text:
Georg Forster
|Georg Forster
Georg Forster at age 26, by J. H. W. Tischbein, 1781 (also ascribed to Anton Graff)[1]
|November 27, 1754
Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór), Royal Prussia, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
|January 10, 1794
(aged 39)
|Polish Prussian (Danziger)
|natural history, ethnology
|Author abbrev. (botany)
Johann Georg Adam Forster (November 27, 1754[2] – January 10, 1794) was a naturalist, ethnologist, travel writer, journalist, and revolutionary. At an early age, he accompanied his father on several scientific expeditions, including James Cook's second voyage to the Pacific. His report from that journey, A Voyage Round the World, contributed significantly to the ethnology of the people of Polynesia and remains a respected work. As a result of the report Forster was admitted to the Royal Society at the early age of twenty-two and came to be considered one of the founders of modern scientific travel literature.
After returning to continental Europe, Forster turned toward academia. He traveled to Paris to seek out a discussion[3] with the American revolutionary Benjamin Franklin in 1777. He taught natural history at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel (1778–1784), and later at Academy of Vilna (Vilnius University) (1784–1787). He then (1788) became head librarian at the University of Mainz. Most of his scientific work during this time consisted of essays on botany and ethnology, but he also prefaced and translated many books about travels and explorations, including a German translation of Cook's diaries.
Forster was a central figure of the Enlightenment in Germany, and corresponded with most of its adherents, including his close friend Georg Christoph Lichtenberg. His ideas and personality influenced Alexander von Humboldt, one of the great scientists of the 19th century. When the French took control of Mainz in 1792, Forster became one of the founders of the Jacobin Club there and went on to play a leading role in the Mainz Republic, the earliest republican state in Germany. During July 1793 and while he was in Paris as a delegate of the young Mainz Republic, Prussian and Austrian coalition forces regained control of the city and Forster was declared an outlaw. Unable to return to Germany and separated from his friends and family, he died in Paris of illness in early 1794.
- 1 Early life
- 2 Around the world with Captain Cook
- 3 Founder of modern travel literature
- 4 Forster at universities
- 5 Views from the Lower Rhine
- 6 Life as a revolutionary
- 7 Views on nations and their culture
- 8 Legacy
- 9 Works
- 10 See also
- 11 Notes
- 12 References
- 13 External links
Early life[edit]
Georg Forster was born in the small village of Nassenhuben (Mokry Dwór) near Danzig (Gdańsk), in the province of Royal Prussia, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.[4] He was the oldest of seven surviving children of Johann Reinhold Forster and Justina Elisabeth (née Nicolai). His father was a naturalist, scientist and a Reformed pastor. In 1765, the Russian tsarina Catherine II gave the pastor an assignment to travel in Russia on a research journey and investigate the situation of a German colony on the Volga River. Georg, then ten years old, joined him. They reached the Kalmyk steppe on the lower Volga. On the journey, they discovered several new species.[5] The young Forster learned there how to conduct scientific research and how to practice cartography. He also became fluent in Russian.
The report from this journey, which included sharp criticism of the governor of Saratov, was not well received at court. The Forsters claimed they had not obtained fair payment for their work[6] and had to move house. They chose to settle in England in 1766. The father took up teaching at the Dissenter's Academy in Warrington[7] and also translation work. The young Forster, only thirteen years old, published his first book: an English translation of Lomonosov's history of Russia, which was well received in scientific circles.[8]
Around the world with Captain Cook[edit]
In 1772, Forster's father Johann became a member of the Royal Society. This and the withdrawal of Joseph Banks resulted in his invitation by the British admiralty to join James Cook's second expedition to the Pacific (1772–1775). Georg Forster joined his father in the expedition again and was appointed as a draughtsman to his father. Johann Forster's task was to work on a scientific report from the journey that was to be published after their return.[9]
They embarked on the HMS Resolution on July 13, 1772 in Plymouth. The route led first to the South Atlantic, then through the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean to the islands of Polynesia and finally around Cape Horn back to England, where the expedition arrived on July 30, 1775. During the three-year journey, the explorers visited New Zealand, the Tonga islands, New Caledonia, Tahiti, the Marquesas Islands and Easter Island. They went further south than anybody before them, almost discovering Antarctica. The journey conclusively disproved the Terra Australis Incognita theory, which claimed there was a big, habitable continent in the South.[5]
Supervised by his father, Georg Forster first undertook the studies of zoology and botanics of the southern seas, mostly by drawing animals and plants. However, Georg also pursued his own interests which led to completely independent explorations in comparative geography and ethnology. He quickly learned the languages of the Polynesian islands. His reports on the people of Polynesia are well regarded today, as they show Forster's description of the inhabitants of the southern islands with empathy, sympathy and largely without Western or Christian bias.[10]
Unlike Louis Antoine de Bougainville, whose reports from a journey to Tahiti a few years earlier had initiated uncritical noble savage romanticism, Forster developed a sophisticated picture of the societies of the South Pacific islands.[11] He described various social structures and religions that he encountered on the Society Islands, Easter Island and in Tonga and New Zealand, and ascribed this diversity to the difference in living conditions of these people. At the same time he also observed that the languages of these fairly widely scattered islands were similar. About the inhabitants of the Nomuka islands (in the Ha'apai island group of present-day Tonga), he wrote that their languages, vehicles, weapons, furniture, clothes, tattoos, style of beard, in short all of their being matched perfectly with what he had already seen while studying tribes on Tongatapu. However, he wrote, "we could not observe any subordination among them, though this had strongly characterised the natives of Tonga-Tabboo, who seemed to descend even to servility in their obeisance to the king."[12]
The journey was rich in scientific results. However, the relationship between the Forsters and Cook and his officers was often problematic, due to the elder Forster's fractious temperament[5] as well as Cook's refusal to allow more time for botanizing and other scientific observation. Cook refused scientists on his third journey after his experiences with the Forsters.[13]
Founder of modern travel literature[edit]
These conflicts continued after the journey with the problem of who should write the official account of the travels. Lord Sandwich, although willing to pay the promised money, was irritated with Johann Reinhold Forster's opening chapter and tried to have him edited. However, Forster did not want to have his writing corrected "like a theme of a School-boy," and stubbornly refused any compromise in this direction.[9] As a result, the official account was written by Cook, and the Forsters were deprived of the right to compile the account and did not obtain payment for their work. During the negotiations, the younger Forster decided to release an unofficial account of their travels. In 1777, the book A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5 was published. This report was the first account of Cook's second voyage (it appeared six weeks before the official publication) and was intended for the general public. The English version and his own translation into German (published 1778–1780) earned the young author real fame. The poet Christoph Martin Wieland praised the book as the most important one of his time, and even today it remains one of the most important journey descriptions ever written. The book also had a significant impact on German literature, culture and science, influencing such scientists as Alexander von Humboldt[14] and it inspired many ethnologists of later times.
Forster wrote well-polished German prose, which was not only scientifically accurate and objective, but also exciting and easy to read. This differed from conventional travel literature of the time, insofar as it present more than a mere collection of data - it also demonstrated coherent, colourful and reliable ethnographical facts that resulted from detailed and sympathetic observation. He often interrupted the description to enrich it with philosophical remarks about his observations.[15] His main focus was always on the people he encountered: their behaviour, their customs, habits, religions and forms of social organisation. In A Voyage round the World he even presented the songs sung by the people of Polynesia, complete with lyrics and notation. The book is one of the most important sources concerning the societies of the Southern Pacific from the times before European influence had become significant.
Both Forsters also published descriptions of their South Pacific travels in the Magazin von merkwürdigen neuen Reisebeschreibungen ("Magazine of strange new travel accounts") in Berlin, and Georg published a translation of "A Voyage to the South Sea, by Lieutenant William Bligh, London 1792" in 1791–1793.
Forster at universities[edit]
The publication of A Voyage round the World brought Forster scientific recognition all over Europe.[16] The respectable Royal Society made him a member on 9 January 1777[17] though he was not even 23 years old. He was granted similar titles from Academies ranging from Berlin to Madrid.[18] These appointment did not give him money though.
In 1778, he went to Germany to take a teaching position as a Natural History professor at the Collegium Carolinum in Kassel, where he met Therese Heyne, the daughter of classicist Christian Gottlob Heyne. She later became one of the first independent female writers in Germany. They married in 1785 (which was after he left Kassel) and had three children, but their marriage was not happy. From the time in Kassel on, Forster was in active correspondence with important figures of the Enlightenment, including Lessing, Herder, Wieland and Goethe. He also initiated cooperation between the Carolinum in Kassel and the University of Göttingen where his friend Georg Christoph Lichtenberg worked. Together, they founded and published the scientific and literary journal Göttingisches Magazin der Wissenschaften und Litteratur.[19] Forster's closest friend, Samuel Thomas von Sömmering, arrived in Kassel shortly after Forster, and both were soon involved with the Rosicrucians in Kassel.
However, by 1783 Forster saw that his involvement with the Rosicrucians not only led him away from real science, but also deeper into debt[20] (it is said he was not good at money[5]); for these reasons Forster was happy to accept a proposal by the Polish Komisja Edukacji Narodowej (Commission of National Education) and became Chair of Natural History at Vilnius University in 1784.[21] Initially, he was accepted well in Vilnius, but he felt more and more isolated with time. Most of his contacts were still with scientists in Germany; especially notable is his dispute with Immanuel Kant about the definition of race.[22] In 1785, Forster travelled to Halle where he submitted his thesis about the plants of the South Pacific for a doctorate in medicine.[23] Back in Vilnius, Forster's ambitions to build a real natural history scientific centre could not get appropriate financial support from the Polish authorities. Moreover, his famous speech on natural history in 1785 went almost unnoticed and was not printed until 1843. These events led to high tensions between him and the local community.[24] Eventually, he broke the contract six years short of its completion as Catherine II of Russia had given him an offer to take part in a journey around the world (the Mulovsky expedition) for a high honorarium and a position as a professor in Saint Petersburg.[25] This resulted in a conflict between Forster and the influential Polish scientist Jędrzej Śniadecki. However, the Russian proposal was withdrawn and Forster left Vilnius. He then settled in Mainz, where he became head librarian of the University of Mainz, a position his friend Johannes von Müller had held before, who made sure Forster would succeed him when Müller moved to the administration of Elector Friedrich Karl Josef von Erthal.[26]
Forster regularly published essays on the scientific and discovery expeditions of his times and continued to be a very prolific translator; for instance, he wrote about Cook's third journey to the South Pacific, and about the Bounty expedition, as well as translating Cook's and Bligh's diaries from these journeys into German.[27] From his London years, Forster was in contact with Sir Joseph Banks, the initiator of the Bounty expedition and a participant in Cook's first journey. While at the University of Vilnius he wrote the article, "Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay", published in the Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch, (Berlin,Dezember 1786), an essay on the future prospects of the English colony founded in New South Wales in 1788.[28]
Another field of his interest was indology (One of the main goals of his failed expedition to be financed by Catherine II had been to reach India). He translated the Sanskrit play Shakuntala using a Latin version provided by Sir William Jones: this strongly influenced Herder and triggered German interest in the culture of India.[29]
Views from the Lower Rhine[edit]
In the spring of 1790, Forster and the young Alexander von Humboldt started from Mainz on a long journey through the Southern Netherlands, the United Provinces, and England, eventually finishing in Paris. The impressions from the journey were described in a three volume publication Ansichten vom Niederrhein, von Brabant, Flandern, Holland, England und Frankreich im April, Mai und Juni 1790 (Views of the Lower Rhine, from Brabant, Flanders, Holland, England, and France in April, May and June 1790), published 1791–1794. Goethe said about the book: "One wants, after one has finished reading, to start it over, and wishes to travel with such a good and knowledgeable observer." The book includes considerations in the field of the history of art that were as influential for the discipline as A Voyage round the world was for ethnology. Forster belongs, for example, to the first writers who gave just treatment to the Gothic architecture of Cologne Cathedral,[30] which was widely perceived as "barbarian" at that time. The book conformed well to the early Romanticism intellectual movements in German-speaking Europe.[31]
Forster's main interest, however, was again focused on the social behaviour of people, as 15 years earlier in the Pacific. The national uprisings in Flanders and Brabant and of course the revolution in France sparked his curiosity. The journey through these regions, together with the Netherlands and England, where citizens' freedoms were equally well developed, in the end helped him to sort out his own political judgements. From that time on he started to be a confident opponent of the ancien régime. Similarly to other German scholars, he welcomed the outbreak of the revolution as a clear consequence of the Enlightenment. As early as July 30, 1789, shortly after he heard about the Storming of the Bastille, he wrote to his father-in-law, philologist Christian Gottlob Heyne that it was beautiful to see what philosophy had nurtured in people's minds and then had realized in the state. To educate people about their rights in this way, he wrote, was after all the surest way; the rest would then result as if by itself.[32]
Life as a revolutionary[edit]
Foundation of the Mainz Republic[edit]
The French revolutionary army under General Custine gained control over Mainz on October 21, 1792. Two days later, Forster joined others in establishing a Jacobin Club called "Freunde der Freiheit und Gleichheit" ("Friends of Freedom and Equality") in the Electoral Palace. From early 1793 he was actively involved in organizing the Mainz Republic. This first republic located on German soil was constituted on the principles of democracy, and encompassed areas on the left bank of the Rhine between Landau and Bingen. Forster became vice-president of the republic's temporary administration and a candidate in the elections to the local parliament, the Rheinisch-Deutscher Nationalkonvent (Rhenish-German National Convention). From January to March 1793, he was an editor of Die neue Mainzer Zeitung oder Der Volksfreund (The new Mainz newspaper or The People's Friend). In his first article he wrote:
|Die Pressefreiheit herrscht endlich innerhalb dieser Mauern, wo die Buchdruckerpresse erfunden ward.[33]
|"The freedom of the press finally reigns within these walls where the printing press was invented.
This freedom did not last long, though. The Mainz Republic existed only until the retreat of the French troops in July 1793 after the Siege of Mainz.
Forster was not present in Mainz during the siege. As representatives of the Mainz National Convention, he and Adam Lux had been sent to Paris to apply for Mainz – which was unable to exist as an independent state – to become a part of the French Republic. The application was accepted, but had no effect, since Mainz was conquered by Prussian and Austrian troops, and the old order was restored.[34] Forster lost his library and collections and decided to remain in Paris.[35]
Death in revolutionary Paris[edit]
Based on a decree by Emperor Francis II inflicting punishments on German subjects who collaborated with the French revolutionary government, Forster was declared an outlaw and placed under the Imperial ban; a prize of 100 ducats was set on his head and he could not return to Germany.[36] Devoid of all means of making a living and without his wife, who had stayed in Mainz with their children and her later husband Ludwig Ferdinand Huber, he remained in Paris. At this point the revolution in Paris had entered the Reign of Terror introduced by the Committee of Public Safety under the rule of Maximilien Robespierre. Forster had the opportunity to experience the difference between the promises of the revolution of happiness for all and its cruel practice. In contrast to many other German supporters of the revolution, like for instance Friedrich Schiller, Forster did not turn back from his revolutionary ideals under the pressure of the terror. He viewed the events in France as a force of nature which could not be slowed and which had to release its own energies to avoid being even more destructive.[37]
Before the reign of terror reached its climax, Georg Forster died after a rheumatic illness[38] in his small attic apartment at Rue des Moulins[39] in Paris in January 1794, at the age of thirty-nine. At the time, he was making plans to visit India.[35]
Views on nations and their culture[edit]
Forster had partial Scottish roots and was born in Polish Royal Prussia, and therefore was by birth a Polish subject. He worked in Russia, England, Poland and in several German countries of his times. Finally, he finished his life in France. He worked in different milieus and travelled a lot from his youth on. It was his view that this, together with his scientific upbringing based on the principles of the Enlightenment, gave him a wide perspective on different ethnic and national communities:
|All peoples of the earth have equal claims to my good will..., and my praise and blame are independent of national prejudice.[40]
In his opinion all human beings have the same abilities with regard to reason, feelings and imagination, but these basic ingredients are used in different ways and in different environments, which gives rise to different cultures and civilisations. According to him it is obvious that the culture on Tierra del Fuego is at a lower level of development than the European culture, but he also admits that the conditions of life there are much more difficult and this gives people very little chance to develop a higher culture. Based on these opinions he was classified as one of the main examples of 18th-century German cosmopolitanism.[41]
In contrast to the attitude expressed in these writings and to his Enlightenment background, he used insulting terms expressing prejudices against Poles in his private letters during his stay in Vilnius and in a diary from the journey through Poland,[42][43][44] but he never published any manifestation of this attitude.[45] These insults only became known after his death, when his private correspondence and diaries were released to the public. Since Forster's published descriptions of other nations were seen as impartial scientific observations, Forster's disparaging description of Poland in his letters and diaries was often taken at face value in Imperial and Nazi Germany, where it was used as a means of science-based support for a purported German superiority.[46] The spreading of the "Polnische Wirtschaft" (Polish economy) stereotype[47] is most likely due to the influence of his letters.[48][49]
Forster's attitude brought him into conflict with people of different nations he encountered and made him welcome nowhere, as he was too revolutionary and antinational for Germans,[50] proud and opposing in his dealings with Englishmen,[51] too unconcerned about Polish science for Poles,[49][52] and too insignificant politically and ignored while in France.[53]
After Forster's death his works were mostly forgotten, except in professional circles. This was partly due to his involvement in the French revolution. However, his reception changed with the politics of the times, with different periods focusing on different parts of his work. In the period of rising nationalism after the Napoleonic times he was regarded in Germany as a "traitor to his country", overshadowing the perception of his work as an author and scientist. This attitude rose even though the philosopher Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel wrote about Forster at the beginning of the 19th century:
|Among all those authors of prose who are justified in laying claims to a place in the ranks of German classics, none breathes the spirit of free progress more than Georg Forster.[54]
Some interest in Forster's life and revolutionary actions was revived in the context of the liberal sentiments leading up to the 1848 revolution.[55]
Remembering Forster was ostracised in the Germany of Wilhelm II and more so in the Third Reich,[56] where interest in Forster was limited to his stance on Poland from his private letters. Interest in Forster resumed in the 1960s in East Germany, where Forster was interpreted as a champion of class struggle.[57] The GDR research station in Antarctica that was opened on October 25, 1987 was named after Forster.[58] In West Germany, the search for democratic traditions in German history also lead to a more diversified picture of him in the 1970s. A scholarship program of the Alexander von Humboldt foundation for foreign scholars from developing countries is named after him.[59] His reputation as one of first and most outstanding German ethnologists is indisputable, and his works are seen as crucial in the development of ethnology in Germany into a separate branch of science.[60]
The ethnographical items collected by Georg and Reinhold Forster are now presented as the Cook-Forster-Sammlung (Cook-Forster Collection) in the Sammlung für Völkerkunde anthropological collection in Göttingen.[61] Another collection of items collected by the Forsters is on display at the Pitt Rivers Museum in Oxford.[62]
- A Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty's Sloop Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years, 1772, 3, 4, and 5 (1777) (preview)
- Journal of travels in Poland (August–November, 1784), The Warsaw Voice, 1990 31 8–9
- De Plantis Esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis Commentatio Botanica (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg
- Florulae Insularum Australium Prodromus (1786) available online at Project Gutenberg
- Essays on the moral and natural geography, natural history and philosophy (1789–1797)
- Views of the Lower Rhine, Brabant, Flanders (three volumes, 1791–1794)
- "Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay", Allgemeines historisches Taschenbuch: oder Abriss der merkwürdigsten neuen Welt-Begebenheiten für 1787, enthaltend Zusätze zu der für das Jahr 1786 herausgegebenen Geschichte der wichtigsten Staats- und Handelsveränderungen von Ostindien, von M.C. Sprengel, Professor der Geschichte auf der Universität zu Halle, Berlin, bei Haude und Spener, Dezember 1786, Zusatz 7, S.xxxiii-liv; supplement to: Historisch-genealogischer Calender oder Jahrbuch der merkwürdigsten neuen Weltbegebenheiten für 1787. Re-published in Georg Forster's Kleine Schriften: Ein Beytrag zur Völker- und Länderkunde, Naturgeschichte und Philosophie des Lebens, gesammlet von Georg Forster, Erster Theil, Leipzig, Kummer, 1789, S.233-74.(English translation at: web.mala.bc.ca/Black/AMRC/index.htm?home.htm&2)
- Letters (posthumous compilation of his correspondence, 1828)
- Werke in vier Bänden, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Leipzig 1971
- Ansichten vom Niederrhein, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1989. ISBN 3-458-32836-X
- Reise um die Welt, Gerhard Steiner (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1983. ISBN 3-458-32457-7
- Über die Beziehung der Staatskunst auf das Glück der Menschheit und andere Schriften, Wolfgang Rödel (editor). Frankfurt am Main: Insel, 1966. – A little collection of political essays, notes, and speeches of republican thinkers and writers.
- Georg Forsters Werke, Sämtliche Schriften, Tagebücher, Briefe, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, G. Steiner et al. Berlin: Akademie 1958-
- Georg Forster, Revolutions-Briefe, Kurt Kersten, Athenaeum Verlag, 1981
- Georg Forster, Briefe an Ernst Friedrich Hector Falcke. Neu aufgefundene Forsteriana aus der Gold- und Rosenkreuzerzeit, Michael Ewert, Hermann Schüttler (editors). Georg-Forster-Studien Beiheft 4. Kassel: Kassel University Press 2009. ISBN 978-3-89958-485-1
See also[edit]
- European and American voyages of scientific exploration
- List of important publications in anthropology
- ^ Bertschinger, George. "The Portraits of John Reinhold Forster and George Forster. A Catalog Tracing the Origin of Each Portrait". Retrieved 6 December 2009.
- ^ Many sources, including the biography of Thomas Saine, list the birth date as November 26; according to Enzensberger, Ulrich. Ein Leben in Scherben, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996, ISBN 3-423-13248-5, the baptism registry of St Peter in Danzig lists November 27 as date of birth and December 5 as date of baptism
- ^ Horton, Scott (13 April 2008). "Georg Forster's Recollection of Benjamin Franklin". Harper's Magazine. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ Friedrich, Karin (2000). The Other Prussia: Royal Prussia, Poland and Liberty, 1569-1772. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 978-0-521-58335-0.
- ^ a b c d Forster, George (2000). Thomas, Nicholas; Berghof, Oliver, eds. A voyage round the world. University of Hawai'i Press. Introduction. ISBN 0-8248-2091-6.
- ^ Reintjes, p. 9
- ^ Boreham, Ian. John Reinhold Forster. Cook's Log, page 368, volume 8, number 3 (1985) (Captain Cook Society).
- ^ (German) Steiner, Gerhard and Baege, Ludwig (ed.): Vögel der Südsee. Insel-Verlag, 1971, p. 53
- ^ a b Aulie, Richard P. (1999). "The Forsters at Home". The Voyages of Captain James Cook. Captain Cook Study Unit. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ Ackerknecht, pp. 85–86
- ^ Ackerknecht, pp. 86–87
- ^ Forster, Georg. A Voyage Round the World, Book II, Chapter VIII.
- ^ Saine, p. 22
- ^ Smith, Alexander (1990). Explorers of the Amazon. University of Chicago Press. p. 218. ISBN 0-226-76337-4.
- ^ Thomas V.; Berghof, O. Preface to A Voyage round the World
- ^ Gray, Sally Hatch. "Disinterested Pleasure and Aesthetic Autonomy in Georg Forster's Voyage 'round the World." Open Inquiry Archive, Vol. 1, No. 5 (2012)
- ^ "Fellows of the Royal Society - F". Royal Society. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ (Polish) Rakusa-Suszczewski, Stanisław. Introduction to Forster, Jerzy. Podróż naokoło świata, a translation by Michał Ronikier of a selection of A Voyage Round the World, Czytelnik, 1977
- ^ Saine, p. 27
- ^ Saine, p. 33
- ^ Reintjes, p. 50
- ^ Saine, pp. 43–48
- ^ Aulie, Richard P. (1999). "On the Continent". The Voyages of Captain James Cook. Captain Cook Study Unit. Retrieved 14 May 2015.
- ^ Bodi, Leslie. Georg Forster: The "Pacific Expert" of eighteenth-century Germany, in Literatur, Politik, Identität – Literature, Politics, Cultural Identity, pp. 29, 54, Röhrig Universitätsverlag, 2002
- ^ King, Robert J. "The Mulovsky expedition and Catherine II's North Pacific empire", Australian Slavonic and East European Studies, vol. 21, nos. 1/2, 2007. pp. 101–126.
- ^ Saine, p. 59
- ^ King, Robert J. "The Call of the South Seas: Georg Forster and the expeditions to the Pacific of Lapérouse, Mulovsky and Malaspina", Georg-Forster-Studien, Band XIII, 2008
- ^ Sprengel, Matthias Christian (2008) [1787]. "German text (Google Books)". Neuholland und die brittische Colonie in Botany-Bay [New Holland and the British Colony at Botany Bay]. Translated by Robert J. King. Australasian Hydrographic Society. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
- ^ Ackerknecht, p. 85
- ^ Saine, p. 103
- ^ Murray, Christopher John (2003). Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760-1850: A-L. Taylor & Francis. p. 365. ISBN 978-1-57958-423-8.
- ^ (German) Schweigard, Jörg. Freiheit oder Tod!. In: Die Zeit 29/2001, online version
- ^ (German) Lepenies, Wolf. Freiheit, das Riesenkind. Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2003-03-17. Online version
- ^ The Mainz Republic at World History at KMLA (WHKLMA), Retrieved 22 May 2015
- ^ a b "Forster, Georg". New International Encyclopedia. 1906.
- ^ Saine, p. 154
- ^ Saine, p. 152
- ^ Reintjes, p. 136
- ^ (German) Radio script (RTF) to Schell, Christa. Die Revolution ist ein Orkan
- ^ (German) Forster, Johann Georg, Georg Forsters Werke, Sämtliche Schriften, Tagebücher, Briefe, Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, ed. G. Steiner et al. Berlin: Akademie (1958-), Vol. II, 13–14.
- ^ Kleingeld, Pauline. Six Varieties of Cosmopolitanism in Late Eighteenth-Century Germany, in Journal of the History of Ideas, 1999 (Online archive)
- ^ (German) Lawaty, Andreas. "Polnische Wirtschaft" und "deutsche Ordnung": Nachbarbilder und ihr Eigenleben, in: Der Fremde, Interdisziplinäre Beiträge zu Aspekten von Fremdheit, Hg. Bernhard Oestreich, Peter Lang Verlag 2003, pp. 156–166.
- ^ (German) Krause, Hans-Thomas. Georg Forster und Polen. In: Georg Forster (1754–1794). Ein Leben für den wissenschaftlichen und politischen Fortschritt, in: Wissenschaftliche Beiträge der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg T 42, Beiträge zur Universitätsgeschichte). Halle/S. 1981, pp. 79–85.
- ^ Books and Periodicals Received (accessed on September 1st, 2005). In the review of: "Czarna legenda Polski: Obraz Polski i Polaków w Prusach 1772–1815" (The black legend of Poland: the image of Poland and Poles in Prussia between 1772–1815), by Dariusz Łukasiewicz. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Poznańskiego Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Nauk, 1995. Vol. 51 of the history and social sciences series (English and German summaries). ISBN 83-7063-148-7.
- ^ (German) Bömelburg, Hans-Jürgen. Georg Forster und das negative deutsche Polenbild. Ein Kosmopolit als Architekt von nationalen Feindbildern?, in: Mainzer Geschichtsblätter 8 (1993), pp. 79–90.
- ^ Burleigh, Michael; Wippermann, Wolfgang (1991). The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-39802-9.
- ^ (German) Orłowski, Hubert. "Polnische Wirtschaft": Zum deutschen Polendiskurs der Neuzeit (Studien der Forschungsstelle Ostmitteleuropa an der Universität Dortmund). ISBN 3-447-03877-2. (Polish) Also in Polish as ISBN 83-900380-8-0; Stanisław Salmonowicz, "Georg Forster und sein Polenbild: Kosmopoitismus un nationales Stereotyp", Medizenhistorisches Journal, Bd.23, Heft 3–4, 1988, pp. 277–290.
- ^ (German) Stasiewski, Bernhard. "Polnische Wirtschaft" und Johann Georg Forster, eine wortgeschichtliche Studie., in: Deutsche Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift im Wartheland 2 (1941), H. 3/4, pp. 207–216.
- ^ a b (Polish) Salmonowicz, Stanisław. Jerzy Forster a narodziny stereotypu Polaka w Niemczech XVIII/XIX wieku. In: Zapiski Historyczne 52 (1987), vol. 4, 135–147. - Germ.: Georg Forster und sein Polenbild: Kosmopolitismus und nationales Stereotyp. Medizinhistorisches Journal 23 (1988), pp. 277–290.
- ^ Craig, Gordon A. Engagement and Neutrality in Germany: The Case of Georg Forster, 1754–94, The Journal of Modern History, Vol 41, no 1, March 1969, pp. 1–16; page 2
- ^ Arlidge, Allan. Cook As A Commander - Cook and His Supernumeraries. Cook's Log, page 5, volume 28, number 1 (2005) (Captain Cook Society).
- ^ (Polish) Grębecka, Wanda. Stanisław Bonifacy Jundziłł (1761–1847), Warszawa-Lida 2003, Retro-Art
- ^ Craig, Gordon A. Engagement and Neutrality in Germany: The Case of Georg Forster, 1754–94, The Journal of Modern History, Vol 41, no 1, March 1969, pp. 1–16; page 12
- ^ Schlegel, Friedrich. Kritische Schriften, ed. W. Rasch, 2nd ed., Munich: Hanser 1964, translated by T. Saine in the preface to Georg Forster
- ^ Saine, introduction
- ^ Christa Schell (26 November 2004). "Die Revolution ist ein Orkan" (in German). Retrieved 12 April 2012.
- ^ Würzner, M. H. The Effect of the French Revolution in Germany: Christoph Martin Wieland and Georg Forster. In: Tropes of Revolution: Writers' Reactions to Real and Imagined Revolutions 1789–1989, ed. by Cedric Charles Barfoot and Theo D'haen, Rodopi 1991. ISBN 90-5183-292-3
- ^ König-Langlo, Gert; Gernandt, Hartwig (12 January 2009). "Compilation of ozonesonde profiles from the Antarctic Georg-Forster-Station from 1985 to 1992". Earth System Science Data (Copernicus GmbH). 1 (1-5): 1. doi:10.5194/essd-1-1-2009. ISSN 1866-3516. OCLC 277823257.
- ^ "Georg Forster Research Fellowships". Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Archived from the original on 3 February 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
- ^ Bast, Bianca (31 July 2000). "Georg Forster - Die Wiederentdeckung eines Genies" (in German). uni-protokolle.de.
- ^ Witzel, Frank; Riechel, Andreas. "Ethnographical Collection of the University of Göttingen". Uni-goettingen.de. Retrieved 21 March 2010.
- ^ Coote, Jeremy; Gathercole, Peter; Meister, Nicolette. "'Curiosities sent to Oxford': The Original Documentation of the Forster Collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum", in Journal of the History of Collections, Vol. XII, no. 2 (2000), pp. 177–192.
- ^ "Author Query for 'G.Forst.'". International Plant Names Index.
- Ackerknecht, Erwin H. (June 1955). "George Forster, Alexander von Humboldt, and Ethnology". Isis (University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society) 46 (2): 83–95. JSTOR 227120.
- Saine, Thomas P. (1972). Georg Forster. New York, NY: Twayne Publishers. ISBN 0-8057-2316-1.
- Reintjes, Heinrich (1953). Weltreise nach Deutschland (in German). Düsseldorf: Progress-Verlag.
This article is partly based on a translation of the German Wikipedia article Georg Forster.
External links[edit]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Georg Forster.
|Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Georg Forster.
- The Forster Collection at the Pitt Rivers Museum
- Georg Forster society in Kassel (German)
- Letter recommending Georg Forster to the Royal Society (archived link, 21 October 2006)
- Drawing of a chinstrap penguin by Georg Forster
- Biography at the Australian Dictionary of Biography
- Works by Georg Forster at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Georg Forster at Internet Archive
- Works by Georg Forster at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
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St. Lucie schools hope partnership enhances early childhood education
ST. LUCIE COUNTY — About a third of St. Lucie County students enter kindergarten classes unprepared, school officials say data shows.
School district officials and early learning advocates hope the district's partnership with the world's largest publisher of educational materials, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, will change this statistic.
"If there's one part of the partnership that I believe has the potential greatest impact, it's early childhood," Schools Superintendent Michael Lannon said. "We have children who come to kindergarten who do not know their name, the names of letters, colors, can't identify numbers and these are not just children whose native language is other than English."
With the help of its private partner, Lannon hopes the district can help expand and enhance early childhood education, which is one of four focuses for the five-year partnership.
The early childhood initiative will concentrate on 3-year-olds through third-graders.
Owen Roberts, the district's assistant superintendent for accountability and assessment, said whether or not students are prepared for kindergarten can be an indicator for success or failure in public schools.
"We know that if kids do not come ready, then their chances of getting through the K-12 arena successfully are low," Roberts said, noting the data also shows many of the struggling students are more likely to be in poverty.
Under the five-year plan, the St. Lucie County School District will spend $12.4 million with the company on textbooks and instructional materials, and the company will add an extra 54 percent in goods and services, valued at about $8 million, at no additional cost to the district. The publisher will help the district by providing training to teachers, classroom materials and financial support, such as discounts on textbooks and technology.
The teacher training and extra resources will get to the district's future students, too.
The district is working with the Early Learning Coalition of St. Lucie County, a nonprofit organization, which oversees and funds early education and child-care programs for at-risk and income eligible children. The coalition works with public, private and faith-based child-care programs.
"It's very exciting because we're going to be able to more or less have a continuum for the children, where we are going to give them two solid years to get them ready for school," said Nancy Archer, the coalition's executive director. "Mr. Lannon really gets it. He understands the importance of early childhood education and understands that early childhood is where it all begins."
Archer said she believes many children will benefit from the program.
"All this is going to tie in and it's just going to really help with closing that achievement gap," Archer said. "It's a great partnership to have a private business work with public. The training, the dollars, the materials we're going to have, it's almost like Christmas everyday."
Providing students with a solid educational foundation can also save money, School Board Chairwoman Kathryn Hensley said.
"This is really a return on investment. The appropriate investing at the right place saves money and angst for everyone," Hensley said. "If we know we can invest a dollar and it saves as much as $17, that's a huge investment."ABOUT THE PARTNERSHIP
The St. Lucie County School District's five-year partnership with Houghton Mifflin Harcourt focuses on four areas, including expanding and enhancing early childhood education for 3-year-olds through third grade, help in the creation of the St. Lucie County Parent Academy and the development of a comprehensive science, technology, engineering and mathematics curriculum and closing the "digital divide." The publisher also will help the district by providing training to teachers, classroom materials and financial support, such as discounts on textbooks.
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text: Wonderful and most welcomed graphs from popular movie"Smurfs" are well done with almost identical two images. Find all differences in each stage before the countdown timer runs out. Be careful! Wrong spot means time penalty! 5-6 differences from easy to hard level.3 timer refill items and 3 hints. Pause the game and resume anytime.You can enjoy the game with everyone, friends, families or colleagues. It's great fun and You'll get addictive to it!???????????????,??90????????????????????????????,???!???????????5-6?????????3??????3????????????????????????????,????????????????????????????????????????,???????!


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Gov. Bill Haslam said Tuesday that an expected decline in state revenues will mean East Tennessee State University's fine and performing arts center and football stadium projects will not be funded this year.
The governor unveiled his fiscal year 2014-15 budget proposal Monday during his State of the State Address, which notably left out the $38 million arts center and the $18 million stadium identified as major goals by university President Brian Noland more than two years ago.
Haslam said new revenues for next year are projected at $260 million, all of which will be spent on cost increases to big-ticket programs, like TennCare and education.
"The way I approach a budget is there are certain things that you have to do, there are certain things that you need to do to be responsible that might not be a lot of fun — like fixing the roof — and there are other things that you'd like to do when the opportunity presents itself," he said.
The opportunities did not present themselves for ETSU's capital building projects and others at universities across the state.
Capital maintenance projects at the state's higher-education institutions, in Haslam's responsible needs category, will get $63 million this year, but only two buildings at community colleges will receive new construction funding.
A statement issued Tuesday by Noland underscored the university's resolve to complete the projects, and said hope remains that the state will include them in future budget cycles.
"Staff members at ETSU are in the process of reviewing the proposed 2014-15 budget," the statement reads. "The governor's budget recognizes the financial challenges facing the state and accents the community colleges. ETSU remains committed to moving the fine arts facility forward and to date we have raised over $5.8 million in matching funds."
This year, the state approved $1.5 million to pay for design and planning work for the arts center, which could include a 1,400-seat performance hall, a smaller recital venue and instruction space, depending on where it will be built.
The college's first choice for the location is across West State of Franklin Road from the Mountain States Health Alliance Athletic Center, in an undeveloped lot near the Millennium Centre, but school and Johnson City representatives are still trying to come to an agreement on the land, centered mainly on floodwater management and pedestrian access.
If the talks with the city fail, Noland has said a smaller arts center could still be built at a backup location on campus, in what is now a parking lot opposite Burgin Dossett Hall.
Expecting a $28.5 million allocation from the state, the ETSU Arts Initiative began fundraising efforts in earnest last year, reaching more than $5.8 million of its $9.5 million goal at present.
The stadium, the intended home of ETSU's rebooted football team, was approved in concept in July by the Tennessee State Building Commission, but no public funding has yet been allocated to the project.
It, too, is awaiting a final location, but Noland has said it will likely be built in one of two spots on the west side of campus.
A fee increase for the college's 15,000 students is expected to provide $7.5 million for the stadium, with the remaining $10.5 million to be a mix of state funds and private donors.
In October, Director of Intercollegiate Athletics Richard Sander said fundraising for the stadium was on hold until lawmakers determined the portion of funding expected from contributions.


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TTU is one of 17 institutions across the state participating in College Goal Sunday, a free program to help families of college-bound students complete the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, and anyone who wishes to attend can register online at www.collegegoalsundaytn.org.
"The FAFSA is important because it's the application all eligible students have to fill out in order to qualify for Pell grants, Tennessee Hope lottery scholarships, work-study and other grants," said Judy Riggsbee, assistant director of financial aid at TTU. "The earlier students apply, the better their chances of getting assistance because some programs run out early."
The form can be filed either by mail or online, but online filing is of course faster, said Debbie Maynard, TTU's associate director of financial aid.
TTU's session — which will be held in Clement Hall, Room 212 — will provide computer access to participants who wish to file their applications online. The session will open with a presentation about frequently asked questions and avoiding scholarship scams.
"The application is free, and students should never pay someone for completing it," Riggsbee said.
Although students are not required to have chosen the specific institution they want to attend in order to participate in the session at TTU or any other location across the state, they do need to bring financial documentation — such as 2005 tax returns, bank statements, year-end pay stubs and other income information — with them.
In order to complete online filing the day of the session, both students and parents need to have a FAFSA pin number. To apply for a FAFSA pin number, go to www.pin.ed.gov. The application process takes only a few minutes, and the pin number needed for further use will be e-mailed within a few days.
To get to the TTU session, take Interstate 40 to Exit 286 and go approximately 3.1 miles north on Willow Avenue. Turn right onto University Avenue, and Clement Hall will be the building located on the right corner at the second stop sign. All campus buildings have signs outside for identification.
For more information about College Goal Sunday, visit www.collegegoalsundaytn.org or call TTU's Financial Aid Office at 931/372-3073.


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As cloud technologies continue to evolve, so does their potential. Imagine a world where all your electric devices can be easily managed, tracked, and even shut off directly from the cloud. That's exactly what Sony is aiming to do with its new Authentication Power Outlet system.Read More »
Home / Tag Archives: smart grids


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Republicans Flirt With Immigration Reform Again
Every so often, the GOP is beaten badly enough that some Republicans realize that appearing to support immigrants might be their ticket to relevancy with Latinos. That time has come again for retiring U.S. Senators Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-Texas) and Jon Kyl (R-Arizona). The pair recently filed an alternative to the DREAM Act called the ACHIEVE Act.


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Inventory Studio: The Crash Pad™
Still looking for that Christmas present for the Mac loving relation? Well look no further, Inventory Studio have come to the rescue! The Wheel of Death, Satanic Frisbee or the Rainbow Wheel are just some of the imaginative metaphors for the action pending cursor. The Crash Pad™ is a plush, yes plush pillow that will undermine the antichrist of all icons. By providing comfort in times (usually around 3am) of hardship and relief when your studio fellow's body can take no more spontaneous acts of violence – Shut Down, Sleep and other mac related witticisms.
A word from the makers…
"Never Forget: +S". Two major industrial hazards for hard working designers are: 1. spending far too much time in front of a computer when you could be napping on the sofa. 2. Computers crashing and losing all that hard work.The Crash Pad™ helps you to deal with both these issues as it serves as both a temporary cushion (for that much needed off-schedule nap) and also as a stress reliever for that moment when the spinning wheel of death signifies you'll be doing another all nighter.
Punch The Crash Pad™ and not your Mac, as we know we secretly love them and would never do anything to hurt them."
The Crash Pad™ is available from the It's Nice That Shop for £25 plus postage.


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Queen's University has entered into Vendor of Record agreements with several proponents for the supply of various goods and services. These agreements come from either a Ontario Ministry of Government Services (MGS) contract, Ontario Education Collaborative Marketplace (OECM) agreement or from a Queen's led Request for Suppliers Qualifications.
Queen's led Request for Suppliers Qualifications (RFSQs) were publicly posted in a fair, open and transparent manner on Biddingo.com. Teams composed of Faculty and Staff from across the Queen's community evaluated the proposals that were submitted. Proposals representing the best quality and range of products, level of customer service and delivery and potential cost savings were selected to become Preferred Suppliers for the Queen's community.
It is necessary for your computer to have Adobe Reader installed to access these policies. For installation or updates, please click here.
Strategic Procurement Services is currently planning future waves of RFSQs targeting further commodities that are used campus wide. If you wish to leave feedback regarding the Preferred Supplier program please contact Eoin MacDonald, Director, Strategic Procurement Services.


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See ya!
We're not really sure how long this will last, but word has it that Heidi Montag and Spencer Pratt are getting set to move to Costa Rica. Heidi probably just wants to frolic on the beaches showing off her new bikini body, but we won't miss them while they're gone.


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HealthyLife magazine
Body. Mind. Spirit.
Posts filtered on Tag
Your Emotions: Learn how to express your anger and get results
Getting Mad? By Wendy Healy/HealthyLife Jennifer Travis of Colonie takes angry phone calls weekly from family members complaining about the care or health of loved ones at the nursing home where she works. But the director of admissions and marketing doesn't respond angrily or let people get her down. "I don't take it personal," says […] [Read More]


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To make the meatballs, soak breadcrumbs in milk for 10 minutes. When ready, combine bread with turkey, dill, feta, and garlic, and mix gently with hands. Season with salt and pepper; mix just to incorporate. With damp hands, form mixture into small balls (about 1 tablespoon each).
Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil, and add the pasta. Cook, stirring occasionally, until pasta is almost cooked through. Add chard to the pot and finish cooking together, until pasta is al dente.
While pasta is cooking, heat oil in a large, straight-sided skillet over medium-high heat. Add meatballs and brown on all sides, about 2 to 3 minutes. Add stock and bring to a simmer. Cover skillet until meatballs are cooked through, about 5 minutes more. Stir in lemon juice to taste.
Drain pasta and chard together; toss with some liquid from the meatballs.
Transfer to serving bowls, and spoon extra liquid around pasta. Top with meatballs; garnish with dill. Serve immediately.


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Clarissa Wei
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Educating a Fragile Culture
TIM GOLER | 10/15/2013, 12:57 p.m.
African-American culture is and has been in a condition of social instability. Black culture is fragile. This is especially true for urban neighborhoods which are almost universally impoverished with a high disparity of negative social issues, including poor health/nutrition, depression, unemployment, stress, drug/alcohol addictions, high incarceration rates, and abysmal education, just to name a few.
These are all factors that contribute to perpetuate vicious cycles of poverty for African-Americans!
This social instability is rooted in America's history and sustained through formal education, public policies and social norms. Douglas A. Blackmon, argues in his book "Slavery by Another Name" that slavery, despite constitutional amendments, did not technically end for America's Blacks until 1942 – only 71 years ago! This then means that there are many Blacks living today who were actually born into slavery, the same as our antebellum grandparents and great grandparents.
Our mothers, fathers, grandparents and great grandparents lived through an extremely harsh master-servant environment. Just imagine, less than 75 years ago, large portions of Blacks were regular victims of convict leasing, sharecropping, peonage, Jim Crow Laws, Black Codes, pig laws, and chain gangs with shocking force, brutality and a myriad of other forms of de-humanization. This inhumane abuse was driven by tremendous social forces designed to intentionally hold back an entire culture of Black people for generations. The harmful effects of this treatment continue to reverberate through Black communities to this day. I argue that because of the prolonged and systematic hostile treatment that African-American's have received in America, the African-American culture is still fragile!
So, how do we educate the children of a fragile culture? You have to strengthen their culture and their awareness of the importance of culture. But, how do you strengthen a culture?
The late great Dr. Edward Robinson argues that people cannot have personal esteem unless they have race esteem. This important race esteem is based upon a solid cultural foundation whereby the individual feels good about his or her group membership. Dr. John Henrik Clarke puts it another way when he says that "what a people do for themselves depends upon what they think about themselves."
We can't achieve race esteem by just having individual racial PRIDE. It's one thing to have racial pride. I think intuitively we all have it inside of us. Whether we act on our pride to better our communities, is a different thing altogether.
The "how and what" we do for our race, the expression of our racial pride is ultimately in the proverbial pudding, if you will.You can just look around our communities and compare, contrast and evaluate the net result of our racial pride. Especially,when compared to other groups, like the Chinese, Asians, East Indians and others who exhibit a clear and unapologetic pride in their group membership.
Our problem is that individual racial pride has not yet resulted in a collective sense of self-worth. Put another way, "I'm Black and I'm proud has not become… We're black and we're proud.
I argue that what we are missing are institutions and systems (i.e. schools) that have the ability to create and help sustain our culture, whichin turn helps to shape our thinking and the thinking of those that view and make decisions about us. We need places and spaces where our children not only learn how to read, write and compute… but to think. This "thinking" needs to be based on a perspective that is reflective of their culture and their history. We need schools to help our community heal and to strengthen our culture, equipped with adults possessing their own strong self-worth that are sensitive and interested in their student's culture and race.


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DES MOINES, Iowa -- Lottery officials have announced winning numbers in a near-historic Powerball jackpot.
The numbers drawn Saturday are: 22, 10, 13, 14, 52 and a Powerball of 11.Officials estimate the jackpot at $590.5 million.With four of every five possible combinations of Powerball numbers in play, someone is almost sure to win the game's highest jackpot. The problem, of course, is those same odds just about guarantee the lucky person won't be you.The chances of winning the prize remain astronomically low: 1 in 175.2 million. That's how many different ways you can combine the numbers when you play.But since about 80 percent of the possible combinations have been purchased, lottery officials say it's likely the winning ticket could be selected.
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Ambulatory Care Center
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Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago
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Asher Center for the Study and Treatment of Depressive Disorders
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- Capitol Quickies - http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies -
Bill would expand options for cable outage reimbursement
Posted By John Schoonejongen On January 31, 2011 @ 2:00 pm In Uncategorized | Comments Disabled
Remember the last lengthy interruption of your cable service? You could be watching an installment of Wrestlemania for free because of it, if a bill proposed by state Sen. Linda R. Greenstein becomes law.
The Middlesex County Democrat's bill, S-2478, was passed unanimously by the Senate Economic Growth Committee Monday.
Under current law, cable companies can only issue direct credits or rebates against subscription charges if service is interrupted for more than six hours. Greenstein's bill, however, would allow customers to have more choices when it comes to reimbursement. Free access to premium channels and pay-per-view specials would be among those options.
"Not every consumer may want a straight credit or rebate, especially if they were planning on ordering a premium channel or purchasing a pay-per-view event, anyway," said Greenstein. "Consumers should be the ones choosing how they wish to be reimbursed. Acceptable and reasonable options should not be subject to a legal blackout."
The Assembly passed its version of the bill unanimously. It now goes to the full Senate for consideration.
Article printed from Capitol Quickies: http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies
URL to article: http://blogs.app.com/capitolquickies/2011/01/31/bill-would-expand-options-for-cable-outage-reimbursement/
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Stoops Freightliner – Quality Trailer saves your fleet time and money on all your van, refrigerated trailers (reefers) and Stoughton hopper repairs for our Indiana and Ohio customers in places like Indianapolis, Indiana and Lima, Ohio.
Bring your hopper or trailer in to Stoops Freightliner – Quality Trailer for all makes and model trailer repair service on all brands of trailers such as and Stoughton hoppers, Transcraft, East and Wabash trailers. Stoops has the technicians, capacity and expertise to handle any semi trailer or hopper repair job from routine maintenance to major wreck restorations. Our certified trailer repair technicians do it right the first time.
Choose Stoops Freightliner – Quaility Trailer today for the most complete tractor trailer repair service in the Midwest:
- Convenient semi trailer repair estimates at our facility or the customer's trailer yard
- Stoops Freightliner – Quality Trailer has the repair shop facilities and personnel to support any size commercial fleet or type of equipment including refrigerated trailers, vans, flatbeds and Stoughton hoppers
- Our experienced team specializes in large, complex trailer repair jobs including trailer body work
Commercial fabrication and specialty services are no problem for the trailer and hopper technicians at Stoops Freightliner – Quality Trailer
- Our Mobile PM Service saves your fleet valuable time and money on all of your tractor trailer and hopper repair needs


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I won't be posting today or tomorrow in observance of the Christmas Holidays. Look forward to Boxing Day posting (that's December 26th for all my American readers) when I will discuss further issues regarding The Smithsonian and David Wojnarowicz. Also, if you haven't done so already, do take a bit of time and donate to the AFC end of year fundraising campaign. AFC is a full time job, and I don't have a trust fund supporting the blog. I need your support to keep the blog running. I also need it to pump that Benglis dildo! Donate now, and watch the magic happen!
Posting Notice: Christmas Edition
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- December 24, 2010 at 4:46 pm
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Elena Kagan is the prohibitive favorite for the Supreme Court. She has made it through one confirmation hearing for her current post as solicitor general and possesses academic credentials, a reputation for collegiality with conservatives, and a limited paper trail. Moreover, she is the closest we have to a stealth candidate among the front-runners. As Tom Goldstein notes, "I don't know anyone who has had a conversation with her in which she expressed a personal conviction on a question of constitutional law in the past decade."
Casual observers assume that a dean of Harvard Law School and a domestic-policy aide in the Clinton administration must have a sizable body of work reflecting her legal views. But not so. Paul Campos has read all there is to read — and it's not much:
Yesterday, I read everything Elena Kagan has ever published. It didn't take long: in the nearly 20 years since Kagan became a law professor, she's published very little academic scholarship—three law review articles, along with a couple of shorter essays and two brief book reviews. Somehow, Kagan got tenure at Chicago in 1995 on the basis of a single article in The Supreme Court Review—a scholarly journal edited by Chicago's own faculty—and a short essay in the school's law review. She then worked in the Clinton administration for several years before joining Harvard as a visiting professor of law in 1999. While there she published two articles, but since receiving tenure from Harvard in 2001 (and becoming dean of the law school in 2003) she has published nothing. (While it's true law school deans often do little scholarly writing during their terms, Kagan is remarkable both for how little she did in the dozen years prior to becoming Harvard's dean, and for never having written anything intended for a more general audience, either before or after taking that position.)
Campos goes so far as to suggest that Kagan is a Harriet Miers type — minus the cronyism. He concludes:
Indeed, the most impressive thing about Kagan is that she seems to have a remarkable ability to ingratiate herself with influential people across the ideological spectrum. … As a private lawyer, Miers, after all, had a fairly good excuse for having no public views on the great legal issues of our day. For most of the past 20 years, Kagan's job has been to both develop and publicize such views. That she has nevertheless managed to almost completely avoid doing so is rather extraordinary.
What to make of this? Well, if a Republican president were to select a person with such a skimpy written record, conservatives would be (and were with the Miers nomination) rightfully worried. But do the same concerns — ideological infidelity, intellectual mediocrity — really apply to Kagan? Let's be honest, it works differently for liberals. Very few are tempted to moderate their views and slide rightward, while Republican-nominated jurists (David Souter, John Paul Stevens) have a history of "disappointing" their side. And while no one has claimed that Kagan has achieved greatness in legal scholarship, the assumption — rightly or not — is that the dean of one of the top law schools in the country must have some intellectual wattage. Nevertheless, liberal legal activists might have reason to be a bit nervous — after all, would a justice who lacks judicial chops be the best choice to sway Justice Kennedy on those all-important 5-to-4 decisions? Is she really the one who is going to go toe-to-toe with Justice Scalia? There is some risk there if Obama were to choose a lesser known quantity than an appellate judge such as Diane Wood.
Nevertheless, there are clues as to Kagan's legal mindset. Indeed, one such clue is also her primary shortcoming. Stuart Taylor explains:
The one issue that could slow down Kagan's confirmation is her impassioned effort as dean to bar military recruiting on campus to protest the law banning openly gay people from serving in the military, which she called "a moral injustice of the first order."
Kagan carried this opposition to the point of joining a 2005 amicus brief whose strained interpretation of a law denying federal funding to institutions that discriminate against military recruiters would — the Supreme Court held in an 8-0 decision — have rendered the statute "largely meaningless." This helps to explain the 31 Republican votes against confirming her as solicitor general.
Well, that might be enough to lose her a batch of GOP Senate votes, but would it derail her nomination? Probably not. And it might just give enough comfort to the left that Kagan is a "safe" pick for them.


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"FYFIELD, a parish in the hundred of Elstub, county Wilts, 3 miles S.W. of Marlborough, and 6 N. of Pewsey, its post town. The living is a vicarage annexed to that of Overton, in the diocese of Salisbury. The church is a plain ancient structure. In the neighbourhood are Druidical remains."
[Description(s) from The National Gazetteer of Great Britain and Ireland (1868) - Transcribed by Colin Hinson ©2003]
Fyfield was a chapelry in Overton near Marlborough. There is another small hamlet called Fyfield, in Milton Lilborne.
- St Nicholas, -, Church of England
Church Records
- St Nicholas, -, Church of England
You can also perform a more selective search for churches in the Fyfield area that are recorded in the GENUKI church database. This will also help identify other churches in nearby townships and/or parishes. You also have the option to see the location of the churches marked on a map.
Common to all parishes is a Key to Abbreviations and a description of Church Records and Indexes for Wiltshire, including a complete Marriage Index for the county.
Indexes and registers of the parish church of Fyfield, St Nicholas:
(a united benefice with Overton St Michael: for earlier entries see Overton)
- WSRO registers: Chr 1732-1969, Mar 1732-1995, Bur 1732-1991
- IGI Chr 1813-1878 Batch C054481, Mar 1695-1812 Batch M054483, Mar 1813-1837 Batch M054481
- VRI Chr 1605-1897, Mar 1605-1813
- White Horse Baptisms 1695-1812
- Wiltshire Index Service Burials 1800-1812
- A transcription of the section for Fyfield from
the National Gazetteer (1868).
- The entry for Fyfield from
A Vision of Britain through time.
- Ask for the gazetteer for a calculation of the distance from Fyfield to another place.
- The entry for Fyfield from British History Online.
- View maps of Fyfield and places within its boundaries.
Population was 151 in 1951.


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Board Certified Cardiothoracic Surgeon
Dr. John McKinney is a board certified cardiothoracic surgeon specializing in surgical techniques of the heart and lungs, and has developed a high interest in cutting-edge minimally invasive procedures.
After attending Miami University in Ohio, Dr. McKinney completed his medical training at The Ohio State University. He completed his general surgery training in Cincinnati, and his cardiothoracic surgical residency at the University of Louisville. Accolades from training include the John W. Price Award for undergraduate instruction while at the University of Louisville and the Resident Research Award for his work at Good Samaritan Hospital.
Dr. McKinney has subsequently added to his diverse and extensive experience following his move to his native state of Florida in 1994. In addition to serving the Brevard county community as a heart and lung surgeon, he has established himself as a leader of the medical staff at Holmes Regional Medical Center in Melbourne, where he has served as Medical Staff President, Chairman of the Department of Surgery, and Chairman of Critical Care. With a Master's Degree in Business Administration from the University of Texas-Dallas, Dr. McKinney has extensive experience in medical organizational development and continues to utilize his skills to provide leadership to the medical community at Holmes Regional Medical Center.


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Westport For the past two years, the Essex County Fair has kicked off their week with the Haulin' Junk Rollover Contest.
This year, moving to Friday night, Aug. 2, the rollover competition will be joined by a new event, the 4-cylinder figure 8 races at the grandstand area.
"It was something that we had seen at the Rensselaer County fair a couple of years ago and we really liked the idea," Kyle Wrisley of Haulin' Junk said. "It is something that has been around as long as demolition derbies and we wanted to try it here."
The night will start at 6 p.m. with the rollover contest, where drivers will take their cars over a one-sided ramp to see how many times they can get the car to rotate, or flip in the air, before coming to rest.
Following the rollovers, the figure 8 event will begin with heat races. Racers will have to follow a course that will be made up of three turning areas which will lead to a pair of intersections, minus the stop signs.
"It is really going to be a double figure 8 course, where the cars will have to maneuver around the obstacles and there will be two intersections where cars can meet," Wrisley said. "At that point, the cars can either try to avoid each other or hit."
The heat races will be followed by the feature event, which will include two winners from the heats, where a champion will be crowned.
Wrisley said that they added the figure 8 event into the Haulin' Junk program because the setup for the cars was similar to the setup for cars that will run in the following day's (Aug. 3) Egglefield Bros. Demolition Derby.
"With the rollover, there is more involved in building the cars and you can get a little beat up doing it," he said. "We brought the figure 8 into play because the setup is the same as a derby car. You could actually run in the figure 8 races and then take your car and run it in the derby the next day."
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- 1
- person in the U.S. has this name View Maureen Feyre on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Anglicized form of Máirín. Among other influences, the name was popularized by the film actress Maureen O'Hara (b. 1920). See also Moreen.
|335th in the U.S.
The meaning of this name is unavailable
|459,001st in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Maurene, Maurine, Mauren, Maurina, Maureena, Maurin, Marion, Maryann, Maurino, Marian
Ferry, Ferro, Fehr, Ferree, Ferri, Fear, Ferre, Ferrie, Ferra, Feury


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Beautifully nostalgic shots of suburban America from photographer Ben Pier
It's a pretty bizarre sensation to experience nostalgia for something you've never actually experienced; how is it even possible to relate to events that are entirely alien? But that's exactly the feeling conveyed by Ben Pier's Teenage Teeth. A catalogue of almost a decade of documenting American youth, (and some pretty youthful geriatric characters) the series harnesses the cinematic immediacy of blue-collar America. Featuring snapshot after snapshot of events and experiences that we understand purely from the standpoint of a movie-goer (any US nationals reading this, we envy your cinematic youth), from high-school lunch halls to low-rise whitewashed homes.
If this kind of rough-and-ready imagery floats your boat as much as it does ours, then you're in luck as Ben's book of the same title launches tonight at the Ed Varie gallery New York. Well worth stopping by. We'd love to, but you know, the Atlantic's in the way.


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Sherwood Ross: Several scores of civilians are buried in Jamaica's May Pen Cemetery in consequence of a deadly attack by Jamaican forces in which, for all its denials, the U.S. played a significant role and was perhaps more closely involved than it has let on.
Arizona Gov Outlaws Teaching Tombstone's OK Corral Gunfight and Cowboy Pix
Ed Rampell: In a press conference the unelected Governor also announced that as part of the legislation the Arizona public school system was prohibiting teaching about the shootout at the O.K. Corral. "Educating students about this purported gunfight at Tombstone in 1881 could inflame racial animosity against Caucasians," contended Brewer, noting that all of the participants in the brief but bloody barrage of bullets were whites.


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Library Research
Change in Access to Wiley Online Journals
There have been some changes to our subscription agreement with Wiley. Learn more about these changes and how you can find the journal title you're looking for.
Need Help With Your Research Process?
SAGE Research Methods is an online resource that provides focused, comprehensive support for all phases of the research process.
Pollak Library Acquires Three New Business Databases
IBISWorld, RMA eStatement Studies, Standard Rate and Data Service are excellent resources for industry and media outlet reports.
32,000 Additional eBooks Added To Library Collection
There are now 32,000 additional eBooks available to CSUF students, staff and faculty, in a package called Academic Complete!
Streaming Video Service Now Available
Our new streaming video database includes dozens of series in history, fine arts, the sciences and more – over 500 videos in all!
The support and enhancement of research activities of the California State University, Fullerton community is critical to the mission of the Pollak Library. The Pollak Library serves as the hub of the campus information and instruction network.


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Fearless Illustration Rainbow Vision Ladies Chiffon Vest
(approx. $30.86 or €28.26)
- In Stock
- Usually Ships in 1-2 Days
- UK & Worldwide Delivery
- Ladies Vest
- Product Code: 67725
For fans of fantasy art, clothing doesn't come much more mythological than this gorgeous chiffon vest top. Standing side on against a clear sky, a magnificent white unicorn shoots rainbows from his eyes in true, fantastical style.


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Spice Mixology for a Customized Spice Rack
My fascination with spices and love for them has birthed a new love for mixing spices.
Sure, you can buy all kinds of spice mixtures but it is so much more fun to make custom spices at home. First, you want to start with good quality ingredients. Garbage mixed with garbage only gives you… well, you get the idea. Go to a specialty shop or farmer's market to discover the difference between good and "meh" quality spices.
By mixing these up ahead of time and keeping them on the shelf, dinner becomes almost a no brainer, especially if you label the spice bottle with the name of the food you're going to make. For example:
The bottle on my spice rack labeled "Crab" contains a mixture of pickling spices, whole mustard seeds, whole peppercorns, red pepper flakes, ginger and oregano. All I have to do is drop the pre-mixed spices in a boiling pot with the crab and there you have it – dinner.
This kind of spice "mixology" especially comes in handy for those who love to grill and barbeque. If you want to do it right, you definitely have to try mixing your own rub! Do it however you like, then label the bottle "Pork Shoulder" or whatever, and then when dinner time comes around, look to the spice rack and see what speaks to you!


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Pennsylvania Ballet has unveiled it's new web site:
PA Ballet
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Pennsylvania Ballet's new web site
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Create your own great looking movies to share with family and friends in iMovie.
Learn how to create a polished, professional movie with iMovie for iOS, the easy-to-use video editing software for iPhones and iPads.
Create a fast-paced sports video, for the home team or the pros, with the friendly tools in iMovie '11.
Shows beginning videographers how to approach capturing, editing, and sharing a family vacation video using iMovie and their own videos and photographs.
Create a polished video with the iOS version of iMovie.
Shows how to organize, edit, and share videos using iMovie 11.
Shows how Mac users can create coherent and engaging screencasts.
Covers the entire iMovie editing process for beginners and experienced users alike, from adding audio files to integrating text.
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Measure allowing a video gambling company to monitor games to come up for a vote
By Denise Molina
"We hope to help preserve some Illinois jobs, help an Illinois company, and do something fair to help the system run a little bit smoother than it does now."
Mautino, a Democrat from Spring Valley, says more than a thousand jobs could leave Illinois if Scientific Games isn't allowed to continue manufacturing games. Other gaming manufacturers say they're concerned Scientific Games might gain "unfair advantages," like knowing what types of games its rivals plan to released. The measure has already passed the Senate. It would go to the governor if it clears the House.


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Bizarre Foods Delicious Destinations
Mon 9pm | 8c
An Idiot Abroad
Tues 9pm | 8c
Watt's World
Tues 10 pm | 9c
The Dead Files: Amy See's Dead People 02:02
Delicious Destinations: Pink's Hot Dogs in LA 03:10
Niagara Falls
Adam meets a three-pound cinnamon roll and a 42-inch pizza in San Antonio.
San Antonio, TX 21:30
Extra Serving: Stuffed Burger 01:10
Good Times on the Jersey Shore 03:28
Extra Serving: Police Specials 02:35
Adam Meets the Seoul Dog 01:02
Extra Serving: 190-Lb. Burger 02:35
Adam Richman's Hometown 04:36
Adam Richman's Brooklyn Tips 04:28


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Explanation of lines 40-47 in Act 3, Scene 4 of As You Like It?
1 Answer | Add Yours
He is a fine men who writes fine verses, speaks in a fine accent, makes fine promises and breaks them finely thus, breaking the heart of his love. He is like a junior inexperienced rider at tilting who rides his horse unsteadily only on one side and breaks his spear on the wrong way of the shield and makes a fool of himself. Still all love that is guided by folly and ruled by youth is fine.
"Here Celia is making fun of Orlando in a sarcastic way."
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Before going raw, I made some scrumptious flower fritters with red clover blossoms and dandelion flowers. They were incredibly easy to make. They were inspired by my friend Vanessa who told me she'd made some with dandelion flowers: just mix egg, flour and milk for batter, dip the flowers and fry. Then drizzle with maple syrup.
I used coconut milk and buckwheat flour (to make them gluten-free and dairy-free), fried them in olive oil and voila: pure yumminess!
Recipe: Flower Fritters
- 1 egg
- 1/2 cup coconut milk (you can use any milk)
- 1/2 cup buckwheat flour (you can use any flour)
Mix ingredients together.
You'll also need:
- red clover blossoms
- dandelion flowers (you can do one or the other or both)
- olive oil
- maple syrup
Dip flowers into batter, covering the flower with batter.
In a small pan (or pot) with olive oil, drop battered flowers. Flip when browned (this only takes a couple minutes.)
Remove onto cloth or paper towels to drain excess oil.
Serve drizzled with maple syrup.
Enjoy and Happy Mother's Day!
~ Melissa


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Letters to the editor, Feb. 26
Russia has done good things, too
I'm amazed by the amount of Russia bashing in the media during the Olympics. I don't remember anything like this during the Beijing Olympics.
Russia has many bad policies, but consider some of the good things Putin's government has done recently. Russia sheltered the whistleblower who revealed how out of control and dangerous the NSA is, prevented a U.S. war against Syria, and Russian support for Iran is probably one reason there hasn't been a war.
In international politics Russia is playing a more progressive and peace-promoting role than liberal democracies like Germany and France. As in Syria, the strife in Ukraine was encouraged by the U.S. and EU to increase their influence, and then they blame Russia when there is bloodshed. There are lots of examples of peaceful protesters here being dispersed with force, such as the Occupy encampments, and if the government thinks the protesters might actually win their demands, it is willing to kill them.
Russia doesn't treat national and sexual minorities well, and I can't believe the Russian government was really tricked into allowing NATO's war against Libya, but Russia remains a valuable counterweight to the warmongers leading the USA and the EU. It is also strange to hear talk of a new cold war when astronauts can only get to the space station on Russian rockets.
Michael Pollock
Good to see school standards focus on big picture
I am not a big fan of standardized tests and I applaud the efforts of grassroots organizations such as TAMSA that have resulted in reducing the number of tests Texas public school students and staff are required to endure.
That said, I don't think the tests are all bad. As an educator who has been involved in the development of standardized science tests for several states, I've seen that many of these tests and the teaching that goes along with them reinforce students' understanding of the cycles of nature more than they do rote memorization of facts.
I'm heartened when I see state science standards focused on the big picture. Kids need to understand that all parts of nature are connected. When they do, there might be hope for continued human life on Earth.
Jean Ricca