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Signs & Seasons Field Journal and Test Manual
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Product Description
Product Information
|Format: Paperback
Vendor: Fourth Day Press
Publication Date: 2008
Availability: In Stock
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Product Reviews
RachaelVirginiaAge: 45-54Gender: female5 Stars Out Of 5This product goes well with the text.July 20, 2012RachaelVirginiaAge: 45-54Gender: femaleQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5When I purchased the text that goes with this manual I debated if I needed to purchase this journal. I am so very glad that I did! There are some wonderful hands-on materials in this manual and charts and tables to record our studies. I will be using this text to study the heavens with my kids and husband. It is so simply and yet beautifully written that even though I will be giving high school credit to my older children, I will also be including my youngest child in the study as well.
Shortstack5 Stars Out Of 5October 6, 2010ShortstackQuality: 5Value: 5Meets Expectations: 5Great addition to the Book. Lots to do, most of it outside. Fresh air, love it!
Ask Christianbook
Ask Christianbook
Author/Artist Review
Located in: Cleveland, Ohio
Submitted: September 18, 2008
Tell us a little about yourself. I am the author of Signs & Seasons: Understanding the Elements of Classical Astronomy. Since 2002, I've created the Classical Astronomy Update, an email astronomy newsletter especially for Christian homeschoolers. Prior to that, I had been involved in mainstream astronomy popularization since about 1996.
What was your motivation behind this project? Though Signs & Seasons includes 40 pages of field activities, many of the users asked for this workbook to help them get organized and facilitate the accomplishment of the activities. The workbook takes most of the "heavy lifting" out of creating a field journal, allowing the students and their parents to spend more time learning the sky. Also, the parents requested chapter tests so they could assign a letter grade to their high schooler, hence the test manual portion of the workbook.
What do you hope folks will gain from this project? It remains our hope and vision that a young generation will regain an understanding and appreciation for the LORD's sky, and rediscover the traditional techniques for finding the time and direction from the Sun, Moon and stars.
How were you personally impacted by working on this project? The LORD blessed me with a window of opportunity to create this workbook in the winter of '08. The work went very well, and our previous experience publishing Signs & Seasons made the process very smooth.
Who are your influences, sources of inspiration or favorite authors / artists? Other than the classic authors read while researching Signs & Seasons, I enjoy Francis Schaeffer and C.S. Lewis. My favorite Christian author of fiction is Stephen Lawhead. Other contemporary favorites include P.J. O'Rourke. I enjoy the columnists in WORLD magazine, especially Marvin Olasky and Gene Edward Veith.
Anything else you'd like readers / listeners to know: Make the effort to learn the sky and rediscover the secrets of Classical Astronomy. Christians can reclaim the secrets of this forgotten science to the greater glory of God. You will appreciate the handiwork of His celestial creation. It will enhance your knowledge in many areas, from understanding scientific methodology to appreciating history and classic literature. Best of all, observing God's glory in the sky is FREE!


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1873 – James TYE was born in Buel, Michigan 141 years ago to Tuffield Tye & Mary GARDNER. (2nd great-granduncle -m)
1953 – George ROSS died 61 years ago in Saginaw, Michigan at 60 years old. (1st cousin 3x removed -p)
If you have information about any of these people or if you would like more information, please contact me!

subset: commoncrawl


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Mountains of the Mind: a History of a FascinationPaperback
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- Publisher: GRANTA BOOKS
- Format: Paperback | 320 pages
- Dimensions: 128mm x 194mm x 24mm | 240g
- Publication date: 1 July 2008
- Publication City/Country: London
- Illustrations note: Illustrations, maps
- Sales rank: 12,067
Product description
Why do so many feel compelled to risk their lives climbing mountains? During the climbing season, one person a day dies in the Alps, and more people die climbing in this season in Scotland than they do on the roads. "Mountains of the Mind" pursues a fascinating investigation into our emotional and imaginative responses to mountains, and how these have changed over the last few centuries. It is rich with literary and historical references, and punctuated by beautifully written descriptions of the author's own climbing experiences. There are chapters on glaciers, geology, the pursuit of fear, the desire to explore the unknown, and the desire to get to the summit, and the book ends with a gripping account of Mallory's attempt on Everest. "Mountains of the Mind" is a beautifully written synthesis of climbing memoir and cultural history.
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Author information
Mountains of the Mind: A History of a Fascination (2003), won the Guardian First Book Award, The Somerset Maugham Award, and The Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award, and was filmed by the BBC. It was also short-listed for the Ondaatje Prize for the Literature of Place, the John Llewellyn Rhys Prize, the Boardman-Tasker Prize for Mountaineering Literature, the Banff Mountain Literature Award, and long-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction. It was acclaimed as 'one of the two most important books written around the experience of mountains in the past fifty years'. Robert Macfarlane is a Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He lives in Cambridge with his family.
Review quote
'Macfarlane writes very well - he loves the mountains as much as anyone - very personal - everyone should read it' Trail 'The most exhilarating history of mountaineering - less the tale of how mountains got climbed than the story of why they became objects of such fascination to us - a riveting read' Jeremy Paxman, Guardian Summer Reads 'Of all the books published to mark the 50th anniversary of climbing Mount Everest, Robert Macfarlane's Mountains of the Mind stands out as by far the most intelligent and interesting - he can be as poetic as he is plucky' Economist


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Anthony St. Louis nodded and smiled at a passing car Tuesday as he spun his sign on the corner of Barnes Road and Powers Boulevard.
The driver of the car gave a honk and wave to the sign spinner for Liberty Tax Service. The 21-year-old, dressed in his green Statue of Liberty costume, responded with enthusiasm, twirling the arrow-shaped sign once again before flipping it onto his foot, tossing it back into the air and dancing around.


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User:Caroline M. Ajo-Franklin
From OpenWetWare
I am a new member of OpenWetWare!
Contact Info
- Caroline M. Ajo-Franklin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab
- 1 Cyclotron Rd.
- Mail Stop 67R5110
- Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Email me through OpenWetWare
I run a research group at Lawrence Berkeley Lab. I've joined because I run a lab and would like to easily post and share protocols etc.
- Year, PhD, Institute
- Year, MS, Institute
- Year, BS, Institute
Research interests
- Interest 1
- Interest 2
- Interest 3
- Goldbeter A and Koshland DE Jr. . pmid:6947258.
- JACOB F and MONOD J. . pmid:13718526.
leave a comment about a paper here
- Mark Ptashne. A genetic switch. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004. isbn:0879697164.


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Tracking Our Next Winter StormFebruary 2nd, 2014 at 7:06 pm by Pamela Gardner under Colts Forecast, Weather
Right Now: A few flurries are moving through the southeastern parts of Indiana. A winter system is just south of Indiana and will continue to move east tonight. We are dealing with chilly temps in the 20s with some wind chill temps in the teens.
Tonight & Monday: Temps fall to the single digits and lower teens with wind chill values around 0 degrees. Monday, partly cloudy with highs in the 20s for most.
Winter Storm Details: The track of the Tuesday, Wednesday storm is still uncertain with each forecast model run. The snowfall amounts are becoming a little more clear. Although, because the track isn't certain we could really get a lot of ice with the system if it goes north. Or we could get a heavier snow band in Indianapolis if the system takes a southern track. Based on the latest forecast models, we will get 5″+ of snow in northeastern Indiana, 2″ to 5″ of snow in a narrow band along & south of I-70, 1″ to 2″ of snow and ice south of there. The National Weather Service may issue a winter storm watch later tonight as the latest forecast models come in. Stay tuned to the Forecast 8 team as we continue to tweak the forecast to give you the most accurate numbers as possible.
Extended Forecast: Temps get colder after the winter storm moves through. Highs on Thursday will only be in the mid teens. Overnight lows dip to the single digits. Friday's highs reach the lower 20s. Next weekend we have another round of winter weather on tap.


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Pirates given a jolt as Chiefs go on rampage
Posted: August 25, 2011|
Cornish Pirates 3, Exeter Chiefs 58
CORNISH Pirates boss Chris Stirling described this result as a jolt after watching his team concede seven tries to a powerful Chiefs outfit in their opening pre-season fixture.
The Pirates were competitive in the first half but faded badly after the break as the Premiership side turned up the heat running in 42 unanswered points prompting the New Zealander to remark: "That was the jolt we needed but maybe not in terms of the score.
"I'm disappointed that it blew out a bit and they scored tries in clusters on a couple of occasions because of a lack of concentration on our part, but that was what we needed."
He added: "We got out-muscled and out physical-ed at every aspect of the game so it was a real eye-opener to our guys that while we are a very good team in the Championship, that was an example of the difference between our league and the Premiership."
The Chiefs were ahead after just four minutes as a Fijian international wrecking ball named Sireli Naqelevuki bulldozed his way down the right flank before setting up new signing Myles Dorrian for the opening try.
Ignacio Mieres added the conversion and a hat-trick of first half penalties as the Argentinean set about claiming a personal haul of 23 points for the match.
The only points of the match for the Cornish Pirates came from a Ceiron Thomas penalty but the Welsh fly-half was carrying an injury and did not re-appear for the second half.
But on a hot and humid afternoon the Pirates remained competitive throughout the first half and while the lineout was too frequently disrupted by the Chiefs, the home scrum remained solid all afternoon posing more than a few problems for Rob Baxter's side.
The second half, however, belonged to the Chiefs and they quickly took the game by the throat with early tries from Foster and Rennie. Unable to gain any meaningful possession the Cornish Pirates were forced to defend for long periods as the Chiefs carved out a series of chances.
In the final quarter the floodgates finally caved in as Josh Tatupu and Richie Baxter claimed tries to take the lead to 44-3. A further brace of tries in stoppage time from Haydn Thomas and Matt Jess completed the rout.
In summing-up Chris Stirling said: "We were put under huge pressure in certain areas of the game which I felt we may have stood up to better than we did.
"What we have to look at now is what happened, how we did it and make sure that we do it better next time.
"We turned the ball over at the breakdown too much today because our body positions weren't right.
"We struggled at the set piece which was to be expected but the game was all about making sure we develop in those areas and we wanted to test our lineout today which wasn't functioning too well. We needed to go there to find out."
He added: "In attack we need to get more width. In Defence we need to get into position quicker so we can push off the line with more purpose."


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True Blood
Will Hoyt Die on True Blood?
True Blood's Hoyt is having the worst day ever. Not only has he spent most of Season 5 dressed like the fangbanger version of an Elliott Smith fanboy, but this week, he was eaten by a herd of deranged pigs and no one even noticed.
Turns out that Sam, Andy, Jason, and Luna were too busy saving Sookie to care that Bubba was being eaten alive, and it was at least five minutes before they bothered to claw the hungry piglets away from his hot bod. Major fail, everyone.
Sadly, it looks like this unlucky hillbilly is on death's doorstep, and last we heard, Jason had taken him to Bon Temps' trusty hospital for evaluation. Right, because they have such a great track record.
We have no clue whether Hoyt will live to drink another brewski, but we're crossing our fingers in the hopes that Jessica will rub blood all over his wounds. The problem? Last time we checked, Baby Vamp couldn't "sense" Hoyt, which means there's no way for her to know that he's in danger!
What do you think, Truebies? Will Hoyt make it, or is he another tragic victim of Miss Piggy's evil plot to rule the world? Weigh in below!


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The King of the Hill was the original big mountain snowboard competition from The mid '90s in Valdez. This year marked the resurrection of the event. Travis Rice proved to be the King of the Hill, earning the crowds praise after a big, smooth 720 in the middle of his line. The footage of Travis is from a small point and shoot camera, so he's pretty small, but the crowd is obviously stoked. The helmet cam footage is from my second run on the big mountain venue.
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First off, we'd like to wish a Happy 22nd Birthday to Rob! We hope you have a fantastic day from all of us here at Blue Hour! It's Tuesday which means, Twilight Tuesday has arrived! Check out some of the awesome things that MTV has posted up recently:
+ Twilight Rides: Check Out Carlisle Cullen's Slick Mercedes + Exclusive: Twilight Filmmakers Hope To Shoot Sequels Simultaneously
The LA Times has issued an an article of the movie (descriptive, spoilers!), along with some brand spanking new images from the movie which you can check out in our gallery or by clicking the images below:
Also, I've added a new header (well, kind of. Same picture but with different attributes) Lastly, if you have any fanart, graphics, etc (basically anything that falls in the 'media' section) we would love to have your submissions! Please send them to email@example.com and we'll add them (with credit)!


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U.S. Pharmacist's
Supplement Use With Hepatitis C TreatmentTC is a 46-year-old Caucasian female who presents to your pharmacy requesting a refill on telaprevir. She plans to do some shopping while waiting for the prescription. Before her name is called, TC presents to the consultation counter to speak with you about a product she plans to purchase. TC shows you the product, St. John's wort. TC shares that her friend told her it treats symptoms of depression, and she wants to know if it is safe for her to take.
You inquire about her need for the product and TC replies, "I started hepatitis C treatment 4 weeks ago and am doing really well with the medications. I never miss a dose, and I take telaprevir with some type of fatty food!" She goes on to share that she was excited to start hepatitis C treatment; however, over the past month, she noticed a change in her mood. TC offers, "I was diagnosed with depression 2 years ago after my divorce. I am taking a medication every day for my depression, and prior to last month, I felt like myself again." She questions the reason for this change and offers that she would like to try St. John's wort to improve her mood.
Her current medication profile includes: telaprevir 750 mg PO TID, Pegasys 180 mcg injection subcutaneously once weekly, ribavirin 600 mg PO BID, escitalopram 10 mg PO daily, hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg PO daily, and cetirizine 10 mg PO daily.
How would you advise TC on the use of St. John's wort in light of her current therapy?
Marissa C. Salvo, PharmD
Assistant Clinical Professor
University of Connecticut School of Pharmacy
Storrs, Connecticut


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August 4, 2015
LOS ANGELES (AP) - Moist, unstable air over Southern California mountains and deserts have triggered severe thunderstorms and flash-flood warnings in the inland region.
Towering thunderheads formed Thursday over the mountains Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside and San Diego counties.
The National Weather Service reports weak rotation in a midafternoon line of severe thunderstorms in west-central Riverside County but says a tornado is not likely to immediately form. The weather service cautions, however, that it is possible a tornado could form.
Numerous lightning strikes are also occurring and forecasters say there also could be hail.
Copyright 2015 Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed.
Click Here to access the online Public Inspection File
Viewers with disabilities can get assistance accessing this station's FCC Public Inspection File by contacting the station with the information listed below. Questions or concerns relating to the accessibility of the FCC's online public file system should be directed to the FCC at 888-225-5322, 888-835-5322 (TTY), or email@example.com.


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We offer real estate marketing expertise serving The Sea Ranch, Gualala, Irish Beach, Timber Cove and the Northern Sonoma Coast and the Southern Mendocino Coast.
Our friendly and professional agents cover the coastal area from Fort Ross to Elk. We have expertise and knowledge in business and commercial transactions, ranches, timber, and residential properties, and provide a full range of support services.
We are committed to making your transactions enjoyable, easy and efficient. We strive for long-term relationships with our clients and guaranteed continuing service. We look forward to working with you!
We hope you enjoy our website. Please begin by clicking on a link to your left. You might like to start with our Featured Properties!
Home | Get Instant Updates!| Information for Buyers | Information for Sellers | Featured Properties | Luxury Coastal Properties
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Kennedy & Associates | PO BOX 900 | 39040 S. Highway One | Gualala, CA 95445
P: 707-884-9000 | F: 707-884-9003 | E: email@example.com
Content © 2006 Kennedy & Associates.


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Celebrity Buzz
Your daily dose of hot news & gossip.
Posts filtered on Tag
'Today' show reportedly dumping Ann Curry
NBC is "readying a plan" to replace Ann Curry on the Today show, the New York Times is reporting this afternoon. The planning — which is taking place in secret and has not been finalized — is effectively an admission that all is not well at Today, … consistently ranked No. 1 in the morning […] [Read More]


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Our Mission
To reduce the incidence, trauma and secrecy of child sexual abuse by providing professionally guided self-help groups for child victims, adult victims and their families.Who We Are & What We Do
Parents United offers support groups to anyone affected by child sexual abuse. Adults served by Parents United include adults molested as children, non-offending parents/foster parents, offenders, parents/foster parents of children with sexual behavior problems, and people who support any of the above such as partners, parents, or siblings. Daughters & Sons United, a program of Parents United, serves children and adolescents who have been sexually abused, as well as their siblings.
Groups run in 12-week cycles with new cycles starting throughout the year.
Groups for children are free and adult groups are offered at $12.00 per 12-week cycle. Scholarships are available for those who may struggle to pay the full $12.00. It is the belief of Parents United that everyone deserves help and cost should never be a barrier.
Parents United welcomes invitations to speak to groups about child sexual abuse and has a commitment to community awareness and public education.
Meeting Dates & Times
United for Adults and Daughters &
Groups run in 12-week cycles throughout the year. Please call the Coordinator for specific dates.
The location of the groups are not published except to caretakers,
child protective service workers, facilitators and group members
(after they have gone through the intake process) to protect the
individual group members. For planning purposes, know that
these groups are held in the downtown Omaha area.
Contact Information
Parents United
Against Child Sexual Abuse
(A program of Lutheran Family Services of Nebraska, Inc.)
Program Coordinator:
Trish Jolly-Duran, PLMHP
120 South 24th Street, Suite 100
Omaha, NE 68102
Office: (402) 978-5631
Fax: (402) 661-7117
On Facebook: search Parents United of Omaha


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Covers the key differences video editors need to know to master Media Composer and make the switch from Final Cut Pro.
Explores Media Composer tools and techniques for producing great looking video, as well as the basics of high definition media formats.
"Thank you for the great teachers, training, wide subject matter, and affordable pricing." —Bud S.
more from our members »


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Ann Caterina
"Quick, easy, and wildly satisfying soup that is both light and hearty. This soup freezes wonderfully, and can be used for lunches or quick suppers. Enjoy!!"
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1 pound
dry lima beans
4 cups
carrots, chopped
leek, bulb only, chopped
2 tablespoons
minced shallots
2 stalks
celery, chopped
4 cubes
vegetable bouillon
8 cups
2 tablespoons
olive oil
I'm a soupaholic, and this is one of my favorites.
I followed the recipe other than subbing 1 cup of
chopped onion for the leek and shallots. I added
a 14.5 oz. can of diced tomatoes, an 8 oz. can of
tomato sauce and a tbsp. of minced garlic. This
soup is even better the next day. Five stars and
highly recommended!
good but I had to cook it almost 2 more hours than it said to get the beans soft enough.
78 Ratings
Great comforting soup on a chilly fall evening. The only change I made was to omit the water and boullion and use chicken broth instead. Delish!
I thought this soup was great! I didn't even saute' the vegetables -- just threw them in the crockpot after the beans had softened -- and it turned out wonderful. This is a tasty, low-calorie vegan soup that I will definitely make again.
Note: I didn't have as many carrots as the recipe called for, but I did have a leftover rutabaga that I cut up and threw in. It was a terrific addition.
WOW! Never thought I would love lima bean soup. I had some dry lima beans in the pantry and was looking for some way to utilize these. I followed the recipe except added a bay leaf, a dash of thyme and a bit more salt. Would definitely make this again. Healthy, cheap and nutritious.
Great Recipe!!!! I added more leek and shallot for a little more flavor. 1st time I made it I over sauted the vegetables, 2nd time I sauted leek & shallots, threw in Limas and at the last minute threw in vegies. This allowed the Limas and the vegies to finish up better at the end.
Wow, what a delicious soup and turned out just like the picture. The soup was creamy and tasty, the Lima beans soft like butter. I had never made Lima soup before and so glad and a favorite. Of course my husband loved it too. My favorite was always Pea soup but I think I've been converted. The Lima beans are so light and velvety and the carrots add a touch of sweetness. I cooked with ham hocks so extra delicious and never forget the Bay leaves, but next time I think I'll try the veggie only way. I made a mistake and pureed it a little too much, big mistake since those Lima beans are the stars of the show. Thanks for a great recipe.
Wow! So inexpensive to make and so very tasty. I followed the recipe as written except for using onion instead of leeks and shallots, boxed chicken stock instead of the cubes, and I added two carrots. I served cornbread with it. Even my picky six year old finished his bowl of soup. I will definitely make this one again and again. Thank you for contributing this recipe!
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Luscious Lima Bean Soup
Serving Size: 1/9 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 9
Amount Per Serving
** Calories: 220
** Calories from Fat: 31
With our 2,700+ chicken breast recipes, you'll never serve the same old chicken again.
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Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
See how to make a zesty black bean soup that's thick and hearty.
This satisfying soup comes together in just minutes.
See how to make a hearty bean soup with ham and spices.


text: Prev | Next Purchase this photo Billy Summers/The Putnam Herald The Boston Marathon Victims Benefit Run begins on Sunday, April 21, 2013, at Valley Park. Gallery: Putnam in Pictures, Friday, April 26 Apr. 26, 2013 @ 02:07 PM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 Did you miss something in Putnam County this week? Chances are, one of our photographers was there. ()


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Posted at: 02/11/2013 6:48 AM
More of your money is going into your gas tank.
According to the Lundberg Survey, the average price of a gallon of regular gasoline has jumped nearly 25-cents in two weeks. It is now $3.58, making it the biggest two-week jump in almost two years.
Lundberg blames a rise in the prices from the refineries.
In Rochester, the average price of a gallon of regular gasoline is $3.86 -- nearly 30-cents higher than the national average.
To find the cheapest gas prices in your neighborhood, click here.


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Ivan Eland: In the case of al-Qaeda, focusing on Islam is just a way of avoiding a much-needed introspective examination of U.S. foreign policy to see if unneeded, and often counterproductive, U.S. interventions in the Muslim world could be eliminated.
When the Public Rises, We'll Want an Ally in Congress
Obama's JFK move
The March of Folly, Continued
To understand what's up with President Obama as he escalates the war in Afghanistan, there may be no better place to look than a book published 25 years ago. The March of Folly, by historian Barbara Tuchman, is a chilling assessment of how very smart people in power can do very stupid things – how […]


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Forever Goodbye on MusicBrainz
The Mostar Diving Club on Last.fm
This is The Mostar Diving Club, a new project from the singer and song writer of Obi, Damian Katkhuda.
Published by Chrysalis, The Mostar Diving Club is a fantastic and experimental band of multi instrumentalists not afraid to take on different styles and genres. The songs on their first offering, "Don Your Suit of Lights" were written in a woodland farmhouse in the south of France, isolated and tranquil, reflecting the mood of this charming debut solo album.
Read more about The Mostar Diving Club on Last.fm.
Also from this album:
The Honey Tree,Then Came A Thousand Elephants,You Be Me,The Medicine Show,Vagabonds & Clowns,With His New Armour,Tricky Hands And Radios,Ghost Train,The Great Explorers,Father Time
Official site
Related Labels:
Two-Tone Records (subsidiaries), Echo (subsidiaries), Cooltempo (subsidiaries), Blue Guitar Records (subsidiaries), Ensign Records (subsidiaries)


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Shackleford's Fee Set at $20,000
Shackleford , the 2011 Preakness Stakes (gr. I) winner and a grade I winner this year, will begin his stallion career in 2013 for a $20,000 fee at John Phillips' Darby Dan Farm near Lexington. Four-year-old Shackleford has been nominated to the Clark Handicap Presented by Norton Healthcare (gr. I) at Churchill Downs Nov. 23 in what might be his final start.
Another newcomer, Dialed In , will stand for $7,500.
Following is a list of all Darby Dan stallions and their fees:
American Lion ($5,000)
Copyright © 2015 The Blood-Horse, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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Centre-back Antwi has not featured at all this season due to a hip injury while winger Sainte-Luce has been sidelined since the Johnstone's Paint Trophy defeat at Brentford at the start of this month having sustained a hamstring problem.
But boss Neal Ardley is expected to welcome the pair back to full training in the coming days.
The duo have one eye on next Tuesday's Under-21 Premier League Cup clash against Gillingham as they look to get minutes under their belts.


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Nexus 7: Top 5 games for your new tablet
It's here! Google's hotly anticipated first production tablet, the Nexus 7 is finally landing in users hands this week (and late last week too.) Now that you've got an impressive 7-inch tablet with a powerful NVIDIA quad-core processor under the hood we figured you'd like to know of a few games worth checking out. Here's some of our absolute favorites that work great on the Nexus 7.


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Jake Miller
Fever DreamsFireflies dance in the scrub, and a single common paraque rises off the road, calls "purr-wee-urr" once, and disappears into the dusk. It's early […] Full Story
Water WorksFull Story
Vision QuestTo make the pictures in Indian Nations, Danny Lyon traveled to 19 Indian reservations in the western United States over a period of four […] Full Story
Book ReviewCritics sometimes like to talk about unwrapping or un-packing a text or a work of art, peeling back layers of meaning and symbolism. The […] Full Story
Movie ReviewCity of God City of God opens with a series of cuts: a knife chops carrots and slices a lime, a hand plays a […] Full Story
1 of 2


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just wondering what everyone's oppinion is, as to who is in line for a sept. call up when the roster expands....and DON'T say Homer Bailey b/c we all know that's not happening until next year....
just wondering what everyone's oppinion is, as to who is in line for a sept. call up when the roster expands....and DON'T say Homer Bailey b/c we all know that's not happening until next year....
Originally Posted by baseball_chick
This is a good thread, I was thinking about starting this myself. For those of you with the wealth of knowledge in the Reds minor leagues, how much better can the big club get come September?
Last edited by Tommyjohn25; 08-20-2006 at 12:41 PM.
Benzinger backing and calling! And the 1990 world championship series belongs to the Cincinnati Reds!
Olmedo, Denorfia, Shack, and Gosling are a few possibilities.
Votto is a reach, but possible.
This is the time. The real Reds organization is back.
Originally Posted by Cedric
Eh...nothing too exciting there, I would LOVE to see Votto up however.
Benzinger backing and calling! And the 1990 world championship series belongs to the Cincinnati Reds!
Me too.Originally Posted by Tommyjohn25
I miss Adam Dunn.
I don't think, with the Reds being in a pennant race, you will see a lot of callups. They will not use any position players so they most likely will not call them up to sit on the bench, maybe a few pitchers to add depth, but it will probably be the usual suspect, standridge, shack and probably Denorfina.
I like Dumatrait as a long man. No sense in letting a fifth starter get beat around might as well have someone that can fill a need.
I like Votto too. I lefthanded bat with pop off the bench would be nice.
Add Majewski, and Standridge as well from the DL.
Narron would be hard pressed to use all the players on the roster in one game, but I have no doubt he can do it.
The Sox traded Bullfrog the only player they've got for Shottenhoffen. Four-eyes Shottenhoffen a utility infielder. They've got a whole team of utility infielders.
I'm not so sure about Olmedo. I think he's gone before Opening Day 2007 (out of options).
Denorfia, Standridge, either Hopper or Watson (basically the same player- Hopper had a better season, but Watson's three years younger), and Shackleford. I'd like to see Dumatrait, but he hasn't exactly been dominating the IL.
Louisville is still in the hunt for a playoff spot, so that might affect things as well. They haven't been very good the past two years before this, so it's possible Wayne might let their main cogs stick around an extra 1-2 weeks after the 1st to finish the season.
Balfour, Ramirez, Brendan Harris, maybe Abad. Deno, Standridge, Majewski, Shack, Watson as a Pinch Runner.
Balfour has been moved to the 60 day so you probably won't see him. Given some of the recent moves Olmedo, Harris and Deno will probably get the call ups from the position players with Shack, EZ and Magic being the pitchers. I'm pretty sure that you have to be on the 40 man to get the call up so I don't think Abad will be called in.
Forgot about Brendan Harris. He definitely deserves a callup.
If the Reds stay in it until the end I'd imagine there are a whole lot of callups. Krivsky's already said he's been told money is not an issue, and as beat up as the pitchers have been they'll want as many fresh arms as possible. It wouldn't surprise me if there were darn near 40 players in the Reds dugout that final week. Here's my guesses on how it'll play out:
The only pitcher on the 40 man that I don't see having a legit chance for a callup is Jon Coutlangus, as I don't believe Krivsky will bring a pitcher straight up from AA. I'd expect Shackelford to come up Sept. 1, and Majewski and Standridge to be activated that day, with Guardado a couple of days later. I'd guess Gosling would come up after Louisville's season ended, including their playoffs if they make it. Dumatrait to me is 50/50. Not sure about the Lizard, he needs to get his act back together, so he may stay down through the end of Louisville's season as well before coming up. Balfour is an interesting case. Do they activate him in September and see if he can help, or leave him on the 60 day DL so they can use that loophole to add another pitcher to the playoff roster pool? I'm guessing the second option is what will happen. The only non 40 man roster pitcher I can see getting called up is Joe Mays (and I apologize for typing that). He's not any good, we all know that, but he could be useful burning up innings in a 10-2 game so the valuable pitchers can stay fresher. Maybe a guy like Salmon or Shearn comes up, Wayne's been known to surprise us, but I think anything like that is a big longshot to happen.
None. Since they're already carrying three there's no reason for Miguel Perez to come up.
Brendan Harris to me is a lock, if for no other reason than to let the Reds see what they traded for. Votto is another 50/50 one to me, he could make for a nice bat off the bench, but the may leave him dow depending on Chattanooga's playoff run. Maybe he comes up the last week of the season. I've got a gut feeling that Olmedo won't come up, though I can't really say why.
I think Brandon Watson will come up on Sept. 1 to be the designated pinch runner/late inning defensive replacement. Denorfia and Hopper are more important to Louisville's success, and you really only need one player to fill the role, so they'll stay down until Louisville's season comes to an end. Denorfia will then come back up, not sure about Hopper. I haven't listed any position players not currently on the 40 man, as I don't think any of them will get a callup.
My answer depends a little on what is done with Clayton and Hollandsworth between now and the end of the season and on the health of Guardado, Schoeneweis, and Cormier going forward. If Clayton is DFA'd, which has to be a possibility if Narron isn't going to play him in favor of RA, Brendan Harris and Olmedo look to have very good chances at getting promoted. I agree with everyone about Harris being a lock in light of "The Trade." Plus, Harris is hitting well right now. If any of the trio of Guardado/Schoeneweis/Cormier look like they can't be counted on in September and beyond, I see both Shackleford and Dumatrait being promoted. Brandon Watson and Denorfia should be promoted. Norris Hopper's addition to the 40 man roster and promotion for 3 games could get him a look, but AAA will need someone to play OF in the playoffs. Joey Votto's best chances at making the team probably rest with RA's chances of staying at SS. Votto bats RH, so he would be an alternative to Hatteberg in righty-lefty situations. Also, with RA playing full-time at SS, someone will need to spell Hatteberg at 1B.
I think it will be fewer than most folks think. I also think it will be almost exclusively the guys who have been up previously. Deno, Olmedo, Shack. Hopper maybe if he is in AAA. Possibly Standridge. The DL guys will come back when healthy.
No Votto. No Dumatrait. Nobody from AA.
Only guy who has not been a Red who I expect to get a call is Harris because he has played in the majors, has done well at AAA, and likely will be a Red next year.
If the Reds call up an inexperienced minor leaguer like Votto or Bailey it will be to watch.
Balfour has been on the 60 all year, but I agree he won't we pitching this year in Cincy.Originally Posted by Nugget
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iPad Mini
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Getting funded by a record label
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Senior Member
Join Date: Jul 2007
Location: Brisbane, Australia
Posts: 325
Re: Getting funded by a record label
drummingman I really hope you don't take this the wrong but this really is one of the craziest things I've ever read on here and you are purely dreaming my friend.....
You have had very little to do with the record industry hey?
My goal is to stay out of debt, well hello welcome to the rest of the billions on this planet.........
For sure you can live without debt if you want to live in your car, never get married and reproduce................it's the big mouse wheel of life and not jumping on well is almost impossible these days I'm afraid...
I think that a band should find a way to where they dont have to go into debt with their label to make an album or to fund a tour or to distribute their album when they make one. I think that a band should save the money themselves to make their own albums and to finance their own tours. I think that once they get going in this way that they can keep doing this better and better with the money that they make from each new album and each new tour. That way the albums can get better production and the tours can get bigger and bigger.
I nearly stopped reading after this and I'm not going to go into breaking down everything you say............
Pray tell how does the band hope to fund this Tour? Do you have any idea how expensive life on the road is? Finance it yourself, you'd be saving for five years and all of the band having to live on the streets to finance this..........come five years you've missed your chance
Plus what makes you think you'll make money on tour to finance the next one!!
Seriously mate get a drawing pin and stab yourself in the arm to wake yourself up......
I think that if a band cant afford to distribute a huge number of albums without going into debt with their label that they should just distribute all that they can until they can afford to distribute more albums. This may take longer to get albums into more fans hands but it will keep the band out of debt with the label and ultimately put more money in the bands pocket
Is this a joke...............how many debut albums do you think a band sells after it's been out for a year and they are not touring to promote it because they don't want to get into 'debt' to tour........
Mate you couldn't give the album away.............
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Cooking and Baking
Help me use my new spices
Received some new and fresh spices for the holidays. I am looking for some unusual and non obvious ways to use them (you know, other than just rubbing them on chicken and fish).
Here are some in particular that I am excited to use:
-herbes de provence
-jerk (again, other than on chicken)
-garam masala
-smoked sweet paprika (have put this on potatoes which was delicious, but looking for other ideas as well)
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Cooking and Baking
Portuguese Farm Bread
I found a recipe (http://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/Portuguese-Farm-Bread-232275) for Portuguese Farm Bread that I would really like to make, but it calls for a food processor. Unfortunately, I only have a mini prep processor which will obviously not suffice. How would I make this by hand?
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Story on page 18
Linkage between the
business strategy and
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required to achieve that
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July 2010
faster and cheaper
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Posted at: 01/18/2013 3:37 PM
Updated at: 01/18/2013 4:15 PM
By: Steve Handelsman, NBCNC
Washington is almost ready for the inauguration.
Massive security barriers are going into place, along with bleachers along Pennsylvania Avenue for Monday's inaugural parade.
But since a huge crowd, full of hope, saw President Barack Obama's first swearing in America has lowered its expectations.
Only 35 percent of those interviewed in the latest NBC News/Wall St. Journal poll say the country is headed in the right direction.
Obama's approval rating stands at 52 percent, his likeability at 61 percent. And only 29 percent say he's working effectively with Congress, and there's new conflict.
Responding to the president's declaration that he won't negotiate over the debt ceiling, Republicans have backed down.
They now say they'll raise the borrowing limit, but only for three months.
If Democrats don't agree to a budget of deep spending cuts by April, they'll cut off lawmakers' paychecks.
The White House is looking on the bright side, calling it "encouraging" that Republicans are backing off holding the economy hostage to get drastic cuts in programs like Medicare.


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© University of Kent - Contact | Feedback | Legal | FOI | Cookies
The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NZ, T +44 (0)1227 764000
Emeritus Professor of Philosophy
Sean Sayers has written extensively on Hegelian and Marxist philosophy from a Hegelian‑Marxist perspective. He has worked in the areas of social philosophy, ethics, theory of knowledge, metaphysics and logic. He has also written on Freud and psychoanalysis, and is currently working on issues in aesthetics. He studied at the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford and holds a PhD from the University of Kent. He has held visiting appointments in Massachusetts, Colorado, Sydney, Istanbul, Beijing, Shanghai and Wuhan. His work has been translated into Chinese, Korean, Japanese, French, German, Turkish and Greek.
His books include Marx and Alienation: Essays on Hegelian Themes (2011), Plato's Republic: An Introduction (Edinburgh University Press, 1999), Marxism and Human Nature (Routledge, 1998, paperback 2007), Reality and Reason: Dialectic and the Theory of Knowledge (Blackwell, 1985), and Hegel, Marx and Dialectic: A Debate (with Richard Norman 1980; reprinted Gregg, 1994). He has also co‑edited Socialism, Feminism and Philosophy: A Radical Philosophy Reader (Routledge, 1991), Socialism and Democracy (Macmillan, 1991) and Socialism and Morality (Macmillan, 1990). He has published numerous articles in scholarly journals and books. He was one of the founders of the journal Radical Philosophy (1972), and of the Marx and Philosophy Society (2003). He is founder and editor-in-chief of Marx and Philosophy Review of Books (2010).
Also view these in the Kent Academic Repository


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With many thanks to Sandra, we now have gorgeous HD screencaptures of Anne in version #1 of the trailer for Love and Other Drugs. The more I watch these trailers, the more excited I am to see this movie. What about you all?
Related Links:
– Film > [2010] Love and Other Drugs > Screencaptures – Trailer #1 (HD)
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Below is the poem entitled Rose coloured which was written by poet
hales. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Sarah Hales
I sit and think the worse thing is to think
My mind travels a hundred moments
The times that I have wished upon that never happened
Times that did happen that I wish had nt
Broken clock that is my heart as its timeless
Shadows of pages lost in my diary
The feeling of being alone when needing to be held
A want that is unbelievable even to I to understand
You ask many questions but there is no reply
Mistakes that you have made even others have to bare
The mistakes that others have held against you
Its all rose coloured if only I had seen what you see now
Love hate feelings of ones innocence taken
You say hold back do not sell your self to a thief
Be different this time but you are the same you are what you are
You take a road and you walk you open the gate that is fate
Skies of redness as the sun dies down
Changed with darkness of dark with diamonds that glisten
Trees that lay bare snow surrounding rain that drowns the earth
It is all the same its a dice that is thrown
We dont know how when why and who
We just do what we do even when the mind takes hold
It is still the jewel in you that wears the golden crown
Thats why we never really understand as it is always you that shines through


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Junction Rivers Winery210 N 6th StreetJunction , TX 76849ph: 325-446-2600 fax: firstname.lastname@example.com
Junction Rivers Winery offers 4 wines in our start up phase. These wines are produced using Texas Grapes and are the beginning of our attempt to produce the Best Wine in Texas and our commitment to the Texas Wine Industry.
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Serving suggestions:
Blanc Du Bois pairs with peppery and soft, creamy cheeses, intense spicy food and succulent dessert plates.
This Texas made wine is a dense red wine with soft tannins, a large black cherry taste with plum and kiwi undertones
Serving Suggestions:
Pairing Malbec with a firm, fruity cheese brings out the warm tastes of this wine
Serve with all types of meats, pastas and seafood, especially those with fruit compotes
This is a fascinating dry red wine made with Spanish Black grapes.
Savor its dense jam-like aromas with a spicy finish.
Lenoir pairs well with mild, aged cheeses such as Muenster. It is also up to the challenge of roasted meats, shellfish and hearty pasta dishes
International Medal Winner at San Francisco International Wine Competition. This is an earthy, bold red wine that blossoms with decanting early and allowing it to breathe.
You will taste flavors of cherry, citrus and wild persimmons.
Jarlsberg cheese or a medium cheddar complements this lovely wine. Pasta dishes, ethnic foods and seafood are all perfect companions to a Petite Sirah
Copyright 2015 Junction Rivers Winery. All rights reserved.
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A modular transformer arrangement providing power to a multi-level power converter includes a plurality of three phase transformers having delta or extended delta connected primary windings and delta or extended delta or wye or zig zag wye connected secondary windings and the multi-level power converter has full bridge power modules inputs connected to isolated secondaries of the transformer modules and outputs connected in series and/or in parallel to provide increased voltage and/or current or multiple phases which can be phase shifted with respect to the input to the transformer.
1. A modular transformer arrangement comprising a plurality of transformer modules, each transformer module having a plurality of primary windings and a plurality of isolated secondary windings, and a power conversion arrangement having a plurality of power converters modules with separate inputs connected to receive power from the isolated secondary windings of the plurality of transformers respectively.
2. A modular transformer arrangement in accordance with
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This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/300,236 filed Apr. 27, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,101,109, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/046,076 filed Mar. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,933,339.
This invention relates to modular electric drive systems and, more particularly, to electric drive systems which provide scalable power levels.
Conventional electric drive systems for supplying power to power conversion equipment that will be utilized to drive a propulsion motor for a ship or provide auxiliary power in the ship, for example, require large transformers, generally 12 pulse transformers. Such conventional electric drive systems usually require a different transformer design for each of several scalable power levels, resulting in disadvantages for the respective size weight and packaging arrangements that cannot be optimized based on the use of a single large transformer.
Medium voltage static AC drives benefit from transformers that can improve power quality and provide isolation. In the case of pulse width modulated (PWM) low voltage drives, several modules are placed in series to obtain higher output voltages and in parallel to provide a higher output currents, providing multi-level power converters. These drives require an isolated input for each module, usually from multiple isolated transformer secondaries, often phase shifted, to provide a required power output. For large motor drives, the transformer volume and weight can become excessive due to the core size, the secondary connections and the cooling methods used. Transformers with high output power ratings and multiple secondary connections are very large and cumbersome. When multiple secondaries with phase shifted outputs are required, a single large core is mechanically impracticable in some applications due to the complexity of the secondary configuration.
The Uhlmann U.S. Pat. No. 2,820,189 describes a static current converter using voltage commutation. As described in that patent, four six-pulse, two-way connected converters are connected to two transformers so as to form a 24-pulse converter with a phase angle of 15�. The Uhlmann patent discloses an arrangement of voltage commutating static current converters operating in different phase so that a short-circuiting of voltage harmonics through the constituent converters is prevented.
The Hammond U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,545 and the Opel et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,638,263 disclose power conversion systems which utilize phase shifting of a three-phase AC input to provide multiple phases to reduce output ripple and, in this case, H-bridges are provided to effect the switching of different phase components. These patents disclose multiple, isolated secondaries in the input transformer, and delta, wye, extended delta, or zig-zag configurations which have an effect on phase shift. The Opel et al. Patent also discloses the use of multiple transformers rather than a single transformer with one primary winding and multiple secondary windings and different arrangements of power converters based on current and voltage output requirements.
The Maezawa et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,671,127 describes a high voltage, large output DC power supply device which is of a relatively small size and capable of reducing harmonic currents in its DC output energy. This is accomplished by increasing the number of phases using separate transformers which are connected to provide twelve output phases with primary windings connected in delta and star configurations for shifting the output phases.
Such prior art power supply or conversion arrangements utilize phase shifting transformers to shift from a three phase AC input to provide multiple phase outputs in order to reduce output ripple. None of the prior art transformer arrangements is capable of satisfying the transformer requirements of different power supply arrangements with a minimum weight and volume for each application.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to provide a modular transformer arrangement for multi-level power converters which overcomes disadvantages of the prior art.
Another object of the invention is to provide a power dense modular three dimensional arrangement of low power transformers for use in high power systems so as to avoid the need for multiple transformers of varying design to satisfy varying power requirements for different equipment.
A further object of the invention is to provide a transformer arrangement which eliminates the need for a single large transformer for power electric drive systems which is sometime difficult to manufacture, install and replace.
These and objects of the invention are attained by providing a modular transformer arrangement containing transformer modules which can be used in single or multiple units connected in series and/or in parallel with phase shifting to provide a high power output of improved quality. By utilizing a transformer arrangement made of modular transformer units with the ability to add or subtract units, the transformer output is scaleable for different applications so as to assure the minimum possible transformer size and weight for each requirement. In addition, the manufacture, installation and repair of transformer arrangements are facilitated by the use of modular units.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a modular transformer arrangement is connected to supply power to power conversion equipment for driving a motor at variable speed. In other embodiments, a modular transformer arrangement supplies power to power conversion equipment for AC or DC service supply or UPS equipment. Preferably, a modular transformer arrangement combines series and parallel modules in a manner that produces a drive that is scaleable in power with respect to both voltage and current and in phases, utilizing a single common power transformer modular design. For power conversion a high power design is provided that utilizes multiple small modular transformers that produce isolated phase shifted sources of power to an inverter.
Further objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from a reading of the following description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1a is a schematic illustration of an H bridge;
FIG. 1b is a schematic illustration showing the arrangement of a multi-level phase driver utilizing H bridges of the type shown in FIG. 1a to provide an increase in output voltage;
FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram illustrating the arrangement of multi-level pulse width modulated inverters;
FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration showing an H bridge or "full bridge " power module arranged in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 4a is a schematic diagram illustrating typical a transformer phase shifting arrangement;
FIG. 4b is a schematic diagram illustrating another typical transformer phase shifting arrangement;
FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration showing the wiring diagram of a primary phase-shifted delta/delta transformer;
FIGS. 6a-6 e are schematic illustrations showing different phase shifting arrangements in a delta/delta transformer of the type shown in FIG. 5;
FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration showing a wiring diagram of a primary phase shifted delta/wye transformer;
FIGS. 8a-8 e are schematic illustrations showing different phase shifting arrangements for phase shifted delta/delta and delta/wye transformers;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating a representative phase shifted delta/delta transformer arrangement containing series/parallel connected power modules configured for a 12,000 HP motor drive;
FIG. 10 is a schematic perspective view showing a representative embodiment of a transformer and power conversion module arrangement with each module mounted in a separate enclosure;
FIG. 11 is a schematic perspective view showing another transformer and power converter module arrangement with each module mounted in a separate enclosure;
FIG. 12 is a schematic perspective view illustrating a representative embodiment of a transformer and power conversion module arrangement with the modules assembled in the same enclosure; and
FIG. 13 is a schematic perspective view showing another transformer and power converter module arrangement with the transformer modules in the same enclosure.
Although one preferred embodiment of the invention includes a modular transformer arrangement for supplying power to power conversion equipment to drive a motor at variable speed, other modular transformer arrangements can be used to provide power to conversion equipment for AC or DC service supply or UPS equipment. A preferred power conversion equipment arrangement includes modular transformers supplying power to a motor drive configuration that combines series/parallel power modules to provide a drive which is scaleable in power with respect to both voltage and current and in phases using a single common power module of the type described in U.S. Pat. No 5,933,339, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. This arrangement is referred to hereinafter as a multi-level PWM inverter. The baseline PWM inverter is a high power design that incorporates multiple small modular transformers that provide isolated phase-shifted sources of power to the inverter.
The multi-level drive topology includes a collection of power semiconductor switches that are arranged as H bridges or "full bridges" of the type corresponding to the H bridge 10 shown in FIG. 1a. As illustrated in that figure, the H bridge 10 receives DC power from an isolated DC power source through two input terminals 12 and 14 shunted by a capacitor 16 and has two power transistors 18 and 20 connected across the terminals 12 and 14, with the mid-point between those transistors connected to an output terminal 22, and two fuirther power transistors 24 and 26 connected across the terminals 12 and 14 with a mid-point between those transistors connected to another output terminal 28.
As shown in FIG. 1b, a series of H bridges 10 a, 10 b . . . 10 m, each having its output terminals connected in series to the outputs of adjacent H bridges, provides a multi-level phase driver 30 which produces an output voltage equal to the total of the isolated DC power voltages provided to the input terminals of the H bridges. The H bridges 10 a, 10 b . . . 10 m thus provide separate levels to develop a required line-to-neutral voltage for a particular output phase, the number of levels being determined by the desired drive line-to-line output voltage and by the voltage ratings of the power semiconductor switches 18, 20, 24 and 26 used in the H bridges. This collection of series-connected full bridges is referred to hereinafter as a "multi-level phase driver".
A number of such multi-level phase drivers are interconnected in a wye, delta, or single phase configuration according to the required number of output phases and circuits to be provided, where the number of multi-level phase drivers required is equal to the number of output phases multiplied by the number of output circuits. FIG. 2 illustrates schematically the resulting drive arrangement for a motor in which a plurality of circuits 30 a . . . 30 k and 30 a′ . . . 30 k′ . . . for corresponding output phases A . . . m each have one output terminal 34 a . . . 34 k and 34 a′ . . . 34 k′ connected to a floating neutral 34 and another output terminal 36 a . . . 36 k and 36 a′ . . . 36 k′ which is connected to a corresponding circuit of a corresponding phase of the motor.
FIG. 3 illustrates schematically a full bridge module 40 which receives three phase AC input voltages from secondary windings of a transformer 42 and supplies these voltages to a three phase rectifier 44 which produces a DC output. This output is coupled through a parallel link capacitor arrangement 46 to a single full bridge 48 providing a single phase output at terminals 50 and 52.
The secondary windings of the transformer 42 are phase shifted relatively to each other for improved drive output power quality and reduced input current harmonics. An input transformer 42 of this type permits a medium voltage (5-15 kV) AC distribution system to be provided for industrial and marine applications. Since the transformer steps down the system voltage before providing the input to the drive power electronics, the drive output voltage is determined by the number of full bridges in series with the drive. A modular transformer arrangement in accordance with the present invention utilizes a plurality of smaller input transformers to reduce the total number of secondaries required in a single transformer and allow for a more scaleable three dimensional (i.e. voltage and current) motor drive.
Thus, with a full bridge power module of the type shown in FIG. 3, each power module has three input connections and two output power connections providing a single phase output, and a number of such power modules are arranged in the fashion desired for operation with an x phase, y voltage (line-to-line) and z horsepower motor.
If each power module is designed to produce a volts (line-to-neutral) and b horsepower then the drive will require a total number of modules equal to z/b. The number of modules in series equals y/(a*{square root over (3)}) while the number of parallel modules per phase in the drive equals (zlb)/(x*(y/(a*{square root over (3)})). The module numbers calculated in this way must be rounded up to integer values, and the resulting drive is a three dimensional structure containing power modules of the type shown in FIG. 3. Additionally, providing an even number of parallel modules offers the advantage of being able to turn off drive circuits for part power loads without adversely affecting a PWM interleaving algorithm of the type described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,935,339.
Phase shifting is often accomplished in transformers by providing an extended delta configuration in the secondary in the manner illustrated in FIG. 4a in which a transformer 60 has a three phase AC input 62 to delta connected windings 64 and an extended delta output winding arrangement 66 or a zig zag wye output winding arrangement 68 of the type shown in FIG. 4b. In each case the secondary includes windings 70, 72 and 74 constituting extensions from the delta configuration or the wye configuration which are wound on different legs of the transformer core to provide a different phase output. With these arrangements the phase of the output windings can be shifted by up to 60 degrees in either the positive or negative direction with respect to the input phases and, because all windings share the same core, core vibrations are reduced and magnetic core utilization is greatly improved.
Phase shifting may also be accomplished at the primary winding of the transformer in which various types of transformer winding configurations such as delta/delta and delta/wye can provide advantages over secondary winding phase shift. FIG. 5 schematically illustrates a simplified wiring diagram for a primary phase shifted delta/delta transformer 60 having three different phase inputs 62, 64 and 66 each connected to oppositely wound coils 62 a, 62 b, 64 a, 64 b, 66 a and 66 b respectively on corresponding legs 68, 70 and 72 of the transformer core and providing phase shifted outputs 74, 76 and 78 from corresponding secondary windings 74 a, 76 a and 78 a on the legs 68, 70 and 72 respectively. As indicated in the schematic wiring diagram, the opposite ends of the windings 62 a, 64 a and 66 a respectively are connected to the opposite ends of the windings 66 b, 62 b and 64 b respectively.
FIGS. 6a-6 e illustrate schematically the different phase shift conditions which can be produced by a transformer of the type shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 6a illustrates the connections of the windings in the arrangements shown in FIG. 5 to produce a phase shift of plus 24 degrees with respect to the input phases in the primary of the transformer, producing a corresponding phase shift in the secondary windings of the transformer. FIGS. 6b, 6 c, 6 d and 6 e show the connections by producing phase shifting in the primary of the transformer of plus 12 degrees, 0 degrees, −12 degrees and −24 degrees, respectively, by increasing or reducing the ratio between the number of turns in the windings on each of the core legs represented in those drawings and by providing a tap 100 on one of the windings in each core leg.
Such phase shifting in the primary side of the transformer is beneficial since lower currents permit a smaller diameter wire to be used and the reduced wire diameter and lower current together improve the effectiveness of smaller connections to the phase shift winding. Because of the increased number of turns in the primary winding the resolution of phase shifting is also improved. When phase shifting is accomplished in the primary of the transformer, taps 100 of the type described above can be more readily installed with smaller connections to allow for a different phase shifting angles. Consequently, with better resolution resulting from the larger number of turns available and smaller, less complex hardware, the primary phase shift structure requires less space than in higher power transformers.
Phase shifting on a primary side of the transformer can also be accomplished with other types of transformer winding configurations. A transformer arrangement having delta/delta and delta/wye input and output winding configurations provides additional benefits to overall transformer performance compared to a delta/delta winding configuration of the type shown in FIG. 5. FIG. 7 illustrates a simplified wiring diagram for a primary phase shifted delta/wye transformer 110 having delta-connected primary windings of the same type described above with reference to FIG. 5 and wye-connected secondary windings 112, 114 and 116 on the transformer core legs 88, 90 and 92 connected to a common ground 118 and providing separate outputs 120, 122 and 124. In this arrangement the secondary voltage derived as a result of the delta/wye configuration leads by 30 degrees with respect to the corresponding secondary voltage derived by a delta/delta connection. For a delta/wye configuration the phase shift angle is always 30 degrees but combining delta/delta and delta/wye transformer configurations with phase shifting performed on the primary side of the transformer reduces the required angle of phase shift.
FIGS. 8a-8 e show various configurations of typical primary phase shifted delta/delta and delta/wye transformer of the type shown in FIG. 7 in which the phase shifting is varied by the use of shunts 100 as described with respect to FIGS. 6a-6 e. The arrangement shown in FIG. 8a provides a phase shift of −6 degrees for the output with respect to the standard delta/delta configuration shown in FIG. 7 whereas the arrangement shown in FIG. 8b has a phase shift of +6 degrees with respect to the standard delta/delta configuration shown in FIG. 7. FIG. 8c, which has a primary phase shift of −12 degrees produces an 18 degree phase shift at the output with respect to the standard delta/wye configuration shown in FIG. 7 while FIG. 8d, which has a 0 degree primary phase shift, produces a phase shift of 30 degrees with respect to a standard delta/wye configuration of the type shown in FIG. 7 and FIG. 8e which has a primary phase shift of +12 degrees produces a phase shift at the output of 42 degrees with respect to the standard delta/wye configuration.
Thus, combining delta/delta and delta/wye transformer configurations with phase shifting performed on the primary side reduces the required angle of phase shift so that maximum primary phase shift angle requirement is reduced by 50% as shown, for example, by a comparison of FIGS. 6e and 8 e.
FIG. 9 illustrates a representative embodiment of a modular transformer arrangement utilizing eight phase-shifted delta/delta transformer modules with series/parallel connections configured for a 12,000 horse power motor drive. In this arrangement ten transformer modules 120 of the type shown, for example, in FIG. 6 are connected so as to provide isolated inputs for the full bridges of three multi-level phase drivers 122, 124 and 126 of the type described above with reference to FIG. 2. This arrangement is especially useful for a large motor drive in which transformer volume and weight can become excessive because of the transformer core size and secondary connections and the cooling methods required. When high pulse number systems are necessary for improved quality, i.e. reduced system harmonics, multiple secondaries with phase shifted outputs are required so that a single large core may be physically impracticable in such applications. Consequently, a modular three dimensional transformer design of the type shown in FIG. 9 can be utilized to avoid complexities and restrictions of a single large transformer design for such applications.
The theoretical maximum line-to-neutral output voltage of a multi-level drive of the type shown in FIG. 9 is given by:
where levels (RMS)L-N is the number of series full bridges in the drive and VDC is the DC link voltage per level or full bridge. In order to obtain an AC output voltage of about 480 volts RMS the transformer secondary output voltage must be approximately 600 volts RMS.
To avoid large variations in transformer design as power level requirements vary from drive to drive and to avoid the disadvantages of a single large transformer which is difficult to manufacture, install and replace, a modular three dimensional transformer configuration of the type discussed above is utilized. Furthermore, when an arrangement of modules is provided in a modular bank, phase shifted transformers provide higher pulse numbers when supplying modular six pulse rectifier loads. Transformer configurations such as modular secondary phase shifting transformers using zig zag or extended delta windings or primary phase shifting windings in which the overall degree of phase shifting is minimized are preferred. A modular transformer arrangement of the type shown in FIG. 9, which is a high power design that can be accommodated with multiple smaller phase shifted modular transformers providing isolated phase shifted power to power conversion equipment for driving a motor at variable speed, for example, is a preferred arrangement since the modular transformer design has the ability to add or subtract transformer units as power modular configuration requirements change.
The typical arrangement shown in FIG. 9 in which each of the transformer modules 120 is a one megawatt transformer module and each of the power modules 130 in the multi-level inverters 122, 124 and 126 is a 315 kW power module, is rated for 10 megawatts with each of the transformer modules 120 rated at one megawatt and each of the 30 power converter modules rated at 315 kW. Each of the modular input transformers 120 provides three 315 kW three phase, 575 VRMS isolated secondaries. The transformer primaries are phase shifted relative to each other to increase the resultant effective pulse number supplied by the inverter. The arrangement shown in FIG. 9 presents fifteen phases to the modular power converter rectified loads, resulting in a thirty pulse system.
Thus, as shown in FIG. 9, power converter modules and transformers are connected in series and parallel utilizing three phase power and five levels with two circuits to achieve the required motor voltage and current rating and the output of the drive provides a three phase variable voltage, variable frequency with low harmonic content to a propulsion motor to which the power is supplied. This arrangement minimizes the design effort required to reconfigure power supply equipment for higher or lower power levels.
With a modular three dimensional transformer arrangement, an enclosure 140 of the type shown in FIG. 10 can be arranged to utilize the optimum configuration for any application while maintaining flexibility for other installations. As shown in FIG. 10, each drive module 130 is contained in a separate compartment of the enclosure 140 and each transformer 120 is also contained in a separate compartment. If appropriate, the power arrangement shown in FIG. 9 can also be supplied by two larger five megawatt transformers, one for each drive circuit, instead of five smaller one megawatt transformer modules. Table 1 below gives a comparison of size, weight, volume and type of transformer for one megawatt and five megawatt transformers.
As shown in Table 1, because of their significantly lower weight and smaller size, the use of five commercial one megawatt transformer modules on each side of the system shown in FIG. 9 permits improved handling arrangement and removal of each transformer module as compared to use of a single larger five megawatt transformer.
With advanced cooling methods transformer size and weight is significantly reduced which provides additional benefits in cabinet design flexibility, handling and arranging of transformer modules in various applications. Table 2 below shows the size, weight and volume of advanced water cooled transformers of one megawatt and five megawatt ratings.
The cabinet design flexibility resulting from the use of smaller modular transformers rather than larger transformers is illustrated in FIGS. 10-13 which show the physical arrangement of transformer and power converter modules mounted in separate enclosures and a plurality of transformer and power converter modules mounted in a fixed array in the same enclosure. Thus, the use of smaller modules allows the transformers to be arranged either in separate cabinets from the power converter modules or integrated in a single cabinet with the power converter modules.
Although the invention has been described herein with reference to specific embodiments, many modifications and variations therein will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Accordingly all such variations and modifications are included within the intended scope of the invention.
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