text:
The present invention relates to a method of generating and processing spectral information arising from the laser induced fluorescence of tissue. The intensity of fluorescence is recorded as a function of both excitation and emission wavelengths and contour maps of tissue fluorescence are generated which are useful in the diagnosis of condition of the tissue under examination.
1. A method of optically measuring tissue comprising:
directing light from a broadband light source having a multiplicity of excitation wavelengths onto tissue to induce autofluorescence at a multiplicity of emission wavelengths
measuring intensities of the induced autofluorescence at the multiplicity of emission wavelengths to produce intensity data;
generating a contoured electronic representation of the intensity data, the contoured representation being a function of both excitation wavelengths and emission wavelengths;
correcting the contoured representation by removing a component of the representation correlated with a spectrally absorbing material within the tissue; and identifying the presence of a plurality of fluorophores within the tissue from the corrected contoured representation.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the tissue comprises an artery such that fluorophores of atherosclerotic material within the artery are identified.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising directing the light to the tissue with a fiber optic cable.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein a data processor identifies the plurality of fluorophores.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the tissue comprises colon tissue.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the tissue comprises bladder tissue.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the tissue comprises gastrointestinal tissue.
8. A method of optically measuring vascular tissue comprising:
directing light from a broadband light source having a multiplicity of excitation wavelengths onto vascular tissue to induce autofluorescence at a multiplicity of emission wavelengths;
measuring intensities of the induced autofluorescence at the multiplicity of emission wavelengths to produce intensity data;
generating a contoured electronic representation of the intensity data, the contoured representation being a function of both excitation wavelengths and emission wavelengths; and
identifying the presence of a plurality of fluorophores within the tissue from the contoured representation.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein a data processor identifies the plurality of fluorophores.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein the tissue comprises arterial tissue.
11. The method of claim 8 wherein the tissue comprises atherosclerotic tissue.
12. The method of claim 8 further comprising inserting a fiber optic probe into a vascular lumen.
13. A method of optically measuring tissue comprising:
inserting a fiber optic probe into a body lumen;
directing light from a broadband light source having a multiplicity of excitation wavelengths through the probe and onto tissue within the lumen to induce autofluorescence at a multiplicity of emission wavelengths;
collecting induced autofluorescence radiation from the tissue with the fiber optic probe and coupling the collected radiation at a proximal end of the probe to a detector;
measuring intensities of the induced autofluorescence at the multiplicity of emission wavelengths to produce intensity data;
generating a contoured electronic representation of the intensity data, the contoured representation being a function of both excitation wavelengths;
forming a displayed image from the contoured electronic representation; and
identifying the presence of a plurality of fluorophores within the tissue from the contoured representation.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein a data processor identifies the plurality of fluorophores.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the tissue comprises colon tissue to identify the presence of adenomatous.
16. The method of claim 13 wherein the tissue comprises bladder tissue.
17. The method of claim 13 wherein the tissue comprises gastrointestinal tissue and the one of the plurality of identified fluorophores is selected from the group consisting of collagen and pyridoxic acid.
18. The method of claim 13 further comprising comparing the contoured representation with a reference contour representation.
This application is a division, of application Ser. No. 07/772,620, filed on Oct. 4, 1991 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,318 which is a File Wrapper continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 07/342,311 filed Apr. 24, 1989, abandoned.
The present invention relates to a system and method for processing spectral information used to aid in the diagnosis of diseased tissue. More particularly, it relates to a method for collecting and displaying the excitation and emission spectra resulting from the laser-induced-fluorescence of tissue.
Methods utilizing the laser-induced-fluorescence ("LIF") of tissue have been developed which permit the characterization of the tissue being examined. This technique has traditionally employed the use of fluorescing agents or dyes which are introduced or applied to the tissue of interest which is then irradiated to induce fluorescence and produce a spectrum that can be used to distinguish diseased from normal tissue. The emission spectra obtained through these methods are normally plotted as intensity versus emission wavelength for a given excitation wavelength. These graphical displays can provide information regarding the diseased condition of tissue as specific peaks in the spectra of abnormal tissue appear which are not present in normal tissue.
Laser catheter systems have also been developed, often in conjunction with known techniques for using fluorescence to aid in diagnosis, for the purpose of inserting a light transmitting device into the human body where laser radiation can be directed onto tissue adjacent the distal end of the catheter to induce fluorescence. The light emitted by the tissue is transmitted along the catheter and analyzed at the proximal end thereof to produce an emission spectrum of the irradiated tissue.
The problem with these standard spectra is that they are highly dependent upon the excitation wavelength that is used such that a highly fragmented view of the spectral characteristics of the tissue is provided. Thus, a more complete method of generating diagnostic information utilizing LIF spectroscopy is needed that more fully characterizes the spectral features of tissue.
The present invention relates to a system for characterizing tissue fluorescence in the ultraviolet and throughout the visible for the purpose of generating diagnostically useful information. The present system provides the ability to look at fluorescence over a wide range of excitation and emission wavelengths. Such a broad survey is important in fully characterizing the spectroscopic differences between tissue types as well as in aiding in the identification of tissue fluorophores whose presence is correlated with known normal and abnormal states of tissue.
The intensity of fluorescence depends on three parameters: the radiative properties of the fluorophores within the tissue; the wavelength of the exciting light; and the wavelength of the emitted fluorescence. Two types of scans are typically used when recording fluorescence intensity: emission scans (spectra), in which the excitation wavelength is held constant and the emission wavelength is varied, and excitation scans (spectra), in which the emission wavelength is constant and the excitation is varied. Either type of scan alone contains useful information about the tissue constituents; however, both excitation and emission profiles are needed for a full characterization of fluorescence. In fact, a complete fluorescence characterization involves recording the fluorescence intensity for each possible pair of excitation and emission wavelengths.
Typically, emission (or excitation) scans are presented as two dimensional plots with emission (or excitation) wavelengths running along one axis and fluorescence intensity running along the other axis. In order to display intensity for each possible pair of excitation and emission wavelengths, a 3-dimensional plot of intensity vs. excitation and emission is one alternative for displaying the information for analysis. There are also two methods employed for representing such plots in two dimensions: perspective drawing and contour (topographic) mapping. In a preferred embodiment, contour maps are employed to display the data as they provide for viewing many of the important features on one plot.
This method is employed in conjunction with laser catheter systems used to induce fluorescence in bodily tissue both in vitro and in vivo without the use of fluorescence enhancing agents, also referred to herein as "autofluorescence". The procedure is illustrated using data collected on excised tissue samples, including artery wall, gastrointestinal tissue and bladder tissue, but are usefully applied to all types of tissue and the abnormal or diseased conditions which can be differentiated by optical characteristics.
In particular, fluorophores present in the tissue under study, whose concentration varies with the condition of the tissue, have been associated with specific features of the contour spectra. This correlation between the contour spectra and the chemical constituents of the tissue is useful in the construction of diagnostic methods which can systematically differentiate tissue type and condition.
The above and other features of the invention, including various novel details in the methods described and certain combinations thereof, will now be more particularly described with reference to the accompanying drawings and pointed out in the claims. It will be understood that the particular methods of diagnosis embodying the invention are shown by way of illustration only and not as a limitation of the invention. The principle features of the invention may be employed in various embodiments without departing from the scope of the invention.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an apparatus used in conjunction with the present invention.
FIG. 2 illustrates a contour map of morphologically normal aorta.
FIG. 3a presents four emission scans from the region about line 1 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 3b presents emission scans from line 2 in FIG. 2.
FIGS. 4a and 4b present a contour map and a perspective view of an excitation emission matrix of fluorescence intensity of normal aorta.
FIGS. 5a and 5b show a contour map and a perspective view, respectively, of an averaged excitation-emission matrix of fibrous aortic tissue.
FIGS. 6a and 6b show a contour map and a perspective view, respectively, of an averaged excitation-emission matrix of calcified aortic tissue.
FIGS. 7a and 7b show a contour map and a perspective view, respectively, of an excitation-emission matrix of fatty aortic tissue.
FIGS. 8a and 8b show an absorption spectrum and a contour map, respectively, of hemoglobin.
FIGS. 9a and 9b show contour maps of bulk aorta before and after the sample is soaked in saline.
FIG. 10 shows a contour map of the attenuation matrix of hemoglobin.
FIGS. 11a and 11b show contour maps of aortic tissue after soaking to remove hemoglobin, and after the addition of the effects of hemoglobin using the hemoglobin absorption matrix.
FIG. 12 illustrates a contour map of powdered type 1 bovine collagen.
FIG. 13a and 13b show average fluorescence contour maps of normal human colon tissue.
FIGS. 14a and 14b show average fluorescence contour maps for adenomatous human colon tissue.
FIG. 15 shows the ratio of an average contour map for adenomatous polyp to an average contour map for normal gastrointestinal tissue.
FIG. 16 shows the map of FIG. 15 where the contour line density is increased by a factor of two to show more detail.
FIG. 17 illustrates a diagnostic algorithm for differentiating adenomatous from normal colon tissue based upon a ratio of maps at an excitation wavelength of 330 nanometers and an emission wavelength of 385 nanometers.
FIG. 18 illustrates a diagnostic algorithm based upon an excitation wavelength of 440 nanometers and an emission wavelength of 480 nanometers.
FIG. 19 illustrates a binary type diagnostic algorithm.
FIGS. 20a and 20b show average contour maps on different scales of normal bladder tissue.
FIGS. 21a and 21b show average contour maps on two different scales of bladder tumor.
FIG. 22 shows a ratio of contour maps for bladder tumor and normal bladder tissue.
FIG. 23 shows the map of FIG. 22 with a greater contour line density.
FIG. 24 shows a binary diagnostic algorithm to differentiate bladder tumor from normal bladder tissue.
FIG. 1 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the system that is used in generating and processing matrices of fluorescence intensity obtained as a function of both excitation and emission wavelengths. Light source 10 can be a broadband source such as a Xenon arc lamp. However, a tunable laser can also be employed to provide excitation radiation of variable wavelength. A double monochromator 12 subject to scan control 14 directs radiation of selected wavelength through optical fiber 16 onto the tissue sample 22. Collection fibers 18 collect the fluorescent radiation emitted by the sample 22 and direct it through collection optics 20 and into a second double monochromator 24. Photomultiplier 26 then detects the radiation and generates a signal that is forwarded to computer 28 for processing and display. Computer 28, via line 30, can be used to control the scanning parameters of the two monochromators 12 and 24.
The optical probe or catheter 32 can also be used in vivo within the human body to perform diagnostic scans on living tissue. The methods of the present invention may be used in conjunction with the laser catheter systems disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,718,417, incorporated herein by reference.
Fluorescence intensity from normal aorta was recorded over a range of from 250 to 700 nm every 5 nm for both excitation and emission. The system used for this type of measurement is easily tuned over a large range of excitations. The system can use a rhodamine solution as a reference, so that differences in intensity of the exciting light at different wavelengths are automatically removed from the spectra. This makes it possible to obtain fluorescence intensities over a large range of excitations and emissions on a single sample of tissue in a reasonable amount of time. Gratings blazed at 250 nm have been used so that emission spectra can be taken from 250 to 700 nm.
To generate the data, emission scans were taken with excitations of 250 to 500 nm every 5 nm. The emission ranges ran from the excitation +12.5 nm to 697.5 nm every 5 nm. The Figures described below are generated by sequential acquisition of emission scans; however, excitation scans could be used as well to display the relationship between excitation and emission. The FWHM (full width-half maximum) of the excitation source was 2 nm, and the emission FWHM was 3 nm. An integration time of 1 second at each point yielded a reasonable signal to noise ratio for all scans.
FIG. 2 shows the contour map that was generated from a sample of morphologically normal aorta. The map shows five distinct peaks (labeled A-E in FIG. 2). Each peak potentially represents a distinct fluorophore; however, it is known that fluorescence reabsorption in the tissue can create artificial peaks in emission spectra. On the contour map, such reabsorption valleys should appear as depressions at constant emission wavelength, since the wavelength of reabsorption does not depend on excitation. The three dashed vertical lines in FIG. 2 are examples of such reabsorption. The two lines near 570 nm emission represent absorption due to oxy-hemoglobin, while the line near 415 nm is the Soret band of heme. Based on this interpretation, the two peaks D and E are due to a single fluorophore which is known to be elastin/collagen. The peaks B and C may also be due to a single fluorophore, although the fact that they are slightly shifted in excitation from one another supports the notion that the peaks are due to two distinct fluorophores.
Horizontal lines, that is, lines of constant excitation, on the map represent emission scans. Four emission scans from the region designated by line 1 in FIG. 2 are shown in FIG. 3a. These scans are very similar to those with 476 nm excitation. The two peaks at 560 and 600 nm are artificial in that they are created by the reabsorption valleys at 540 and 580 nm, as was surmised from the contour map.
Emission scans from line 2 are shown in FIG. 3b As can be seen from the contour map, the intensity of fluorophore A, emitting at 340 nm, is strongly dependent on excitation wavelength near 300 nm. This is evident from the very close spacing of the contour lines in this region. This fluorophore has been identified as tryptophan. The Soret valley at 415 nm is also seen in these emission scans, as is the emergence of another peak (B) at 390 nm, as excitation wavelength is made longer. Based on spectra from thin samples of artery, peak C (at 450 nm emission) was assumed to be artificially created by the Soret valley, so that peaks B and C were assigned to a single fluorophore. However, as the contour map reveals, these peaks occur at slightly different excitations, and it is possible that two distinct fluorophores are being observed.
This system has been used to determine optimal excitation and emission wavelengths for differentiating normal and atherosclerotic aorta. Also, contour maps of fibrous, fatty and calcified plaques have been constructed. By normalizing these maps and then subtracting them from, or ratioing them, to a normalized map of normal aorta, excitation and emission wavelengths at which fluorescence lineshapes of normal and diseased tissue are most different can be easily identified.
FIGS. 4a-7b present data collected as excitation-emission matrices (EEM's) of bulk samples of normal and pathological human aorta tissue. This data, which is presented in the form of contour maps as well as perspective drawings is used to determine an optimum wavelength for distinguishing between normal and pathological tissue.
Tissue samples are classified as either normal, fibrous, fatty, or calcified. In all, there were nine normal samples run from five different patients, six calcified samples which were all from the same patient, eight fibrous samples taken from four different patients, and two samples of fatty tissue from the same patient.
The EEM's of each tissue type were averaged with the exception of the fatty sample shown in FIGS. 7a-7b.
The main features of the EEM's of the normal samples of FIGS. 4a and 4b are the dominant tryptophan peak in the uv and the absorption valleys at 415 nm, which are believed to be caused by the presence of hemoglobin in the tissue. There is also weaker fluorescence in the visible range, which is primarily due to chromophores within the collagen and elastin. The most noticeable difference between the EEM's of the normal and fibrous tissue (at FIGS. 5a and 5b) is that there is greater fluorescence at the longer wavelengths in normal compared to fibrous. There also appears to be a difference in the location of the peak of the fluorescence due to chromophores within the collagen, but this may be the result of less hemoglobin absorption in the fibrous tissue. One difference between the calcified tissue shown in FIGS. 6a and 6b and the normal tissue is that the fluorescence peak due to tryptophan is about a factor of two lower in the calcified tissue. In addition, the fluorescence due to chromophores within the collagen and elastin is two to three times greater in the calcified tissue, and there is also less absorption at 415 nm. One of the chromophores found within the collagen or elastin morphologic structures is pyridinoline which is known to fluoresce in the range 400-420 nm when excited by radiation in the range 360-370 nm.
Hemoglobin (Hb) plays an important role in in vitro aorta EEM's The large Soret absorption band at 416 nm is responsible for the deep valleys seen in the contour map both at excitations and emissions around 416 nm. Oxyhemoglobin also produces the minor valleys near 540 and 580 nm. Note that heme is one of the chromophores found in hemoglobin. Heme has an absorption region centered around 560 nm. This conclusion is supported by the following observations:
1) The absorption spectrum of hemoglobin has peaks coincident with the valleys mentioned above (FIGS. 8a and 8b).
2) In vitro aorta samples have typically been exposed to lysed red blood cells and, therefore, free Hb which can readily diffuse into the tissue.
3) These valleys are absent in 10 μm sections of intima and media. The effects of absorption on LIF are negligible in these thin sections.
4) These valleys can be nearly eliminated by soaking an in vitro bulk aorta sample in saline before collecting the spectra (FIGS. 9a and 9b). This soaking removes most of the Hb, which can freely diffuse from the tissue.
The physical basis for these valleys is quite simple: a portion of the incident excitation light as well as the emitted fluorescence is reabsorbed by the Hb, causing a reduction in the fluorescence intensity. This can be clearly seen from the single layer tissue fluorescence model, in which the observed fluorescence intensity S(λx,λm) can be written ##EQU1## where F(λx,λm) is the "intrinsic" tissue fluorescence, i.e. the tissue fluorescence from a thin section, free of absorption effects; xHb AHb (λx,λm)=μHb (λx)+μHb (λm), where AHb represents the attenuation spectrum of Hb (and similarly for SP, where SP refers to fixed tissue absorbers). AHb (λx,λm) can be thought of as the normalized attenuation matrix of Hb, with xHb representing its concentration; it can be generated from the Hb absorption spectrum if effects of scattering are neglected. A contour map of AHb (λx,λm) which clearly shows the Soret absorption bands, is shown in FIG. 10.
Equation (1) can be rewritten ##EQU2## where S0 (λx,λm) is the fluorescence observed in the absence of Hb(xHb =0). By making the crude assumption that ASP is a constant (not dependent on wavelength) over the entire EEM, by using values of xHb and xSP ASP determined with 476 nm excitation, and by using the calculated Hb absorption matrix, the effect of Hb absorption can be reproduced from the soaked aorta EEM (xHb =0) by "dividing" Hb absorption matrix into it in the manner specified by Eq. 2. The result is displayed in FIGS. 11a and 11b. The structure of the aorta EEM with Hb (before soaking) is recovered, although peak intensities, especially in the ultraviolet, are smaller than in the actual EEM.
Using this method, Hb absorption effects can also be produced in an ex vivo aorta sample. The EEM of the ex vivo sample which has presumably not been exposed to free Hb, is quite similar to that of the soaked aorta. By dividing the Hb absorption matrix into it in the manner of Eq. 2, an EEM very similar to that of Hb-containing in vitro aorta is produced.
This method of correcting for the presence of absorbers within the tissue being examined can be applied to other absorbing components. The removal of the effects of absorption can assist in providing a clearer spectrum in which all of the avisibile information regarding tissue fluorescence can be recovered.
The system also assists in identifying the chromophores which contribute to arterial tissue fluorescence spectra. Contour maps provide very useful insight about the number and nature of tissue chromophores. To separate contributions from different chromophores, maps can be obtained from thin tissue sections, which contain a limited number of chromophores (e.g. ceroid in necrotic core) and are free of reabsorption effects. Also maps of pure compounds, which are suspected tissue chromophores, can be constructed for comparison with tissue maps. For example, FIG. 12 contains a map of powdered type 1 bovine collagen. Other components studied include chromophores or structures containing chromophores such as elastin, tryptophan, hemoglobin and flavoprotein.
Although type 1 collagen has emission in the same region as does normal aorta, there are several important differences. Some of these are due to reabsorption of hemoglobin; the collagen map does not show valleys at 420, 540 and 580 nm. However, other differences are not related to reabsorption, and indicate that tissue fluorescence in this region contains contributions from chromophores other than those present in type 1 collagen.
The methods of the present invention have been used to differentiate normal and pathologic tissues in human colon and urinary bladder with excitation wavelengths ranging from 250-500 nm, utilizing fluorescence contour maps. This contour mapping serves to identify optimal excitation wavelengths for differentiating normal and pathologic tissue fluorescence spectra and to identify tissue chromophores contributing to the fluorescence of normal and pathologic tissues.
Fluorescence contour maps were collected from 18 colon specimens and 15 urinary bladder specimens. Fluorescence contour maps were constructed from a series of fluorescence emission spectra recorded using a spectrofluorimeter. Excitation wavelengths were varied in 10 nm steps from 250 to 500 nm. Fluorescence was collected at 5 nm intervals from λexc+10 nm to 2λexc-10 nm. Incident beam size was ˜-2×3 mm, smaller than the surface area of all tissue samples, thus absolute intensity information has been preserved in the analysis of this data. To correct for day to day variations in the spectrofluorimeter alignment, all data has been divided by a fluorescence intensity standard which is run each day. Emission gratings were blazed at 250 nm. All data presented here has been corrected for the non-uniform spectral response of the collection system.
The following method of data analysis was employed for both colon and bladder tissues. An average normal contour map NA (λx,λm), and an average pathologic contour map PA (λx,λm) were calculated and were plotted on a log scale with contours ranging from 50 to 0.5. To compare contour maps of normal and pathologic tissues, a ratio of the average contour maps was constructed as: ##EQU3## and was plotted on a linear scale with contours varying from 2.0 to 0.2. Here, a contour at 1.0 indicates regions in which the fluorescence emission from normal and pathologic tissues is the same, while contours at values greater (less) than 1.0 indicate regions where the emission from pathologic tissue is greater (less) than that from normal tissues. Regions of greatest difference in the fluorescence spectra of normal and pathologic tissues were assessed from this average ratio map. This information was used in defining a process for determination of tissue type.
To assess how the variability of individual tissues affected this comparison, the following ratio maps were constructed for each individual normal and pathologic sample: ##EQU4## Data from these individual ratio maps was used to test processes suggested in the above data analysis procedure.
FIGS. 13a-14b show average fluorescence contour maps of normal and adenomatous human colon tissue. In the normal tissue fluorescence contour map, several major fluorescence and absorption bands can be recognized, as summarized in Table 1. Similarly, Table 2 lists the major absorption and fluorescence bands found in the adenomatous fluorescence contour map.
TABLE 1______________________________________Average Normal Colon Tissue(λx,λm) Fluorescence Intensity Chromophore______________________________________(285,340) 50.0 Tryptophan(330,385) 5.0 Chromophore Within Collagen(315,430) 2.5 4-Pyridoxic Acid(345,465) 5.0 NAD(P)H(460,520) 4.5 Flavin(λ,420)(420,λ) Hemoglobin (Heme)(λ,540)(λ,580)______________________________________
TABLE 2______________________________________Average Adenomatous Colon Tissue(λx,λm) Fluorescence Intensity Chromophore______________________________________(285,340) 50.0 Tryptophan(340,470) 2.5 NAD(P)H(460,520) 2.5 Flavin(λ,420)(420,λ) Hemoglobin (Heme)(λ,540)(λ,580)______________________________________
A comparison of these two tables points out several of the interesting differences in the fluorescence contour maps of normal and adenomatous tissues. Both tissues exhibit tryptophan fluorescence. Qualitatively, the shape and peak fluorescence intensity of this band is very similar for both types of tissue. Two additional fluorescence bands appear to be present in the normal tissue fluorescence contour map at (330,385) and (315,430). In the visible region of the spectrum, the fluorescence intensity of normal tissues is approximately 2X that of adenomatous tissues. In particular, both tissues show a band near (340,470); this band is 2X higher in normal tissue. In addition, it is more peaked, and slightly shifted in normal tissue relative to adenomatous tissue. Both tissues show a peak at (460,520), which is 1.8X more intense in normal tissue.
These differences are highlighted in FIG. 15, which shows the ratio of the two average contour maps, with contours drawn linearly from 2.0 to 0.2. Greater detail is shown in FIG. 16, with contours drawn from 1.0 to 0.1. Again contours at 1.0 indicate regions where normal and adenomatous tissues exhibit equal fluorescence intensities, while contours greater (less) than 1.0 indicate regions where adenomatous tissue fluorescence is greater (less) than normal tissue fluorescence. In the region of tryptophan fluorescence, a contour with a value of 1.0 is shown, indicating the similarity of tryptophan fluorescence in normal and adenomatous tissues. A valley is present at (335,385) with a contour level of 0.3 indicating the additional fluorescence band present in normal tissue at this location. A valley is present at (390,430) with a contour of 0.8. Additional valleys are present at (400,495), (440,480), (430,600) and (430,670). These are summarized in Table 3.
TABLE 3______________________________________Average Ratio Map, Colon Tissue(λx,λm) RAVG (λx,λm) Chromophore______________________________________(330,385) 0.3 Chromophore Within Collagen(390,430) 0.8 Pyridoxic Acid Lactone(400,495) 0.4 ?(440,480) 0.4 ?(430,600) 0.7 ?(430,670) 0.8 ?______________________________________
The values of the individual ratio maps at these locations of (λx,λm), can be divided by the intensity of the ratio map at (290,340). Two of these values, at (330,385) and (440,480), independently provided useful diagnostics for differentiating normal and adenomatous tissues (FIGS. 17 and 18). In addition, a binary scheme utilizing information at (390,430) and (330,385) provided an accurate diagnostic process (FIG. 19).
FIGS. 20a-21b show average fluorescence contour maps of normal bladder wall and tumor. Major fluorescence and absorption bands are summaried in Tables 4 and 5. Again, in the region of tryptophan fluorescence both normal and tumor tissues have similar emission. Although both tissues show a fluorescence band at (325,385), it is 3X stronger in normal tissue. Both tissues show fluorescence peaks at (350,470) with normal tissues exhibiting 2X as much fluorescence intensity. Also at (470,520) the fluorescence of normal tissue is 2X as high as that of tumor tissue. The average tumor map exhibits a unique peak at (315,430).
TABLE 4______________________________________Average Normal Bladder Tissue(λx,λm) Fluorescence Intensity Chromophore______________________________________(285,340) 50.0 Tryptophan(325,385) 15.0 Chromophore Within Collagen(350,470) 10.0 NAD(P)H(470,520) 10.0 Flavin(λ,420)(420,λ) Hemoglobin (Heme)(λ,540)(λ,580)______________________________________
TABLE 5______________________________________Average Bladder Tumor(λx,λm) Fluorescence Intensity Chromophore______________________________________(285,340) 50.0 Tryptophan(330,385) 5.0 Chromophore Within Collagen(315,430) 3.0 4-Pyridoxic Acid(350,470) 5.0 NAD(P)H(460,515) 5.0 Flavin(λ,420)(420,λ) Hemoglobin (Heme)(λ,540)(λ,580)______________________________________
These differences are highlighted in FIGS. 22 and 23 which show the ratio contour map of tumor and normal bladder tissue for two sets of contours (2.0-0.2, 1.0-0.1). Table 6 summarizes the valleys present in this ratio map. Valleys are present at (330,385), (370,435), (400,495), (450,485), (420,640), and (390,670). Values of the individual ratio maps at these locations can be divided by the value of the tryptophan peak (290,340). FIG. 24 shows an example of a diagnostic procedure which can be defined from this data.
TABLE 6______________________________________Average Ratio Map, Bladder Tissue(λx,λm) RAVG (λx,λm) Chromophore______________________________________(330,385) 0.4 Chromophore Within Collagen(370,435) 0.8 Pyridoxic Acid Lactone(400,495) 0.5 ?(450,485) 0.4 ?(420,640) 0.9 ?(390,670) 0.6 ?______________________________________
Because of the voluminous information in the 2-D plots, a model is useful in interpreting the data. Even if the types and concentrations of all chromophores were known, quenching, spectral shifts, and energy transfer due to the local environment would alter a calculated spectrum. But, in spite of these many unknowns, a "landscape" model of chromophore behavior does provide some general insights for locating distinctive features for comparative spectral diagnosis.
The model begins with the reasonable assumption that tissue contains a few relatively strongly fluorescing chromophores, a background of weaker ones, and absorbers which are probably non-fluorescent. The strong chromophores, with relatively high quantum yields or concentrations (or both), will generate "peaks" on the contour plot. In addition, these chromophores generally have a broad base which tends toward shorter wavelengths for excitation; and due to the general anharmonicity of higher vibrational levels, it tends toward longer wavelengths for emission. Combining with the weaker chromophores, this forms an average elevation of signal background from which the peaks arise. The absorbers cut vertically and horizontally across the spectral terrain. The percent decrease along the line should be approximately constant to the extent that the penetration depth is constant. This is distinguishable from a "pass" between two spectral peaks, which is just lesser fluorescence, not absorption. Thin sections will be quite helpful in identifying absorption features by their absence.
Distinguishing diseased vs. healthy tissue is essentially distinguishing one set of chromophore signals from another. If two tissues have different amounts of one chromophore, then the corresponding absolute signals might be measured; however, this is dependent on collection geometry. Comparisons, or ratios, are less geometry dependent, but appropriate positions on the 2-D surface need to be selected. The data is normalized so as to again avoid geometry-dependent ratios.
The spectral landscape model has three regions: 1) fluorescent peaks, 2) an average elevation, or plateau, and 3) absorption valleys. Of these, region 1 is the most appealing as a discriminant for tissue type, as it would show a characteristic chromophore. Region 3 is susceptible to variability or leaching as has been shown for the case of heme, and region 2, being comprised of fluorescence from several chromophores, is likely to have the least variation overall. Signal change due to a change in one of the chromophores would be diminished by the fraction of the total signal contributed by that chromophore. In other words, instead of comparing absolute peak heights, they should first be normalized relative to the average elevation. Ideally, normalization would be relative to selected regions thought to be "average"; a practical compromise is the average height from the total integrated signal of the entire plot. Peaks then have signals >1, and valleys generally <1. The comparison signal Rλ for each set of excitation and emission wavelengths, equals the diseased signal Dλ, divided by the normal tissue signal, Nλ.
If subtraction is used instead of the ratio, then this number should be normalized to the signal strength at that wavelength to indicate the fractional, rather than absolute, change:
where ΔDλ=Dλ-Nλ and therefore Sλ=Rλ-1.
This gives the normalized differential signal Sλ. N is in the denominator, since it is desirable to determine the deviation of the diseased tissue from normal. When the "peak" value is selected, it should be integrated over the top 10%-20% of the peak, thereby incorporating a substantial volume of the fluorescence signal; otherwise, data is discarded, and the noise level is increased.
An alternative approach is to normalize two contour plots to the same chromophore peak, then ratio them. This would compare amplitudes of other peaks to the first. However, the ratioed contour plot is dependent on which peak is selected for normalization, and the information from the rest of the plot, which provides the total integrated signal, is in effect, unused.
Additional information is contained in the peak shape. If the different environments of the tissue cause spectral shifts, then this may be emphasized by ratioing normalized peaks on two contour plots. In this case a smaller integrated area may be better for normalization. Deviations from unity will indicate different slopes or shapes.
To avoid overemphasizing weaker parts of the spectrum, a weighting factor may be introduced: Assuming that the signal to noise ratio varies as the square root of the signal, the ratio signal should be multiplied by the square root of Nλ to yield Wλ, the weighted normalized ratio contour plot comparing the two tissue types.
These computations should be straightforward for numerical peak comparison. Large differences in regions where the fluorescence is weak will be de-emphasized.
Citas de patentes
Otras citas
Citada por
Eventos legales
Imagen original


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by JANOWA
"We bike and hike several times a week and take these bars with us for a tasty boost of carbs and protein. Wrapped individually and frozen, they are easy to stuff in a pack on your way out the door."
Hmm. None of these ingredients are on sale today.
Show ingredients on sale
Sort stores by
Save money at local stores when ingredients are on sale!
Watch video tips and tricks
1/2 cup
sesame seeds
1/2 cup
sunflower seeds
1 pinch
1/2 cup
chopped dates
1/2 cup
1/2 cup
dried apricots
1/2 cup
dried cherries
1/2 cup
semisweet chocolate chips
1 cup
rolled oats
7 cups
crisp rice cereal
1 cup
corn syrup
1 cup
white sugar
1 1/2 cups
crunchy peanut butter
1 cup
powdered milk
1 teaspoon
vanilla extract
1/2 teaspoon
almond extract
Oooh! These are really good! Made them just a bit more healthy by using all bran cereal, honey in place of corn syrup, and cut the white sugar amount in half. I put in a few cups of granola for the bran too! I boiled the peanut butter mixture over the stove and it was having trouble getting to the right consistency, so I added applesauce until it was runny enough to coat the cereal mixture. About 1/2 cup of applesauce worked great. A new favorite! :)
These bars were good, but I was very disappointed when after all that work there is no instruction for baking. I baked at maybe 350 for 25 min and they burned, therefore ruining the taste. Next time I will watch them closely and cook on a lower temp.
73 Ratings
Wow! Great recipe, Janowa. My grandchildren love these, as do I!They gobbled up so many, I was afraid they'd be bouncing off the walls on a sugar high. This morning I made another batch, this time I cut the sugar to 1/4 cup brown (the dried fruits have lots already), I added Wheat germ and ground almonds for additional calcium, Vit B and minerals. They were tasty, too, and my grandchildren won't even suspect that there's wheat germ in them.Thanks for this great recipe that becomes a roadmap to better nutrition for our kids!
Great recipe- my husband loves them and he is a die hard 'cliff bar' eater. I read the other reviews regarding the need for more liquid to hold the bars together, and I found it wasn't really needed if you followed a few tips. First the peanut butter mixture needs to be really hot(like the recipe says- BUBBLING)- even after you mix in the powdered milk- if not it is virtually impossible to stir it into the cereal mixture. Also, really press the mixture hard into the greased pan- pack it in and it will stay together. I found that we wanted the bars packed tight so that they would be more sturdy when packed for the trail without falling apart. Try adding different fruits and white chocolate instead of semi-sweet. My husband loved banana chips, dates and white chocolate with the peanut butter. Again- GREAT recipe.
I sent these to my honey in Iraq, and the guys LOVED them!!! They travel very well, and I made some minor changes...replaced the chocolate chips with M&M's (with 108 degree heat over there, they hold up MUCH better!!), and I used dried mixed berries and dried apples - coarsely chopped, used honey and corn syrup, but left the sugar, and no sesame seeds...had a hard time mixing but I thin the PB mixture needs to be reallllly hot for it to work. Smashed into a 9x13 pan, then chilled in the freezer before cutting into bars. Wrapped in foil, then plastic baggies,and away they went! That was a week ago, and they already "need" more!
This is the best recipe for homemade "power bars" I have found on the internet. I did cut out the sugar, but added pre-sweetened protein powder instead of milk powder. I decreased the rice cereal to 6 cups, and changed the peanut butter to almond butter for a healthier bar. These are so much tastier than store bought--super processed ones!!! Thanks for the recipe idea!
These are delicious, and although they aren't low in fat or calories, they are a healthy boost of energy. I used half honey and half cornsyrup, , dried cranberries instead of cherries, and did not add the sugar in order to cut back on calories. I am glad I didn't, as they would have been way too sweet. Perfect snack for hiking, day trips, or busy events. I will definitley make these again.
This was really good - like a healthier version of rice krispies squares. I added some flax seed and left out the chocolate chips. I also replaced half the sugar with honey after reading reviews about the dryness. It turned out perfect and held together beautifully. I'll definitely make this again.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Rice Cereal Energy Bars
Serving Size: 1/24 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 24
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 324
Calories from Fat: 125
With our 2,700+ chicken breast recipes, you'll never serve the same old chicken again.
The firm, juicy texture of zucchini make them a perfect side to toss on the grill.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Meet the remarkable woman behind these tasty homemade granola bars.
Chewy, healthy homemade granola bars made with oats and raisins.
Watch how to make these sweet gluten-free dessert bars.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
User Training for Busy Programmers
User Training for Busy Programmers
Book Details
About This Book
- A complete guide to creating software training courses and materials
- Concise and practical step-by-step approach
- Check-lists ensure that you are fully prepared
- Based on proven educational techniques
Who This Book Is For
Do you need to write a successful software training course? Are you unsure of how to start? Would you like a step-by-step project plan to guide you in the development of your software class? This book gets right to the point with clear, concise directions for developing an end-user software course.
Table of Contents
What You Will Learn
- A systematic process for creating training courses and materials for software users
- Understanding your audience and ensuring that what you teach them is relevant and useful
- How to use effective in-class exercises as part of the learning mix
- Choosing what to teach and what to leave out
- How to tailor your approach to different user needs, and different types of software
- Preparing written guides for students and instructors
In Detail
If you need to write a successful software training course and are unsure of how to start, then this book gets right to the point with clear, concise directions for developing an end-user software course. This step-by-step job aid walks you through the process of developing a successful, instructor-led software class.
There are many good books on training theory. This book takes a more practical, condensed approach for when you don't have time to learn training theory. It is based on fifteen years of technical writing and training experience. In under 100 pages, the book guides you through the process of developing an end-user software course using a method that is tested, proven, and based upon sound instructional theory.


text:
Purple & Green Druzy Earrings
- Color:
- purple druzy multi
Qty: 1
- 1
- 2
- 3
Please select an available size.
Please select a size.
Share This Item: Email
Description: 22K yellow gold plated brass double drop earrings with geometric purple & green druzy details
- 2¾ inches long
- 1.12 inches at widest point
- Fishhook closure
- Please note: due to the nature of these materials size, shape, and color may vary.
Material: 22K yellow gold plated brass and druzy
Brand: Zariin
Origin: Imported


text:
- Hospitals
- Patient & Visitor Information
- Our Physician Practices
- Specialty Centers
- Da Vinci Robotic Surgery Center
- Patient Care Services
- Education, Residency Programs & Research
- Residency & Fellowship Programs
- Pharmacy Residency Program
- Administrative Fellowship Program
- Continuing Medical Education
- Pastoral Education Programs
- Research Division
- Simulation Center
- Technical Education Programs
- Community Outreach
- Patient Stories
- Palmetto Health Foundation
- Volunteer Programs
PGY1 - Pharmacy Practice
Residency in Pharmacy Practice (PGY1)
Palmetto Health Richland is a 700-bed tertiary care center with a Level 1 Trauma Center, free standing heart hospital, and free standing children's hospital including an18-bed PICU, and 67-bed Level 3 NICU. We are affiliated with the South Carolina College of Pharmacy and the University Of South Carolina School Of Medicine. Services include neurology, nephrology, infectious disease/antimicrobial stewardship, cardiology, oncology, pulmonology, gastroenterology, geriatrics, orthopedics, nutrition, pediatrics, neonatology, internal and family medicine, ambulatory care clinics and emergency services.
The PGY1 residency in pharmacy practice at Palmetto Health Richland is designed to transition a pharmacy student to a general practitioner. PGY1 residency graduates exit equipped to be fully integrated members of the interdisciplinary pharmacy team, able to make medication recommendations in a variety of clinical settings. Training focuses on developing the resident with the capabilities to understand a wide range of diseases and disorders that occur in many patient types.
Graduates of the PGY1 residency gain experience in short-term research projects, precepting, quality improvement activities, and enhancing the education of other health professionals and those in training to be health professionals. They also acquire the experience necessary to exercise leadership and management skills for pharmacy practice in a health system.
- Manage and improve the medication-use process.
- Exercise leadership and practice management skills.
- Provide evidence-based, patient-centered medication therapy management with interdisciplinary teams.
- Demonstrate project management skills.
- Provide medication and practice-related education / training.
- Utilize medical informatics.
- Conduct pharmacy practice research.
- Provide drug information to health care professionals and / or the public.


text:
Experienced Female Live in Care Workers Required
M F Care Management is a family owned and managed care at home company. We are seeking to recruit experienced care workers to join a care team to provide a live in care service to a lady with complex care needs. You will deliver a high quality care
- Permanent
8 miles | Falkirk5 days ago


text:
PageLines Test Drive
Try Out PageLines Free →
Signup With WordPress
Login To Your Account
Back to PageLines Homepage
A few reasons you'll love PageLines
Happiness Guaranteed
PageLines is about one thing
your happiness
. We invest heavily in resources to help you find success.
Built on WordPress
PageLines is a design platform built on top of WordPress. This means you get everything WP has to offer too!
Awesome Performance
PageLines is designed from the ground up to be ultra fast, secure and scalable.
Drag & Drop
PageLines is a drag & drop framework that allows you to completely customize your website with drag & drop.
Responsive & Mobile
Built from the ground up to look great on mobile devices. PageLines utilizes an advanced responsive framework.
Tons of Addons
Load up your own sections, themes and plugins using PageLines' one of a kind extension marketplace.


text: Pippa Middleton heads out to the Goring Hotel for a beach party with ma and pa Middleton wearing a Maje nude floral dress, cinched in with a waist belt and fuschia cardigan. But the big question is - did she borrow the LK Bennett nude heels her sister wore to the Epsom Derby? Get Pippa's summery style now.


text:
Aberdeen Caledonian Thistle Celtic Dundee United Hearts Hibernian Kilmarnock Motherwell Partick Thistle Ross County St Johnstone St Mirren
Birmingham City Blackburn Rovers Blackpool Bolton Wanderers Bournemouth Brentford Brighton & Hove Albion Cardiff City Charlton Athletic Derby County Fulham Huddersfield Town Ipswich Town Leeds United Middlesbrough Millwall Norwich City Nottingham Forest Reading Rotherham United Sheffield Wednesday Watford Wigan Athletic
SNAPPED: Man Utd, Arsenal and Liverpool target Diego Costa dons Chelsea kit for FIRST time
THIS is the first glimpse of Diego Costa in a Chelsea shirt.
But before Stamford Bridge fans get too excited, it's only a Starsport impression!
We've looked into our crystal ball to see how Costa would look in the blue of Chelsea.
Boss Jose Mourinho is desperate to add to his forward line having been underwhelmed by the performances of Fernando Torres, Samuel Eto'o and Demba Ba.
Reports suggested Chelsea had already secured the services of the £32m-rated striker on a five-year contract.
The claim has been refuted by Atletico Madrid - but Chelsea will spend big on a frontman this summer.
Costa has banged in 35 goals for Atletico this season and has attracted interest from Liverpool, Arsenal and Manchester United.


text:
- October 15, 2015 - 10:00am - October 18, 2015 - 5:00pm
Southern Supreme is a family-owned and operated business for 26 years. The delightful family members invite you to enjoy tastings and tours year-round. The holiday open house is a special seasonal event that guests enjoy. You'll see the new goodies that are unveiled, the sights and sounds of the holidays are just around the corner and the shop is beautifully decorated, the fall drive on Devil's Stomping Ground (a N.C. Scenic Byway) is colorful , and the sweet and savory treats are tasty and fun to sample!
Thu - Sat: 9am - 5pm
Sun: 1pm - 5pm
Find them on Facebook. Check in on foursquare. Visit NC.
- email@example.com
- View Website
- Address: 1699 Hoyte Scott Rd Bear Creek, NC 27207
- Mailing Address: Bear Creek, NC 27207


text: South Africa South Africa Erin Conway-Smith on Nov 12, 2012 @ 2:41 PMNov 12, 2012 @ 2:41 PM PublishedSouth African art heist: Thieves steal $2m worth of paintings from Pretoria Art MuseumChristies auction house employee's pose with a painting by South African artist Irma Stern entitled 'Malay Girl with Hibiscus' in London, on December 12, 2008.JOHANNESBURG, South Africa — The thieves had a bold plan: pretending to be art students, they entered the Pretoria Art Museum in South Africa's capital and asked to see specific paintings by some of the country's most famous artists. Once shown their "shopping list" of valuable art, the trio of men held the museum curator at gunpoint, tied him up, and took off with six paintings.A $1.3-million painting by renowned artist Irma Stern, called "Two Malay Musicians," was too big to fit in the getaway car and left behind.Police are investigating the brazen Sunday morning robbery, which happened just a few days after video surveillance at the museum stopped working.The museum has closed for a week, and the most valuable works of art removed as a precautionary measure, said a statement from the city of Tshwane, the metro area of Pretoria.The five stolen paintings, worth an estimated $2 million, are "Fishing Boats" by Stern, painted in 1931, along with "Street Scene" by Gerard Sekoto, "Cat and Petunias" by Maggie Laubser, "Eland and Bird" by JH Pierneef and "Hottentot Chief" by Hugo Naude.In 2011, four prints by renowned South African artist William Kentridge were stolen from a gallery in Johannesburg. More from GlobalPost: South Africa's Jacob Zuma spent $28 million of public money to make his house cooler


text:
Cornwall Earthquake
Cornwall Earthquake, A small earthquake shook houses overnight in Cornwall, it has emerged. The 2.2-magnitude quake hit Bodmin at 2.40am on Sunday and lasted just a few seconds, the British Geological Society said.
There were no reports of damage but the tremor could be felt in Bodmin, Liskeard, St Austell, Padstow, Camborne, Wadebridge and Callington.
Sue Dibble, from St Tudy, told the BBC: "It was very loud, like a whooshing and the house and bed were shaking. I thought I'd imagined it."
A number of earthquakes are felt by people every year in the UK, but most of these are very small and cause no damage, the society said.
The largest known earthquake in the UK occurred in the North Sea on June 7 1931, 60 miles offshore near the Dogger Bank with a magnitude of 6.1.


text:
List of Shortlisted Candidates for Direct Short Service Commission (DSSC) 21/2013
at Nigerian Army (Anywhere) | Posted under Uncategorised Jobs
1. Candidates are required to report on 18 October 2013 at the interview venue with the following:
a. Writing materials including ruler and eraser.
b. 2 pairs of white vests (unmarked).
c. 2 pairs of navy blue shorts.
d. Canvas shoes/trainers and white socks.
e. Toiletries.
f. Set of cutleries including plates and drinking cups.
g. Beddings to include blankets, white bedspread and pillow case.
h. Current medical report including ECG from any government certified hospital.
i. 4 copies of full size colour photographs in standing position and in suit.
2. The selection board will involve physical, medical and academic tests. There will also be an oral interview for all candidates.
3. Candidates will be required to produce original and photocopies of the following:
a. All academic/professional certificates including degree/HND, WASC/GCE or equivalent, testimonials, NYSC Discharge or valid Exemption Certificate as applicable and a file jacket.
b. Valid birth certificate as endorsed by the National Population Commission, hospital, Local Government Council of birth or valid age declaration.
c. Valid certificate of state of origin.
d. Military Identity Card (for Service Personnel).
e. Letter of recommendation by the commanding officer for military personnel.
f. Letter of sponsorship in tertiary academic institution for military personnel.
4. Candidates will be fed and accommodated for the duration of the interview.
5. Candidates would be responsible for their transportation to and from the interview venue.
6. The use of personal/private vehicles will not be allowed throughout the duration of the interview.
7. Visitors will not be allowed throughout the duration of the interview.
8. Candidates will report at Nigerian Defence Academy (Old Site), Kaduna on 18 October 2013. Candidates will be received from 9 am. Candidates who arrive later than 6 pm of 18 October 2013 will be disqualified.
9. List of shortlisted candidates is also available at www.nigerianarmyms.org.
NOTE: The Nigerian Army shall not be liable for any injuries/death recorded in the course of the selection interview.
SHORTLISTED CANDIDATES FOR DSSC 21/2013 SELECTION INTERVIEW: http://s.jobnavy.com/58orL
Remember to mention JobRIB.com when contacting employers! Do not pay for recruitment. Report such case at Scam Alert Forum.
Recent Jobs at Nigerian Army
Is this job ad fake? Report it!
Recommend to a friend
Viewed: 1067 times


text:
The P28 Experience is the principle that Purdue undergraduate students will experience learning inside and outside the classroom on over 28 dimensions.
Purdue University's student service and support programs seek to heighten student learning. Students will experience programs and activities intentionally designed to acquire and apply knowledge, develop interpersonal and intrapersonal skills, engage globally, and gain practical competence. Our students will have a college experience unlike any other.
Discover invaluable learning opportunities by clicking on each of the words below. Best viewed with IE9, Firefox, Safari or Chrome
17. Understanding and appreciation of cultural and human differences
Understands one's own identity and culture; seeks involvement with people different from oneself; articulates the advantages and impact of a diverse society; identifies systematic barriers to equality and inclusiveness, then advocates and justifies means for dismantling them; in interactions with others, exhibits respect and preserves the dignity of others.
See also: Global Perspective, Social Responsibility, Civic Responsibility
Air Force ROTC
Army ROTC
Center for Career Opportunities
Division of Recreational Sports
Naval ROTC
Office of the Dean of Students
- BVN Community Action Days
- BVN Emerging Leaders Block 1
- Disability Resource Center
- Diversity and Inclusion Boiler Tracks
- Diversity and Inclusion Grand Alternative
- Diversity and Inclusion Women in Leadership
- FSCL Fraternity Sorority Leadership Class
- HORIZONS Peer Mentor Practicum Course (EDPS 301)
- HORIZONS Peer Mentor Training Course (EDPS 301)
- HORIZONS Service Learning Course (EDPS 301)
- HORIZONS Study Abroad
- Organization Assembly Student Leaders Retreat
- Organization Assembly Student Organization Trainings


text:
Free Shipping
PreserVision® Lutein, 180 Soft Gels
Item #518543
Helps Promote Eye Health*
Based on the AREDS Formula*
Bausch + Lomb PreserVision® Lutein is a high potency anti-oxidant supplement with select vitamins and minerals at levels that are well above those found in ordinary multivitamins and generally cannot be attained through diet alone.
Now in convenient to take, 2 per day Soft Gels.
Bausch + Lomb PreserVision® Lutein is based on the PreserVision AREDS formula, with the Vitamin A (beta-carotene) replaced with Lutein. Clinical studies suggest that Lutein plays an essential role in maintaining healthy central vision by protecting against free radical damage and filtering blue light.†
†These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Directions For Use:
Take 2 Soft Gels; 1 in the morning, 1 in the evening with a full glass of water and during meals.
Supplement Facts:
Serving Size: 1 Soft Gel
Servings Per Container: 90
Amount Per Serving - % Daily Value:
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 226 mg - 377%, Vitamin E (dl-alpha tocopheryl acetate) 200 IU - 667%, Zinc (zinc oxide) 34.8 mg - 232%, Copper (cupric oxide) 0.8 mg - 40%, Lutein 5 mg - *.
*Daily Value not established.
Other Ingredients:
Gelatin Glycerin, Soybean Oil, Soy Lecithin, Yellow Beeswax, Silicon Dioxide, Titanium Dioxide, FD & C Red #40, FD & C Blue #1. Contains Soy.
This product is Vitamin A (beta-carotene) free.
Store at room temperature.
Keep this product out of the reach of children.
FloraGlo® Lutein is a registered trademark of Kemin Industries Inc.
Brand: Bausch & Lomb PreserVision
Express shipping is via UPS. The estimated delivery time will be approximately 1 - 2 business days from the time of order.
Please choose your shipping method at checkout.
An additional Shipping and Handling fee will apply to express shipments. This fee will be quoted at checkout.
*Delivery is available to Alaska and Hawaii. An additional Shipping and Handling fee will apply to shipments going to Alaska or Hawaii. This fee will be quoted at checkout. Additional transit time may be required.
Delivery is not available to Puerto Rico.
Costco.com products can be returned to any of our more than 600 Costco warehouses worldwide.
How to Return: For an immediate refund (including shipping and handling), simply return your purchase at any one of our Costco warehouses worldwide. If you are unable to return your order at one of our warehouses, please email customer service or call our customer service center at 1-800-955-2292 for assistance. To expedite the processing of your return, please reference your order number.
If you request an item be picked up for return, the item must be packaged and available for pick up in the same manner as it was delivered. If your order was delivered "curb side", it will need to be available for curb side pick up.
If the item arrived to you in a box, it will need to be in a box at the time of pick up.
View Costco's Return Policy.
For information or a written copy of the manufacturer's warranty, please contact us at: firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
It's interesting to get a look at how the media outside of Seattle looks at the Mariners.
So, Talking Points turns to Cliff Corcoran of sportsillustrated.cnn.com.
Cocoran thinks after a couple of months in fourth place in the AL West, the M's won't be able to withstand the temptation of bringing some of their touted prospects up the the big-league roster.
He sees catcher Mike Zunino with the M's by the second half of the season, putting down signals for Danny Hultzen and Taijuan Walker.
This pushes Jesus Montero into the log jam at first base-designated hitter with Kendrys Morales, Raul Ibanez, Jason Bay, Justin Smoak and Mike Morse, unless Morse is good enough to play left field.
Zunino is only 22 and the was third overall pick in the 2012 draft.
He' has only 44 professional games under his belt, including just 15 at the Double-A level (where he hit .333).
He's consider "the big prospect'' in a squeaker over Walker, a right-hander who's also never played above Double-A.
Josh Hamilton already was unlikely to get a standing ovation when he returns to Rangers Ballpark this summer as a member of the Los Angeles Angels. And after his comments Monday, he might be booed mercilessly.
Hamilton, who spent the previous five seasons with the Texas Rangers, signed a five-year, $125 million contract with the rival Angels this past offseason. And he further alienated the Rangers franchise and fans with his recent comments.
"Texas, especially Dallas, has always been a football town," Hamilton told Dallas' CBS 11. "They're supportive, but they also got a little spoiled at the same time, pretty quickly. There are true baseball fans in Texas, but it's not a true baseball town."
Rangers manager Ron Washington chose to shrug off Hamilton's comments.
"There were 3.5 million fans that came through the turnstiles. That answers it right there.''


text:
Bath Rugby's Tom Heathcote named on the bench for Scotland A against England Saxons
Posted: January 29, 2014|
Bath Rugby fly-half Tom Heathcote has been named on the bench for Scotland A's clash against England Saxons on Friday.
The 21-year-old booted Scotland A to a first win on English soil at that level, scoring eight points in a 13-9 win over the Saxons in Newcastle last February.
But Heathcote, who has three senior caps to his name, has had to settle for a spot amongst the replacements for this year's meeting at Scotstoun.
Head coach Shade Munro said: "If you're going to have a one off game it's great to have it against England.
Related content
Bath Rugby fly-half Tom Heathcote selected for Scotland A
Talented Tom Heathcote stakes claim for Bath Rugby fly-half shirt
Bath Rugby duo Tom Heathcote and Paul James named in autumn international squads
Tom Heathcote relishing battle for Bath Rugby's number ten shirt
Why I chose Scotland, by Bath Rugby's Tom Heathcote
Tom Heathcote kicks Scotland A to victory over England Saxons
"We're trying to win our third game in a row against England Saxons, but we know how difficult the game is going to be and we'll need to be at our best to get a positive result.
"The players have one game to show what they can do before the RBS 6 Nations gets underway and it's a chance for them to showcase their skills in terms of promoting themselves to the national team.
"There is a great mix of youth and experience within our squad and it's really encouraging to see so many young players coming through and getting the opportunity.
"It's absolutely fantastic to be playing the game in Glasgow for the first time and I hope the fans come out in numbers to support the team."
Scotland A team to play England Saxons: 15 Jack Cuthbert (Edinburgh Rugby), 14 Dougie Fife (Edinburgh Rugby), 13 Mark Bennett (Glasgow Warriors), 12 Alex Grove (Worcester Warriors), 11 Byron McGuigan (Glasgow Warriors), 10 Greig Tonks (Edinburgh Rugby), 9 Henry Pyrgos (Glasgow Warriors), 1 Gordon Reid (Glasgow Warriors), 2 Fraser Brown (Glasgow Warriors), 3 Jon Welsh (Glasgow Warriors), 4 Kieran Low (London Irish), 5 Jonny Gray (Glasgow Warriors, capt), 6 Rob Harley (Glasgow Warriors), 7 Blair Cowan (London Irish), 8 Allister Hogg (Newcastle Flacons). Replacements: 16 Kevin Bryce (Glasgow Warriors), 17 Alex Allan (Edinburgh Rugby), 18 Ed Kalman (Glasgow Warriors), 19 Olly Atkins (Edinburgh Rugby), 20 Tyrone Holmes (Glasgow Warriors), 21 Grayson Hart (Edinburgh Rugby), 22 Tom Heathcote (Bath Rugby), 23 Richie Vernon (Glasgow Warriors).


text:
Springer, August 2008, 604 pp., US$ 64.95, ISBN 978-0-387-79233-0.
Information Theory and Network Coding consists of two parts: Components of Information Theory and Fundamentals of Network Coding Theory. Part I is a rigorous treatment of information theory for discrete and continuous systems. In addition to the classical topics, there are such modern topics as the I-Measure, Shannon-type and non-Shannon-type information inequalities, and a fundamental relation between entropy and group theory. With information theory as the foundation, Part II is a comprehensive treatment of network coding theory with detailed discussions on linear network codes, convolutional network codes, and multi-source network coding.
Other important features include:
· Derivations that are from the first principle
· A large number of examples throughout the book
· Many original exercise problems
· Easy-to-use chapter summaries
· Two parts that can be used separately or together for a comprehensive course
Information Theory and Network Coding is intended for senior undergraduate and graduate students in electrical engineering, computer science, and applied mathematics. The book can also be used as a reference for professional engineers in the area of communications.
Besides The Chinese University of Hong Kong, this book and its predecessor have been used as a textbook at
Univ of Akron, Univ of Belgrade, Ben-Gurion U, Bu-Ali Sina U, UC Berkeley, UC San Diego, UC Santa Barbra, UC Santa Cruz, Caltech, Columbia, COMSATS Institute of Technology, Cornell, Tech Univ of Crete, Dresden University of Technology, Iowa State Univ, Isfahan Univ of Technology, Kansas State Univ, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, U of Massachusetts Amherst, King Mongkut's Univ of Technolgy, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Louisiana State Univ, Univ of Maryland, Baltimore County, Univ of Massachusetts Amherst, Michigan State Univ, Univ of Nebraska-Lincoln, National Chiao Tung Univ, National Taiwan Univ of Science and Technology, Technische Universität München, Univ of Peloponnese, Univ of Porto, RWTH Aachen Univ, S.R.M. Inst. of Sc. & Technology, ShanghaiTech Univ, Univ of South Australia, Syracuse Univ, Univ of Tehran, Univ of Thessaly, PES Univ, Polytechnic U of Tirana, Univ of Victoria, Univ of Washington, and Univ of Western Ontario
and as a reference book at
UC Riverside, Univ of Central Florida, Chalmers Asia, Univ of Copenhagen, Delft Univ of Tech, Centro de Estudos em Telecomunicações, ETH, Univ of Geneva, Univ of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Univ of Incheon, Information and Communications University, International Institute of Information Technology, Lahore Univ of Management Sciences, Linköping Institute of Technology, MIT, McGill Univ, Univ of Melbourne, Univ of Minnesota, Nanyang Technological Univ, National Taiwan Ocean Univ, National Tsing Hua Univ, New Mexico State Univ, Northeastern Univ, Univ of Oklahoma, Univ of Pittsburg, Pohang Univ of Science & Tech, Queen's Univ, Univ of Rochester, Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Simon Fraser University, South Methodist Univ, Stanford, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, and Texas A&M, Univ of Toronto, Univ of Virginia, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Yuan Ze Univ.
Solution manual available to course instructors upon request. Please contact the author. The author acknowledges the generous support of a research award from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 2007 during which this book was written.
e-book (free with institutional subscription)
Book Reviews
IEEE Information Theory Society


text:
Burton dieters shed 230 lbs for firefighters
Posted: December 31, 2012|
A WEIGHT loss group is celebrating after managing to raise more than £100 for Burton firefighters.
The Queen Street Community Centre Weight Loss Challenge group has handed over a cheque for £113.22 to the firefighters' charity, after raising the money in 12 weeks.
The fund-raising was possible with a zumba session and raffles, while members are also fined if they miss a class and if they put on weight.
During the presentation, £300 was also donated to Louise Cartwright, who lost the most weight – losing her baby weight after having twins, while £200 was given to Ruqaha Sadique, who came second, and third place went to Flo Compton who was awarded £100.
The group lost a total of 232 lbs -16 stone 5lb.
The new classes start on Wednesday, January 9, at 7pm, and Friday, January 11, at 10am, both at the community centre, in Queen Street, Burton.


text:
Weekend Baking Project: Chocolate Ginger Peach Icebox Cake
In the heat of summer, we turn to ice box cake. This is made with a chocolate sponge and a peach and ginger semifreddo. More
In the heat of summer, we turn to ice box cake. This is made with a chocolate sponge and a peach and ginger semifreddo. More
When strawberries are in season I support strawberry shortcake in all forms and this recipe is quite possibly the easiest strawberry shortcake ever. More
You'll find this cake moist, tender, and citrusy, holding a touch of spice from pungent cinnamon. The whole things is soaked with a mixture of condensed milk and heavy cream, then covered with a generous blanket of ultra-smooth Swiss buttercream frosting after a brief spell in the icebox. This cake doesn't need layers to be decadent or awesome. More
This retro-inspired no-bake dessert is perfect for when you want a chocolate and minty treat without spending a ton of time in the kitchen. More
It may not fit the traditional definition of 'cake', but a tower of gingerbread and mascarpone cream might just be even better. This recipe from Vintage Cakes takes you through the assembly of what promises to be a stunning, and delicious holiday centerpiece. The snap of spiced gingerbread and the milky richness of mascarpone go together beautifully. More
With summertime upon us, I find myself looking for no-bake desserts that still satisfy. Just because the weather's hot doesn't mean I don't want cake—I'd just prefer not to have to heat up my apartment to get my fix. Enter the icebox cake. More
After Memorial Day, there are unsaid certain rules: wear white, drink iced coffee, and only turn on the oven when necessary. That's why we love icebox cakes. More
I recently worked on a video shoot making multiple Sacher tortes. Ingredients and snacks on set included apricot preserves, gingersnap cookies, and more bittersweet chocolate bars than Veruca Salt's father bought in search of the Wonka golden ticket. As I prepped, I assembled little gingersnap cookie sandwiches stuffed with chocolate and sticky with preserves. I knew I'd have to meld these ingredients in a cake. More


text:
Michael Shannon is getting some heat here in Tinseltown (Hollywood). He's rumored to be targeted as the villain in Zack Snyder's Superman reboot/remake/adaptation, after three other leads (Clark, Ma, and Pa Kent) have been filled by Henry Cavill, Diane Lane, and Kevin Costner, respectively.
Shannon has garnered attention for playing perhaps the most somber man ever captured on film in "Boardwalk Empire," so it's a safe bet that if he is to get the role of villain, that character will be humorless to say the least. It's uncertain what villain will appear in Superman: Man of Steel, but speculation is that Snyder will stay away from the Lex Luthor route, as it harkens back too much to the less-ballyhooed reboot a few years back.
Based on Shannon's"Boardwalk Empire" work, I think the natural move here is to create a fundamentalist Christian villain that self-flagellates, then spends found money on hookers and booze. That is to say, a flawed villain. (Deadline)
Consider posting a comment.


text:
IPad Air Blows Up!
I just woke up and this was in my news from a friend so I thought I would share just in case. I hope this is an isolated incident!
iPad Air Explodes In Store -- Fire Department Called Out | Cult of Mac
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 03:02 PM.
Powered by vBulletin
Copyright ©2000 - 2015, Jelsoft Enterprises Ltd.


text:
Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by Cynthia on 07/28/2013
I have been wanting the pig in the blankets for awhile now I did it! The food was good...it was a snack. There were 4 of use two adults and two teens, we orders 6 originals, 4 spicy, and 2 chicken. All was good, but my favorite was the spicy. The pigs come with dipping sauce: bbq, mustard, and a ketchup. My favorite was the bbq, I like sweet with spicy. At the Seaport the only down side, which is a positive, is that everything was made fresh so we had to wait. The service was good and the two behind the counter were friendly. The other downside, which is a positive, is that I had to share with the two teens and I wanted more. The sausages were good and the dough, which is pastry dough is light and airy, which I liked. We paid 32.00 for 20 piggies and large tots (nothing special-but ok), and 4 bottled waters. As we waited others were waiting as well, which is a good sign of good food!


text:
The founders of Burlington Day School and The Elon School shared a similar vision. Though they were at different stages in their journeys, both were determined to provide an independent education option for our community and were committed to similar core values in which students are challenged yet supported.
In a move to streamline and strengthen that vision, the Board members, parents, alumni, faculty, staff and friends of both schools have come together to form one school. In July 2013, BDS and TES merged to form an independent pre-kindergarten to 12th grade college preparatory school. Initially we will operate the merged school on the two campuses currently used by BDS and TES. As we prepare for our future, we are developing a comprehensive campus plan to unify our school at one location.
Rooted in core learning, character and community, our curriculum is progressive and focused on the creative and critical thinking skills needed in the 21st century. We intend to develop our students' intellectual curiosity, their love of learning and their desire to make a better world. Our students deserve the finest education, and we intend to provide it to them.
Family and Student Handbook for 2014-2015
© 2014 The Burlington School 1615 Greenwood Terrace / 408 West Davis Street, Burlington, NC 27215 P 336 228 0296 P 336 395 8550 Email Us Privacy Policy


text:
Wednesday, March 13, 2013
Georgetown County authorities say its still unknown if the same person is responsible for two bank robberies that took place last week in the Waccamaw Neck area.
On Friday, the Conway National Bank at 10608 Ocean Highway was robbed at gunpoint by a man wearing a gold badge on his belt and a baseball cap with the word police on the front.
Two female tellers described the suspect as a white man in his mid- to late-40s. His face was covered with a black cloth that had eye holes. He had short gray hair and was wearing sunglasses under the cloth.
He was also wearing military style cargo pants, tan shoes and a black leather coat.
One of the women said when the man walked in the bank at about 10:20 a.m., he was messing with something around his face, the report states.
When the suspect walked up to the counter, he told the teller, at gunpoint, to not push the alarm button. After demanding all the $50s and $100s he then said he wanted all of the money from her cash drawer, the report states.
He then said he wanted all the money from the other teller as he was ordering them to not place a dye pack in with the cash.
Once he got the money, the man stuffed it in his coat pockets and fled the scene on foot.
The area was searched using a bloodhound but the robber was not located.
The CNB robbery took place four days after the NBSC Bank in Murrells Inlet was robbed under similar circumstances.
In that robbery, the suspect is described as a white man, about 5-feet-9-inches tall, wearing dark clothing, possibly a flannel shirt, and a mask.
Sheriffs Office spokeswoman Carrie Cuthbertson was asked if the two robberies may be related.
It is too early in the investigation to make that assumption, she responded. Georgetown County Sheriffs investigators are considering all options.
By Scott Harper
South Strand News is pleased to offer readers the enhanced ability to comment on stories. We expect our readers to engage in lively, yet civil discourse. We do not edit user submitted statements and we cannot promise that readers will not occasionally find offensive or inaccurate comments posted in the comments area. Responsibility for the statements posted lies with the person submitting the comment, not South Strand News.
If you find a comment that is objectionable, please click "report abuse" and we will review it for possible removal. Please be reminded, however, that in accordance with our Terms of Use and federal law, we are under no obligation to remove any third party comments posted on our website. Read our full terms and conditions.
© 2015 South Strand News an Evening Post Industries company. All Rights Reserved.
Registration on or use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Terms of Service, Privacy Policy and Parental Consent Form.


text:
All administrative units, including the Office of the Superintendent/President, Human Resources, Academic Affairs, Student Affairs, Fiscal Affairs, and Computer Systems and Services, as well as the administrative functions of the Higher Education Centers are scheduled for review according to the attached timeline.
The purpose of the review is to improve the overall quality of services, assist staff in conducting a self-study of their units and assure that the units are effective in meeting the needs of our diverse faculty, staff and students.
The results of the reviews will facilitate planning and decision making and promote a comprehensive understanding of the many administrative services provided by District staff.
For this cycle only, all Level 4 Program Reviews have been "preloaded" with information from the 13-14 snapshot submitted for every program. These "preloaded" snapshots must be downloaded from SharePoint.
Click here for a PDF file with instructions for downloading your preloaded program review or
Click here for a video demonstration on how to download your preloaded program review from SharePoint.
Business and Financial Affairs/Human Resources/Superintendent President Program Review Form:
Click here for a blank Outcomes Assessment Timeline
Southwestern College is an equal opportunity educator and employer | Disclaimer | Directions to SWC
© 2011 Southwestern College, 900 Otay Lakes Road, Chula Vista, CA 91910. (619) 421-6700
The Southwestern College is not responsible for the content of external sites.
Thank you for visiting the Southwestern College website.


text: Theater is storytelling.West Jefferson United Methodist Church told a good story well last week as part of what it describes as its drama ministry. The show is Smoke on the Mountain and is familiar to many for its collection of Gospel tunes.When you study a theatrical production from the inside out as a cast member, you tend to see a different side of the story usually a more in-depth tale.That is what the cast of Smoke on the Mountain found in its six weeks of rehearsal.I played the part of Burl Sanders, the father and household head of a family of Gospel music singers. They make their living in rural North Carolina in 1938, Running a little filling station-grocerette upon Highway 11 near Siler City.Each character exhibits his or her own life challenge, showing how they got from point A to point B in their lives.Burl is trying to trust in his God but is running into the challenge of making sure a family of five (six his brother Stanley has just returned from prison) gets food and shelter. At first I characterized Burls dilemma as a challenge, but looking deeper we see fear.That fear as for all of us presents a quandary for Burl. It helped bring to life the reality of people faced with similar challenges and fear.He is looking at the bank taking over his store, his family wasting away to nothing because his competitor up the road has started selling beer and has drawn away what appears to Burl at the time to be all of the income that had been coming to the Sanders store business. The beer challenge aside, does this story sound a bit familiar to anyone out there?Is anyone looking at the bank taking over his store (or house)? Is any household head out there living the fear of his or her family wasting away to nothing?Burl found his answer by trusting in his Lord to provide customers and to be patient and wait on things his family wants but doesnt need. He also looked constantly for ways to support his family in a way that he felt acceptable.Stanley, the wayward brother, played by Jim Barlow, has come home, to the welcoming arms of his brother and family and learns the difficulties and benefits of being a part of the family. People want to tell Stanley how to live, and he doesnt take to it to well, but he is trying to stick it out and learn.Stanley also teaches us not to judge.In Stanleys time, the closing days of the Great Depression, as in our own, many families had their homes and existences downsized. Many were homeless, traveling from place to place with all their belongings carried on their backs or the back of a truck. Many good people have bad things thrown in their way. Thats how Stanley ended up doing hard labor hanging over the Yadkin River, popping rivets into bridges for 18 months. There he meets many men that are much like him and like the rest of us.And Stanly takes another step in his walk of learning and living with people.And we can take the step with him for a time through the benefits of theater.I tell stories every day about the happenings in Ashe County.I look for the right words and combinations and phrasing and the right placement in a paragraph to deliver the message effectively.None of my word stories are more powerfully told than the ones acted out on stage for all to see.West Jefferson United Methodist Church has offered Ashe a good route to learning.Ashe County Little Theater will offer us another story told and acted out when it presents Camelot June 24, 25, 26, 27 and 28. Tickets will go on sale on a month before show dates.Camelot is a tale of love, good overcoming evil, human frailty, life changes, enduring principles and some great music.Lets all watch, listen and learn about that story.Lonnie Adamson is Editor/General Manager of the Jefferson Post.


text:
More New and Used
from Private Sellers
The Cambridge Companion to the Symphonyby Edited by Julian Horton
Cambridge University Press
Questions About This Book?
Why should I rent this book?
Renting is easy, fast, and cheap! Renting from eCampus.com can save you hundreds of dollars compared to the cost of new or used books each semester. At the end of the semester, simply ship the book back to us with a free UPS shipping label! No need to worry about selling it back.
How do rental returns work?
Returning books is as easy as possible. As your rental due date approaches, we will email you several courtesy reminders. When you are ready to return, you can print a free UPS shipping label from our website at any time. Then, just return the book to your UPS driver or any staffed UPS location. You can even use the same box we shipped it in!
What version or edition is this?
This is the 1st edition with a publication date of 6/28/2013.
What is included with this book?
- The New copy of this book will include any supplemental materials advertised. Please check the title of the book to determine if it should include any CDs, lab manuals, study guides, etc.
- The Rental copy of this book is not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. You may receive a brand new copy, but typically, only the book itself.
Few genres of the last 250 years have proved so crucial to the course of music history, or so vital to public musical experience, as the symphony. This Companion offers an accessible guide to the historical, analytical and interpretative issues surrounding this major genre of Western music, discussing an extensive variety of works from the eighteenth century to the present day. The book complements a detailed review of the symphony's history with focused analytical essays from leading scholars on the symphonic music of both mainstream composers, including Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven and lesser-known figures, including Carter, Berio and Maxwell Davies. With chapters on a comprehensive range of topics, from the symphony's origins to the politics of its reception in the twentieth century, this is an invaluable resource for anyone with an interest in the history, analysis and performance of the symphonic repertoire.
Table of Contents
|Introduction: understanding the symphony
|Historical Overview of the Genre
|The Viennese symphony 1750 to 1827
|Other classical repertories
|The symphony after Beethoven after
|The symphony since Mahler: national and international trends
|Studies in Symphonic Analysis
|Six great early symphonists
|Harmonies and effects: Haydn and Mozart in parallel
|Beethoven: structural principles and narrative strategies
|Cyclical thematic processes in the nineteenth-century symphony
|Tonal strategies in the nineteenth-century symphony
|'Two-dimensional' symphonic forms: Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony, before, and after Steven
|Symphony/antiphony: formal strategies in the twentieth-century symphony
|Performance, Reception and Genre
|The symphony and the classical orchestra
|Beethoven's shadow: the nineteenth century
|The symphony as programme music
|'Symphonies of the free spirit': the Austro-German symphony in early Soviet Russia
|The symphony in Britain: guardianship and renewal
|The symphony, the modern orchestra and the performing canon
|Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Find the perfect discount boys shirts for your newborn, infant, toddler or little boy and save big at Sophias Style! With so many discount boys tops and sale boys shirts to choose from, you are sure to find just what he needs. And don't forget to shop our entire section of boys sale clothing for more great deals.
Unisex School Uniform Top Navy Pique Long Sleeved Polo Shirt 5/6
Our Price $18.99
Sale Price: $7.99
Boys School Uniforms Light Blue Long Sleeve Oxford Shirt
Our Price $18.99
Sale Price: $7.99


text:
Editors' picks
The Hard Sell
Julia Raeside on InjuryLawyers4U
The Guide features p3
Mad for art!
Central Station's lurid late-80s artwork rebranded Manchester as the 'dance capital of England'. To celebrate a new retrospective, Sam Delaney looks back with Happy Mondays' Shaun Ryder who's - naturally - raving about it
The Guide features p10
Breaking news broke my movie
What scuppered the chances of Ben Affleck's latest film? This time he can't blame the critics, says Andrea Hubert. Events in Portugal on the other hand...
The Guide features p14
Bring on the superbums
If only... heroes were a bit less "super". John Patterson wants to see how our screen idols would cope with social exile and financial adversity
The Guide features p17
In cinemas this weekend
California Dreamin' | Sex And The City | Zoo | Change Of Address | Chemical Wedding | Welcome Home Roscoe Jenkins | The Unwinking Gaze | Jules Et Jim
The Guide features p19
Film preview
David Lean, London & Nationwide | Common Language, Nationwide | Bruce Weber, London | London Spanish Film Festival, London
The Guide features p21
DVD releases
No Country For Old Men
The Guide features p23
Dig out the dungarees
Lauren Cochrane has got that vibe: smooth sounds from the 90s are back
The Guide features p25
Tony Naylor's new releases review
Caspa Codina | Mystery Jets | Sebastian | Pin Me Down | Bozzwell
Pop preview
Lykke Li, on tour
The Guide features p27
Rock preview
Radiohead, on tour | Stephen Malkmus & The Jicks, on tour | The Dodos, on tour
Jazz preview
Benny Golson, London | Teak Project, London
The Guide features p28
Classical preview
Don Carlo, London
The Guide features p29
Games previewHaze, PS3 | Boom Blox, Nintendo Wii | Iron Man, Nintendo DS, PC, PS2, PS3, PSP, Xbox 360, Nintendo Wii
The Guide features p32
Club preview
Pinup Nights, Glasgow | Sleeveface, London | The Hat Club, Brighton | Habit, Newcastle upon Tyne | Savagelegends, London
The Guide features p34
Michael Holden's All ears
I was in a book shop when I noticed a couple talking to one another across a giant display of discounted hardbacks
The Guide features p35
Theatre preview
Arcadia, Pitlochry | Mary Poppins, Plymouth | Afterlife, London | IPH... From The Greek Iphigeneia In Aulis By Euripides, Colchester | X.trax, Manchester | The Chalk Garden, London | The Terrible Infants, on tour | Dr Korczak's Example, Manchester
The Guide features p38
Comedy preview
Jo Brand, on tour | Joe Rogan, London | Liverpool Comedy Festival, Liverpool
The Guide features p40
Dance preview
Suzhou Kunqu Opera Company, London | Dance Exchange: 613 Radical Acts Of Prayer, Portlaoise | BP Summer Big Screen
The Guide features p41
The week's TV highlights
In The Shadow Of The Moon | This Is England | Big Brother | The Culture Show | The Devil Wears Primark
The Guide features p51
Charlie Brooker's screen burn
Dateline NBC's To Catch A Predator is troubling viewing - but at least justice prevails
The Guide features p52
The week's best films on TV
Your daily pick of the movies on terrestrial TV, reviewed by Paul Howlett
The Guide features p53
Ridley's believe it or not
Do aliens exist? Is human evolution an impossibility? Is Russell Crowe really that good? The elder Scott brother ponders the improbable ...


text:
I think the bad dogs that run around eating things would be more appropriate!
Printable View
I think the bad dogs that run around eating things would be more appropriate!
Not enough type fonts. Needs six animated American flags.
No flashing background color.
Needs a popup telling that you are the 800 visitor to the site and you just won a Newton.
(Found by browsing really old versions of the Tom Bihn Web site at the Internet Archive Wayback pages.)
Attachment 2216
Now I need to upgrade my Netscape browser. I am **SO** slamming you guys on my Compuserve forum. ;-)
;) :) !
I thought the Top Stitches were going to release their first hit and go on tour all over but very busy Darcy took the time to take us "Back to the Future".
Thank You for the laugh!
Cannot forget the animated gif divider bars.
Those are KEY.
Related note: If you haven't checked it out ... the original website for Space Jam still exists. It's amazing how far we've come.
Space Jam
HI Darcy,
I gotta say, I like the TB current look MUCH more. I'm not opposed to changes and updates. In this case I think it's unfortunate the website needs to be changed. I agree with Walker, the logo airplane seems to have lost something in tranlation and the yellow on orange/red is very hard to read. The overall "feel" of the existing site is great. The updated version seems void of TB's personality that I've come to know and love.
Thanks for listening,
Moose, this was an April fool's day joke, trying to make the site look like something from many, many years ago when people accessed the web primarily via dial up using things like prodigy or compuserve.
Ok, this is me smacking my head and lurking off while feeling exceptionally ditzy.


text:
Stanford University's decision this week to end investments in coal companies may bolster student- led campaigns to stop climate change that have spread to hundreds of U.S. college campuses.
Stanford University's decision to stop investing in coal companies may help bolster the hundreds of student-led campaigns that have spread across college campuses in the past two years aimed at stopping climate change.
Stanford University President John Hennessy stands to gain a windfall from Qualcomm Inc.'s $3.2 billion purchase of Atheros Communications Inc. , adding to the tens of millions he's amassed through ties to Silicon Valley.
Stanford University, which helped spawn California's Silicon Valley of computer and electronics companies, is seeking alumni support to open an engineering school in New York City.
Eli Lilly & Co. Chief Executive Officer John Lechleiter said during a panel discussion in Washington that U.S. lawmakers should renew the research-and- development tax credit to make it easier for companies to compete globally. The Oct. 5 event, sponsored by Harvard University and the Business Roundtable and hosted by Bloomberg News in Washington, centered on ways to spur innovation.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology President Susan Hockfield said during a panel discussion in Washington that Congress must keep its pledge to let U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or PTO, have control over all the fees it collects to promote innovation and spur job creation. The Oct. 5 event, sponsored by Harvard University and the Business Roundtable and hosted by Bloomberg News, centered on ways to spur innovation.
Five corporate executives and seven university leaders discussed with John Holdren, President Barack Obama's science adviser, and David Kappos, head of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, ways to boost the economy through promoting innovation during an Oct. 5 event in Washington sponsored by Harvard University and the Business Roundtable and hosted by Bloomberg News.
U.S. House Majority Leader Eric Cantor, a Virginia Republican, told a gathering of chief executive officers and university leaders that the U.S. must grant visas to skilled workers from overseas more quickly to halt an "exodus" of "foreign nationals in this country who come here" to attend universities "and then find it too difficult to stay here." The Oct. 5 event at Bloomberg News' Washington bureau was sponsored by Harvard University and the Business Roundtable.
In the 25 years Johns Hopkins University and Nanjing University have run a joint campus in China, it's never published an academic journal. When American student Brendon Stewart tried last year, he found out why.
For two decades, U.S. universities have raced to build campuses abroad to burnish their reputation and attract foreign students. Now, controversies and stumbles at high-profile projects have led some to reconsider expansion.
"Moving away from coal in the investment context is a small but constructive step while work continues at Stanford and elsewhere to develop broadly viable sustainable energy solutions for the future."
- John Hennessy on May 06, 2014
Stanford President Sees 'Crowded' Silicon Valley (Audio)


text:
EAST GREENBUSH – A Selkirk man was arrested Monday in connection with the ongoing sale of heroin in East Greenbush and Rensselaer.
East Greenbush police arrested Ryan J. Bentley, 25, after a monthlong investigation into the distribution of heroin in both East Greenbush and Rensselaer.
Bentley was charged with third-degree criminal possession of a controlled substance with intent to sell. He was sent to Rensselaer County Jail and is to reappear March 21 in East Greenbush Town Court.
A 2007 Chevrolet Cobalt was also seized from Bentley in relation to the investigation.