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|Apple Notebooks Apple's notebook computers including MacBook Pro, MacBook, MacBook Air, PowerBook, and iBook.
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Member Since: Dec 30, 2008
Posts: 2
Anyways I am just wondering recommendations on which to buy and when, my range is pretty much any of the macbooks now or future. I appreciate the opinions.
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Member Since: Dec 27, 2008
Location: Detroit/ Orlando
Posts: 8
Mac Specs: Alu 2.4 Macbook, 4gb Ram, 250gb hdd
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Member Since: Jan 23, 2008
Location: Fort Worth, Texas
Posts: 44,844
Mac Specs: 27" iMac i5, 3.2 GHz, iPad 3, iPhone 5c, 3 iPods, Yosemite
Having said that, if you're not going to be off to school until Fall 2009, it might be better to wait and see what Apple will have new by then, if anything. Keep in mind even if they don't make improvements to the MacBook line by then, you can always purchase a refurbished aluminum MacBook. The newer aluminum MacBook is more powerful with faster memory and much better graphics. (great for games)
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Member Since: Sep 30, 2008
Location: Argentina
Posts: 224
Intel iMac 24" 2.8Ghz / 4gb
PowerBook G4 12" 1.33Ghz / 1.25gb
2Gb Black iPod Nano 1G
Canon 30D, recently inherited!
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Member Since: Feb 10, 2008
Location: Toronto, Canada
Posts: 123
Mac Specs: MacBook (Mid-2007, 10.5.8) + MacBook Pro (Late-2008, 10.9) - See Signature
MB | Mid-2007 | 13-inch | 2.16GHz Core 2 Duo | 2GB DDR2 | 120GB HDD | GMA 950 | White
MBP | Late-2008 | 15-inch | 2.4GHz Core 2 Duo | 4GB DDR3 | 250GB HDD | 9400M + 9600M GT w/ 256MB GDDR3 | Unibody
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Location: Edmonton, AB
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Mac Specs: Unibody MacBook 2.4GHz/4GB Ram/320GB HD
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Mac Specs: Macbook 2.4 GHZ, 2G Ram, 160 GB HD| iPhone 4
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Location: Toronto, Canada
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Mac Specs: MacBook (Mid-2007, 10.5.8) + MacBook Pro (Late-2008, 10.9) - See Signature
not for the first few weeks of Snow Leopard's release anyways.
When Leopard was released, many of the Apple Stores still had macs in stock with Tiger pre-installed on them. So they opened the box in store and repacked it a "Mac OS X Leopard CPU Drop-in DVD," that would allow you to install Leopard once you've set up your new mac with Tiger. So I got to see both the Tiger and the Leopard start movies all in the same day.
Likely they will pack something into the box that will allow to you to do a free upgrade to Snow Leopard once its out.
Also, Apple had the Up-To-Date program running, if you had Tiger and you bought your mac on or after the 1st of October, the month Leopard was released, you were eligible to a $9.95US upgrade to Leopard.
It is very likely Apple will start up the Up-To-Date program again for a limited time after Snow Leopard's release which would allow you to upgrade to Snow Leopard at a discount.
Also, anytime there is an upgrade to any mac line, a faster processor for example, they would be trying to push out the old stock, at a discount. The machines on display will be the newest and latest release. If you ask, they may have some of the old release models in stock and that will have an "End of Life" discount on them. So you'll save a few hundred dollars vs getting the latest model.
So when I got my MacBook in Dec of 2007, the Late 2007 revision had just come out a month ago on the 1st of Nov, the Apple store I went to still had the Mid 2007 model in stock, so I picked that up at a $350 discount from the "End of Life" sale price.
Add that together with my Education discount:
MacBook: End of Life Sale Price = $1099
.Mac Membership: $109 - $30 = $79
AppleCare: $299 - $81 = $218
My price before tax: $1396
Price before tax of the then newest release of the Macbook line: $1449
[All prices listed in Canadian Dollars]
MB | Mid-2007 | 13-inch | 2.16GHz Core 2 Duo | 2GB DDR2 | 120GB HDD | GMA 950 | White
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Combat canines show signs of PTSD
Military using anti-anxiety medicine to treat ailing canines
SAN ANTONIO - Over the past decade military working dogs have faithfully served their country by going into battle with their two-legged handlers.
Much like their human counterparts, some canines are showing signs of combat stress and have been diagnosed with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
"In 2007 we started seeing some dogs that were showing some behavior problems that we really didn't account for," said Dr. Walter Burghardt, Chief of Behavioral Medicine and Military Working Dog Studies at Lackland Air Force Base. "They were having problems doing what they were supposed to be doing for a living. The dogs were showing overactivity to sounds and other stimuli going on in their environment, they were hyper vigilant."
The anxiety exhibited by the highly trained dogs was very similar to some of the signs observed in soldiers that have been diagnosed with PTSD but there was no such diagnosis for dogs.
"We started calling this canine PTSD really for lack of a better name," Burghardt said. "Of course we can't ask the dogs some of things that go on in people's heads, like intrusive recollection and things like that but some of the signs were very similar."
Some of the dogs shut down and refused to work when put into stressful situations.
According to Burghardt, canine PTSD is a growing problem with 30 to 40 new cases in the past year.
"It's a huge number, in some ways it doesn't sound like it, but that's about 5% of the dogs," Burghardt said. "That's larger than any other cause of performance failure in a working dog. In other words, illnesses, injuries, even combat type wounds are really low compared to this type of problem developing in a dog."
|Military dogs.jpg
|Military dogs 2.jpg
Once Burghardt and his team began focusing on PTSD veterinarians in the combat zone started treating the dogs with anti-anxiety medications and therapy that included reconditioning the dogs.
Some of the dogs were able to return to active duty in a short period of time while others were returned to their home installations where they were put through a lengthy recovery and retraining program. Some of those dogs were returned to service in new jobs while others had to be retired and adopted out.
"Working dogs are working dogs and they love to work so if they can stay in a working occupation that's preferable for them as well as for everyone else," Burghardt said. "If they really can't do that type of work then getting them into a home that is a suitable home for them and for that family is sometimes a really good outcome and it's something we can do."
Louisa Vaughan, a retired Army veterinary technician, adopted one of those canines with PTSD. Vaughn and her family adopted a 7-year-old Belgian Malinois named Chef who had developed emotional problems during his two tours in Iraq and a third deployment to Africa.
"He had severe gastrointestinal problems, he wouldn't eat or drink and he refused to work," Vaughn said. "His ideal weight was 86 pounds and when he got back he got all the way down to 59 pounds."
Chef was retired four years ago and has adapted to his civilian life but just like a two legged soldier, it doesn't' take much to trigger a flashback that will send him cowering in a corner.
"Thunderstorms are really bad, he'll make himself sick," Vaughan said. "Anytime there's a movie on television, combat movie where's there's gunfire, he just runs frantically and tries to get away."
While Vaughan has learned to help Chef deal with his anxiety, she's hopeful the ongoing studies at Lackland will help active duty canine's overcome their fears and keep serving their country.
"So far it does appear that those medications do really help us through the first couple of weeks," Burghardt said. "We're still trying to get more information about what is actually going on but hopefully in the future we're going to know a lot more."
To adopt a retired military working dog, click here.
For a list of recent stories Tim Gerber has done, click here.
Copyright 2013 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

subset: commoncrawl


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We're a little suspicious about this quote—everyone's crediting it to a nameless "German glamor mag"—but it looks like Nicole Kidman has finally admit to using Botox…if only in the past tense. "I've tried a lot of things but apart from working out and a good diet most things don't help," she allegedly confessed. "I even tried Botox but I didn't like how my face looked afterwards. Now I don't use it anymore—and I can move my forehead again."
Despite constant denials, the Critics' Choice Movie Award nominee became notorious for her facial work—you can even tell which scenes in The Invasion are reshoots by watching her eyes. Check out our timeline gallery below and make your guess as to when (and if!) she had work done.
[Photo: Getty Images]


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The Department of Defense announced today that agents from the departments Inspector Generals Defense Criminal Investigative Service (DCIS) and other military criminal investigative organizations executed search warrants in seven states as part of an ongoing investigation into the illegal sale of stolen military ballistic protective equipment on Internet auction sites.
DCIS agents, working with agents from the Naval Criminal Investigative Service and the U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Command, launched a multi-state execution of search warrants in Georgia, Kansas, Kentucky, New York, North Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin. There were 27 subject interviews conducted in various states and two arrests warrants were executed.
The investigative activities this week are the culmination of covert operation High Bidder, conducted by the DCIS since July 2003. This operation has identified individuals who have attempted to sell military issued outer tactical vests (OTVs) and/or small arm protective Inserts (SAPIs) over the Internet. To date, the operation has executed 30 search warrants and prosecuted seven individuals. Subjects included current and former military members and civilians. This investigation is ongoing.
The OTV is a ballistic vest consisting of a Kevlar weave; SAPI are lightweight ceramic plates that can be placed in the pockets of the vests to provide additional protection to the chest and back area. When used in conjunction with the OTV, the SAPI is designed to protect the user from multiple impacts from high-velocity, high-impact ammunition. The OTV and SAPI are currently used by U.S. military personnel in military operations throughout the world and have proven in combat to save lives.
OTVs and SAPIs made exclusively for the U.S. government are not for sale to the general public. Once the items have lost their shelf life or have been returned by military personnel, they are demilitarized by total destruction through shredding and/or shearing, to prevent the item from being restored to usable condition. They are stolen government property if possessed or sold outside the military or law enforcement agencies.


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Supernova Glide 7 Boost
Energy Boost 2 ESM
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Adizero Adios Boost 2
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By Tyler
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Financial markets in the United States and abroad have become increasingly complex and interdependent. They have major impacts on the economic decisions of both individuals and business, and they are a central concern of governments in the conduct of domestic and international economic policies. The concentration in financial economics provides students with the opportunity to analyze financial markets in the context of domestic and international economic concerns. Internships will be arranged where possible with banks and other financial companies to give students work experience and exposure to job opportunities.
Required Courses
ECON - 350 Money, Banking, and Financial Institutions
ECON - 451 Monetary Economics
ECON - 425 Financial Econometrics
Other courses can be chosen depending on the student's area of interest. In addition to the two courses above, the student is required to take eight credits from the following electives:
Elective Courses
ECON - 318 Game Theory
ECON - 390 Experimental Courses
ECON - 471 International Finance
ECON - 455 Options and Futures
BUS - 202 Principles of Accounting II
BUS - 305 Financial Management
BUS - 330 Investment Analysis
Other credits may be chosen from related areas such as mathematics and statistics, or from the McLaren School of Business. Students may do an internship (ECON 396) or complete a research project (ECON 398) in which they demonstrate mastery of a topic in financial analysis. Given the wide range of options available to students in this area, a consultation with a faculty advisor as to the best choice of courses for a particular area of interest is recommended.
Learning Outcomes for the M.S. in Financial Analysis
Students who complete the M.S. in Financial Analysis will be able to:
Demonstrate a thorough understanding of the tools and inputs involved in asset valuation and portfolio management.
Demonstrate and ability to apply the principles and concepts of economics, financial statement analysis , and quantitative methods to practical problems in asset valuation.
Demonstrate an appreciation and mastery of the strategies for applying tools and inputs in managing portfolios of equities, fixed-income, and derivative assets.
demonstrate an understanding and appreciation for the ethical and regulatory issues involved in asset valuation and portfolio management.


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Accommodations near Palais Royal (1st) are provided in the list below sorted in the order of their distance (closest first). Explore our hotels to find accommodations near Palais Royal (1st) (Ile de la Cite France) for your personal or business travels.
We show the best lodging close to Palais Royal (1st) so you can review the discounted Ile de la Cite France hotels + motels below and securely reserve the perfect hotel.
Lodging & Accommodations close by Palais Royal (1st)
Next 20 Hotels > [1 - 20 of 25]
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HUF Bruce Bucket Hat - Navy
HUF Smoke Crew Socks - White
HUF Bavaria Pin - Black
HUF Delivery Pin - Brown
HUF Buffalo Plaid Dog Ear Volley 5 Panel Cap - Mustard
£54.99 £34.99
HUF Bandana Metal H Volley 5 Panel Cap - Blue
£39.99 £29.99
HUF has exploded onto the skate scene with a great range of skate clothing true to their skateboarding history. Even the smallest HUF products are hugely successful including their sock range such as the HUF plantlife socks. Their recognisable logo is used throughout their apparel including caps, t-shirts and vests.


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My Favorite Lunar New Year Dish: Fish Salad for a Crowd
Yee sangis a large-format salad of raw fish, shredded vegetables, and crunchy bits eaten exclusively during Lunar New Year. It originated in mainland China, but these days it's most commonly found in Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia. And in Flushing at Malay Restaurant, which serves my favorite version of the dish—Malaysia included. More


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Welcome to the Library, where you'll find a selection of industry resources including eBooks, Whitepapers, Webinars, Survey Reports, Research Reports and more.
If you are interested in submitting items to the Library, please contact our advertising team
The Library is currently filtered to only show Whitepapers. You can remove this filter by returning to the Library.
Managing Mobility: The Rise of the iPad Brings Challenges, Opportunities
This white paper provides insights into the opportunities presented by the advent of iPad, an in-depth look at the challenges facing IT, and a model for a solution that would satisfy all parties. To read more about this timely topic, download today!
Evolve To Become the 2018 CISO or Face Extinction
Read this report to learn about Forrester's 5-step plan for seizing control of your destiny as a CISO - and why the top 3 skills required to succeed are leadership, strategic thinking, and business knowledge. Download today to learn more.
IDG Study: Why Application Security is a Business Imperative
Most internally developed applications are not assessed for critical security vulnerabilities such as SQL injection. This report examines the survey results of UK and US business to better understand the enterprise security landscape. Download Now.


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Our most popular event is back!
On November 16th, join us for Breakfast with the Beasts and watch our cheetahs run on a lure course, reaching speeds of almost 50 mph!
Your day will begin with a breakfast buffet at one of our beautiful dining areas. Afterwards we will take you to watch our cheetahs run and also get a chance to see a rhino up close.
When the cheetahs have run, we will finish your morning with a highlight tour of the rest of our animal areas. It's a great Saturday outing for the whole family!
Date: Saturday November 16th
Time: 9:00 a.m.
Price: $100 per person; $50 for children 4-12 years of age; children under 3 years are free
Please call 1-904-225-3396 during office business hours Monday through Friday to book your reservation at Breakfast with the Beasts.


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- Willamette
- College of Law
- Alumni
Online Continuing Legal Education Program for Alumni
In our continued effort to demonstrate the lifelong value of your Willamette College of Law degree, we are pleased to offer free and low-cost CLEs to our alumni, both through live presentations offered at Willamette several times throughout the academic year, and via our online CLE database, which features on-demand streaming of our programs. Our CLEs will be presented by members of our outstanding faculty, as well as by esteemed members of the bench and bar throughout the region.
We will offer most of these programs to our alumni for free for as long as our resources allow. Of course, we would welcome contributions to help offset costs. To that end, we will offer two coupon codes to our alumni – WUCL100 for those wishing to take a program for free, and WUCL50 for those who would like to receive 50 percent off the list price. A contribution to the Law Fund is another great way to pay it forward. Non-alumni are welcome to attend our live programs and access the on-demand CLEs in our database at the full list price.
We appreciate your ongoing involvement with your alma mater and hope that we can continue to play a role in your professional education throughout your career.
College of Law Alumni Events
Portland Alumni Gathering
March 12, 2015 - 5-7 p.m.
Join your fellow alumni for a look at "The Art of War: Propaganda Posters of World Wars I and II"
Oregon Historical Society
Boise Alumni Gathering
March 17, 2015 - 5-7 p.m.
Slainte! Come celebrate St. Patrick's Day with your fellow Boise-area alumni!
Seattle CLE and Alumni Gathering
March 19, 2015
3:30 p.m. - Free CLE on the US Supreme Court's Hobby Lobby decision with Professor Steven Green
5-7 p.m. - Alumni gathering
The Rainier Club
Salt Lake City CLE and Alumni Gathering
March 26, 2015
3:30 p.m. - Free CLE with Professor Keith Cunningham Parmeter (topic TBD)
5-7 p.m. - Alumni gathering
Hotel Monaco
Commencement Weekend
Saturday, May 16 - Wine paring event at St. Innocent Winery. $25 per person. Details to come. All alumni, family and friends welcome!
Sunday, May 17 - Law school commencement ceremony, followed by reception at the law school. 11 a.m. start time.
Reunion Weekend 2015 - Sept. 17-20
All law alumni welcomed back, with special gatherings for the classes of 1965, 1990 & 2005
Salem, Oregon
Please call the alumni office at 800-930-2586 or email Cathy McCann Gaskin JD'02 at email@example.com for more information on any of these events.
CLE Coupon codes for WUCL Alumni
- 100% discount = WUCL100
- 50% discount = WUCL50
New job? New marriage? New baby? Submit a class note for inclusion in the upcoming Willamette Lawyer magazine!
Degree Verification...
Verification requests should be submitted to: The National Student Clearinghouse at www.degreeverify.org, or by mail to: National Student Clearinghouse, 13454 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 300, Herndon, VA 20171
Willamette University has authorized the National Student Clearinghouse to provide enrollment and degree verifications to outside agencies, such as employers or companies doing background checks.
Certificates of Graduation...
If you are applying for admission to a state bar and need a Certificate of Graduation from Willamette University College of Law, please contact: Ann Abbott, Student Services at (503) 370-5331


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Viewers: in countries Watching now:
In Motion 4 Essential Training, Ian Robinson shows how to start building outstanding motion graphics and animations for video production. He demonstrates how to build custom text animations with the new Adjust Glyph tool and explores Motion's amazing real-time 3D tools. Ian highlights working in the 3D space, creating depth with lights and shadows, and using reflections to add realism. He gives practical advice on how to integrate Motion into a professional video workflow, round-tripping with Final Cut Pro and sending a final project to Compressor. Exercise files accompany this course.
When I was a kid, I was always fascinated with archeology shows where guys would pop down into a cave and look at drawings that nobody seen for thousands of years, and I always thought, wouldn't it be cool if those drawings sort of came to life. Well, that's what we are going to do using Shape behaviors. Kind of achieve this come-to-life effect. You will get started by outlining one of the drawings with the Bezier tool. So go up to the Create button and click on the Bezier tool. So just so we can see it little better, press Command+Plus on the keyboard to zoom in. If you hold down the Spacebar and click and drag, you can pan around the scene and I just want to outline this guy right here.
So, we'll start at the tail and just sort of click some main points along the way. So just click, and if you click and drag, you will notice you get the control handles that will smooth out the points. So, we just kind of want to get a sort of rough outline of this shape. Now go kind of quickly. You don't have to worry if it's not precise because you can always go back and change the different points later.
And finally, we finished our shape. When we get to the end, make sure you see this little round circle on the lower-right corner, letting you know you have completed your shape. And now, we have our basic outline. If you want to go back and adjust any of the control points, when you move your mouse over any of the points, when you click on it, you will know it's selected with the white circle in the center and if you press Command and the Arrow keys on your keyboard, you can reposition this specific point. You can always, obviously, grab the edges of the Bezier handles to adjust the roundness.
Okay, now with that selected, press F7 or click on HUD button on the top of the screen to open the HUD. I just want this to create an outline. So will deselect the Fill checkbox and select the Outline checkbox. And press Command+Minus to zoom back out or Shift+Z to rescale the canvas to fit in the specific area. Let's go ahead and grab our Select tool and press the Play/Pause button to look at our animation and you notice there is a move on this image and what I want to see happen is have this outlines follow along the individual shape.
Well, there is a great behavior for that. If you go up to the Add Behavior button and choose Shape, there is an option for Track Points. And what this will do is take every single anchor point and use it as a track point. Now, this is kind of an optimum situation because each one of these points happens to be on a very high contrast area, and that's typically what you want to look for when you'll use this command. You want to make sure your control points are right on edge of a high contrast area.
That will make it a lot easier for it to track. Now in the HUD, we just leave the Transform option for Mimic Source and Movement, we just want it to analyze. So go ahead and press Analyze and it may take a little while because we do have an awful lot of control points that it's tracking. But if you notice, it's just kind of crank right along and track each of the individual points. Now, just for the sake of time, we are going to speed this up, but go ahead and let your computer finish its process before you continue on.
So we are back, let's deselect the shape and see what our animation looks like. Press F5 on your keyboard to open up the project pane and just click anywhere in the lower area to deselect. Let's play our project from the beginning and watch our animation, and you notice it's tracking beautifully right along the shape. So, let's add one more behavior to this to have this draw on. Go ahead and stop playback for a second, select your Bezier shape and go up under Add Behavior > Shape and choose Write On and we just want this to draw the outline and you notice, by default, it's going to take the entire length of this composition to draw on and I'd actually like it to draw on a little faster.
So move your playhead to frame 70 and press O on your keyboard to trim that behavior. Now, the shape will be drawn by frame 70. Move your playhead back to the beginning and let's see what we have got. We can deselect that layer and check it out. Now, I think that's pretty cool. Feel free to go ahead and trace some of the other shapes and even fade out the background to create your own animations.
Find answers to the most frequently asked questions about Motion 4 Essential Training .
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|Canto 3: The Status Quo
|Chapter 11: Calculation of Time, from the Atom
Bhaktivedanta VedaBase: Śrīmad Bhāgavatam 3.11.37
ayaḿ tu kathitaḥ kalpo
dvitīyasyāpi bhārata
vārāha iti vikhyāto
yatrāsīc chūkaro hariḥ
ayam — this; tu — but; kathitaḥ — known as; kalpaḥ — the current millennium; dvitīyasya — of the second half; api — certainly; bhārata — O descendant of Bharata; vārāhaḥ — Vārāha; iti — thus; vikhyātaḥ — is celebrated; yatra — in which; āsīt — appeared; śūkaraḥ — hog shape; hariḥ — the Personality of Godhead.
O descendant of Bharata, the first millennium in the second half of the life of Brahmā is also known as the Vārāha millennium because the Personality of Godhead appeared in that millennium as the hog incarnation.
The different millenniums known as the Brāhma, Pādma and Vārāha kalpas appear a little puzzling for the layman. There are some scholars who think these kalpas to be one and the same. According to Śrīla Viśvanātha Cakravartī, the Brāhma-kalpa in the beginning of the first half appears to be the Pādma-kalpa. We can, however, simply abide by the text and understand that the present millennium is in the second half of the duration of the life of Brahmā.
<<< >>>
Copyright © The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust International, Inc.
His Divine Grace A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda, Founder Ācārya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness


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Gender Studies
National Studies
- National Research Council. Beyond Bias and Barriers: Fulfilling the Potential of Women in Academic Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2007.
- National Research Council. Gender Differences at Critical Transitions in the Careers of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics Faculty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2010.
- Virginia Valian Handout: Power, Effectiveness, and Gender
- Virginia Valian Handout: Addressing Gender Equity
- Virginia Valian Handout: Recruitment and Retention: Guidelines for Chairs
- Virginia Valian website with more resources
- Valcour, M. and Ladge, J.J. (2008). Family and career path characteristics as predictors of women's objective and subjective career success: Integrating traditional and protean career explanations. Journal of Vocational Behavior 73 (2008) 300-309.
- Hall, J. A., Gunnery, S. D., & Andrzejewski, S. A. (2011). Nonverbal emotion displays, communication modality, and the judgment of personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 77-83.
- Hall, J. A. (1984). Nonverbal sex differences: Communication accuracy and expressive style. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. (Paperback edition, 1990).
Women and Families
- Ward, K. and Wolf-Wendel, L. (2004). Academic Motherhood: Managing Complex Roles in Research Universities. The Review of Higher Education, Winter 2004, 27:2, 233–257.
- Misra, J., Lundquist, J.H., and Templer, A. (2012). Gender, Work Time, and Care Responsibilities Among Faculty. Sociological Forum, Vol. 27, 2: 300-323.
Engaging Men
- Prime, J. and Moss-Racusin, C.A. (2009). Engaging Men in Gender Initiatives: What Change Agents Need to Know. New York, NY: Catalyst.
- Prime, J., Moss-Racusin, C.A., and Foust-Cummings, H. (2009). Engaging Men in Gender Initiatives: Stacking the Deck for Success. New York, NY: Catalyst.
- Fox, M.F. (2001). Women, Science, and Academia: Graduate Education and Careers. Gender & Society 15,5:654-666.
- Trower, C.A. (2007). How to Recruit Gen X Faculty Members.
- Sturm, S. (2006). The Architecture of Inclusion: Advancing Workplace Equity in Higher Education. Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 29:247-334.
Other University Reports
- A Report on the Status of Women Faculty in the Schools of Science and Engineering at MIT.
- Report on the Initiative for Faculty Race and Diversity at MIT.
- WISELI Publication: Benefits and Challenges of Diversity (University of Wisconsin-Madison)
- Herbers, J.M. and Desai, A. (2012). Women STEM Faculty at Ohio State: Resource Allocation and Department Climate.
- University of Venus – Generation X women from around the globe blog about higher education.
Ted Talks
- Ted Talk – Reducing Barriers to the Contributions of Women
- Ted Talk – Drawing on Humor for Change
- Ted Talk – Women and Leadership
- Ted Talk – The Rise of Women


text:
History 1112: World History II
Ancien Regime
and the Intellectual Challenges of the 17th and 18th Centuries
I. Introduction
A Sharply Differentiated Society
The pre-1789
ancien regime
(the French term for old order) was incredibly hierarchical both socially and politically.
The social (and political) ladder was sharply etched with great divisions between bottom and top.
The differences in access to power and in status between
noble born
was vast. Those who were noble born enjoyed special
, status, and legal rights unavailable to those who were common born (even wealthy common born people).
Where you were born determined almost entirely your position in society. This system thus rested fundamentally on
Intellectual Challenge
The system of privilege had been under intellectual attack since the Renaissance, but new intellectual movements in the 17th and 18th centuries (the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution) would mount a new and significant challenge to the prevailing social order by using
to attack the system of
on which it rested.
In particular, these intellectual movements would inspire the increasingly wealthy but still relatively politically powerless
to challenge the prevailing order.
We will begin by examining the class structure of
ancien regime
society (the monarchy at the top, followed by the ,
Three Estates) and
will then look at the challenge posed by the Scientific Revolution and by the Enlightenment. We will focus on France, the largest and most important nation in Europe in the 18th century (but we can consider France to be a model for the rest of Europe).
II. Monarchy
At the top of the class pyramid stood the King, who--in theory--ruled the nation of France with no restraint under the doctrine of
A. Absolutism
i. Theory
was the reigning political system/theory in Europe in the 18th century.
According to it, the Monarch enjoyed unquestioned authoritythey had NO checks on their authority, and did not legally share power.
The King held power by virtue of
Divine Right
. Basically, this held that the king's authority and position stemmed from God himselfthat he was God's representative on earth and thus could not be questioned (to question the King's decisions or authority would be, in turn, to question God).
He also held power by virtue of tradition--the King's rule was justified by virtue of the fact that the nation had had a King for hundreds if not thousands of years (
was the basis for the entire arrangement of society at that time--in particular, it underlay the King's and the nobility's special privileges).
ii. Reality
The reality of the situation did not really live up to the theory of
, however.
The King did not really enjoy absolute power. He had to keep the
, the
, and even the
happy to rule without challenges.
He consequently relied heavily on the church and the nobility (with whom, as we shall see, he shared a common class outlook), and tended to support them in local conflicts w/peasants.
Likewise, their were ancient political institutions that rested on the same legal foundation (
) as did the King's power and the nobility's privilege. Thus, the King could not do away with or ignore these institutions without calling his own authority into question.
For example: the provinces had their own courts called
. Towns and cities also enjoyed ancient historical privileges such as exemptions from taxation (which helped give France a crazy quilt of legal codes).
B. France's Bourbon Dynasty
France's Bourbon Dynasty was Europe's best example of an absolute monarchy.
i. Louis XIV (1643-1715)
Louis XIV
was the most important Bourbon King, and was the very embodiment of the absolutist monarch.
He was very effective at enhancing the power of the monarchy.
Louis warred incessantly (an area in which kings had full authority) to increase French power and territory; this, in turn, enhanced his power. He waged four major wars between 1667 and 1713, and had a peacetime army of 100,000 men and a wartime military of 400,000.
When he came to power he confronted a powerful and independent nobility.
As we shall see (below), moreover, he used the palace of
to break their power and to "domesticate" them.
He also used Versailles to centralize his control of the French government (though it remained a very inefficient organization).
ii. Religion: The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685)
Louis also used religion to uphold his authority.
He rallied the
Catholic Church
to him (and thereby won its support) by revoking the
Edict of Nantes (1598)
in 1685. The edict had guaranteed religious tolerance and freedom to Protestants (known in France as
). Louis both feared the Huegenots (they had their own army and fortified towns and were wealthy and powerful) and sought to make the Catholic Church a pillar supporting his rule.
As a result of his decision to revoke the Edict of Nantes, some 200,000 Huegenots fled to Germany or to England.
Though he thereby lost the services of an especially entrepreneurial group of people, Louis did win the gratitude of the Catholic Church (which sought to cement its position in France).
iii. Versailles
Versailles was Louis's palace that he had constructed outside Paris.
Versailles was (and is) a magnificent palace that Louis hoped would be the physical embodiment of the grandeur and power of the French King.
It took 40 years to build, employed 10,000 servants and was the largest building in Europe.
Versailles served a very important political purpose for Louis because he used it (and designed it to break the power of the nobility.
To that point in France's history, the nobility jealously guarded their independence, power, and ancient political rights. This put them on a collision course with Louis, who, in keeping with the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings, sought to enhance the power of the central monarchy.
Louis consequently used Versailles to redirect the noble's energies away from the pursuit of political power and toward the pursuit of social status within the confines of court life.
Louis thus demanded that the nobles live part of the year at Versailles (Versailles was a massive palace complex that could house tens of thousands). He proved successful in getting the nobles to live at Versailles both because it was lavish and fun and because they had to live at Versailles or Louis would shut them out access to lucrative royal patronage.
Louis was thus successful in domesticated the nobles. They focused more and more on achieving status at court and less and less on achieving real political power.
Key to this process were a series of rituals Louis and his advisors devised that were designed to produce a nobility keener to curry favor with the king than to achieve independent political power.
For example, each morning Louis was the center of a ritual called
the Lever
, in which a group of noblemen would help him get ready for the day (one would hand him his towel, another would help him put his shirt on, etc.).
Being asked to participate in this ritual meant gave the participant great status the nobles thus fought to take part in the Lever much as they had once fought for their political power.
By 1700, therefore, Louis had domesticated the nobility.
iv. Reality
In reality, of course, Louis enjoyed nothing like absolute power.
He had ended the nobles' threat to the monarchy's power, but he faced limits due to persistent local control, due to the fact that he could not erode the basis for noble power (tradition) without eroding his power, and most of all, due to the fact that the monarchy was never on solid enough financial footing (Louis's wars and the palace of Versailles were both phenomenally expensive).
III. The Church (the First Estate)
Legally, French society was divided into three ancient classes--the First, Second, and Third Estates.
The First Estate, the clergy of the Catholic Church, was almost as powerful as the King.
France was almost entirely Catholic after Revocation of the
Edict of Nantes
The Church was very wealthy--it held 15% of the land, and paid no formal taxes.
A. Domination by Nobility
Internally, the First Estate was sharply divided between the noble elite (most of the high positions in the Church were held by nobles) and common parish priests.
Nobles dominated the church completely, and were allied with the King.
Thus, the Church, King, and Nobles had a common class interest and supported one another in way that gave Louis great authority and that buttressed the basis of their power--tradition..
B. Tithe
Not only did the Church not have to pay taxes, but it also had its own taxthe Tithe.
Under the Tithe, all French people had to pay 10% of their annual income (or 10% of the goods and crops they produced to the Church.
The Church thus did rather well under the ancien regime, and top Church positions were as powerful as some ministerial posts.
IV. Nobility (the Second Estate)
The second estate consisted of the nobility.
It ruled with Louis, but in a subservient capacity (all of Louis's ministers were nobles, as were the generals in his army).
The total number of nobles in France was somewhere between 100,000 and 300,000 people.
Nobles had a title and enjoyed special privileges by virtue of birth.
They were considered socially (and legally) to be better people than were the commoners of the Third Estate.
Like Louis and the Church, they owed their status to
. They had special rights and privileges because they always had (and, they argued, because the perpetuation of tradition was the best way to maintain order in society).
A. Hereditary Privileges
Nobles had many privileges that commoners did not enjoy.
They were the only ones legally allowed to wear swords in public.
They enjoyed the right to be tried by a jury of their peers (which meant that their jury would always consist of nobles. Needless to say, noble juries rarely convicted noble defendants in court cases involving nobles and commoners.
Most important, while nobles controlled the land (and thus most of the wealth in France, they were exempt from the payment of most taxes (such as the
Thus, those best able to pay taxes were exempt from them.
i. Serfdom
Nobles also enjoyed the benefits of
(having peasants serfs work for them for no pay).
This vestige of the feudal system was based on the notion that the
the noblelooked after the
the serfin exchange for a portion of the crops the serf grew.
As it had once existed, the noble would provide military protection or large, expensive equipment such as an oven, wine press, or mill for grinding in exchange for
labor in which the peasants worked for the noble 2-3 days per week (repairing irrigation works, building roads, working the noble's crops, etc.)..
While this had once been a two-way street, was, by 1700, a system that completely favored the nobles. The serfs no longer needed military protection, and were thus merely enriching aristocrats.
ii. Gabelle
Nobles were, in particular, exempted from the gabelle--France's 100% tax on salt (it was a key source of royal revenue.
It was paid by all except nobles.
This tax was hated. Salt was used for many things (preserving meat, flavoring food, preparing bread, etc.), and was thus a staple.
People hated having to pay this heavy tax on so many of the basic goods that they consumed.
V. Everybody Else (the Third Estate) 97% of population
The Common people constituted the vast majority of the population in France, and enjoyed virtually no rights.
In particular, they lacked the hereditary privileges enjoyed by kings, nobles, and clergy.
Moreover, they paid virtually all of the taxes.
At one time, the majority of the Third Estate had been peasants. By the 18th century, however, the Third Estate had become a diverse collection of people ranging from impoverished peasants to rich international merchants.
Their desire to overturn the privilege-based political system would result in 1789 in the outbreak of the French Revolution.
A. Peasants (80% of population)
Peasants were the vast majority of France's population at this time, and they suffered miserably. They were almost completely politically powerless.
They suffered from instability, food shortages, and inflation (inflation in part a product of the growth of international trade).
Population growth also shrank their land holdings (land divided among more and more sons).
They paid a wildly disproportionate share of France's taxesespecially the gabelle, which ate up a substantial part of the peasant's income).
Most did not own the land they farmed, but instead were share croppers on land owned by the nobles.
They also had to spend a large portion of their time working the nobles' land (which they hated).
They lived a bleak, and often tenuous existence.
B. Urban Poor (about 8% of population)
These people were artisans and skilled laborers who lived in towns and cities.
They made skilled goods such as barrels, farm implements, ships, etc.
They lived much better than did peasants, and were literate. They would, when the French Revolution began in 1789, constitute the most radical element in the revolution.
C. Bourgeoisie (8%)
The Bourgeoisie were the newest group in France.
They were the wealthy middle class (do not confuse them with the middle class today, as the bourgeoisie of the 18th century included many VERY wealthy people), and ranged from
, and
shop owners
up to the
For the most part, this class owed its emergence to France's growing involvement in international commerce. That commerce either directly involved the bourgeoisie (merchants and their skilled, white-collar employees such as
) or created the wealth that supported the bourgeoisie (
, etc.).
They lived mostly in towns and cities, and were becoming increasingly wealthy over course of 18th century due to the rapid expansion of trade (both local and global--especially to France's growing colonial empire).
One problem: they were creating most of France's new wealth (which, of course, was increasingly the basis of geopolitical power), but lacked political power; this upset the bourgeoisie.
They also disliked the privilege that the 1st and 2nd Estates enjoyed.
Their pursuit of political power would put them on a collision course with the nobles/clergy/king.
They would, as we shall see, constitute the vanguard of the French Revolution.
VI. Intellectual Challenges
While the ancien regime appeared to be solid and unlikely to change (despite the chafing of the bourgeoisie), it would be rocked in the 17th and especially the 18th century by new intellectual movements.
These movements--the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment--would undermine the basis of the existing order (
) by postulating that
rather than
should be used as the basis for society
As a result, these movements would inspire the bourgeoisie to begin a revolution against the prevailing system of
A. Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution
in Europe began in the 16th and 17th centuries with the rediscovery of heretofore lost knowledge of the Classical period (for example, Europeans rediscovered the works of the Greek astronomer
Building on
's work, the astronomers
, and
would end the geo-centric concept of the universe (which put the earth at the center) and would develop a heliocentric one (which put the sun at the center.
i. Isaac Newton
Newton was the key figure in the Scientific Revolution of the sixteenth century.
Among his MANY other achievements, he developed his famous Three Laws.
1. A body in motion stays in motion; a body at rest stays at rest;
2. The rate of change in motion of a body is proportional to the force acting on it;
3. To every action there is always an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton thus showed that universal laws governed everything everywhere. (of course, his theories have since been superseded by among other new ideas, Einstein's Theory of Relativity). This was a major scientific breakthrough gave a unifying synthesis for the new cosmological vision begun by Keppler and Copernicus.
This was an enormous breakthrough in science, but it also had vital social and political implications. Newton showed that
could be used to discover the
natural laws
that governed the universe. This suggested that similar
natural laws
existed that governed human society (
, etc.).
Newton's theories thus implied that there was an ideal system for the organization of society and that it could be found and was based upon reason.
Implicitly, therefore, Newton's theories suggested that the system of status by birth and
on which the
rested was inappropriate because that social system was not justified by
the scientific revolution thus spurred the belief that
could--and should--be used to determine the best social and political system for man and that people should thus no longer rely upon
For more on Newton click
B. The Enlightenment
A new and important intellectual movement would grow out of the Scientific Revolution in the 18th century called the
. It was centered in France in the 18th century, and sought to extend the Scientific Revolution's emphasis on
rational thought
(in contrast to the customary emphasis upon tradition and received values) to human society. It was thus a critical and powerful challenge to the
ancien regime
Enlightenment intellectuals developed explicitly the novel concept (at the time) that
was more important than
, in turn, led them to conclude that the
hereditary privilege
enjoyed by king and nobles by virtue of their noble birth was irrational and unjust.
They sought to use reason to find "natural laws" (inspired by Newton) that would make for the best society. Thus attacked privilege and religious superstition
The Enlightenment thus challenged explicitly the status quo.
We will look briefly at three Enlightenment figures (there were many): Voltaire, Diderot, and Adam Smith.
i. Voltaire (1694-1778) and Diderot (1713-1784)
was a key Enlightenment figure who was famous for being strongly anti-religious.
He helped to develop the theology of
. Deism held that God was not an active figure in human affairs, but, like a watchmaker, he created the universe but let it run of its own accord (this was in keeping, obviously, with
Three Laws
would thus challenge the prevailing power structure on all fronts (the king's power rested on
Divine Right
, which
suggested was bunk; the clergy's nobles' privilege also stemmed ultimately from tradition based upon religion, and was thus also incompatible with
Voltaire also emphasized toleration in religion (he was strongly opposed to the Catholic Church's monopoly on religion in France, and especially hated that the Church controlled education.
He published the
Treatise on Toleration
(1763) in which he called for religious toleration in France.
Denis Diderot was another key Enlightenment figure.
He published the
-a vast, 28-volume compendium of all knowledge. It became a vital tool in the Enlightenment crusade against the
. It attacked religious superstition and intolerance, and called for a better society based upon a legal and political system rooted in
rather than in received
These two men would thus challenge the prevailing, religiously based system of privilege that existed in
ancien regime
France, and would, like other members of the Enlightenment thereby challenge irrationality and privilege.
ii. Adam Smith (1723-1790)
Adam Smith was a Scottish economist who wrote
The Wealth of Nations
He attacked the prevailing
idea that the government should control trade and the economic system to benefit the state by bringing in more gold in exports than it lost through imports.
Building on Newton's basic ideas, he believed that the
"natural" law
supply and demand
could better benefit society that state management (all would get richer if the state practiced
laissez faire
-the idea that the government should refrain from interfering in the functioning of the economy).
Smith believed that the government should only 1. provide for defense, 2. provide police protection to its citizens, and 3. construct public works such as roads and canals.
Smith thus implicitly challenged the notion that the king should enjoy great control over the economy.
Instead, he believed that individual actors (particularly the bourgeoisie) should collectively call the economic shots through the market mechanism of supply and demand.
He would thus inspire bourgeoisie to call for free trade, more liberty, etc. so as to make the whole country wealthier.
VII. Conclusion
A Society divided over Birth and Privilege
Thus, as we have seen, THE KEY DIVISION IN SOCIETY WAS BETWEEN PRIVILEGED MEMBERS (the Monarchy, First Estate, and Second Estate, AND UNPRIVILEGED ONES (the Third Estate). You either had privilege or you did not; and, by and large, if you enjoyed privilege you had a shared class outlook with the other privileged classes.
This division, as we shall see, would mark the principal dividing line right through the Revolution of 1848.
The Looming Conflict
While this sharply hierarchical class system was well entrenched in the 18th century, the Enlightenment and Scientific Revolution had already sharply attacked them, and would help to spur a challenge to the old order.
We will see this begin in earnest in France in 1789.


text:
Mr. McGath, s computer programmer and free-lance writer in Hollis, New Hampshire, writes regularly for Ergo.
In the past year or so, a number of religious and conservative groups have been trying to discourage allegedly immoral television programs by promoting boycotts of the programs' sponsors. Many commentators have denounced these proposed boycotts as acts of "censorship."
Peggy Charren, president of Action for Children's Television, says that "censorship . . . is what this movement is about, regardless of what they're calling it." James Rosenfield, president of CBS, calls boycotts a "technique of attempting to coerce the advertiser through threats and intimidation."[1]
Yet a boycott is simply the exercise of free-market power—the power to deal with someone or not, according to one's own choices. There is nothing coercive about a boycott; the only "threat" involved is the "threat" to take one's money elsewhere.
The claim that a boycott is coercive rests on the unstated premise that the seller has a right to his market, and that the buyer is violating the seller's rights by going elsewhere. But a "right to a market" is a contradiction in terms. If someone does not have the right not to buy something, the transaction is not a purchase, but a forced exchange; a sale takes place only if both sides are acting by their own choice.
To be precise, a sponsor boycott is a "secondary boycott"—that is, a boycott designed to influence the actions of a third party. In this case, the boycott of the sponsors is intended to influence the producers of TV shows by undercutting their financial support. Secondary boycotts are unpopular, even among some people who otherwise support a free economy. Dr. Sylvester Petro, for example, has called the secondary boycott a "predatory oppressive practice."[2] But the right to decide how to spend one's money cannot depend on the purpose which the spender is trying to achieve. If a person does not wish to buy a product because he believes that buying it will indirectly promote immorality, it is his right not to buy it. If he tries to convince others that his decision is correct and that they should join him in avoiding that product, it is his right to do so.
Whether the boycotters' standards are correct is a separate issue. "Sex and violence" are the principal evils denounced by the advocates of a boycott. It can certainly be argued that there is something wrong with a moral code that regards sex as evil, and that lumps murder together with the punishment of murder as "violence." It can be argued that people who are concerned with morality on television shows would be better off to concern themselves with the ideas promoted by the shows rather than with the number of fist-fights and low necklines that are presented. And it can be argued that urging people to simply shut off objectionable programs would be a more direct approach to the issue than boycotting sponsors.
But criticisms such as these are legitimate only when it is recognized that every person has the right to take whatever non-coercive actions he chooses. The distinction between having a right to do something and being right is vital in this case.
Seeing the Problem
It is possible that some of those who call boycotts "censorship" are expressing doubt about the boycotters' commitment to a free-market method. It is true that opponents of sex and violence in entertainment have frequently enlisted governmental help in enforcing their views. For example, Jerry Falwell of Moral Majority, while calling for a voluntary boycott of broadcast television, has encouraged district attorneys to seek legal regulation of cable television programs.[3] But if these inconsistencies are the real object of the critics' concern, they should be pointing out the inconsistencies and stating that the resort to governmental action, not the voluntary boycott, is an attempt at censorship.
Moreover, if governmental censorship is anyone's actual concern, it already exists, not as a threat but as an ongoing occurrence. Under Federal law, the government can shut any broadcaster down simply by taking away or refusing to renew its license. For example, a broadcasting company is not free to decide which views it will promote; if it gives air time to a particular view, it must give equal time to proponents of the opposite view. More vaguely, and therefore more dangerously, a broadcaster is required to promote the "public interest." If the FCC decides that a station has not acted sufficiently in the "public interest," the station can be taken off the air, even though it has not been found guilty of any specific offense.
Judging Past Conduct
Why is this governmental control not denounced as "censorship"? One answer that has seriously been offered is that censorship means only restraint of material that has been scrutinized in advance of its release, and that shutting down a station for what it has broadcast in the past is therefore not censorship. In upholding the non-renewal of KFKB's license, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals stated:
There has been no attempt on the part of the Commission to subject any part of appellant's broadcasting matter to scrutiny prior to its release. In considering the question whether the public interest, convenience, or necessity will be served by a renewal of appellant's license, the Commission has merely exercised its undoubted right to take note of appellant's past conduct, which is not censorship.[4]
We may all be greatly relieved to know that when Russia jails dissidents or South Africa shuts down newspapers, they are not engaging in censorship, since they are simply "taking note of past conduct."
But if this standard is applied, boycotts are not "censorship" either, since they are based on the past conduct of broadcasters and sponsors. This definition of censorship by nonessentials is not a serious criterion for anyone, but a screen for a view of censorship that is even harder to put over: that voluntary action to influence a medium is censorship, but that governmental control over a medium is not. This view was expressed with unusual clarity by FCC head Newton Minow when he spoke to the Conference on Freedom and Responsibility in Broadcasting in Chicago on August 3, 1961:
Naturally our concern here is with two special limitations on censorship: the First Amendment, which prohibits abridgement by the government of freedom of speech, and section 326 of the Communications Act, which very wisely proscribes any censorship by the Federal Communications Commission.
I am going to explore these at length—but first I want to make an admission against somebody else's interest—there is much censorship—even as it is defined here—there is much censorship in broadcasting today. It is as much to be examined, spotlighted and at times deplored as any form of censorship by a government agency. And since it is done by our own governmental licensees every broadcast day, it violates the spirit of the First Amendment and Section 326 of the Act just as surely as if we had done it ourselves.
The censorship I speak of here takes two forms. First is rating censorship—a result of the almost desperate compulsion of some of our licensees to work and to plan and to live by the numbers, always striving to reach the largest possible audience in order to attract and hold the mass advertising dollar. At best, only the majority interest can be served here and the interests of massive minorities are badly served; and the public interest again is trampled.
. . . The other form of censorship I speak of is what Clare Boothe Luce has called "dollar censorship." Here the broadcast licensee simply abdicates his own judgment and turns programming decisions over to an advertiser or his agency.[5]
Here we have the inversion at its fullest. By defining censorship not as force, but as control over material prior to its release, Minow makes the broadcasters guilty of censorship by the very fact that they are broadcasters, and makes the government innocent of censorship by virtue of the fact that it does not see the programs prior to their release.
At this point, it is necessary to briefly answer the argument that since broadcast frequencies exist in a limited quantity, government control over the use of those frequencies is justified. Everything exists in a limited quantity, including paper and ink for newspapers and cables for non-broadcast communications. It is this very fact that makes private property necessary. The government's proper role is not to seize control of something because it is finite, but to establish the legal basis for guaranteeing property rights. In the case of television, this could have meant some sort of "homesteading" for frequencies; today, it should mean recognizing the property rights of broadcasters to the frequencies they are using over a given geographic area.
Censorship Exercised in Licensing Procedures
Someone might have asked Mr. Minow: isn't the government's power to take away a station's license a power of censorship? On the contrary, says Minow; the fact that the government has this power makes the station's decisions "censorship." The logic is that since they are licensed by the government, they are subject to whatever restrictions (such as the First Amendment) are placed on the government.
Isn't the free market best served by letting stations broadcast whatever they want, since they must broadcast what people want in order to make money? Yes, says Minow, and that is why they shouldn't have that freedom. The free market would give the greatest number of television viewers what they wanted, and would not permit "massive minorities" to dictate the content of the shows; therefore, according to Mi- now, the broadcasters must be regulated. A free market is "dollar censorship."
And this brings us back to the issue of boycotts. We often hear that a person does not have true freedom of speech or freedom of the press if he does not have the means to exercise his freedom—that freedom of the press requires someone to provide him with a press for his own uses. This view of freedom, which confuses freedom with ability and rights with claims upon others, has traditionally been used on behalf of unpublished writers and unfinanced publishers. But the critics of "dollar censorship" are taking it to its logical conclusion and applying it to the sponsors and producers of TV shows.
Minow regards advertisers as the parties guilty of "dollar censorship." By failing to pay for shows that would not give their products sufficient exposure, they are allegedly depriving the shows' producers of their "freedom" to have their shows presented. The opponents of the boycott, though, realize that sponsors cannot afford to take losses indefinitely, and that it's their customers who have to be considered guilty of censorship if "freedom" requires being provided with means.
The implications of defining censorship and freedom in this way are dangerously broad. If the boycotters are guilty of censorship when they decline to buy sponsors' products, then the rest of us are guilty of the same crime when we buy products that we have seen advertised, rather than products advertised on shows which we have decided not to see, or when we buy one magazine and not another at a newsstand. In every such case, we are failing to provide someone with the financial support that he may need to continue broadcasting or publishing; we are engaging in "dollar censorship."
The danger in the inverted standard of censorship is that we will be forced, in the name of "freedom," to pay for publications and broadcasts whether we want to or not. In fact, we are already forced to pay for governmental subsidies to public television and to the arts. The logical conclusion to which these subsidies could be carried is complete governmental control of the broadcast and publications media, with subsidies available only to those who meet the government's criteria, and with charges of "censorship" being levelled against anyone who tries to spend money on broadcasts and publications of his own choice. The United States is still a long way from this sort of totalitarian "freedom," but this is the actual state of affairs in many countries today. If we want to preserve freedom of speech here, we must not be silent when freedom is attacked in its own name.
1. Ron Powers, "The New 'Holy War' Against Sex and Violence," TV Guide, April 18, 1981.
2. Sylvester Petro, "Do Antitrust Laws Preserve Competition?", The Freeman, April 1981.
3. Janet Neiman, "Boycott? 2 Leaders Disagree," Advertising Age, April 27, 1981.
4. Newton Minow, Equal Time: The Private Broadcaster and the Public Interest (Atheneum, 1964), p. 82.


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Undergraduate Program - General Information
The Agricultural Education and Communications Department offers two majors: Interdisciplinary Agriculture and Agricultural Communications. Students majoring in Interdisciplinary Agriculture for the B.S. degree may choose from two tracks: teacher certification or agricultural leadership.
The teacher certification track involves courses from many departments in the College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Elective courses can be selected in areas of special interest. Job placement in high schools, cooperative extension and community colleges offers a life-long career for many graduates and alternative employment opportunities for others. Students seeking teacher certification may also receive a degree in another agricultural area and, with proper planning, receive certification in agricultural education. Students seeking teacher certification should also refer to the section entitled Teacher Education.
The agricultural leadership track prepares students to enter a broad array of careers either in the public sector (legislative assistants, agricultural agencies) or private sector (training and development, management or sales in agricultural, food, and natural resource industries). This degree is also recommended for students interested in continued studies in professional schools such as Law or Business Administration).
Agricultural communications allows students to specialize in both mass communications and agriculture. The communications component consists of prescribed courses in journalism, speech, telecommunications, photography, and advertising. Students must select one of three areas for specialization: electronic media, print media, or public relations/marketing. Selection of technical agriculture courses allows students to specialize in areas of interest and to reinforce their general knowledge in agriculture.
The department offers a minor in agricultural leadership for students majoring outside the department.
Beginning Fall 2011, students majoring in agricultural communications or interdisciplinary agriculture will be required to have a personal laptop computer. Please click here to view system requirements. For more information contact the department or your advisor at 806.742.2816 or send an email to Dr. Steve Fraze at firstname.lastname@example.com .


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Ogdensburg, New York Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
United States » New York » Ogdensburg
Looking for a hotel in Ogdensburg, NY that you can bring your pet to? We made sure that each one of the hotels below are pet friendly, so you can enjoy your trip with your pet by your side! Once you have found a pet friendly hotel, you can book your stay instantly from our website or call 866-212-1803 to speak with a pet travel agent.
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6765 State Highway 37 - Ogdensburg, NY (Map)
Located in Ogdensburg, Quality Inn Gran-View is within the vicinity of Frederic Remington Art Museum and Fort Wellington National Historic Site. This hotel is within the region of Palings Family Fun C...
Overview | Pet Policy | Map


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Frank Omiyale has what amounts to a one-game tryout at right tackle Sunday and after that the Bears will re-evaluate what they're doing on the offensive line.
That's the latest twist for the men protecting quarterback Jay Cutler now that Gabe Carimi will "miss an extended period of time" after suffering a subluxation of his right knee in Sunday's loss to the Saints. It's similar to an injury Carimi suffered during his career at Wisconsin but the last time it occurred during spring ball.


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Pigeon Forge has the best shopping outlets anywhere including Tanger Outlet Center, Beltz Outlets, and Old Mill Village. Also, The Inn On The River is located right next door to the Incredible Christmas Place. The Inn On The River in the center of action-packed Pigeon Forge offers you discount hotel coupon codes, exclusive deals, attraction packages, and other Pigeon Forge hotel specials to save you money. Please sign-up to receive email offers as they come up!
Don't forget to add your romance package when you book your room! To order, just add on to your reservation under "Booking Options" or give us a call at (877) 986-4243 for assistance in adding this package.Packages include your room of choice as well as the following options.
These packages must be reserved at least 24 hours in advance.


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With the crop only a few days away we are busy preparing for classes and demos . So for the next few days I will be showing a few layouts completed by some of our customers thank you ladies for allowing us to show them.
Me by Valerie Harrison
Birthday Girl by Valerie Harrison
Cousins by Marion Boyns
Posers by Louise
I'm hanging Up My Scissors….
10 months ago


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Click Here to Watch the Whole Video in HD at Raw and Rough
Get your pig on with the hottest, nastiest raw ass plowin', pissin' and fistin' fun this side of the sleaziest Berlin underground sex party.
This Bottom Needed to Be Cleaned Up, Luckily There Was a Hose Nearby.
Pixels: 320X240 | Bitrate: 350K
Pixels: 640X480 | Bitrate: 700K


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Marie-Anna Vigeant
Gerard J. Larivee
PAWTUCKET - Gerard J. Larivee 85 of Pawtucket died at home on Tuesday, Dec. 14. He was the husband for 60 years of Helen (Richard) Larivee. Born in Central Falls, a son of the late Albert and Amanda (Hemond) Larivee, he had resided in Pawtucket for several years, He was a communicant of St. Cecilia Church where he had served as an usher and an Eucharistic Minister. He had also been a chairman of the parish Catholic Charity Drive for 24 years.
PAWTUCKET — On a night that Joan Doyle described as "kind of surreal" and her husband called "heartwarming," nearly 500 people turned out for a retirement gala to honor Pawtucket's longest serving mayor, James E. Doyle.
PROVIDENCE — For the past several months, Jalen Evans has been punishing his opponents with his blazing speed on the football field.
In his inaugural season of track and field, the Woonsocket High sophomore is hoping to do the same on the indoor oval.
"I am very confident," Evans said. "When I see my competition, I get very excited. My adrenaline starts pumping. I just want to be at full speed. When I am at full speed, it feels great."
CUMBERLAND — Defending state champion Cumberland is not the early-season favorite to repeat, according to no less an authority than Clippers head coach Steve Gordon.
"Warwick Veterans is loaded," Gordon was saying on Wednesday morning, a few hours before his Clippers would face North Providence and Mount Hope in a double-dual meet at Pilgrim High. "They finished six points behind us last year in the state meet and didn't lose anybody."
Jeannine T. Audette
PAWTUCKET- Jeannine T. Audette 66, formerly of Coyle Avenue passed away Thursday December 9, 2010 at Memorial Hospital in Pawtucket.
Born in Central Falls she was a daughter of the late Eugene and Madeleine (Gratton) Audette. She was the step daughter of the late Charles F. Ross.
Before retiring Jeannine was employed by the former Cartie's Health Center of Central Falls and later at the Rhode Island Hospital as a Certified Nursing Assistant.
She leaves 1 sister Rosemary D. Borowick and her husband William of Pawtucket, nieces and nephews.
Cecelia Ann Savoie
W. BRIDGEWATER, MA - Cecelia Ann Savoie, 83, of West Bridgewater, MA, formerly of South Attleboro, a loving wife, mother, sister, grandmother and great-grandmother, passed Saturday, December 11, 2010 at New England Sinai Hospital, Stoughton. She was the beloved wife of the late Joseph R. Savoie who passed on May 29, 2000.
Born Cecelia Ann Kennedy in Providence, RI, on September 3, 1927, she was a daughter of the late James and Rose (O'Hare) Kennedy. Cecelia was a graduate of West High School in Pawtucket.
Margaret P. Reynolds
SMITHFIELD - Margaret "Peggy" P. Reynolds, 88, of Smithfield, died Monday at Miriam Hospital. She was the wife of the late Joseph D. Reynolds Sr.
Carolyn B. Harrop-Cassidy
Norton - Carolyn B.(Marsland) Harrop-Cassidy, 90, passed away peacefully at home surrounded by her family on Sunday, December 12, 2010. She was the beloved wife of the late Harold C. Harrop and the late Giles F. Cassidy.
PAWTUCKET – St. Raphael Academy's Diandra DaRosa may have been the top talent on the floor Tuesday night, but East Providence High proved that team play wins out every time.
Paced by a monster effort by Michaela Wiggins, the Townies held on to defeat the Saints, 55-49, at the Wellness Center. Wiggins, a senior, finished with a game-best 24 points and 22 rebounds, a performance that helped offset the 23 points DaRosa scored for SRA. Shania Connor aided E..P.'s cause with 14 points and eight rebounds.
PAWTUCKET — In addition to their "reading, writing and 'rithmetic," the city's school children are also learning about healthier eating. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Food and Nutrition Service just announced that the Pawtucket School District has received the HealthierUS Schools Challenge Award for eight of its elementary schools.
With two city elementary schools, Curvin McCabe and Cunningham, having received the HealthierUS Schools Challenge Award last year, this means that all of the city's elementary schools have been recognized for excellence in nutrition and physical activity.
Josephine L. Godek
LINCOLN- Josephine L. "JOJO" Godek 88, of William Street passed away Sunday December 12, 2010 at Home and Hospice Care of RI. She was the beloved wife of Laurence J. Godek. They were married for 65 years.
Born in the Crompton section of West Warwick she was a daughter of the late Charles J. and Mary (Kawa) Zaborski. She lived in Lincoln for the past 56 years and was formerly of Pawtucket.
JoJo retired as a Store Manager for both the Outlet Co. and Cherry And Webb Stores.
Clarice L. Osborne
DURHAM: Ms. Clarice Longworth Osborne, age 98, passed away at Hock Family Pavilion on December 11, 2010. She was born in Pawtucket, Rhode Island, the daughter of the late William and Martha Longworth Osborne. She was preceded in death by her sister, Margaret Bell Osborne, her brother, William James Osborne and her nephew, William James Osborne, Jr.
William S. King Jr.
PAWTUCKET, William S. King Jr. 80, passed away Sunday December 12, 2010 at home surrounded by his loving family.He was the husband of Phyllis (Lincoln) King, they were married for 60 years.
William was born in Providence on January 7, 1930 and grew up in the Pawtucket and Central Falls area. He was the son of the late William Sr. and Mary (Kenny) King.
Blanche Y. McConnell
PAWTUCKET: Blanche Y. McConnell, 92, passed peacefully at home on December 13, 2010. She was the wife of the late George W. McConnell.
Born in Central Falls, a daughter of the late Edouard and Daisy (Dubuque) Peloquin.
She is survived by two daughters, Susan Sampers of Lincoln and Janet Riendeau of Pawtucket and many grandchildren and great grandchildren. She was the mother of the late George R. McConnell and Martin R. McConnell.
LINCOLN – It was all Lincoln High all the time on Monday night at the Lions' Den.
Lincoln seized control midway through the first half and never looked back in an eventual 56-41 triumph over Shea in the Division II opener for both schools. The Lions closed the opening half on a game-turning 20-4 run that saw Kent Crooks' team go from down 12-7 to up 27-16 at recess.
PAWTUCKET — As program director Jim Gillen knows firsthand, it can be very difficult for someone trying to recover from drug or alcohol abuse to find new ways to live, work and socialize. The new Anchor Recovery Community Center in downtown Pawtucket aims to provide some much-needed ballast to those who feel like they are struggling with sobriety.
PAWTUCKET – Jim Hoyt, the CEO of the Pawtucket Boys & Girls Club, has a vision of taking the two existing preseason boys' basketball tournaments in the city – the James W. Donaldson Memorial Tournament and the Dennis M. Lynch Memorial Tournament – and combining the tradition each one represents. The end result would be an all-inclusive tournament that would serve as the perfect wet-your-whistle appetizer for league play.
PROVIDENCE – Since the Big East expanded to 16 teams in 2005, taking home Player of the Week kudos has been an honor normally doled out to All-American candidates/NBA prospects. With that in mind, it's not every day a Providence College player is bestowed with the conference's top weekly award.
Monday saw the Big East lavish Player of the Week praise upon PC senior Marshon Brooks. The swingman averaged 31.3 points and 8.7 rebounds in three games last week, leading the Friars to a 2-1 mark.
Denise R. King
CENTRAL FALLS- Denise R. King 57, of Dexter Street passed away Tuesday December 7, 2010 at the Miriam Hospital in Providence.
Born in Central Falls she was a daughter of the late Stanley and Rita (Fontaine) Szwed. She was a life long resident of Central Falls.
Denise was employed as a Receptionist for Lincoln Urgent Care.
She was the loving mother of Glenna King of Central Falls and Dennis G. King and his wife Dawn of Fall River, MA. She also leaves 3 cherished granddaughters. She was the beloved companion of Patrick J. Szlashta Jr. of Central Falls.


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Fischer Audio Consonance White Earphones, Headphones for New Music Re-Vitalized
"Introduction: Sometimes in life, things kinda catch you by surprise when you least expect it and this is exactly what I found with the Fischer Audio Consonance Earphone. When I purchased my KEF M200s, I thought this would be for life; these were most accurate sounding IEMs I had heard to date. However, there was a downside like with most things in life and that was the..." --mcook1970
Fischer Audio Consonance V2
"The Consonance V2 is a pair of earphones manufactured by Russia-based Fischer Audio which forms part of their Fundamentals lineup. With its in-line microphone and remote control unit and low impedance, it appears to be aimed squarely at smartphone users. As you can tell from the name, the V2 is their latest revision of the well received Conosnance. However, as I have no experience with its..." --fonzler
Fischer Audio DBA-02
" Introduction A warning before we even get to the review. This is kinda lengthy. I'm not sure how it got so long since it is just one product but yeah it is a bit long. Fischer Audio has slowly gained popularity over the last year or so and there was quite a buzz on them but nothing interested me enough to go out and purchase them. That changed when LFF posted a review on the DBA 02 and..." --rawrster
Fischer Audio Paradigm V2
Specifications : - Frequency range : 10-20000 Hz - Sensitivity : 104 dB - Impedance : 16 Om - Input power : 60 mW - Length of a cable : 1.25 M - Color : black / silver. - Set : ear tips, pouch.
Fischer Audio Silver Bullets
"First of all, my favourite genres are Progressive Roch/Metal and Classic, that's important to note for this review, because these IEMs are very specific. If you want a good all round package sound-wise and overall, look elswhere; the Fischer Audio Silver Bullets are uncompromisingly about the sound of drums and electric guitars! Their major weakness lies in their thin and flimsy cable. It's..." --AlfredKeppler
Fischer Audio Eterna
" So I owned a pair of CX300II's for over 4 years and finally decided to get a new pair. Of course, I was looking to upgrade from the sennheiser in terms of Bass and overall quality. After reading Jokers 131 IEM thread, I decided to get these. I am extremely pleased with my purchase. I as looking for a IEM that I would use for 1-2 hours at a time on my way to school, and these are..." --2enty3
Fischer Audio DBA-02 Mk II
" The DBA-02 Mk IIs are getting a lot of the same fame and respect their initial version siblings got. While initial comparisons suggest the Mk IIs are not as distinctive as the originals in shining with as fearless a midrange and treble, the major sonic character seems to have carried. (I never heard the originals but have gathered this from others' opinions.) And..." --ScuderiaHeadFi
Q: Electronics Noise-Isolating Ear Buds-2 Pack (Chrome)
Forget about those irritating and uncomfortable earphones that youve used to for so long and try listening to clear, unimpeded sound through the Q:Electronics Noise-Isolating Ear Buds. It features three (3) sizes of ear bud tips which come included in your purchase, in order to provide the most comfortable fit possible. This provides a meticulous sound chamber that accentuates every detail...
Fischer Audio TBA-04 IEM
"When my 2 year old DBA02 mkii's lost left channel signal strength, I needed a replacement, pronto. I took note of some good sounding < IEMs from |joker|'s list and headed off to the nearest headphone store - to tide me over till I went custom, so the idea went. (I totally agree with |joker|'s 9.2 assessment of SQ on the DBA 02 mkii, fyi) As it turned out, they..." --exsomnis
Fischer Audio FA 990
In ear headphone monitor.


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Not a surprise really. I have one of the early EEE 704s and the more I used it the less I liked it. Granted the newer netbooks have a lot nicer screens and keyboards, but for pure consumption (which I venture to guess that a great majority of netbooks are used for) I'd rather have an iPad. Waiting for the next gen though.
iPad putting a hurt on Asus netbook sales
Since iPad doesn't seem (yet?) to be cannibalizing Mac sales, those 1 million units moved a month have to be eating into something and it looks like netbooks -- which Steve Jobs said aren't better at anything -- are the ones on the buffet:
Asustek Computer saw sales of its netbooks in the second quarter fall short of expectations mainly due to competition from Apple's iPad, and has downward adjusted its target shipments for the third quarter, the traditional peak sales period, to 1.4 million units, according to company president and CEO Jerry Shen at an investors conference on August 13.
They're going to try an eeePad to compete.
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
iPad putting a hurt on Asus netbook sales
Re: "...1 million units moved a month have to be eating into something and it looks like netbooks..."
I dunno about these volume levels, but it's always possible that a new product creates its own space, expanding the pie, instead of eating into another product's slice.
I don't know that netbooks are suffering because of the iPad. That's certainly not what I've heard from other outlets.
Frankly I just don't understand why in the world anyone would prefer an iPad over a netbook. There is NOTHING that an iPad can do that a netbook can't do, and unlike iPads netbooks let you install whatever OS you wish (even "hackintosh" in some cases), whatever programs you want, USB ports, you can change the hard drive, change the battery, & on and on. Frankly, the hot sales of the iPad only prove to me that PT Barnum was absolutely correct.
The only reason I have not bought a netbook yet is because of price!! When they were $200-250, they were very attractive, but I wanted to wait a while until the CPU's and video playback got better. Now video playback still not the best, but the current models with decent video playback and 8 hour battery life are approaching $500!!! Not to mention Windows 7 Starter kills it for me. I want Linux or Android!
I would never buy an iPad because of lack of a physical keyboard... plus the "locked down" proprietary nature of the device. I'm sure some people love their tablets, but I just can't stand typing on a screen.
The time it takes you to boot up that Asus netbook, I have already typed this post and are off doing other things. And for anyone that thinks you cannot save and transfer files, you can do so easily with Docs To Go.
If you need a physical keyboard, buy a wireless one for $60. And I do not need to change a battery that gives me roughly 10 hours of life.
Netbooks carved out their market from notebooks, and a lot of people got netbooks not as a secondary computer, but a secondary portable computer. The iPad is carving out its market from the same niche. OTOH, I really think the netbook market is fairly saturated. These days, high-end netbooks and low-end notebooks are distinguished only by the CPU/battery life, because they cost exactly the same. What I really think is that Asus is lowering expectations of their netbook sales while priming the public for its EeePad release. I anticipate that the EeePad will be able to compete with the iPad primarily on the basis of price, because the iPad is actually quite expensive for what it does.
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Playing musical board members: Portland's Rumblefish taps former Pandora board member (6)


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Ruben Navarrette: Some sound advice on listening
You may remember Mateo Beltran, the 3-year-old who wanted a cupcake even though his mother, Linda, refused to give him one. In a YouTube video that has now been viewed 14 million times, Mateo pleaded: "Listen, Linda, listen."
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By Gerry J. GilmoreAmerican Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, Dec. 12, 2003 The Defense Department's top civilian today praised reserve and National Guard members serving in the global war on terrorism, while acknowledging some of that force is being stretched by multiple deployments.
Members of the Guard and reserve are "doing a superb job," Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld declared to a group of state legislators gathered here at a downtown hotel.
About 175,000 Guard and reserve members are now on active duty, Rumsfeld said, with many serving in Afghanistan and Iraq. He acknowledged to members of the National Conference of State Legislatures that some Guard and reserve units with specialties such as military police and civil affairs are being heavily employed -- and deployed -- overseas.
The secretary said that if a genuine need existed for a larger active force to lessen reliance on the Guard and reserve, then, "obviously our country should do that." Yet, Rumsfeld pointed to the lack of available substantive studies on increasing the active military. Therefore, he added, it's not "readily apparent at this moment," whether increasing the active forces would be a wise idea in the long run.
Rumsfeld said DoD is taking steps to rebalance the active force with the Guard and reserve, noting he'd just met with Army Chief of Staff Gen. Peter J. Schoomaker on that subject.
About 25 years ago, the secretary explained, U.S. defense leaders decided to transfer up to 95 percent of some military jobs -- such as military police and civil affairs -- from the active duty force to the Guard and reserve. In the past few years, he continued, those and some other specialties have been in high-demand in places like Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq.
"Therefore, when you're in a situation like we're in, you have to reach into the Guard and reserve and activate people," Rumsfeld said. "We need to rebalance that."
Schoomaker, the secretary continued, "is in the process of moving some skill sets to the Guard and reserve that we have too much of in the active force, and taking those skill sets that are in the Guard and reserve that we need on active duty."
The result, Rumsfeld remarked, should be fewer call-ups of Guard and reserve members, and "people will be called up less often."
That, he noted, would "be a good thing," for reserve component members, their families, and employers of Guard and reserve members.
The Defense Department doesn't want to "call up the same people over and over," Rumsfeld emphasized, noting that if reserve component members wanted to be in the active force "they would have volunteered for that, instead of the Guard and reserve."


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Should the man who exposed the phone-spying program be pardoned or prosecuted?
It could go either way. Some members of Congress are calling Edward Snowden a traitor and want to see him put away for a decade or two. Others are taking a decidely different approach. As Reuters reported, "A petition to pardon Edward Snowden, who has acknowledged leaking secret documents from the U.S. National Security Agency, attracted […] [Read More]


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Toya Wright & Memphitz Celebrate 1 Year Anniversary In Paris
Fresh off of a trip to Puerto Rico with her girls, BET reality star Toya Wright is living the good life out in Paris while celebrating her 1 year Anniversary with Memphitz. The couple have been spending their vacation yachting on the river and visiting the Eiffel Tower (where Toya was bombarded by fans).
Toya recently revealed to Sister 2 Sister that she's out of her BET deal, however she plans to launch a new website featuring weekly webisodes as well as release a sequel to her first book, Priceless Inspirations. She also has plans to open a salon near her clothing boutique in her hometown of New Orleans and she is developing a new clothing line which will be released in Walmart later this year. Although there were a few pregnancy rumors surrounding Toya last month, she says that she will probably wait until next year to add to her family.
I want to enjoy a year of just us, and then we'll start working on that. I'm still trying to get some things off the ground and together and done first.
She's definitely doing it!
More pics from their Anniversary trip and tweets from Toya and Memphitz below:
Toya tweeted:
A year ago I married the love of my Life….. Thank you God for blessing me with such a Great Man.
F$ck what u heard…. I don't think they make em like this anymore.
And Memphitz tweeted:
I Cherish the Day GOD sent me My OwnPersonal ANGEL. 2 @ToyaWright My Beautiful Wife. I Love U 4 Lovin Me. Happy Anniversary#1! Heres 2 4Ever


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Tiny smarten up boyo!
Printable View
Tiny smarten up boyo!
it got by every body ...wow. sorry
GntlGnt is still here and Tiny came back but the other lady (Ally) is gone now. Dunno - I just took the large print edition of Under the Dome out of the library - I'll try to get to it but now that Dr. Sleep is out - it doesn't look too promising! Welcome to the SKMB by the way!~ :wink2: :y: Oh yeah - and of course good old Spideyman is in this thread - she is an Uber member - just like Giant! :love:
Keep on posting - hope you enjoy it here on the board