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We report the first multi-site rotavirus genotype analysis in Canada. Prior to this study, there was a dearth of rotavirus G and P genotyping data in Canada. Publically funded universal rotavirus vaccination in Canada started in 2011 and has been introduced by four provinces to date. Uptake of rotavirus vaccines in Canada prior to 2012 has been very limited. The aim of this study was to describe the genotypes of rotavirus strains circulating in Canada prior to widespread implementation of rotavirus vaccine by genotyping samples collected from selected paediatric hospitals. Secondly we identified rotavirus strains that differed genetically from those included in the vaccines and which could affect vaccine effectiveness.
Stool specimens were collected by opportunity sampling of children with gastroenteritis who presented to emergency departments. Samples were genotyped for G (VP7) genotypes and P (VP4) genotypes by hemi-nested multiplex PCR methods. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out on Canadian G9 strains to investigate their relationship to G9 strains that have circulated in other regions of the world.
348 samples were collected, of which 259 samples were rotavirus positive and genotyped. There were 34 rotavirus antigen immunoassay negative samples genotyped using PCR-based methods. Over the four rotavirus seasons, 174 samples were G1P[8], 45 were G3P[8], 22 were G2P[4], 13 were G9P[8], 3 were G4P[8] and 2 were G9P[4]. Sequence analysis showed that all Canadian G9 isolates are within lineage III.
Although a limited number of samples were obtained from a median of 4 centres during the 4 years of the study, it appears that currently approved rotavirus vaccines are well matched to the rotavirus genotypes identified at these hospitals. Further surveillance to monitor the emergence of rotavirus genotypes in Canada is warranted.
Group A rotaviruses are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children under five, causing an estimated 453,000 deaths worldwide annually [1,2]. In Canada, as in other developed countries, mortality is rare, although rotavirus infections are costly from both societal and health care system perspectives. Recently published research on children with gastroenteritis admitted to Canadian paediatric hospitals found that rotavirus infections require 1300–1800 tertiary care hospital days annually [3]. Furthermore, rotavirus gastroenteritis results in outpatient visits and nonmedical costs, such as lost work days that have a substantial economic cost [3-6].
The outer capsid of rotavirus is composed of two major antigenic proteins, VP4 and VP7. These proteins are the main determinants of viral serotype, and the genes that code for these proteins represent the P and G genotype of rotaviruses respectively. The VP4 and VP7 proteins are also the main targets for protective neutralizing antibodies, and are thus key antigens in vaccine development [7-9]. To date, 27 G genotypes and 35 P genotypes have been reported, although only 11 G genotypes and 12 P genotypes have been recovered from humans [10-14]. G and P genotypes are also 2 components of the 11-component genotyping system proposed to classify rotaviruses [14]. Five combinations of these genotypes, G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8] are responsible for the majority of rotavirus infections worldwide. These are also the most common genotypes in North America, where they represent more than 85% of rotaviruses detected in human gastrointestinal disease [12,15-18]. Studies that have analysed only the G genotypes, also found that G1, G2, G3, G4 and G9 predominated in North America [19-21].
Two live oral rotavirus vaccines were licensed in Canada. RotaTeq®, licensed in Canada in August 2006, is a pentavalent bovine reassortant vaccine based on the bovine rotavirus WC3 strain as a backbone, and each of the 5 vaccine strains contains one serotype of the human outer capsid proteins (G1, G2, G3, G4, or P[8] serotypes). Rotarix®, licensed in Canada in July 2007, is a monovalent live-attenuated G1P[8]vaccine derived from human rotavirus 89–12, containing the two most common outer capsid serotypes. Extensive phase III trials for these vaccines showed high efficacy in protecting children against rotavirus disease of any severity, for strains with the same serotypes as contained in the respective vaccine, and there was a significant degree of cross-reactivity against many genotypes not contained in the vaccines [22]. Vaccines have been shown to be very effective in the United States, although changes in antigenic properties of circulating strains, due to antigenic drift or recombination, may challenge the effectiveness of the vaccines in the future [23-28]. In 2008, the National Advisory Committee for Immunization (NACI) and the Canadian Paediatric Society recommended the use of rotavirus vaccine in Canada [29,30]. Despite this, the uptake of rotavirus vaccines in Canada has been very limited. Prior to this study, there was very little data on the incidence of rotavirus G and P genotypes in Canada. During the period of this study, vaccination use in Canada was very low, well below 5% of the eligible population were getting rotavirus vaccines (personal observations). Starting in 2012, only four of 13 provinces and territories offered rotavirus vaccine as part of their publicly funded immunization programs [31].
To survey the baseline prevalence of rotavirus genotypes prior to the introduction of rotavirus vaccine we collected specimens from inpatients at select paediatric hospitals. We utilised reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by hemi-nested multiplex polymerase chain reaction methods for P and G genotyping [13,28,32-34]. Selected rotavirus strains were further characterised by phylogenetic analysis: in particular we focussed on the Canadian G9 strains, since this genotype has emerged and spread worldwide in recent years, and is not a specific component of either of the current vaccines.
A total of 348 stool samples were collected from children that presented with diarrhea with or without vomiting to eight Canadian pediatric hospital emergency departments that were part of the Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT) network [35] from 2007 to 2010. Five pediatric hospitals were included in the study during the first year (2007: Edmonton, Winnipeg, Ottawa, Quebec City, Halifax), three hospitals for the years 2008 and 2009 (Ottawa, Quebec City, Halifax) and six in 2010 (Vancouver, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa, Halifax). The total number of specimens collected at the sites were as follows: Ottawa, 128; Halifax, 90; Quebec City, 63; Edmonton, 24; Vancouver, 20; Saskatoon, 11; Winnipeg, 9; Toronto, 3.
The study was approved by the research ethics boards of each hospital, in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration on ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. Specimens were collected from children under 5 years of age that presented with diarrhea with or without vomiting at emergency departments during 2007, 2008 and 2009 [6]. Research nurses at the emergency department of each centre approached parents or guardians of children presenting with acute diarrhea and asked them to consent to rotavirus testing on the child's stool sample. In 2010 the samples were from children under 16 years of age who were hospitalized for laboratory confirmed rotavirus infection at six hospitals (Vancouver, Saskatoon, Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa, Halifax).
At each hospital stool samples underwent testing for rotavirus by enzyme immunoassay (Premier rotaclone EIA kit, Meridian Bioscience), chromatographic immunoassay (bioMerieux Vikia Rota-Adeno, or Coris Bioconcept Combi strip) or by electron microscopy (EM). All specimens were then sent to the National Microbiology Laboratory for further testing and genotyping.
Genomic RNA was extracted from the stool samples using a Nuclisens Easymag magnetic silica extraction method (Biomerieux, France). Hemi-nested multiplex PCR assays were used to P and G genotype the extracted RNA [32,36-40]. PCR products were initially designated to genotype based on size comparison after direct visualization after electropheresis on agarose gels. During the course of genotyping work we replaced a previously described primer specific for P[8] genotypes, 1T-1 [36], with the degenerate primer 1T-1DCDN since it was found to be complementary to a wider range of P[8] strains. The 1T-1DCDN primer was designed with the sequence 5' TCT ACT GGR TYR ACR TG 3' using the primer 1T-1D [38] as a model, and an alignment of the VP4 variable region using the Clustal W algorithm in MEGA 5.0 [41]. The alignment included sequences from 66 previously untypable Canadian P[8] samples (determined by genetic distance after sequencing), one Canadian P[4] sample, and 15 P[8] reference strains. The 1T-1DCDN primer binds at nt 340–356, a similar position, but one nucleotide shorter than that of 1T-1 (nt 339–356).
The new 1T-1DCDN primer was compared with 1T-1 primer for genotyping using a panel of 65 Canadian rotavirus samples that included 47 samples that were sequence-positive for P[8], 4 specimens that were P[4] genotype and 14 that were rotavirus negative. The panel was representative in that it was composed of specimens that came from 5 different sites in 2007, 3 sites in 2008 and 2 sites in 2009.
All strains that were positively genotyped by hemi-nested multiplex PCR were confirmed by sequencing of the VP4 and VP7 regions, using the Con3/Con2 and Beg9/End9 primer sets, respectively [36,37], or a suitable alternative. PCR products were purified using Montage PCR Centrifugal Filter Devices (Millipore, USA) and then cloned for sequencing in Top10 chemically competent E. coli cells (Invitrogen, USA) using Invitrogen 5'TopoTA cloning kits or sequenced directly. Sequencing of plasmids was carried out by the Genomics Core section of the National Microbiology Laboratory using T3 and T7 plasmid-specific primers.
Phylogenetic analysis was used for confirmation of genotypes and for further analysis of the ORFs of Canadian G9 strains. The Canadian G9 ORF sequences of the strains RVA/Human-wt/CAN/RT034-07/2007/G9P[8] through to RVA/Human-wt/CAN/RT088-09/2009/G9P[8] (GenBank Accession numbers JF964998-JF965010) were aligned, along with reference strains. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using the Clustal W algorithm in MEGA 5.0 software package [41], using the Maximum Likelihood method for phylogenetic analysis, with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Lineage designation was based on similarity to previously defined lineage reference strains [42,43].
Stool samples were collected from children with gastroenteritis at eight different Canadian hospital sites between 2007 and 2010 (Figure 1), although only two of the sites were sampled in all four years, and three sites were sampled in only one year. Of 348 specimens, 271 were genotyped. Amongst these, 12 samples exhibited multiple genotypes, suggestive of mixed infections. Therefore, 259 specimens (74%) were assigned to a single G and P genotype (Table 1) and 77 were negative.
Figure 1. Map showing the 8 study sites in Canada (black dots). Above each site is a pie chart showing the relative prevalence of rotavirus genotypes detected between the years 2007–2010. The limited Toronto data (available for 2010 only) is included with Ottawa. A pie chart to the top right of the map indicates the cumulative prevalence of all genotypes in the study for all the years of study.
Table 1. Rotavirus identifications shown by genotype, year and surveillance site
Of the 348 samples that were screened for rotavirus in hospital, 246 (71%) were positive by antigen immunoassay, and 102 (29%) screened negative. Of the specimens that had screened positive in hospital 237 (96%) were positively P and G for genotyped by PCR. Of the 102 specimens that had screened negative by antigen immunoassay, 34 (33%) were also successfully P and G genotyped for rotavirus. Twelve (4.4%) of the rotavirus-positive samples were indeterminate since they were apparently mixed infections with samples containing two or more genotypes of rotavirus (Table 1). The mixed samples included three instances of G1P[4] + P[8] , six instances of G1P[8] + G2P[4] and one instance each of G1 + G3P[8], G3P[4] + P[8] and G1 + G9P[8]. Of the 57 stool samples from 2010 that were positive locally for rotavirus, 50 were successfully genotyped and confirmed by sequencing.
Overall, the most common genotype encountered in this study was G1P[8], being present in 67% of the specimens, and it was also the most prevalent genotype at all sites (Figure 1) and during all 4 years (Figure 2). The other common genotypes were G3P[8] (18%) and G2 P[4] (8.5%). At one site (Ottawa) during 2009 there was a significantly higher incidence of G9P[8] and a lower proportion of G1P[8] genotypes (Table 1; 95% CI, modified Wald method for proportions).
Figure 2. Genotype prevalence by year for all Canadian sites. The four seasons of surveillance are represented from left to right.
With the P[8] genotyping assay, we found that all 31 of the false negatives from the 1T-1 primer were picked up as P[8] samples by the 1T-1DCDN primer. In this panel (which was deliberately weighted with samples that were not picked up by the 1T-1 primer), the 1T-1DCDN primer had a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 90%, whereas the 1T-1 primer had a sensitivity of only 60% and a specificity of 82%. Thus 1T-1DCDN can be usefully added to the panel for genotype screening tests, and could potentially replace the 1T-1 primer.
A phylogenetic tree constructed with full VP7 gene sequences from all of the Canadian G9P[8] isolates including several prototype G9 sequences from different regions of the world is shown in Figure 3. The tree shows that the Canadian G9 isolates fall into the lineage III major subcluster, being more similar to G9 sequences from isolates obtained globally than to previously sequenced minor subcluster lineage III isolates from Asia.
Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree of the VP7 genome segments of Canadian isolates of rotavirus along with selected G9 prototype sequences. The maximum-likelihood tree was bootstrapped 1000 times. Canadian G9P[8] strains are represented in the tree. All Canadian strains are designated with "RT" and their numbers end with the year of specimen collection.
Here we report the results of the first systematic, multi-site and multi-season rotavirus genotyping study in Canada. The most prevalent genotype found in children with gastroenteritis at all the sites throughout the four years of the study was G1P[8]. Other common genotypes were G3P[8] and G2P[4]. Until the present study, only two previous Canadian genotyping studies had been carried out: these were restricted to G-genotyping only at single sites during single seasons [19,21]. Our current genotyping data indicate that the available vaccines should be serologically well-matched to the prevalent strains of rotavirus, based on the genotype prevalence at these sites. Previous single-site studies in Canada during 1999 and 2002 also found G1 as the most prevalent rotavirus genotype [19,21]. Although G1, G2, G3 and G4 are the main serotypes present in North America and Europe, other serotypes are important causes of rotavirus gastroenteritis worldwide, such as G5 in South America and G8 in Africa [44-49]. G9 strains emerged in the 1990s as a cause of a significant proportion of rotavirus cases which varied regionally from 5 to 90% [44,50-53]. Although we did not sample every site in every year in the current study, our results provide recent data on the occurrence of rotavirus genotypes in Canada, during the period prior to vaccine roll-out. Our sampling rate is equivalent to about 1 per 100,000 population over the 4 years of the study in Canada, covering a median of 4 centres. This sampling rate compares favourably with other surveillance studies including one carried out previously in the United States [48]. We calculate that our study would have a 95% probability of detecting a rotavirus genotype with an incidence of 1.5% per year. Therefore, this level of sampling may miss any rare genotypes that occur incidentally and which do not spread in the population beyond one to two percent. G9P[8] strains were identified in the current study but were mostly restricted to single isolates in a few sites during 2 seasons (2007 and 2010) rather than fully emerging as a prevalent genotype. Recently, G9 genotypes have also been identified in the United States and comprised 39% of the rotavirus genotypes indentified in Detroit between 2007 and 2009 [41]. Since G9 was only substantially present in one site and for one season in Canada (Ottawa in 2009), and could therefore be a genotype that occurs with irregular frequency in Canada, we decided to investigate the possible origins of these strains using phylogenetic analysis. This shows that the Canadian G9 rotavirus strains collected in the present study are part of G9 lineage III (Figure 3). Although up to six lineages of G9 have been described, most viruses fall into three main lineages, I, II and III: a small number of G9 strains that do not fit into these lineages have also been reported [43]. The G9 genotype emerged worldwide starting in about 1995, and appeared to spread worldwide during the 2000s [43]. Sequence analysis indicated that one particular subcluster of G9 lineage III seemed to spread and cause disease throughout much of the world [43]. Most of the circulating G9 rotaviruses worldwide, including all of the G9 specimens from our study, are in the major subcluster of lineage III [43]. Thus Canada can be added to the growing list of countries where this lineage has been identified. Lineage I and II G9 rotaviruses are less common and were detected primarily within the United States, Japan and India in the 1980s and 90s, but reports of new lineages circulating in other countries underline the importance of continued rotavirus surveillance. [12,46,54-56].
Based on sequencing of a 981 bp region of the open reading frame of VP7, the Canadian G9 strains are more similar to isolates from Australia, Brazil and Italy than the G9 strain found in Detroit designated MI08/USA (Figure 3). Sequencing data from the two Canadian 2010 G9 strains also showed that they have between 96 and 98.5 percent identity with 2009 Canadian rotavirus strains. In addition the 2010 strains are most similar to the 2007 G9P[8] strain from Halifax, rather than the 2009 Ottawa strains (data not shown). Although G9 is not present in either vaccine, there is serological cross protection amongst G genotypes and amongst differing P genotypes since the majority of these Canadian G9 viruses were G9P[8] and the P[8] antigenic component is present in both vaccines. Given that two G9P[4] strains were collected in 2010, surveillance of genotype data is warranted to monitor genotype prevalence as there is the possibility of an increase in the prevalence of rarer genotypes, or genetic drift leading to immune escape [28,44]. For example, emerging strains such as G12 have been detected in New York State [57] and in Italy [58] and may spread to Canada in the future.
The local fluctuation of genotype prevalence that is frequently seen from year to year in circulating rotavirus was also demonstrated by less frequent genotypes such as G3P[8], that was more prevalent in 2009 and accounted for 77% of all rotavirus-positive samples from Halifax. The high prevalence of G3P[8] in Halifax in 2009 was preceded and followed by seasons in which no G3P[8] samples were detected at that site.
Hemi-nested multiplex PCR is a rapid method for genotyping rotavirus samples, based on highly conserved genotype-specific regions [32,36,37]. Nevertheless, mutations may cause mispairing resulting in an untypable strain or a mistyping error [39]. Therefore we monitored the primer-binding regions of isolates collected during the study for genetic differences that could affect sensitivity and specificity. The 1T-1DCDN primer was developed to genotype Canadian P[8] samples that have mismatches in the binding region of the previously used 1T-1 primer, which failed to genotype many of the Canadian P[8] isolates. The 1T-1DCDN primer was validated for specificity and sensitivity for genotyping unidentified Canadian P[8] samples as well as those previously identified with 1T-1, and thus may be useful in future Canadian genotyping studies.
The finding of rotavirus in one third of samples which were negative by antigen testing or EM in this study also illustrates the lower sensitivity of antigen testing for rotavirus. However, antigen detection tests may be less prone to detecting low level background infections, and are therefore useful for studies to measure the burden of rotavirus illness, as well as for investigating the effectiveness of vaccine in decreasing all-cause gastrointestinal illness in the younger age groups. Our findings in this study strongly suggest that currently licensed vaccines are well matched to the rotavirus strains present in recent years in Canada, and that continued surveillance is warranted to monitor the situation after Canadian universal vaccination programs have been fully introduced.
Competing interests
There were no competing interests for the authors of this study.
Authors' contributions
AM: carried out the molecular genetic studies, sequence analysis and drafted the manuscript. NL: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. EG: Carried out molecular genetic studies, sequence analysis. Supervised laboratory work and training. Involved in analysis and interpretation of data. JAB: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. KM: carried out molecular genetic studies, sequence analysis. SAH: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. LM: Carried out molecular genetic studies, sequence analysis. PD: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. JE: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. WV: Contributed to conception and study design and provided critical review of manuscript. TFB: Principal investigator; Supervised laboratory work. Involved in design of laboratory tests and analysis and interpretation of data. Contributed to conception and study design. Writing of final versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The genotyping study was funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada and the Canadian Biotechnology Strategy Fund: Genomics Initiative for Government Laboratories. We thank the Genomics Core at the National Microbiology Laboratory for sequencing and Jon Gentsch and Michael Bowen of the CDC, Atlanta for reference strains. The Canadian Immunization Monitoring Program, Active (IMPACT) is a national surveillance initiative managed by the Canadian Paediatric Society and conducted by the IMPACT network of pediatric investigators. IMPACT rotavirus surveillance was supported by a grant from GlaxoSmithKline Inc. and Merck Frosst Canada Ltd.
Investigators and centres participating in IMPACT included: R. Morris, MD, Janeway Children's Health & Rehabilitation Centre, St. John's, Newfoundland; S. Halperin MD, IWK Health Center, Halifax, Nova Scotia; P. Déry, MD, Centre Mere-Enfant de Quebec, CHUL, Quebec City, Quebec; D. Moore, MD, The Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal, Quebec; M. Lebel, MD, Hôpital Ste-Justine, Montreal, Quebec; N. Le Saux, MD, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario; D. Tran, MD, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario; J. Embree, MD, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba; B. Tan, MD, Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan; T. Jadavji, MD, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta; W. Vaudry, MD, Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta; and L. Sauvé, MD, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia.
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J Clin Microbiol 2000, 38(2):898-901. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Iturriza-Gomara M, Kang G, Gray J: Rotavirus genotyping: keeping up with an evolving population of human rotaviruses.
J Clin Virol 2004, 31(4):259-265. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Simmonds MK, Armah G, Asmah R, Banerjee I, Damanka S, Esona M, Gentsch JR, Gray JJ, Kirkwood C, Page N, Iturriza-Gomara M: New oligonucleotide primers for P-typing of rotavirus strains: strategies for typing previously untypeable strains.
J Clin Virol 2008, 42(4):368-373. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S: MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods.
Mol Biol Evol 2011, 28(10):2731-2739. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Abdel-Haq N, Amjad M, McGrath E, Chearskul P, Amer A, Salimnia H, Asmar BI: Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in Metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009.
J Med Microbiol 2011, 60(Pt 6):761-767. PubMed Abstract
Matthijnssens J, Heylen E, Zeller M, Rahman M, Lemey P, Van Ranst M: Phylodynamic analyses of rotavirus genotypes G9 and G12 underscore their potential for swift global spread.
Mol Biol Evol 2010, 27(10):2431-2436. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
de Rougemont A, Kaplon J, Pillet S, Mory O, Gagneur A, Minoui-Tran A, Meritet JF, Mollat C, Lorrot M, Foulongne V, Gillet Y, Nguyen-Bourgain C, Alain S, Agius G, Lazrek M, Colimon R, Fontana C, Gendrel D, Pothier P, the French Rotavirus Network: Molecular and clinical characterization of rotavirus from diarrheal infants admitted to pediatric emergency units in France.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30(2):118-124. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Graham SM, Thindwa BD, Dove W, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Hart CA: Rotavirus strain diversity in Blantyre, Malawi, from 1997 to 1999.
J Clin Microbiol 2001, 39(3):836-843. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Leite JP, Alfieri AA, Woods PA, Glass RI, Gentsch JR: Rotavirus G and P types circulating in Brazil: characterization by RT-PCR, probe hybridization, and sequence analysis.
Arch Virol 1996, 141(12):2365-2374. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Iturriza-Gómara M, Dallman T, Bányai K, Böttiger B, Buesa J, Diedrich S, Fiore L, Johansen K, Koopmans M, Korsun N, Koukou D, Kroneman A, László B, Lappalainen M, Maunula L, Marques AM, Matthijnssens J, Midgley S, Mladenova Z, Nawaz S, Poljsak-Prijatelj M, Pothier P, Ruggeri FM, Sanchez-Fauquier A, Steyer A, Sidaraviciute-Ivaskeviciene I, Syriopoulou V, Tran AN, Usonis V, VAN Ranst M, DE Rougemont A, Gray J: Rotavirus genotypes co-circulating in Europe between 2006 and 2009 as determined by EuroRotaNet, a pan-European collaborative strain surveillance network.
Epidemiol Infect 2011, 139(6):895-909. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Hull JJ, Teel EN, Kerin TK, Freeman MM, Esona MD, Gentsch JR, Cortese MM, Parashar UD, Glass RI, Bowen M, The National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System: United States rotavirus strain surveillance from 2005 to 2008 - genotype prevalence before and after vaccine introduction.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2011, 30(1Suppl):S42-S47. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Gentsch JR, Hull JJ, Teel EN, Kerin TK, Freeman MM, Esona MD, Griffin DD, Bielfelt-Krall BP, Banyai K, Jiang B, Cortese MM, Glass RI, Parashar UD, collaborating laboratories of the National Rotavirus Strain Surveillance System: G and P types of circulating rotavirus strains in the United States during 1996–2005: nine years of prevaccine data.
Laird AR, Gentsch JR, Nakagomi T, Nakagomi O, Glass RI: Characterization of serotype G9 rotavirus strains isolated in the United States and India from 1993 to 2001.
J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41(7):3100-3111. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
de Rougemont A, Kaplon J, Lebon P, Huet F, Denis F, Alain S, Fourcade L, Grosjean J, El-Hajje MJ, Gendrel D, Pothier P: Unexpected substitution of dominant rotavirus G genotypes in French hospitalized children over five consecutive seasons.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2009, 28(4):403-407. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Rodrigues F, Iturriza M, Gray J, Januario L, Lemos L: Epidemiology of rotavirus in Portugal: G9 as a major cause of diarrhoea in non-hospitalised children.
J Clin Virol 2007, 40(3):214-217. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Sanchez-Fauquier A, Montero V, Moreno S, Sole M, Colomina J, Iturriza-Gomara M, Revilla A, Wilhelmi I, Gray J, Gegavi/VIGESS-Net Group: Human rotavirus G9 and G3 as major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized children, Spain.
Emerg Infect Dis 2006, 12(10):1536-1541. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Han TH, Kim CH, Chung JY, Park SH, Hwang ES: Genetic characterization of rotavirus in children in South Korea from 2007 to 2009.
Arch Virol 2010, 155(10):1663-1673. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Mijatovic-Rustempasic S, Bányai K, Esona MD, Foytich K, Bowen MD, Gentsch JR: Genome sequence based molecular epidemiology of unusual US Rotavirus A G9 strains isolated from Omaha, USA between 1997 and 2000.
Infect Genet Evol 2011, 11(2):522-527. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Wu FT, Bányai K, Huang JC, Wu HS, Chang FY, Yang JY, Hsiung CA, Huang YC, Lin JS, Hwang KP, Jiang B, Gentsch JR: Diverse origin of P[19] rotaviruses in children with acute diarrhea in Taiwan: detection of novel lineages of the G3, G5, and G9 VP7 genes.
J Med Virol 2011, 83(7):1279-1287. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Payne DC, Szilagyi PG, Staat MA, Edwards KM, Gentsch JR, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, Curns AT, Clayton H, Griffin MR, Fairbrother G, Parashar UD: Secular variation in United States rotavirus disease rates and serotypes: implications for assessing the rotavirus vaccination program.
Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009, 28(11):948-953. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text
Grassi T, De Donno A, Guido M, Gabutti G, Collaborative Group for the Surveillance of Rotavirus Infection: G-genotyping of rotaviruses and stool samples in Salento, Italy.
J Prev Med Hyg 2006, 47(4):138-141. PubMed Abstract
Pre-publication history
The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:


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Series: Christ Among Other Gods
Just as the hand of a sculptor works gently and patiently to shape a common stone into a beautiful work of art, so God works in our lives to conform us to the image of His Son. Through the life of Peter we see a stunning example of the transforming power of God.
Click below to receive this series of 13 sermons on 7 CDs for a gift of any amount, or call Moody Church Media at 1.800.215.5001.
Please contact Moody Church Media at 1.800.215.5001 or visit our website to purchase our previous sermon series, Let God Redeem Your Story

subset: commoncrawl


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List items
1. Mafia II
It's 2002 predecessor blew my mind. I got to see what went on behind the scenes in your typical Italian gangster family. Plus shooting dudes with a Thompson is so satisfying. I played this game so much that when I would walk in the city, I would look for dudes in black trench coats and think that they were Mafioso. But they weren't... were they?
2. Portal 2
Loved the first one. I've played through it many times, each still as axciting as the last. Now it seems there is potential for the game to take place outside of the Aperture Science facility? Sign me up!
3. Kirby's Epic Yarn
I don't have a Wii, but I love the Kirby games. I've played almost all of them, yet I still can't get enough of the little guy. Rock on little pink guy!
4. Donkey Kong Country Returns
Currently playing through the first one on my SNES, and I have to say, it's fucking hard! I'm at the point where I'm rushing to find Candy's save point everytime I beat a level. I mean how did they expect kids back then to beat this shit, it's next to impossible! Regardless, I'm hyped for the new one, it looks really good.
5. Swarm
Looks like a very silly, yet very fun blob killing game. Laser grids, plus whatever else was shown in that crazy E3 trailer looks like something that I will enjoy doing again and again.
6. Kinect Support
All the games that fall under the new peripheral are pretty cool, hopefully the latency issue will be fixed somewhat.
7. The Bureau: XCOM Declassified
Never played the other XCOM games, but it will be different too for fans of the games as this is an FPS.
8. Rayman Origins
Rayman is awesome. Enough said.
9. The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword
More Zelda!
10. Fable III
Fable II was a lot of fun. It will be cool to revisit the Fable universe.


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RSU News
February 5, 2010
RSU Announces Significant Enrollment Increases for Spring Semester
Rogers State University has announced a significant increase in enrollment at each of its campuses, and for the first time, has surpassed 4,000 students during the spring semester.
A total of 4,045 students are enrolled this spring on the RSU campuses in Claremore, Bartlesville and Pryor, and its online program, resulting in an overall increase of 8.9 percent compared to last spring.
The number of credit hours in which students are enrolled has increased by 11.5 percent university-wide, indicating that students are taking more classes.
"We are pleased to record significant increases in all enrollment categories," said RSU President Dr. Larry Rice.
During the current spring semester, an increase of 8.9 percent of students are enrolled in classes on the Claremore campus, an increase of 25.6 percent are enrolled in classes on the Pryor campus, an increase of 2.4 percent are enrolled on the Bartlesville campus, and an increase of 7.1 percent are taking classes through the university's online program.
"Much of this growth is due to RSU's expanding reputation for excellence in education across northeast Oklahoma," Rice said. "In a challenging economy, the value of higher education and preparing our students for the future has never been more important."
Enrollment for the upcoming summer and fall semesters will begin on Monday, March 29. However, new freshman can enroll early at Early Enrollment Day on Saturday, March 27, on the Claremore and Bartlesville campuses. For more information on Early Enrollment Day, call (918) 343-7547 in Claremore or (918) 338-8000 in Bartlesville.


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Soroptimist International of Solanco
Who We Are
What We Do
Special Event!!!
Get Involved
Soroptimist International of Solanco presents the third annual
Light up the Night Gala
Saturday, October 11, 2014, 6 - 9 p.m.
Wesley United Methodist Church
1104 Kirkwood Pike, Quarryville, PA
Tickets $25.00 per person
All tickets will be entered into a drawing for
a two consecutive nights stay at
The Homeplace at Trailcrest Farm
a historic guesthouse in Strasburg, PA.
Must be present to win.
RSVP: Janell Morgan, 717-529-2033
6 pm: Live & Silent Auction
7 pm: Dinner by Hess's Barbeque Catering
Proceeds will benefit our local projects and the SAFE Program.
Get Directions
Best For Women


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Our jaws dropped when we heard of LaToya Jackson's abuse claims at the hands of ex husband (and manager), Jack Gordon. She appeared on The Talk and spoke about their relationship — he passed away in 2005 — and the details are truly shocking. LaToya said that she was offered to Mike Tyson, for him to have sex with her for a pay check! She explained, "Mike Tyson later told my mother and father and some other friends that he (Gordon) had told him that if he wanted to sleep with me he has to pay $100,000." Whatwhatwhat?
She also said that Gordon forced and threatened her to take part in group sex and pose for Playboy. She told the stunned audience, "I was in brothels and everything. He put me (it was) everything I was against. He made me do Playboy twice and had me sit on the stage and say 'Oh no, it was all my idea.' And I had to do that because I knew what he said he would do, he would do it." See, we told you this was just insane!
If this is all true, then we really feel for her. But all these confessions are timed with the recent release of her memoir Starting Over which is a no-holds-barred account of her life. The profitable angle gets us wary. Then again, if this is her form of catharsis and it's her way of getting things off her chest, then who are we to say anything?
[Photo: Getty Images]


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Jul 05
Chamber Panel Urges Governor to Sign Gaming Bill
The Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce joined Rep. Lou Lang on a panel discussion about the merits of gaming expansion legislation last week and urged Governor Pat Quinn to sign SB 744, which includes a Chicago Casino.
Michael Mini, the Chamber's Director of Government Relations, participated in the panel discussion co-sponsored by the Better Government Association and the Union League Club of Chicago. He described the Chamber's strong support for a Chicago Casino as a much-needed economic development initiative that will create thousands of jobs and generate state and city tax revenue to help solve the city's structural deficits. Mini praised Rep. Lang for his leadership and determination in finally passing a gaming expansion bill out of the General Assembly after several unsuccessful attempts.
Opponents of gaming expansion reiterated their usual anti-gaming arguments based on moral grounds and diminishing returns at existing casinos throughout the state. Mini countered that a Chicago Casino "done right" will be a world-class facility that will complement Chicago's entertainment and tourism industries and help grow its convention business.
To read more about the BGA/ULC panel discussion, click here.


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StreetLightOutages API
The service logs service outages for street lights, allowing applications to display incident reports in a number of ways. Applications also can contribute reports. The service is provided by a consulting organization active in online tools for managing power grid resources. API methods support reporting of incidents and retrieval of existing reports by type (e.g., involving power poles, potholes, or hydrants), location, and assets involved. Methods also allow updating of incident response and status information.
HTTP Basic Authentication
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|Product #: SSLR111_TQ
The Passion of Jesus: A Play (Resource Book Only) eBookGrade 7|Grade 8
Ships Free!
Please Note: This ebook is a digital download, NOT a physical product. After purchase, you will be provided a one time link to download ebooks to your computer. Orders paid by PayPal require up to 8 business hours to verify payment and release electronic media. For immediate downloads, payment with credit card is required.
This unit offers guidelines for preparing complete scenes for the shadow play, The Passion of Jesus. Costume patterns, ideas for music, how to prepare the theatre, a program design, several overhead transparency pictures and six scene layouts are included.
Customer Reviews:
Submit a review


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Ed Rampell: Writer/director Chris D'Arienzo's Barry Munday is a droll sex comedy minus sex with a gifted ensemble cast that's extremely enjoyable to watch.
Ed Rampell: The audience, which included many African-American women, by and large loved the performances and philosophy. In a kind of "call and response" the performers adroitly riffed with the responsive spectators, incorporating some improv into their show since, as Jimmy Durante wisely noted: "Everyone wants to get into the act!" (Especially the sex act.)
Iran's Youth and Women's Movement
For nearly two weeks the ground shifting protests in Iran's capital city of Tehran has seen an unprecedented number of young people and women who have risked their lives to speak back to the regime in opposition of the suspect re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Their faces, voices and deaths have become the symbol of […]


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Seth Hoy: DHS directed ICE attorneys to begin a review process of current immigration cases pending before immigration courts in order to close or dismiss those cases warranting prosecutorial discretion.
Immigration Case Backlog At All-Time High
New Study Estimates Mass Deportation of Undocumented Immigrants Would Cost $285 Billion
Andrea Nill: Friday, the Center for American Progress (CAP) released a report estimating that a strategy aimed at deporting the nation's population of undocumented immigrants would total approximately $285 billion over five years. According to the report, a deportation-only policy would amount to $922 in new taxes for "every man, woman, and child in this country"
End the War on Immigrants: Bringing It All Back Home
When the Bush administration came up with a special classification, "enemy combatant," and a special site—Guantánamo—to put prisoners beyond the purview of human and legal rights, I had a shock of recognition. The trial run had taken place right here in the US when we threw due process out the window for that other special […]


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Soil Fungi
While soil fungi include single-celled yeasts that live principally in anaerobic soils, most soil fungi are filamentous, producing masses of hyphae called mycelia. Some produce macroscopic fruiting bodies we call mushrooms. Fungi are efficient decomposers of a wide range of organic compounds. Fungi are even more important than bacteria in the production of humus and stabilization of soil aggregates. Some also produce antibiotics such as penicillin. A few, such as Aspergillus flavus, produce compounds that are highly toxic to humans. Some play important roles in the control of plant pathogens. Some fungi are, themselves, pathogenic to higher plants.
Closely related to certain pathogens are the fungi that form symbiotic mycorrhizae with plant roots. Both ectomycorrhizae (forming mainly on certain ericaceous and coniferous trees) and endomycorrhizae (forming on a wide range of plants) assist plants in obtaining nutrients (particularly phosphorus) from soil. Ectomycorrhizae are used routinely in forestry to assure vigorous growth of tree seedlings. Endomycorrhizae, which actually invade and form vesicles and arbuscules in plant root cells, are often called AM for short. Research continues to uncover the widespread influence of mycorrhizae on plant growth and ecosystems, including beneficial interaction with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legume roots.
Several species of fungi prey on soil nematodes—often on those nematodes that parasitize higher plants. Some species of nematode-killing fungi attach themselves to, and slowly digest, the nematodes. Others, like this Arthrobotrys anchonia, make loops with their hyphae and wait for a nematode to swim through these lassolike structures. The loop is then constricted and the nematode is trapped. The nematode shown here is being crushed by two such fungal loops. Additional loops can be seen in their nonconstricted configuration.
Diagram of ectomycorrhiza and arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) associations with plant roots. (a) The ectomycorrhiza association produces short branched rootlets that are covered with a fungal mantle, the hyphae of which extend out into the soil and between the plant cells but do not penetrate the cells. (b) In contrast, the AM fungi penetrate not only between cells but into certain cells as well. Within these cells, the fungi form structures known as arbuscules and vesicles. The former transfer nutrients to the plant, and the latter store these nutrients. In both types of association, the host plant provides sugars and other food for the fungi and receives in return essential mineral nutrients that the fungi absorb from the soil.
Mycorrhizal fungi, rhizobia bacteria, legumes, and nonlegume plants can all interact in a four-way, mutually beneficial relationship. Both the fungi and the bacteria obtain their energy from sugars supplied through photosynthesis by the plants. The rhizobia form nodules on the legume roots and enzymatically capture atmospheric nitrogen, providing the legume with nitrogen to make amino acids and proteins. The mycorrhizal fungi infect both types of plants and form hyphal interconnections between them. The mycorrhizae then not only assist in the uptake of phosphorus from the soil, but can also directly transfer nutrients from one plant to the other. Isotope tracer studies have shown that, by this mechanism, nitrogen is transferred from the nitrogen-fixing legume to the nonlegume (e.g., grass) plant, and phosphorus is mostly transferred to the legume from the nonlegume. The nonlegume grass plant has a fibrous root system and an extensive mycorrhizal network, which is relatively more efficient in extracting P from soils than the root system of the legume. Research indicates that some direct transfer of nutrients via mycorrhizal connections occurs in many mixed plant communities, such as in forest understories, grass–legume pastures, and mixed cropping systems.


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Verizon FIOS Promotion Codes and Deals
The stated mission of ButterSword.com is to assist online-shoppers to save money and time in their everyday shopping endeavors. The ButterSword. online shopping platform offers a perfect portal for shoppers to target the best and most competitive shopping incentives and bargains available online such as coupons, special offers, and deals. The website makes it relatively easy for customers to locate goods and services from their favorite online retail stores.
ButterSword.com always performs an up to the minute updates on the deals, coupons, and special offers under its custody. The company's brilliant team of bargain hunters constantly scours the entire-web to find the very best deals on all goods and service categories ranging from clothing, and books, to TV, internet and computer services.
Hot Verizon FIOS Promotion Code
See all of the Verizon FiOS Broadband Offers and Deals.
Limited Time Offer! Verizon FiOS Triple Play + $350 GIFT CARD! for $79.99/mo. + FREE activation + premium movie channels free for 1 yr with 2 year agreement. Also receive a FREE Ellipsis 8 4G tablet or up to $200 off any tablet with a 2-yr Verizon Wireless activation. The Triple Play includes FiOS Internet + FIOS Custom TV + Phone service with no Verizon FIOS Promotion Code needed.
2) Great deal on the Verizon FiOS Double Play for $50/mo. for first year and $70/mo. for second year. The Double Play includes FIOS Quantum Internet + Local FIOS TV service + HBO or SHO, and FREE activation. Sign up for 2 years and get HBO and SHO. Also receive a FREE Ellipsis 8 4G tablet or up to $200 off any tablet with a 2-yr Verizon Wireless activation no Verizon FIOS Promotion Code needed.
3) Good deal on the Verizon FiOS Double Play starting at $59.99/mo. The Double Play includes FIOS Internet + FIOS Custom TV, and FREE activation. Also receive a FREE Ellipsis 8 4G tablet or up to $200 off any tablet with a 2-yr Verizon Wireless activation no Verizon FIOS Promotion Code needed.
4) Check out the Verizon High Speed Triple Play for $69.99 per month (requires 2 year DirecTV agreement). The Triple Play includes Verizon Internet + DIRECTV + Verizon Phone service no Verizon FIOS Promotion Code needed.
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6) Check out Verizon High Speed Internet for only $19.99/month with no term agreement. Must have existing Verizon home phone service. Click "Plans" to get to the deal no Verizon FIOS Promotion Code needed.
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Online Shopping and Verizon FiOS
ButterSword.com offers numerous Verizon FiOS promotion codes and deal tips that are curtailed in attractive packages to fit into the consumer's needs. The deals offered guarantees tailored advantages such as;
• Competitive Triple-Pay packages
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The Verizon internet speeds are some of the fastest in the market, compared to the competitor options. For example, the Verizon FiOS offers of 50/25Mbps speeds guarantees consumers a download of a 2hr HD-video (or 5GB) in less than 14 minutes. The consumers using the Verizon FiOS TV appreciate the substantial advantages that this service has over the offers by similar cable companies. These advantages include;
• FiOS guarantee of Flex-View that provides access to more than 55,000 titles over the PC, TV Smartphone or tablet devices
• Offer of over 75,000 FiOS On-Demand titles, including thousands of free titles
• FiOS TV offers of hundreds of HD all-digital-channels
Verizon FiOS Competitive Advantages and Verizon FIOS Promotion Code Tips
Verizon FiOS offers customers, competitive bundled packages that include telephone, television and internet services. The Verizon FiOS uses fiber-optic connections backbone; this system allows all information to pass through an infrared spectrum irrespective of whether the data type is remit over the phone, internet or television.
The advantages offered by Verizon FiOS include the HD picture quality transmission that significantly improves the transmission, especially in cases where the customer uses an HD television. Regarding internet speeds, FiOS guarantees all its customers an unrivaled internet speeds. The Verizon FiOS system is designed to not only offer customers exceptional speeds, but also seamless reliability that guarantees non-disruptions of the data relay. The download and uploads speeds offered by Verizon FiOS to its clients are also unbeatable.
The FiOS system provides a high quality HD quality phone services that guarantees quality sound transmission on both ends. The bundled package offered by Verizon FiOS is also extremely appealing in terms of competitiveness; this is illustrated by the amounts of savings consumers make even while enjoying top-notch service delivery. The packages are designed to offer substantial savings, on assigned service sign-ups.
All the prices of bundled packages and subscriptions do not restrict customers to monthly contracts, but guarantees offers that last up to an entire year thus ensuring customers a piece of mind. Consumers can benefit from the shopping bargains guaranteed by Verizon FiOS (you can also try ATT Uverse) through customer referrals. The incentives offered include gift cards, and competitive subscriptions depending on the sign-up service guarantees.
We also have ATT Uverse Coupon Codes for big discounts! Save on Carbonite backups with a Carbonite offer code!


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I would buy cut the rope yesterday afternoon for $1.99....
Publishers cut game prices, hope to secure top spot before App Store holiday freeze
EA recently lowered the price of roughly 70 of their iPhone and iPad App Store games to $0.99, now Gamevil and Namco have also reduced their prices and as the holiday iTunes Connect deadline fast approaches, more may follow. Mike Schramm from TUAW explains why:
Apple is freezing the charts on December 23rd, which means that any games in the top 200 at that time will remain there over the all-important Christmas holiday, the point at which we've seen the biggest jumps in App Store sales (due to all the new hardware out there under the tree).
So when everyone gets their brand new iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad and heads over to the App Store to get their game on, those top selling, top free, and top grossing leaderboards are going to be marketing gold.
List of Namco [iTunes link] sales after the break. Now who's next?
- House of Glass – in-app purchase lowered to $2.99
- BIT.TRIP BEAT Blitz – in-app purchase levels lowered to $0.99
- Isaac Newton's Gravity - $0.99
- Mishap - $1.99
- Mishap for iPad - $1.99
- More Brain Exercise with Dr. Kawahsima - $1.99
- More Brain Exercise with Dr. Kawahsima HD - $1.99
- Mr. Driller - $0.99
- Ms. PAC-MAN - $1.99
- PAC-MAN for iPad - $1.99
- PAC-Match Party - $0.99
- PAC-Match Party HD - $0.99
- Pole Position: Remix - $0.99
- Pool Pro Online 3 - $0.99
- Pool Pro Online 3 for iPad - $0.99
- Star Trigon - $0.99
- Tamagotchi: 'Round the World - $0.99
Have something to say about this story? Leave a comment! Need help with something else? Ask in our forums!
Reader comments
Publishers cut game prices, hope to secure top spot before App Store holiday freeze
Wait isn't cut the rope 99 cents?
Cut the rope was .99 when I bout it about two months ago.
Sorry, Namco's sale hasn't started yet. I'll update when it goes live.
I got cut the rope for my iPad for free. I think it was the Christmas edition or something, I'm not sure if there's a difference, I haven't played the regular one.
Between cut the rope and angry birds, Apple (actually the devs) has succeeded in making me enjoy casual gaming. Ive always labeled myself as a hardcore gamer, so that's a big leap. I even returned a Wii I bought a couple years ago
Hrm, Gamevil's on sale now. A lot of the things I got on sale for Black Friday are also on sale for Christmas. Plus, some items are on sale now that weren't on sale Black Friday. So I guess this is a learning experience. If you don't make the Black Friday sales, don't worry, you'll probably see them for Christmas as well.
I've bought several of the EA apps for my Ipad the past couple days. Wasn't about to pay $9.99 for them, so I'm glad they're on sale. Wonder how people feel about paying full price, then seeing a 90 percent price drop now? I'd would have been super pissed!!!


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Magellan eXplorist 510 Hunter Bundle w/Kirsch TRAX Maps
DetailseXplorist 510 Hunter Bundle with Kirsch TRAX Maps
The TRAX series of maps is changing the way sportsmen in North Dakota, Minnesota, Montana , Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Idaho, Colorado, Nevada, Washington, and Oregon use their GPS units. A simple description of a TRAX map would be a BLM map for a GPS, but it is so much more than this. Never before has one map been able to cover the needs of sportsmen and sportswomen for hunting, fishing, hiking, biking, camping, and traveling until now. A TRAX map is like taking a BLM map, Forest Service map, County Road Map, Topo map, and a state Game and Fish map and combining them together live on your GPS.
TRAX maps are an all-around sportsmen's map combining the feature sets of a BLM map, Forest service map, Game and Fish map, and other maps sets into one. The maps work on the eXplorist and provide real-time mapping data critical to outdoor activities.
TRAX Features:
- Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
- Bureau of Reclamation (BOR)
- Grasslands
- Waterfowl Production Areas (WPA)
- Wildlife Management Areas (WMA)
- State Lands
- Army Corp of Engineers
- Walk In Areas (ND, UT, and ID) ?Department of Defense
- State Forests
- Tribal Lands
- Lakes (1', 3', or 5' contours -ND, MN and MT only)
- Streams & Rivers
- Wetlands
- Hiking Trails
- Cities
- Big Game Units
- Highways, City, and County Roads
- Township Roads and Private Drives
- Campgrounds
- Section Lines
- Township, Range, & Section
The TRAX map allows you to download the state of your choice.
You May Also Be Interested In...
- Wrist / Fitness GPS
- Automotive GPS Units
- Handheld GPS Units
- Chartplotters / GPS
- Fishfinders / GPS
- Motorcycle / ATV GPS
- Two-Way Radio / GPS
- Safety & Tracking
- Camping & Outdoors
"Great selection, unbeatable prices, fast shipping. I am extremely happy with Tiger GPS and am recommending them to everyone I know."
- Gary, West Virginia
"Prompt shipment, great communication and a willingness to work for the customer. I would definitely highly recommend Tiger GPS!"
- Karen, California
"It arrived earlier than I expected. I also like the fact that I got e-mail from them confirming my order and giving me their contact info right away. It seemed personalized which I like."
- Stephen, Massachusetts
"The most informative site I have come across. Prices are amazing too - not sure why you would shop for GPS anywhere else."
- Wendy, Louisiana
"These guys know their stuff. They answer their phone right away, and the knowledgeable reps helped me pick the right GPS and even saved me some money!"
- Robert, New York
"No other site is willing to ship to a military APO address, and GPS is crucial out here. Great prices - thank you for supporting the troops."
- Edwin, USMC in Iraq


text:
Brad Pitt has reportedly had enough of this Namibia sh*t and is moving his ever-growing family back home to California by July 1st . Sources say, "They are cooped up in the hotel, the food isn't great and he doesn't like the heat. He seems thoroughly depressed and I think he misses Malibu." But hopefully, he'll be back next year, when Namibia fianlly opens a NOBU.
Nick Lachey: Breast Man
It's no secret that Nick Lachey is a big fan of big boobs. Playa's handled more D-Cups than a Victoria's Secret stockboy. With his latest conquest, Kim Kardashian, Nick has added another impressive pair to his resume. Just check out that picture above– Jessica, Miss Kentucky, Kristin Cavallari, Jessica's old assistant, plus Kim… Nick is attracted to big boobs the way Paris Hilton is attracted to… big boobs.
So the question is this: Who's next? Anna Nicole? Jenna Jameson? Dolly Parton? Hurley from Lost?At this point, nothing can shock me. Who do you think it'll be?
PROPPED: Speaking Vince Vaughnese
Courtesy of The Jay:
From "You're so money†to "Earmuffs†to "Lock it Up!â€, Vince Vaughn's movie quotes have changed the way we converse, the way we think and the way we speak. It's almost as if he's created a new language, one that is defined by witty quips and cutting rejoinders. And he's the only actor whose quotes can be used in all spectrums of speech, and are widely recognized as some of the most funniest, smartest and coolest in movie history. [Keep Reading]
I never thought I'd see so many Vince Vaughn quotes in one place. Sadly, judging by early reviews of The Break-up, it seems unlikely that this list will be amended anytime soon. Thanks to The Jay for Dropping this. Got something of your own that you want to submit? Drop it now!
SIZZLER: Taylor Hicks Lands Record Deal
In the biggest shocker of the year, American Idol winner Taylor Hicks has landed a record deal!! Hicks has been contracted to record an album debuting later this year and will release his two singles "Do I Make You Proud?" and "Takin' It to the Streets" on June 13, 2006. But here's the really big surprise, after mulling over his options and researching the industry, he's decided sign a deal with 19 Recordings Unlimited, the label managed by Idol creator Simon Fuller! What a coincidence, wasn't he on that show created by Simon Fuller and didn't he win the grand prize of a record contract with Simon Fuller? What a funny and strange twist of events.
It's June 1st; What's up?
How do you spell Fun? Well, if you're into watching little kids break out mad spelling skills it's as easy as ABC (whoa. Did I just accidentally write a National Spelling Bee commercial? I think I did.) If watching middle schoolers spell words that you don't even know the meaning of doesn't do it for you, don't worry, you have other options. NBC has an Office marathon running tonight, while CBS is airing another episode of Ricki Lake's Gameshow Challenge. On top of that there's So You Think You Can Dance?, Throwdown with Bobby Flay on the Food Nework, and various other repeats, TV movies and specials up and down the dial. So the question is this: what are YOU watching tonight? Vote now!
CELEBRITY TRANSLATOR: 30 Seconds to Barf
Tuesday night Jimmy Kimmel Live hosted a very special musical guest – actor Jared Leto's band, 30 Seconds to Mars. As the heartthrob's gothic pop-metal lyrics were often mumbled and just silly, we fired up the old Celebrity Translator to figure out just what the hell he was singing about. Grab some earplugs, watch the video and see for yourselves!
SIZZLER: Fall Out Boy Hates Kidz
ProductShopNYC points us to an interesting story about Pete Wentz, bassist for Fall Out Boy and amateur pornographer, getting his Hot Topic panties into a wad over a cover of his band's song "Dance, Dance" on the latest Kidz Bop album. For those of you who don't know, Kidz Bop is a series of albums for kids in which popular rock and pop songs are re-imagined and adorably shouted by a chorus of young children. In the past, they've covered artists like Modest Mouse, Madonna and Weezer – none of whom ever had a problem with it. But here's what Fall Out Boy had to say on their blog:
We don't know what's going on, because they can use a song without your permission. However, I can't imagine some young kids singing 'crawling into bed with me' and all. If they change the lyrics, I believe they need to get permission. We're looking into it."
So to recap – taking pictures of your johnson, then using the resulting scandal to sell your crappy music is ok. Kids innocently singing said crappy songs – totally wrong.
SIZZLER: Lindsay Lohan's New Addiction
It seems that troubled young actress has fallen victim to yet another troubling addiction : shopaholism. According to MSNBC, "the 19-year-old reportedly has been known to spend $100,000 a day, once allegedly blowing $20,000 in 20 minutes." So now she's reportedly seeing a hypnotist to help break the vicious cycle.
Sure she's allegedly battled an eating disorder and drug and alcohol problems but over-shopping is far more dangerous for her career. You may not believe it now, but over shopping is a gateway drug to shop-lifting (see Wynona Ryder.) Our hope is that we can nip this problem in the bud for Lindsay loses her meager $7 million and her status in Hollywood. In the meantime we encourage her to stick with sexy addictions like over-partying and to stay away from career killers like shopaphoria or worse yet, tanorexia.
YouTube, Ratner Takes
I've always said that X-Men 3 auteur Brett Ratner is a hacky director, but stealing dialogue from the Internet? The first video below is a re-dubbed X-Men cartoon that became an extremely popular viral video several months ago (language NSFW). The second is a scene from X-Men 3 that appears to
rip off pay tribute to the catchphrase "I'm the Juggernaut, bitch!" from the aforementioned spoof. Wonder if the college kids who created it got a WGA credit for the line?
(via Wizbang Pop)
While You Were Dressing for Success
- Tom Petty may sue Red Hot Chili Peppers for ripping him off. But then again Bob Dylan never sued him.
- Nelly Furtado is reportedly dating baller Steve Nash. Considered Larry Bird but was just too much like him.
- OJ Simpson's daughter gets community service for fight with police. Like father like daughter.
- Denise Richards to become a pussycat doll. Always a good move when you're trying to win a custody battle.
- Jessica Simpson tells Nick he doesn't have the stomach to sue her. Luckily, abs aren't nearly important as having a lawyer.
- Halle Berry loves kinky sex. So long as it wins her Oscars.
- Sambora and Richards may be planning a wedding already, since they're both so good at marriage.
- Keanu Reeves admits to seeing a shrink. But still feels nothing onscreen.
- Tina Fey may be leaving SNL now that she has a new show. Look for head writer opportunity on HotJobs.
- John Mayer sings about having sex with Jennifer Love Hewitt's wonderland body. Beat that, Wilmer.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Life's a Beach which was written by poet
Gregersen. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Mindy Gregersen
I seek a dip in the ocean
Its cold, aggressive waters are therapy
It seems all of my troubles can slip away
With the rift of the turbulent sea
Walking across the warm sand
Its texture both heals and wounds
Reshaping and softening the skin
Working its way into every groove
That initial lick of ocean froth
As innocent as a salty kiss
Betrays the nature of its icy embrace
And the magnitude of the abyss
The current is stronger than I am
I am tossed and thrown about
At times I am not sure I will wind up
At the surface or be pulled down!
But once beyond the sluicing waves
I am in a paradise of tranquility
Alone, awakened and restored
I swim until the shore can barely be seen
Once home, the ocean scent lingers
Perfuming my hair and dreams
And as I nap, I am carried back
To the lullabye of the sea


text:
August 3, 2015
Police say the death toll has reached 17 from weekend flash flooding in western Nepal. Another 47 people are missing and presumed dead.
Police official Shailesh Thapa says rescuers are searching the banks of the Seti River for the missing people and helping those who had lost their homes and family members.
Police say three of those missing are Ukrainian tourists.
The flooding was triggered by an avalanche that blocked the river about 200 kilometers (125 miles) northwest of capital, Katmandu.
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Paul Bindel, SCA Mass Parks AmeriCorps 2008
We did not roll up our sleeves.
We proofed ourselves in plastic and walked
into the rain, to slough in rocks,
to upturn stones. We set them so they
would not wiggle. We imagined what lay
below a mossy corner, a foot of dirt,
by plunging our bars and craning our ears
for the pitch of the ting. We heard muddy
earth give a parting smooch with a schwack
as they rose above ground. We learned that rocks sing
when wet—from spring thaw streams,
from brooks, from a drizzling hour—flecks
of sedimentary sound. We ordered
muddy bogs with the roundest we could find,
and stacked their flatter kin up hills
and windy paths. We cursed
the winter frost for heaving fresh
layers in our way, then laughed,
and blessed it for the crushed
fill those heavy souls would provide.
We smashed our fingers, strained
our backs, and nuzzled our frames
against granite just to move it an inch.
We chose which roots to chop
with a mattock and which to let lie.
We used the sternest stuff for walls
to channel water down a hill, below a trail,
wherever we desired. Our wills were brought
upon the forms of earth and we found
the work firming, marking who we might become.


text:
VESTAVIA HILL, Ala. — Bryan Michael Queen, 37, of Vestavia Hills, Ala., went to be with his Lord and Savior, Jesus Christ, on January 25, 2013, while living in Chongqing, China. He had lived in Chongqing for the past four and a half years where he taught English and worked as a consultant to various Chinese law firms and other businesses. While living in China, Bryan became fluent in Chinese language, writing, and culture. He was known for his care, concern, and kindness for his family, friends, and students. Bryan Michael will be very sadly missed by both family and friends.
Born July 29, 1975, in Welch, Bryan was reared in Vestavia Hills where he attended the Vestavia school system. He was an honors graduate of Vestavia Hills High School, Class of 1993 where he was a member of the German National Honor Society and track team. Bryan received a B.S. in Microbiology from UAB in 1997. Prior to moving to China, Bryan worked for Biocryst Pharmaceuticals and other local businesses in Birmingham, Ala. He attended Mountain Chapel United Methodist Church where he attained the rank of Eagle Scout with Troop 69 at Mountain Chapel.
Preceding him in death were his grandparents, Christine Carr McGuire of War, John Gratton McGuire Jr. of Homosassa Springs, Fla., Ralph and Mildred Djurisich Queen of Logan, and his godfather, Arthur Allen Carr, M.D. of Grand Isle, Fla.
Survivors include his parents, Joseph Michael and Shannon Carr McGuire Queen of Vestavia Hills; one sister, Christian Elizabeth Queen of Vestavia Hills; one brother, Brannon Linley Queen, MD, of Birmingham, and godmother, Elizabeth Harris Carr of Grand Isle. Bryan is also survived by long-time friends Jimmy McClure and Dave Sharrow of Vestavia Hills and Shirley Liu, Patrick Kelly and Bill Deng of China.
Bryan's life will be honored in a memorial service at Mountain Chapel United Methodist Church in Vestavia Tuesday, April 2, at 11 a.m. with Rev. Tom Parrish officiating. Interment will follow immediately at Elmwood Cemetery.
Visitation for family and friends will be held from 5-8 p.m. Monday at the church.
Ridout's Valley Chapel of Homewood, Ala., is in charge of arrangements.


text:
Home Future StudentsCurrent StudentsFaculty & StaffPatientsAlumni
For training instructions, click the appropriate link in the grey column to the left to find the necessary instructions.
COMIRB and the Clinical Research Support Center offer ongoing training opportunities for investigators to expand their knowledge about research involving human subjects. Contact the Clinical Research Support Center at 303-724-1111 or firstname.lastname@example.com for more information
© The Regents of the University of Colorado, a body corporate. All rights reserved.
All trademarks are registered property of the University. Used by permission only.


text:
Learn from Faculty
Steven Myers, Associate Professor of Computer Science and Informatics at Indiana University Bloomington, explains the nuances and intricacies of password/passphrase authentication. He thoroughly explains HOW and WHY passphrases are vastly superior to old, short passwords:
Passphrases in brief
What is a passphrase?
A passphrase is simply a different way of thinking about a much longer password. Dictionary words and names are no longer restricted. In fact, one of the very few restrictions is the length - 15 characters. Your passphrase can be a favorite song lyric, quote from a book, magazine, or movie, or something your kids said last week. It's really that easy.
Better security
IU account passwords protect all sorts of valuable data — personal finances, university finances, HR data, student data, etc. Would you want the people with access to all your information using old, insecure passwords? Better security is provided by increasing the length of a password to a minimum of fifteen characters. ALL IU users should consider the risks and switch today.
Almost anything goes
The restrictions of numbers and/or symbols in certain places in your password are gone. Passphrases can be simple short sentences of five or six words with spaces, using natural language. Since you type emails and such every day, typing in natural language shouldn't be anything new.
A happy medium
Passphrases bring into balance the trade-off between hard to remember but much more secure passwords, and easy to remember but much less secure passwords. By extending the length, IU is able to reduce the complexity requirement, and offer passwords that can allow virtually any character, word, or symbol.
More information
One of the weakest links in the security process is the use of passwords. However, people use passwords every day and rely on the security of those passwords to protect information and data that is extremely valuable, be it their financial portfolio, confidential health information, private emails, business correspondence or online banking data. The security of a user's data is only as strong as the weakest link, and more often than not, that weak link is the poor choice users make when choosing a password.
One option would be to assign users their passwords, rather than allowing them to pick their own. In practice this usually isn't feasible because users often have a hard time remembering their assigned password. This can lead them to write it down and store it insecurely, or it can lead to an increased support burden of having to perform multiple password resets. So ultimately, system administrators usually allow users to pick their own passwords.
However, allowing users to pick their own passwords comes with another set of problems. Humans are notoriously bad when it comes to picking things at random. In a truly random password, the probability should be equal of any given character appearing at any position in the password. When we look at typical passwords that users pick we do not find that same probability to be true. Some of the reasons for this are the very same reasons why users have a hard time remembering truly random passwords in the first place
Passwords are hard to remember.
We know from memory studies that most people have trouble remembering more than seven or so unrelated items. So what do people do when they need to remember multiple items? They relate them in some way. In other words, they impose some kind of order or apply various rules that will help them remember. Users may or may not even be conscious of the fact that they're constraining their passwords in this way. At some level, it's just human nature to do so.
Remembering the password in your brain is not the only memory that comes into play. "Muscle memory" becomes a factor as well. In fact, users may only need to remember their passwords long enough until their fingers start to remember how to type them. I'm sure we've all had the experience where we couldn't "remember" a phone number and were unable to recite it to someone else. However, if we picked up the phone and started to dial it, we'd quickly be able to tell the other person the digits of the phone number.
Since people need to type their passwords they prefer to pick characters that they can easily type on the keyboard. Using common keystrokes that are related to each other makes it that much easier to commit the password to muscle memory. So by definition, the common keystrokes people often type are the same common keystrokes they use to type everyday words. When we start to examine the passwords that users pick we find that people tend to prefer certain character combinations, as well as certain types of characters, over others.
People make for a poor /dev/random
In general, people show a preference to alpha characters over numeric characters and numeric characters over symbol characters. Among the alpha characters, people prefer lowercase over uppercase and among the symbols characters, people prefer the "upper row" (above the keyboard numerals) over the other symbol characters on the keyboard. Furthermore, we're more likely to find certain characters in predictable places in the password. We find that numbers and symbols are placed at the very end or the very beginning of the password more often than other positions in the password.
All of these tendencies and inherent rules reduce the randomness, or entropy of the passwords we pick. The easier it is to predict aspects of the password, the easier it is for an attacker to guess the password. Common password cracking programs take advantage of all these statistical tendencies; rather than having to perform an exhaustive search of all the possible password combinations, the search can be limited to a smaller set of possible passwords with great success.
Unfortunately all of the things we do to help us remember our passwords are the very things that make them predictable and easier to crack. Even common tricks, like simple substitution of the number zero for the letter O or appending or prefixing a number or symbol to a common word, don't buy us much because they are the very same tricks the attackers use.
Can we make people pick stronger passwords?
We can encourage stronger passwords by banning common words or requiring some mixture of uppercase, lowercase, numbers, and symbols. Strictly speaking, these password constraints also reduce the true entropy of the password, but in practice they often produce more "random" passwords than the passwords that would be picked in the absence of those constraints. However, even with these constraints in place, users still manage to pick weak passwords (e.g., P@s$w0rd1). We could deploy more complex constraints to try to get users to pack more randomness into an eight or nine character password, but we quickly approach the point where the password becomes harder to remember.
Everything should be made as simple as possible, but no simpler.
So what do we do? One option would be to stop fighting human nature and allow users to pick more natural passwords that are easier for them to remember, yet still afford an adequate measure of strength (i.e., still be hard to crack). To do that requires us to start thinking about passwords in a different way. In fact, we need to stop thinking about them as passwords altogether and start to think about them as passphrases instead.
A passphrase uses multiple natural words or phrases to construct the "password." Because the characters that make up a word naturally have a relation to each other they can be thought of as atomic units. When you think of the word "chair" you don't think of the letters c-h-a-i-r, you think of the single item you know to be a chair. So instead of thinking about a password as being made up of eight or nine characters, start to think of a passphrase as being made up of five or six words. Consider the following nonsense passphrase:
apples flute steve four at chair
First, please do not use the above example as your actual choice of a passphrase. Now, what can we say about this passphrase compared to our traditional way of looking at passwords? You might be inclined to say it's weak because it's constructed of English dictionary words all in lowercase with no symbols or numbers. However, one thing stands out that is very different from a traditional password. It's long! In fact, it's a 32 character password in our old way of thinking; surely long enough to meet even the strictest of minimum length requirements that might be imposed. When we adopt a passphrase strategy to passwords we're basically trading length for character complexity.
If the system requires users to use complex characters, then the passphase could be modified to comply.
apples flute Steve four @ chair
What do we do if the bad guys find out?
Even if attackers had a priori knowledge that a user's password was constructed entirely of lowercase alpha characters (and the space key), they would still need to try on the average of 3.18 X 10^45 guesses to brute force a 32-character passphrase. Assuming our attacker gained access to the hash of the passphrase, it would take a 3GHz Pentium XP machine generating 5,000,000 guesses per second over 2.0 x 10^8 millennia to crack the passphrase. Considering our sun will burn out in about 5.0 x 10^6 millennia, I don't think we have anything to worry about.
But wait; let's assume our adversaries learn our users are using six-word passphrases and let's further assume that they know the users are only picking words from a 5000 word vocabulary (the approximate active vocabulary of an average English speaking five-year-old). With that knowledge they could construct a more sophisticated passphrase cracker rather than the traditional character-by-character password crackers of today. Armed with such a passphrase cracker, they would still need to try 7.8 x 10^21 guesses on the average to brute force the passphrase. Using our trusty XP system, that would only take 5.0 x 10^4 millennia; still plenty of time to develop a rich, deep tan before the sun burns out.
Even though a much reduced character set is being used, the added strength comes from the length of the passphrase. In fact, the 6-word passphrase in the example is roughly equivalent to an 11-character traditional password. The passphrase is superior however, because we already know that people aren't likely to remember an 11-character password. So in effect, we're getting the "strength" of a complex short password in a form that is easier for users to remember and easier for them to type.
Passphrases can make sense too!
Just as a traditional password is stronger by being constructed of truly random characters, a passphrase is going to be stronger if it is made up of truly random words, that have no relation to each other, and are nonsensical when taken as a true phrase. However, if we're willing to trade some randomness, we could encourage users to make their passphrases into meaningful sentences or phrases. In fact, by using true sentences, users are more likely to add additional entropy by using punctuation and capitalization naturally. For example, consider the following passphrase:
Steve found four apples and a flute at his chair.
It's important to note that the randomness drops significantly when natural English is used as a user's passphrase. Even though the above passphrase consists of 10 words, it's roughly only equivalent to a 9-character password.
Don't be trite!
Just as you wouldn't want a single common word to be used for a tradit


text:
American Forces Press Service
WASHINGTON, March 2, 1999 Defense Secretary William S. Cohen is scheduled to depart March 4 for a nine-day trip to nine Middle Eastern nations, Pentagon officials announced March 2.
Cohen will consult with counterparts and senior government officials in Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. He intends to discuss long-term regional security, a senior defense official said. The United States also wants to ensure partners in the Gulf remain secure from external threats, particularly the growing threat of weapons of mass destruction, he said.
The situation with Iraq also will be discussed, the official said. "We will continue to discuss overall strategies and how to deal with Saddam Hussein," he said. "We want to get their views on how to deal with this threat to the region."
Since the end of Operation Desert Fox in late December, Iraqi forces have repeatedly violated the no-fly zones and challenged patrolling coalition aircraft. On nearly a daily basis, U.S. and British fighters have responded, launching attacks on Iraqi air defenses, command and control and communications centers .
Cohen plans to assure the Gulf nations who support Operation Southern Watch that the United States intends to continue enforcing the no-fly zone and will take action as necessary to protect coalition pilots, the official said. "The Gulf countries are quite comfortable with what we're doing," he added.
Along with talking about bipartisan relationships with Israel, Jordan and Egypt, Cohen will emphasize the importance of furthering the Middle East peace process.
The secretary is scheduled to return to Washington March 12.


text:
Below is the poem entitled NEWEST CRY which was written by poet
daramola. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Kayzen Daramola
Moody night with many dead
rhymes.....in tears for the last
time i broke her mime....in ma
heart i did wish i could hold
her to ma arms.,,but did ma
heart alot of harm....
Silly days yet never cease to
come,in their interest they
seems to run,with every
happy mode they cease not
to turn.....in ma sincerity
never stop to mourn the
days of lorn,i wished could
give back in return,but death
took her without ma heart to
In ma silent mode love was
blamed,,,,in ma heart is
written her name.....with a
broken heart in same.....
In ma promises death made
me a failure,i losted ma pride
in fear with tears like am
inferior....pains penetrates
ma heart like invador....for
how long will i mourn ma joy in
ma insure?......death pains ma
joy without a means to
cure.....where is love to plant
her name in ma memory with
everlasting manure....to
control ma brain like
This i wish,yet ma heart pays
the pains and tears on every
unknown year we
breach.....tell me love in your
surge,pray for ma days in
worth,,manage ma sorrow
when am not,then i will give
you the reasons why she was
not....i never meant that was
her fault,yet death proved i
wrong....because i never for a
moment express what she
Gold,diamond,petals worth
nothing at all-when the
greatest value of ma life
recently ran to dust....in ma
abscent without a last
talk......what an empty world i
found maself with no one
else to talk...death did me a
big favor in his thought..........


text:
July 27th to August 2nd 2015
Claiming the date for the 5th Annual Grafton Country Music Roundup. Guaranteed to be even better this year with great entertainment not only on the stage but also off it.
Love traditional country music and bush balladry or "the fastest sport on legs"? Then make a date for the Grafton Country Music Roundup being held in late July and early August.
Performers from far and wide will be converging on the Clarence Valley to sing their songs, play their instruments and recite their poetry.
Plus this year the "early birds" will be treated to a night of action packed greyhound racing on Monday Juy 27. Have yourself a little wager on your favourite coloured chaser, favourite coloured rug, favourite number but definitely not your favourite jockey !!!!!
Whether it's a yodel, a guitar, a fiddle or a yeehaa, a flutter or a punt, you're sure to find it here in the Jacaranda City this July/August
You can contact Bob Vickers on 0407 299 908 for further information, or use the form to let us know how you would like to be involved and/or to join the Roundup mailing list.
Above: Brownie will be back again to park us all in July 2015
Above: Alice Benfer will be here in August 2014 to sing and yodel for us.
Alice is a very talented up and coming young country music star.
Above: Most of the artists at the "The Battle"
2012 round up for the finale.


text:
After a lengthy investigation, Indiana State Police have determined a trooper was at fault in a serious crash that seriously injured two people on I-64 last week.
According to the crash report that was recently completed by Indiana State Police investigators, Trooper Wes Alexander, 29, attempted to pull over a traffic violater on I-64 near the Poseyville exit on Monday, June 30th. While attempting to pull the car over, Trooper Alexander moved in the lane that had been shut down for construction. While attempting to accelerate, Trooper Alexander lost control, over-corrected and careened across the median. Trooper Alexander crashed into Sherri & John Jones of Louisville. After impact, both vehicles came to a final rest off the roadway on the south side of I-64. Sherri Jones was airlifted to Deaconess Hospital. John Jones was taken to Deaconess as well.


text:
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