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In a laser CVD device, immediately before being emitted from a nozzle, raw gas in a reaction chamber reacts opto-chemically with a focused laser beam so that it is decomposed to form a radical flow. The radical flow flows against a substrate set in the reaction chamber so that active materials produced by the optochemical decomposition accumulate on the substrate to form a thin film thereon.
1. A laser CVD device comprising:
a reaction chamber;
a substrate supporting member provided in said reaction chamber;
a raw gas introducing pipe extending into said reaction chamber and having a nozzle connected thereto with an orifice at one end for emitting a flow of raw gas towards said substrate supporting member;
a laser beam source provided outside said reaction chamber; and
an optical system for focusing a laser beam from said laser beam source on said one end of the nozzle for irradiating substantially all of the raw gas emitted into the reaction chamber through said orifice from said nozzle.
2. A device according to claim 1, wherein said reaction chamber includes a window for admitting said laser beam into said chamber such that the direction of said beam is substantially perpendicular to said flow of raw gas.
3. A device according to claim 2, wherein said optical system includes a lens.
4. A device according to claim 2, wherein said raw gas introducing pipe has a plurality of nozzles connected thereto for emitting streams of raw gas toward said substrate supporting member.
5. A device according to claim 4, wherein said plurality of nozzles is arranged in a matrix of rows and columns.
6. A device according to claim 5, wherein said laser beam source includes means for producing a plurality of beams, and wherein said optical system focuses each of said beams on said one end of each of said plurality of nozzles in the same row in said matrix.
7. A device according to claim 1, wherein said laser beam source produces laser beam pulses to be focused on said flow of raw gas emitted from said nozzle, and wherein said nozzle includes a valve means for opening and closing said orifice of said nozzle to emit a pulse of said gas therefrom in synchronization with said pulses of said laser beam.
This invention relates to a laser CVD device in which a raw gas is decomposed by optical decomposition with a laser beam to form a radical, and the radical thus formed is accumulated on a substrate to form a thin film thereon.
A conventional laser CVD device of this type is as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In the device, an ultraviolet laser 1, such as an excimer laser is employed as a light source, and its laser beam 2 is directed into a reaction chamber 4 through a window 3. A substrate 6 is mounted on a susceptor 5 in the reaction chamber 4, and is heated to a required temperature by a heater 7. In forming a silicon film, a gas mixture prepared by mixing a base gas, namely, silane gas (SiH4 or Siz H6) with a diluting gas (rare gas or Hz) is employed as a raw gas when forming a nitride film and an oxide film. When forming a nitrogen film and an oxygen film, the gas mixture is prepared by mixing the base gas with nitrogen gas and oxygen gas as raw gases.
The raw gas is introduced into the reaction chamber 4 which has been evacuated through the discharge outlet 9. The raw gas thus introduced reacts opto-chemically with the laser beam 2, to form the radical. The radical accumulates on the substrate 6 to form a thin film. In this operation, the laser beam may be applied directly to the substrate as shown in FIG. 2, or it may indirectly illuminate the substrate as shown in FIG. 3.
As is apparent from the above description, in the conventional device, the laser beam passes through only a part of the space in the reaction chamber, and therefore the efficiency of formation of the radical is low. Furthermore, in the case where a plurality of raw gases are provided, it is rather difficult to use them selectively. That is, in forming an alloy film by using a plurality of raw gases, it is difficult to control the composition ratio of them over a wide range.
Accordingly, an object of this invention is to provide a laser CVD device in which the above-described difficulties accompanying a conventional laser CVD device have been eliminated, and the laser's features of high intensity and high directivity are fully utilized.
The foregoing object and other objects of the present invention have been achieved by the provision of a laser CVD device comprising a reaction chamber, a substrate supporing member disposed in the reaction chamber a raw gas introducing pipe extending into the reaction chamber and having a nozzle emitting the raw gas towards the substrate supporting member, a laser beam source provided outside the reaction chamber; and an optical system for focusing a laser beam from the laser beam source on the flow of raw gas from the nozzle in such a manner that the laser beam is applied perpendicularly to the flow of raw gas near the nozzle.
The nature, principle and utility of the present invention will become fully apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a first example of a laser CVD device according to the present invention;
FIGS. 2 and 3 are sectional views of a conventional laser CVD device, showing two different ways of applying a laser beam to a substrate;
FIG. 4 is a sectional view of one example of a nozzle employed in the laser CVD device of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a sectional view of a second example of the laser CVD device according to the present invention; and
FIG. 6 is a front view of the nozzles in a third embodiment of the laser CVD device according to the present invention.
A first example of a laser CVD device according to the present invention is as shown in FIG. 1, in which those components which have been described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3 are designated by the same reference numerals.
As in the conventional laser CVD device, a susceptor 5 is provided in a reaction chamber 4, and a substrate 6 is mounted on the susceptor 5. The substrate 6 can be heated to a desired temperature with a heater 7. A raw gas introducing pipe 11 protrudes into the reaction chamber 4 from outside, and a nozzle 12 is connected to the end of the raw gas introducing pipe 11 so as to emit a stream of raw gas towards the substrate 6. A laser beam 2 from a light source is applied through a window 3 to the nozzle 12. More specifically, the laser beam is focused on the end of the nozzle 12 by means of a lens 13. The reaction chamber 4 is evacuated through a discharge outlet with a high power vacuum pump so that the gas stream emitted by the nozzle 12 flows in a free expansion mode as indicated at 22.
FIG. 4 is a sectional view showing one example of a nozzle 12 for forming a radical flow. In FIG. 4, the raw gas supplied through an orifice 21 reacts opto-chemically with the laser beam 2 to form radicals, thus providing a radical flow 22. The orifice 21 is so designed that it is opened and closed by a needle valve 23 in synchronization with laser pulses. In the case where an ultraviolet laser such as an ArF excimer laser is employed as the laser beam source, a typical pulse rate is several tens of pulses per second. The valve is opened in synchronization with the pulse rate, and the valve opening time is made as short as possible.
The radical flow 22 thus formed flows against the substrate 6, to form a thin film thereon. Means for moving the substrate 6 in a scanning manner with respect to the nozzle 12 may be provided to facilitate the formation of a uniform thin film on a large substrate.
FIG. 5 shows a second example of the laser CVD device according to the present invention. The device in FIG. 5 is different from that in FIG. 1 in that a plurality of nozzles 12 for emitting raw gas are provided in the reaction chamber 4, and the laser beam 2 passes through each of the nozzles 12. In the device of FIG. 5, the laser beam can be even more effectively utilized. Furthermore, it is possible to form a thin film on a large substrate by supplying the same raw gas to each of the plurality of nozzles, and to form an alloy film on a substrate by supplying different raw gases to different ones of the plurality of nozzles.
The above-described laser CVD device can be modified as shown in FIG. 6. A plurality of lasers can be employed, or a plurality of laser beams can be obtained by applying one laser beam to a beam splitter. The beams are sent to the nozzles 12 arranged in a matrix form. In this case, a uniform film can be formed on a large substrate.
As is apparent from the above description, in the laser CVD device according to the present invention, the raw gas is emitted towards the substrate by the nozzle in the reaction chamber. In this operation, a flow of raw gas is formed by the nozzle and the laser beam is focused on the flow of raw gas thus formed, so that the raw gas is subjected to opto-chemical reaction. Since substantially all of the raw gas supplied into the reaction chamber is irradiated by the laser beam, the raw gas and the laser beam are utilized with high efficiency.
Furthermore, in the example of the device according to the present invention which employs a plurality of nozzles to emit a plurality of different raw gases in the reaction chamber, as was described above, an alloy film can be readily achieved with a high degree of control over the composition ratio of these components.
It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the particular embodiments described, but rather is susceptible to further modifications, alterations, and equivalent arrangements within the scope of the appended claims.
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Chair of the President's Council of Economic Advisers Christina Romer will become the second member of the White House economic team to resign in a few months, according to Reid Wilson. But unlike Peter Orszag, who was reportedly burnt out, Romer is resigning in frustration with the inability to penetrate the inner circle of Larry Summers and Tim Geithner, and reach the President on economic issues. This is a much more revealing resignation.
"She has been frustrated," a source with insight into the WH economics team said. "She doesn't feel that she has a direct line to the president. She would be giving different advice than Larry Summers [director of the National Economic Council], who does have a direct line to the president."
"She is ostensibly the chief economic adviser, but she doesn't seem to be playing that role," the source said. The WH has been pounded for its faulty forecast that unemployment would not top 8% after its economic stimulus proposal passed.
Instead, the jobless rate is 9.5%, after exceeding 10% last year. It was "a horribly inaccurate forecast," said Bert Ely, a banking consultant. "You have to wonder why Summers isn't the one that should be taking the fall. But Larry is a pretty good bureaucratic infighter."
It's entirely possible this isn't true. But Wilson has excellent sources, and this fits with what I've been hearing about the architecture of the White House economic team.
Romer came from the academic world, and Summers clearly outflanked her from a tactical standpoint in making sure that Obama listened to him directly.
On macroeconomic issues, the policies of this White House have clearly been driven by the axis of Summers and Geithner. Romer's initial forecast for the stimulus, showing the need for a $1.2 trillion dollar jolt to the economy, was internally overruled. But more than that, the strategies with the banks, with foreclosures, basically with respect to the entire economy reflects the fact that Summers has corraled the White House and isn't allowing competing information in. Far from a team of rivals, it's a team with one perspective, on the economic side of things.
Clearly Romer couldn't take the damage to her economic reputation that the iron fist of Summers was exacting. She didn't have enough of a voice at the White House. So she quit.
Pretty big deal. Hopefully she'll speak out.

subset: commoncrawl


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100% waterchange timelapse of picOcean pico reef
I am a lover of all things nano but the things I enjoy researching most are pico reefs and how to sustain them long term, the first person you obviously turn to when looking for info is brandon429 who posts over on nano-reef.com and owns the famous pico vase that we have showed here before. The main thing I gained from my conversations with Brandon is that heavy feeding and 100% waterchanges are key to healthy stock in a pico reef.
Here is my heavily fed tank (full cube of frozen red plankton in 12L of reef)
Here is the timelapse video I made using my phone of my 100% waterchange.
Do any of the readers do 100% waterchanges? If so please comment and let me know your tank volume and how long you have been running it for.


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License Number: 109898
Phone: (206) 527-7444
Website: Visit Cross Northwest Inc. Website
Phone: (206) 527-7444
When it's time to sell your business, or whether you are looking to make an acquisition, you need and deserve an advisory team that provides the same level of service and expertise that large firms enjoy. We level the playing field for our clients so you can compete with the "big boys." You deserve the best. Cross Northwest delivers an affordable, "street smart", deal-making expertise with the highest level of professional ethics and integrity. We have the broad-based experience to manage the highly complex process of business ownership transfers. We leverage our strong professional affiliations in the M&A/business brokerage field to the benefit of our clients.
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News from the world of Maths
December 12, 2011
You would not have thought it, but while you sit contentedly digesting your turkey and gazing at the telly, your brain is keeping up the hard work, making sure that everything in your body goes according to plan. And to understand this most amazing of nature's creations you need maths. Here are some of our favourite articles on brains, human and animal.
December 12, 2011
Researchers in Germany have created a rare example of a weird phenomenon predicted by quantum mechanics: quantum entanglement, or as Einstein called it, "spooky action at a distance". The idea, loosely speaking, is that particles which have once interacted physically remain linked to each other even when they're moved apart and seem to affect each other instantaneously.
December 11, 2011
>It may be Sunday but that's no excuse for resting your brain. Plus has been grappling hard with the strange weirdnesses of quantum mechanics lately, and we think that you should too. So get ready to be mind-boggled.
December 10, 2011
What would Christmas be without the unlimited eating? And even though you can't taste it, there's plenty of maths in food. Here's some yummy examples.
December 9, 2011
Is maths always true?
December 8, 2011
Find some animal maths behind door number 8.
December 7, 2011
There are nearly 7 billion of us now, but how many will there be by Christmas 2111? Find out behind door number 7...
December 6, 2011
Our new postcards are too lovely to keep to ourselves! Look behind Door 6 and find out how to get your own set...


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Gayby Boom
Raising a family the "new-fashioned way"
Posts filtered on Tag
Pancakes, Protocols And Other Prohibitions – Gayby Boomers Get The News
This is what happens when you ask your toddler "Where is Daddy's ear?"[Read More]
FLUFFY LIKE A PILLOW-TOP MATTRESS – Transfer Day for the Gayby Boomers
Everyone has been very supportive and sweet about following along on our journey. Naturally, people want to know where we are in the process and how things are going. Today is transfer day. I can hardly believe it.[Read More]
A Thanksgiving Letter from Our Surrogate April
With tomorrow being Thanksgiving, we recognize that we have so many things for which to be thankful, especially this year. Not the least of these things is that April (our surrogate) was brought into our lives to help us achieve our dream of having a family. We asked her if she would write a letter […] [Read More]
After Many Months, We Finally Get to See Estelle
Today was a glorious day in our journey. Today, we saw our daughter's face for the first time. I know what you're thinking, "Umm, you're pretty far along in this process, haven't you had sonograms before?" Well yes. Just like everyone else we've had them. Actually, we've had a few more because when you go […] [Read More]
Who Knew Babies Needed So Much Stuff?…The Baby Shower (Event)
When we announced we were having a baby, our sisters exclaimed, "Ooohh, a shower!" We hadn't thought about it before, but we do love to throw a party. This shower turned out to be unlike any shower we'd ever heard of before, and it wasn't like any party we'd ever thrown before; but, then again, those […] [Read More]
Role Reversal…Finding Out You're the One Who's "Out"
As we were still sitting in the exam room, having just found out we were going to have a daughter, I immediately knew how Michael had felt months earlier when we found out that we were only having one child. We both assumed that it would be the boy since he had been farther along […] [Read More]
Pink or Blue, What's a Father to Do – The Day We Find out the Baby's Gender
While Matt and I were trying to keep ourselves busy nesting in the nursery so we wouldn't think about the next major step in the pregnancy process, we always had in the back of our minds that we would soon have confirmation that the baby was a boy. If you've been reading with us for […] [Read More]
We Receive Word from the Doctor, First Trimester Bleeding (cont.)
Time seemed to stand still as we waited for news from our surrogate April about her bleeding. Finally, we received another text, "There's just a blood pocket in my uterus, but the placenta isn't near it so it should be fine." Should be fine is good but not great when you are a first-time parent, […] [Read More]
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Use that good ol common sense.
Thats the advice South Carolina Chief Justice Jean Toal had for a group of young lawyers on using social media.
Who knew a status update could have you called before the American Bar Associations ethics commission or even disbarred? Hundreds of thousands of dollars in student loans wasted at the click of a mouse.
[It] can result in disastrous consequences for you, S.C. Associate Justice Costa Pleicones told the group of about 130 young attorneys on Friday.
Toal and Pleicones spoke to members of the American Bar Associations Young Lawyers Division at the Francis Marion Hotel in Charleston as part of the organizations fall conference. They warned the young lawyers about how using those sites could affect their professional lives.
I dont understand why there is confusion, said Chisa Putman, an attorney from Rock Hill.
Putman echoed the sentiments of the justices. If you wouldnt say or do something in person because of ethical guidelines as an attorney, dont do or say it online, she said.
The Rock Hill attorney said she is careful about what she posts online and has strict privacy settings on her personal pages on social media sites.
Zafira Hudani, an American University Washington College of Law student, refuses to participate on social media sites altogether and does not have a Facebook page.
I feel people should communicate in person, she said.
She was also advised at school not to use the social media sites because the content could end up haunting lawyers along their career.
Pleicones said hes checked up on young attorneys Facebook pages and been appalled by the content hes seen.
I wish I could say this was common sense, but apparently its not, he said. The number of drunken brawls we see posted on these Facebook pages is just staggering.
While it got a laugh out of the audience of attorneys, the number of them on social media sites speaks volumes.
About 40 percent of lawyers were members of at least one social networking site, according to a 2009 American Bar Association study.
The justices warned the young lawyers they even need to be cautious using social media sites for professional purposes, such as promoting their law firms.
Rules of professional conduct prohibit lawyers from making false or misleading statements, and that extends to social networking. So if their Facebook page states the firm has several attorneys that practice criminal law, and only truly have one, that could get them into trouble.
Even judges actions on social media sites are being scrutinized. How would the attorney or person on the other side feel if the attorney presenting to the judge was friends with them on Facebook, Toal presented.
In South Carolina we are struggling with when a judge can friend someone else, Toal said.
Pleicones doesnt understand why judges would even have a Facebook page. With more than 700 million users worldwide, though, its inevitable.
Toal knows they all cant live in the dark ages, but hopes attorneys and even judges proceed into the digital age with an extreme sense of caution.
Reach Natalie Caula at 937-5594 or Twitter.com/ncaula.
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Prep golf: Community School girls easily win 1A-6 regional, return to state VIDEO
NAPLES - Cindy Booker-Gatz could see her captain needed a push after 15 holes.
So the Community School girls golf team's first-year coach had a little chat with Olivia Lynch, whose strong round was in the process of coming undone.
"You've got to pull it together," Booker-Gatz told Lynch. "You're letting your good round get away from you. You've got three holes, and I want you to do something it. Now take a couple of deep breaths -- do it for me right now. Breathe in the mouth, and out the nose."
Lynch did it, then Booker-Gatz asked if Lynch knew what she was going to hit off the tee on No. 16. Lynch said she didn't know. "You better think about it," Booker-Gatz said.
Lynch did, then more than responded, holing out a 75-yard sand wedge for an eagle on No. 16, and hitting it to tap-in range for birdie on No. 18 to finish off a 1-over 73 and win medalist honors in the Class 1A-Region 6 tournament at Hideout Golf Club on Monday.
"I saw (the ball) hit the green and disappear," Lynch said of her eagle, "and I'm like, 'Oh my goodness, I hit it over the green. Just my luck right now.' I walked up, and I'm like 'Where did it go?' I'm like 'Oh, I'm probably in the hazard now, and I'll probably make double (bogey).' Everyone was like 'I think it went in the hole.' I walked up to the hole, and I'm like 'No way.' I jumped up and down for my eagle. That was the turning point.
"That goes to show she's a player," Booker-Gatz said. "To come back eagle-par-birdie."
Lynch and her Seahawks teammates dominated the regional, winning by 46 strokes over second-place Lemon Bay. Now they will try to improve upon last year's third-place finish at the state tournament, which begins Nov. 2 in Ocala.
St. John Neumann finished fifth in the team standings with a 470, while not enough Estero or Lely golfers completed their rounds to get a team score.
"We were really happy with the win," Lynch said. "The goal today was just to get to states and come in first."
District medalist Ann Buersmeyer had an 80 for CSN to finish second overall, and Alexandria Ramirez was fifth overall with an 84. Emily Buersmeyer (93) and Leah Ciesla (99) were in the top 12 as individuals.
"I know the girls were a little disappointed, but I told them not to be because the scores were OK," Booker-Gatz said. "We've got five players, and they were all in the top 12 of the whole field, so there's nothing wrong with that."
Booker-Gatz was pleased that almost all of the players finished strongly, and particularly that Emily Buersmeyer shook off getting an 11 on one hole to keep it together and shoot a 93.
"The main thing was they didn't give up, and they were strong, so that's what makes me happy," Booker-Gatz said.
Bradenton-St. Stephen's Episcopal's Yvonne Zheng shot an 81 to place third overall and as one of the top two individuals advancing to state. The top two not on a qualifying team moved on. Gina Falvey of Cape Coral-Oasis shot an 86 to earn the other spot, and was sixth overall.
Class 1A-Region 6 tournament
at Hideout Golf Club
Team scores
Top 2 advance
1. Community School 330, 2. Lemon Bay 376, 3. Bishop Verot 409, 4. Bradenton-St. Stephen's 466, 5. St. John Neumann 470, Wauchula-Hardee 471, Sarasota-Cardinal Mooney 477, Estero NTS, Lely NTS
Top individuals
1. Olivia Lynch (CSN) 73; 2. Ann Buersmeyer (CSN) 80; 3. Yvonne Zheng (SS) 81; 4. Cara Zambella (LB) 82; 5. Alexandria Ramirez (CSN) 84; 6. Gina Falvey (Oasis) 86.
Individual qualifiers
Top 2 not on advancing team
1. Zheng (SS) 81; 2. Falvey (Oasis) 86
Local team results
CSN: Lynch 73, A. Buersmeyer 80, Ramirez 84, Emily Buersmeyer 93
SJN: Sam Shrader 94, Sarah Tenbarge 119, Taylor Surprenant 123, Catherine Hackett 134
Estero: Lorrell Wise 109, Morgan Amore WD, Laynie Villenueva WD, Janae Bennett WD
Lely: Alyssa Baumer WD, Ana Supelano WD, Samantha Camposano WD, Lillian Butler WD
Local individual results
Rachel Adams, South Fort Myers, 114; Karina Espiritu, Immokalee, WD; Rosana Sandoval, Golden Gate, WD; Gloria Zetina, Immokalee, WD
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by Lindsay Beyerstein
How our blog got its name
Sidney Hillman was a powerful national figure during the Great Depression, a key supporter of the New Deal, and a close ally of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
When the rumor spread that President Roosevelt ordered his party leaders to "clear it with Sidney" before announcing Harry S. Truman as his 1944 running mate, conservative critics turned on the phrase, trumpeting it as proof that the president was under the thumb of "Big Labor."
Over the years, the phrase lost its sting and became a testament to Hillman's influence.
It's hard to imagine a labor leader wielding that kind clout today, but we like the idea—and we hope Sidney would give thumbs up to our blog.
Walmart Holds "Captive Audience" Meetings Ahead of Black Friday Strike
As the clock ticks down to Black Friday, Walmart workers allege that management has been subjecting them to captive audience meetings and other forms of intimidation in a bid to discourage them from striking. OUR Walmart, the worker's association organizing the strike, complained to the National Labor Relations Board, Josh Eidelson reports:
Today, OUR Walmart filed the latest of dozens of National Labor Relations Board charges against Walmart. The charge, announced this evening, alleges that Walmart's national headquarters has "told store-level management to threaten workers with termination, discipline, and/or a lawsuit if they strike or engage in other concerted job actions on Black Friday" and that managers in cities including San Leandro, California, Fairfield, Connecticut, and Dallas have done exactly that. It also alleges that Walmart Vice President of Communications David Tovar "threatened employees" with his statements. OUR Walmart says it is seeking "immediate intervention" to remedy the alleged crimes. In an e-mailed statement, American Rights at Work Research Director Erin Johansson said, "Walmart appears to be issuing serious threats to employees to stop them from exercising their rights under law." [The Nation]
Walmart denies holding captive audience meetings, but Christopher Bentley Owen, an overnight Walmart stocker in Tulsa, told the Nation that management held a captive audience meeting on Monday during which the highest ranking manager read a script warning workers not to strike on Black Friday.
Captive audience meetings are legal, but management is barred from making certain kinds of threats.
Friday's strike is expected to be the highest profile event in a series of job actions at Walmart stores across the country. David Bacon of Truthout accompanied some Walmart workers on a walkout in San Leandro, California. A group of current and former Walmart associates marched into the store and arranged flowers near the break room in remembrance of Enrique, a fellow associate who had recently died. After setting up their tribute, they went outside for a brief rally attended by unionized nurses, longshoremen, warehouse workers, and machinists. Community activists also turned out to show their support.
Three on-duty Walmart associates clocked out to participate in the action. After the rally, the group escorted two of them back to the break room, to make sure their supervisors would let them punch back in. They were allowed to go back to work.
[Photo credit: Supporters escort Walmart associates back to the break room to punch in after the rally. David Bacon for Truthout.]
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text:
France face the World Champions in Madrid and Deschamps wants his team to play intelligently.
"We also have to be able to bring the ball out well and then take what chances we get efficiently," said Deschamps.
"I am convinced that coming here and thinking only about defending is not a solution.
"When you play Spain you know you are going to suffer whatever happens. It's the same for all teams."


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The present invention provides an illumination management system that includes a first LED that outputs a first signal when exposed to a first spectrum of light, the first signal indicating an intensity of light from the first spectrum; a second LED that outputs a second signal when exposed to a second spectrum of light, the second signal indicating an intensity of light from the second spectrum and wherein the second spectrum includes at least some wavelengths that are not in said first spectrum. In some embodiments, more LEDs could be included in the system for associating the presence of light energy from different parts of the light spectrum. Also included is light control circuitry, coupled to the LEDs, configured to generate a lighting control signal that can be output to one or more lights to adjust the lights to a desired light level, wherein the lighting control signal varies in response to said first and second signals.
1. A device comprising:
a) a detection means comprising:
i) a first diode configured to measure visible light within a first spectrum; and
ii) a second diode configured to measure visible light within a second spectrum, wherein at least a portion of the first spectrum is different from the second spectrum; and
b) means for controlling an output of a controlled light source based on a combination of the measured light within the first spectrum and the measured light within the second spectrum.
2. The device of
3. The device of
4. The device of
5. The device of
6. The device of
7. The device of
8. The device of
9. The device of
10. An illumination management system for controlling light levels comprising:
a) diodes, wherein at least one of the diodes is configured to receive fluorescent light and at least one of the diodes is configured to receive sunlight and generate output signals indicating a level of fluorescent light and a level of sunlight; and
b) a lighting control circuit configured to receive the output signals, compare the output signals from the fluorescent light and the output signals from the sunlight and to generate control signals to adjust lights to maintain a combination of the flourescent light and the sun light within a selected range.
11. The system of
12. The system of
13. The system of
14. A method of controlling light in a control area, the method comprising:
a) measuring light outputs from a plurality of visible light sources with a light controller using a plurality of diode sensors for measuring two or more different spectra from the plurality of visible light sources; and
b) adjusting at least one of the plurality of light sources such that a combination of measured light from the light outputs is maintained within a range.
15. The method of
16. The method of
17. The method of
18. A method of making a light controller comprising electrically coupling two or more diodes to an amplifier for generating light output data from two or more spectra of visible light and electrically coupling the amplifier to a processor that is configured to control lights based on the light output data, wherein the light output data represents a combination of visible light values measured from the two or more spectra of light using the two or more diodes.
This Application is a continuation application of the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/431,978, titled "ILLUMINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM", filed May 7, 2003 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,933,486, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/045,947, titled "ILLUMINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM INCLUDING LEDS FOR DETECTING EXPOSURE TO RADIATION", filed on Oct. 26, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,013 which claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/871,312, titled "LIGHTING CONTROL CIRCUIT", filed May 30, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,617,560. The U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/431,978, titled "ILLUMINATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM", filed May 7, 2003 and the U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,614,013 and 6,617,560 are all hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates generally to controlling the output of lights. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to a method and apparatus that use LEDs as light sensors for detecting light levels in an area or room and for controlling these light levels.
Lighting control circuits are used with electronic dimming ballasts. These ballasts control the output of lights, such as fluorescent lights, that illuminate areas such as rooms, offices, patios, etc.
Traditionally, photocells and photodiodes are used as photo-transducers or light sensors for lighting control systems. A photocell is a device that detects light in a controlled area or room. It then uses information from the light, e.g., illumination level, to adjust light output in the controlled area.
Photocells and photodiodes are wide spectrum sensors and they respond to a spectrum much wider than the spectrum perceived by the human eye. This is acceptable for a variety of lighting control systems including systems operating in areas were the controlled light has the same spectrum all times, e.g., where only fluorescent lights are delivering the illumination. If the spectrum distribution remains the same, the resultant electrical energy is proportional to visible energy or light. Hence, a lighting control system can be adjusted to keep the visible light level constant.
Typically, the light in a controlled area or room has two or more different contributing light sources, e.g., artificial light plus sunlight. For example, the controlled light source could be fluorescent lighting and the variable or "disturbing" source could be the sun, i.e., daylight. Note that for the purposes of discussion, the terms sunlight, daylight and natural light are used synonymously. Similarly, the terms electrically produced light and artificial light are used synonymously. Artificial light would include for example fluorescent light, incandescent light, HID, etc.
Different light sources could have different energy spectrums. For example, radiometric energy spectrum of sunlight is wider than that of electronically produced light such as fluorescent light. Similarly, the energy spectrum of a fluorescent light is different from that of an incandescent light. Also, the human eye perceives only a part of the energy spectrum emitted by all available light sources, e.g., sun light, incandescent light, fluorescent light, etc. Research done on a variety of human subjects shows that the sensitivity of the human eye varies with the lighting level. It is widely accepted by specialists in the field that under daylight conditions the spectral response of the human eye can be approximated by the so-called "photopic curve." This has a well-known bell shape and ranges from about 460 nm to 680 nm wavelengths, with the peak in the region of 560 nm.
Some research has shown that under poor illumination conditions the human eye changes its spectral sensitivity. Also, low illumination affects different people differently. A new characteristic has been devised for this behavior. It is called the "scotopic curve." This is centered at about 410 nm and covers the spectrum from about 380 nm to 450 nm. In analyzing its overall behavior, it is perhaps appropriate to say loosely that the human eye can perceive light in the range of 400 nm to 700 nm.
A problem arises because most conventional photo-transducers capture or detect the entire energy spectrum produced by all light sources. Thus, when the photo-transducer transforms the captured light energy into a current, it does not distinguish between different wavelengths of light, i.e., sunlight and artificial light. This conventional design of lighting control systems is based on the assumption that the current represents visible light. Unfortunately, this is a poor assumption. In one known light controller circuit, for example, a current resulting from both natural and artificial light components is interpreted by a subsequent circuit as though it is a current merely resulting from the artificial light contribution. Accordingly, the system dims the artificial lights until the resultant voltage equals a set point or preset illumination level. This is problematic because the resultant voltage is derived from both natural and artificial light components which include non-visible energy, while the preset, illumination level is set according to visible light standards, e.g., 40 foot candles. Consequently, this could result in full dimming of the artificial lights when the incoming daylight provides insufficient illumination for a typical room.
Some circuits use a light filter to allow only the visible spectrum to reach the photo-transducer. For example, an optical filter placed over a photo-transducer can achieve this. This would mimic the photopic curve or visible spectrum. Light sensors using optical filters are more efficient than conventional photocells used without such filters. Optical filters, however, are expensive. These special pickup heads are typically used in some professional applications. Note that the term optical sensor, as used herein, is used to mean a photo-transducer used with an optical filter.
Thus, it is desirable to have an alternative illumination management system that can detect a spectrum of light close to that which the human eye detects.
Embodiments of the present invention achieve the above needs with a new illumination management system. More particularly, some embodiments of the invention provide an illumination management system that includes a first LED that outputs a first signal when exposed to a first spectrum of light. The first signal indicates an intensity of light from a first spectrum. Also included is a second LED that outputs a second signal when exposed to a second spectrum of light. The second signal indicates an intensity of light from the second spectrum. The second spectrum includes at least some wavelengths that are not ill the first spectrum. Also included is a light control circuitry, coupled to the first and second LEDs, and configured to generate a lighting control signal that can be output to one or more lights to adjust the lights to a desired light level.
In one embodiment, the illumination management system includes a detection circuit that is coupled to the plurality of LEDs. The detection circuit is configured to generate a second signal from each first signal. Also included is an identification circuit that is coupled to the detection circuit and associates the actual light composition. The actual light composition is a combination of light values derived from each of the first signals. Each light value describing the light source and light intensity of the light source. Also included is a correction circuit that is coupled to the identification circuit and compares the actual light composition to a desired light composition. Also included is a driver circuit that is grouped to the correction factor circuit and configured to generate a third signal to control and illumination level of one or more lights. The third signal is derived from the difference between the actual light composition and the desired light composition. The third signal is varied in response to the difference.
In another embodiment, the illumination management system adjusts the ambient light in response to changes in the ambient light. In another embodiment a light spectrum detected by at least one of the LEDs substantially mimics the photopic curve. In another embodiment, the illumination management system includes at least one of a red LED, a green LED, a blue LED, and an IR LED.
Embodiments of the present invention achieve their purposes in the context of known circuit technology and known techniques in the electronic arts. Further understanding, however, of the nature, objects, features, aspects and embodiments of the present invention is realized by reference to the latter portions of the specification, accompanying drawings, and appended claims. Other objects, features, aspects and embodiments of the present invention will become apparent up on consideration of the following detailed description, accompanying drawings, and appended claims.
An amplifier stage 6, which includes amplifiers 6(1) and 6(1), receives, amplifies, and outputs the signals received from pick-up stage 5. A control stage 7 receives amplified signals from amplifier stage 6 and generates a lighting control signal that can be output to one or more controlled lights 8 to adjust the lights to a desired light level. The lighting control signal varies in response to the signals generated by pick-up stage 5. While the embodiment of
LEDs are nominally used to emit light. The light emitted from an LED has wavelengths that fall within a certain range depending on the type of LED. For example, a green LED emits light having wavelengths ranging from 470 nm to 570 nm, and a red LED emits light having wavelengths ranging from 540 nm to 630 nm.
While LEDs are known to emit light, it is possible for them to detect light. The captured spectrum of the LED is very close to its emitted spectrum. This spectrum is fairly narrow and the LED can be manufactured to cover a known band. For example, a green LED 30 captures light having wavelengths ranging from 470 nm to 570 nm, and red LED 40 captures light having wavelengths ranging from 540 nm to 630 nm. Accordingly, green and red LEDs can capture a substantial portion of the photopic curve. Because LEDs are inexpensive and already mass-manufactured, a low cost and yet very useful light spectrum determination can be achieved.
The number of LEDs in detection circuit 110 and the parameters of each LED will depend on the specific application. A variety of LEDs, e.g., red, green, blue, infrared, etc., are available and they are strategically chosen such that each delivers pertinent information used to associate the quality and source of the detected light. For example, as described above, red and green LEDs detect light having wavelengths close to photopic curve. Blue and infrared (IR) LEDs detect sunlight. While an IR LED is most useful in detecting sunlight, windows can filter IR radiation thus somewhat limiting what an. IR LED detects. A blue LED, however, would still detect portions of the sunlight thus providing adequate information for certain applications as to the amount of sunlight in a given area. Blue LEDs can also detect fluorescent lighting. It can be seen that the light spectrums captured by different LEDs are associated with different light sources.
The most useful combination of LEDs will depend on the specific application. In various embodiments, the combination is based on the light, i.e., light components, that have to be associated in a controlled area. For example, in one embodiment, there can be an arrangement of three LEDs. One combination can include a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED to capture light radiation falling approximately within the photopic curve as well as the curves for sunlight and fluorescent lighting. In another embodiment, there can be an arrangement of four LEDs, the combination including an IR, a red, a green and a blue, for example. More or fewer LEDs can be used depending on the specific application. Other LEDs can also be used to detect light within other spectrums. By using more LEDs, the precision of spectrum determination can be controlled, e.g., widened, narrowed, shifted, etc. The illumination management system can be configured to calibrate at least one of the LED's characteristics to correct for variations from the manufacturing process.
The LEDs detect the light level in a room through a lens (not shown). In one embodiment, the lens is set such that the field of view is 60 degrees. The lens can be moved closer to or further from an LED to increase or decrease the LED's field of view.
A controlled area 145 includes light fixtures that are controlled by illumination management system 100. The light fixtures illuminate controlled area 145. In some embodiments, users within controlled area 145 can access illumination management system 100 and can program it to maintain a desired light level in controlled area 145. Illumination management system 100 can have multiple "pick-up heads" 100. Each pick-up head call be in a different controlled area. If there is more than one controlled area, the controlled areas can be contiguous but need not be. A panel 150 (also labeled "controlled lights") can be used to indicate whether a particular fixture is under the system's control.
Amplifier circuit 115 (labeled "low-noise low-power high-gain amplifier") increases the operating current of the LEDs. The pickup efficiency of each LED is increased to usable levels comparable to those of other commonly used sensors such as conventional wide spectrum sensors. The Amplifier circuit may include a gain control or an implicit range detector to better characterize incoming signals, an analogue multiplexer for cost savings, or a communication interface for communication to light identification circuit 120.
Light identification (ID) circuit 120 processes incoming information and provides ID numbers for different types of detected light, e.g., sunlight, fluorescent light, etc. ID numbers can be associated with particular light sources and amount of energy detected from these light sources. The ID numbers can be stored in a memory (not shown) such as RAM memory. This information can be expressed in a digital format or analog format or combination of both depending on the specific application. For example, if expressed in a digital format, an ID number can be a series of digits representing the amount of energy detected by detection circuit 110. In some embodiments, detection circuit 110 can include an analogue-to-digital (A/D) converter. Light ID circuit 120 can be managed by a processor (not shown). An A/D converter can be implemented by using an A/D portion of a processor.
Data entry interface 125 provides an end user with access to illumination management system 100. Accordingly, an end user (also referred to as a "user" or an "illumination manager") can program a desired light level. Desired light levels can be defined for a various times and particular conditions throughout the day, for various controlled areas. The term "particular conditions" can be understood to be the particular content of the light within the controlled area at a given moment. For example, suppose the illumination management system uses red, green, and IR LEDs. On a given day just before dawn, there would be no infrared radiation detected due to the absence of sunlight. There would be radiation from artificial lights. Accordingly, only the red and green LED would detect light. The system would thus flow that only artificial light fills the room. At dawn the sun would begin to contribute infrared radiation which would be detected by an IR LED. This information would then be known to the illumination management system. During a cloudy day, an IR LED would pick up less light than during a sunny day. Illumination management system 100 could at a given moment, estimate with fair accuracy the composition of light, which would include the different types of light sources contributing to the total light in a given area. In addition to associating the types of light sources, illumination management system 100 can also ascertain how much light each light source is contributing at a given moment. How much light can be estimated by the relative strength of the signals produced by the LEDs. For example, as the sun rises after dawn, the strength of the signal produced by an IR LED would increase with time. Even though the strength of a green LED would also increase due to an increase in sunlight. A mathematical algorithm (not shown) can be used to ascertain the contributions from artificial lights and from natural sunlight.
The signals from the LEDs could then be translated into an ID number indicating the amount of light detected by each LED. An illumination manager (IM) can indicate that the light level at a given moment is the desired light level under particular conditions. Some embodiments for interfacing with the illumination management system can include, for example, an LCD display showing a scroll-down menu. Other embodiments can include a two-button interface to reduce manufacturing costs. Yet other embodiments can involve an intelligent or programmed controller that provides desired light levels.
In a specific embodiment, to manually set a desired light level, an IM accesses the system by using a password or protocol. The IM then switches the system from "auto" mode to "manual" mode and then modifies the light in the controlled area until it reaches a desired light level. The IM then programs that desired light level into the system. That light level will be associated with the particular conditions at the moment. The IM then switches the system back to "auto" mode. Look-up table 130 (labeled "desired light look-up table) stores the ID numbers associated with various desired light levels.
Correction circuit 135 evaluates the difference between the actual measured light level and the desired light level. Collection circuit 135 is labeled "correction factor unit." The processing employs a multiple-dimension interpolation algorithmic that is specifically designed for illumination management system 100. Interpolation techniques are well known in the art. In one embodiment, the algorithm generates a correction signal derived from the difference between the actual measured light level and a desired light level. The correction signal is used to control light fixtures via driver circuit 140. The illumination management system continuously adapts to achieve the desired light level in response to changes in the illumination conditions throughout the day.
In another embodiment, the desired light level is a function of one or more ID numbers. The ID numbers can be provided where each ID number represents the light level at various times during a 24-hour period, e.g., 9 a.m., 12 p.m., 3 p.m., 6 p.m., etc. An algorithm can compare the actual measured light level to the desired light level. Based on the difference, if any, the algorithm generates a collection signal that is used to adjust the controlled lighting to bring the actual measured light closer to the desired light level.
The exact number of ID numbers and their associated light levels will depend on the specific application. There can be more than one group of ID numbers where each group is associated with a different controlled area. In some embodiments, the ID numbers can be established manually by an illumination manager. For a given controlled area, the manager can establish each ID number by adjusting the lighting at various times during the day or night to desired levels and programming an ID number for each desired level. As such, each ID number would be associated with a particular light level at a particular time of day. In other embodiments, one or more groups of ID numbers can be generated automatically by a microprocessor.
In some embodiments, where the desired light level is a function of more than one ID number, the algorithm call derive the desired light level by interpolating between the ID numbers. The particular ID numbers used in the function will depend on the specific application. In one specific embodiment, for example, a derived desired light level can be interpolated from two ID numbers associated with the desired light levels at 12 p.m. and 3 p.m., where the derived desired light level represents the desire light level at 1:30 p.m.
In another specific embodiment, two groups of ID numbers can be established for the same controlled area, where, for example, each group is established by a different illumination manager. As such, the algorithm can derive a desired light level by interpolating between two ID numbers associated with the same time, if the two ID numbers are different. In some embodiments, ID numbers to be interpolated could be weighted according to a priority scheme.
The embodiments described herein are beneficial because such embodiments operate in two rather different lighting conditions—during the night and during the day. By associating detected light with particular light sources, e.g., natural and artificial light, embodiments of the invention can accommodate for variations in daytime illumination. For example, sunlight could vary substantially throughout a given day due to clouds, window blinds, etc. Also, embodiments of the invention can also accommodate for variations in night time illumination, e.g., due to aging of fluorescent lights, ambient moon light, or lighting from adjacent rooms or hallways. For example, the illumination output from a fluorescent light might decrease about 10% or less during its lifetime. Desired illumination levels can be programmed for lighting adjustments around the clock, both day and night.
Driver circuit 140 (labeled "driver stage") controls the light fixtures in a controlled area. Driver circuit 140 functions as a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter and sends appropriates signals to control light fixtures in a controlled area, ultimately establishing a desired light level.
Embodiments of the illumination management system can be networked to different locations providing multiple and separate controlled areas. Thus, different controlled areas can each have detection circuits that provide information to the illumination management system. These different controlled areas can be monitored and controlled independently. Other embodiments can include motion sensors to supplement the detection circuits.
The lighting control circuits of
The closed-loop circuit of
The lighting control circuit of the present invention and its various implementations can be applied in a multitude of ways. Possible applications include but are not limited to energy savings. Embodiments of the present invention can have a number of applications. In one example, as described above, the lighting control circuit can be used for illumination management where the visible spectrum is the main target.
Embodiments of the invention can customize the system to particular controlled areas. Specifically, embodiments can account for the reflective characteristics of a controlled area. For example, a room with a bright color scheme or with white papers laying on a desktop would be more reflective. Accordingly, a user can adjust the illumination management system to lower the gain while maintaining the desired illumination. Conversely, a user can increase the gain to account for a room that is less reflective, e.g., a room with a dark color scheme. Moreover, the system can be adjusted when room is redesigned (new carpet, new lights, etc.).
While the invention has been described above with respect to an illumination management system, it can also be applied to other technologies, such as light intensity meters incorporating the spectrum analysis capability, e.g., photopic light meters, LUX meters, spectrometers, spectrum analyzers, etc.
Multiple LEDs of various combinations can be used to expand the range of detected radiation. As illustrated, an arrangement of red, blue, and green LEDs can expand the range of detected radiation to match that of visible light with fair accuracy.
With regard to specific embodiments applied to LUX meters, the LED in combination with the illumination management system is configured to emulate a true illuminance sensor and to respond to the photopic curve with sufficient accuracy. Of course, the precise photopic luminosity curve that the LEDs emulates will depend on the specific application. In this particular embodiment, light is measured in lux units. In other embodiments, light can be measured in foot-candle units. The lighting control circuit provides true foot-candle and lux readings with sufficient accuracy. The exact accuracy of emulation will depend on the specific application. For example, the lighting control circuit can be calibrated to differ no more than 10% from the true photopic curve. Moreover, the lighting control circuit can be calibrated to differ no more than 10% from a user's specifications. Such accuracy can provide a veiny reliable meter. Photopic light meters such as a hand held LUX meter could be useful to photographers.
Another application involves associating a particular light source, e.g., sunlight versus artificial light, etc. Different sources of light could each have its own ID that is known to the system. When detected, the system can take certain actions such as signaling the presence of particular light, closing or opening obstructing elements, shutting down power sources, and so on. This can be useful in a variety of areas such as offices, photography studios, showrooms, etc.
Yet, another application involves the conservation of energy. When the control of lights is customized to the human eye, an illumination management system can reduce the power consumption of a lighting system while providing adequate lighting for the users.
In conclusion, it can be seen that embodiments of the present invention provide numerous advantages and elegant techniques for controlling lighting. Principally, it detects a spectrum of light close to that which the human eye detects. It uses LEDs, which are widely available, thus simplifying procurement and reducing manufacturing costs. It also eliminates problems associated with conventional wide spectrum photodetectors while eliminating the costs associated with expensive optical filters.
Specific embodiments of the present invention are presented above for purposes of illustration and description. The full description will enable others skilled in the art to best utilize and practice the invention in various embodiments and with various modifications suited to particular uses. After reading and understanding the present disclosure, many modifications, variations, alternatives, and equivalents will be apparent to a person skilled in the art and are intended to be within the scope of this invention. Moreover, the described circuits and method can be implemented in a multitude of different fonts such as software, hardware, or a combination of both in a variety of systems. Moreover, the circuits described can be purely analog or a combination of the both analog and digital. Moreover, the circuits described can be linked to other circuits in a network. Therefore, it is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the specific embodiments described, but is intended to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein, and as defined by the following claims.
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Criminal records more accessible
Express-News Editorial Board : December 30, 2011 : Updated: December 30, 2011 5:50pm
Photo By Express-News File Photo
Easier access to public records outweighs any benefits derived from income they'd bring.
The New Year has brought better access to public records in Bexar County.
The records of hundreds of thousands of criminal defendants dating back to 1974 are now accessible with the click of a mouse.
District Clerk Donna Kay McKinney has placed the documents online. To view the records, go to the district clerk's website at www.bexar.org/dc, select "online services" and click on criminal court records.
Public access to criminal records is also available in Dallas and Harris counties.
Bexar County has sold access to the records for a number of years, but McKinney said she decided to make them free and open to the public because the benefits of providing everyone access far outweighed income from the records.
The vendors purchasing the records were buying them and then turning around and selling them to third parties and the county was only making a few thousand dollars off their sale, McKinney said.
The information appears in the form of a spreadsheet and includes the defendant's name, date of birth, offense and date of offense, status of the case including the sentence, name of the lawyer and the bondsman. County officials plan to update the information online the first Friday of every month.
In the fall, McKinney started posting the criminal and civil district court dockets online. These records have always been public but they have required a trip downtown to access the information.
The easy access to the Bexar County criminal records now that they are online might make those with a checkered past uneasy, but it provides a great benefit to the public.


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Grant Opportunities
Check here regularly for grant ideas that might help your school, district, team or state Science Olympiad program raise funds.
Hawaii Science Olympiad Awarded $304,000 ARRA grant
Awesome! Nevada News, "Engineering outreach program receives grant," about a $10,000 grant to the University of Nevada, Reno, host of the Science Olympiad tournament, for its "ACCESS" program, Academics + Careers + College and/or Training Equal Student Success, February 23, 2010. (PDF Version)
Hooray! The Murfreesboro Post, "State Farm Donates $25,000 to MTSU," about a grant to the Tennessee university for projects including the Science Olympiad Regional Tournament, February 12, 2010. (PDF Version)
Teacher power! The Signal, "Local teachers win AFCEA Science Teaching Tools Award," about Georgia teachers who won funds for science programs including Science Olympiad from the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, February 12, 2010. (PDF Version)
Inspiration! Wapakoneta Daily News, "Teacher rakes in grant for Science Olympiad," about an Ohio science teacher who received a $3,300 start-up grant for her Science Olympiad team, October 17, 2009. (PDF Version)
More Inspiration! North County Times, "Nonprofit foundation to sponsor Science Olympiad teams," about a Southern California district's $18,500 grant for Science Olympiad teams at several local schools from the Beckman Coulter Foundation, October 23, 2009. (PDF Version)
Interesting story from Allentown, PA, about how a Science Olympiad club's teacher stipend was saved in a round of district budget cuts - this is a chronic problem felt by teachers all across the US and underscores the difficulty of using grant money to pay for staff fees, November 4, 2009. (PDF Version)
Sample Grant Request Template from a successful $6,000 grant for K-12 district science enrichment activities (PDF)
Annual: Albert Einstein Distinguised Educator Fellows Program sponsored by the Triangle Coalition for Science and Technology Education.
Great opportunity for all Science Olympiad Urban Schools Initiative Coaches! Annual: The SSP Fellows Program, where high school science and math teachers from schools with underserved populations receive an $8,500 stipend as well as funding to attend the Fellows Institute in Washington, DC. Eligibility requirements include an interest in research, active engagement in 9-12 grade science, teaching credentials, demonstrated engagement with students (such as Science Olympiad teams, science fairs, mentoring, etc.), excellent oral and written skills AND the teacher must be from a school with 40% underrepresented minority students and/or 30% of students on a free/reduced lunch program.
Annual application for Promoting Innovation in Science and Mathematics from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund. Awards of $3,000 for one year to cover the cost of equipment, materials and supplies. An additional $1,500 may be requested for professional development related to the implementation of new equipment or use of materials in the classroom. Awards are made to teaching professionals that hold a professional educator's license to teach in a North Carolina K-12 public school.
Classroom Energy Innovation Grants from First Choice Power Company. Grants of up to $2,000 each will be awarded to teachers in Texas for innovative classroom projects on energy and energy efficiency. First Choice Power, 225 E. John Carpenter Fwy., Suite 1500, Irving, TX 75062. More info and application form. Use a Science Olympiad event like Cool It, Keep the Heat or Save the Ice to bring energy efficiency concepts to life in the classroom!


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Building our Future
The Capstone College of Nursing (CCN) stands on the brink of unprecedented growth and opportunity for students.
The College is committed to providing excellent nursing education at both the undergraduate and graduate levels, preparing its students to perform in a variety of health care settings. To do this, we must reach out to our friends and supporters. CCN's two top fundraising campaigns are our new building and scholarships.
A new 64,000 square foot, state-of-the-art facility now houses CCN at the University of Alabama. Also known as the "Gateway to the University" it is the first building on campus specifically designed for nursing instruction and is a leader in the integration of health care simulation.
Become part of our vision and help build the future of the Capstone College of Nursing. There are many ways to give, including making a quick and easy online gift. Your donation can benefit students through scholarship support, faculty endowments, or expansion of our building. When you make a charitable gift to CCN, you are helping to recruit and retain the best and brightest to meet tomorrow's need for nurses.
For more information about how you can help Build Our Future, contact:
Shelley D. Jordan
Director of Advancement
Box 870358
650 University Boulevard
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0358
(205) 348-9876


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The Bachelor
Is THIS Why Ben Flajnik and Shawntel Newton Could Never Be? (VIDEO)
Maybe Ben Flajnik and his Season 16 party crasher Shawntel Newton really weren't the best match in the end. His business serves people looking to have a good time while hers... doesn't. We still remember when we first laid on eyes on her family's funeral home business commercial — and now they just released a new one, a little more glam than the first (did she lighten her hair?). Check it out! (WARNING: May cause flashbacks if your name is Brad Womack.)


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The State Board of Education supports education reforms that are student-centered and focus on preparing students for the 21st century with the skills and knowledge they need to be successful in postsecondary education and the workplace.
The State Board has passed two Resolutions regarding Governor Ted Strickland's plan for Reforming Ohio's Education System for the 21st Century.
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I am most of all a mother, a wife anda grandmother. Relationships are paramount, and many of my past students are now friends for life...
I enjoy and do many things for pleasure and to enhance the lives of those I come in contact with.
I am most of all a mother, a wife anda grandmother. Relationships are paramount, and many of my past students are now friends for life...
I enjoy and do many things for pleasure and to enhance the lives of those I come in contact with.
hired 6 times on Thumbtack
I teach piano & voice lessons with grace and style at my studio. If you know anything about a Thomas Jefferson approach to teaching, I use many of those principles.
I offer piano and voice instruction with an emphasis on the student, instead of the desires of the instructor.
I provide a varied lesson which is well balanced and includes theory, exercises, fun, performance and quality work.
Twenty-five years plus of teaching have given insights impossible for a new instructor.
As a life coach in addition, your lesson will ultimately include skills in many areas of goal setting, success and confidence.
Previous students now bring their children to PPP to carry on the tradition of class, education and a love of the arts.
Roseville, CA 95747
This business address is private; the map is showing an approximate location.
She is amazing and has taught my son so much. I would recommend her to everyone
Wonderful teacher! Experienced and fun, she helps where ever your student needs help by meeting them where they are. I have seen great improvement in my own voice and music theory. Would definitely recommend.
Marsha was one of my dance students back in So. San Francisco in the 60's and 70's. After moving to Rocklin, we lost touch until I needed a singing lesson for an upcoming audition. Low and behold I found her on the internet without even knowing who she was...during my first lesson, we talked about dance and discovered that I was her first dance teacher...and now she is my voice teacher...It's a small world and a good one at that....good having you in my life again...Best of Luck to you
My son has taken lessons with Mrs. Keller for over six months now. I have really noticed a boost in his self esteem! She takes the time with him and encourages him. I don't know that his singing will be his life, however I know it is his joy.
I have not personally been taught by Marsha but that does not mean I have not seen her in action. She is very much talented and cared about her students. Growing up being friends with her daughter she was always there to help guide and teach all of the kids that walked into her life. If you want someone who cares and can teach and really help you learn she is the go to teacher.
I've been working with Marsha for many, many years and my experience is always a good one. She is very skilled and talented, and I love her philosophies of teaching as well. She doesn't *just* teach my daughter the notes, she helps her *learn* and learn to think. She helps her set goals and be intrinsically motivated to play. I am very grateful for her expertise and willingness to share her knowledge with us.
A. I teach voice lessons with my own syllabus and style, an emphasis on the student's vocal choices, challenges and talents.
I teach piano for beginners through late intermediate.
I have master classes for all students to join together and meet one another, play for one another and to enjoy games, refreshments and learning about other musical emphasis that there is no time for in a usual 30 minute lesson.
I have recitals in the fall or spring as well as perform at the Granite bay Nativity exhibit yearly.
A. Make sure they offer a free introductory lesson to see if you are a good fit. Many excellent teachers are not the best fit for every teacher. You have to feel comfortable and trust your instructor or you will not progress as you wish.
A. You will obtain whatever level it is that you deeply desire. It is all in what you choose. An instructor can only do so much, and then your own committment and effort is what truly divides the great from the not-so-much.
A. Ask why they are doing what they are doing. If an instructor does it only for the money, they will be missing the passion that comes with teaching.
Ask what their expectations are.
Ask if they offer options for referrals, depth and discounts.
Ask if there is a contract involved.
A. I have a long history of successful training. I have several programs that I have created to motivate in different ways for different types of learners. I have the skills to teach students how to write their own music, perform successfully, or simply enjoy music for their own experience.
I have Master Classes quarterly that enhance and expand a students involvement, performance experiences and creates a unified school of music as students share their talents with their peers.
A. I love watching a student 'get it'. That moment when after long (or short!) lessons on a subject, they light up and actually understand the principle and are able to repeat it consistently. I love getting to know them and working with them with a little bit of my life-coaching practice tossed in to accentuate the learning.
A. I adore that 'light bulb' moment when a student realizes their potential and changed from enjoyment to passion.


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|Document Type:
|All Authors / Contributors:
Albert Bandura
|0716726262 9780716726265 0716728508 9780716728504
|OCLC Number:
|ix, 604 pages : illustrations ; 24 cm
|The nature of human agency --
Human agency in triadic reciprocal causation --
Determinism and the exercise of self-influence --
Related views of personal efficacy --
Perceived self-efficacy as a generative capability --
Active producers versus passive foretellers of performances --
The self-efficacy approach to personal causation --
Multidimensionality of self-efficacy belief systems --
Self-efficacy causality --
Sources of discordance between efficacy judgment and action --
Enactive mastery experience --
Vicarious experience --
Verbal persuasion --
Physiological and affective states --
Integration of efficacy information --
Cognitive processes --
Motivational processes --
Affective processes --
Selection processes --
Origins of a sense of personal agency --
Familial sources of self-efficacy --
Peers and the broadening and validation of self-efficacy --
School as an agency for cultivating self-efficacy --
Growth of self-efficacy through transitional experiences of adolescence --
Self-efficacy concerns of adulthood --
Reappraisals of self-efficacy with advancing age. Students' cognitive self-efficacy --
Teachers' perceived efficacy --
Collective school efficacy --
Biological effects of perceived self-efficacy --
Perceived self-efficacy in health promoting behavior --
Prognostic judgments and perceived self-efficacy --
Anxiety and phobic dysfunctions --
Depression --
Eating disorders --
Alcohol and drug abuse --
Development of athletic skills --
Self-regulation of athletic performance --
Collective team efficacy --
Psychobiological effects of physical exercise --
Career development and pursuits --
Mastery of occupational roles --
Self-efficacy in organizational decision making --
Self-efficacy in enactment of occupational roles --
Collective organizational efficacy --
Gauging collective efficacy --
Political efficacy --
Enablement by media modes of influence --
Enablement for sociocultural change --
Underminers of collective efficacy.
|Albert Bandura.
Ideal for advanced undergraduate or graduate courses, or for professional use, the book is based on Bandura's theory that those with high self-efficacy expectancies - the belief that one can achieve what one sets out to do - are healthier, more effective, and generally more successful than those with low self-efficacy expectancies. He begins with a discussion of theory and method: what self-efficacy is and how it can be developed. Bandura then demonstrates how belief in one's capabilities affects development and psychosocial functioning during the course of life, underscoring provocative applications of this work to issues in education, health, psychopathology, athletics, business, and international affairs.
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Related Subjects:(13)
- Self-efficacy.
- Control (Psychology)
- Self Assessment (Psychology)
- Social Environment.
- Internal-External Control.
- Health Behavior.
- Coping.
- Zelfbeeld.
- Zelfcontrole.
- Autoefficacité
- Contrôle (Psychologie)
- Selbstkontrolle.
- Selbstwirksamkeit.
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text:
10 Rules
How To Smooth Out Your Swing
Related Links
- VIDEO: Swing advice from Steve Elkington
- 10 Rules from Jim McLean
- 10 Rules from Natalie Gulbis
- 10 Rules from Justin Leonard
- 10 Rules from Hale Irwin
- 10 Rules from Michael Jordan
- 10 Rules from Luke Donald
- 10 Rules from Ray Floyd
- 10 Rules from Sean O'Hair
- More instruction from Jim McLean
1. Find your own rhythm
Smooth, rhythmic golf swings are often likened to music. But great swings really are more like dancing, because they contain a pattern not only of sound but also of movement. Longer swings (think Bobby Jones, Sam Snead, Payne Stewart) are especially beautiful because they're done to a graceful waltz rhythm. Shorter swings can be as beautiful in their own way but are performed to a driving, straight-beat rhythm (think Ben Hogan, Nick Price, Greg Norman).
People who watched Hogan play said it was like watching a machine stamp out bottle caps, and that plain and steady rhythm gave it that look. Keep in mind, you can swing to a fast waltz or a slow waltz, a fast rock beat or a power ballad. Just make sure you stick with it all the way.
2. Don't fight your inner clock
Tempo is the rate at which you execute the rhythm--the speed of the waltz, to use our example above. The swings of Sam Snead and Tom Watson display nearly identical rhythms, but two very different tempos. Watson is a fast thinker and, therefore, his swing is relatively fast. His swing is plenty long but brisk. Same with Lanny Wadkins. Snead's swing was slower, which is how he did everything. Phil Mickelson, who has an ambling gait and gives long answers, has a swing that reflects his personality. The idea is to marry the rhythm that synchronizes your swing with a tempo that fits your personal temperament and inner clock--your "tempo-ment." You can't fight your natural tempo. If someone says your swing has gotten quick, be wary of trying to slow it down. Instead, check your rhythm and make sure you're completing each stage of the swing.
3. Dial in your practice swing
If you watch Tiger Woods make practice swings early in a round, you'll notice that they're quite varied. Some are short and fast; others long and slow. He usually doesn't play his best early because the rhythm and tempo he's aiming for don't always fit the shot he has in mind. But on the last few holes you'll notice his practice swings are shorter and more brisk. Those swings are the real Tiger in my opinion, and they unify the rhythm and tempo of his actual swing. When Tiger incorporates those crisp practice swings, he becomes truer to himself. That's when he closes everyone out. When you practice, work on tying together your rhythm and the pace of that rhythm. It will solve a lot of flaws.
4. Try to emit a 'flash of geometry'
The final component of a swing that is aesthetically pleasing is the "flash of geometry." The angles and positions of the swing have an ephemeral quality of perfection, like a moving work of art. Hogan's swing was the best at evoking that. The brain sees triangles, lines, planes and so on, all perfectly aligned and occurring in sequence. You can pick them apart and point to each one, but it's the way they fall together that inspires awe. When someone tells you your swing is looking great, they're seeing that flash of geometry.
5. Strong legs can save you
There never has been a great player who didn't have extremely strong legs. Jack Nicklaus might have had the strongest legs ever. After Tom Watson lost the 2009 British Open to Stewart Cink in extra holes, he said, "I had no legs in the playoff." Without the stability, balance and drive that strong legs provide, the sequence of motion is disrupted, and it's impossible to find good rhythm.
But take heart, because legs can be strengthened. Moe Norman used to load up a tour bag with balls, throw it over his shoulder and walk up and down hills. Lunges and climbing stairs are great leg strengtheners. Carry your bag when you can, and go for a walk after work. If you make a little mistake with your swing, strong legs can save you.
6. Beware of a too-light grip
Poor grip pressure, be it too light or too firm, will channel from your hands into every part of your body and make a smooth swing impossible. Amateurs err on the side of gripping too lightly; Sam Snead's adage that you should hold the club as though it were a bird wrecked an awful lot of swings. Jackie Burke said that what Snead didn't tell you was, the bird was a hawk. See, Snead had incredibly strong hands, so a grip pressure of "2" for him might be a "9" for you.
If you have average hands and hold the club too lightly, you'll instinctively tighten your grip during the swing and disrupt your rhythm. How firm should it be? You should be able to hit five practice balls in a row without having to regrip the club. Weak fiingers can be strengthened. Hogan squeezed tennis balls; Henry Cotton liked to hang from a metal bar for as long as he could. Remember, control of the club rests in your hands.
7. Dance your way into the shot
When you're walking onto the dance floor, you're already dancing. You start to pick up the rhythm and beat as you move out to your spot. It's the same with the swing. You pick up the beat, then you come in.
Putting teacher Geoff Mangum told me that if you want to get your timing right, imagine there's a band playing and you're going to join in and play your part in time. Good players follow a rhythm from start to finish, from how they select the club and hold it, to how they step into address, even to the completion of the waggle. Think of your swing like a solo in the middle of the song: Simply begin the swing when your "part" comes along.
- Keywords:
- 10 Rules,
- Steve Elkington,
- Smooth Out Your Swing,
- drive,
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A Gold Vermeil Loving Hands Birthstone Nameplate Necklace goes beyond just displaying your name, but also contains your birthstone to make the necklace extra special! Each name is handcrafted in 14k gold plated sterling silver with lovely script style, and rests on a set of silver colored hands that clasp a gold heart containing your choice of a 12 different birthstones. This name necklace can fit up to 10 letters, and is offered on your choice of a 16 or 18 inch gold vermeil chain. Please note: Your custom name necklace is personally handcrafted, and may vary slightly from this preview. Each necklace is custom made, using this template as a guide, and is completely unique. The average size of this necklace is .75 inches tall and between 1.5 and 2 inches wide.
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August 1, 2015
Black Friday got off to its earliest start yet as the nation's shoppers put the turkey down to take advantage of stores' expanded hours.
Stores typically open in the wee hours of the morning on the day after Thanksgiving that's named Black Friday because that is when they traditionally turn a profit for the year.
But Black Friday openings have crept earlier and earlier over the past few years.
Here at home, many local shoppers turned out for some great deals at Post Oak Mall. Select stores were open Friday morning at midnight while the entire mall opened Friday morning at 4:00am to customers.
This year, crowds gathered across the country as stores from Target to Toys R Us opened their doors as early as Thanksgiving evening.
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Tonight at 7 pm EST, Bill Nye the Science Guy and Ken Ham, leader of the Creation Museum, face-off in a much-anticipated debate at the Creation Museum in Kentucky, USA. The debate can be watched live below and discussed live in TA's main chatroom.
If you start watching after 7:00 PM EST but while the debate is still live, you can drag the progress bar to the beginning and watch from there. If you start after 9:30 PM EST, the live debate is over, and you will be watching the recorded version of the program.
7:00 Welcome by moderator, Tom Foreman, CNN
7:05 Opening statements by debater #1
7:10 Opening statements by debater #2
7:15 Moderator comments
7:16 Presentation by debater #1
7:45 Moderator comments
7:50 Presentation by debater #2
8:20 Moderator gives rebuttal instructions
8:25 Rebuttal for debater #1
8:30 Rebuttal for debater #2
8:35 Counter-rebuttal for debater #1
8:40 Counter-rebuttal for debater #2
8:45 Q&A instructions by moderator
8:48 Moderator reads pre-submitted questions alternating between debaters
9:28 Moderator concludes debate
Views: 1140
Dang, I'd consider it a draw.
Nye was prepared for a debate and was strictly adherent to the rules of debate. Ham was prepared to proselytize. All he had to do was recite a small handful of axioms. In general it must be said that, in the final analysis, Nye might as well been speaking Norwegian with Ham speaking Chinese - neither with any knowledge of the other's language. Neither speaker bettered the other's points - neither even addressed the other's points while standing upon common ground.
One opportunity Nye missed, I believe, was to take advantage of the bandwagon fallacy which he allowed to Ham. He allowed Ham to Win the assumption of popular support, to enumerate and refer to creationist "authorities" and numbers without even once mentioning the vast majority of opinion against the idea of creationism. Nye felt that adhering strictly to the rules of debate his case would be irrefutable and he would prevail. He did not.
A small change to the format might have helped. There should have been a "conversation" section where one speaker could ask the other a direct question and have it answered (with all the necessary follow-ups). This might have facilitated their speaking the same language - at least for short periods.
As of this writing, a poll on Christian Today shows 16,280 votes where 92% chose Nye as the winner and 8% chose Ham as the winner.
Update: as of this writing, the same poll on Christian Today shows 34,713 votes, where 93% chose Nye as the winner and 7% chose Ham as the winner.
I think Bill won when he forced Ham to admit that he decides what parts of the Bible are literal, in effect making Ham some kind of second Pope. That probably did not sit well with Christians. Poetry, how convenient, LOL.
I think Bill won when he forced Ham to admit that he decides what parts of the Bible are literal, in effect making Ham some kind of second Pope.
There were so many great 'knockdown' moments like that. Another one in the same vein: Nye gives examples of the predictive power of science (tiktaalik, launching satellites into orbit, etc.) and jabs at the problem with Ham's approach with using the Bible: it can't predict anything.
I actually think the non-conversational nature of the debate was a benefit. I wouldn't want to see Nye and Ham get into some kind of nit-picky argument, where Ham could ridicule real science beliefs with impressive-sounding BS. I wouldn't want Bill to get backed into a corner of having to directly attack the Bible or appear to be attacking Christians. You notice Bill was extremely respectful the whole time. He didn't even attack "creationism" most of the time, he attacked "Mr. Ham's version of creation".
As far as the appeal to authority, I'm reminded of the "List of Steves." The National Center for Science Education has a list of 1,320 scientists who believe in evolution. Only scientists named "steve" are eligible to sign the statement.
NCSE's "Project Steve" is a tongue-in-cheek parody of a long-standing creationist tradition of amassing lists of "scientists who doubt evolution" or "scientists who dissent from Darwinism." ... Project Steve pokes fun at this practice and, because "Steves" are only about 1% of scientists, it also makes the point that tens of thousands of scientists support evolution.
I'm with Emperor Milos's daughter - it's not fair. I recognize that adherence to a scientific principle is not a popularity contest. My point is that Ham is using that fallacy - not Nye. Nye should at least be able to respond with some actual numbers and some actual authorities. The way it turned out gave the impression (to those who don't recognize the bandwagon fallacy nor the appeal to authority) that this matter is genuinely still up for debate.
Having now watched the debate, I'd prefer it hadn't taken place. It served to certify creationism as a valid alternative.
The polls posted by Gallup show, to me, that far TOO MANY are willing to accept Ham's views.
>"Mr. Ham's version of creation".
This reminded me the movie "Inherit the wind" so much that i'm willing to bet he take it from it.
Too funny! I wonder how old his daughter is.