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United States PatentO ELASTOMERIC TERPOLYMERS .Iohn R. Pailthorp, Wilmington, Del., and Herman Elbert Schroeder, Kennett Square, Pa., assignors to E. l. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Filed Dec. 4, 1958, Ser. No. 778,068
2 Claims. (Cl. 260-805) This invention is directed to terpolymers formed by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene, and tetrafluoroethylene in certain ratios to give novel elastomers with improved physical and chemical properties as hereinafter described.
Copolymers containing 70 to 30% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and 30 to 70% of hexafluoropropene have been found to be elastomers of superior properties where resistance to high temperatures and attack by hydrocarbon solvents are important. Surprisingly, it has been discovered that by the introduction of tetrafluoroethylene into the polymer the elastomeric properties are retained although polytetrafluoroethylene is not elastomeric; the chemical stability of this terpolymer is significantly better than that of the copolymer in that there is a lessened tendency to split off hydrogen fluoride at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the terpolymer retains its elastomeric properties longer when subjected to high temperatures.
It is an object of the present invention to provide novel terpolymers formed by copolymerizing vinylidene fluoride, hexafiuoropropene, and tetrafluoroethylene, which terpolymers possess significant chemical and physical stability. It is a further object to the present invention to provide novel terpolymers possessing less tendency to split off hydrogen fluoride at elevated temperatures. It is still another object of the present invention to produce novel terpolymers which retain their elastomeric properties for a significantly longer period of time when subjected to high temperatures. These and other objects will become apparent in the following description and claims.
More specifically, the present invention is directed to an elastomeric terpolymer consisting of 3 to 35% by weight of tetrafluoroethylene units and 97 to 65% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units present in a weight ratio between 2.33:1.0 and 0.667:1.0.
These novel terpolymers are made by copolymerization of a mixture of the monomers using well known polymerization conditions. Preferably the familiar aqueous redox polymerization system is used. Polymerization may be initiated by the use of the ammonium persulfatei sodium bisulfite system. Polymerization is normally accomplished under pressure at moderately elevated tem- Eperatures.
The composition of the terpolymer of the present invention is critical; the weight ratio of vinylidene fluoride (VF to hexafluoropropene (HFP) corresponds to a range of 70 to 40% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and 30 to 60% by weight of hexafluoropropene monomer units. Within this ratio the terpolymer is elastomeric. When the proportion of HFP to VF drops below about 30% the products are plastic rather than elastic. On the other hand about 60% is the largest proportion of HFP which yields a satisfactory elastic polymer. In the same vein, the content of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) units should not exceed about 35% by weight of the total polymer if the elastomeric properties of the terpolymer are to be retained. When the weight percent of TFE in the terpolymer drops below about 3% the improved properties of the terpolymer are no longer significant.
The terpolymers of this invention are characterized by 2,968,649 Patented Jan. 17, 1961 the following improvements over a simple: copolymer of VF and HFP:
(a) Lessened tendency to split out hydrogen fluoride at high temperatures. Elimination of HP at high temperatures in the copolymer causes embrittlement and loss of elastomeric properties. The HP evolved is corrosive, and, in one of the more important uses where the elastomer is laminated with glass fiber, this causes degradation of the fiber.
(b) When HF does split out of the terpolymer after prolonged exposure to high temperature, the elastomer retains its elastic properties and has a considerably less tendency to become brittle.
(c) The use of sodium fluoride lessens the tendency of the VF /HFP copolymer to split out HF. This effect is magnified several times when sodium fluoride is added to the terpolymer.
(d) The terpolymer is much more resistant to heat aging than is the VF /HFP copolymer. The elastomeric properties are retained for longer times at elevated temperatures.
(e) The tensile strength of the terpolymer containing the higher percentages of TFE is greater than that of the VF /HFP copolymer both originally and after heat aging.
(f) The terpolymer has improved resistance to fuming nitric acid.
(g) The terpolymer is cheaper on a Weight basis since the TFE is cheaper than hexafluoropropene.
The terpolymer of this invention may be cured with the same curing agents by the same procedures as the VF /HFP copolymer. Suitable curing agents are hexamethylenediamine carbamate, benzoyl peroxide, high energy radiation, N,N-arylidenediamines, aliphatic and cyclo aliphatic diamines. An acid acceptor such as magnesium oxide, zinc oxide and disodium phosphate is used in combination with the curing agents.
The terpolymer may be compounded with reinforcing agents such as carbon black and silica. Pigments may be incorporated for color effects.
Conventional rubber compounding techniques are suitable for compounding the terpolymers. They readily band out on a cold rubber mill and compounding ingredients may be added on the mill in the usual way.
A preferred range of composition for the terpolymers of the present invention consists of 15 to 2.5% by weight of tetrafluoroethylene units and to 75% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units, the vinylidene fluoride and hexafiuoropropene units being present in a weight ratio wit in the range of 2.33 to 1.0 to 0.667 to 1.0; within this range, the best technical balance of all of the heretofore described significant properties is achieved.
The following examples are representative and illustrate a continuous method operated as follows:
Gaseous vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropene and tetrafiuoroethylene were measured through rotameters and then mixed in a pipe line. The mixed gases were compressed to approximately 900 lbs./sq. in. and led through a heated line (to prevent condensation) to the reactor which was a Type 316 stainless steel agitated autoclave with a free-space volume of 1435 cc. The catalyst solution was introduced into the autoclave through a separate line. The autoclave was operated liquid full and had a take-ofl line in the lid. The normal reaction temperature was :2" C. and the agi tator operated at 574 rpm. The overflow from the autoclave passed through a pressure reducer which released the polymerization mass at atmospheric pressure. The polymer was coagulated and the aqueous catalyst phase was discarded. The raw polymer was sheeted out on a cold chrome-plated rubber mill and then heated on the mill to 100 C. to drive off any remaining water.
Examples 1-3 Using the, continuous method described, threeruns were, made using the proportions of reactantsv shown in the following table:
J'Jetermined by mass spectroscopy.
The same catalyst composition was used for all three examples and consisted of an aqueous solution containing 37.5 g. ammonium. persulfate and 7.5 g. sodium bisulfitev in 10.500 cc. of deionized water. The average feed-rate. of: gases -was 2.5-3.5 lbs. per hour and the cata.-. lyst solution was added at a rate of 2 liters per hour. The amount of otf gas from the reactor was negligible, indicating essentially complete polymerization of the monomer mixture so that the terpolymer contains monomer units in the ratio shown above.
The. polymer was isolated as described above. 100 parts by weight of each polymer was compounded on a water-cooled rubber roll mill with parts of'magnesium oxide, 18 parts of medium thermal (MT) carbon black, and 1. partof hexamethylenediamine carbamate. The compounded stock was: put in molds and cured-in a press at 135 'C.- for 0.5 hour and then removed from the molds and: placed in an oven for 1 hour at 100 C., then 1 hour at 140 C. and then at 204C. for 24 hours to complete the cure.
The cured elastomeric polymers had the following stress-strain properties at room temperature:
One of the improved properties exhibited by these terpolymers is resistance to loss of elastomeric properties on heat aging. This is particularly evident in the elongation of a sample at break. A copolymerof vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene tends to become less. elastic and more brittle.
A control sample was made by the above procedure which contained 64% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and 36% by weight of hexafluoropropene and compounded and cured in the same way as the terpolymers. Samples of all four elastomers were then held at 288 C. for 48 hours and then tested for elongation at the break atroom temperature with the results shown below:
The terpolymers of this invention show a marked improvement in resistance to fuming nitric acid. Small strips of the cured elastomer of Example 2 and of the control were suspended in fuming nitric acid at room temperature for 7 days. At the end of this time the elastomer of Example 2 showed a weight increase of 18% while the control showed a weight increase of 97%.
Another improved property of these terpolymers is a decreased tendency: tosplit out hydrogen fluoride at elevated temperatures. While the addition of a small amount of sodium fluoride. improves the copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafiuoropropene, the terpolymers are improved even more. This effect may be shown by placing 0.5 gram of the uncompounded polymer in a glass tube about 150 mm. long and 18 mm. in diameter and having 2 mm; thick walls and sealing it oil under vacuum less than 1 mm. of mercury. The tube is thenplaced in a furnace at 288 C. and the time necessary for the-glass to become etched is noted. Sam. ples of the above control copolymer and the three terpolymers and-samples which had been compounded on a rubber roll mill with 2% sodium fluoride were so tested with the results shown in the following table:
It is readily apparent that a marked decrease in the; elimination of HF occurs as the percentage of tetra fluoroethylene in the copolymer is increased.
One of the uses of this type of elastomer is for fuel cells for aircraft. For this purpose the elastomer isused as a laminate with glass fiber. Laminates of two. layers of glass fiber which had been coated on each side were preparedfrom the polymers of Examples 2 and.3 and the control polymer by first compounding 100. parts by. weightof each polymer with 15 parts of magnesium oxide, 20 parts of high modulus furnace black and 1 part of hexamethylenediamine carbamate on a cold rubber, mill. g. of the compounded stock was dispersed in 520 g. of methyl ethyl ketone. This was coated on 6 x 6 inch squares of woven glass fabric first on one side and then the other after the first side was dry. The, thickness of the dry coat was 5 mils. One sideofeachof two squares was then given an additional coat and while still tacky, the sides were placed together and rolled to remove air. The assembly was put in an oven for 1 hour at 100 C., 1 hour at C. and then the cure was completed by heating in an oven at1204 C. for 24 hours.
Thelaminates were tested by cutting 1 x 6 inch strips from the laminates and putting them in an oven at 288 C. and the embrittlement and weight loss was determined over a period of time. The following table shows the comparison of the samples.
Percent Weight Loss Alter;
Hours at 288 C.
{m sa able; Sl3) =sligl1tl brittle: (B) =brittle.
Itis thus evident that the laminatesfrom Examples 2 and 3' after 90 hours were equal to or better-than the control after only 12 hours.
Example 4 The terpolymer of Example 2 was compounded on a cold rubber roll mill as follows, parts being by weight:
Parts Terpolymer 100 Zinc oxide 10 Disodium phosphate 10 Silica (Hi Sil 233) 16 Silicone oil (LM-3) 4 Benzoyl peroxide 2 m-Phenylene bismaleimide 2 After Original Heat Aging Tensile strength at break. lbs/sq. in- 2, 500 810 Elongation at break. percent 575 470 Modulus at 100% elongation, lbs. lsq. i 395 380 Example 5 Into a 400 cc. stainless steel bomb was placed a freshly prepared solution of 1.08 g. of ammonium persulfate and 0.20 g. of sodium bisulfite in 200 g. of deoxygenated deionized water. The contents were frozen and the bomb closed and evacuated. There was then charged into the bomb, 27 g. of vinylidene fluoride, 63 g. of hexafluoropropene, and g. of tetrafiuoroethylene. The bomb was closed again, placed in a shaker and heated to 100 C. and shaken at that temperature for 3 hours 50 minutes. The maximum pressure was 700 lbs/sq. in. gauge. The bomb was then cooled and vented. The amount of residual monomers was 41 g. The coagulated polymer was removed, placed in a Waring Blendor and washed with water until free of acid, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 50 C. The off-gas analyzed by mass spectroscopy showed 79.8 mole percent hexafluoropropene, 9.1 mole percent tetrafluoroethylene and 6.5 mole percent vinylidene fluoride. The terpolymer is then calculated to consist of 44% by weight of vinylidene fluoride, 44% hexafluoropropene and 12% tetrafluoroethylene units.
100 parts of the polymer was compounded on a rubber roll mill with 15 parts of magnesium oxide, 18 parts of medium thermal carbon black, and 1 part of hexamethylenediamine carbamate. The compounded stock was put in molds in a press and heated at 135 C. for 0.5 hour, removed from the molds and heated in an oven at 100 C. for 1 hour and then at 140 C. for 1 hour and then at 204 C. for 24 hours. Samples were then heat aged at 288 C. for 48 hours and their stress-strain properties determined at room temperature. The stressstrain values of the original and heat-aged stock are shown below:
Example 6 Into a 400 cc. stainless steel bomb was placed 200 g. of deionized, deoxygenated water and 0.25 g. of ammonium persulfate and 0.05 g. of sodium bisulfite. The bomb was then cooled to freeze the water and then closed and evacuated. There was then added g. of hexafluoropropene, 15 g. of vinylidene fluoride and 10 g. of tetrafiuoroethylene. The bomb was closed and heated in a shaker to C. in 30 minutes and held at that temperature for 1.5 hours. The bomb was cooled to room temperature and the unreacted gas was vented into a cold steel bomb receiver. The unreacted gas weighed 85 g. and 226 g. of a clear emulsion of the product was removed from the reaction bomb. This emulsion was coagulated by adding 5 g. of sodium chloride to it in a Waring Blendor. The precipitated polymer was washed three times with 200 cc. portions of deionized water on a filter and sucked as dry as possible. It was then put on a cold rubber roll mill and milled to squeeze out water and finally dried by heating the roll mill to 110 C. The yield was 29 g. of a product having an intrinsic viscosity of 0.80.
The unreacted gas mixture was analyzed by vapor phase chromatographic analysis and gave the following results:
Mole percent Hexafluoropropene 84.4 Vinylidene fluoride 8.7 Tetrafluoroethylene 6.8
This corresponds to a polymer composition by weight of 42.0% hexafluoropropene, 38.7% vinylidene fluoride and 19.3% tetrafluoroethylene. This is confirmed by a carbon analysis of 29.6% (theory 29.2% (The weight ratio of vinylidene fluoride to hexafluoropropene is 0.92.)
100 parts of the polymer was compounded on a rubber roll mill with 15 parts of magnesium oxide, 18 parts of medium thermal carbon black and 1 part of hexamethylenediamine carbamate. The stock was put in a mold in a press and heated for 30 minutes at C. It was then removed from the mold and heated in an oven for 1 hour at 100 C., 1 hour at C. and then 24 hours at 204 C. The resulting smooth black slab had excellent mold definition and had the following properties:
Tensile strength at break, lbs. per sq. in 2220 Modulus at 100% elongation, lbs. per sq. in 245 Elongation at break, percent 330 From the preceding specification, together with specific representative Examples l-6, it is clear that a significant contribution has been made in the field of vinylidene fluoride polymer chemistry. The described terpolymer produced according to the present invention reflects surprising chemical stability together with significant retention of elastomeric properties when subjected to high temperatures for long periods of time.
As many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific embodiments thereof except as defined in the appended claims.
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:
1. An elastomeric terpolymer consisting of 3 to 35% by weight of tetrafluoroethylene units and 97 to 65% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units, said vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units being present in a weight ratio within the range of 2.33:1.0 to 0.667:1.0.
2. An elastomeric terpolymer consisting of 15 to 25% by weight of tetrafluoroethylene units and 85 to 75% by weight of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units, said vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropene units being present in a weight ratio within the range of 2.33:1.0 to 0.667:1.0.
Barnhart et al June 19, 1956 Herbst et al May 26, 1959
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Kurdistan slaps down Iraq 'threat' to its oil export policy
Special to WorldTribune.com
BAGHDAD — The autonomous region of Kurdistan has reaffirmed its intention to maintain an energy policy independent from the Iraqi government.
The Kurdish Regional Government has rejected efforts by Baghdad to
explore for energy in areas claimed by the Kurds. The Iraqi Oil Ministry has signed an agreement for British Petroleum to develop an oil field near the disputed city of Kirkuk.
"Iraq's citizens are simply tired of this sort of language of threat and
intimidation, which in the cynical pursuit of narrow political agendas
serves only to create division and strife," the KRG said in a statement.
"In terms of oil and gas management, the KRG firmly believes in, and abides by, the letter and spirit of Iraq's permanent, federal constitution."
Iraqi Oil Minister Abdul Karim Luaibi said he might reduce its budget
for Kurdistan by 17 percent unless KRG stops independent exports.
Luaibi said Baghdad would also sue Genel Energy, the first company contracted by KRG to export oil from Kurdistan. Genel said it planned to expand exports in 2013.

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HONS:340 Medieval People and Culture.
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Originally Posted by ShadowSonic2
Before continuing, you need to be softmodded, otherwise, this guide will never work. If you're on 3.1 - 4.1, use this tutorial by doggeggs and if you're on 4.2, use this tutorial by me (shadowsonic2)
First off, you'll need a SD Card or USB Flash device formatted to FAT32. The device should have two folders; wad and apps. In the wad folder should be .wad files which you'll be installing. In the apps folder, there should be sub folders containing a boot.dol. You'll need wad
Updated 04-25-2010 at 07:37 PM by ShadowSonic2
Check Disk for Pre-Repair Process
April 24th, 2010 by bushing · 7 Comments
A faithful HackMii reader spent some time with AnyTitle Deleter and tried to clean everything odd off his Wii, and used the HackMii Installer to uninstall the HBC and BootMii/boot2. He then sent his Wii into Nintendo (of America) to try to get them to repair a noisy drive; the warranty had expired, and he just wanted to pay them to repair the drive.
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Continuing with our Blog theme about additional possibilities after your Wii has been successfully modded, we now will talk a little bit about enhancing and expanding your gaming possibilities by installing ScummVM.
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(b. 1947). 8th dan Tomiki Aikido-JAA, 1988 [rank authenticated], 5th dan Aikikai. Tomiki Aikido Shihan. Graduate in Law of Kokushikan University. Professional aikido instructor. Started aikido in 1966 under Kenji TOMIKI and eventually became captain of Kokushikan University Aikido Club. In 1970 he was sent, at the request of Hirokazu KOBAYASHI to Osaka, where he began to teach Tomiki's RANDORI methods. On 28 March 1976 he opened his own dojo, the SHODOKAN, which moved to its present quarters in 1988. Nariyama began making annual trips abroad in 1982 and has visited Australia, England, the United States, and Europe. Currently member of the Board of Directors and technical director of the JAPAN AIKIDO ASSOCIATION. Co-author of Aikido Kyoshitsu (see bibl. ). Shodokan Dojo, 1-28-9 Hannancho Ameno-ku, Osaka-shi 545 Japan (06)622-2046.
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South America
Guyana, based on the 1994 national inventory, makes only a minor contribution to emissions of greenhouse gases. However, increases in the global mean temperatures could have significant impact, especially on the coastal plain and on activities including the dominant agriculture sector in Guyana.
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Paraguay is a landlocked country, located in the center of South America, bordering Argentina, Brazil and Bolivia. Currently, Paraguay does not have a formal climate change adaptation strategy.
Paraguay's climate is subtropical to temperate, characterized by a rainy season in summer and a dry season in winter. The mean temperature of Paraguay is 24 degrees Celsius. However, thermal variations exist. The mountains, plateaus and valleys located in the east of the country contribute to a temperate and humid climate, contrasting with the warm, dry tropical climate of the Chaco plain in the west. Substantial rainfall occurs in the eastern region, becoming semiarid in the far west (CIA 2009). Mean annual rainfall in the southeastern region is 1800 millimeters. Mean rainfall in the northwest is 700 millimeters. The river Paraguay divides the country into two environmentally very different regions: the Oriental Region and the Western Region. Paraguay's terrain consists of grassy plains and wooded hills east of Rio Paraguay, low, marshy plains in the Gran Chaco region west of Rio Paraguay, and dry forest and thorny scrub elsewhere (CIA 2009).
Agriculture, cattle raising, and forestry constitute the base of Paraguay's economy, representing 16.5 percent, 7.8 percent, and 2.7 percent of Paraguay's GDP, respectively. Agriculture constitutes the fundamental pillar of Paraguay's economy. Soybean and cotton contribute more than 50 percent of the national exports. As Paraguay is reliant on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture, Paraguay's economy is vulnerable to the effects of climate change.
Sources: CIA – The World Factbook. 2009. Paraguay. [online]. Available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pa.html. [8 November 2009] and Paraguay - Executive Summary National Communication - 10 April 2002.
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The demand for energy in Peru is increasing. Most of the agricultural and forest waste is burned in the fields without any energy recovery. A project funded by the Global Environment Facility seeks to remove the barriers to commercial use of bio fuels and non-wood cellulose. This is a substitution for electricity generation based on the use of fossil fuels and will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Peru is located in South America. It lies at 10 00 S, 76 00 W and has a total area of 1,285,216 square kilometres. The climate and geography in Peru is varied. The climate is tropical in the east and dry in the west. Its natural hazards include earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides and mild volcanic activity. There is a western coastal plain and eastern lowland jungle of the Amazon Basin. The high and rugged Andes are located in the centre of Peru. Its natural resources include copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, iron ore, coal and natural gas.
Sources: Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook, Peru (as at 11 November 2009); Global Environment Facility. Obtaining bio fuels and non-wood cellulose fibre from agricultural residues/waste. Project Brief.
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Suriname is located on the north-eastern coast of South America bordering French Guiana in the east, Brazil in the south, Guyana in the west, and the Atlantic Ocean in the north. The northern, lowland coastal area is particularly vulnerable to inundation and erosion of coastal zones and other negative impacts of climate change. Some of the proposed adaptation measures include: integrated coastal zone management, the efficient utilization of water resources, and the development of salt-tolerant crops.
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Debido a su pequeño territorio y el bajo nivel de industrialización, la contribución de Uruguay al proceso de generación del calentamiento global no es significativo.
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Argentina has submitted two National Communications to the United Nations Frameworks Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), laying out the actions that the government has already taken and the analytical basis for its policy response to climate change, as well as its commitments to take future actions within an official international framework.
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Bolivia has submitted only one National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in November 2000. The Communication established the National GHG Inventory for the year 1994, it presents the main vulnerability challenges to climate change for the forestry, water and farm sectors, as well as provides mitigation options and a description of the existing projects in the various sectors.
A Second National Communication is currently under preparation with the objectives of establishing strategic relationships with local governments and institutions for a better understanding of the impacts of climate change, to generate a national GHG inventory, to generate vulnerability studies of human systems to climate change, to collaborate with the development of climate change scenarios and to offer support to the development of pilot projects in mitigation of GHG from key sources.
The National Climate Change Program (PNCC, Spanish acronym) was created in 1995 as operational branch of the formerly known Vice Ministry of Biodiversity, Forest Resources and Environment10currently Vice-Ministry of Environment, Biodiversity and Climate Change, which acts as the Ministry of Environment and Waters's coordinating body. The Vice-Ministry plays the role of a technical advisor to the government on climate change adaptation issues and actions to comply with the UNFCCC. The PNCC initiated research activities related to climate change issues and the first investigations on the national inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the analysis of vulnerability and adaptation of forest, agriculture, livestock and water resources and the analysis of mitigation options for GHG emissions in the energy and not-energy sectors in order to consolidate the National Communications to the UNFCCC. Within the PNCC´s responsibilities also lies the development of National Climate Change Action Plans11 and related strategies as well as the educational dissemination of climate change issues to the Bolivian public.
The Bolivian Strategy on Climate Change will be based on the following four areas, designed to follow action within an economic and social development framework:
- Promoting clean development in Bolivia by introducing technological changes in the agriculture, forestry, and industrial sectors, aimed to reduce GHG emissions with a positive impact on development.
- Contributing to carbon management in forests, wetlands and other managed natural ecosystems.
- Increasing effectiveness in energy supply and use to mitigate effects of GHG emissions and risk of contingencies.
- Focus on increased and efficient observations, and understanding of environmental changes in Bolivia to develop effective and timely responses.
Bolivia has incorporated cross-cutting policies and programs into the 2006-2010 National Development Program to guarantee adequate and early response to the impacts of climate change. In 2007, the country issued its National Adaptation Plan (MNACC, Spanish acronym) which aims at reducing vulnerability to climate change and promoting planned adaptation within the framework of various sectoral programs. The Plan includes five sectoral programs: 1) water resources, 2) food security, 3) health, 4) human settlements and risks reduction and 5) ecosystems; and three transversal programs: 1) scientific research, 2) education, and 3) social aspects.
The first Climate Change Adaptation Strategy at the Municipal level, covering six municipalities of Titicaca Lake and Crucenos Valleys region, was issued in May 2007. Among the adaptation measures identified in the Strategy are the following priority areas: 1) territorial planning; 2) water security; 3) climate-proofing productive systems; 4) development of adaptation capacity, etc.
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The rain forest in Brazil is a unique ecosystem that is particularly threatened by the impacts of climate change. In the worst case scenario, huge parts of the Amazon River basin could transform into a savannah. This would have dramatic consequences both for the worldwide climate, as well as the local population whose livelihood depends on the rain forest. Like many other Latin American countries, Brazil has not fully confronted what is entailed in adapting to climate change. However, this is gradually changing. For instance, the Brazilian climate change plan published in December 2008 covers adaptation. Based on more accurate regional climate models that are expected to be published in 2009, the government intends to prepare detailed adaptation measures (p. 76).
Country Profile
Climate change will affect Brazil in multiple ways. The consequences of global warming can already be observed today. During the past decades, patterns of precipitation have changed significantly and temperatures have risen by 0.5°C.
The Amazon region is especially vulnerable to climate change. The Amazon is the largest rainforest in the world and represents 40 percent of all remaining rainforest on the planet. About 65 percent of the Amazon region is located in Brazil. The remainder is distributed across eight additional countries. The Amazon region is crucial for both the global and the local climate. Through evaporation, the rainforest absorb massive amounts of heat and is an important source of fresh water. About half of all rainfall in the Amazon region is caused by local evaporation. Furthermore, the most important export-oriented agricultural regions of Brazil are dependent on the Amazon water cycle, and given its role as a huge CO2 sink, the Amazon region serves a key function in the global climate systems.
It has long been known that massive clear-cutting operations represent a serious threat to the Amazon rainforest. The fact that the tropical rainforest is also threatened by the impacts of climate change is less known. Temperatures and rainfall amounts are expected to become more volatile in the future. Furthermore, a global average temperature increase of 2°C could result in a local temperature rise of up to 4°C. This problem, and the rising frequency of extreme weather events, could overburden the natural adaptive capacity of the rainforest, leading parts of the rainforest to be transformed into savannahs.
The country profile above was found in the Meister Consultants Group study: Floating Houses and Mosquito Nets: Emerging Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Around the World.
Source: Dr. Hans-Peter Meister, I. K., Martina Richwein, Wilson Rickerson, Chad Laurent. Additional contributors: Jeff Snell, Elisa Burchert, Florian Lux. (2009). Floating Houses and Mosquito Nets: Emerging Climate Change Adaptation Strategies Around the World. Boston: Meister Consultants Group. p. 76-79.
For more detailed information and references refer to Floating Houses - Full Report.
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Chile's territory is located in South America, the Antarctic and in the Pacific Ocean, which accounts for its great geologic, climatic and biological diversity. For geographic reasons, Chile is separated from the rest of South America: to the north by the Atacama desert (the world's most arid desert); to the East, the Andes mountain range; to the West, the Pacific Ocean; and to the South, the Antarctic ice caps. This geographic isolation and the fact that it spans over 40° latitude from its northernmost to southernmost points bestow upon Chile very peculiar climatic characteristics, since Chile contains subtropical climates as well as sub-Antarctic and Antarctic climates.
Chile's continental territory is located between 17º30' y 56º30' latitude south, on the western edge of South America. The total surface area is 2,006,096 square kilometers, of which 756,096 square kilometers correspond to continental Chile and its ocean territories and 1,250,000 km 2 to the Chilean Antarctic Territory. Continental Chile spans 4,300 kilometers from north to south. The average east-west distance is 232.5 km, making Chile the longest and narrowest country in the world. (Figure 4.1).
Its coastal waters cover approximately 120,000 sq. kilometers (not including its Antarctic territory). Chile's territorial sea places Chile among the countries with the most extensive ocean territory with some 3,150,000 sq. kilometers. Furthermore, the State of Chile has sovereign rights over the Exclusive Economic Area (200 nautical miles) for the use, exploration, conservation and administration of the natural resources of the sea-bed and subsoil and the underlying waters.
Chile is divided into 13 administrative regions, from the First Region of Tarapacá in the north to the Twelfth Region of Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic in the south. The great length of the country, the natural barriers formed by the mountain ranges and by the subtropical ocean currents in the north and the polar currents in the south provide Chile with its great biological and climatic diversity that can be seen not just from north to south but also from east to west.
The estimated population of Chile in 1998 was 14,821,714, with an average annual growth rate of 1.4%.
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Colombia has a total area of 207'040.800 hectares, of which 114'174.800 are continental land mass and 95'866.000 are territorial waters. The island zones consist of a series of islands in the Pacific (Malpelo and Gorgona) and in the Caribbean (archipelago of San Andres and Providencia, and a large number of keys, islets and shallows). Pacific waters cover 33'930.000 hectares and Caribbean waters 48'936.000 hectares. This makes Colombia the fourth largest country in South America and the only one with Caribbean and Pacific coasts. There are five main natural regions on the mainland: Caribbean, Andean, Pacific, Orinoquia and Amazonia.
The greater part of the country enjoys more or less the same temperature ranges of an annual average of 24-28°C in the eastern zone of the Caribbean plains and a strip of the Pacific coast. Average annual temperatures of over 28°C are to be found in the lower, middle and part of the upper Magdalena valley. In a much smaller area, including Andean and Interandean zones, there is a variety of thermic levels due to the wide variations of air temperature at higher altitudes. The snow line, with temperatures lower than 0°C, is found above 4.600 m above sea level, and is the smallest of the land areas of Colombia.


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As Whitney Houston works toward a comeback in her career, the men in her life are blabbing about their time with Whit – and each other. Ray J drops a little TMI in his new song "All I Feel" which sends a message to Bobby Brown about what it was like making love to his ex-wife. In it, he sings: "Is that your wife, is that your shorty, well I'm her boyfriend . . . I think the problem is you don't beat it right . . . Making love is cool, just pull her hair sometimes."Yep, we definitely didn't need to know any of that.
Meanwhile, Bobby attempts to define the love triangle in his new autobiography, entitled Being Bobby Brown: The Whole Truth and Nothin' But. "For those of you who want to know, I'm aware of the fact that Whitney had been seeing Ray J, a very young R&B artist who is most famous for being the little brother of Brandy, the multi-platinum singing artist and TV star," he writes in the book. "Their relationship doesn't bother me. She's open to see whoever she wants to see, just like I can see who I want to see. I know the age difference between her and the little guy is 20 years, but to each his own. The only concern I had was how our daughter felt about the age difference. As long as she's cool with it, it's fine by me."
And there you have it, the whole truth – though we'd argue that Ray J is most famous for getting raunchy with our main girl Kim Kardashian on tape. Now the only person left to hear from is Whitney herself. Think she should weigh in on her love drama or stay silent? [NY Post]


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Large gardens with swimming pools
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Brandon Maye and Mississippi State are confident they will be able to overcome a couple of hurdles in the former Clemson linebacker's journey to campus.
Presumably, the easiest obstacle is within Maye's grasp - an undergraduate degree in sociology.
The second obstacle, however, is not as certain - immediate eligibility via NCAA waiver. ...


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Self Protection
Ben Branam was born in California and moved to Austin in 2004. Four months ago, he moved to San Antonio to help start a church and pursue his own business, Modern Self Protection. Ben spent 10 years in the Marine Corps, did a combat tour in Iraq, spent a year as part of an anti-terrorist company, and taught anti-terrorism, shooting, and advance combat skills. He left to take a job as a private contractor for the Army in Iraq.
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Gun Cleaning 101: How to clean a Gun
Firearms get dirty and need some attention. People say, "The only enemies firearms have are politicians and rust." So we need to take care of these issues the best we can. Cleaning a firearm can be easy or difficult. I like the easy way and that's what I do with all my guns. What does […] [Read More]
Glock vs Glock
I've been a Glock owner and user for over 5 years now and I am still not totally taken by the gun or company. It works, is about the highest acclaim I have for the pistols. I was issued one years ago and just haven't changed. A couple years ago Glock came out with a […] [Read More]


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More information about the genes added to HoneySweet
Were other new genes added?
In addition to the coat protein from the PPV, two other genesbeta glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII)were added in the same piece of DNA that carried the coat protein to provide markers that allow researchers to easily track the presence or absence of the new DNA. GUS is a gene that produces an enzyme that will react with an indicator chemical (X-Glu) by turning it blue, demonstrating that the tissue has the new genes in it. The NPTII gene produces an enzyme that makes the tissue resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. If tissue grows in the presence of kanamycin, we know the new genes are actually in the cellincluding the PPV coat protein gene since it is located next to the NPTII gene in the carrier DNA.
Does the tree or fruit contain antibiotics? Are these harmful to
people or animals eating the fruit or leaves?
The fruit and leaves do not contain any antibiotics, only the antibiotic resistance gene. In addition, it is possible that the leaves and fruit may contain a small amount of the enzyme produced by the NPTII gene that produces kanamycin resistance. This gene and the enzyme it produces have been approved by the FDA in 1994 as safe to be present in food.
Does the resistant tree make the virus coat protein?
If it does not make protein, what makes the tree resistant?
The resistance is due to RNA silencing, which is a natural process in plants that gives them some adaptive protection against viruses. In the silencing process, the introduced PPV coat protein gene induces the plant to make an enzyme that breaks down the coat protein, which prevents virus infection. This is a natural mechanism that plants use not only for virus resistance, but also to regulate many normal cell processes.
Is there other transgenic fruit that has been made by adding virus
coat protein DNA?
Yes. Papaya has been genetically engineered to resist ringspot virus by adding a virus coat protein. These papayas are being grown in Hawaii and sold there and in the U.S. mainland and Canada. Squash has also been genetically engineered with a virus coat protein.
Could a PPV-resistant tree be developed through conventional
A few highly resistant stone fruit or ornamental stone fruit varieties have been developed through conventional breeding. Hybrid plum cultivars have been identified that respond to PPV by a hypersensitive response. This means that once virus infection occurs, the plant tissue surrounding the infection site quickly dies. PPV, like all other viruses, can survive and multiply only in living host cells. Therefore, the hypersensitive response prevents spread of the virus to other parts of the tree and eliminates the virus from the host.
Unfortunately, the hypersensitive response in these plum hybrids is regulated by several different genes in the tree, making it difficult and time-consuming to incorporate the hypersensitive trait into other cultivars by standard plant breeding methods.


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Covers the concepts and techniques behind efficient photo management and backup, which becomes increasingly important as a photo collection grows.
"I often watch the lynda.com videos on my laptop while working out on a stationary bicycle. The short length of the video segments helps to keep me motivated: "I'll quit at the end of this chapter." So far I have lost 25 pounds!" —Gail P.
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World War Z Sequel Starting with 'Clean Slate'


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21 Days to Glory – The Official Team Sky Book of the 2012 Tour de France is the official, illustrated, insider story of how the 2012 Tour de France was won, from Team Sky. With stunning photos from Scott Mitchell…
21 Days to Glory – The Official Team Sky Book of the 2012 Tour de France is the official, illustrated, insider story of how the 2012 Tour de France was won, from Team Sky. With stunning photos from Scott Mitchell and exclusive interviews with the main players including Mark Cavendish, Bradley Wiggins and Dave Brailsford, this books offers a unique insight into one of the great British sporting successes making it a must-have for all cycling fans. It is a fascinating book for all fans of the Tour de France and anyone who has ever been captivated by the heroics of Team Sky.
- Author:
Sarah Edworthy with introduction by Dave Brailsford
- Binding:
- Pages:
- Page Dimensions:
200mm x 250mm
- Illustrations:
Full colour photography by Scott Mitchell
- Publisher:
Harper Collins
- Publication Date:
October 2012
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Howdy All! My name is Cody and i'm from Texas. I found this site searching around through Google and it seemed like a pretty good place to meet fellow hunters and exchange stories. Hope to meet you all and talk about some huntin' :wink:
welcome texan good to have you with us!
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KINGSTON, R.I. -- December 2, 2003 -- The senior forensic advisor for the Tanzania Police Force will address the University of Rhode Islands Forensic Science Seminar Series on Thursday Dec. 4.
Carla Miller Noziglia, chairman of the board of trustees for the Forensic Science Foundation, will deliver a lecture titled "The Real CSI and Forensic Science Around the World" at 4 p.m. in Room 124 of Pastore Hall. The talk is free and open to the public.
"It started with Quincy and has intrigued folks with CSI and Crossing Jordan," Noziglia said. "But media forensic science is not necessarily real forensic science."
Noziglia is slated to discuss her experiences with international forensic science. "The real stuff is just as exciting," she said. "Forensic science is alive and well in places as exotic as Africa."
After earning her master of science degree form Lindenwood College in St. Louis, Noziglia spent 15 years in clinical laboratories as a registered medical technologist. For the past 25 years she has worked with forensic science in many capacities, including laboratory director, author and lecturer. She is currently working with the Tanzania Police Force to renovate their facilities and update technologies and instruments in their forensic laboratory.
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Halfway to Manhattan
Looking for so recommendations for lunch and/or dinner at some good BYO's that are about halfway between Philly & NYC. More interested in weekdays than weekends.
Most of the spots at the halfway point would be in NJ.
We actually were in the same situation a few weeks ago, my husband had a colleague in Newark and we wanted to meet halfway. We landed in Eno Terra in Kingston, and it was absolutely wonderful. All local food, house made bread and pasta, amazing cheese and charcuterie tray. I had the best gnocci of my life- pillowy soft, melt in your mouth with pancetta and carmelized cauliflower. Amazing atmosphere. It is not a BYO but they did have a very good reasonabble priced wine list. We had an amazing bottle for only $40, and there were a few options in the $20s. It was only about a 45 minute drive (from Ambler).
I also heard good things about the Blue Bottle Cafe, also in that area. It is a BYO (we were specifically looking for a bar) so you might want toi check that out as well.
I was going to suggest the Blue Bottle, which is a BYOB. It's a bit off the beaten path in Hopewell. The food is wonderful, and you won't be disappointed. I haven't tried Eno Terra, but it has gotten very good reviews on CH. You might do well to post this on the Mid-atlantic board, as there are many active NJ posters. The moderators will likely shut this topic down, once you mention NJ on the PA board.
We often stop in New Brunswick on our way back to Philly from parts north and east -- there are lots of good restaurants there -- not BYO but many good choices including our favorite the Frog and Peach.


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Goldman Sachs chief executive Lloyd Blankfein has launched a scathing attack on the US government's austerity program, arguing growth will derail significantly once the Bush-era tax cuts expire in January.
Blankfein said with the prospect of a fiscal cliff hanging over the US economy, which economists forecast could wipe around 3% off GDP, now is not the right time for the US to be carrying out austerity measures.
The Daily Telegraph reports that during a talk at the Canadian Club of Toronto Blankfein argued severe cutbacks are not a good 'medicine' for US GDP growth.
"You cannot austere yourself into a higher GDP, and it is not going to be very good if the medicine kills the patient," he said.
"I am all for implementing budget changes that accelerate over the long term, but in the short term I would not take too much money away from people or cut back on a lot of expenditure programs."
Fund managers have expressed fears over the knock-on effect the US fiscal cliff will have on global GDP growth.
In an interview with Investment Week in July, Katherine Garrett-Cox, CEO and CIO of Alliance Trust, said she expects global growth will remain stagnant next year, as the US faces the strong prospect of slipping back into recession.
"The potent combination of tax increases and bulkier spending cuts coming into effect from next January could knock 3% to 4% off GDP," said Garrett-Cox.
"It could be argued the US is now an even scarier place than the eurozone, given maturity issues are going to run out and the Bush tax cuts programme is also coming to an end."
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Question by Tara: What zodiac signs go best together ?
Im really interested in zodiac signs and horoscopes, so I was wondering which Signs are best together (friends or spouses) and which are least likely to get along. I myself am a Virgo.
Best answer:
Answer by Keep Rockin'
Here's a site that can help you: http://zodiacfacts.blogspot.com/
And if you have a twitter, follow them @ZodiacFacts. It's ok if you don't have a twitter account, you can always check their tweets. http://twitter.com/ZodiacFacts
They always tweet about interesting stuff and everything you need to know about zodiacs.
Check it out!
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The story of how my longtime friend Eric Hehman of Austin Asset became a partner and CEO at his firm.
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You already know the state of the markets. You know, too, how clients feel watching assets dwindle. Industry experts tell you that a down market...
By Staff Writer |
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Americans are getting more generous. Here's how yo
By Marlene Y. Satter |
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By Staff Writer |
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People with plenty of assets might want to drop so
This whitepaper, written by Phil Blancato, President and CEO of Ladenburg Thalmann Asset Management, provides in-depth analysis on the use of leading economic indicators in...
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One thing that Lafayette is seriously lacking is a good BBQ joint. All the chains seems to close and I am not quite sure why we don't have one, but come Sunday all the weekday plate lunch place have BBQ and you can be sure to leave with that BBQ craving satisfied.
On a recent adventure to a new restaurant on Verot School Road, I passed up "Dax on Verot", a plate lunch, boiled seafood place. I remember seeing it over the years next to a specialty meat place further down Verot, but this is their new location. It's not that easy to get to being on the section of Verot that merges into one lane so I can imagine the nightmare of getting there at lunch during the work week. I decided to try it out on a Sunday when there would be less traffic and I was on the hunt for BBQ plate lunch.
Dax is a small place, mostly a take it and go restaurant but there are a few seats inside and on the porch. Along with plate lunches and boiled seafood they have burgers, hot dogs and poboys. I've heard good things about their hamburgers so I'll have to go back and try that another day. Their BBQ options on Sundays are :brisket, BBQ boudin, pork steak, spare ribs or chicken. It comes with baked beans, potato salad, rice dressing and homemade bread. Think huge portions that two could probably split for around 10 bucks. That's not bad in my book.
I got the brisket with a link of the boudin. The beans were more BBQ flavored than baked which I appreciated. Sometimes baked beans can be all sugar so this was a nice surprise. Loved the potato salad, mainly because it didn't have relish or onions in it. The brisket was good and tender. I prefer mine to be a little more falling apart but it still hit the spot. The BBQ boudin was the star of the show for me...WOW Very meaty and little rice. I think this place might be my next boudin place.(and much closer that Scott to boot!) The rice in the rice dressing was undercooked. The bread was homemade and quite good too, wish it would have been a little bigger of a piece, but appreciated that it wasn't a roll from a bag that you get with most plate lunches.
Dax on verot is definitely worth checking out, especially if you are a fan of plate lunches(and really if you are from here, how can you not be a fan). You can find their menu online.


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James Gosling, considered by most to be the father of the Java programming language, has announced that he no longer works for Oracle.Gosling's unexpected departure follows that of Sun chairman Scott McNealy in January and Jonathan Schwartz a month later, and backs up reports that the old guard at Sun are having trouble fitting into the new regime.Gosling refused to explain his sudden departure at this time. "Yes, indeed, the rumours are true. I resigned from Oracle a week ago (April 2nd)," said Gosling in his blog. "As to why I left, it's difficult to answer. Just about anything I could say that would be accurate and honest would do more harm than good."The hardest part is no longer being with all the great people I've had the privilege to work with over the years. I don't know what I'm going to do next, other than take some time off before I start job hunting."Gosling apologised to TechDays attendees in St Petersburg, where he had been due to appear on Thursday, saying that he hated not being there.Gosling joined Sun in 1984 and invented the original Java code, virtual machine and compiler. He was hugely popular at Sun and among developers, and the loss will be keenly felt and will heighten concerns about Oracle's commitment to Java and open-source coding.
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Bilger Duruman, a citizen of Turkey, created his business in real estate development and construction while he was an economics student in 1956. During his 40 years in the field, he sold land and built more than 4,000 apartment units for those with limited means.
Duruman worked as a contractor in Libya, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. In 1980, while working in Kuwait, he began negotiating business disputes and construction problems. In the next 21 years, he arbitrated more than 20 national and international construction disputes.
His relationship with the university began in 1982, when he met the then-President Edward Shapiro and Dr. Steven Harvey, now director of International Admission. Duruman sent his son, Burak, to what was then New Hampshire College for his undergraduate education, and in 1983 became the Turkish representative for the institution. In the past 20 years, he has sent more than 500 Turkish students to SNHU. Over the course of the last 50 years, he has provided scholarship help for 122 students.
After learning he had cancer in 1996, he retired from real estate and began working in health care. The next year, he co-founded American Oncology Associates and started the first private cancer center in Turkey.
During his health care career he also has helped create affiliations among world-famous health care institutions and organizes international health care conferences in Turkey. He also helped found the first stroke and organ transplant center in Turkey.
Today he is the international relations, investments and education coordinator for Turkey's Florence Nightingale Hospital group, a nonprofit institution with 3,000 open-heart surgeries, 10,000 major surgeries and 30,000 inpatient services a year. He is president of Duruman Real Estate Development and Construction and the American Oncology Associates. He is vice president for his son's four incorporated companies, in advertising, health care technology, pharmaceuticals and public relations. He also is the author of three books.
Duruman has two children: a son, Burak; a daughter, Gamze; and three grandchildren. Now 60, his goal is to educate and help cancer patients.


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Video:Tips to Make Gluten-Free Breadwith Michelle Tampakis
Making gluten-free bread requires different ingredients and techniques. Learn how to make this gluten-free bread recipe to achieve a delicious and hearty texture.See Transcript
Transcript:Tips to Make Gluten-Free Bread
Hi. I'm Michelle Tampakis. Owner of Whipped Pastry Boutique, a business specializing in gluten and dairy free baking, and I'm here for About.com to teach you how to make gluten free bread.
Someone who has celiac or a wheat intolerance can't digest the proteins found in wheat, rye, and barley. Very often gluten free breads seem very heavy and dense because the grains that are used, that come from many other things, like root vegetables – like arrow root or potatoes.
They come from grains like Teff and Millet and Quinoa, soy, rice. These are very absorbent flours. So, they take in a lot of liquid and one of the key things to gluten free baking is to really give a lot more moisture than you think the recipe needs. And a lot longer mixing time.
If you don't give it enough time to hydrate, the grains give off all of the liquid immediately in the oven and you're left with a texture that's kind of like gravel.
Ingredients for Gluten-Free Bread:
So, the bread we're going to make today contains a third of a cup of teff flour and feff is a grain that comes from Ethiopia, it's very high in protein.
We're going to use two thirds of a cup of brown rice flour and two thirds of a cup of tapioca starch. We use the root of Tapioca, the Mannioch plant. And tapioca starch or tapioca flour are the same thing.
We're going to use 2/3 of a cup of corn starch.
And we're also going to use a quarter of a cup of potato flour and potato flour is made from cooked dehydrated potatoes and potato starch is made from raw potatoes. And, it's always a very small amount, a couple of tablespoons. You wouldn't use that as your dominant starch.
We're also going to use a tablespoon of Xanthan gum. And Xanthan gum is made form a bacteria that ferments out of corn products. Xanthan Gum helps to retain water and it provides some structure, so, without Xanthan Gum or Guar Gum in yeasted breads that are gluten free you ended up with a very collapsed texture and it's very heavy.
We're going to use about three teaspoons of dry yeast. A little ground flax meal, we're going to add a quarter cup of that.
Ground Flax Meal also adds a tremendous amount of nutrition because it's full of Amino Acids and vitamins. About a cup and a half of water, a little Olive Oil, a quarter of a cup.
2 Eggs and a teaspoon of Cider Vinegar. A little sugar and a little salt. Cider Vinegar appears in many gluten free recipes because It's acidic obviously and many of these gluten free flours are very alkaline. So, there's a PH issue there, with the batter of the loaf itself. And, that's why so many people add apple cider vinegar.
First, Mix Dry Ingredients for Gluten-Free Bread
You want to use a paddle attachment for gluten free breads and not the hook. And we're going to start by putting all of our dry ingredients in the bowl first. So, here's everything including the Xanthan Gum and the yeast.
And one word about Xanthan Gum is you want to make sure that you distribute it all very well and all the dry ingredients before you add any liquid.
Add Liquids to the Gluten-Free Dough
So once I have all of my dry like this in the bowl. I put it on the machine on low and I let it mix for about a minute before adding any liquids. Because if you start adding liquids right away and there's a little bit of Xanthan Gum exposed, the Xanthan Gum instantly forms a gel with the liquid and you end up with little, almost like Tapioca beads inside the loaf.
I've already added my teaspoon of Cider Vinegar to the water and the water is just barely warm from the tap. Now, I'm going to add my eggs to the water. And add the oil to the water and I'm just going to add this to the machine running on low.
Continue to Mix Bread Dough Until Texture is Right
So, after the first couple minutes of mixing I always stop and scrape and this way I can determine what my consistency is. The mixture definitely needs more liquid then this. So, I take the beater off and I scrape everything down.
With the machine running again, I'm going to add another third of a cup more water, here, I'll add a little bit more of that. So, now I can see that my batter is getting a little bit smoother looking. I'm going to turn the speed up a little bit. Speed 2 or 3 on this type of mixer and I'm going to let it go for a couple of minutes. I'm looking at the texture and I can see that it's got a little bit of a shininess.
A little wet offset spatula helps to spread this. You want to get it down into all four corners of the loaf pan. And now I'm going to cover this with a clean kitchen towel and I'm going to put in a warm spot for about half hour and it will have risen to the top of the loaf pan and then I'm going to put it in a 350 degree oven.
But you do want to use a thermometer and insert it in the end and make sure that the internal temperature reaches art least 200. That way that you know that all of the interior is sufficiently baked.
Allow Gluten-Free Dough to Proof Before Baking Bread
Alright, so we're just going to cover it like that and we're going to put it on top of the oven, because the oven is warm. So the loaf proofed for about a half an hour and I'm going to wash the loaf surface, so you can see it's risen to the top of the loaf pan. And, just a little water here we're just going to brush water all over the surface. And you can top it with whatever you want. Sesame seeds are nice. And now it's ready to go into the oven.
So, it's been a little over an hour and the bread is ready to come out of the oven and you can see it's risen nicely. And you want to let it cool an hour or so before slicing.
So, gluten free bread should be stored in the refrigerator and you can wrap it in parchment paper and then put it in a plastic bag.Thanks for watching, to learn more, visit us on the web at About.com.


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Results 1 to 15 of 140
Thread: Who to keep
02-05-2013, 03:51 PM #1Regular 1st Stringer
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Who to keep
Providing we sign the mvp to a long term deal which will help the cap., I think we should try to keep 2/3 of the team togther if possible. By 2/3 i mean offense and special teams. Extend Boldin and Jones 2-3 years each and Pitta for 3 years. Dickson I would let go. Jones fills a few areas, wide reciever and is a great return guy. Now you have Joe, Q, Smith,Pitta and Jones back for at least 2-3 more years together which should keep our offense in the top tier. Mckinnie I don't know about, I guess a contract laden with clauses but I don't trust he will live up to it. Defense wise I'd keep Ellerbe and let Krueger go and Cary go. Webb and Graham as corners and Jimmy and C Brown in our nickel with Pollard and maybe Ed if he gave a home town discount which I doubt he will do. Draft wise we need few spots filled obviously. I see very little dropoff if you can keep that together.
02-05-2013, 06:31 PM #2Hyperbolic curmudgeometer
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Re: Who to keep
I don't see how the Ravens can keep both Q & Jacoby--they're both due big paydays & they won't both take a cut. Doss isn't Q & never will be but if he hits the weight room hard & can put on 10-12 lb in the upper body & work on catching, he might not be too much of a step down. Deonte Thompson &/or Tommy Streeter are the capstrapped-man's candidates for Jacoby's role.
Dickson would be nice to keep but he doesn't seem to do the job as a blocker & someone will pay too much for him.
Ellerbe needs to be reupped to anchor the defensive interior. Kruger, much as I hate to say it, is going to walk--we can't afford him, Upshaw is going to be more of a 3-down player, & there are young guys like Adrian Hamilton that need a look as situational edge rushers. Kemo moves on but Tyson might be able to fill in. Can't see Ed Reeeeeed signing a cap-friendly extension & it's not clear there's anyone on the roster who could jump in (Christian Thompson?) I think they'll start the season with Ellerbe & McClain at ILB for lack of better alternatives--I don''t think they'd bite on Te'o unless he fell to the end of round 2 & maybe not then.
The huuuuuge problem is LOT. Oher plays a middling-to-poor LT & a pretty good RT, but he still thinks of himself as a LT & wants to be paid as such; the move to RT was in his mind temporary in order to get the best line on the field. If they find anyone else to play LT--& that specifically includes re-signing McKinnie--they are almost guaranteed to lose him when his contract expires; some team will almost certainly consider him an upgrade at LT & be willing to pay him. So even if they gamble some 2014 picks to move up & draft their LT of the future, they'll need a RT of the future the year after. I expect the Ravens to pencil Oher in at LT & draft a RT in round 1, trading up a few slots if necessary, then look for a FS in round 2.
I think this is the best they can reasonably expect to do for next season--& it may not even be good enough to get back to the postseason.
Re: Who to keep
I personally think the move is to...
Extend to a lower cap number:
Leach, Boldin and Jacoby
Dickson/David Reed/Harewood
Tender RFA
Art Jones, Pitta
Allow to leave
Ray Lewis, Ed Reed, Kruger, Cary Williams
Re-sign UFA
Ellerbe, oops stopped early here... Big Mac and bviously Flacco
Last edited by jonboy79; 02-06-2013 at 11:34 AM.
Re: Who to keep
Are you really ready to say this franchise is going to struggle to make the playoffs next year based on some potential salary cap problems? We are not nearly in as bad a shape as the Steelers were this time last year. It may take a lot of moves, but I fully expect Oz to produce a fully loaded roster capable of at least making the playoffs next year with a chance to defend the title.
I think Q gets an extention. Suggs has a huge cap number and even with all the injuries this year, I would not hesitate to extend him. There are always moves that can be made, and we should all trust Oz at this point to make the right ones.
Kruger will not be very easy to replace. He is exactly what we have needed ever since he was drafted, and I do not trust the draft to deliver another pass rusher. Even though Ellerbe plays more and is likely going to cost less, he may be the easier guy to find a replacement for.
Re: Who to keep
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Re: Who to keep
Release Jacoby Jones and continue to develop Deonte Thompson for that role
Extend Boldin, one more year, to lower his 2013 cap figure by a few million.
Resign Bryant McKinnie for $5 million or less. Otherwise, let him go.
Draft a LT either way.
Let Williams sign elsewhere.
Kruger WILL sign elsewhere.
Sign Reed for $4 or less. Otherwise, let him go to another team (Although it will be tough to see him leave).
Give Birk time, I think he will announce his retirement.
Resign Ellerbe, because ILB money is on the down right now."When questioned, the Elders explained that they were in search of magical powers. However, they're actually searching for the whereabouts of a certain ring. This ring is a legendary treasure that long ago was known to exist"
Re: Who to keep
Birk said when the season started he came back for one more shot at the SB, so he might go out like Ray now - a Champ!
It's gonna be hard to keep Jacoby and Boldin under the cap. Jacoby is still signed. Boldin isn't.
Me thinks Bisciotti's comments at the stadium today went over everyone's heads when he said I wonder how many
times we can keep bringing you these trophies.
TRANSLATED: Once we pay Joe we gutt the entire team like we did in 01. It took us 11 years to get over that
and win another trophhy.
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Re: Who to keep
If it comes down to Boldin and Jones, the answer is Boldin.
I expect the league to prioritize who they want to keep.
At the top of that list is, undoubtedly, Joe Flacco. After that, it will either be Boldin or McKinnie. I think the team will concede Kruger, because they just won't be able to put in a high enough bid for him. Even if they were willing to."When questioned, the Elders explained that they were in search of magical powers. However, they're actually searching for the whereabouts of a certain ring. This ring is a legendary treasure that long ago was known to exist"
Re: Who to keep
I'm really not sure why this is so hard for so many to grasp. We've only gone over this like 659 times on this message board. Both are under contract. Jacoby Jones is due a $1 million roster bonus in the next few weeks + a base salary of $3 million. He also carries $900k in dead money if we cut him. Boldin is under contract for $7.53 million. That is a $6 million salary with $1.53 dead money if we cut him.
Also, there is absolutely nothing certain at all that we can't keep both players. In reality, we can indeed keep both players at their current salaries without going over the cap. However, it would basically eliminate the chance of bringing back Kruger or Ellerbe or any other UFA. A more likely scenario is that you tack on a year to each's contract, convert some of their 2013 base salary into a bonus, and still walk away with room to attack other areas of the roster.
02-05-2013, 07:33 PM #12Pro Bowl Russell Street Raven
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Re: Who to keep
Cut Leach. Need to move towards more of an h-back. With Joe getting a monster contract going offense is going to be QB driven. Joe clearly does better when not in the I. Would rather see someone like walker from SF who can be TE and FB.
Ravens have little leverage with Q. Before the playoff run they could have extended him. Now he is probably not considered to be that over paid. He would probably take being cut versus an extension that reduces his pay this year.
With Jones the Ravens need to see where Thompson is in regards to possible replacement. Would like to see McKinnie brought back on two yer deal for about 3m per. Ellerbe needs to be resigned.
If they can sign Joe I would like to see them franchise Kruger and potentially trade him.
Re: Who to keep
I don't think this is correct at all. Boldin is due a $6 million salary this year. That's a lot of a money for a 33 year old WR. If the Ravens cut him, he isn't getting $6 million base salary anywhere else. He is likely going to get $9 million over 2 years with probably a $2 million signing bonus and a base salary of $3 million for year #1 of that contract.
There will be no Vincent Jackson like contract this upcoming year. Greg Jennings is 3 years younger than Boldin and he is projected to get about 4 years/$30 million in Free Agency this upcoming year, so to think Boldin would get the $6 million he's due in 2013 is a bit of a stretch.
Like I've been saying all along, offer Boldin an extension of $2.5 (probably $3.5 million due to his performance now) for 2014 with a $900k signing bonus. This would make his 2013 salary guaranteed. Then take $4.6 of his $6 million base salary for 2013 and convert it into a bonus. This would be a win/win for both teams.
The Ravens would be able to push $2.3 of Boldin's base salary for 2013 into 2014. His cap # now becomes $5.23 million instead of $7.53. His 2014 cap # would be around $5.8, which is high, but justifiable with the cap going up considerably.
For Boldin, it's a huge win. He gets $900k to pocket as part of his extension bonus and an additional $4.6 bonus as a reward for restructuring. That's $5.5 million he gets in his pocket before he even steps on a practice field for OTAs. When you reach age 33, your salary isn't nearly as important as the guaranteed money and bonus money that you can get up front, and Boldin would make out like a bandit here. There is no way he'd get a $5.5 bonus on the free agent market right now.
Re: Who to keep
I'm probably a little bit off, but here is my best salary cap estimate as it stands right now.
Assuming we:
1) Cut Bobbie Williams
2) Cut Birk or let him retire
3) Re-sign Joe Flacco with a 2013 cap # around $9.5 (reasonable estimate)
That puts us at roughly $117.8 in terms of our cap #. When you factor in our rookie upgrades to the "Rule of 51", I think the best estimate is $118.5 to $119 million. The rookie salary upgrades should be minimal since we are drafting 32nd and 62nd. Barring any additional trading up for picks, only these two picks should be noticeable in altering our cap, and the impact should be minimal.
If we assume the Ravens cap will be around $122m, counting our carryover money from last year, that would leave us $3-3.5 million to spend on Free Agents. Obviously that's not much. However, it might be enough to cover the first year of a guy like Ellerbe.
Keep in mind that my projected $118.5-$119 assumes that every player currently under contract for 2013 except for Birk, B. Williams, and Lewis is back. This doesn't factor in any restructures or cuts to Leach, Jacoby, Boldin, or Jameel. Suggs and Koch are also good candidates for restructures. Oher might be a nice option for a re-sign/re-structure as well.
In theory, we could get Ellerbe back, let McKinnie/Kruger/Reed/C. Williams walk and keep the rest of our roster intact, while trying to upgrade through the draft everywhere else. If we can find a way of trimming $8-10 off the roster by restructures or maybe 1-2 cuts, we can have the room for Kruger, Ellerbe, and maybe Mckinnie or another veteran LT.
This will be the most challenging offseason of Ozzie's tenure, but things aren't as dire as they seem.
02-05-2013, 08:08 PM #15Pro Bowl Russell Street Raven
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A science blog with Eric Berger
Posts filtered on Tag
Study: Texans should pay less attention to some kinds of character issues in draft
On Thursday night the Houston Texans drafted Clemson wide receiver DeAndre Hopkins. Late in the draft process a report surfaced that the hotel room inhabited by Hopkins and Rutgers receiver Mark Harrison during the NFL Scouting Combine was left trashed. Hopkins denied any involvement in the incident and Texans offensive coordinator Rick Dennison said the team […] [Read More]


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(1) Select Anti-Thatcher Songs:
Sinéad O'Connor—Black Boys On Mopeds
Elvis Costello—Tramp the Dirt Down
The Larks—Maggie, Maggie, Maggie (Out, Out, Out)
(2) Some Articles about Thatcher:
- John Cassidy, How Margaret Thatcher Changed Britain.
Includes this paragraph:
[Thatcher's] name would come to be associated with laissez-faire economists like Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, and Milton Friedman. But Mrs. Thatcher's guiding philosophy was really more homespun. It emanated from the shop she lived above with her mother and father, Alderman Albert Roberts, who believed in hard work, thrift, and balancing the books. "Some say I preach merely the homilies of housekeeping or the parables of the parlour," Mrs. Thatcher said, in a 1982 speech to a banquet of grandees in the City of London. "But I do not repent. Those parables would have saved many a financier from failure and many a country from crisis."
This reminded me of a talk by Mary Mellor at the last year's Just Banking conference, in which, at around eight and a half minutes into the Youtube video of the talk, she talks about austerity policies as "handbag economics"—like the idea Cassidy attributes to Thatcher, this involves the false comparison between a country's or government's budget and a household budget, but Mellor's nice feminist twist is to depict the advocates of austerity as financial father-figures and the people are the wife who is put on some kind of meager allowance. I Googled the term "handbag economics" (maybe it's a standard term in Britain?} and the main reference I found was about Thatcher, from a piece in the Daily Mail comparing Cameron's austerity policies (and photo ops) favorably to Thatcher's:
[The Tory economic strategy] bears a surprising resemblance to the approach taken by another Conservative leader, Margaret Thatcher, whose handbag economics were famously derided by 364 economists in 1981, but which laid the foundations for Britain's remarkable economic revival.
She understood that the nation's finances, although involving far larger numbers, were in the end not that much different from a family's. And that just as a family must balance its budget and make ends meet, so must the nation.
As she said: 'My politics are based … on the things I and millions like me were brought up with…An honest day's work for an honest day's pay. Live within your means. Put by a nest egg for a rainy day'.
So Mr Cameron, as he attempts to make the most of his family's finances with last ditch sales bargains from Woolies, has delivered a speech in which he makes clear that the country must practice the same thrift.
More Good Thatcher Articles:
- Dave Zirin, Why Would Anyone Celebrate the Death of Margaret Thatcher? Ask a Chilean.
- Glenn Greenwald, Margaret Thatcher and Misapplied Death Etiquette.
- Maria Margaronis, We Are All Thatcherites Now.
- Michael Hudson, Thatcher's Legacy of Failed Privatizations
(3) Chained CPI:
We'll have an article about the "Chained CPI" alternative inflation measure that is Obama's preferred method of beginning the dismantling of Social Security. In the meantime, here's an open letter to Obama, with a technical postscript, from Ron Baiman of the Chicago Political Economy Group:
April 8, 2013
Chicago, IL
Dear President Obama:
Please stop pretending that switching to a "chain linked' CPI is, though unfortunately likely to reduce benefits, more "technically accurate" than the current "fixed basket" method of adjusting for the impact of inflation on social security benefits. It is not. It is more likely to result in an even greater underestimate of true cost of living increases for seniors than the current "fixed basket" method. You need to be honest with the American people and call this a "cut" and not try to camouflage this as a "technical fix" that more accurately implements the intent of the exiting Social Security program, as this is a "technical corruption" rather than an improvement of the method for estimating the impact of inflation on Social Security benefits for seniors, see Technical Postscript below.
Also, needless to say, at a time when more and more U.S. workers (through no fault of there own) have no, or much reduced (defined contribution) pension benefits, and less personal savings than at any previous time in modern history, it is the height of outrage to claim that this represents a "balanced approach" to budget cutting. Moreover, as you know, at a time when over 22 million people are unemployed and no progress has been made in increasing U.S. employment (especially not living-wage employment) relative to population since 2009, we need a budget stimulus supporting a large-scale federal jobs program that could be mostly financed by a Financial Transactions Tax, not more cuts to Federal programs (see: http://www.cpegonline.org/reports/jobs.pdf , http://www.cpegonline.org/workingpapers/CPEGWP2010-2.pdf, and March Jobs Report forthcoming at: www.cpegonline.org)
Ron Baiman
Chicago Political Economy Group
Technical Postscript
A simple Laspeyres "moving"or chain linked ( index where the base is adjusted every period is: "(last period quantities times current period prices)/(last period quantities times last period prices)" versus the standard fixed weight index which is: "(base quantities times current prices)/(base quantities times base prices)". More complex versions geometrically average Laspeyres and Paache chain links but however the "chain linked" index is calculated, the result will be that falling incomes cause consumers to shift over time to less expensive quantities so that the chain link index will increase less rapidly, and vice versa for rising incomes.
It also means that if the chain-linked methodology were properly applied to consumption baskets of seniors rather than of the "average urban household" – the chain-linked methodology would probably produce a higher inflation COLA than the current fixed basket method due to continued use of new more expensive health care treatments.
The ruse here being used by the "budget cutters, is to use the "more accurate" chain-linked" methodology in a completely inaccurate way by basing COLA calculations on average households who (they/we – the bottom 99%) are becoming poorer and thus substituting for less-expensive goods and services causing the index to rise more slowly, but proposing to apply it (a chain-linked COLA) to entitlements used mostly by seniors for whom the index would rise more rapidly.
The appropriate response should then be: "fine go to a chain-linked index, but do it right!" and if you do it accurately, properly calculated COLA's for the folks that make up the majority of recipients of the programs in question, will probably increase faster than it would under the current fixed-based CPI. (The CPI, by the way, is also calculated inaccurately for "average urban households" and thus understates the true COLA for seniors – but less so than a similarly "improperly calculated" chain-link index would).
(4) Real Estate in London and San Francisco:
Two piece on London real estate worth checking out, both about the uber-rich buying absentee apartments:
- Nicholas Shaxson (Vanity Fair): A Tale of Two Londons. (Hat-tip: the Patrick.)
- Sarah Lyall (New York Times): A Slice of London So Exclusive, Even the Owners Are Visitors.
And two piece on San Francisco–partly about real estate, but more about the influx of high-paid tech workers:
- Rebecca Solnit (London Review of Books): Diary–Google Invades. (Hat-tip: Ben C.)
- Ellen Cushing (East Bay Express): The Bacon-Wrapped Economy. (Hat-tip: Ben C. and Darwin B-G). This one seems a bit factually challenged, starting with the astonishing claim in the first paragraph that Google is the third largest company in the world. (It's the second-largest tech company, but it's something like the 200th-largest company. Unless you measure by web traffic or something, rather than revenue? But then it'd be first, surely.
(5) Jeannette Wicks-Lim on the Minimum Wage: On the Real News Network, backing up Elizabeth Warren's claim, in a Senate hearing, that raising the minimum wage won't lead to layoffs. Don't read the comments section if you don't want to get pissed off.
(6) Darwin BondGraham on LIBOR: Author of our current cover story, Darwin BondGraham (whom I got to meet in person in San Francisco last week) has a blog piece, It's a Banker's World, about how the litigation to recoup damages from the LIBOR scandal, "the greatest financial fraud in history," has been thrown out.
That's it for now! I'll continue to try to post shorter posts more frequently.
–Chris Sturr