13/2000 2000.80.212.0 90,112 bytes Sqlsrv32.rll 10/13/2000 2000.80.212.0 28,742 bytes Odbcbcp.dll
WORKAROUNDDo one of the following to work around the problem:
Microsoft has confirmed that this is a problem in the Microsoft products that are listed in the "Applies to" section.
MDACThis problem was corrected in Microsoft Data Access Components (MDAC) 2.6 Service Pack 1 and MDAC 2.7.
SQL ServerThis problem was corrected in SQL Server 2000 Service Pack 1.
Steps to Reproduce Behavior
Sample Code
Article ID: 280294 - Last Review: February 28, 2014 - Revision: 3.3


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Teen Mom star Jenelle Evans on the beach in Oak Island, NC. (April 5, 2011)
She is So $weet
She is So lovely
May peace be with
if not for trashy white girls with low self esteem there would be no future for strippers and prostitutes,,,,,furthermore who would live in our trailer parks?????????????
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Where can I find a calendar of important dates during the academic year?
Academic Calendars—Full academic calendars for the current and upcoming academic years
Alumni Events—Activities of interest to Susquehanna alumni
Sports Calendars—Schedules and results for Susquehanna's 23 intercollegiate sports teams
Arts & Events—A listing of upcoming cultural events on campus
Admissions Application Calendar
Financial Aid Deadline Calendar
Campus Visit Events Calendar
What are the best campus events for parents and families to attend?
Family Weekend and Homecoming Reunion Weekend (see the alumni events calendar)


text: Healthy Recipes Pasta e Fagioli Soup Recipe E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now! Quick Info: Servings Contains Wheat/Gluten Contains Dairy Vegetarian Good for Leftovers Heart-Healthy Nutritional Info (Per serving): Calories: 457, Saturated Fat: 2g, Sodium: 693mg, Dietary Fiber: 9g, Total Fat: 6g, Carbs: 81g, Cholesterol: 7mg, Protein: 19g Carb Choices: 5 Recipe Source: Prep Time: 3 mins Cook Time: 12 mins Total Time: 15 mins Ingredients 8 ounce(s) pasta, elbow macaroni, about 2 cups 14 1/2 ounce(s) tomatoes, canned, diced, with Italian seasonings, undrained 2 cup(s) mixed vegetables, frozen 3 cup(s) broth, vegetable, reduced-sodium 1/2 cup(s) water, or cold tap water 15 ounce(s) beans, cannellini, low sodium, undrained 4 tablespoon cheese, Parmesan, grated 3 ounce(s) crackers, whole-wheat, about 16 small crackers Preparation 1. Cook elbow pasta according to package directions, omitting salt and fat. Keep warm. 2. In stockpot, combine tomatoes, mixed vegetables, broth, and water. Bring to a boil. 3. Reduce heat and simmer for 10 minutes. 4. Add beans, stir gently, and simmer. Add cooked pasta to soup. 5. Ladle soup into bowls and top with Parmesan cheese. 6. Sereve with dinner roll. Enjoy. E-mail recipe Print recipe To save this recipe, register now!


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Your Age-by-Age Guide to Weaning
When it comes to helping your kiddie kick the milk habit, the rule of thumb is to go slowly. This will protect your breasts from engorgement and ease your baby's anxiety. Freda Rosenfeld, former president of the New York Lactation Consultant Association, says you can never go too slowly, but be sure to drop only one feeding every three or four days so that it takes about two weeks for the entire process. Drop the least preferred feedings first, which likely means the morning and bedtime feedings will be the last to go.Amp Up Attention
The intimacy that goes with breastfeeding is what moms and babies miss most when nursing ends. So be sure to lavish your baby with lots of extra attention during the weaning process. "You'll want to substitute nursing with something that feels emotionally equivalent, like snuggling together to read or even horseplay on the floor," counsels Diane Bengson, author of How Weaning Happens (La Leche League International) and longtime Ohio La Leche League leader. And don't forget how helpful your partner can be. Having Daddy put the baby to sleep and wake her up in the morning can soften the blow of not nursing during these times.Think About Timing
It's impossible to predict exactly how your child will react to weaning, but there are certain ages and developmental periods when change in general is tricky. Claire Lerner, LCSW, director of parenting resources at Zero to Three, in Washington, D.C., advises against weaning during a time when your child is undergoing another significant change, such as moving homes, starting daycare, or even learning to walk.
But, Lerner adds, timing depends on your child's temperament: "If you have a go-with-the-flow kind of child who handles transitions well, then something like a vacation might be a good time to wean, but otherwise it's best to wean when things are pretty stable in their lives."


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A microporous membrane is described comprising at least two layers, wherein each layer is characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils, the layers are bonded by means of plastic flow at temperatures below the melting point of either membrane material, and the pore architecture is formed in situ by an expansion process. A stratified microporous membrane is produced wherein the pore architecture of each layer may be discretely controlled. The article is useful for filtration and medical applications where a pore size gradient is required.
1. A microporous membrane comprising
at least two discrete layers of membrane material, wherein
each layer of membrane material comprises polytetrafluoroethylene, or a polytetrafluroethylene/silicone interpenetrating polymer network,
each layer is characterized by nodes interconnected by fibrils,
each layer has been subjected to different expansion conditions, wherein prior to bonding at least of said at least two discrete layers comprises a layer which has been subjected to a first stretching step, and wherein at least one other one of said at least two discrete layers comprises a layer which along with the at least one layer, after bonding, has been subjected to an additional second stretching step, and wherein
the membrane includes bonding means for bonding the layers together by means of plastic flow at temperatures below the melting point of the membrane material, and
each layer has a pore architecture,
the pore architecture of each layer being formed in situ by stretching.
2. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
at least one layer of the microporous membrane is polytetrafluoroethylene.
3. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
at least one layer of the microporous membrane is an interpenetrating polymer network of polytetrafluoroethylene and polysiloxane.
4. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
each layer is comprised of different polymer formulations.
5. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
each layer has been subjected to different rheological conditions of extrusion.
6. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein the mean pore size of each layer is disparate, wherein prior to bonding at least one of said at least two discrete layers comprises a layer which has been stretched to form a layer having a first mean pore size.
7. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
at least one layer is polytetrafluoroethylene, and,
each layer has been subject to different rheological conditions of extrusion, and
the mean pore size of each layer is disparate.
8. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
at least one layer is an interpenetrating polymer network of polytetrafluoroethylene and polysiloxane, and,
each layer has been subject to different rheological conditions of extrusion, and
the mean pore size of each layer is disparate.
9. The microporous membrane of claim 1, wherein
at least one layer of the microporous membrane is polytetrafluoroethylene, and
at least one layer of the microporous membrane is an interpenetrating polymer network of polytetrafluoroethylene and polysiloxane.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to novel microporous membranes, and is partially concerned with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or expanded interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) of PTFE and silicone.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,315,020, there is disclosed a process for preparing sheet-like articles of PTFE which, in the unsintered state, have high elongation and strength in all directions in the major plane of the sheet. In this process, a relatively large cylinder of compacted dispersion grade PTFE particles is passed through a die having two orifices in series. The first orifice is a round, square or rectangular orifice and the second orifice is a long slit-shaped orifice. The extrusion of particulate PTFE is aided by pre-blending with an organic fluid lubricant such as, for example, kerosene, VM&P naphtha or Isobars. The lubricant aids plastic flow of the PTFE particles which coalesce into a cohesive paste under pressure. The extrusion process thereby produces a continuous ribbon of PTFE partially saturated with volatile organic liquid.
The PTFE extrudate ribbon is usually calendered at room temperature while still partially saturated. Calendering involves compression of the ribbon between nip rolls spaced apart by a predetermined distance. Such distance is substantially less than the thickness of the entering extrudate ribbon. Since the entering extrudate ribbon contains lubricant and cold flow is easily effected, elongation of the article in the machine direction occurs by plastic flow in proportion to the difference between entering and exiting thickness at the calender. Normally, the exiting extrudate ribbon is then heated by means of hot rollers to a temperature at which the organic lubricant is volatilized in a reasonable period of time to produce a dried extrudate ribbon.
In the manufacture of PTFE pipe-thread sealant, further orientation of the dried extrudate ribbon is accomplished by linear stretching using differential speed rollers. The amount of stretching is determined by the ratio of the speed of the second roll to the first, i.e., a ratio of 1.75:1 represents an elongation of 75 percent.
In the production of microporous PTFE membranes, linearly oriented extrudate ribbon is stretched in the transverse direction by use of equipment such as a tenter frame or the like. A tenter frame is an apparatus which consists of two gripping conveyors that grab the ribbon by its edges. The conveyors move farther away from one another as they move forward into a tunnel oven. At the end of the oven the grips release. The extrudate ribbon is thereby stretched in the transverse direction in a continuous fashion at elevated temperatures, and may be easily taken-up into rolls.
When the organic lubricant is removed and PTFE extrudate ribbon is stretched, the material does not become thinner as would an ordinary plastic. Instead, PTFE has the unusual ability to undergo an internal fracture process referred to as fibrillation. The PTFE is initially a cohesive bulk. At first application of tensile stress, the bulk breaks apart into clumps of material called nodes. These nodes are connected to each other by fibrils, which are essentially strands of oriented PTFE molecules that are pulled from the nodes. The material thereby becomes microporous, with the pore architecture being determined by the empty space defined by the nodes and fibrils.
In this fashion, the amount of stretching and the ratio of linear to transverse stretching control the pore architecture. As the degree of stretching is increased, the nodes break into smaller structures and increasing amounts of fibrils are created. Thus porosity is increased, but bulk dimensions may not be significantly changed. In membrane manufacture, a sheet may be stretched several thousand percent but only lose half of its thickness, resulting in a net increase in bulk volume. Hence, the process of stretching PTFE into fibrillated structures is referred to as expansion. This effect manifests itself in that some forms of expanded PTFE sheeting can have a negative Poisson ratio in the direction perpendicular to the major planes of the sheet, (Cherfas, 1990).
A collateral effect of the fibrillation process is that increased stretching does not necessarily create larger pores, but may actually decrease the mean pore size of the final product. A relatively small amount of larger pores gives way to a larger amount of small pores. With biaxially expanded PTFE produced from the tenter process, high amounts of linear stretching typically produce a relatively small pore size in the final product. However, with extreme amounts of stretching in either direction, the pore size of such membranes eventually increases as the mass of PTFE nodes is depleted. At this point the bulk material behaves more plastically and further stretching simply elongates the fibrils and increases the distance between nodes until macroscopic holes are produced.
PTFE dispersion grade resin is approximately 95% crystalline, and has a very high melt viscosity. When heated to temperatures above 327° C., the PTFE crystallites deform into an amorphous polymer. When cooled below 327° C., some of the liquid structure remains; thereby increasing the amorphous content of melted PTFE in comparison to virgin PTFE. Such heating and subsequent cooling of the polymer is called sintering. The sintering of shaped microporous PTFE structures produces a thermosetting effect upon the polymer, thus enabling shape retention and thermal stability. Microporous PTFE membranes are typically sintered by creating a high temperature zone in the final stages of the tenter frame apparatus.
In the prior art process of producing PTFE extrudate, difficulties arise in attempts to produce uniform extrudate having satisfactory molecular orientation to facilitate adequate transverse stretching. The molecular orientation of the extrudate ribbon is highly influenced by the rheological properties of the polymer formulation, the pressure applied to the system, and the design of the die. Various grades of PTFE resin provide distinct rheological conditions during extrusion due to different physical and molecular characteristics, therefore different grades of resin produce different degrees of molecular orientation even under the same extrusion conditions. PTFE extrusion systems are complex and difficult to control. Examples of these difficulties are found in U.S. Pat. No. 4,187,390.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,125, there is disclosed a process of producing fibrillated IPNs of PTFE and polyorganosiloxanes. The IPNs are formed by either a sequential method or a simultaneous method. The simultaneous method involves the pre-blending of polysiloxane compositions with the organic lubricant used for extrusion. The siloxane/lubricant blend is then dispersed into the particulate PTFE resin, which is then extruded under similar conditions as those of the prior art. The extrusion and expansion of such IPN products was found to be facilitated by the presence of the siloxane, which apparently acts as an internal lubricant for molecular orientation, and plays a roll in node/fibril formation after volatilization of the organic lubricant.
When skillfully produced, IPN products have been shown to possess increased strength and uniformity in comparison to conventional PTFE products.
In the prior art of producing microporous PTFE membranes or microporous IPN membranes, the pore architecture is homogeneous across the thickness of the sheet. This is due to the fact that (a) the polymer composition, and therefore the rheological extrusion conditions, are homogeneous across the thickness of the extrudate sheet, (b) the orientation caused by the calendering process is applied uniformly throughout the extrudate ribbon, (c) expansion of the extrudate in either direction is applied uniformly across the thickness of the sheet, and (d) sintering affects the entire microstructure of the expanded film.
Those skilled in the art will be familiar with several methods of laminating membranes with different thickness and pore structures together, such as adhesive lamination or thermobonding. With adhesive bonding, two or more layers of microporous membranes are glued together to give the desired pore size gradient. Such adhesives have the detrimental effect of blocking the flow of fluid or gas in proportion to the area covered by the adhesive. Such adhesive systems are also prone to delamination under demanding conditions. Thermobonding is a process which relies on heat and pressure to effect lamination. This process is particularly problematic for PTFE-like polymers which have a very high melting temperature and/or viscosity. With sufficient pressure and temperature, however, microporous PTFE or PTFE/silicone IPN membranes can be laminated together. However, such conditions can adversely effect the microstructure of the membranes by causing deformation. Thermobonded membranes are also prone to delamination because the bonding of the two layers tends to be superficial since the degree of bonding is dependent on the number of contact points between nodes of each membrane and the extent to which molten mass flow is achieved. The high melt viscosity of PTFE limits the effectiveness of this technique.
We have discovered that the pore architecture of PTFE or PTFE/silicone IPN membranes can be discretely controlled in a layered fashion by permanently bonding two or more extrudate ribbons together during a calendering process. By utilizing different extrudate compositions, the degree of molecular orientation caused by extrusion and calendering can be dissimilar for each layer. Since at least one layer of the extrudate ribbon is still partially saturated with organic lubricant at the time of laminating, cold mass flow is easily accomplished and a permanent bond is readily achieved. Any subsequent expansion of the stratified extrudate ribbon produces pore structures of disparate or different architectures in each layer. As a result, the final product is actually a single membrane with a stratified pore structure rather than a lamination of separate membranes. The effect can be further exaggerated by applying different amounts of linear and/or transverse stretching to one or more of the extrudate ribbons prior to calender-bonding. The thickness of each layer is determined by the thickness to which it is calendered prior to lamination, and may be different for each layer of the product.
It is further contemplated that each layer of the stratified ribbon may be independently modified with surfactants and the like prior to lamination to produce a microporous sheeting with different surface properties on each side thereof. Furthermore, multi-layered articles may be produced by repeating the process in series. Alternatively, multiple layers of the same polymer formulation may be laminated together to permit the expansion of extrudate ribbon of a thickness greater than that which can be achieved with a given extrusion die.
The product of this process is useful for numerous applications. For example, stratified pore architectures have obvious usefulness in filtration processes. A very thin film with a small pore size may be attached to a thicker membrane with a larger pore size. The effect is to have most of the filter efficiency of the thin, small pore size membrane; while having the overall physical integrity of the thicker membrane. Since an adhesive is not used in this process, the flow rate and efficiency of the filtration system is not decreased by the blockage of open pores. Since the expansion process creates pore size gradients in situ, the crushing effect of thermobonding two microporous membranes is avoided.
This invention relates more particularly to a microporous layered membrane with a stratified pore structure across its thickness. One layer of the membrane has a mean pore size which is substantially smaller or larger than the mean pore size in the other layer(s). This stratified pore structure is created in situ by the process of 1) extruding polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) resin or a PTFE/silicone interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) into a first ribbon; 2) optionally, calendering said first ribbon to a reduced thickness; 3) optionally, orienting said calendered first ribbon by causing stretching in at least one direction; 4) extruding a second PTFE or IPN ribbon of like or dissimilar composition; 5) optionally, calendering said second ribbon to a reduced thickness; 6) laminating the first sheeting material to the second extrudate ribbon during an addition calendering process; 7) orienting the ribbon of step (6) by stretching in at least one direction so as to create a microporous membrane with a stratified pore structure; and 8) optionally, heating the membrane above its crystalline melting point as to cause sintering. The bond between layers of ribbon is achieved under conditions of high plasticity, and the porosity of each layer is determined by the expansion process.
This invention is an improvement over prior art in that (a) the layers of the membrane cannot be separated; (b) an extraneous adhesive system is not required; and (c) the pore structure of the membrane is not subject to the deforming effects of thermobonding separate microporous sheets under pressure. The finished product is suitable for use in separations and medical applications where a pore size gradient is desired.
The drawings are scanning electron micrographs of Example 4 of this patent application at 6000 power magnification.
FIG. 1 shows the microstructure of the surface of the first ribbon layer which was stretched twice.
FIG. 2 shows the surface of a second ribbon layer that subject to only one pass through the tenter frame apparatus. It is clear from these images that each membrane surface has a morphology which is disparate from the other. The mean inter-nodal distance (as measured by mean fibril length) is 6.4 microns for the first membrane layer and 1.6 microns for the second membrane layer.
The several embodiments of this invention are disclosed in the following illustrative examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Other variations will be obvious to those skilled in the art.
The following blends of ingredients were prepared according to established techniques of mixing:
Blend No. 1 was extruded through a slit-orifice die of 1.5×228.6 mm, and calendered to a thickness of 0.64 mm. The partially saturated extrudate was accumulated on a roll and stored for later processing. Blend No. 2 was extruded through the same die and calendered to a thickness of 0.89 mm under identical conditions. The material was accumulated on a roll, which was later mounted on a frame near the extrusion die. Extrusion No. 1 was placed on a similar frame close to the Extrusion No. 2 roll. Both extrusions were unwound and fed back through the calendar with a gap setting of 0.19 mm. The resultant material was passed over a series of heated rollers to remove the organic lubricant and rewound into a roll.
The bilaminar extrudate was indistinguishable from conventionally processed material in that there was no indication of a dual layer structure in the ribbon. The bilaminar material was processed using a tenter frame apparatus and stretched 64 percent in the linear direction and from 76.2 mm to 2.0 m (2,525 percent) in the transverse direction. The temperature of the final heating zone within the tenter frame was raised to effect sintering. The microporous membrane produced was uniform in appearance, free of macroscopic holes, and had a thickness of approximately 17.8 microns.
This example demonstrates a dual layered microporous membrane wherein each layer consists of a different resin grade, but was subjected to identical expansion conditions.
The following blends of ingredients were prepared according to established techniques:
The process of Example 1 was repeated. The first extrudate was calendered to a thickness of 0.20 mm. The organic lubricant was volatilized, and the extrudate was processed in a tenter frame. The material was longitudinally stretched 5 percent, and transversely stretched from 127 mm to 1.96 m (1,443 percent). The microporous film was taken-up into a roll and measured to have a thickness of approximately 0.127 mm. The roll of microporous film was trimmed and then slit into separate rolls, each of approximately 23 cm in width.
Blend No. 4 was extruded as with the previous materials. Upon entering into the calendering apparatus, the microporous sheeting of Blend No. 3 was unwound onto the partially saturated ribbon of Blend No. 4. The two materials were calendered together to a thickness of 0.10 mm. The bilaminar extrudate was then processed to remove the organic lubricant and rewound onto a roll. As with Example No. 1, this bilaminar extrudate was indistinguishable from conventionally processed material in that there was no indication of a dual layer structure.
The bilaminar extrudate was then processed using a tenter frame to effect a longitudinal stretch of 75 percent and a transverse stretch from 114 mm to 1.96 m (1,619 percent). The temperature of the final heating zone was raised to effect sintering. The finished microporous sheeting material was uniform in appearance, measured approximately 0.025 mm in thickness, and was free of macroscopic holes.
This example illustrates a dual layered membrane where both layers consist of the same polymer composition. However, one layer (the first) was expanded to a greater extent than the other. The following table illustrates the percent expansion for each layer:
Percent Expansion=100×[(Final Length−Starting Length)/Starting Length]
A portion of the extrudate from Blend No. 3 was processed using a tenter frame as to achieve a linear stretch of 400 percent and a transverse stretch from 102 mm to 1.96 m (1,822 percent). The resultant microporous film was very thin (0.10 mm), but was free of holes. This material was then slit and laminated to partially saturated extrudate of the composition of Blend No. 4 using a calendar setting of 0.10 mm. The organic lubricant was removed, and the bilaminar extrudate was then processed in a tenter frame to achieve a longitudinal stretch of 9 percent and a transverse stretch from 51 mm to 2.4 m (4,606 percent). As with the previous examples, the temperature of the final heater zone was raised to effect sintering. The resultant microporous membrane was uniform in appearance, measured approximately 0.08 mm in thickness, and was free of holes.
The expansion percentages for each layer are as follows:
Example No. 3 was repeated except that the first extrudate was stretched 800 percent instead of 400 percent. The 0.10 mm thick material was laminated to the extrudate formulation of Blend No. 4, stretched 9 percent longitudinally, 4,606 percent in the transverse directions, and sintered. The resultant microporous membrane was uniform in appearance, measured approximately 0.08 mm in thickness, and was free of holes. Table V gives the amount of expansion for each layer.
The following blends of ingredients were prepared according to established techniques:
Each blend was extruded separately, and calendered to 0.51 mm. Each partially saturated extrudate ribbon was accumulated on a roll and stored for later processing. The three ribbons were mounted on a frame one above the other, with the ribbon of Blend No. 6 in the middle position. Each layer was unwound and fed back through the calender apparatus in parallel with a setting of 0.18 mm. The resultant material was passed over a series of heated rollers to remove the organic lubricant and rewound into a roll.
The trilaminar extrudate ribbon was processed using a tenter frame apparatus and stretched 100 percent in the linear direction and from 114.3 mm to 1.52 m (1,233 percent) in the transverse direction. The temperature of the final heating zone within the tenter frame was raised to effect sintering. The microporous membrane produced was measured to have a thickness of approximately 17.8 microns.
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Our Son by Julie Wilson.
I love the use of a large photo and several small ones of Peter at different stages in his childhood. The bird on the branch is an acetate overlay used with the matching cloud cardstock.
Julie has used hand drawn lines around the edges of the patterned paper.
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The Handy Math Answer Book attempts to answer, in an overabundance of ways, two age-old questions from K–12 students: "What is this?" and "Where is this used in real life?" In approaching those curious about mathematics with a question-and-answer method, this books poses, and answers, over 1000 questions covering various aspects of mathematics, direct and tangential.
While not explicit in the formatting, this book can best be thought of in three sections: historical mathematics and definitions, mathematics applied to other subjects, and recreational and everyday mathematics. The definitions and background of the technical aspects of mathematics are somewhat superficial, but this is to be expected from a book aspiring to be a beginners' resource. For some questions the historical background is more informative than one might expect, such as who came up with the idea of imaginary numbers (p. 77), what the Boltzmann equation is (p. 294), and even the origin of the plus symbol and the minus symbol (p. 95).
The book seems to lose steam when it begins to explore mathematical connections to other science fields, such as classical physics, meteorology, and civil engineering. The questions and answers posed focus more on topics specific to the field of concern and the mathematics involved just happens to be involved.
For a book about mathematics, there were issues with typography that were unexpected. There were instances where the use of Greek letters would have aided the readability of the text, and the book demonstrated that they were available but not always used. The formula for average deviation (p. 265) used Σ and μ (albeit awkwardly sized), but in describing superstrings, stating the quantity /(2 p a'), the book used a' and explained this stood for "alpha prime" (p. 289). Again, for readability, consistency in variable usage of italics and non-italics distract from the ease of use (see p. 282 and 283). Some formula errors need to be corrected as well, such as the derivative power rule (p. 228), d/dx cos–1 u, d/dx tan–1 u, and d/dx cot–1 u (p. 231).
Despite what may appear some shortcomings, this book does serve a very useful purpose. As a resource, this book provides many ideas for short student research projects, it can help secondary mathematics and science teachers by providing them informational tidbits they can use to enhance their classroom curriculum. For the mathematical layman the everyday mathematics section does provide some interesting information. This book is indeed a handy reference, due to the historical information it contains, and (based on its Introduction) that is exactly what the book aspires to be.
James Valles, Jr. (email@example.com) is an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at Saint Mary-of-the-Woods College. While his main interest is playing DJ Hero with his kids, he also finds time to research logarithmic potential charges, pre-service teachers' understanding of fractions, and academic self-efficacy issues of minority students.


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1973 Mercedes-Benz W108 280SEL 4.5 V8 Sunroof and Floorshift Car!! Few vehicles are as distinctive and unique as the 108 and 109 chassis Mercedes-Benz vehicles.... More
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willimstown is a joke --ask any of the parents of kids who need more then marching band. they also disrespecful to other kids at games and competitions. Williamstown band has worse reputation in the region as far as manners and kind ness. Fish stinks from head to tail on this one.