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|Edited by: Margaret Polski
Layout & Design by: Patty Dalecki
|Co-Directors: Elinor & Vincent Ostrom
The proposal to consolidate the police departments in Monroe County, New York, has surfaced once again. Responding to a flawed analysis of police expenditures, Oakerson wrote an article for the Democrat and Chronicle on January 31, 1996:
"The Democrat and Chronicle's recent analysis of suburban policing in Monroe County (Jan. 14) identified a real problem of tax inequity, but it also left an erroneous impression that -suburban police have high costs and may not be worth the dollars spent on them. . . .
Per capita costs for the sheriff's patrol [given below] were based on the population of the area actually patrolledassumed equal to the county population not served by municipal police, about 206,000 people according to the 1990 census. (Excluded from these calculations is the population on roads covered by both the sheriff's patrol and local municipal police.) This yields an estimated cost of the sheriff's Police Bureau of $107 per capita.
Not surprisingly, Rochester police have higher costs$181 per capita. The average cost per resident served by suburban police is $96. These are ballpark figures, but they show that the costs of suburban and sheriff's policing are not widely different.
If the sheriff's Police Bureau expanded to serve the entire county, there is little reason to believe that the per capita cost of the sheriff's patrol would decrease at current service levels.
In fact, there is ample reason to believe that, when confronted with different service conditions inside Rochester, the per capita cost of the sheriff's patrol would increase significantly. . . .
Larger departments tend to be no more cost-efficient in police patrols than smaller departments. However, radio dispatch, crime labs, investigation of major crimes, training and other components of policing do benefit to varying degrees from larger-scale production. . . . The newspaper's analysis cited only a single performance indicatorpercentage of crimes solvedand found no significant difference between suburban police and the sheriff's patrol.
But other indicators are equally importantresponse time, fair and courteous treatment of citizens, and citizen-police cooperation.
Research . . . has shown that small- to mid-size police departments tend to perform better than large departments on virtually all indicators related to police patrol, including citizen satisfaction. . . . A major advantage of smaller departments is their ease of response to varying service conditions. Of course, the operation of multiple police departments in a metropolitan area also depends on extensive interlocal operation.
The Democrat and Chronicle reports that police cooperation in -Monroe County is considered exemplary. . . . Consider that a countywide police department would be at least twice the size of the Rochester Police Department and possibly three times the size of the Sheriff's Patrol Bureau.
Research suggests that Monroe County would be better off to keep its present set of small- to mid-size departments, which cooperate well.
The fact remains that residents of Rochester and suburban towns with their own police are subsidizing police services in the rest of the county. The problem is not the cost of police service, but the fairness with which the cost is distributed among residents."
Filippo Sabetti's recent article
In "Path Dependency and Civic Culture: Some Lessons from Italy about Interpreting Social Experiments," Politics and Society 24(1) (March 1996): 19-49, Sabetti makes an interesting contribution to the discussion of social capital stimulated by Robert Putnam's Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton University Press, 1993). Sabetti argues that the institutional arrangements of civic life are apt to be quite transparent in the sense of being invisible to an observer unless the observer knows how and what to look for. The association of civic culture with parliamentary government and the state apparatus, as both Putnam and Sabetti recognize, can lead to serious errors when civic institutions are more closely associated with the affairs of everyday life. Unfortunately, many of the institutions associated with "informal" structures may be destroyed by the preemptive initiatives of the State.
Hilton L. Root was kind enough to send Lin and Vincent a copy of Small Countries: Big Lessons, Governance and the Rise of East Asia (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press; Oxford, New York, 1996). Root provides an extremely readable analysis, arguing that the key to successful development in East Asia has been a transition from "moral authority vested in persons to rule by impersonal institutions. Rules that replaced favoritism with merit and supplanted personal preferences with impersonal codes as a prescription for behavior have helped create a secure foundation for economic rights" (from back cover). Particularly interesting are Root's comparisons with Latin American development initiatives.
Peter Örebech, Norwegian College of Fisheries Science, University of Tromso, Norway, prepared a paper on "Sustainable Development by Means of Market Distribution Mechanism" for the International Conference of Applied Actinomycotic Association on Econometrics of the Environment and Transdisciplinarity. Örebech argues that the construction of a sustainable Market Distribution Mechanism depends on the development of defensible Public Property Rights. He cautions that political control through policymaking by the government runs the risk of "getting stuck in the management labyrinth," while arguing that conceptual categories used in Roman law provide the necessary elements for sustainable development. A change in legal formulations to give legal protection to public property rights "might provide the necessary stepping stones for achieving self-governing sustainable societies." Örebech is pointing the way to legal formulations drawing on the familiar categories of Roman law to achieve what might be considered a legal revolution of major proportions. Peter Örebech is the recipient of a Fulbright Fellowship to spend a portion of the summer and the fall semester 1996 as a visiting scholar at the Workshop.
Local Government Institute
Pursuant to the announcement in Polycentric Circles (Vol. 1, No. 2), the Local Government Institute (Robert L. Bish and James C McDavid, co-directors) at the School of Public Administration, University of Victoria, is now up and running. We recently received the first edition of their (very well done) newsletter, Local Services Research Review. Of particular interest was a short article by James McDavid, "Advantages and Disadvantages of Contracting Out Local Government Services." Those wishing to contribute articles or receive the Review should contact:
The Local Government Institute
School of Public Administration
University of Victoria
PO Box 1700
Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 CANADA
Phone: 604-472-4162
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Minoti Chakravarty-Kaul. 1996. -Common Lands and Customary Law: Institutional Change in North India over the Past Two Centuries. New Delhi: Oxford University Press {304 pp. ISBN 0-19-563862X}
Charlotte Hess. 1996. Common Pool Resources and Collective Action: A Bibliography, Volume 3. Bloomington: Indiana University, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis {454 pp. $35.00 / $20.00 less-developed countries}
Charlotte Hess. 1996. Forestry Resources and Institutions: A Bibliography. Bloomington: Indiana University, Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis {327 pp. $35.00 / $20.00 less-developed countries}
Prospective CIPEC Logo by Mary Buuck
The College of Arts and Sciences and the Research and University Graduate School of Indiana University are pleased to announce the creation of a new Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change (CIPEC) as of May 1, 1996, which has been given an initial five-year grant of $6,343,242 by the Human Dimensions of Global Change program of the National Science Foundation. The Co-Directors of CIPEC and the Principal Investigators for the NSF grant are Professor Emilio Moran of the Anthropology Department and Director of Anthropological Center for Training & Research on Global Environmental Change (ACT) and Elinor Ostrom, Co-Director of the Workshop.
CIPEC will serve to integrate the global change activities of a consortium of four research centers already existing on the Bloomington campus:
(1) ACT, headed by Emilio Moran; (2) Midwestern Regional Center (MRC) of the National Institute for Global Change (NIGEC), headed by J.C. Randolph; (3) Population Institute for Research and Training (PIRT), headed by George Alter; and (4) the Workshop, co-directed by Elinor Ostrom and Vincent Ostrom.
Three broad questions will provide central organizing themes to the diversity of research topics to be undertaken by CIPEC: 1. How is human behavior at household and community levels linked to regional and global change phenomena?
2. How can physical processes observed and modeled at a global level be linked to human organizational and decision-making processes?
3. How do institutional arrangements influence the direction and size of the impact of human driving forces, such as population and transportation networks, on forest ecosystems and global change?
CIPEC activities will include interdisciplinary training and research on these questions focusing primarily on the Western Hemisphere. Sustained training efforts directed toward the conduct of new fieldwork will include research methods ranging from (1) the interpretation of data collected by satellite and aerial photographs based on detailed studies of forested sites at diverse latitudes within the Western Hemisphere, (2) the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and relational databases to integrate vector and raster data obtained from various sources and at various scales, (3) the use of household surveys to obtain data about family and farm-level decision making, (4) the use of group interviews and forest mensuration techniques to obtain insight into the decisions made by user groups and government officials and their impact on local forest resources, and (5) use of archival and census data from diverse jurisdictional levels, time periods, and countries to give estimates of the population dynamics involved.
Year-long, semester-long, and month-long training courses will be offered to prepare established scholars, recent Ph.D.s, and doctoral candidates to undertake interdisciplinary research that has been difficult in the past given constraints of normal disciplinary divisions and the limitation of individual investigator funding. Sustained, long-term research conducted in carefully selected sites using the best research methods from the physical, biological, and social sciences will enable those associated with CIPEC to move ahead with the essential task of linking micro and macro processes affecting global change. Innovative methods of doing research and policy analysis across spatial and temporal scales, utilizing multiple modes of data collection techniques developed at CIPEC, will be shared with scholars at other U.S. and overseas institutions doing research on the Human Dimensions of Global Change.
CIPEC staff includes:
Nancy Queen, Administrative Asst.
Mary Buuck, Publications Asst.
Catherine Tucker, Environmental Research Coordinator
Dong Zhuang, Environmental Database Manager
and some familiar faces:
Joby Jerrells, Institutional Research Coordinator
Robin Humphrey, Institutional Database Manager
The CIPEC colloquium series can be accessed from the Research
page of the Workshop Website at:
"http://www.indiana.edu/~workshop/cipec_seminar.html". A CIPEC homepage is forthcoming.
Full address: Center for the Study of Institutions, Population, and Environmental Change, 408 North Indiana, Room 227, Bloomington, IN 47408-3742
Beijer Database
Why is it that, at the cross-national level, population growth has been shown to be associated with the degradation of forest resources while, at the community level, population growth has actually led in some cases to an improvement in the quality and quantity of forest resources? In April of 1994, work began on a project designed to allow researchers to investigate precisely this type of question. The main goal of the project, funded by the Beijer Institute of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, is to create a database containing information on subnational, national, and possibly even transnational, political and ecological units, focusing primarily on the issue of deforestation.
Currently, a literature review on the causes of deforestation is underway, and data on national rates of deforestation and variables thought to be associated with deforestation cross-nationally are being identified and stored. As a result of these activities, data have been gathered on such diverse explanatory variables as population growth, population density, income, agricultural prices, official development assistance, exchange rate devaluation, and road density. Additionally, data have been collected on several variables relating to constitutional and collective choice structures.
Eventually, the hope is to be able to use these macro-level data in conjunction with data gathered through micro-level studies in order to undertake analyses across levels of analysis that focus on the same basic research question. This ability to compare results across levels of analysis is becoming increasingly important to those interested in questions of global environmental change.
Day-to-day project responsibilities are being handled by Paul Turner, Joby Jerrells, Robin Humphrey, and Rod Ginter while Lin Ostrom is providing overall project guidance.
IFRI Training
IFRI Logo by Charlotte Hess
Participants from seven countries joined the 1996 International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) training program from January to May at the Workshop. The course, taught by the team of Lin Ostrom, Clark Gibson, Joby Jerrells, Dusty Becker, and Robin Humphrey, introduced the theoretical bases of the IFRI program, the research protocols developed to measure local communities and their forests, the basics of managing relational databases, approaches to writing research strategies, and the steps to establishing an IFRI Collaborating Research Center.
Importantly, the course also allows participants to employ the concepts they learn to an actual case. This year, the members of May Creek Farm, a community that boasts a 304 commonly owned forest, graciously consented to being the focus of this year's fieldwork. In the course of gathering information using the IFRI research protocols, participants interviewed May Creek members, attended their community meetings, and established the condition of the forest. A great deal of goodwill imbued the fieldwork, as May Creek members were interested in having a serious study done of their efforts at communal living and community forestry. Such goodwill culminated with class participants being selected as honorary May Creek members at the end of the semester.
Participants this spring included:
Vishwa Ballabh, Institute of Rural Management, P.O. Box 60, Anand 388 001, Gujarat, INDIA
Lars Carlsson, Department of Political Science, University of Lulea, S-971 87 Lulea, SWEDEN
Robert Klessigue Dembele, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Direction Nationale Hydraulique et Energie, B.P. 66, Bamako, MALI
Pablo Arturo Moreno Arriaga, Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales (FLASCO), Guatemala City, GUATEMALA
Nilda Saldise Torres, Fundacion Natura, Guayaquil, ECUADOR
Shree Govind Shah, Agriculture and Forestry Development Associate (AFORDA)/ERMA, P.O. Box 1155, Kathmandu, NEPAL
Bakary Toure, Ingenieur des Ressources Naturelles et de L'environnement, B.P.E. 1084, Bamako, MALI
Mauricio Velasquez Romo, Fundacion Natura, Guayaquil, ECUADOR
Tocqueville Endowment Grows
The Tocqueville Endowment for the Study of Institutions was established
to support the study of institutions and how they can be changed to facilitate
self-governance and human development. Since 1984, when Elinor and Vincent
Ostrom started the fund with a gift of $20,000, it has grown to over $1
million, generating more than $50,000 in annual income. This remarkable
accomplishment is thanks to equally generous donations, small and large,
from committed colleagues, their family, friends, and associates throughout
the world. This endowment is the Workshop's CPR, providing critical resources
to develop and sustain the human capital required for advanced study in
institutional analysis at the Workshop. But in an age of dwindling and
maddeningly fickle funding for research, we must, more than ever, craft
our own solutions. The Tocqueville Endowment is a powerful tool for sustaining
the kind of artisanship that binds the Workshop community. Can you or someone
you know help?
Look at the difference our collective action made in just one year:
TOCQUEVILLE ENDOWMENT 4/30/96 4/30/95 Growth (in thousands of $) Rate Market Value 1,307 1,026 27.39% Gain (Loss) 281 Estimated Income 53 45 17.78% Gain (Loss) 8
INFLATION RATE 2.9% (Twelve-month rate of consumer-price inflation in the U.S.) Source: The Economist.
The Fulbrighter's Farewell
- Branko Smerdel
This glorious country of wealth and beauty
Those wonderful scholars of devotion
and duty
The international city open a tutti
Would you please hear the view of mine
This Workshop, is a place especially fine.
Telefax churns, telephones ring
Computers buzz, a knowledge to bring
My good hosts Ostroms help with
Scholarly community in a search for Truth
We should bring here more Croatian
Discussions were deep and aimed at
A shared community of understanding
There were awards for diligent students
But no democracy for vicious intruders
Various people with all their variations
Yours truly contributed - many digressions
Printers make noise, everyone's busy
And cars of course to make life easy
If climate is bad, conditioners fix it
The land of opportunity, by hard work
you make it
The Ostrom couple, people more than
Did everything possible to make my stay
The land of opportunity, and to me it
The whole World shares American dreams
At the top of the hill the City shines
That's all yours but now also mine
In a way of conclusion comes what's right
Take pride in America and Senator
Croatia admires you not for being above
But older and smarter, you are our love.
It is time to go home, and there is no regret
Thank you America I shall never forget
And thank you my Ostroms for all your
help and care
I will come back - you better beware.
On May 1, the Workshop and other well-wishers gathered at Park Street to congratulate Linda Smith on her 30 years of service at Indiana University and Robin Humphrey on his 15 years.
Congratulations to Sue and David Crawford on the birth of their babyNathan William Crawfordborn April 21, 1996 {8 lbs, ½ ounce, 21"}
Mary Beth Wertime and Tjip Walker will be moving in August 1996. Tjip has been awarded a teaching appointment (tenure track) at the University of North Carolina, Charlotte.
Barbara Allen (Carleton College) and Edella Schlager (University of Arizona) both received tenure this spring.
Jacek Dalecki (April 24) and Andy Herr (May 1) defended their Ph.D. dissertations this spring.
Vishwa Ballabh, Institute of Rural Management, P.O. Box
60, Anand 388 001, Gujarat, INDIA
My main research interest is in the area of Developmental and Institutional Economics. For the last 8-10 years, my research work was mainly concentrated on institutional aspects of forest and water management, more particularly resources that are owned and controlled by village communities in India. Besides many published research papers, I have co-edited two booksFarm Forestry in South Asia and Cooperative -Management of Natural Resources both published by Sage, New Delhi.
My main interest in coming to the Workshop has been to understand IFRI research methods and the scope of Institutional Analysis and Development. Besides taking these two courses I am working on two research themes that are part of my long-term research interests(1) IFRI Research Method and Its Usefulness of Joint and Participatory Management of Forests in India and (2) Bureaucratic Corruption (Rent Seeking) and Its Implications for Resources Management in India.
Susan Buck, Department of Political Science, University
of North Carolina, 137 Graham Bldg., Greensboro, NC
I have been on research leave from the University of North Carolina-Greensboro for spring 1996. My project at the Workshop has been an examination of the Wildlife Diversity Funding Initiative (a proposal to tax wildlife-related products such as bird feed to fund state non-game programs).
This is part of a larger research interest in federal-state relations in wildlife management and how these relations affect biodiversity in the United States. I am also writing about implementation of the Biodiversity Convention in Great Britain.
I will spend May in Great Britain to finish data collection, and next summer I will be a Fulbright Scholar at the Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland, lecturing on environmental policy and continuing to write on biodiversity projects in Great Britain.
Andre Habisch, Kolkrabenweg 9, 12351 Berlin, FED. REP.
As theologian and economist, I am actually working on family policy. Problems concerning the transformation of families during the modernization process are often conceptualized on a very intuitive level. What is basically lacking is a proper analysis of the role of families inside of the exchange process of society. Some newly emerged concepts seem particularly helpful for that purpose: human capital and social capital. Sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), I was at the Workshop from January to April in order to explore the literature on social capital theory and got some very valuable research guidelines for my work. Thanks to the extremely fruitful and delighting weeks in Bloomington, I will be able to finish my post-doc qualification ("Habilitation") this year.
Marleen Maarleveld, Dept. of Communication & Innovation
Studies, Wageningen Agricultural University, Holandseweg 1, 6706 KN Wageningen,
Marleen is a research assistant/Ph.D. candidate who visited the Workshop on a stipend from the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). Her research focuses on the use of participatory approaches as a strategy to cope with the social dilemmas involved in sustainable governance of natural resources, in particular water resources. She came to the Workshop to learn more about institutional analysis; the combination of theoretical, laboratory, and empirical research; and to work on a conceptual framework for a comparative empirical study evaluating the practices of inducing sustainable governance of natural resources through participation.
Jan Age Riseth, Narvik Institute of Applied Sciences, P.O.
Box 385, N-8501 Narvik, NORWAY
Jan is a M.Sc. of Natural Environment Management and a lecturer in Environment and Social Science for undergraduate engineering students. From the fall of 1994, he held a 3-year scholarship from the Research Council of Norway for working on his Ph.D. project on Sustainable Saami Reindeer Management in Northern Scandinavia. He is now a research fellow at Narvik College and a Ph.D. student at the Agricultural University of Norway. His doctorate is in the field of Resource Economics with a special approach of Institutional Analysis. Jan spent the spring semester at the Workshop. Besides taking Elinor Ostrom's micro seminar in Institutional Analysis and Development and writing on his own research papers, Jan took a course in Environmental Economics at the School for Public and Environmental Affairs.
David Bolt, Robert Boudreaux, and Bill Stefanacci,
Miramar Studios, San Francisco, CA
Carlos Brenes and Anette Norling, FAO/FTPP, San Jose, Costa Rica
Ed Connerley, ARD, Tuolumne, CA
Robert Costanza, Maryland International Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Maryland
Maria Concepcion Cruz, Global -Environmental Facility, Washington, DC
Christopher Gerrard, The World Bank, Washington, DC
Rita Hilton, The World Bank, Washington, DC
Minoti Chakravarty-Kaul, Lady Shri Ram College, New Delhi, India
Margaret Levi, Dept. of Political Science, University of Washington
Bobbi Low, School of Natural Resources, University of Michigan
William Lowrey, Presbyterian Washington Office, Vienna, VA
Paul Lundberg, UNDP, Pakistan
Ronald Oakerson, Dept. of Political Science, Houghton College
Haakan Sandersen, Nordland Research Institute, Bodoe, Norway
Elise Paylan Schoux and Mary Jennings, ICS, San Francisco, CA
Ganesh Shivakoti and A. K. Shukla, IAAS, Tribhuvan University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
Rajendra Shrestha, AFDA, Kathmandu, Nepal
Priya Shyamsundar, MacArthur Foundation, Chicago, IL
Richard Trenchard, FAO, Rome, Italy
James Wilson, Dept. of Resource Economics & Policy, University of Maine
S. Bamidele Ayo, Dept. of Public Administration, Abafemi
Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, NIGERIA
Vishwa Ballabh, Inst. of Rural Management, Gujarat, INDIA
Yu-zhuang Deng, Inst. of Public Administration, Beijing, CHINA
Malgorzata Korzycka-Iwanow, Dept. of Agricultural Law, Warsaw University, POLAND
Peter Örebech, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromso, NORWAY
Prachandra Pradhan, Kathmandu, NEPAL
Renee Smith, Dept. of Political Science, University of Rochester, NY
Mark Sproule-Jones, Dept. of Political Science, McMaster University, Ontario, CANADA
Amos Sawyer, Former President, Interim Government of Liberia
The Workshop welcomes Sara Colburn, who is replacing Paula at Park St. Sara is working on two Master of Music degrees at the IU School of Music in Voice and in Early Music.
Brian Collins, Dept. of Political Science, IU, "Optimism or Opportunism: Evaluating U.S. State Government Revenue Forecasting," January 22 **
Warren Ilchman, Politics and Philanthropic Studies, IUPUI, & Executive Director, IU Center on Philanthropy, "The Utility of a -Faddish Concept: Civil Society and the Comparison of Regimes," -January 29 **
Michele Fratianni, School of Business, IU, and Free University of Berlin, "Variable Integration in the European Union," February 5
Lee Benham, Dept. of Economics, Washington University, St. Louis, and Alexandra Benham, St. Louis, "Institutional Reform in Central and Eastern Europe: Altering Paths with Incentives and Information," February 12
Tjip Walker, Dept. of Political Science and Workshop, IU, "Both Pretense and Promise: The Political Economy of Privatization in Africa," February 19 **
Peter Bogason, Dept. of Social Science, Roskilde University, Denmark, "Collective Action in the Locality: Institutional Theory and Research Bottom-up," February 20
James T. Thomson, Associates in Rural Development, Burlington, VT, and Visiting Scholar at the Workshop, IU, "State Theory and Practice in Francophone Africa: French Roots and Perspectives," February 26
Susan J. Buck, Dept. of Political Science, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, and Visiting Scholar at the Workshop, IU, "Saving All the Parts: Federal-State Cooperation in Wildlife Management," March 4 **
Melvin J. Hinich, Dept. of Government, University of Texas-Austin, "New Issues and the Dynamics of Political Change," March 18
Franco Furger, Inst. of Public Policy, George Mason University, "Intermediary Organizations as Instruments of Environmental Policy: The Case of the Maritime Industry," March 25
Thomas Apolte, Dept. of Economics, University of Duisburg, Germany, "American Federalism and Emerging Federal Structures in Europe: A Comparative View," April 1
Leonid Hurwicz, Dept. of Economics, University of Minnesota, "Modeling Institutions," April 8, 1996 **
Hakan Myrlund, Dept. of Political Science, Lulea University, Sweden, "Attitudes and Latitudes: Attitudes to the European Union among High School Students in Northern and Southern Sweden," April 15
Rick K. Wilson, Dept. of Political Science, Rice University, "Context, Institutional Powers and Leadership Traits: Disentangling Leadership and Followership," April 22
Vernon Smith, Economic Science Laboratory, University of Arizona, "Game Theory and Reciprocity in Some Extensive Form Experimental Games," April 30.
* Paper available from Workshop
** Background paper/handout available
Vincent Ostrom, May 10: Minoti, If we assume responsibility
for our own lives, we take the responsibility not only for ourselves alone
but for our ability to work out constructive resolutions with others. Unfortunately,
I fear that there may be traditional societies that emphasize the burden
of nonresistant obedience to superior authority. This was the ground for
elevating Boris and Gleb, the sons of Vladimir, to sainthood in the Russian
Orthodox Church.
The essential condition for learning to occur requires some essential autonomy on the part of a learning organism. This leads me to conclude that nonresistant submission in a culture will always be subject to challenge by the way that the genetic endowment of learning organisms will always stimulate a challenge to nonresistant obedience. When democratic societies stimulate ruthless adventurists to seek their opportunities and persuade other people to go along with their schemes, we have a potential source of trouble. What, then, are the opportunities to challenge? If only ruthless opportunists are sorted out to play the game of politics, I am not sure that a democratic civilization can survive.
Vernon Smith, Department of Economics and Economic Science
Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, visited the Workshop on April
30 for some informal discussions about joint research interests and to
make a presentation at a special colloquium on "Game Theory and Reciprocity
in Some Extensive Form Experimental Games"a paper written with Keven A.
McCabe and Stephen J. Rassenti. A series of recent papers by Smith and
colleagues is extremely useful and interesting for the sweep of answers
they provide.
In "Rational Choice: The Contrast Between Economics and Psychology" [Journal of Political Economy 99(4) (1991): 877-97], Smith provides a thoughtful critique of the book entitled Rational Choice: The Contrast edited by Robin Hogarth and Melvin Reder and published in 1987.
In a recent working paper entitled, "Behavioral Foundations of Reciprocity: Experimental Economics and -Evolutionary Psychology," Elizabeth Hoffman, Keven McCabe, and Vernon Smith hypothesize that the human mind is composed of context-specific mental modules that clue the human into what kinds of behavior should be expected and monitored in a particular setting. They review the recent work in evolutionary psychology and relate that to findings from experimental economics (available from Smith at the above address).
In the colloquium paper, Smith and colleagues develop a game in extensive form that helps to isolate various types of strategies that individuals would be expected to adopt from predictions of non-cooperative game theory. Subjects act both with reciprocity and with myopic self interest in the various permutations of their experimental design. They find surprising support for cooperative strategies that are contrary to predictions where individuals have complete information even when the play of the game occurs only once. The particulars of the institutional arrangement make a dramatic difference in the type of repetitive behavior observed.
Leonid Hurwicz, Department of Economics, University of Minnesota, visited the Workshop from April 7-9. His visit provided many of us the wonderful opportunity for both informal discussions and to hear Hurwicz discuss his recent paper on "Institutions as Families of Game Forms," The Japanese Economic Review, forthcoming June 1996. Hurwicz makes a distinction between game forms and games. Game forms are the structural elements of a game leading to outcomes and are very similar to the concept of an action situation as we use it around the Workshop. When the utility functions are introduced to represent preferences, then the game form is transformed into a game. Hurwicz has been struggling with how the rules of a game form get enforced and thus can actually be considered as rules of a game form. He defines a set of individuals called interveners who both have a preference to see that the rules are followed and have assets to be used in influencing the outcomes to conform to these rules. Interveners are thus a broad class of agents who may or may not take on the formal role of enforcers, but they themselves must be motivated or they cannot "close" the circle.
Ray Battalio, Department of Economics, Texas A&M University,
visited the Workshop in March for three days of discussions on his current
research in game theory and its relation to the work being conducted by
Lin, Jimmy Walker, and Roy Gardner. While here, Ray gave a seminar, held
jointly with the Department of Economics, on "Evidence on Learning in Coordination
Games." In this research program, Battalio, John Van Huyck, and Frederick
Rankin focus on the issue of whether certain equilibria act as attractors
to decision makers under varying degrees of information about the decision
situation. Four aspects of behavior are investigated: (1) subjects' reaction
to the experimental decision setting as it pertains to deductive principles
of selection among alternative actions, (2) adaptation as a function of
experience in repeated play of the decision game, (3) patterns of equilibrium
selection, and (4) the dynamics of choice in comparison to "simulated agents"
whose decisions follow best response learning functions. In the extreme
limited information case, players know only their feasible actions and
the history of payoffs from prior play of the game. Interestingly, in this
latter extreme case, the experimental subjects converge to very close to
a stable payoff superior equilibrium significantly faster than simulated
players using a probabilistic learning rule.
In addition to his international reputation as an experimentalist investigating behavior in game-theoretic situations, Ray and his colleague, John Kagel of the University of Pittsburgh, have conducted extensive testing of behavioral models using animal subjects. This work has had considerable impact in both economics and psychology as a medium for testing competing theories of individual behavior.
Bruno Frey and Iris Bohnet, Institute for Empirical Economic Research, University of Zurich, visited the Workshop in February for a couple of days to discuss their current work in experimental economics. While here, they gave a joint seminar with the Economics Department entitled "The Sound of Silence, An Experimental Approach." This is a very interesting empirical piece investigating how variations in "silent interaction" can affect behavior in prisoner dilemma (PD) and dictator games. In the case of PD games, cooperation/altruism by the decision maker is costly to the individual, but increases overall income earned in the experiment. In the case of a dictator game, however, such behavior is strictly an income transfer from the decision maker to other subjects. Three situations are investigated in the research: (1) anonymity, (2) face-to-face communication, and (3) common information on the identities of the subjects (subjects simply observed each other silently). The goal of these experiments is to build a better understanding of how "solidarity" is affected by the prevailing informational and institutional setting. In the PD game, identification creates some improvement in cooperation, but that improvement is small relative to communication. Interestingly, in the dictator game, mere identification has the same effect as communication, roughly doubling the level of cooperation.
Hacienda Group
Ronald Oakerson, Elinor Ostrom, and Vincent Ostrom attended a meeting of the Hacienda Group on "Community Solutions in Rural Areas" held at the Hacienda San Antonio near Colima, Mexico, March 7-9, 1996. Sir James Goldsmith was host to the conference to address concerns that the modern State may be incapable of addressing problems associated with the dislocation and movement of a large part of the world's population that has traditionally made its living in rural areas. Robert Hawkins, President of the Institute for Contemporary Studies, and Roy Goodson, President of the National Strategy Information Center, organized the sessions. How such populations might better realize productive potentials is a problem in many parts of the world. Colima is of special interest to Lin and Vincent because their "lady from Colima," which adorns one corner of their living room, is an artifact coming from the pre-Columbian era. The museum at Colima reveals a very rich cultural heritage with important potentials for the modern world.
Trip to East Africa
In an effort to strengthen ties with colleagues in Uganda and
to establish additional ties to individuals and organizations in East Africa,
Clark Gibson traveled to Uganda and Kenya in March for two weeks. The trip
had three discrete periods. First, Clark represented the Workshop's IFRI
staff at a symposium hosted by colleagues at the Ugandan Forestry Resources
and Institutions Center and the Makerere Institute for Social Research
at Makerere University. The symposium's focus was the management of common-property
resources in East Africa. The Ford Foundationsponsored symposium, one of
the first of its kind in this region, had participants from Uganda, Kenya,
and Tanzania representing government ministries, nongovernmental organizations,
and universities. Participants generally regarded the symposium as a success;
it was clear that by the end of the two days of panels, stronger links
had been forged between individuals interested in common-pool resource
The second part of the trip was composed of a field trip to two of UFRIC's research sites. Clark joined Dr. Banana, Pius Kizito (UFRIC), and Nick Menzies (Ford Foundation) to examine the forest-people nexus in both a privately owned forest outside of Kampala (Namungo's Forest), and a government-owned forest reserve near the Zaire/Rwanda/Uganda border (Echuya Forest). The latter site was especially interesting in that the Abayanda people, a community of pygmies living in Uganda, are primary users of products found in the government reserve. Unfortunately, generations of oppression and prejudice have engendered very poor living conditions for the Abayanda. Their way of life, which is tightly bound to forests, is threatened by their low social position.
The last part of the East Africa trip found Clark in Kenya speaking with dozens of individuals representing government and nongovernment organizations who might be interested in the IFRI research program. Generally, Clark experienced an extremely positive response to IFRI's concepts, research program, and promise as an input into better policymaking about forest management.
Voices from the Commons, June 5-9, 1996
The International Association for the Study of Common Property holds its 6th annual conference in Berkeley, California. Workshoppers attending included:
Lars Carlsson, "Commons in Urban Industrialized Society."
Clark Gibson and Elinor Ostrom, "Explaining Deforestation: The Role of Local Institutions" (also chairing session IV: Institutions and Forest Resources)
William Gombya-Ssembajjwe, "Consumptive Utilization of Tropical Moist Forests by Local Communities: Management Challenges in Uganda."
Jan Age Riseth, "Adaptation Strategies and Property Regime Development in the Saami Reindeer Industry in Norway: A Comparative Study."
Lam, Wai Fung. 1996. "Improving the Performance of Small-Scale Irrigation Systems: The Effects of Technological Investments and Governance Structure on Irrigation Performance in Nepal." World Development 24(8) (August): forthcoming.
McGinnis, Michael, and Elinor Ostrom. 1996. "Design Principles for Local and Global Commons." In The International Political Economy and International Institutions, Volume II, ed. Oran R. Young, 465-93. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar.
Olowu, C.A.B. 1996. "Bureaucracy and Democratic Governance in Africa: An Agenda for Reform." Prepared for conference on Governance Issues in Africa, Mt. Meru, Arusha, Tanzania, May 12-16, while on assignment to U.N. Economic Commission for Africa, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Olowu, C.A.B. 1996. "Bureaucracy and the People: The Nigerian Experience." Inaugural Lecture Series III. Ile-Ife, Nigeria: Obafemi Awolowo University Press.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1996. "Incentives, Rules of the Game, and Development." In Proceedings of the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics 1995, 207-234. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
Ostrom, Elinor. 1996. "Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development." World Development 24(4) (June): forthcoming.
Ostrom, Vincent. 1996. "The Challenge of the Quest for Excellence." International Journal of Public Administration 19(2):125-49.
Sabetti, Filippo. 1996. "Path Dependency and Civic Culture: Some Lessons From Italy About Interpreting Social Experiments." Politics & Society 24(1) (March): 19-44.
Tang, Shui-Yan, Peter J. Robertson, and Charles E. Lane. 1996. "Organizational Types, Commitment, and Managerial Actions." Public Productivity & Management Review 19(3) (March): 289-312.
General Information & Background
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Electronic resources include:
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Workshop Research Library home page includes:
Common Pool Resources and Collective Action Bibliographies, vols. 1, 2, 3 (1988, 1992, 1996)
Forestry Resources and Institutions: A Bibliography (1996)
Workshop-related Bibliographies
Recommended hotlinks to other CPR resources
Searches of on-line databases can still be done on the Workshop gopher server: gopher://lib-gopher.lib. -indiana.edu:3080/1.
To make this a newsletter from the broad Workshop family, we need your help. Please send us brief notes regarding recent publications, new research projects, changes in location, or other information you think would be appropriate to be communicated to our colleagues. Brief summaries of research findings are particularly welcome.
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text:
Glee Song Spoilers: First Listen to All The Music From The Whitney Houston Tribute, Season 3, Episode 17: "Dance With Somebody" — Leaked!
Glee's powerful Whitney Houston tribute episode is just over a week away! Season 3, Episode 17: "Dance With Somebody" will air on Tuesday, April 24. Now you can get a first listen to each and every one of the classic Whitney songs that will appear in the episode. Between all the cute Brittana moments, the Klaine drama, and some developing Quoe romance... we'd say we're in for quite an episode!
Track List
"I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)" performed by Brittany (Heather Morris) and Santana (Naya Rivera)
"It's Not Right But It's Okay" performed by Blaine (Darren Criss)
"I Have Nothing" peformed by Kurt (Chris Colfer)
"How Will I Know" performed by Rachel (Lea Michele), Mercedes (Amber Riley), Santana, and Kurt
"My Love is Your Love" performed by The New Directions
"Saving All My Love For You," peformed by Quinn (Dianna Agron) and Joe (Samuel Larsen)
"So Emotional," performed by Rachel and Santana
Can't get enough Gleetastic goodness? Like us on Facebook or follow us on Twitter!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
American Public Opinion on Climate Change and Its Impact on Voting in Congressional and Presidential ElectionsRFF SeminarOctober 14, 2011
About the event
In recent years, observers have speculated that the American public has become increasingly skeptical about the existence and potential threat of climate change and that the public desire for action by government on this issue has declined. Jon Krosnick presented new survey evidence tracking public opinion in the nation to explore what changes have occurred across the population and in population subgroups.
In addition, Krosnick presented the results of a new study examining whether candidates' positions on climate change policy have influenced their electoral success, using three methods of investigation:
The findings paint a portrait of the likely role of climate change in the upcoming elections.speaker:
Jon A. Krosnick, Frederic O. Glover Professor in Humanities and Social Sciences, Stanford University Download Presentation (PDF)moderator:Raymond J. Kopp, Senior Fellow and Director, Center for Climate and Electricity Policy, Resources for the FutureAudio and VideoEvent Audio (mp3) click to stream and right-click to download


text:
A switched router for transmitting packetized data concurrently between a plurality of devices coupled to the switched router. The devices are coupled to the I/O ports of the switched router. The switched router is then programmed to route packets of data from various source ports to several destination ports. Different packets may be transmitted concurrently through the switched router. The packets are comprised of a command word containing information corresponding to packet routing, data format, size, and transaction identification. Furthermore, the command word may include a destination identification number for routing the packet to a destination device, a source identification number used by a destination device to send back responses, a transaction number to tag requests that require a response, and a packet type value indicating a particular type of packet. In addition, there may be bits within a packet used to indicate a coherent transaction, guarantee bandwidth, an error during transmission, or a sync barrier for write ordering. Other types of packets may include a fetch and operation packet with increment by one, a fetch and operation packet with decrement by one, a fetch and operation packet with clear, a store and operation packet with increment by one, a store and operation packet with decrement by one, a store and operation packet with a logical OR, and a store and operation packet with a logical AND.
1. An apparatus for transmitting packets of data concurrently between a plurality of devices, comprising:
a switching matrix having a plurality of ports programmed to route packets from a source port to one of several destination ports, wherein the packets are comprised of a command word containing information corresponding to packet routing, data format, size, and transaction identification;
a first device coupled to the switching matrix;
a second device coupled to the switching matrix;
a third device coupled to the switching matrix, wherein the third device can transmit a first packet to the first device or the second device while the second device transmits a second packet to either the first device or the third device and while the first device transmits a third packet to either the second device or the third device, wherein each packet includes a coherent transaction bit that determines whether a packet is to be included in a coherent memory operation.
2. The apparatus of
3. The apparatus of
4. The apparatus of
5. The apparatus of
6. The apparatus of
7. The apparatus of
8. The apparatus of
9. The apparatus of
10. The apparatus of
11. The-apparatus of
12. The apparatus of
13. The apparatus of
14. The apparatus of
15. The apparatus of
16. The apparatus of
17. The apparatus of
18. The apparatus of
19. A method for transmitting packets of data concurrently between a plurality of devices, comprising the steps of:
programming a switching matrix having a plurality of ports to route packets from a source port to one of several destination ports, wherein the packets are comprised of a command word containing information corresponding to packet routing, data format, size, and transaction identification;
transmitting data packets between a first device, a second device, and a third device coupled to the switching matrix as follows:
transmitting a first packet from the first device to the second or third device concurrently with;
transmitting a second packet from the second device to either the first device or the third device, concurrently with;
transmitting a third packet from the third device to either the first device or the third device;
wherein one of the data packets includes a virtual backplane bit.
20. The method of
21. The method of
22. The method of
23. The method of
This application is a CON of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/780,785 filed Jan. 19, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,195.
The present invention pertains to a methodology and mechanism for efficiently processing packetized data in a switched routing scheme. In particular, the present invention pertains to a specialized set of functions, formats, and commands used to realize the full potential of packetized routing.
In the past, computers were primarily applied to processing rather mundane, repetitive numerical and/or textual tasks involving number-crunching, spread sheeting, and word processing. These simple tasks merely entailed entering data from a keyboard, processing the data according to some computer program, and then displaying the resulting text or numbers on a computer monitor and perhaps later storing these results in a magnetic disk drive. However, today's computer systems are much more advanced, versatile, and sophisticated. Especially since the advent of multimedia applications and the Internet, computers are now commonly called upon to accept and process data from a wide variety of different formats ranging from audio to video and even realistic computer-generated three-dimensional graphic images. A partial list of applications involving these multimedia applications include the generation of special effects for movies, computer animation, real-time simulations, video teleconferencing, Internet-related applications, computer games, telecommuting, virtual reality, high-speed databases, real-time interactive simulations, medical diagnostic imaging, etc.
The reason behind the proliferation of multimedia applications is due to the fact that much more information can be conveyed and readily comprehended with pictures and sounds rather than with text or numbers. Video, audio, and three-dimensional graphics render a computer system more user friendly, dynamic, and realistic. However, the added degree of complexity for the design of new generations of computer systems necessary for processing these multimedia applications is tremendous. The ability of handling digitized audio, video, and graphics requires that vast amounts of data be processed at extremely fast speeds. An incredible amount of data must be processed every second in order to produce smooth, fluid, and realistic full-motion displays on a computer screen. Additional speed and processing power is needed in order to provide the computer system with high-fidelity stereo, real-time, and interactive capabilities. Otherwise, if the computer system is too slow to handle the requisite amount of data, its rendered images would tend to be small, gritty and otherwise blurry. Furthermore, movement in these images would likely be jerky and disjointed because its update rate is too slow. Sometimes, entire video frames might be dropped. Hence, speed is of the essence in designing modern, state-of-the-art computer systems. Furthermore, although some applications can tolerate a small degree of delay, other applications must have an absolute amount of given bandwidth. In other words, certain video applications need to always be guaranteed bandwidth to ensure that it is processed properly. For instance, it is critical for computerized video produced for national television broadcast to be guaranteed the minimum amount of bandwidth for processing. Otherwise, glitches might occur in the middle of a program or show.
One of the major bottlenecks in attaining faster, greater bandwidth computer systems pertains to the prior art bus architecture. A "bus" is comprised of a set of wires that is used to electrically interconnect the various semiconductor chips and input/output devices of the computer system. Electric signals are conducted over the bus so that the various components can communicate with each other. The major drawback to this prior art bus architecture is the fact that it is a "shared" arrangement. All of the components share a common bus. They all rely on a single bus to meet their individual communication needs. However, the bus can only establish communications between two devices at any given time. Hence, if the bus is currently busy transmitting signals between two of the devices, then all the other devices coupled to that bus must wait their turn until that transaction is complete and the bus again becomes available. If a conflict arises, an arbitration circuit resolves which of the devices gets priority. Essentially, the bus is analogous to a telephone "party" line, whereby only one conversation can take place amongst a host of different handsets serviced by the party line. If the party line is currently busy, one must wait until the prior parties hang up, before one can initiate their own call.
In the past, this type of bus architecture offered a simple, efficient, and cost-effective method of transmitting data. For a time, it was also sufficient to handle the trickle of data flowing between the various devices residing within the computer system. However, as the demand for increased amounts of data skyrocket, designers have to find ways to improve the speed at which bits of data can be conveyed (i.e., increased bandwidth) over the bus. One such solution is to implement a switching matrix as described in the patent application entitled "Packet Switched Router Architecture For Providing Multiple Simultaneous Communications," Ser. No. 08/717,580 now U.S. Pat. No. 6,683,876, filed on Sep. 23, 1996, and assigned to the assignees of the present invention. Rather than having a shared bus arrangement, a central "switchboard" arrangement is used to select and establish temporary links between multiple devices. In this manner, multiple links can be established between any number of components. In order to transmit data more efficiently within the scope of this new bus architecture, data is divided and transmitted in the form of "packets." These packets are then sent over the links. By selecting and establishing multiple links, the central switchboard allows multiple packets to be sent to various destinations. This results in significantly greater bandwidth because multiple high-speed packetized transmissions can occur simultaneously. In addition, such a packetized router architecture facilitates the implementation of a guaranteed bandwidth scheme (see patent application entitled "A Guaranteed Bandwidth Method In Computer System For Input/Output Data Transfers," Ser. No. 08/717,581, U.S. Pat. No. 5,764,569 filed Sep. 20, 1996, and assigned to the assignees of the present invention).
With the basic architecture and protocol established, there yet remains other unique, novel features which can be leveraged to gain even greater performance characteristics. Hence, the present invention pertains to the methodology and mechanism for facilitating the most efficient and advantageous handling of packetized data in a switched routing scheme. In particular, the present invention pertains to a specialized set of functions, formats, and commands used to capture the full potential of packetized routing.
The present invention pertains to a switched router for transmitting packetized data concurrently between a plurality of devices coupled to the switched router. Various devices or chips within a computer system are coupled to the I/O ports of the switched router. The switched router is then programmed to route packets of data from various source ports to the appropriate destination ports. Different packets may be transmitted concurrently between two or more devices through the switched router. The packets are comprised of a command word containing information specifying packet routing, data format, size, and transaction identification. Furthermore, the command word may include a destination identification number for routing the packet to a destination device, a source identification number used by a destination device to send back responses, a transaction number to tag requests that require a response, and a packet type value indicating a particular type of packet. In addition, there may be bits within a packet used to indicate a coherent transaction, guarantee bandwidth flag an error during transmission, or indicate a sync barrier for write ordering. Several unique types of packets are specially developed and implemented to enhance the performance of the switched router architecture. These novel packet types may include a fetch and operation packet with increment by one, a fetch and operation packet with decrement by one, a fetch and operation packet with a clear function, a store and operation packet with increment by one, a store and operation packet with decrement by one, a store and operation packet with a logical OR, or a store and operation packet with a logical AND. In addition, sideband bits may be used to transfer information between sending and receiving devices.
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings and in which like reference numerals refer to similar elements and in which:
In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be obvious, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the present invention. It should further be noted that there exists many different computer system configurations to which the present invention may be applied. One such exemplary computer system is shown in
Switched packet router 201 can be commanded to establish a temporary link between any two designated devices. For example, device 202 can be linked to device 203. One or more packets of data are transmitted. Afterwards, switched packet router 201 can be commanded to establish a different link between device 202 and device 204. Thereupon, packets of data may be transmitted from device 202 to device 204. Basically, device 202 is capable of being linked to any of the other devices 203–209 coupled to switched packet router 201. In the present invention, one or more links may be established at any given time. For instance, a first link may be established between devices 202 and 209 while, simultaneously, a second link may be established between devices 203 and 205. Thereby, device 202 may transmit packets to device 209. At the same time, device 203 may transmit packets to device 205. With eight devices, there may be up to eight separate sets of packets going to different destinations at the same time. An additional 1.6 Gigabytes per second of bandwidth can be achieved by establishing a second link. Hence, with the present invention, bandwidth is increased to the desired degree merely by establishing additional links. Thus, instead of having a shared bus scheme with only one communication over a shared party line, the present invention utilizes a central "switchboard" to establish multiple lines of communications so that more information can be conveyed concurrently.
The currently preferred bus architecture employs a high-speed, packet-switched protocol. A packet of data refers to a minimum unit of data transfer over one of the links. Packets can be one of several fixed sizes ranging from a double word (i.e., 8 bytes) to a full cache line (i.e., 128 bytes) plus a header.
Packets are comprised of a 32-bit command word and some or all of the following: a 48-bit address, data field, and a data enable word. The command word contains destination and source identification numbers, packet type, transaction number, data size, arbitration and control bits. There are seven types of transaction packets allowed on the interconnect as follows: Read Request, Read Response, Write Request, Write Response, Fetch and Operation, Store and Operation, Special Request, and Special Response. The packets can be grouped into two functional types: request packets and response packets. A request packet initiates an operation (e.g., read request, write request, fetch and operation, store and operation, special). Response packets are those which reply to a request packet (e.g., read response and write response). All of the packets can request coherent transfer when transferring to and from the system memory space. A coherent transfer is a transfer issued to the system memory controller which performs a coherent memory operation with respect to the system processors of that node.
Request packets are now described in detail. A request packet initiates an operation to take place, such as a read which has a response, or a write which has an optional response. In addition to basic read and write operations, the interconnect provides two semaphore primitives with fetch and op, and store and op packet types. A semaphore corresponds to a shared variable used to synchronize concurrent processes by indicating whether an action has been completed or an event has occurred. Operations supported with the fetch and op are: increment by 1, decrement by 1, and clear. Operations supported by the store and op are: increment by 1 (write data not used), decrement by 1 (again write data not used), AND logical operation, and the OR logical operation. Special packets are treated as requests in the priority scheme. All request packets carry destination and source identification (ID) numbers, address transfer number, and data size as well as transfer-specific information. The destination ID number is the target of the request operation; the source ID number is the initiator of the request. Each of the request packets (e.g., read, write, fetch and operation, store and operation, and special packets) are described below.
Read request packets open a transaction by requesting the target device, indicated by the destination ID number in the packet, to perform a read operation and respond with the data. When a device (initiator) initiates a request, the initiator allocates internal buffer space for the incoming response. This is done because the protocol does not allow flow control of response packets to the initiator. Each pending request has a transaction number associated with it. The transaction number is used by the initiator to match the returning data to the outstanding request. The protocol allows for 32 outstanding requests per device.
In contrast, there are two types of write request packets: those which require a write response packet and those that do not. Write request packets which do not require a write response are, "fire and forget" packets. The initiator assumes that the write is performed as soon as the packet leaves the buffer. In this way, writes can be buffered in the target device or in the crossbar switching matrix. Initiators that generate write requiring a response, packet must allocate a response buffer just as in the read case. Write response packets are used when notification of completion is required.
There exist several different types of fetch and operation packets (e.g., increment by 1, decrement by 1, and clear). Basically, the fetch and increment packet provides a primitive for semaphores. This packet is issued to a device which reads the data selected by the address, responds to the initiator with the pre-incremented data, increments the data by 1, and writes the new value back to memory. The entire operation is done automatically in the memory controller. The response is a standard double word read response packet. Fetch and increment packet has a similar format to the double word read. The fetch and decrement packet is the same as the fetch and increment packet, except that a decrement by 1 is performed on the data. Similarly, the fetch and clear is the same as the fetch and increment except that the data is written back to memory is a 0 in all cases.
Next, the store and operation packet is similar to a double word write packet in that, it contains a double word of write data. For the increment operation, the write data is discarded, the memory location addressed is incremented by one, and no data is returned. The store and decrement is similar to the store and increment except the memory location is decremented by one.
The store and operation (Logical AND) request packet provide another type of primitive for semaphore. This packet is issued to a device which reads the data selected by the address, performs a logical "AND" operation with the data contained in the data field of the packet, and then writes the results of the operation back to memory. The entire operation is done automatically in the memory controller. There is no response to this packet. Likewise, the store and operation (Logical OR) request packet is the same as the AND request except that the logical operation is an OR instead of an AND.
Special packets allow two devices to communicate beyond the scope of the standard packets. The special packet contains the command word and remote map field as the first data transferred. Other than those requirements, the devices are free to define the rest of the packet data.
Response packets are now described. Basically, response packets are replies to requests. Response packets are routed back to the initiator by using the source ID number from the request packet. On receipt of the response, the initiator closes the open transaction based on the transaction number. Since the initiator already has a response buffer allocated, data movement into the initiating device is guaranteed. Data movement through the crossbar switching matrix can be expedited due to this feature. In particular, read response packets are replies to read requests or fetch and increment/decrement. These packets contain the data requested. Read request packets do not have the error bit set and requires the target device to generate a read response. Write response packets are acknowledgments that the write request was not only transferred, but also globally visible. Buffers can be used in the target if those buffers are coherent with all entries which have access to that location being accessed. By generating this response, the initiating device can guarantee operation complete to all other devices before changing status. Write responses are not generated if the write request contained either command word error bit set or sideband invalid bit set. Either of these error indications forces the write to be aborted. Table 1 below shows exemplary packet type values.
The packet command word is now described. Every packet has a command word as the first four bytes of the transfer. The command word contains information about the packet routing, data format, size, transaction identification, and error status. The first four bits of the command word contains the destination ID field used in routing the packet. The next four bits contain source ID field. The remaining bits contain the transaction ID number, packet type, and packet specific information. The following tables show exemplary Command Word packets.
Table 2 contains the format for the read request packet command word.
Table 3 contains the format for the read response packet command word. Bit 9 indicates an error occurred during the read and data is erroneous.
Table 4 contains the format for the write request with response packet command word.
Table 5 contains the format for the write response packet command word.
Table 6 contains the format for the write request without response packet command word.
Table 7 contains the format for the fetch and operation packet command word.
Table 8 contains the format for the store and operation command word.
Table 9 contains the special packet command format. The rest of the bits can be application-defined as well as the packet size to a maximum of 140 bytes.
Table 10 contains the special packet response command format. The rest of the bits can be application-defined as well as the packet size to a maximum of 140 bytes.
The functions of the various bits associated with these command words are now described in detail. The Destination ID Number (DIDN) is a 4-bit value used by the crossbar switching matrix to route the packet to the destination device.
The Source ID Number (SIDN) is a 4-bit value used by the target to send back responses.
The Transaction NUMber (TNUM) is a 5-bit value used to tag requests that require a response.
The PACket TYPe (PACTYP) is a 4-bit value indicating the type of packet. The least significant bit of the PACTYP field indicate response/request (I/O).
The Coherent Transaction (CT) bit in the request packets requires that memory operations be coherent. A logic '1' indicates a coherent transaction.
Data Size (DS) bits determine the size of the packet and type of Data Enables (DE) used. Data enable bits indicate which byte-size sections of data in the transfer are valid. The DE bits reference data via their position in the packet, not address. Thereby, the data enables are Endian independent. Double word transfers use only 8 bits of the data enable field. Quarter cache line writes the entire 32-bits of the data enable field; quarter cache line reads always transfer 32-bytes; consequently data enables are not used. Full cache lines also do not use data enables for either read or write transfers.
The (GBR) bit indicates a Guaranteed Bandwidth Ring enable. This bit is used by the crossbar switching matrix and device arbiters to guarantee bandwidth. A logic '1' indicates a GBR packet; a logic '0' indicates a reminder ring packet.
The (ERROR) bit indicates an error occurred during the transmission or operation of the request. The error could be due to link failure or target malfunction. The crossbar switching matrix and the device contain enough information to track the cause of the error. This bit is valid in response and write request packets. A logic '1' indicates an error.
The Barrier Operation (BO) bit is used as a sync barrier for write ordering. Certain conditions require request operations to complete in the order received. An example is data arriving to a memory controller then an interrupt indicating the data has arrived. The interrupt can not be processed until the data has been written into memory or false data could enter the system. If a target device performs request operations out of the order received, then a mechanism is required to synchronize the requests. The barrier bit performs this operation by holding the current request in the queue until all operation received before have completed. All interrupt write packets must have this bit set. A logic '1' indicates a barrier operation.
The fetch operation select bits define the operation performed by the fetch and operation packet type.
The store operation select bits define the operation performed by the store and operation packet type.
Hence, the major functional blocks corresponding to the switched packet router 303 include link controllers 304–311, an internal interface 312, and the switched router 313. The link controllers 304–311 handle all packet transfers on the link port between a device and the switched packet router. The link controllers 304–311 are comprised of two sub-blocks: the source link controller and the destination link controller. The source link controller controls all crosstalk packet movement from a source link to the internal crossbar switch. Conversely, a destination link controller controls all packet movement from the switched packet router to the destination link. The switched router 313 is a nine port switch which connects the source link controllers to the destination link controllers. Additionally, one port on the switched router 313 is reserved for the internal interface 312. Internal interface 312 contains the interface to all registers internal to the switched packet router 303 and also functions in conjunction with the link controllers during error handling.
Next, the packet receive control logic scans the sideband data for a "start of packet" code. If this code is received, the control logic begins filling one of the 4-input packet buffers 406. The input packet buffers 406 serve two purposes. First, it provides a place to temporarily store a packet when the packet destination is bus. And second, it provides for rate matching between the data stream coming from the LLP and the switching matrix. The packet receive control logic 405 also writes pertinent information from the command word portions of the packet and place it in the request queue, which is located in the request manager 407. The information written into the request queue defines the packet's destination, priority, and type (i.e., request or response). It is the task of the request manager to determine which packets are eligible for arbitration. It selects from among the packets that are eligible for arbitration, the packet which has the highest priority and then arbitrates for a connection that packet's destination port. While the packet is being received and put into one of the input packet buffers 406, the request manager 407 checks the status of the destination port and the priority of the packets in the queue to determine which of the packets in the input packet buffer 406 has the highest priority. If the packet which has just entered the queue has the highest priority of all packets currently in the queue, it will advance to the front of the queue and enter the arbitration phase. If there are higher priority connection requests already in the queue, it waits until those requests are serviced.
During the arbitration phase, the request manager 407 sends a connection request (port—req) to the destination link controller associated with that packet's destination. The request manager 407 then alerts the packet dispatch control 408 that a connection arbitration is in progress. When the packet wins arbitration, a port—grant signal is sent back from the destination link controller to the requesting source. Whereupon, the dispatch controller 408 begins transferring the packet out of the input packet buffer 406 and into the switching matrix 403. The request manager 407 then retires the entry from the request queue. As the dispatch controller 408 is transferring the packet, it also monitors whether the destination can currently accept any more data. When the transfer of the packet near completion, the dispatch controller 408 releases control of the destination port by asserting the port—release signal. This releases the connection arbiter 410 to start a new arbitration phase and establish a new connection.
Referring still to
Data is streamed directly from the switching matrix to the LLP Send Module 411. The LLP Send Module 411 contains an internal buffer which is used to perform two functions. First, a portion of this buffer is used for supporting the LLP sliding window protocol. As data is transferred over the link, it is also written into the buffer. If receipt of the data is acknowledged by the receiver, the buffer locations are cleared. However, if an acknowledgment is not received, the data is retransmitted. In normal operation with packets being received correctly, only a portion of the buffer is used to support this protocol. Second, the remaining location in the buffer is used to rate match between the 800 Mbyte/sec switching matrix 403 and the 400 Mbyte/sec 8-bit links. This buffering allows a 16-bit source link controller or an 8-bit source link controller that has accumulated a full packet, to transfer at the full data rate to an 8-bit destination link. Thereby, it can then go service another destination while the transfer on the link is occurring.
A description of the internal interface is now presented. All access to internal registers in the switched packet router is performed via this internal interface. Devices requesting to modify these registers should direct their request packets to the internal interface destination. The internal interface functions much the same way as any set of link controllers. Source link controllers desiring to connect to the internal interface sends a connection request to the internal interface. The arbiter within the internal interface sends an acknowledgment and then receives the packet. After the internal interface has received the packet, it performs the appropriate operations on the switched packet router registers. If a response is required, the internal interface forms a response packet and transfers it back to the initiating device via the switching matrix.
The LLP transport mechanism allows for eight bits of addition information to be sent with each micro-packet. This information is sent in an area named the "sideband" bits. The protocol defines four of these sideband bits to be used to transfer information between the sending and receiving ASICs. The first two bits indicate the head and tail of a packet. These bits aid in the movement and detection of packets through the hardware. The third bit is used to indicate a credit used in the buffer management of the link. The fourth bit is used to indicate that invalid data is contained in the micro-packet. The fifth bit defines an administrative micro packet where only link credits are transferred. The Table 11 below defines the sideband bit usage in the LLP.
The foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents.
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Free genealogy software
According to an article in a recent Dick Eastman genealogy newsletter, RootsMagic version 4 now has a free "Essentials" version available for download from their website. This free "lite" version has many core features found in the retail version but it not as complete as what you pay for. Their website is http://www.rootsmagic.com/ if you want to give it a try.
Also, Legacy Family Tree software is available in a free version as well as a retail version. You can download the free version from their website at http://legacynews.typepad.com/legacy_news/. Their current free version is 7.0. They will require you to register with them for the "freebie" so they can send you notices of updates and other news.
These software titles are designed to run on any Windows platform. Both of these firms are very reputable and offer fine products. However, D-OGS does not endorse either of these firms. Use at your own risk. Remember, genealogy research is habit-forming.


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Elections end.
But the grudges they feed frequently fester.
So were the hard feelings exhibited by Stephen Colbert on his show Wednesday night all part of his popular act? Or was he at least a little for real with his opener?
"Tonight I am angry. And for once that doesn't make me happy. And I think you know why."
Here's why:
Colbert, who grew up in Charleston and graduated from Porter-Gaud, is a little brother of Elizabeth Colbert (pronounced Cole-burt) Busch.
So her loss to Mark Sanford in Tuesday's 1st Congressional District special election was obvious fodder for his "Colbert Report" (pronounced Cole-bear Re-pour) on Comedy Central. His consistently amusing, mocking shtick casts him as a conservative-blowhard pundit based loosely on Fox News ratings powerhouse Bill O'Reilly.
After airing a news clip reporting Sanford's triumph, Colbert delivered this lament: "My sister lost. How could this happen? I was so sure Lulu had won because CNN called it for Sanford."
And: "The voters of South Carolina have spoken. Mark Sanford beat my sister, and I believe that means Mark Sanford is now my sister. And on behalf of my entire family, I wanna say we're deeply sorry about him."
And: "I feel so betrayed by South Carolina. Well, if they're gonna turn their backs on my family, I'm turning my back on them."
Colbert then literally turned his back on a map of our state, declaring: "From now on, and I never thought I would ever say this, I am from North Carolina. I'm a Tar Heel now, whatever the (bleep) that means."
Displaying a bottle of Low Country Gold: "I will no longer enjoy South Carolina's tangy, savory, juicy and deeply delicious barbecue made with our unique, mustard-based sauce. Now instead, I now officially love North Carolina's sauceless, vinegar-based, meat product that they call barbecue."
But almost immediately after sampling a plate of that alleged barbecue, he appeared on the verge of regurgitation. After disposing of what remained on his plate, he said, "I might just save the rest of that for later."
Then, after what looked like a moment of agonizing inner torment, Colbert grabbed that bottle of Low Country Gold, took a swig from it and proclaimed: "I can't do it! I can't do it! I love South Carolina too much! And I love my sister. And I'm so proud of her. But I just don't get it. Where did Lulu go wrong? Did she not campaign hard enough? Did she not raise enough money? Did she hold too few debates against a cardboard Nancy Pelosi?"
He pondered whether he has previously been too quick to believe "outrageous accusations" against other politicians: "Could it be that I have lied about candidates I disagree with — like that time I said that Harry Reid is just a leather saddlebag brought to life by a Navajo shaman? I mean, it feels true, but maybe it's not."
This much, however, is true:
Political resentments proliferate about not just election campaigns but election endorsements.
For instance: Some readers on the right got right riled up about The Post and Courier's editorial endorsement of Colbert Busch last Sunday. Assorted emails, letters and phone calls registered not just disagreement but downright disgust with our recommendation.
A recurring theme was that a Colbert Busch triumph could help Democrats recapture the House in 2014, paving the way for President Barack Obama to become a "dictator." In other words, a Democratic president who can't get a gun bill through a Democratic Senate after Sandy Hook could seize total power if his party ran both chambers of Congress — as they already did during his first two years in the White House.
Another irate reader charged that we aimed "to cater to the urban hipsters."
Hmm. Is an "urban hipster" anything like a "hipster doofus," the term Elaine used to describe Kramer on "Seinfeld"?
My favorite condemnation of our endorsement came in a one-sentence email that started by calling for me to perform an anatomically impossible feat — and ended by calling me a term too vile to print in this family newspaper.
Despite the virulent message's brevity, though, it contained two glaring errors: The author, perhaps blinded by rage, misspelled Busch as "Bush." And he wrote what should have been that dirty single last word as two words.
Oh well, there's no accounting for taste — or for the misguided notion that backing any Democrat under any circumstances warrants excommunication from the conservative creed.
Or as Colbert — Stephen, not Elizabeth — put it Wednesday night:
"The point is, in politics, it is us vs. them. But apparently some of them have the nerve to call them us. How dare them."
Frank Wooten is assistant editor of The Post and Courier. His email is firstname.lastname@example.com.
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(All events are free unless otherwise noted.)
Friday, April 16: "The ABCDs of Bridge Building"
Friday, April 16: "Opportunities Opened Up by the Smart Grid"
Monday, April 19: "Expanding Financial Access in Africa"
Tuesday, April 20: "An Alternative History of Women's Emancipation from the Middle East"
Tuesday, April 20: "Urban Education Leadership that Makes a Difference"
Thursday, April 22: "To Be an Immigrant"
Thursday, April 22: "Silicon Carbide (SiC) Power Semiconductor Devices"
Friday April 23: "Next Generation Oceanography"
Friday, April 16: "The ABCDs of Bridge Building: Affordable, Beautiful, Constructible, Durable"
The Fazlur Rahman Khan Lecture Series features John E. Breen, the Nasser I. Al-Rashid Chair in Civil Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Breen will discuss the interrelation of aesthetics with overall bridge design, construction and maintenance.
The event begins at 4:10 p.m. in Sinclair Auditorium. It is sponsored by the department of civil and environmental engineering and the department of art and architecture.
Friday, April 16: "Opportunities Opened Up by the Smart Grid: Reducing Emissions and Cutting Energy Costs"
Seminars in Engineering Science, a series sponsored by the department of mechanical engineering and mechanics, features Dr. Kartik Ariyur of Purdue University.
The event begins at 4:10 p.m. in Room 466 of Packard Lab.
Monday, April 19: "Expanding Financial Access in Africa: Prospects and Innovations in Microfinance"
The College of Business and Economics is sponsoring this conference, which runs from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. in the Rauch Business Center.
The conference's keynote address will be given at 4:10 p.m. in the Zoellner Arts Center's Baker Hall by global economist Dambisa Moyo, author of Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is a Better Way for Africa.
Tuesday, April 20: "An Alternative History of Women's Emancipation from the Middle East"
The Center for Global Islamic Studies presents an address by Prof. Nagihan Haliloglu, a visiting scholar from Turkey, who examines the ways in which Muslim women in Egypt, Jordan, Syria and Palestine construct their own history of women's emancipation.
The event begins at 4:15 p.m. in Room 102 of Maginnes Hall.
Tuesday, April 20: "Urban Education Leadership that Makes a Difference"
The College of Education presents a discussion with Floyd Beachum, the Bennett Professor of urban education; George White, professor of educational leadership and director of the Center for Developing Urban Educational Leaders; Richard Barth, CEO of the KIPP Foundation; Martin Blank, director for school, family and community connections at the Institute for Educational Leadership; and Karen Kolsky, assistant regional superintendent of the Philadelphia School District.
The event runs from 6 to 8 p.m. at Baker Hall in the Zoellner Arts Center. Tickets are $10 and can be ordered by calling the arts center at x82787 or by visiting its Web site.
For more information contact Tammy Palmer at x83226 or tlp205.
Thursday, April 22: "To Be an Immigrant: Social Psychological Studies of Identity Processes"
The department of psychology presents an address by Kay Deaux, distinguished professor emerita of the City University of New York.
The event begins at 4 p.m. in Room 222 of Chandler-Ullmann Hall.
Thursday, April 22: "Physical Electronics and Applications of Silicon Carbide (SiC) Power Semiconductor Devices"
The Sherman Fairchild Lecture in Solid State Studies features Anant Agarwal '84 Ph.D., who leads a team of 15 scientists and engineers developing SiC Power Devices at Cree Inc. in Durham, N.C.
The event begins at 4:10 p.m. in Room 316 of Lewis Lab.
Friday April 23: "Next Generation Oceanography: Thousands of Sensors to Millions of People in Real Time"
The HPC (High-Performance Computing) Day 2010 keynote address features John Delaney '64, professor of oceanography at the University of Washington. Delaney will discuss new approaches to understanding the ocean's complexity and power and its impact on long-term weather and short-term climatic variations. Delaney will also discuss the emerging technologies used by oceanographers, including robotics, biotechnology, cloud computing, chemical and genomic sensors, digital imaging, nanotechnology, serious gaming, visualization technologies, computational simulations and data assimilation, seismo-acoustic tomography, and the Internet.
Delaney's talk begins at 1:10 p.m. in Sinclair Auditorium. To register for the conference, please visit the HPC Day registration page.
Story by Kurt Pfitzer
Posted on Thursday, April 15, 2010
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Financial Donations – Help Us Help Others
Financial donations keep the SVdP Thrift Store running so that we can provide access to clothing, furniture, and household goods at low prices to the Dallas community. You can also make your donation go towards specific programs like our Back to School Drive or Friends of the Poor Walk.Donate Now
Help The Dallas Community With Your Furniture, Clothing, and Household Goods Donations
If you are unable to assist with a monetary donation, then please consider donating your gently used clothing, household goods or furniture to the Thrift Store. Proceeds from the Thrift Store help fund the mission of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul. Remember all donations are tax-deductible.
Click the links below for more information:


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The main advantages of Trojan Killer:
- Powerful protection from viruses (trojans, worms, etc.)
- Continuous monitoring of the system
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Trojan Killer is designed specifically to disable / remove Malware without the user having to manually edit system files or the Registry. The program also removes the additional system modifications some Malware carries out which are ignored by some standard antivirus scanners. Trojan Killer scans ALL the files loaded at boot time for Adware, Spyware, Remote Access Trojans, Internet Worms and other malware.
Trojan Killer works in the field of system security to ensure safety for computer systems. We propose products to help you get rid of annoying adware, malware and other rough tools. It is very important to restore control on your computer as soon as possible and do not allow anyone to use your data.
If you are an active internet user, you should take steps to protect your sensitive personal information from possible cyber exposure. Trojan Killer will help you to timely identify and safely remove dangerous applications before it is too late. Don't wait while malicious programs strike roots in your computer. This application will prevent them from ever reaching your PC!


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Hotels in 14822 - Canaseraga NY
Only hotels in 14822 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Canaseraga, NY for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 14822 hotels and motels so you can review the Canaseraga hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Allegany county and area code 607 are also listed.
14822 Hotels/Accommodations
Next: Show All Available 14822 Hotels with Pricing >


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The Vampire Diaries
Vampire Diaries Sneak Peek: Season 5, Episode 6 — "I'm Like a Supernatural Madonna" (VIDEO)
We're gearing up for yet another sure-to-be epic episode of The Vampire Diaries tonight, and luckily we've got yet another sneak peek to satisfy our desires until tonight. Season 5, Episode 6: "Handle With Care" is going to see Tessa (Janina Gavankar) pressuring the Mystic Falls gang to kill Silas (Paul Wesley) and we'll finally see if all of his promises come true.
Basically, the entire episode is going to be a race to see just how fast Silas will be killed off. Tessa seems pretty anxious to get the ancient warlock six feet under before he can find the anchor to the Other Side, but Damon (Ian Somerhalder) isn't going to let the self-proclaimed "supernatural Madonna" bite the dust until he brings Bonnie (Kat Graham) back to life.
"I can't kill him yet — he has to do something for me first," Damon tells Tessa/Qetsiyah over the phone. But this scorned witch isn't going to have any excuses. "Is that something more important than Elena?" Tessa asks him. Uh-oh, things are going to get super intense tonight — and we're so ready.
Do you think the plan to bring Bonnie back will work? Will Tessa/Qetsiyah hurt Elena? Check out the sneak peek, then hit the comments and let us know!
Season 5, Episode 6 of The Vampire Diaries airs tonight, November 7, at 8 p.m. ET on The CW.


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City: Lincoln, NE
Conference: Big 12
|High School
|Colleges Considering
|Daytawion Lowe
|Carl Albert High School (OK)
|Colorado, Georgia Tech, Iowa State, Kansas, Kansas State, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Oklahoma State and Texas Tech
|Eddie Lacy
|Dutchtown-Geismer High School (LA)
|Running back
|Alabama, Arkansas, Auburn, Florida State, Iowa, Louisiana State, Louisiana Tech, Miami, Mississippi, Mississippi State, Nebraska, Oklahoma, Southern Mississippi and Tennessee
|Knile Davis
|Marshall High School (TX)
|Running back
|Georgia Tech, Kansas, Kansas State, Louisiana State, Mississippi State, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Texas A&M
|Tana Patrick
|North Jackson High School (AL)
|Alabama, Auburn, Clemson, Florida State, Georgia, Nebraska, South Carolina, Southern California, Tennessee and Texas A&M
Baldwin High School's Corico Hawkins said he will play football at Clemson University next year. Hawkins, a 6-foot, 228-pound linebacker, is rated high on the AJC's Georgia 150 list. He received offers from 28 schools, including Georgia Tech, Florida, Florida State, Miami, Auburn, Nebraska and Iowa. "There was a marriage from the beginning, " Baldwin head coach Jesse Hicks said. "He went to the University of Florida numerous times and had a great rapport with Charlie Strong, but Clemson is where his heart was." Hicks said Clemson has been recruiting Hawkins for the last several months. "Some coaches are all business, but Coach [Tommy] Bowden treated him like family, " Hicks said. "It made Corico feel like Clemson was where needed to be. It was a good fit." Hicks said Hawkins has excellent football instincts and a strong work ethic, but he will have to continue to improve his game to compete in the ACC. "He's a student of the game, but he has to be able to play at that speed in order to take his game to the next level, " he said. "He can do it, though. He has all the intangibles." Hawkins, who runs a 4.53-second 40, recorded 101 tackles last year, had one interception and three sacks. He also runs track for the Braves. Hawkins' cousin, Leroy Hill, played football for Baldwin and Clemson. Hill was drafted by Seattle in 2005, and he helped lead the Seahawks to Super Bowl XL.
Tennesse narrowly defeated Georgia Tech in an intense recruiting battle for Stephenson linebacker Nigel Mitchell-Thornton. The 6-foot-2, 225-pounder said he was influenced after a "4-0" vote in favor of Tennessee during a recent meeting with his parents and Stephenson coach Ron Gartrell. All four wrote down a list of five schools which would be the best for Mitchell-Thornton. "Tennessee was No. 1 on all four, and that was important to me, that those people closest to me felt the same way about the same school, " Mitchell-Thornton said. "However, they all told me to think more about it, and that the final decision had to be mine." Mitchell-Thornton finally felt the timing was right, calling Tennessee coach Phil Fulmer: "He thought I just calling to talk. When I committed, he said it was a great day for linebackers because they [Tennessee] had gotten another linebacker commitment just a few minutes earlier." D.T. Shackelford of Decatur, Ala., also committed to Tennessee. Mitchell-Thornton said Tech was the runner-up: "I really like the new coaches and think Georgia Tech's program is going in a great direction. But they are doing a lot of changes on both offense and defense. On defense, it seems like they will be using smaller linebackers who will be used more in coverage. Georgia Tech didn't tell me that, but that's just the way I saw it. I just felt like my style of play fit in better at Tennessee." Thornton-Mitchell's other offers included Stanford, Duke, Mississippi State, Wake Forest and Nebraska, among others.