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Doug Barnett was controller of a communications technology company last year when his bosses wanted him to relocate to the California headquarters. Barnett hesitated. He loved Charleston, his wife had a job here, and his father who lived in Greenville had just suffered a stroke.
Moving just didnt feel right, Barnett recalls.
Yet it wasnt so simple. His investments had tanked with the economic downturn. And it was spring 2011, hardly a time when a guy working in the financial world, with a 4-month-old daughter, wanted to be out job hunting.
Barnett is a man of strong faith, however, and he felt called to stay in Charleston. So he did.
In May 2011, he officially considered himself between jobs.
He spent the summer focusing on a new business venture in town, but in August 2011, the funding for that project fell through.
Fear set in. He wasnt between jobs. At 43, he was unemployed.
I felt this mountain of pressure, he recalls. It became doing whatever I needed to do to make deposits into a bank account.
The accountant took jobs cutting grass. He helped cater events. He worked for Mosquito Squad. He got through some days just by chanting in his head: No pride, give thanks. No pride, give thanks.
Because pride comes before ... what? A fall.
And a free fall of despair threatened to overwhelm him. To stay busy, he volunteered at his church, St. Andrews in Mount Pleasant. He organized ushers. He talked to people.
And he came to realize that at this large church, with so many middle- and upper-middle class members, set in the heart of Mount Pleasant, he was not alone.
You wouldnt know it, because nobody talked about it.
There was a large group of people with the same problem and we were all acting like everything was OK, Barnett says.
He was volunteering in the church kitchen one day when Rector Steve Wood waved hello. Barnett ran after him. Did the church have a way to connect members who need work with those who need workers?
Go talk to Kurtz and make it happen, Barnett recalls Wood saying.
So he did.
Kurtz Smith, the church mens ministry leader, also was searching for a way to address all the tragic stories he had been hearing from folks facing layoffs and pay cuts.
A new jobs ministry was born.
Barnett figured that maybe 100 business owners attended St. Andrews. Each of them probably knew 10 more. How many job openings did they all know about, namely jobs not advertised on popular websites and job boards?
Might as well be zero if they didnt know who most needed those jobs.
Its totally off the table if you dont talk about it, if you dont put your pride aside and take ownership of your problem, Barnett says. Youre not alone. Our whole country is going through this problem.
Theres a certain irony, and not the funny kind, to what happened next. A week before Christmas, just as the jobs ministry prepared to kick off, Smiths wife, Mary, was laid off herself.
All of a sudden, it came to my front door, Smith says.
He realized two things: Unemployment is devastating to the entire family, and shame is at its core.
If you are fired or terminated, you almost go through a grieving process, Smith says. A lot of folks just stuff it away. They take it as a shameful thing, and thats not the way it should be.
Besides, you never know who knows of a job.
In fact, church is where Barnett met Andy Breaux, who went through unemployment himself and now is chief operating officer of American Benefit Services. When Breaux needed someone to help hire people for sales positions, he hired Barnett.
In January, St. Andrews kicked off its jobs ministry at a breakfast where Barnett and Breaux put aside their pride and shared their humbling stories and mutual ascents from despair with 150 guys.
Then St. Andrews set up StAndrewsJobs.info, a website where members post jobs for everything from mosquito control applicators to electricians to nannies to listings at Water Missions International. In turn, members can post their experience and job needs.
Next up: a Career Transition Course for those who are unemployed or underemployed. The free, four-week course will cover such topics as networking, writing effective resumes and cover letters, and securing interviews. The next session starts Friday.
Register ahead. Arrive at 9 a.m. Dont be late.
The idea: Get out of bed, shower and head out of the door. Many folks who are unemployed face a lonely, unstructured workday filled with job hunting and likely rejection.
Or, perhaps worse, silence.
Smith describes his as a tough-love approach. Yes, the course offers support, but participants will be held accountable. How many people did you network with this week? How many resumes did you deliver? Because as God will help you, Smith adds, so you must help yourself.
To Barnett, the experience compares a parent disciplining a child. God wanted him to change, and He wasnt going to make it easy.
Its the best thing that ever happened to me that I never want to go through again, Barnett says.
- Keywords
Unemployment was especially stressful for Doug Barnett, knowing he had his baby girl, Abigail, to support.×
Dawn and Doug Barnett with their daughter, Abigail.×
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On display
This item is on display at Melbourne Museum
Where is it from?
- A Place & Date Used South Yarra, Australia
Donation Box - 'Methodist Babies Home', Melbourne, circa 1929 Reg. No: SH 891627
- Summary:
- Alternative Name(s): Collecting Box; Donation Box
Used: circa 1929
The operations of the Methodist Babies' Home were supported by donations sought from Methodists throughout Victoria. The "young men of Methodism" were especially encouraged to seek donations in their local church congregations, and to run fund-raising events within the congregation and the wider community.
The Methodist Babies Home was opened in 1929. Babies, especially from the inner-city slums, were referred to the home through the Children's Court. From 1929 until the early 1970s the Home's role was to care for babies awaiting adoption. From 1974, the direct care of neglected babies was phased out in favour of family-unit-based support services.
- Description:
- Rectangular varnished collecting box with hinged lid and lock. Name painted in gold paint on front of box. Used to hold donations to the Methodist Babies Home.
- Acquisition Information:
- Donation from Copelen Street Family Services, 1989
|11.00 cm (Height), 12.00 cm (Width), 22.00 cm (Length)
More information
|Tagged with:
|charities, children s homes, fundraising, orphanages
|Themes this item is part of:
|Childhood & Youth Collection, Public Life & Institutions Collection, Methodist Babies Home, South Yarra, 1929-1970
|On Display at:
|Melbourne Museum
|Primary Classification:
|Secondary Classification:
|Children's Homes
|Tertiary Classification:
|Painted on front in gold paint: "METHODIST BABIES HOME"
|Place & Date Made:
|Victoria, Australia, 1929 or later
|Place & Date Used:
|Methodist Babies Home, South Yarra, Victoria, Australia, circa 1929-1970
This item is part of the following themes:
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Rare 1973 Rolls Royce Corniche Coupe. Corniche Coupes are on the rise and becoming highly sought after. This example is completed in lovely two... More
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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by Anonymous on 06/04/2010
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Posted by anonymous on 05/29/2010
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text:
An active array antenna for use, for example, in a radar system, includes elemental antennas, each with a T/R module, distributed over a circular aperture. For lowest cost, the aperture is thinned. The T/R modules are operated at maximum output, to achieve maximum DC-to-RF efficiency, and for simplicity. A phase controller controls the phase shift which is imparted by each module to its signal, to form a main beam and its associated sidelobes. A perturbation phase generator portion of a phase controller adds a perturbation phase shift selected, in conjunction with a particular thinning distribution, to form a relatively wide null in the sidelobe structure, in which signal transduction is reduced. In a radar context, this null may be placed on a source of ground clutter or a jammer.
1. An active array antenna, comprising:
a first plurality N of elemental antennas;
a plurality of T/R modules, each including at least an input port, an output port, and a phase control port, each of said T/R modules having its output port coupled to an associated one of said elemental antennas, for, in a transmitting mode of operation, receiving signals at said input port, and for producing amplified signals at said output port at a phase controlled by a phase control signal applied to said phase control port, the signals produced at said output ports of said T/R modules being of equal amplitude;
antenna element support means, for physically supporting said plurality of elemental antennas in a circular aperture, each of said elemental antennas being located in said aperture on one of a plurality M of concentric rings of said elemental antennas, each of said elemental antennas on each of said rings being equidistant from adjacent ones of said elemental antennas on the corresponding ring, the number Nn.sup.Σ of said elemental antennas in each of said M rings being accordance with a solution of ##EQU26## where i=1, . . . , M-1;
rn+1 is the radius of each ring other than the innermost ring, normalized to the radius of the aperture;
J0 is a Bessel function of the first kind and the zero order; and ##EQU27## where aM is the radial distance of the outermost ring from the center of said circular aperture;
phase control means coupled to said control ports of said T/R modules, for controlling the phase of each of said T/R modules in such a manner as to generate a phase distribution across said aperture which results in a directivity pattern including a main beam having an angular extent, and a plurality of sidelobes outside said angular extent of said main beam, said sidelobes having a predetermined sidelobe level; and
phase perturbation means coupled to said phase control means, for perturbing said phase of said T/R modules in accordance with
φ is a matrix of the individual phase perturbations of the T/R modules;
E and B are matrices derived from a solution of
E' is a matrix transpose of matrix E, for thereby generating a null in said directivity pattern at a location θ, φ outside said angular extent.
This invention relates to array antennas useful for radar. More particularly, this invention relates to a thinned antenna array in which a substantial fraction of the total number of element slots are not populated, and the rest of the element slots are spaced in such way that the performance of the system beam patterns are maintained, and in which the active elements are phase controlled to provide clutter nulling.
Phased array antennas or transducers are used for many purposes, including radars to detect and track targets, for sonar, for ultrasound and for sensing. A comprehensive description of phased arrays in radar and communication systems appear in a text entitled "Phased Array Antenna Handbook", authored by J. Mailloux, published by Artech House, Boston 1994, and incorporated herein by reference. Those skilled in the art know that antennas are reciprocal devices, and that characteristics of a particular antenna are same in both transmission and reception modes. Ordinarily a description of the operation of an antenna is couched in terms of either transmission or reception, with the other mode understood therefrom.
Those skilled in the art know that each array antenna produces undesired sidelobes in addition to one or more main lobes, and the sidelobes have fixed magnitudes if the antenna elements are uniformly illuminated. The magnitudes of the sidelobes can be controlled by control of the aperture illumination distribution (distribution of currents), but at the expense of loss of the directive gain or power of the antenna.
In addition to their military uses, array antennas are increasingly being used for commercial purposes, such as for airport terminal surveillance systems. An active antenna aperture is defined as one in which each receiving or transmitting element has its own amplifiers, power source, phase shifters and phase controllers, which are often combined into a transmit-receive (T/R or TR) module. The T/R modules of an array antenna may be expensive to manufacture, and the elements of the array may account for about one-third the cost of the radar. Commercial marketability is very price-dependent; any cost reduction is very desirable. Dramatic reductions in the cost and increases in the performance of a radar may be achieved by a) selectively thinning the array, thereby reducing the number of antenna elements and T/R modules, and locating the remaining elements for a given aperture in such a fashion as to reduce the sidelobe level without reducing the output power of each of the T/R modules and b) reducing ground or weather clutter by forming wide radar nulls in selected clutter regions without reducing the transmitted power (phase only control).
An active array antenna for use, for example, in a radar system, includes elemental antennas, each with a T/R module, distributed over a circular aperture. For lowest manufacturing cost, the aperture is thinned, and the thinning is accomplished in a manner which improves the sidelobe levels relative to the fully populated array. The T/R modules are operated at maximum output, to achieve maximum DC-to-RF efficiency, and for simplicity, reliability, and cost reduction. A phase controller controls the phase shift which is imparted by each module to its signal, to form and direct a main beam and its associated sidelobes from the array antenna. A perturbation phase generator adds a perturbation phase shift selected, in conjunction with a particular thinning distribution, to form a relatively wide null in the sidelobe structure in a particular direction. The direction of the null is selected to be one in which signal transduction is to be reduced. In a radar context, this null may be directed toward a source of ground clutter or an active jammer, to reduce the signal transmitted toward the clutter reflector in a transmit mode without reducing the receive gain, or to reduce the clutter signal from the clutter direction in a receive mode, or both. To reduce the computing complexity, the system is based on the minimum-norm method. Hence, the phase perturbations for the null it can be easily implemented in real time.
In addition, "control points" displaced in a particular manner are used to control the depth of the nulls. The number of the control points, and their relative locations, establish the location, width and depth of the resulting null in the radiation pattern.
The preferred embodiment uses antenna elements or T/R modules located on a triangular grid, for improved grating lobe performance when the element spacing exceeds λ/2.
FIG. 1a is a simplified representation of the circular architecture of an array in accordance with the invention, including a plurality of spaced-apart elements, equally spaced on concentric rings, thinned according to an aspect of the invention, and FIG. 1b is a simplified block diagram of a space-feed embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2a is a simplified representation of a typical fully populated array aperture, and FIG. 2b shows the same aperture thinned or space tapered according to the invention;
FIG. 3a is a calculated radiation or directivity pattern of the aperture of FIG. 2c, and FIG. 3b is a corresponding radiation pattern of the thinned array of FIG. 2b; and
FIG. 4a is a "cut" of the radiation pattern of the filled array of FIG. 2a with a broad null created by phase perturbation, and FIG. 4b is a corresponding pattern of the thinned array of FIG. 2b, with a wide null attributable to phase perturbation in accordance with the invention.
In FIG. 1a, a thinned circular antenna array designated generally as 10 includes a front face 12, which accommodates a plurality of elemental antenna elements, some of which are designated 14. The front surface 12 of array antenna 10 may also accommodate a plurality of T/R modules (not illustrated in FIG. 1a), which are connected to antennas 14. The antenna elements 14 of aperture 10 are equally spaced on a plurality of concentric circles, or rings, some of which are designated 15a and 15b.
Those skilled in the art know that the elements of array antennas must be fed with properly phased signals in order to generate the appropriate radiation pattern. In the arrangement of FIG. 1a, the feed is a "space feed" including feed 18. Space feeds are well-known in the art, and are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,115,243, issued May 19, 1992 in the name of Perry et al. The appropriate relative phase at each antenna element is achieved by a combination of relative phase shifts or delays which arise from the phase contour of the wavefront arriving at array 10 from feed 18, and in part by further phase shifts on delays imparted to the various T/R modules by a phase (φ) controller designated 20. Thus, support section 16 of array antenna 10 acts as a controlled lens, to redirect the beam radiated by feed 18.
FIG. 1b is a simplified cross-sectional view of the arrangement of FIG. 1a, illustrating the space feed and some details of a T/R module. As illustrated in FIG. 1b, the space feed includes a plurality of elemental feed antennas 114, each of which is connected, by way of a T/R module 116, to a corresponding one of array elemental antennas 14. Antenna feed 18 includes a radiator, which is illustrated as a horn 118 in FIG. 1b, and also includes a transmit-receive apparatus, illustrated by a mechanical switch symbol 120, connected to a waveform generator 122 for transmit-mode operation, and to a receive signal processing block 124 for receive-mode operation. Processing block 124 performs receive signal processing as known in the art, and as described, for example, in the above-mentioned Perry et al. patent. The processed signal output from block 124 is made available on a signal path 126 to other processors and to displays.
Each Transmit-Receive (T/R) module 116 of FIG. 1b includes a high-power amplifier (HPA) 128, a low-noise amplifier (LNA) 130, both of which are coupled to the corresponding elemental radiating antenna 14 by a circulator 132, which couples transmit signals from the output of HPA 128 to elemental radiating antenna 14 for radiation toward a target, and for coupling signals received from a target to the input of LNA 130. A transmit-receive switching arrangement 140 within T/R module 116 provides essentially the same function to each T/R module that transmit-receive switch 120 provides to the feed, namely switching the signal paths according to the transmit or receive mode of operation of the radar system.
A phase shifter (PS) 152 within each T/R module 116 of FIG. 16 phase shifts the transmitted and received signals by an amount established by phase controller 20. The amount of phase shift is established, according to the invention, in conjunction with the phase contour of the feed 18, and in accordance with the preset thinning of the circular array, to steer or direct the main lobe of the radiated beam of electromagnetic energy in the desired direction, with a sidelobe pattern which includes a broad null at a desired location in the radiation pattern. In general, the location of the null is selected to reduce the amount of energy radiated toward, and/or received from, locations in which "clutter" sources exist. This, in turn, reduces the amplitude of the clutter signals, and imposes a lesser burden on the signal processing to remove or ameliorate the clutter display. As an alternative, the same amount of clutter-removing processing may be used, with additional suppression provided by the null.
Clutter suppression is important for radar generally, as well as for air traffic control radar. Surface clutter from the ground in the lower beams or volume clutter from atmospheric conditions in the higher beams can contribute to an increase in false detection rates.
Clutter rejection by the use of a null, generated as described, below reduces clutter by reducing the amount of power transmitted toward the clutter reflectors, without reducing the gain in the receive mode. The nulling is accomplished by phase-only control, thereby allowing all of the T/R modules to transmit at maximum power, without attenuation. This, in turn, makes for simpler control in the T/R module, and increases the DC-to-RF power conversion efficiency.
FIG. 2a illustrates, for reference, a circular aperture fully populated with a total of 846 elements 14 in sixteen concentric rings of elements. FIG. 2b illustrates the same aperture, but thinned (space tapered) to a population of 556 elements in accordance with the invention. In each ring, the antenna elements remaining in the population are equally spaced from each other, which corresponds to equal angular spacing about the ring.
FIG. 3a illustrates by a plot 310 the theoretical radiation or directivity pattern of the fully populated aperture of FIG. 2a, and FIG. 3b illustrates a radiation pattern 320 of the thinned array of FIG. 2b. Both the radiation patterns of FIGS. 3a and 3b assume that each antenna element radiates the same amount of power as any other antenna element. Those skilled in the art of array synthesis will recognize that the FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b shows the comparison between filled and thinned array respectively. In FIG. 2b, elements or T/R modules are selectively removed and spaced to enhance the performance of the array by an aspect of the present invention. The first sidelobe is 17 dB down from the main lobe or beam in FIG. 3a, while the first sidelobe is about 30 dB down from the main beam in FIG. 3b. FIG. 3b identifies the locations of the "zeroes" or nulls of the radiation pattern as Zi, where Z1, Z2, and Z8 are expressly designated.
According to an aspect of the invention, the thinning of the circular array is accomplished according to the equations: ##EQU1## The above linear equations are solved for the number of elements Nn.sup.Σ in each ring, normalized to the number of elements N1 in the innermost ring, where Nn /N1 =Nn.sup.Σ, located equally spaced on concentric rings of normalized radii rn+1. These elements and their locations are illustrated in FIG. 2b. For example, FIG. 2b shows eight elements for the ring having the first or smallest radius, 14 elements for the second ring, . . . up to forty-six elements in the 16th or outermost ring. It should be noted that J0 represents a Bessel Function of the first kind and of order zero, which can be found in any standard mathematical tables. Further, the location of the sin (θ(i)) of equation (2) corresponds to the zeroes Zi as illustrated in FIG. 3b.
According to as aspect of the invention, a null is established in the directivity pattern of the array in a clutter or jammer direction θ, φ by first (a) selecting a set of control points in its vicinity, as shown in FIG. 4b. The number, locations and relative positions of the control points establish the location, width and depth of the null. The null is then established by (b) computing the phase perturbations to be applied to each element using matrix equation (3):
In equation (3), Φ represents a column matrix, the size of which equals the number of elements in the antenna array, E and B are matrices whose size depend upon the number of control points and number of elements, and are computed using equations (30) and (31) in the perturbation signal generator portion of phase controller 20. These phase perturbations are then applied to the array elements by use of phase controller 20 for forming the desired null to suppress clutter.
Thinning reduces the cost, as known in the art, and as described in the abovementioned Perry et al. patent. The particular thinning described by equation (1) and (2) is selected so that a wide null can be made in the directivity pattern by the phase shifts described in equation (3). In general, a thinned array has not in the past been considered to be a candidate for nulling, because of the computational difficulties, or because the resulting nulls could not be made relatively broad. The above-described combination of thinning and nulling has obvious cost advantages for commercial radars, especially for air traffic control, and for corresponding purposes.
Consider space factor E, in spherical coordinates θ and φ, for N elements on a planar surface, each element having a current distribution of In : ##EQU2## where
αn =sin (θ0) cos (φ0 -φn) (5)
Where θ and φ are the spherical angles, θ0 and φ0 are the steering angles, κ is the wave number, and an is the radial distance from the center of the aperture of radius aN. In equation (4), we set the steering angle be αn =0, but the analysis for an arbitrary steering is equally valid.
For computational purposes we need to work with a set of rings, each having a number of equally spaced elements. The number of elements on each ring is the unknown variables which must be determined for each ring.
Then with M set of rings spaced 1/2λ apart, the aperture is 1/2M units. Equation (4) can be written as ##EQU3## where 2(N1 + . . . +NM =N). In,m is the illumination of the element on the mth ring that has 2Nm elements located equally spaced on the ring. (The factor 2 is for the symmetry needed to form monopulse difference beams.)
To illustrate the basic idea of the thinning procedure, we will reduce the inner sum of equation (6) is reduced to an integral formula. We let the current Inm =Im, i.e., same current for all elements located on mth ring. Let ##EQU4##
After some manipulation it can be seen that the inner sum in equation (8) is an approximation to an integration formula and hence can be replaced by ##EQU5##
Using the integral representation of the Bessel function of the first kind we have ##EQU6##
The above expression is independent of φ, as expected, from the dominant term approximation.
Now consider a representative continuous circular aperture. The space factor is then given by ##EQU7## Where g (p, φ) is the current density and ##EQU8## Now we do the discretization of the above in such a fashion that g (p,φ)pdp, which is proportional to current in the ring of thickness dp, is represented by Nm Using the integral representation of the Bessel function, we have ##EQU9## Direct comparison of the representative aperture and the aperture to be thinned is quite straightforward from equations (10) and (13). The illumination function of the representative aperture corresponds to the number of elements lying on the mth ring, each element having an illumination of unity, which is precisely the problem at hand.
From the above analysis we will now use our reference circular array given by equation (11) to obtain our thinned array.
Consider the synthesis of the reference array as Taylor synthesis, as described, for example in "Design of Circular Aperture for Narrow Beam Width and Low Sidelobes", by T. T. Taylor, published at pp 23-26 in IRE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, January, 1960. Any other comparable synthesis can be used. The Taylor method is well known and for simplicity we shall use the zeroes of Taylor analysis. More refined iteration can be used if more accuracy is desired.
An important basis for the invention is that the aperture to be thinned and the circular aperture as analyzed by Taylor have the same mathematical representation, provided that Taylor's current distribution is equated to the number of elements in each ring of the aperture to be thinned. Using this analogy, we first find the current distribution based upon the Taylor theory which gives a controlled set of sidelobes, and then determine the normalized number of elements on each ring. This deterministic method is distinctly different from the random thinning ordinarily used for antenna arrays.
After the deterministic thinning, the sidelobes are well controlled, and below the levels for a fully populated array. Nulling becomes possible by a small shift in the element phases, as by a perturbation phase generator, known in the art, associated with the phase controller 20 of FIG. 1a and 1b.
The method can be explained as follows: first select or fix M, the number of the rings to be used. Since the rings are spaced half a wavelength apart, M is twice the aperture radius in units of wavelength. Then for the representative aperture select n, the number of sidelobes to be controlled, and the sidelobe power ratio R. R is the ratio of the mainlobe amplitude to the first sidelobe; making R very large causes deterioration (increase in amplitude) of the other sidelobes away from the main beam, because of conservation-of-energy considerations. Thus, pushing down a selected one or ones of the sidelobes results in either widening of the main lobe, which may be undesirable because of resolution, or raising the remaining sidelobes. A is computed from ##EQU10##
As given by Taylor's method for the representative aperture, we define the stretching parameter σ for the near-in zeroes of the pattern for the representative aperture as ##EQU11## The zeroes μ of the radiation pattern are simply given by ##EQU12## and
u(i)=μ(i), i=n, . . . , M (17)
where μ(i) are the zeroes of the first derivative of the Bessel function of order zero and ##EQU13## If the sidelobe ratio R is selected to be very large, then the far sidelobes will deteriorate, i.e. they will become larger relative to the mainlobe. Since far sidelobes are controlled by the total number of elements, an acceptable compromise value of R can be easily selected to keep the RMS value of sidelobes nearly uniform.
Now we sample the main array at the zeroes given above (E(ui)=0), and normalizing with respect to number of elements N1 for the first ring, we obtain the above-mentioned equation (1) to be solved for Nn.sup.Σ, where Nn.sup.Σ =Nn /N1. ##EQU14## where
i=1, . . . M-1;
u.sub.Σ (i) is given by equation (2); and
rn =an /aM.
It should be noted that the maximum number of antenna elements we can have at the first ring is N1 =4πa. Hence, the element set for the thinned array is then given by
Nm =N1 Nm.sup.Σ, m>1 (19)
FIG. 4a represents a two-dimensional "cut" through the radiation pattern of a fully populated aperture as in FIG. 2a, with a wide null in the region of 22� to +40� attributable to phase perturbation, and FIG. 4b represents the corresponding radiation pattern of the thinned array of FIG. 2b, with a null in the +20� to +40� range attributable to phase perturbation in accordance with the invention. Comparison of the peak sidelobe levels of FIGS. 4a and 4b reveals that the thinned array has a peak sidelobe level which is about -30 dB, while the fully populated array has a peak sidelobe level of only -17 dB, which is a 13 dB improvement in the case of the thinned array. Also, the null in the sidelobes, attributable to phase perturbation in accordance with the invention, is about 12 dB below the near-in sidelobes in the case of the thinned array, and about 22 dB in the case of the unperturbed array. The locations of the wide nulls are selected in a direction in φ and θ for removal of ground, jammer or other clutter. The perturbation phases represented by vector Φ having the dimension equal to the number of antenna elements or T/R modules is explicitly given by equation (3)
The space factor for uniformly illuminated elements can be represented by: ##EQU15## where
N=total number of elements
φk are the phases
Tx =sin (θ) cos (φ)
Ty =sin (θ) sin (φ)
For the phase perturbation, we let
ejφ.sbsp.k ≈1+jφk (21)
neglecting the higher order terms. Hence, equation (20) can be written as ##EQU16## Let the nulls to be formed be at Tx i, Ty i, where i=1, . . . , M. Then we have ##EQU17## In general, the number of control points M is much smaller than N. Equation (24) gives M equations for N unknowns, a highly under-determined system. At this point, it is convenient to write equation (24) in matrix form. Hence, define:
Ck i =ejκ(T.sbsp.x.spsp.iX.sbsp.k+T.sbsp.y.spsp.iY.sbsp.k.sup.) (25)
where k=1,2, . . . , N and i=1,2, . . . , M. Let
RCk i =(Ck i) ICk i =ℑ(Ck i) (26)
Hence (23) can be written as ##EQU18## And (24) gives ##EQU19## In matrix form, equations (28) and (29) become
IC,RC are matrices, each of dimension (M�N), with each term given by equation (26);
Φ is an (N�1) matrix; and
IC0,RC0 are matrices of dimension (M�1) where each term is the sum over all the elements for a given clutter or jammer location of equation (26). Combining equations (30) and (31), we have the real set of equations, including the E and B matrices, given by
The E matrix in equation (34) is constructed from the IC and RC submatrices, and the B matrix is constructed from the RC0 and -IC0 matrices, and E is the column matrix (or a vector). For example, for six control points, and N=556 elements in a thinned array, E is 12-by-556, B is 12-by-1, and where E is 556-by-one, i.e. there are 556 unknowns. Usually, solutions require the same number of equations as there are unknowns. In the present case, this is not possible, so a solution is sought which minimizes a cost function. The selected cost function which allows this result is the sum of the squares of the unknown phases with the side constraints to obtain the nulls.
To obtain the minimum-norm solution, we construct a functional corresponding to the norm of the phase vector together with side constraints using Lagrange multipliers. ##EQU20## symbolic minimization of the above gives ##EQU21## Hence,
Φ=E' λ (35)
Using (32) in equation (35), we get
λ=(E E')-1 (B) (36)
Substituting λ of equation (36) into equation (22) gives equation (3)
which is the min-norm solution. It should be noted that inverse in equation (3) is only for a (2M�2M) matrix.
The number of control points and spacing of such control points strongly affects the depth and the angular extent of the null. It was discovered that the spacing can be determined by an analysis similar to the asymptotic analysis described in the abovementioned T. T. Taylor article. As the number of elements of a Dolph-Tchebychoff array is indefinitely increased, the zeroes of the asymptotic space factor can be represented by
where: ##EQU22##
R is the ratio of the sidelobes to the main lobe; and ##EQU23## As n increases, these zeroes must match the asymptotic zeroes of the realistic space factor, as explained by T. T. Taylor, above. Based on the above observation and relating the sidelobe ratio to the null depths ratio, the control spacing can be selected as follows. Define null depth desired in dB, and obtain ##EQU24## where M is a set of control points ##EQU25## where a=aperture. This analysis gives the angular spacing between the nulls and M can be selected depending on the extent of the null desired. It was found that wider notches result in shallower nulls.
Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, the analysis may be performed by other methods equivalent to the described method, which result in the same structure.
Patent Citations
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text:
Ashley Adams
Contact at: (firstname.lastname@example.com)
Author of Winning 7-Card Stud
You Beat the Rake Part II
while back I wrote an article on the rake
in poker. This is the house charge, usually
taken directly from the pot. I promised
a second part, to look at variations in
how the rake is collected. Unfortunately,
as one of my readers reminded me a few
weeks ago, I never got around to writing
that second part of the article. Well,
here it is at long last. I hope it was
worth waiting for.
rake is usually expressed in two ways
- as a percentage of the pot and with
a maximum dollar amount. Hence, it might
be listed as 10% $4.00 maximum, meaning
that 10%, but no more than $4.00, is taken
out of each pot. Both of these figures
are important. If, for example, in a 10%
$4.00 max game the pot is $100 and the
maximum rake is $4.00 then the pot is
not raked at 10% but at 4%.
there are other factors that determine
how significant the rake is that are not
as readily apparent. It's critically important
to know how and when the rake comes out
of the pot. This will often dictate your
strategy - especially at the lower stakes
one casino, for example, in the $1-5 spread
limit game, the rake is 10% with a $4.00
maximum. The rake comes out in one-dollar
increments - when the pot hits $10.00
the house takes a buck. When it hits $20
the house takes the second dollar. Etcetera.
So if the game has a $.50 ante and a $1.00
bring in, the pot is frequently under
$10.00 on Third Street. Accordingly, if
the hand is brought in for $1.00, and
the pot is raised by $5.00 and everyone
folds then there is no rake. The pot won
by the raiser is only $5.00. The house
rakes nothing. The raiser gets it all.
another casino, the exact same $1-5 spread
limit games has exactly the same rake
of 10% with a $4.00 maximum. But the house
takes the rake in $.25 increments: $.25
at $2.50, $.50 at $5.00, $.75 at $7.50,
and $1.00 at $1.00. In that game there
is a steep rake for the raiser - He is
only awarded $4.50 after the rake, 10%
less than in the former game.
might say that those differences aren't
really that significant. Well, you'd be
wrong about that. The difference between
no rake and a 10% rake in a low stakes
games is often the difference between
winning and losing for a session. But
the differences are often even more pronounced.
a third casino the house has the same
10% $4.00 max but they take the first
$2.00 right out of the antes. So in this
game the house rakes $2.00 out of the
initial $5.00 in the pot. The raiser would
win only $3.00. That's a rake of 40%!!!!!
In the third case surely, and in the second
case probably, it rarely makes sense to
attempt an ante steal. The possibility
that someone will call you or re-raise
you with a legitimate hand combined with
the tiny reward if you succeed makes an
ante steal a bad bet. On the other hand,
in the first casino, if the players are
tight enough to fold to an initial raise,
the ante steal is one of the best bets
you can make - since the house takes no
rake whatsoever for your efforts.
are many ways that the rake is varied
-even between casinos that have the same
percentage rake and the same maximum rake.
I've given you those that take place on
Third Street. But here are some examples
of rakes that differ throughout the game.
In some casinos, the higher the stakes
the lower the rake. In Part I of this
article I explained how that is the case
as a percentage of your winnings. But
now I'm talking about rakes that are lower
in absolute dollars. Some casinos actually
take out the money slower as the stakes
go up. In $1-5 and $5/10, for example,
they may take out $1 at every ten dollars
of the pot. But at $10/20 they may not
take out the third dollar until the pot
hits $80 and not take out the fourth until
the pot hits $160. At $20/40 they wait
until the pot is at $120 before they take
the third dollar and $220 before they
take the final fourth dollar.
this is the case, all other factors being
equal, there is an incentive to play the
higher stakes games. They are raked at
significantly less than 10% after the
second dollar comes out. So if the typical
pot is $200 in $20/40 you're only being
raked at 1.5%. That's a far cry from 10%.
Unfortunately, all other factors are rarely
the pots are raked at a lower amount,
the players are usually better and the
games tougher. Similarly, though the absolute
amount that is raked may be less, this
can be at least a little deceiving when
you're considering how much of your winnings
are raked.
what I mean. In the lowest stakes games
of $1-5, if the pot gets to $100 it's
almost certainly going to be a multi-way
affair - often five handed in fact. If
that's the case then the percentage of
the pot that is your money is 20%. If
$4.00 is raked that's 4% of the pot but
5% of your winnings (Since you're only
winning $80 from the pot - having contributed
$20 of it yourself). In a typical $20/40
game, a $100 pot is usually heads up,
meaning that $50 of the pot is your money.
If you win then you're only winning $50
- the rest was yours to begin with. If
the rake is $2.00 that's 2% of the pot
but 4% of your winnings. The difference
between the amount that your winnings
are taxed is not really that much different
between the two games.
and if you're asking why the house would
rake a lower stakes game more steeply
than a higher stakes game the answer is
simple. Because of the slow pace of the
lower stakes games (both because of slow
players and the total number of players
who stay in and require more cards) the
house needs to charge more to make the
same money per hour. They deal more hands
of the higher stakes game so they can
collect less per hand and make the same
amount of money.
The bottom line is that as in many matters
related to poker, the more knowledge you
have before you play the better your ability
to select the right game to play in -
and to use the proper strategy at the
table. Don't make the serious mistake
of thinking that all rakes are the same
or that the rake doesn't matter. Your
wallet will thank you for your knowledge
and discretion.
The Poker Forum.com, all rights reserved
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text:
Sarah Teather became MP for Brent East in September 2003, when she won a landmark by-election on a dramatic swing from the Labour party. She remained the MP for Brent East until the 2010 election when she was re-elected to the new seat of Brent Central with an 13% swing. When elected to Parliament, Sarah was the youngest MP in Britain.
In parliament, Sarah has been a passionate and active advocate for her constituents. She campaigned for better provision of health services locally and against Post Office closures, ID cards, the war in Iraq and for action on the housing crisis and environmental issues. Sarah works closely with local campaign groups, and has a constituency office open to the public every day. She has helped many thousands of local people with their problems, and finds this part of an MP's work particularly rewarding.
When her constituent was held in Guantánamo Bay without charge or trial Sarah led the campaign to bring him justice. She organised a vigil outside Downing Street, visited Washington to lobby US senators, and established the All-party Parliamentary Group on Guantánamo Bay.
Brent Central is said to be the most ethnically diverse constituency in the country, and to communicate better with her constituents Sarah learnt some elementary Gujarati, Hindi and Urdu.
Sarah lives in her constituency in Willesden Green, and enjoys music. Until her appointment as a minister she was a member of the parliament choir and continues to sing soprano with a small group of friends known as the north London Ensemble.
Following the formation of the coalition government Sarah was appointed Minister of State for Children and Families, a position she held until September 2012. During that time she had responsibility for early learning and development, child care and children's centres, special educational needs, disabled children, young carers and child poverty.
Before her election to parliament, Sarah read Natural Sciences at St John's College, Cambridge. She worked in science policy both in the public and private sectors, first at the Royal Society advising the UK government on scientific aspects of public policy, and later at a science policy consultancy, evaluating public policies on science and innovation for governments across Europe. Immediately before her election Sarah was working as a health and social policy analyst for Macmillan Cancer Relief.
Spokesperson for Health (2003-04); Spokesperson on London (2004-05); Spokesperson for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2005); Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills (2006); Shadow Secretary of State for Innovation, Universities and Skills (2007); Shadow Secretary of State for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform (2007 - 2008); Shadow Minister for Housing (2008 - 2010); Minister of State for Children and Families (2010 - 2012)


text:
More than 200 people with bipolar getting help in Cornwall
Posted: February 17, 2014|
More than 200 people in Cornwall who suffer from the mental health condition of bipolar are getting help at groups across the county.
Bipolar - previously known as manic depression - describes people whose emotional states can swing from one extreme to the other.
Truro City Football Club supporters raised £300 for the charity which runs the support groups.
Fiona Cooper, national development manager with Bipolar UK, was in Cornwall last week to raise awareness of the work being carried out and the help that is available to people with the condition.
She said: "We support anybody affected by bipolar and the statistics show that is as many as 1 in 100 people.
"I think it's hard to access services somewhere like Cornwall and because of the stigma attached to mental health people are less likely to access services where they are more likely to bump into people they know."
Bi-polar increases the risk of suicide by 20 times and the World Health Organisation has identified bipolar as one of the top causes of lost years of life and health in 15 to 44-year-olds.
The annual cost to the NHS in England of treating bi-polar is approximately £342 million with 60 per cent of that figure accounted for by hospitalisation.
Mrs Cooper said the first obstacle for people getting treatment for bipolar was getting a diagnosis.
She said: "When you are feeling low you're less likely to go and see a doctor and when you are manic you feel like you can rule the world.
"You have to accept your diagnosis and work with the diagnosis. If you get to know your triggers then you can alleviate them and recognise when your mood is shifting and then you can do something about it."
Paul Symon, who collected the cheque from Truro City Football Club, has suffered from bipolar since he was 14 years old.
He is now 53 and was finally diagnosed with bi-polar in 2009.
He said: "You can imagine what that has done to my life, my employment and my relationships. If it's not treated properly it can wreck lives."
Bipolar support groups meet at the Newquay Centre on St Michael's Road, Newquay on second Monday of every month at 4pm, at the Stuart House Trust on Barras Street in Liskeard at 1pm on the fourth Tuesday of every month and at the Healing Star on Causewayhead, Penzance at 2pm on the third Wednesday of every month.


text:
Amazing '72 streetrod style Chevy Cheyenne. Clean everywhere, beautiful interior. Viper red according to the interview.
He also mentions that he initially started the build with the idea of racing it but since it turned out so nice he couldn't do it. I'm not usually a fan of the fat tires in the rear but this truck looks great, really classy. This Chevy could pass as just your typical lowered truck until it takes off. Lot's of cool features, take a look at the video.
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text:
Woman claimed £55,000 benefits not knowing she owned a holiday home in Spain
Posted: August 29, 2014|
A WOMAN who swindled £55,000 in benefits has been spared jail – after claiming she had no idea she owned a holiday home in Spain.Donna Tithecott became co-owner of the villa thanks to a "five minute" marriage, a court heard.Despite owning three properties in Spain, the 51-year-old is now in ill health, surviving on £40 a week in benefits and relying on food parcels sent by her family, a judge was told.In what was described as an "unusual" case, Tithecott will repay the cash she swindled at a rate that will take her 130 years to clear.She escaped with a suspended jail sentence after a judge ruled she had never visited the house or enjoyed any financial benefit from owning it.
The 51-year-old became the co-owner of the £94,000 villa when it was bought by her financier husband during a bizarre and short marriage in which they almost never saw each other and lived on different continents. Tithecott, from Lifton, in West Devon, received £55,000 in means tested benefits over nine years which she would not have been entitled to if she had declared on official forms she owned a share in the property. She is now in poor health and in need of full-time care and living off benefits of just £40 a week which are so meagre her family have to send her food parcels. She sobbed in the dock at Exeter Crown Court when she was told she will not have to serve an immediate jail sentence. Tithecott, of Diana Close, Broadwoodwidger, denied seven counts of benefit fraud but was convicted by a jury at Plymouth Crown Court earlier this month. She was jailed for nine months, suspended for two years by Judge Graham Cottle, sitting at Exeter. He told her: "This is a most unusual case.
"It arose from your marriage to your husband which did not last any length of time at all.
"It lasted five minutes and you never lived together. "He lived and worked abroad almost all the time and acquired the property in Spain by borrowing to the hilt against a property in Cornwall. "You contributed nothing towards it but your name was put on the Spanish title deeds, so you were the co-owner.
"You paid nothing towards it and expected nothing from it. "You are in poor health and need a full-time carer and the circumstances are exceptional because you received no real benefit from this house during those years." He set a timetable under the Proceeds of Crime Act but said getting any money out of the house would be complicated because there was unlikely to be any equity and it could not be sold without the consent of Tithecott's now ex-husband. Sarah Vince, prosecuting, said Tithecott claimed housing and council tax benefits, income support and Employment and Support Allowance without declaring her interest in the house, which would have affected her eligibility. The property, called Casa de Jordan, was bought in 2004 for 45,000 Euros and is now worth around 111,000, roughly £94,000.
There were also two further properties bought but these were derelict farm buildings of nominal value. Miss Vince said at present £7.50 a week is being deducted from benefits, meaning it will take 130 years to repay the money at current rates. Paul Grumbar, defending, said Tithecott still maintains she never knew about the house or her share in it and all the financial arrangements had been made by her ex-husband, who has always lived and worked abroad. He said she was in very poor health and living in penury.
"She has £40 a week to live on and receives food parcels from her sister," Mr Grumbar told the court.
"She is a very miserable lady indeed."


text:
Any delis of Zingerman's caliber???
- d
- David Ozharov
When I attended the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, everybody raved about Zingerman's Delicatessan and how it was the closest thing the Midwest had to a real New York deli. Imagine my surprise upon moving to NYC years later unable to find any delis that hold a candle to Zingerman's. Don't get me wrong, the delis here are great if you're looking for standard stuff like corned beef and chopped liver, but Zingerman's had a vast array of vegetarian sandwiches as well. Most of the delis I've encountered here are either Midtown tourist places that try to compensate for their shortcomings with staggering amounts of meat, or neighborhood convenience stores akin to gas station restaurants. I can't believe NYC doesn't have any decent gourmet delis.... Please help!
i think there is a logic break going on here. the problem is comparing ZINGERMANS to a nyc deli---as you can see it's not! What it is is a super theme park style deli on steriods. this is something the midwest excels at, like big-box grocery stores & supersize new car lots. and they do it well, ZINGERMANS is great, you can load your car up on stuff there. however, to answer your question more directly, try GOOD FOOD DELI @ bleecker & 8th ave.,they have all those tasty sandwiches and stuff.
btw, i hear ZINGERMANS is a copy of a deli in chicago, i don't recall the name. that suprized me i thought it was such an original idea. on the other hand, the concept is so popular that there is a copy of it in columbus called KATZINGERS.
re: mrnyc
Another UM alum, and I third the motion. However, I have found a couple places in Manhattan with comparable sandwiches: Grey Dog's Coffee on Carmine @Bleeker in the Village is obviously owned by a fellow Wolverine, and Zigolini's down in the Wall Street district has excellent sandwiches (order the "Eric" on sourdough and grilled, best georgia reuben in town).
I do, however, want to set the record straight w/r/t Katzingers Deli in Columbus: The two families that started Zingermans and Katzingers are old friends, and opened similar delis as a (somewhat) joint endeavor. Katzingers is not merely a "copy" of Zingermans.
re: go4blue
just curious......what is a georgia reuben???
re: Cpalms
From the Spring 1995 (Issue #128) Zingerman's menu and newsletter:
#18 Georgia Rueben $7.75
Turkey breast, switzerland swiss cheese, coleslaw, russian dressing on grilled rye bread.
re: go4blue
i did not realize that KATZINGERS and ZINGERMANS started at the same time, i always assumed it was a copy, thanks for the scoop. fyi i am not a UM alum (BGSU), but spent at lot of time in aa/detroit and later lived in columbus a few years. so, i have been to both deli's often, although some years back now. my question for you or anyone is, what is the name of the original chicago deli both of these famed midwest sandwich shops were inspired from? does anyone know?
also, i second your nyc sandwich shop suggestions, but one made me lol on a side note---GREY DOG. it must be run by UM alums! i always thought this place and it's clientele reminded me of ann arbor. btw, guess which spot nearby is run by ohio state alums---CALIENTE CAB CO., says a lot about the two schools, no :)?
re: mrnyc
The Caliente Cab Co is owned by OSU alumni? You sure about that? If so, I'm taking my business there. (Figures a Mich man would talk about "real deli" with meat and cheese on the same sandwich!!!)
Does Caliente Cab still have 2 locations, one on Bleecker and the other near NYU dorms on Waverly?
re: go4blue
My partner Ari Weinzweig and I opened Zingerman's in March of 1982. Katzinger's opened up a couple of years later. It was not a joint venture. We had previously worked with Steve Warren, the owner of Katzinger's. We allowed him to work with us in advance of opening his Deli in Ohio.
firstly, i commend you on your bravery to post on this board you can't find a deli here as good as one in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
As a fellow UM alum, I concur with your bold statement, albeit in a qualfied fashion...I agree that the sandwiches (including those pastrami, corned beef, chopped liver based) at zingermans are far better than anything i've had in manhattan. i'm talking quality and flavor of meat, cheese and bread combined.
however, in terms of non-sandwich deli items a la smoked fish, knish, various pickle products, etc...the better delis here in manhattan (barney greengrass, katz's, etc) blow zingerman's away.
in the end, i would heartily agree there is no SANDWICH SHOP in manhattan which holds a candle to zingerman's.
re: FattailS
I, too, am a UM alum--and I put my support to your and Dave O's statements, though I think in your post you don't credit sufficiently Zingerman's vast array of condiments --mustards from around the world, condiments of every sort. And, of course, it has one of the best bread bakeries in the U.S.
re: berkleybabe
.not to mention the best mail-order catalog anywhere. Food porn! I love the smoked Spanish paprika and the Marash red pepper.
re: berkleybabe
Bethany, is that you?
Thank y'all for the suggestions. Incidentally, Second Avenue Deli is my favorite one here. I can think of no better place for chopped liver. But if I'm looking for a smoked turkey sandwich with gouda and honey mustard, it's obviously not the place to go.
re: berkleybabe
Hi - David--in answer to your question, no, I'm not Bethany. (But thanks for asking! There must be something about me, I'm often mistaken for other people's cousins or friends' sisters --go figure.) I love Zingerman's just for the bread alone--glad we can get it locally (Detroit area) now.
re: FattailS
We now interrupt this chow discussion for a technical note!
While in many internet discussions it's standard practice to communicate via message titles (e.g. "here here"), that doesn't work for our particular set-up. So...please leave the subject title alone unless the topic of conversation has drifted, and do all your communicating via the body of your message.
re: Jim Leff
I know we're a bit off the topic - but would you explain why it does not work here? I always like when people change subject names and you can decide where or where not to pick up the thread. Thanks.
re: Jason W.
Fair question. But it IS off topic. It would have been best to post this question on our Site Talk board (where we handle all tech questions and site-related issues).
I'll answer there....look for the thread titled "Why Shouldn't We Communicate Via Subject Titles?"
re: FattailS
excuse me: quality of meat, CHEESE and bread combined? Hello, a real deli does not do that combo.
re: Bill Lukashok
you mean to tell me that any shop serving a sandwich containing meat and cheese is not a 'real' deli?
if so, please continue to exist quietly in your small world.
re: FattailS
Perhaps because many New York delis are Kosher, which strictly prohibits the mixing of meat and milk products?
re: Josh Lichtman
I am struggling with the question. I am sure that there are delis of Zingerman's caliber somewhere in NYC. The question you have to ask, though, is why, with some of the only good delis left on the planet, would you want to find something like Zingermans in NYC? The whole point of being in NYC is that you can eat real deli, unlike virtually anywhere else, including the entire state of Michigan.
As I have elsewhere noted, since Abe died, the Second Avenue Deli does not consistantly produce the finest deli on the planet. However, on most days you can find out what a corned beef or pastrami sandwich was meant to taste like in God's grand design. As for vegetable delli sandwiches, I don't know how to answer that. It's not quite as bad a question as "what is the best mayo for a pastrami sandwich" but it is similarly oxymoronic.
Go to the Second Avenue Deli at a busy time of day and enjoy.
re: Bill Lukashok
"As for vegetable delli sandwiches, I don't know how to answer that. It's not quite as bad a question as "what is the best mayo for a pastrami sandwich" but it is similarly oxymoronic.
I wholeheartedly concur and I'm a vegetarian. There's a universe of vegetarian options available to my ilk here in NYC but sandwiches in kosher and kosher-style delis don't inhabit it and I'm perfectly comfortable with that. If a friend wants to eat at Katz's, I nurse a Cel-Ray during the meal, possibly in tandem with a knish.
NYC delis are what they are and I love them for it. I just wish more of them had survived--there used to be so many and not once during my meat-eating youth did I have a less-than-wonderful meal in any of those I frequented, both kosher and non-kosher.
I agree that Zingerman's can't be beat for sandwiches (I'm also a UM alum), but Grey Dog does come as close as you can get in Manhattan. And, the atmosphere takes you back to those collegiate days. But, for the recent grads, tell me this...what do you think is in the Ann Arbor-style chipati sauce? I'd like to try to make it at home.
You like Deli food in NYC? Go to Katz Delicatessen at 205 E Houston St (corner Ludlow). As much as I used to like deli-food, I now stay away from sodium nitrite. I make my own sandwiches using cold-cuts without the preservatives. Whole Foods have all those cuts. Learn to eat healthy.


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Building a better training system
Australia's Vocational Education and Training (VET) system needs reform. The Australian Government is overhauling the skills and training system, with a package of reforms that elevate trades and vocational education to the centre of Australia's economy and puts the focus squarely on ensuring Australian workers are highly skilled and job-ready.
The VET Reform Taskforce has been established to develop and progress agreed reforms. Read the news to keep across the latest announcements.
The six objectives for VET reform
The Council of Australian Governments' Industry and Skills Council has agreed to six objectives for the VET system. The objectives will shape VET reform to support the current and future skills needs of Australian businesses.
Have your say
To contribute to VET reform, email the VET Reform Taskforce at email@example.com.
Engage in discussions about VET reform by joining the VET Reform LinkedIn Group, or register to receive updates.
Join the VET reform LinkedIn groupRegister for VET reform updates
Minister's Media Centre
Visit the Assistant Minister for Education and Training, Senator the Hon Simon Birmingham's Media Centre for all media releases, speeches and interview transcripts.
Global Skills Training Forum 19 May
Stakeholder Engagements
Jan to Feb 2015
Nov to Dec 2014


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Free iPad air
The iPad air was announced by Apple on November 23, 2013. It was the sixth generation tablet introduced by Apple, but did you know you can get yourself a Free iPad air without paying a single penny!
So how can you get a Free iPad air you are thinking? It is simple, we have teamed up with Xpango who are the biggest freebies website that have delivered over 500,000 gadgets worldwide, and best of all for free! All you must do is complete 1 offer from a reputable company…. it is actually as simple as that.
The question I ask to you is:
Would you complete 1 promotional offer…
…..Which will contribute to getting your free iPad air?
(I am hoping you said YES! because that is all you must do… easy as that.)
To get your Free iPad air you have to complete a free trial offer. There are a wide range of offer's from a number of companies you can complete a offer with, to name a few companies their is HSBC, LOVEFiLM, Tesco, Wal-mart and that is ust to name a few. All you must do is complete one of these offer's from these reputable compnaies and they will pay towards your free iPad air, it is a simple process. The company as a potential customer therefore they pay Xpango commission and with that money they keep 10% and the rest is used to pay towards your free iPad air!
What is the best offer to complete to get my free iPad air?
There are a wide range of offer's you can complete in order to get yourself a Free iPad air. The offer I would recommend to U.K customers is the LOVEFiLM offer. This offer is a free offer where you signup to the 14 day free trial and you MUST place a order for one DVD in order for the offer to be approved, it's simple as that!
If you are from the USA/Canada or another country don't worry their are dozens of other offer's that I would recommend. The fastest tracking and best offer would be the Little bid tasty offer, to complete this offer you must deposit £10 and place a cash bid, it's really that easy, and that will contribute towards your free iPad air!
Great so now you have completed your offer to get your iPad air, the offer will take 14 days to be approved, but usually takes 3 days. Once it has been approved hit the "place order" button and your brand new Apple iPad air will be delivered directly to your front porch, and the best thing is it will be for FREE! I promise you will not have to pay a single cent and all your friends and family will want to get in the act and grab their own iPad air! If you do not want a iPad air you can get a free iPhone 5s or maybe a PS4. Do not wait click here to sign up now! Sign up now!.


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Star Trek Cookie CuttersPosted by T'Bonz - 14/09/12 at 11:09 am
With the holidays fast approaching, a new Star Trek product might make a good gift for someone who likes to bake cookies.
A set of five Star Trek-themed cookie cutters is being offered by Think Geek.
The officially licensed series of five cookie cutters includes the symbols of the Federation and the Klingon Empire, the USS Enterprise, a phaser and a "Live long and prosper" hand.
The set sells for $19.99 and may be ordered here.
Source: ThinkGeek
Tags: Cookie Cutters, ThinkGeek


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Well, this is strange, but here goes - After installing the iso that I ripped with usbloader-gx with DMToolbox it still didn't work. Same apploader error.
So I decided to just delete that iso and start again. I used usbloader-gx to install the game again, and now the dios mios screen comes up and the game plays - as long as the original disc is in, that is. I swapped the disc just to see what happened and it just played whatever gamecube game I popped in. I turned on the no disc option and it told me that I needed 2.2 update 2 for that to work, even though I have 2.6+.
The way it upzipped, it acted like it was something that was already installed. The file it couldn't find was libeay32.dll, and I quickly found that on my HD and just popped it into the folder with DMTools.
The download that came with DMLite had all corrupted files in it, or at least my system (Winxp) didn't like them. It said they weren't valid 32bit files...


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Jim VandeHei, co-founder and executive editor of Politico, is today's GUEST PLAYBOOKER:
DRIVING THE WEEKEND: McCain ads: silly or smart? The race war predictably rages on...Bob HERBERT sees evil in the ads...pollsters grapple with the race equation...With lights out, GOP snags spotlight...jobs and jabs...Is McCain finally finding a message?...Or just plain mean?
You can bet there will be tons of talk on the Sunday shows about McCain's twin ads: first the Britney Spears video and then "The One," which the NYT's Kate Phillips describes this way:
"The heavens part in this new Web ad, which wraps Mr. Obama's words around the emerging meme among Republicans (and even Senator Hillary Rodham Clinton when she talked about the 'celestial choirs') that the presumptive Democratic nominee is the 'anointed' one, and mocks him with a parting of the seas by Moses."
Republicans seem pretty divided by the silliness of the ads, especially with the all the sobering news surrounding this election. But they also feel McCain has been clobbered for many weeks now, and they will take what they can get.
What McCain got this week was tons of exposure -- much of it because all of us pounced on these campaign ads and touted 'em for free. As POLITICO's J-Mart points out:
"Beating out all the semi-porn videos and some Miley Cyrus riff, John McCain's 'Celeb' ad was the most viewed video on YouTube this week.
"The tally as of Friday at 4:15: 1,271,140 views.
"And one can only imagine how many more people saw it on cable and network TV."
The PR bounce wasn't cost-free, according to TPM's Greg Sargent.
"Evan Tracey, who tracks national ad buys for the Campaign Media Analysis Group, tells us that McCain is spending over $140,000 a day to run the spot. That accounts for roughly a third of his current overall TV ad spending, Tracey says.
The ad is running in McCain's 11 target states, … so it's not a huge buy when spread across all those states, though it's certainly not insignificant.
"McCain's 11 target states are Colorado, Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wisconsin."
Seems like a pretty successful buy. Not clear yet how much McCain will spend on "The One."
The Gallup tracking poll also showed an uptick of McCain: tied on Friday.
That said, the Obama camp is convinced - and it may be right - that McCain only damages its image long-term with ads like these. They seem content, for now, to savor more substantive victories such as PR for Obama's new plan to give struggling voters new assistance with high energy costs (vacationing Mike Allen was up first with the story yesterday morning and DRUDGE gave it a good ride for much of the day).
The NYT's COOPER looks at the Obama camp's delicate balance on race.
"As Mr. Obama carefully addressed the issue on Friday, his campaign's formidable network of grass-roots activists, and the Web sites crafted to give them 'talking points' to carry into battle against Republicans, remained uncharacteristically quiet on the matter, even though the issue dominated political blogs for a second straight day.
"David Plouffe, the campaign manager, talked briefly, and not too eagerly, about it. And the campaign's chief strategist, David Axelrod, blamed the Republicans for misconstruing Mr. Obama's words as an attack, and quickly moved on."
WASHPOST's Weisman and Murray report was the subtext - and sometimes the chief distraction - on the campaign trail Friday.
"Yesterday showed how hard it will be for both to avoid the issue now that it has burst into the public sphere. Obama was heckled in St. Petersburg by black nationalists who accused him of not doing enough for the African American community. In Florida's Panhandle, McCain faced a barrage of questions from reporters and asserted that he is not running a negative campaign 'in the slightest,' even as his aides launched their latest online attack ad mocking Obama as a candidate with a messiah complex."
The balance transcends rhetoric. As the AP points out, Obama opposed offering "reparations to the descendants of slaves, putting him at odds with some black groups and leaders."
"The man with a serious chance to become the nation's first black president argues that government should instead combat the legacy of slavery by improving schools, health care and the economy for all."
This position does not sit well with the NAACP and many Democratic lawmakers.
NYT's Bob Herbert accuses McCain of a nasty style of race-baiting.
"Now, from the hapless but increasingly venomous McCain campaign, comes the slimy Britney Spears and Paris Hilton ad. The two highly sexualized women (both notorious for displaying themselves to the paparazzi while not wearing underwear) are shown briefly and incongruously at the beginning of a commercial critical of Mr. Obama."
"The Republican National Committee targeted Harold Ford with a similarly disgusting ad in 2006 when Mr. Ford, then a congressman, was running a strong race for a U.S. Senate seat in Tennessee. The ad, which the committee described as a parody, showed a scantily clad woman whispering, 'Harold, call me.' …
"The racial fantasy factor in this presidential campaign is out of control. It was at work in that New Yorker cover that caused such a stir. (Mr. Obama in Muslim garb with the American flag burning in the fireplace.) It's driving the idea that Barack Obama is somehow presumptuous, too arrogant, too big for his britches — a man who obviously does not know his place."
Tad Devine, speaking to the WASHPOST, says it's imperative Obama push back (on the race topic).
"Race is a central fact in the campaign. I think it's inescapable," said Tad Devine, a strategist for Sen. John Kerry's campaign in 2004. "It's smart to push back and push back hard. He's got to make sure that people's antennae are up and that the McCain camp cannot be allowed to send messages to people who are receptive to those messages."
The WSJ has a terrific piece on the racial dimensions of presidential polling this time around.
"Peter Hart, a Democrat on a bipartisan team conducting the Wall Street Journal/NBC News poll, estimates that 10% of current Democrats and independents who say they support presumed Democratic Party nominee Barack Obama may not be giving a fully honest answer, at least based on their responses to broader questions about race. 'This election is exceptionally tricky,' he says.
"While most political pollsters say they don't find large numbers of people lying on polls, they are taking extra precautions. At CBS, pollster Kathleen A. Frankovic says she will ask voters whether they think most people they know would vote for a black candidate -- an indirect way to fish for racial bias. John Zogby, president of the polling firm Zogby International, is asking white respondents whether they have ever been to a dinner party where a black person was present. It only takes a handful of people hiding their true opinion to skew poll results, he says: "A small number can loom large."
WASH POST ombudsman Deb Howell takes her paper to task for its heavy Obama coverage:
"Barack Obama may be only eight points ahead of John McCain in the latest Washington Post-ABC News poll, but he's creaming McCain in the number of pictures and stories published in The Post in the past two months."
"What we found: 122 photos of Obama have been published in the paper during that time to 78 for McCain, counting tiny to big. Most of those photos ran inside the paper; most on the politics page. The Page 1 photos are closer: Obama had nine to McCain's seven. Five of Obama's were above the fold; McCain had four. Obama also got more color photos, 72 to 49, and more large photos -- mostly those that spanned three or more columns, 30 to 10."
462,000 jobs lost this year
$482 BILLION deficit projected for next year
$1,000 "emergency energy rebate" proposed by Obama yesterday for immediate distribution
WSJ: "The U.S. unemployment rate in July hit a four-year high and job losses continued for the seventh consecutive month, raising concerns about the economy's prospects in coming months. 'Consumers are nervous about job security and income and household wealth,' a troubling sign because consumer spending represents more than two-thirds of the U.S. economy, said Bernard Baumohl, managing director of the Economic Outlook Group in Princeton, N.J. 'If there's no improvement in labor markets, there's nothing to make people go out and spend. ... That's why I'm very pessimistic about the second half of the year.'"
One bit of upbeat news? PAULSON says stimulus bill was a success.
That seems to be the consensus. But with the deficit projected to soar next year ($482 BILLION for those keeping score at home), it's doubtful Congress will keep pouring cash into the economy to prop it up.
There also seems to be a consensus that Democrats will be armed with much bigger majorities in the House and Senate next year - and facing even bigger economic troubles as foreclosures, unemployment and pessimism continue to rise.
It is depressing to read through the business pages, but essential for political reporters these days. It helps explain the dynamics of individual states and the overall mood of voters.
The NYT, for instance, explains why Michiganders will remain in a funk.
FORD AND GM "have undergone major revampings in recent years, yet they continue to post huge losses. And even as they burn through their cash reserves and slash more costs to stay afloat, the future looks tenuous...Neither company appears in immediate danger of failure. But analysts say Detroit is in a race against time."
Then there is Florida. It has not been lost on the campaigns that support for offshore drilling is on the rise as fuel costs are crushing tourism and other businesses.
AP: "Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama said Friday he would be willing to support limited additional offshore oil drilling if that's what it takes to enact a comprehensive policy to foster fuel-efficient autos and develop alternate energy sources.
"Shifting from his previous opposition to expanded offshore drilling, the Illinois senator told [The Palm Beach Post] he could back a compromise with Republicans and oil companies to prevent gridlock over energy."
The WSJ is the latest news source to look at the new, more controlled McCain: fewer improvisational moments with the press, etc.
"It may be working. After days on the defensive, the McCain campaign drove the political news this week with provocative messages -- a new television ad on Wednesday that compared Democratic rival Sen. Barack Obama to celebrities like Britney Spears and, on Thursday, Sen. McCain's declaration that Sen. Obama was playing the 'race card.' Regardless of the substance of these approaches, the campaign succeeded in getting its message heard above the week's political din."
HUFFPOST's Sam Stein says he has empirical evidence that McCain is getting nasty.
"There is no doubt: in the past few weeks John McCain has made a conscious decision to run a negative, personalized campaign against Barack Obama. A campaign that was once focused on pushing the biographic attributes of its own candidate has now become almost uniquely intent on tearing down the opponent.
"This reading is objective. In the past month, the McCain campaign has launched ten web and television advertisements. The first two spots were almost entirely devoted to McCain. The last eight contained only three brief mentions of the Arizona Republican. Indeed, of the 16 minutes and 35 seconds of space that these eight ads filled, 14 minutes and three seconds were spent focused on or discussing Barack Obama. The Illinois Democrat was criticized on everything from high gas prices and snubbing the troops, to egomania. There was, of course, an eight-minute web ad debunking Obama's consistency on the Iraq War. But even if that spot is removed from the equation, the Obama-to-McCain ratio of ad focus is still almost two-to-one."
TUBE TALK -- "Jack Reed Says McCain Camp Injected Race Issue Into Campaign," By Ken Fireman: "Senator Jack Reed [D-R.I.] said it was Republican candidate John McCain who injected race into the presidential campaign and is stooping to negative tactics out of fear he can't win the election any other way. 'This is something that Senator McCain's side initiated,' Reed, a close ally of Democratic candidate Barack Obama, said in an interview on Bloomberg Television's 'Political Capital with Al Hunt' ... .
"Reed said McCain television spots comparing Obama to celebrities Britney Spears and Paris Hilton were in keeping with harsh Republican tactics in recent campaigns and reflected a belief that only such methods could deliver victory. 'Senator McCain has decided, I think, the only way he can win is to negatively attack Senator Obama, not talk about the issues,' Reed said. 'We've seen over the last several cycles that this has been the staple of Republican campaigning.'"
TOMORROW'S SHOWS, via AP:
ABC's "This Week" — House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., and former Gov. Tom Ridge, R-Pa.; David Gergen, former White House adviser.
CBS' "Face the Nation" — Former Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin; Carly Fiorina, adviser to John McCain's campaign.
NBC's "Meet the Press" — Sens. John Kerry, D-Mass., and Joe Lieberman, I-Conn.
CNN's "Late Edition" — Sen. Claire McCaskill, D-Mo.; former Rep. Rob Portman, R-Ohio; Kenneth Blackwell, former Ohio secretary of state; Ron Kirk, former Dallas mayor; Maj. Gen. Mark Hertling, the commander of U.S. forces in northern Iraq; Tzipi Livni, Israeli foreign minister; James K. Glassman, undersecretary of state for public diplomacy and public affairs; Laura Tyson, adviser to Barack Obama; Nancy Pfotenhauer, adviser to McCain.
"Fox News Sunday" — Sen. Lindsey Graham, R-S.C., and former Sen. Tom Daschle, D-S.D.; Ashley Judd, actress.
I'm hoping that Senator McCain isn't serious about these ads, because "straight talk" just went out the window. This sort of nonsense does the most unpatriotic thing I've seen in politics so far. Senator McCain's commericals contradict his entire campaign to stay above the fray. He designates an Obama win as traitorous to our country, despite the real fact that America (whatever percentage) may actually want Obama. As an in-the-middle, I lost whatever respect I had for McCain in the past week.
The MSM obviously wants the public to think the race is tied otherwise people wouldn't tune in to network/cable news. Could you imagine the hysteria that would ensue if it was determined that OBAMA called his wife a c...? If Obama screwed up the timing of the surge vs. Anbhar awakening do you think the press would sweep it under the rug like they did for McYawn?
The press is obviously giving McSneer a pass so that there's a political conversation among Americans this summer. If the press wasn't putting lipstick on McSnore, the poll numbers would laughably be in Obama's favor.
McCAINS UPPITY NEGRO STRATEGY --- Perhaps, I am blessed more than many African Americans to have a few genuine friends and professional associates throughout my life, who also happen to be White and genuinely believe in keeping it real. Clarity, honesty and integrity are our codes. This is the basis of our friendship and association over the last 30-plus years. Most often they are as disgusted as I am when breaking it down, making it plain and keeping it totally real about what certain other Whites and Blacks really mean when they speak.
However, when it comes to numerous other Blacks and Whites in the new millennium, speaking and thinking in deceptive social codes is as much a practice and art now as it was when I was born 55 years ago. "Uppity Negro" has been replaced with "elitist" or "arrogant" and even "articulate" and "persuasive" to the point of being accused a "celebrity." The vocabulary on America's race cards no longer has an obvious face or denomination.
So, let's keep it real. How many of us would vote for a presidential candidate who was not confident, disciplined, articulate, focused, persuasive, aggressive, knowledgeable, honest, likeably well known and directed about leading and governing a nation of over 300 million people. If elitist still basically means being one of the best and most skilled members of a group, then I'm not necessarily electing for President the guy or gal who can best guzzle a beer or latte with me.
Predictably, despite his "straight talk" about taking the high road, Senator John McCain and his unbridled surrogates attempt to roll the remaining voters who are still drunk on the drink of low expectations, distraction and dumbed-down comprehension. It's the most pitiful and desperate form of campaigning for one of the most dignified responsibilities in the world. It is also behavior, and schoolyard rhetoric, most unbecoming of someone purported and hyped to be the straight talking officer and a gentleman.
In Senator Barack Obama's quest to become commander in chief, he must not allow himself to be rope-a-doped into responses that diminish his presidential aspirations. As Mr. McCain and his unbridled GOP operatives rely on the first paragraph of their one-page campaign playbook, Obama must not allow the dignity of the office he seeks to be defined by the games and people that are in front of it. Let's see who does the most substantive solution oriented talking about the real issues that matter to all of us. The McCain game of passive-aggressive distractions is best won by not playing it.
In the end, the common conscious and spirit of diverse Americans will determine who is the best soldier for the bigger battles to come after Election Day. That determination will be made based on who fought fairly and best, as well as with integrity, to represent us before the world, and as a truer and better reflection of ourselves. --- firstname.lastname@example.com
The McCain ads are fantastic! Worthy of Pollie's. Those boring "I'm a great American" ads get no coverage. McCain is using humor to highlight important points about Obama and his campaign. Obama whining about McCain's ads just reveal his jealousy.
Please get over yourself! Because he's black and an elitess - he's a victim of uppity negroe strategy? That would be the same as saying John Kerry or Ted Kennedy are victims of uppity caucasian strategy. Why is every criticism of Senator Obama refuted as being cased in racism? I'm not voting for him because his ideas are 180 degrees from mine. I wouldn't vote (and haven't) for Kerry or Kennedy FOR THE SAME REASON.
GM and Ford have both announced new incentive programs to move their inventories of giant autos. If you buy an Escalade or an Expedition, you will get a free horse trailer and horse, 'in the event you run out of gas, or for those days when you just want to 'Go Green''.
Our Auto Guys, they're trying hard.
There is no question that rotten dirty ads work. Carl Rove is a master at being a dirty rotten human being. It also appears that McCain has taken up his mantra and therefore the ads will work. This is still a racist nation - I mean that as fact neither for or against. For that reason Obama Will lose.
Obama not ready to be president, wants to be in politics but cannot take the heat always crying. As soon as he is ask what have you done for the black community ? He answers by throwing him under the BUS. If you cannot ask him now, you will not dare ask him once he becomes president. He is 100 per cent sure he will be president. Hold on Obama, he was trying to get on the bus, not under the BUS. SHAME ON YOU FOR BEING DISRESPECTFUL TO YOUR LIKE;Y VOTER.
Obama said on T.V he was beat this week. No reason to being disrespectful and embarrassed the poor guy he asked Obama, what have you done for the black community? With all those wonderful speeches Obama has done he did not have an answer. He just told him he had address that at another time pretty much told him if that was not sufficient to vote for someone else or run for Presiden himself. Obama is cocky and arrogance. So MCCAIN got you beat this week, don't lose your balance MCCAIN is just warming up. Its about time MCAIN started to defend himself it was actually funny.
Mccain mocks the age issue so it will not hurt as much when it used .Obama mocks the race issue in the same way. For Mccain to call Obama out on this is nuts. Mcain should be called out for using the age card if thats the case. The RNC.Fox News and yes Mccain are injecting race into this election. What about the Texas RNC buttons: If Obama wins the White House can it still be called the White House? Every day on Fox News the race card is used from showing a pitcure of Michelle Obama with the caption : Whos your babys mama? Bill OReily says he will get a lynching party together if found out Michelle Obama was making un-patroitic statements.The Obamas using the terrorist fist jab. Using Osama name when showing a pitcure of Barack Obama . Mccain flyer: Obama is the Candidate Hamas want to win .Meaning Obama is a muslim.The NC,OR,TN and TX RNC all have used race in there ads and flyers about the Obamas. Mccain puts distance from what his party is putting out by claiming I do not approve of those tactics.However the image and damage is already done.Hillary Clinton did the same thing in primary season when things were put out. Hillary would let the story stew for about 4 days before she spoke out against it. I do not care what Mccain says the celebrity ad was the the Harold Ford ad in a more sutble way.Mccain is using every dirty card in his book to attack because the good Mccain lost the 2000 election.
Why can't anyone see how "high school" the McCain campaign is?
"Don't vote for him - he's the POPULAR kid."
What in the h*ll kind of logic is that??How about "Vote for me because I..."
I'd like to hear ONE - JUST ONE - speech by McCain that doesn't include the phrases "Barack," "Obama," or "my opponent." Can he do that? Is he even slightly capable of that?
I've never seen a campaign so full of childish, petty attacks seething with jealousy, envy, and desperation. They're undignified and unworthy of a sitting U.S. Senator who claims to have a "long record in Congress." If he has what he claims, then I'd like to hear more about THAT instead of his disturbing obsession with the minutae of Barack Obama. (I mean really - bottled tea? Is that what it comes down to? All those years in Congress and it comes down to this. It's not just sad - it's downright tragic.)
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