text:
5α-Reductase inhibitors (5ARIs) are widely used for benign prostatic hyperplasia despite controversy regarding potential risk of high-grade prostate cancer with use. Furthermore, the effect of 5ARIs on progression and prostate cancer death remains unclear.
To determine the association between 5ARI use and development of high-grade or lethal prostate cancer.
Design, Setting, and Participants
Prospective observational study of 38 058 men followed up for prostate cancer diagnosis and outcomes between 1996 and 2010 in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study.
Use of 5ARIs between 1996 and 2010.
Main Outcomes and Measures
Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate risk of prostate cancer diagnosis or development of lethal disease with 5ARI use, adjusting for possible confounders including prostate specific antigen testing.
During 448 803 person-years of follow-up, we ascertained 3681 incident prostate cancer cases. Of these, 289 were lethal (metastatic or fatal), 456 were high grade (Gleason sum [GS] 8-10), 1238 were GS 7, and 1600 were low grade (GS 2-6). A total of 2878 (7.6%) men reported use of 5ARIs between 1996 and 2010. After adjusting for confounders, men who reported ever using 5ARIs over the study period had a reduced risk of overall prostate cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.65-0.91). 5ARI users had a reduced risk of GS 7 (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.49-0.91) and low-grade (GS 2-6) prostate cancer (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95). 5ARI use was not associated with risk of high-grade (GS 8-10) prostate cancer (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.64-1.46) or lethal disease (HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.58-1.69). Increased duration of use was associated with significantly lower risk of overall prostate cancer (HR for 1 year of additional use, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99), localized (HR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90-1.00), and low-grade disease (HR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.85-0.99). There was no association for lethal, high-grade, or grade 7 disease.
Conclusions and Relevance
While 5ARI use was not associated with developing high-grade or lethal prostate cancer, it was associated with a reduction in low-grade, GS 7, and overall prostate cancer. Because the number of patients with high-grade or lethal prostate cancer in our cohort was limited, we cannot rule out potential risk of harm with 5ARI use.
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text:
Query: Holloway
4/3/2013 9:49:32
Kitty Jones
10107 Bottoms Rd.
Troy, Texas 76579
I am interested in finding the parents of Mary Elizabeth HOLLOWAY born in 1844/46 in Durham, Orange Co. NC. She has a sister Martha Frances HOLLOWAY several years younger. We can find them in Mississippi in 1890, but cannot find them on the Census in O.C.,N.C. for those years. Mary married a David A. CLEMENTS in Dec. of 1860 and then he died in the C.W. She then married Robert JONES in N.C. in July of 1865 in O.C.,N.C. then they moved to Mississippi. We know they were illiterate. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Mary E. is my husband's great, great, great grandmother.
If you have information on the above persons, or access to relevant records, feel free to leave a REPLY below.

subset: commoncrawl


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Cancer and Nutrition
While no single food is the cause or cure for cancer, healthy nutrition plays an integral role in all aspects of the cancer journey. From the time of diagnosis until after treatment, good nutrition helps boost the immune system, repair and build muscle, and gives us a sense of control and empowerment as something positive we can do throughout our cancer journey.
Nutrition During Treatment:
Many side effects of cancer and cancer treatment can make it challenging to meet your nutritional needs and maintain a healthy weight. Changes in taste and smell, mouth sores, dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, constipation and diarrhea are some of the common side effects of cancer treatment. The links below provide suggestions on symptom support during treatment.
National Cancer Institute:
- Click here for general information about cancer and nutrition from the National Cancer Institute.
- Click here for information about addressing side effects of cancer treatment with nutrition.
The American Institute for Cancer Research:
- Click here to read bout the relationship between food, physical activity and body weight on cancer prevention and survivorship.
- Click here for information on symptom support and managing side effects of cancer treatment.
Nutrition After Treatment:
Nutrition recommendations for cancer survivors include working towards or maintaining a healthy body weight through a predominantly plant based eating style and regular physical activity. However, no standard definition exists for plant based eating. Below are suggestions for healthy plant based recipes from various plant strong cancer organizations.
Mediterranean & Vegetarian Based Diet
- The American Institute for Cancer Research has information on a lifestyle that includes healthy eating and physical activity that may help prevent cancer or cancer recurrence. Also find information on a Mediterranean based lifestyle.
Low-Fat Vegan Diet
- The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Food for Life Cancer Project) promotes cancer prevention and survival through a better understanding of cancer causes, particularly the link between nutrition and cancer. Click here to view their website on low fat Vegan and vegetarian diets.
Healthful and Delicious Recipes
- Some of Beth Roth's favorite recipes are listed below. Click on the title to see the recipe.
- Arugula Pomegranate Salad
- Edamame and Black Bean Salad
- Leafy Greens and Crunchy Cruciferous
- Kale, What is it Good for?
- Cooking with Lentils
- Acorn Squash Chickpea Bulgur
- Walnut Almond Lettuce Wraps
- Lemon Salmon & Green Apple Cole Slaw
- Quinoa Chili
- Raw Stuffed Vegan Dates
- Energy Bars
- No Bake Apple Walnut Tart
- Sweet Potato & Carrot Soup
At The Gathering Place we offer a wide variety of programs and resources to help educate and meet the nutritional needs of cancer survivors and their support team.
Click here to see the list of nutrition programs offered at The Gathering Place.
Click here to email our dietitian Beth Bennett, PT, MA, MS, RDN, LD and learn how to schedule a nutrition consult.


text:
Video:How to Cook Green Beanswith Rachel Edelman
Need more vegetables in your diet? Green beans are simple to prepare learn how to boil and steam them and watch a simple recipe for green beans almandine.See Transcript
Transcript:How to Cook Green BeansHi, I'm Rachel Edelman for About.com Food. Today I'm going to show you how to prepare and cook fresh green beans.
Choosing Green BeansFirst, you need to wash your green beans. At the store, look for beans with long pods that are firm, slightly shiny, and plump.
Cutting Green BeansCut off the tips of the beans. You can cook green beans whole or cut them into strips. You can cut straight across or at an angle. For a French cut, cut the bean lengthwise into two inch pieces.
Boiling Green BeansBoil a quart of water or enough to cover your beans. Blanch the beans for 3 to 4 minutes. Blanching is an easy way to cook this vegetable. This will really bring out a bright green color. Although raw green beans are edible, it is recommended to cook them for easier digestion. Drain the beans into a colander, and rinse them with cold water to prevent overcooking.
Steaming Green BeansAnother way to cook green beans is to steam them. Place them on a steamer over 1 to 2 inches of boiling water and cover 2 to 3 minutes. The beans should be tender, but still have a crunch.
Green Bean AlmandineNow I'm going to make green bean almandine. First melt some butter in a pan. Then add some slivered almonds and sauté until the butter is slightly browned. Add cooked green beans into the pan. Remove from heat, gently toss the mixture and serve.
High in fiber, green beans are a great vegetable to add to any meal.
Thanks for watching. To learn more, visit us on the Web at food.about.com.
About videos are made available on an "as is" basis, subject to the User Agreement.


text:
1 Nov -
Just headline for now from Reuters:
- Greek police says 2 unexploded parcel bombs found on suspects, one addressed to Belgian Embassy
- Greek police believes blast not linked to Al Qaeda, suspects may be linked to leftist Guerrilla
- Greek police says one of package bombs intercepted in Athens addressed to French president Sarkozy
- Greek police say both bombs are now diffused by controlled explosions
Deja vu of a certain archduke frolicking in southeast Europe and some such? No news if package originated in Yemen.
27 Oct -
Ex-Argentine president dies suddenly of heart attack
27 Oct -
Angela Merkel has a stalker!


text: No recent wiki edits to this page. Features Play, record, layer, edit, and save songs!A powerful and intuitive Recording Interface keeps the controls simple while allowing creative precision.Over 320 sounds included for full drum customization.Connect multiple drum kits to create a full virtual drum set!Choose from two fully animated drummers.Fully supports all Xbox 360 drum kit peripherals.No drum kit? Use controllers too!


text:
News Home
Search Archives
Release List
About Department
Department of
22 Davis Hall, 10 Lippitt Road, Kingston, RI
Phone: 401-874-2116 Fax: 401-874-7872
Narragansett, R.I .-- August 22, 2001
-- Finding fungi can be fun, and fall is
the ideal time to enjoy identifying wild
mushrooms while walking along the trails
at URIs W. Alton Jones Campus.
Friends of Oceanography will host a field
trip that should be perfect for locating
mushrooms after this years rainy,
damp New England summer.
On Wednesday, September 19, at 1 p.m.
University of Rhode Island botany
professor emeritus Dr. Roger Goos will
take participants on a guided walk through
the Netty Jones Nature Preserve on the W.
Alton Jones Campus in West Greenwich. The
2-hour walk will not focus on finding
edible mushrooms, but will show
participants ways to identify fungi from a
biological perspective.
Participants will meet at the Netty
Jones Nature Preserve at 1 p.m. Walkers
are encouraged to wear appropriate shoes
for walking on trails.
Cost for the walk is $2 for members of
Friends of Oceanography and $5 for
non-members. Preregistration by September
14 is required. For information or
registration, call 874-6602.
Dr. Roger Goos, a mycologist (a botanist
who studies fungi) specializing in
Helicosporae, received his B.A. and Ph.D.
from the University of Iowa. He was
appointed Associate Professor of Botany at
URI in 1970 where he eventually served as
chairman of the department from 1971-1986,
retiring from the University in 1995. A
member of many professional organizations,
he served as President of the Mycological
Society of America from 1985-1986.
Established in 1985 to support and
promote the activities of the
Graduate School of Oceanography,
Friends of Oceanography informs and
educates the membership and the general
public about the scientific,
technological, and environmental research
that takes place at GSO. The organization
sponsors public lectures, open houses,
marine-related mini-courses, science
cruises on Narragansett Bay, and an annual
auction. The Friends office is located in
the Coastal Institute Building on URI's
Narragansett Bay Campus. For information
about Friends of Oceanography, call
Contact:: Lisa Cugini, (401) 874-6642,
Back to
Copyright © 1999
University of Rhode
For more information about this site,
contact email@example.com
updated: Monday,
August 27, 2001
The University is an affirmative
action/equal opportunity employer.
All rights reserved.
URL: http://www.uri.edu/news/


text:
The debate has begun: "Republican senators went on the offensive against the Democratic healthcare initiative the morning after the bill moved forward on a procedural vote, blasting the bill as a job-killer and mechanism of 'excessive government control.' … 'We don't often ignore the wishes of the American people,' [Mitch] McConnell (R-Ky.) said, noting 'it's hard to handicap' the outcome."
Sen. Ben Nelson has started things rolling: "Sen. Ben Nelson (D-Neb.), who is uncommitted moving forward, said he has delivered two pages of proposed changes to Majority Leader Harry Reid. … 'There will be a lot of discussion back and forth about what might get enough votes,' Nelson said after the vote. 'There will have to be fairly significant changes for others as well, not just me. Nuance will not be enough."
Sen. Chuck Schumer says there aren't any new taxes. Sen. Jon Kyl disagrees: "If you have insurance you get taxed. If you don't have insurance you get taxed. If you need a lifesaving medical device like a stint or a diabetic pump you get taxed. … The Congressional Budget Office says and the Joint Tax Committee says that these taxes imposed on others will be passed through."
Republicans are focusing on the controversy over mammography guidelines to make their point about ObamaCare: "GOP lawmakers said the Democratic health care plan, which the Senate allowed to inch forward Saturday night and remains President Barack Obama's top domestic priority, would set the nation toward massive government control. 'Do these recommendations make sense from a cost standpoint? Absolutely, from a cost standpoint, they're right,' said Rep. Tom Coburn, an Oklahoma Republican who is a medical doctor. 'From a patient standpoint, they're atrocious. And that's the problem with a bureaucracy stepping between a physician and their patient.'"
In case you had any doubt about the three-ring circus: "The five men facing trial in the Sept. 11 attacks will plead not guilty so that they can air their criticisms of U.S. foreign policy, the lawyer for one of the defendants said Sunday. Scott Fenstermaker, the lawyer for accused terrorist Ali Abd al-Aziz Ali, said the men would not deny their role in the 2001 attacks but 'would explain what happened and why they did it.'"
Another new low for Obama in the Gallup poll.
John McCain on cap-and-trade: "'Their start has been horrendous,' McCain said Thursday. 'Obviously, they're going nowhere.' McCain has emerged as a vocal opponent of the climate bill — a major reversal for the self-proclaimed maverick who once made defying his party on global warming a signature issue of his career."
Bradley Smith: "Harry Reid actually said this debate is about whether Americans will live 'free from the fear of illness and death,' and says these things can be prevented by the Pelosi/Reid/Obama approach to healthcare. This must be a really good plan! Of course, you won't be able to live free from the fear of being thrown in jail for buying the wrong health insurance coverage, but hey, there are trade-offs in life."
Another bad news item on hiring: "Employers already are squeezed by tight credit, rising health care costs, wary consumers and a higher minimum wage. Now, the surging jobless rate is imposing another cost. It's forcing higher state taxes on companies to pay for unemployment insurance claims. Some employers say the extra costs make them less likely to hire. That could be a worrisome sign for the economic recovery, because small businesses create about 60 percent of new jobs. Other employers say they'll cut or freeze pay." Which suggests that we should be lowering, not raising, taxes and reducing mandates, not increasing them, on business.


text:
Correction to Secor
Triple Divide Peak
by John Wakabayashi
This comment or correction is a borderline call and some may disagree with me on this one. The East Ridge route is listed as class 2 if one stays south of the ridge top. I suspect this assessment might be largely from climbers looking at these slopes while traversing the class 3 ridge rather than those actually climbing these slopes. While it certainly looks like one can make an all class 2 route across these slabs and talus, I think one or two pitches of easy class 3 are unavoidable no matter how well you do the route. I climbed this route in July 2002 and I think that the final 10 to 15 feet up to the summit is easy class 3 no matter how you do it. I climbed also climbed another 10-foot easy class 3 pitch a bit lower down on the slope.
The information provided in these pages is provided by interested volunteers and has not been field checked. R.J. Secor, The Mountaineers, the Sierra Club and climber.org are in no way responsible for the accuracy of any route advice on this web site. Safe climbers must be able to understand the terrain and topography of the area they travel in, and they must make wise route finding choices based their own knowledge, experience and observations.
Return to the index of corrections to
RJ Secor
The High Sierra: Peaks, Passes and Trails
(1st edition) at
View the archive of trip reports at
to the webmaster


text:
LeadFusion API
LeadFusion is a financial experience management solutions service that helps financial institutions build relationships and brand loyalty. The API allows users to exercise full design control over tool calculation inputs and output interfaces. Decouple the financial tool interface from tool calculation and educator content. Embed financial tool functionality into environments such as mobile devices, e-commerce platforms, financial planning applications, and emerging media such as digital television and on-line or interactive video.
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text:
DNR Finalizes Proposed Hunting And Trapping Regulations
Annapolis, MD (March 26, 2010) — The Maryland Department of Natural
Resources (DNR) Wildlife and Heritage Service has finalized the hunting and
trapping season and bag limit regulation proposals for the 2010-2011 and
2011-2012 seasons. Opportunities for the public to comment on the proposals
began in February and included a stakeholder meeting, two public meetings and
the increasingly popular internet forum.
"We are very pleased with the outstanding level of thoughtful input we received during all aspects of the public comment period," said Pete Jayne, DNR Associate Director for Game Management. "It's always productive for us to hear from so many passionate supporters of Maryland's rich wildlife resources. Overall we received more than 450 comments on the proposals via two public meetings, emails, letters, phone calls and the online forum."
DNR initially met with a group of key stakeholders, including hunters, trappers, chasers, non-hunters, media and even representation from those opposed to hunting and trapping. Once that process was completed, the proposals were presented for broader public input. The proposal process concluded last week when the Wildlife Advisory Commission approved all but two of the proposed regulation changes. The proposals will now move to the final regulatory phase.
The final proposed regulations are summarized below.
• Crossbow Use – DNR will allow crossbows to be used to hunt any game species during any open season where a vertical bow may be used (excluding waterfowl and certain furbearers). This proposal would permit the use of a crossbow during the entire deer bow season in all counties.
• Bobwhite Quail – On public land, DNR will shorten the season to end on January 15 and reduce the bag limit from six to three quail per day. No changes were made for private lands.
• Wild Turkeys – DNR will extend hunting hours until sunset for the last two weeks of the spring turkey season and on the Junior Hunt day, statewide. Separate bag limits will be created for the fall and spring turkey seasons. The new bag limit would be one either-sex bird in the fall season and two bearded birds in the spring. NOTE: The extended hunting hours will not be in effect until the 2011 Spring Turkey Season. Shooting hours will end at noon for the 2010 Junior Turkey Hunt and the 2010 Spring Turkey Season. Just a reminder, there are no Sundays open to turkey hunting in 2010.
• White-tailed Deer - Region A boundary will be moved into Washington County to include the portion of the county west of Clear Spring and Big Spring.
• Sika Deer – The bag limit will be changed to two sika deer and one antlered deer for each season (bow, muzzleloader and firearm). Also, sika deer can now be taken during the antlerless-only early muzzleloader season and during the two day January firearm season.
• Raccoons – The season will be extended to close with the muskrat season (March 15) in counties where this currently does not already occur.
The Wildlife Advisory Commission did not approve two of the regulation proposals. The proposal to extend the bow season to open on September 5 was not approved and has been withdrawn by the Wildlife and Heritage Service. Likewise, a proposal to extend fox season for shooting-only was also withdrawn after not being approved by the commission.
The final proposed seasons and bag limits for 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 may be viewed at: http://www.dnr.state.md.us/wildlife/2010_2012_Final_Hunt_Proposal.asp.
|March 26, 2010
Contact: Josh Davidsburg
The Maryland Department of Natural Resources (DNR), which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2009, is the state agency responsible for providing natural and living resource-related services to citizens and visitors. DNR manages more than 467,000 acres of public lands and 17,000 miles of waterways, along with Maryland's forests, fisheries, and wildlife for maximum environmental, economic and quality of life benefits. A national leader in land conservation, DNR-managed parks and natural, historic, and cultural resources attract 12 million visitors annually. DNR is the lead agency in Maryland's effort to restore the Chesapeake Bay, the state's number one environmental priority. Learn more at www.dnr.maryland.gov


text:
Today in Tweet Beat, Mandy Moore randomly makes a Bryan Adams/Ryan Adams comment to her husband RYAN Adams, Miley Cyrus has a weird definition of what kind of song constitutes a "BANGER" (hint: not "We Can't Stop") and Charlie Sheen magically turns himself back into a family man with one photo.
Don't worry mainstream America.After this X album, it'll probably be my last album.— Chris Brown (@chrisbrown) August 6, 2013
Being famous is amazing when it's for ur music and talent. I'm tired of being famous for a mistake I made when i was 18. I'm cool & over it!— Chris Brown (@chrisbrown) August 6, 2013
How come every major movie actress has to play a hooker or a stripper at some point in their career??— Jackie Collins (@jackiejcollins) August 6, 2013
After 39 years, it happened. I overslept and missed a show. Missed #WUWA. But will be on time for @today— Al Roker (@alroker) August 6, 2013
Rip van Roker. pic.twitter.com/HLRDZjonTH— Matt Lauer (@MLauer) August 6, 2013
@TheRyanAdams I foresee some snarky Bryan/Ryan Adams comment. #snore— Mandy Moore (@TheMandyMoore) August 6, 2013
Two beautiful children at museum cafe rest heads on table and sleep while Mom studies map. Am I dreaming? pic.twitter.com/rI6vgfJSyH— Judy Blume (@judyblume) August 6, 2013
enough news. Breaking.— mia farrow (@MiaFarrow) August 6, 2013
If you don't know why my record is called BANGERZ you'll know as soon as you hear it. Nothin but #BANGERZ— Miley Ray Cyrus (@MileyCyrus) August 6, 2013
Steve Harvey is a great example of hard work becoming an empire.— Trey Songz (@TreySongz) August 6, 2013
WILLIS OUT... HARRISON FORD IN !!!! GREAT NEWS !!!!! Been waiting years for this!!!!— Sylvester Stallone (@TheSlyStallone) August 6, 2013
@unfoRETTAble And for that we, your fans, are a happy bunch.— Josh Charles (@MrJoshCharles) August 6, 2013
Just tried to induce labor by making gazpacho with extra garlic. I think it might kill us first...Or the next person we talk to�� #sorryguys— Hilaria Baldwin (@hilariabaldwin) August 6, 2013
song of the day: CAROLINA IN MY MIND - JAMES TAYLOR— Rob Thomas (@ThisIsRobThomas) August 6, 2013
happy tues contrary to all the silly rumors, these are the only girls I'm living with who's got it better than me? c http://t.co/Kl7CUh3CVJ— Charlie Sheen (@charliesheen) August 6, 2013
About me not being able to leave NJ & NY don't believe the rumors out there. Most things people saying just aren't true.— Teresa Giudice (@Teresa_Giudice) August 6, 2013
Oh, #PlentyOfFish... *sigh*— yvette nicole brown (@yvettenbrown) August 6, 2013
Image via Richard Shotwell/Invision/AP


text:
Dragon Buster
Second Quest
Enter at the title screen. You'll know the code was entered properly if the background color of the map is red instead of green.
Effect Code Second Quest enabled Right, Down, Up, Left, Right, A, B, Start
Contributed By: Pluvius.
Know Something We Don't?
You can submit new cheat codes for this game using our Cheat Submission Form.
Have We Been Fooled?
If you see a non-working or fake code in the list above, let us know by using our Problem Submission Form.


text:
Micro World Public Lab programs offer an opportunity to participate in science classes related to the Museum's education and research programs, including topics in biology, botany, microbiology, chemistry, mycology and biotechnology.
These classes are especially useful for students looking for additional reinforcement to curriculum goals or extra credit, adults seeking to expand their knowledge of science, or any family group that simply enjoys learning together!
Program Instructor: Deb Bailey, Co-coordinator for the Micro World Investigate Lab.
Registration information: Fill out online, print and mail the Museum's Registration Form [2] and Health Form [3] with payment.
For more information contact Debbie Huston [4], scheduling coordinator, at 919.707.9840.
Upcoming Lab Classes:
March 16th, 2013, 10:00am – 11:30am
Requirements: Minimum age 10
Photosynthesis is one of the most important biological processes on earth – without it the food chain would fall apart. In this class you will design and conduct experiments which test a plant's ability to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. Using state-of-the-art sensor equipment you will collect data that will allow you to determine the effects of various environmental changes, on the rate of photosynthesis. Special attention will be paid to experimental design and the importance of controls, dependent and independent variables, and testable hypotheses.
April 20th, 2013, 10:00am – 11:30pm
Requirements: Minimum age 10
What happens to that swab after a doctor takes a throat culture? How do bacteria grow and what do they look like? Are bacteria bad? According to researchers at the University of Georgia, there are more bacteria on the planet than stars in the Universe, and less than one percent live in animals, including humans. So maybe it is time to get to know these creatures.
In this class we delve into the mysteries of bacteria – where they live, what they do, how to identify them. Students will learn to perform a standard Gram Stain and use an oil immersion microscope. We will also discuss how bacteria affect our lives, from causing disease, to saving the planet.


text:
A contentious bill on higher education that critics say will lead to higher fees is set to be passed into law today after legislators finalized the draft late on Thursday.
The bill, which has been held up in deliberations at the House of Representatives for more than a year, was scrutinized for a final time by a working committee from House Commission X, which oversees education affairs, and officials from the ministries of education, finance, justice and human rights and administrative reform.
The government says the legislation aims to bring the education quality at the nation's 3,000 private schools closer to that of the 83 state universities, as well as guarantee a minimum proportion of places for underprivileged students.
"This bill is very pro-people, and we have stated many times that it orders universities to set a minimum seat allocation for poor students of 20 percent," Education Minister Mohammad Nuh said.
All parties in the House agreed that the passage of the bill was important in order to provide affordable education for all while improving education quality.
Students and activists, however, argue that the bill has many loopholes, especially on the point of financial autonomy for the universities, which they say could eventually lead to the commercialization of tertiary education and corresponding fee hikes.
Question of autonomy
Faldo Malidini, chairman of the University of Indonesia Student Council (BEM UI) and a member of the National Education Committee, said he and fellow student activists were worried that several points in the bill, particularly Articles 66 through 69 on autonomy, will grant the universities "freedom to charge more expensive fees to their students."
Under the bill, state universities can run under three schemes: as a working unit, as a general services unit (BLU), or as a state university legal entity (PTN BH).
Under the first two governance schemes, the state retains considerable control over the universities. As a PTN BH, however, a university would have greater autonomy, including the ability to find sources of funding from outside the state.
Faldo said students concerns about the last point was valid in light of a 2010 ruling by the Constitutional Court that scrapped the Law on Education Legal Entities (BHP), passed earlier that year.
The court reasoned that the BHP Law was unconstitutional because it tried to reform all educational institutions into legal entities, which would remove them from the purview of the government and make them self-regulating.
Faldo said that because universities under this scheme are free to set their own standards, that means they could raise their fees arbitrarily.
"We believe that the higher education bill takes the same tone on autonomy. We've learned [the autonomy lesson] the hard way over the past 10 years, after UI transformed into a legal entity," Faldo said.
"After the government took its hands off UI, tuition fees got very expensive."
Critics also contended that with increased non-state funding, the potential for embezzlement and corruption at universities could increase. They cited UI as an example, where the office of rector Gumilar Soemantri is currently under scrutiny for a string of graft allegations.
They also argued there was little evidence that education quality at the university had increased during its transformation into a PTN BH.
Conversely, there were fears that with a tiered system of university governance, schools with greater autonomy and sources of funding could pull ahead of their state-managed rivals in terms of education quality and thereby widen the gap.
Alghifari Aqsha, a member of the Jakarta Legal Aid Foundation (LBH Jakarta) and the National Education Committee, said another objectionable provision in the legislation was that of a student loan scheme.
He said similar schemes had failed in other countries, including the United States.
Private universities, too, have cited weaknesses in the bill. Edy Suandi Hamid, chairman of the Indonesian Private Universities Association (Aptisi), said the government needed to pay more attention to private schools by supporting research activities.
He also stressed the importance of allowing universities to have the freedom to determine their own curricula. This particular point has been accommodated in the bill, with the House and the government finally agreeing to scrap an article designating the responsibility for curriculum regulation to the Education Ministry.
Making a case
Nuh said he understood if critics were still smarting over the BHP Law, but insisted that the higher education bill was a completely different piece of legislation.
While the BHP Law obliged all state universities to transform into legal entities, the higher education bill offered that change as one of three management options, alongside becoming a working unit or a BLU, he said.
"That is why we call it a state university legal entity, to make sure that the university is run under the government's watch," he said.
For private universities, Nuh went on, the government would leave the matter of school governance in the hands of each university's founding body.
Syamsul Bachri, the House Commission X deputy chairman from the Golkar Party, said not all universities would be allowed to transform into PTN BH.
Only those in sound financial condition, with pledges not to raise tuition fees, would be allowed to undergo the transformation.
"The idea is that the university becomes autonomous, but it should never charge its students exorbitantly," he said, adding this would be achieved even in PTN BH universities through sustained government subsidies.
Syamsul also said that under the bill, the government would be obliged to support students at state universities by providing student operational aid (BOPTN), similar to the school operational aid (BOS) program in elementary and secondary schools.
The amount per student will vary depending on their university and major. The BOPTN for this year will be Rp 1.4 trillion ($148 million), of which 30 percent is designated for research activities at state and private universities.
Syamsul said the House had been very careful about setting "some protections" to ensure the bill was not detrimental to students. One article provides special budget allocations for both state and private universities, but does not specify the exact amount.
"For private schools, the government will support the professors and research activities," he added.
Another key article in the bill states that tuition fees may only be adjusted based on each student's financial capabilities.
"We have guarded the deliberation of the law very closely," Syamsul said.
Back to court?
Raihan Iskandar, a House Commission X member from the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), said the student activists did not have any reason to protest the bill, arguing that it actually accommodated their interests.
"We've been discussing this bill for so long. There have been many changes and it's for the students' benefit," he said.
"Both state and private universities will still have non-profit status. There's no need to worry."
Nuh echoed the call, saying the bill ultimately sought to increase access to tertiary education for all students.
Thantowi Syamsuddin, a student from UI's School of Economics, who attended Thursday's House deliberations, said that despite the official promises and guarantees, he was still skeptical about the bill.


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|13 posts found
Novice Member
Joined: 9/05/08
I played the beta and I actually kind of enjoyed it. It could be that I enjoyed it because I hadn't played any sort of city builder in so long and it was fun being back in that sort of game again. I'd like to hear the opinions of people who are playing since release. How's the online aspect? Is the community developing into a fun group? Thanks in advance for your input/insight.
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Novice Member
Joined: 4/14/09
Unfortunately the game is a huge mess. It shipped too early and Monte Cristo's greed is now getting in the way of the game being any fun at all.
My biggest problem is that the single-player game has been gutted to get people to pay the monthly fee for the Planet Offer online mode. Resource management in the single-player game is almost impossible once your city starts getting big. The tutorial even mentions that the single-player resource management is really expensive so you should sign up for Planet Offer and start trading with real people...
If you do fork over the monthly fee you don't really get anything beyond the single player game except for resource trading with other players and a chat box. There is no co-operative play, you can't watch or participate in another player's build process, connections to different cities don't really do anything so online play is pointless. Unfortunately Monte Cristo has stated that all future additions to the game (such as a mass transit system) will only be available for the online portion of the game so solo players who have no interest in onine gaming are screwed.
My other big beef is that Monte Cristo closed down their official forums at the end of the beta program when it became clear that the game was going to have a horrible launch. They are directing people to join the forums at simtropolis.com but the moderators and admins over there don't allow any negativity about the game to be posted and they are silencing and banning anybody who isn't a fanboy.
It's sad because the game engine is really nice. The structures look fantastic but there's just no real game there. After SimCity 4 no city builder should ever launch without things like region play, mass transit, budgeting tools, and a framework for community mods but Cities XL has none of these things. The fact that they have written off any players who paid for the game but don't want to pay a monthly fee is a huge reason to give this game a pass. Hopefully Monte Cristo comes to their senses and turns things around but I'm not holding my breath.
Novice Member
Joined: 11/22/06
Thanks for the heads up. I was tempted to give it a try but will give it a miss for a few months now.
Seems that very few MMO's can make a decent launch nowadays.
Novice Member
Joined: 9/05/08
Yah thanks for the heads up. I figured I'd be sitting on the fence with this one to see how it pans out.
So...it looks like they made no significant changes to the blueprint system from beta. Shame. We really had hope that they would do something to it when they took it "offline" just a few weeks before the end of beta. Consiering they never told us "why", or what their plans were, I guess I shouldn't be surprised.
If live goes the same way as beta, the blueprints will lose their luster in about three weeks. Waste of a system, unless they change it, IMO.
Oh...and a shame that they didn't do any Halloween events either. Really thought that community team would get on top of events. Ah well...maybe they'll do something for thanksgiving.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 5/26/07
Sometimes I wish I was a balloon!
Is that nasty memory leak from beta already fixed? Really drove me away from the game to see a few weeks later beta ended. was really wondering how they could release it that soon.
CitiesXL Developer
Joined: 3/17/09
Garth...I''m gonna be frank...
Hey guys: here is just to say that we launched the first official content pack today (with the medieval buildings and so on). I hope you enjoy it. FYI-The trade system has been seriously improved over the past few weeks and you are free to say what you will on Simtropolis.com. Matthew, our English Community Manager finds criticisms on a regular basis there, as well as kinder words too. But we definitely don't want negative opinions to be "muted". Criticism is actually good,as long there is some degree of truth behind it ;)
Anyway: hope you enjoy the new buildings and maps :)
Wanna play?
No offense Michael, but the comments regarding the simtropolis forums aren't exactly forthcoming.
1) MC has no official connection to the forums at simtropolis, a fansite. It does not fall under any "jurisdiction" nor were Matthew and/or Gregory made "moderators" on the forums. MC has no say in who/what/where/when/why post content is "edited" by the simtropolis staff. So, while your philosophy may be to allow harsh criticism as long as it is truthful, that doesn't necessarily mean that is the philosophical position of the simtropolis staff.
2) It would be hard to claim to know what the philosophy of the mods on their forums are considering their reasoning for edits is usually vague. Examples include, "Edited for derogatory bashing.--Liv CXL Forums Moderator", and "Edited for inappropriate comment.--Liv CXL Forums Moderator". Could those posts have violated other moderation rules? Sure. Could they have been harsh, but truthfull, criticisms of the game? Yes, possible. But the reasons are too vague to tell. Assuming that moderating only happens for good reasons is a bit misleading.
3) Matthew has only posted about 70 times over on those forums (compare that to the old official forums and it's not even close), and many, many of those posts are information drops or updates. A glance through his posting history doesn't suggest he's involved in active discussions about controversial issues (as he was in the official and beta forums). More often, it's comments like a fix is on the way or sorry you didn't get your disc. Yes, he is there, and he does post...but I don't know many mmo players that would consider his interaction a healthy post-release relationship with the game company.
Again...just thought I'd point out some respectful disagreement for the few folks who stop by these forums. No offense meant to you Michael at all.
One last thing: I noticed you didn't comment on the blueprints. Is it fair to say that the system recently released IS the same system that got shut off in beta, without any changes? If so, any chance we'll get an answer at some point about HOW that system is supposed to add to the competative or cooperative nature of this "mmo"?
Just curious.
Novice Member
Joined: 3/16/07
Originally posted by Michael_MC
thats bull... any dissenting opinion is locked or deleted over there. it has been for a long time.
Apparently I can't warn the devs about a website promoting a hack of th game. It's against the EULA for mmorpg.com. So, I guess the game will just has to suffer with the cheat. Sorry MC folks. You'll have to just know that its out there, it works, and its screwing with your rep. Hope that's enough.
Way to go, mmorpg.com mods. You saved this game from....something. Congrats.
Apprentice Member
Joined: 11/18/03
Originally posted by Bountytaker
That'd be frustrating, but look at it from another point of view. If you posted it to the forum then you're spreading knowledge about the exploit. Try sending the information through a PM.
Originally posted by Bountytaker
From the citiesxl.com website:
"End of October, we also activated the Blueprints system: twice a week, currently on Sundays and Thursdays, you have a chance to win a Blueprint on your profile page, which you can then activate to build an impressive Megastructure in your city.
But you can also share them with others, and some players have obviously been very active requesting Blueprints, as we've seen cities with no less than fifteen Megastructures already built or under construction."
Let's see...blueprints that are handed out randomly/regularly as opposed to "rewarded", no real trade system for them, no cooperation necessary for completion, interplanetary trade, and the ability to build them several times on a planet means they aren't "special" or "rare". All the problems we testers identified in beta before they were "shut down". No change.
Is it any wonder the players are getting bored/uninterested in this system, just as the beta testers did? This system should be a major piece of the MMO gameplay, inspiring competition and cooperation amongst the planet's cities...instead, it's just a mechanic for denying buildings to solo players in an attempt to force them to sign up and pay the monthly fee. Shame on you MC.
Or, to sum it up more succinctly: 15 major world Landmarks in A SINGLE CITY, less than ONE MONTH after release!!!!!!! Ludicrous!
Heh...and it just gets worse. Heard that there's a bug in the game right now that speeds up the Blueprint building process. One person reported completing 8 Megastructures in one city, in JUST ONE DAY! Again, this is the blueprint system that was taken offline in beta a few weeks before launch with the HOPE that it would be retooled. Instead, it comes back in the same state...and breaks in just a few short weeks!
(I even heard the devs were totally unaware of the situation, and had to be informed by players)
Also, it looks like the city building community over on Simtrop is starting to get frustrated with MC's policy on modding. Apparently, all the times MC discussed how strict it would be went over some people's heads. If only they some of them had been more active on the old CXL site forums, where it was made quite obvious that MC was not going to even have a DESIGN DOCUMENT for modding by the time of launch, they wouldn't be so shocked at the current state.
Pay for this one at your own risk folks.


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Johnny's Extreme Game ControllerJohnny's Extreme Game Controller (2006) Season 1 Episode 111-A- Johnny Test Cartoon Episode Guide by Dave Koch
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- Johnny Test Cartoon Episode GuideEpisode GuideTelevisionSeriesCartoon
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- Animation Studio: Warner Bros. Animation, Studio B Productions, Top Draw Animation, Digital eMation, Atomic Cartoons
- Distributed by: The WB Television Network, Kids' WB!
- Cartoon Characters: Johnny Test, Dukey, Mary Test, Hugh Test, Lila Test, Susan Test, Davis.
- Voice Actors: James Arnold Taylor, Louis Chirillo, Brittney Wilson, Ian James Corlett, Kathleen Barr, Maryke Hendrikse, Lucy Davis, Candi Milo, Tom Kenny; Full Voice Cast ...
- Directed By Scott Fellows, Chris Savino.
- Produced By Scott Fellows, Chris Savino, Loris Kramer, Sander Schwartz, J. C. Cheng.
- Written By Mark Fellows.
- Music: Kevin Manthei.
- First Aired on February 18, 2006.
- Originally Aired on Kids WB! (USA).
- Running Time: 11 minutes.
- Season: 1
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Johnny can totally shred skateboarding video games, but he has a much harder time doing the real thing on Sissy Blakely's half-pipe and comes close to breaking... (more)
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The adventures of a fearless 11-year-old boy, his genetically engineered dog, and his super genius 13-year-old scientist twin sisters.
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Photoshop CS5 One-on-One: Advanced, the second part of the popular and comprehensive series, updated for CS5, follows internationally renowned Photoshop guru Deke McClelland as he dives into the workings of Photoshop. He explores such digital-age wonders as the Levels and Curves commands, edge-detection filters, advanced compositing techniques, vector-based text, the Liquify filter, and Camera Raw. Deke also teaches tried-and-true methods for sharpening details, smoothing over wrinkles and imperfections, and enhancing colors without harming the original image. Exercise files accompany the course.
Recommended prerequisite: Photoshop CS5 One-on-One: Fundamentals.
In previous chapters, I explained how Photoshop sees an image, pardon me for bringing this up again, but it goes like this. First, Photoshop sees every one of your vibrant full color photographs as a collection of gray scale images mixing together. Second, Photoshop sees luminance levels from shadows to mid-tones to highlights. And third, it sees edges, areas of rapid contrast. In this chapter, we bring all three of these core elements of digital imaging together.
The Masters of Art from the ancient Greek Apollodorus to the High Renaissance Caravaggio, ultimately labeled the term Chiaroscuro, meaning the interplay of light and dark. Volumetric forms what you and I think of as the stuff of life can be rendered in terms of how light reflects and plays off of them. Shadows and highlights define the objects that we see. In this chapter, we delve into that world; one of Shadows and Highlights and how they inform the contours of reality.
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Home Education Magazine was founded by Mark and Helen Hegener in 1984 when they realized the extraordinary need among homeschool and unschool families for support, legal news and resource information. Nearly 30 years later, Helen retired from her dedicated work on the magazine to enjoy full time grandmotherhood and new interests, leaving Mark holding the reigns.
Barb Lundgren joined the staff in 2012 as editor and together she and Mark rebuilt the business as unschooling.com, offering the magazine––Home Education Magazine––consultant support, news, support groups, legal issues, an e-newsletter, product reviews, book reviews, interviews and videos. The renewed focus for us is on child-led learning and our mantra is Supporting, Celebrating, Loving the Vibrant Life that is Unschooling.
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London. Reclusive North Korea on Tuesday made its maiden appearance at the Paralympic Games but swimmer Rim Ju-Song trailed in last in his S6 50m freestyle swimming heat.
Wild card entry Rim, a left arm and left leg amputee after a construction site accident at the age of six, finished the straight sprint at the Aquatics Centre in east London in 47.87secs, nearly 18 sec behind the heat winner.
But the 16-year-old Rim said he was proud to have competed for his country — and immediately set his sights high for the next Games in four years' time.
"I'm very honored to be the first Paralympian. I'm encouraged that many people cheered for me today. I want to be the gold medallist in the next Paralympic Games in Rio (de Janeiro, Brazil)."
North Korea won four gold medals and two bronze at this summer's London Olympics, finishing 20th in the overall medal table to register the country's best performance since Barcelona in 1992.
The athletes returned home to a heroes' welcome on August 17, with cheering crowds lining the streets of the capital Pyongyang before Premier Choe Yong-Rim and other top officials hosted a banquet reception, according to state media.
Vice Premier Kim Yong-Jin said in a speech that the gold medallists had glorified "the great era of Kim Jong-Un," who took over as the country's supreme leader after his father Kim Jong-Il's death in December 2011.
The communist state has featured in international sport for many years, most notably the 1966 football World Cup where they reached the quarter-finals, losing to Eusebio's Portugal 5-3.
But people with physical or intellectual impairments have faced a long history of discrimination. Acute malnutrition, which stunts development in children, has exacerbated rates of disability, according to the United Nations.
South Korean activists and human rights reports from the US State Department have alleged in the past that disabled people were quarantined within camps far outside Pyongyang and forcibly sterilised.
Charities working in the country, however, have said that attitudes are slowly changing and the government now offers welfare programmes for disabled people while there is a para-sports center in Pyongyang.
Kim Sung-Chol, the North Korea team doctor at the Games, said he doubted reports about ill-treatment of people with disabilities in his home country.
"There is a certain number of people with a disability. It is quite a normal thing. I don't think it's true (about the camps). I saw some media saying that but I don't think it's true," he told reporters.
"People normally live in the villages and in the towns. Of course they participate in sport and art. It is quite normal in my country."
Kim also said he had been surprised at the media attention at the Games given to North Korea, the nuclear-armed nation which former US president George W. Bush said in 2002 was part of the "Axis of Evil" with Iraq and Iran.
The doctor said that in future, more North Korean athletes were likely to take part in the Games, which began last Wednesday and have been billed by organisers as the biggest and most high-profile in the movement's 52-year history.
"We are preparing athletes for table tennis, powerlifting, boccia, wheelchair racing and swimming but unfortunately we have had some time constraints," he explained.
"That's why we only have one swimmer participating. They are all preparing though and observing here."
Agence France-Presse


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Learn how to organize, edit, and share your photos with Photoshop Elements 13.
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Apes in the Orange Grove are: Gijs van Osch: Vocals/Guitar
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Don Gerritsen: Bass / Backing Vocals For years brothers Gijs and Joep have been working on their indie chansons, slowly creating a signature sound of catchy melodies, danceable rhythms and melancholic lyrics. Typical for Apes in the Orange Grove's music is the simple directness of the songs, the brothers' harmonious voices, and the use of melodica and exotic percussion instruments.
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Massey, Clinton
Morgan, Claire
Pofahl, Walter E.
CARL E. HAISCH, MD Director of Surgical Education Director, Surgical Immunology and Transplantation Professor of Surgery Adjunct Professor of Microbiology and Immunology
Address: East Carolina University Brody School of Medicine Division of Transplant Surgery 4S10 Brody Building Greenville, NC 27858-4354 Fax: 252.744.3021 Telephone: 252.744.2990
Current Professional and Academic appointments: Director, Surgical Immunology and Transplantation 1992-Present Associate Surgical Residency Program Director, ECU School of Medicine 1998-Present Director of Surgical Education, ECU School of Medicine 1998-Present Professor of Surgery and Adjunct professor of Microbiology and Immunology 1997-Present
Medical Education:
Undergraduate: George Fox College BA 1969 University of Washington MD 1973
Clinical Interests:
Activities: "Living Donation in the African-American Community" Ortho Biotech "Role of the Vascular Endothelium in Cell Mediated Xenogeneic Responses" ECU Starter Grant "Cold Preservation of Canine Kidneys" Abbott Laboratories "Organ Preservation for Transplantation" Abbott Laboratories
Peer-Reviewed Publications: Haisch CE, Verbanac K. Immunity and the Immunocompromised Patient, In Modern Surgical Care: Physiologic Foundations. Miller, Thomas (ed), Quality Medical Publishing, Inc. 1997.
Brasile, Lauren, Green, Ernie, and Haisch, Carl. Ex Vivo Resuscitation of Kidneys After Postmortem Warm Ischemia. ASAIO Journal. 43(5): M427-M430, September-October, 1997.
Eckhoff, Devin E, Haisch, Carl E, Contreras, Juan L, Thomas, Francis T, Robbins, Michelle, and Thomas, Judith M. Experience with Renal Transplantation in the Non-Human Primate: A Modified Ureteroneocystostomy to Prevent Urologic Complications. Journal Investigative Surgery, 13(5) 247-251 Sept-Oct, 2000.
Philpott, Jonathan M, Ng, Peter C, Wixon, Christopher L, Hoey, Brian A, Kiesnowski, Brian, Crombie, Courtney H, Walker, Jamie S, Meade, Paul G, Foil, Beth and Haisch, Carl E. Rectal Blowout by Personal Watercraft Water Jet-A Case Report and Review of Literature, Journal of Trauma 47(2):385-388.
Arnold, AN, Hurwitz, RL, Taylor, DA, Haisch, CE, and Rebellato, LM. African-American Recipients of Kidneys From Living Donors Have Similar Graft Survival as Non-African-American Recipients, Human Immunology 61(2):S75, October, 2000.
Stubenistky, Bart, Booster, Maurits, Brasile, Lauren, Araneda, Dorian, Haisch, Carl, and Kootstra Gauke. Exsanguinous Metabolic Support Perfusion-A New Strategy to Improve Graft Function After Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation, 70(8):1254-1258, October, 2000.
Coleman, TS, Pittman, HK, Purser, SM, Haisch, CE, Verbanac, KM. Human T-Cell-Porcine Endothelial Cell Interactions Induce Human Th1 Cytokines and Porcine Activation Markers. Journal of Surgical Research, 97)2): 184-191, May 15, 2001.
Brasile, L., Stubenitsky, B, Booster, M., Green, E, Haisch, C, and Kootstra, G. Application of Exsanguineous Metabolic Support to Human Kidneys. Transplant Proceedings, 33:964-965, 2001
Stubenitsky,B.M., Booster, M.H., Brasile, L., Araneda, D., Haisch, C.E., and Koostra, G. Pretransplantation Prognostic Testing on Damaged Kidneys During Ex Vivo Warm Perfusion. Transplantation, 71(5):, March 16, 2001, I n Press.
National/Regional Presentations: "Preventive Aspects in Related Health Problems, Renal Transplantation in African Americans: Access and Outcomes." CE Haisch, Presenter. Key West, Florida, March 14-15, 1997.
Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. "Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitor (NS-398) Improves Survival and Restores Leukocyte Counts in Burn Infection." CE Haisch, Presenter. January 15, 1998.


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@40mhz, I am sure you would like to regulate Can always tell... Apply for a moderator job if desire sticks. Piracy is typically an invitation for eager moderator wannabies people to react, old, weak and basically BS though there are people like zridling around who can ask WFT are you talking about?, standing up for ones word is a admirable feature - most fail and come off as hypocritical if they try, I estimate 95% hitrate when topic is piracy including every member on this domain Probably not "wise" to say either with so sensitive a bunch of people around. Virtual sensitivity rocks!
@Bamse - charming as ever. You never cease to amaze me with your talent for assigning motives to, and putting words into mouths of, people you barely know. First app103, now me. Must be wonderful to have the talent to spin fiction so easily. My hats off.
( It appears virtual rudeness rocks equally well for you. )


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The Indian cricket board (BCCI) is considering giving the go-ahead for Pakistani cricketers to play in next year's IPL. BCCI sources said that the IPL governing council was also ready to discuss allowing Pakistani players in next year's league. They also said the BCCI was open to a Pakistan tour of India – subject to clearance from the Indian government.
"The matter will be further deliberated with the teams and in the governing council, before getting approved in the working committee. Pakistan cricketers could a part of IPL. In future, their national team may also tour India," a board source said
Meanwhile, former Pakistan Cricket Board (PCB) chief Ijaz Butt was quoted as saying that BCCI's top officials have assured him that Pakistani cricketers would take part in the next edition of the IPL.
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4 3. Preparation of an interim report summarizing the results � Aircraft De/Anti-Icing Fluid Research; of Task 1, a comprehensive discussion of each of the pro- � Aircraft De/Anti-Icing Fluid Testing; cedures and technologies recommended for further eval- � Application of Holdover Time Guidelines; uation, and an outline of an experimental plan. � Holdover Time Determination Systems; � Aerodynamic Penalties of Clean or Partially Expended De/ Phase II has these work elements: Anti-icing Fluid; and � Aircraft Ground Deicing Exploratory Research. 1. Design of the experimental plan to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of procedures and technologies approved Subsequent to the classification exercise, a thorough review by ACRP in Phase I and conduct of the experiments. of each technical report was performed to examine and identify 2. Identification of additional opportunities for further potential technologies and procedures for use in de/anti-icing research. optimization. Particular attention was paid to identify potential 3. Preparation of this final report summarizing the results quick hits--optimization technologies and procedures that are and recommendations of the research. ready to implement now or that are already in use, but could be improved upon readily. Research Approach For each technical report reviewed, the optimization tech- nology or procedure was listed along with a list of the positive This section describes the approach and methodologies and negative attributes of the optimization technology or pro- employed in Phase I. cedure and general comments from the review. A summary of the review of each of the 37 technical reports is provided in Literature Review and Data Examination Appendix A. A complete listing of all literature reviewed is given at the APS performed a literature review to identify technologies end of this chapter. and procedures that could potentially optimize the use of aircraft de/anti-icing fluids and, thus, reduce environmental Regulatory, Government and Industry impact while maintaining or even enhancing the safety of air- Documentation, Guidance Material, craft operations in de/anti-icing conditions. The literature and Standards review consisted of: Twenty-two regulatory, government, and industry docu- � Aircraft ground deicing technical reports, produced on ments were reviewed. The preponderance of these documents behalf of the Transportation Development Centre (TDC) of were from the FAA, and addressed many of the activities TC, the FAA, and aviation industry product manufacturers; associated with aircraft icing to include ground icing, ground � Regulatory, government and industry documentation, deicing programs, in-flight icing, aircraft ice protection and guidance material, and standards; and use of infrared deicing facilities. Similar ground deicing docu- � Aircraft ground deicing patents. ments were reviewed from TC and from the Association of European Airlines (AEA). One document from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), entitled Preliminary Aircraft Ground Deicing Technical Reports Data Summary--Airport Deicing Operations (Revised), was Thirty-seven aircraft ground deicing technical reports were reviewed. Other documents reviewed were those used by reviewed. In the initial step, the reports were grouped into foreign air carriers and included documentation from the Joint these areas of interest to facilitate the presentation of report Aviation Authorities (JAA), International Organization for review findings: Standardization (ISO), International Civil Aviation Orga- nization (ICAO) and New Zealand Civil Aviation Authority. � Deicing Procedures--Fluid Freeze Point Buffer Require- Also, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) document ments; Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 4737, Aircraft � Aircraft Anti-Icing Fluid Characteristics; Deicing/Anti-icing Methods with Fluids, which serves as the � Ice Detection Sensors; industry standard for methodologies on aircraft deicing, � Alternative Deicing Approaches: was reviewed. In the Bibliography of Chapter 2, the regulatory, � Hot Water; government and industry documentation, guidance material, � Forced Air Systems; and standards reviewed were grouped in the following manner: � Warm Fuel; � Mobile Infrared System; and � U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA); � Tempered Steam. � U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA);


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CHATTANOOGA (AP) — Investigators have concluded that the deaths of a man and woman who were struck by a train while lying on the tracks at a private road crossing north of Chattanooga were accidental.
Hamilton County Sheriff Jim Hammond said investigators viewed photos that were taken by a camera on the Norfolk Southern train about 6 a.m. on Aug. 22 and the victims, 27-year-old Michael Hennen and 19-year-old Hannah Barnes, appeared to be lying embraced on an asphalt area between the tracks. He said there was no indication they moved before being struck.
Hammond said Hennen was the night manager at a restaurant where they had both worked until closing. He said Hennen had sent a message to someone on the property, saying that he was coming out to swim.


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The Peace Pastor
Pursuing Peace through Faith with the Rev. Marty Troyer
Daily Archive for October 30th, 2011
Video: What is "Biblical Justice" anyway?
Here's a great video looking at what "biblical justice" is from former Sojourners editor Joyce Hollyday. Does "justice" mean giving people what they deserve? Does it mean protecting the innocent from the guilty? Does it mean people getting what they need? Check it out and learn for yourself: Justice & Jubilee from The Work Of […] [Read More]


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IOG AND ECB LAUNCH SHORT COURSE TRAINING MODULES (2hrs) FOR CRICKET GROUNDSMEN
The Institute of Groundsmanship (IOG) and the England & Wales Cricket Board (ECB) are collaborating on a programme of short course training modules that will provide volunteer cricket grounds staff with introductory training and tuition into the preparation and maintenance of playing surfaces in a sustainable way. Initially the courses will be provided free of charge but will have limited places available.
Delivered by qualified IOG instructors, the new pilot programme of one-day courses will complement the newly launched NatWest Pitch Doctor and the wide ranging services offered by the ECB further extending the IOG's longstanding and ongoing work with the ECB in delivering cricket-focused training programmes, from Foundation to Advanced level for groundsmanship.
A range of courses, starting in May, are available:
Please click on this PDF for more information Short Course Module Training.pdf.
If you would like to book yourself a space on any of these courses please contact an ECB / IOG Regional Advisor in your region:
ECB and IOG Regional Advisors
North Region - Contact Ian Mather-Brewster - 07743025547
Midlands Region - Contact Allan Moore - 07968015184
South West and Wales Region - Contact Len Smith - 07800885583
South Region - Contact Ian Norman - 07915999143
East and Anglia Region - Contact Andy Clarke - 07754532545
Or contact the ECB at firstname.lastname@example.com


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Koala Escapes From Zoo, Naps And Then Gets Hungry
By editor
Originally published on Thu February 27, 2014 5:30 am
Good morning. I'm David Greene with a wild story of adventure and escape. OK, not that wild. Mundu, two year old koala, went missing from his exhibit at the San Diego Zoo on Tuesday. Not to worry, he's been found. He escaped his enclosure and fell asleep, spending the day in a tree nearby. Zookeepers lured him back with eucalyptus.
Mundu's bid for freedom may have failed; then again, a pretty sneaky way to get some naptime, which has me thinking about that tree across the street from our studio. It's MORNING EDITION. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.


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Westchester Room Addition
When a family outgrows its home a room addition presents your family with your exact requirements and will be 100% customizable for a home that's truly yours. Palatin Remodeling will open up your mind and home to the potential space you could have, and we'll create a design that is unique to your home and your lifestyle by working straightforwardly with your specifications. We're committed to designing a Westchester home that suits your needs, whether that's building more room for a growing family, adding space to welcome hobbies, creating entertainment areas or expanding your square footage to welcome guests.
Room addition services
Your room additionPalatin Remodeling will create any room addition you request to match any need your family has. We understand that every home and homeowner will have different specifications and personal taste, which is why our room addition services are completely customizable for you. Our team will work directly with your ideas and needs to design and construct your ideal room addition for your Westchester home.
Quality materials
We're dedicated to using the highest quality materials for every Westchester room addition because the best materials have the longest lasting results and the most satisfaction for our clients. The services Palatin Remodeling provides includes plumbing and electrical for your room addition, plus obtaining city permits and any foundation work that needs to be done.
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In our ongoing resolution to provide the best value and best room addition services for Westchester residents, Palatin Remodeling offers complimentary consultations right in your home so you can tell us exactly what you need. We want to make sure you get the ideal room addition that covers every need you and your family has. Contact Palatin Remodeling today and take the first step towards a completely new home!


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How to wear yellow, like Beyoncé, and more style tips
Even before I saw this on Beyoncé's web site, I was a fan of yellow. It's bright, cheery and makes me feel happy. Maybe that's why it's a huge color for spring. On Thursday, I moderated a trends panel for the Houston chapter of Fashion Group International at Neiman Marcus, in which we talked about […] [Read More]


text: Prev | Next Purchase this photo Billy Summers/The Putnam Herald Putnam County Commissioner Joe Hayes cuts the ribbon on Tuesday, June 25, 2013, during the dedication of the new Valley Park addition in Teays Valley. Gallery: Putnam in Pictures, Friday, June 30 Jun. 28, 2013 @ 12:29 PM The Herald-Dispatch / 2015 Did you miss something in Putnam County this week? Chances are, one of our photographers was there. ()


text: In trying to settle an argument about one-pocket rules at the local pool hall, I just finished doing a little Internet research. I was a bit surprised to notice one discrepancy as I went from one web site to another. Some versions of the rules state that on the break, at least one OBJECT BALL must hit a rail. The BCA site and the Brunswick site both state this. On the other hand, most sources state that EITHER AN OBJECT BALL OR THE CUE BALL must hit a rail after the cue ball has contacted an object ball. I think this second version is most often used in tournaments, but I have only played in one one-pocket tournament (Derby City). Does anyone know FOR SURE which version of the rules would be used in major tournaments and/or matched between top players? How would Efren and Cliff be playing? Thanks in advance for any help.


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Kentucky Abnormally Dry
By Jim Warren, Lexington Herald-Leader
You can sum up this week's Kentucky weather like this: It's hot and about to get hotter; it's dry and about to get drier. The National Weather Services says that while Tuesday will be pleasant in Lexington, with a high around 79, temperatures will skyrocket later this week, hitting the high 90s by Friday. Meanwhile, there's little chance of rain.


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Step 1:
First of all your going to need a Xbox to put the pc into. Just open all of the screws from the bottom of the xbox and pull the top up from the console. Once the top is off, pull out the stuff from the inside including the metal frame.
Step 2: Power button
If you want to use the Xbox original on/off button, dvd disk opening button and the leds for the power on and the hdd youl have to modificate the Xbox button circuit. This includes some soldering but nothing too hard. First of all you need some wires for the two leds (each on the othed sides of the circuit.) the power and dvd opening button. The each led in the Xbox have two colors Green and Red. You can choose wich one you like. i decided to use green light for the power and red to the hdd. Just solder wires to the leds and for the power and dvd button. If you don't know how the buttons work use a multimeter to work that out.
Once you have solderd the wires to the circuit youl have to cut the copper from the black side of the circuit to make it work. just follow the red lines in the last picture and make sure that it wont lead between the cuts anymore. if you don't do this the buttons wont work.
i congratulate you on your effort converting the language, and with few spelling mistakes, i know if i was to try typing in finnish i would fail and it would not make sense
i notice on your picture you dont have the dock... are all the visual themes working? like windows max/min and all that?
With that being said, I was trying to say
"I am wondering the same thing that dgleeson mentioned in the previous comment about the specs"
in what I previously thought was the shortest term possible.
Thanks for your kind replies anyway!... :-P
Bump, on Instructables, is used to bring up that comment thread to the top, and also brings up community topics for others to see. Commenting with anything does the same thing, but saying "bump" shows that you did it for the soul purpose of 'bumping' it up for others to see.
Hyvää työtä
It would be so amazingly awesome to turn a 17" laptop into a tablet!


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Tubing of a thermoplastic polymer for handling corrosive materials is laminated or reinforced by covering the same with a heat-softenable bonding agent as an adhesive, inserting the adhesive-covered tube in a cylindrical glass fabric sleeve, inserting the assembly in a hollow cylinder, heating the tube to a temperature to cause the softening of the bonding agent and adhesion to the tube, forcing the tube with air or centrifugal force against the inside of the cylinder to force softened bonding agent into the interstices of the glass fabric, and cooling the entire assembly while expanded to adhere the bonding agent to the fabric and thereby form a unitary structure. The reinforced tube can be bonded to the inside of a preformed steel or fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe to serve as a protective liner therefor.
1. The process of forming a laminated pipe which comprises:
(1) placing a tube of chemically inert thermoplastic polymer within a close-fitting seamless sleeve of fabric made from an inert fiber;
(2) heating the tube to the softening temperature of the polymer;
(3) expanding the softened tube by inflation or centrifugal force, thereby forcing the softened polymer between the interstices of the fabric sleeve; and
(4) cooling the tube while polymer is still within the sleeve so that an integral pipe is formed by means of a bond between the polymer and the fabric.
2. The process of claim 1 wherein the tube is seamless.
3. The process of claim 2 wherein the fabric sleeve is made of fiberglass.
4. The process of claim 2 wherein the thermoplastic polymer is a fluorinated polymer.
5. The process of claim 4 wherein an adhesive for fluorinated polymers is inserted between the seamless tube and the sleeve before heating.
6. The process of claim 5 wherein the adhesive for fluorinated polymers is a film of the same fluorinated polymer that forms the seamless tube but has a lower specific melt viscosity.
7. The process of claim 4 wherein the fluorinated polymer of the seamless tube is a tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
8. The process of claim 1 wherein the tube placed within the sleeve is inserted into a hollow heat-conducting cylinder before it is heated.
9. A laminated seamless tube comprising a seamless cylindrical thermoplastic liner and a seamless cylindrical fabric sleeve around the liner, there being a bond between the liner and the sleeve formed by thermoplastic material forced within the sleeve.
10. A tube of claim 9 wherein the liner is made from a fluoropolymer.
11. A seamless tube of claim 10 wherein the bond is formed by fluoropolymer forced within the sleeve.
12. A seamless tube of claim 10 comprising additionally an adhesive film of fluoropolymer between the liner and the fabric.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the production of seamless reinforced polymeric thermoplastic tubing for use with corrosive chemicals either alone or as a fixed lining for more rigid tubing.
2. Prior Art
Steel pipes loose-lined with polymeric fluorocarbon liners, e.g., of Teflon®, are available commercially for corrosive chemicals.
Lowthian U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,064 shows making cylinders by wrapping flat fluorocarbon laminate around a mandrel.
Sandt U.S. Pat. No. 2,833,686 discloses (Example 5) that polymerized fluorocarbon linings can be bonded to the inside of iron pipe by the use of adhesives, heat and applied air pressure.
A reinforced seamless thermoplastic tube, e.g., of Teflon®, is produced by covering a preformed seamless tube of a thermoplastic polymer with a suitable adhesive, encasing the covered tube in a reinforcing sleeve or stocking, e.g., of knit fiberglass, inserting the assembly in a hollow cylinder, pressurizing the inside of the tube with compressed air or centrifugal force while heated to about the softening point of the polymer to expand it and force adhesive into the fiberglass sleeve, cooling the assembly and reducing the pressure to atmospheric. The laminated tube can be slipped within and glued to the inside of a preformed polyester-glass or metal pipe, if desired.
The drawings illustrate the practice of the invention wherein:
FIG. 1 shows a cylindrical tube assembly 10, partially cut away, ready to be pressurized. Assembly 10 comprises a tube 11 of a fluoropolymer covered with fluoropolymer film 12, both within tubular knit glass fabric sleeve 13. Solid end plug 14 blocks one end of tube 11 while end plug 15 carries gas inlet 16 to admit air under low pressure;
FIG. 2 shows tube assembly 10 inserted for convenience within hollow metal cylinder 17 to insure even heating and to prevent ballooning of the tube 11. Cylinder 17 may be put on cart 18 and placed in oven 19. Air hose 20 is connected to gas inlet 16 and extends through oven 19 to air compressor 21. If desired, a multiplicity of cylinders as in a honeycomb rack (not shown), each containing a tube assembly, can be placed on the cart. The cart is moved into the oven, and all the fluoropolymer tubes are heated and pressurized simultaneously;
FIG. 3 illustrates an alternative method of laminating a fluoropolymeric tube to a fiberglass sleeve. In this method, a cylindrical assembly 10 with a polymeric tube covered with a fluoropolymeric film and encased in a glass fabric (not specifically illustrated) is mounted in a heat-conductive (preferably metallic) cylinder 30 with plugs 31 and 32 at the ends. Plug 31 is rotatably connected to support 33 while plug 32 is connected to motor 34. In operation, heat is applied in any convenient way to cylinder 30, e.g., by torches, not shown, and the cylinder rapidly rotated. The tube expands, due to centrifugal force, and with the film is forced into the interstices of the fiberglass sleeve; and
FIG. 4 illustrates the bonding of a complete assembly 40 to metal pipe 41 with holes 42 and 43 at its ends. Assembly 40 is the same as assembly 10 except that the three components, the polymeric tube, the film, and the fiberglass sleeve, have been laminated together as illustrated above. The ends of pipe 41 are closed by plates 47 and 48 held together as by rods 49 and 50. Gaskets and other supports may be utilized as is convenient. Feed line 44 connects hole 43 to pressure pot 45 containing adhesive 46 which can be forced into the space between assembly 40 and pipe 41.
Fluorinated polymers are particularly useful in handling corrosive liquids and the like because of their chemical inertness. They are, however, not as strong physically as is sometimes desirable, and thus it is necessary to support them, e.g., as by placing them in steel pipe. They are inert to most adhesives (except for other fluoropolymers) and difficult to fix or join to metallic surfaces. Adhering the fluoropolymer to a material such as a glass fabric provides a surface which can readily be adhered to metals.
Adhering the glass and the fluoropolymer can be accomplished with flat sheets that can be rolled into cylinders. Although then fused at the contacting edges, these cylinders have seams constituting a weakness in their structure.
Seamless fluoropolymeric tubes prefabricated as by extrusion can be obtained commercially and, in the present invention, are directly reinforced or laminated. Tubes of any desired length and diameter can be used. Between 0.5 and 16 inches in diameter is normal. The tubing wall generally has a thickness of from 5-100 mils. Preferably, the thickness will be from 20-100 mil, more preferably, 50-100 mil.
Fluorocarbon polymers usable in this tubing comprise those shown by art such as that cited above, e.g., the melt-fabricable perhalopolyfluoroethylene copolymers. These copolymers include chlorotrifluoroethylene and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) copolymerized with fluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene, or with perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether monomers such as perfluoropropyl- or ethyl-vinyl ether, or with nonfluoroinated monomer such as alkylenes, e.g., ethylene, including the tetrafluoroethylene/ethylene binary polymers and terpolymers.
In general, the tubing will be composed of a fluorocarbon copolymer having a specific melt viscosity higher than that of the fluorocarbon adhesive employed, itself a fluorocarbon polymer. Preferably, the specific melt viscosity of the tubing polymer will be 30-60×104 poises, and more preferably, from 40-60×104 poises. These are preferred because of their good mechanical properties and availability.
By the term "specific melt viscosity" as used herein is meant the apparent melt viscosity as measured at 372° C. under a shear stress of 6.5 pounds per square inch. The values herein referred to are determined using a melt indicator of the type described in the American Society of Testing Materials Test D-1238-57 T, modified for corrosion resistance to embody a cylinder and orifice of "Ampco" aluminum bronze and a piston weighing 60 grams, having a "Stellite" cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy tip. The resin is charged to the 0.375-inch I.D. cylinder which is held at 372° C.±0.5° C., allowed to come to an equilibrium temperature during 5 minutes, and extruded through the 0.0825-inch diameter, 0.315-inch long orifice under a piston loading of 5,000 grams. The specific melt viscosity in poises is calculated as 53,150 divided by the observed extrusion rate in grams per minute.
The lower specific melt viscosity of the copolymer of the adhesive allows it to be flowable at the temperatures required to laminate the tubing to the laminating material used. This flowability enables the adhesive copolymer to wet and be embedded into the laminating material and also to fuse with the fluorocarbon copolymer of the tubing.
Any melt-fabricable adhesive for fluoropolymers can be used to bond or assist in bonding the tubing to its laminate. In general, fluorinated copolymers will be used and applied in the form of a thin film usually wrapped around the tubing. It should be noted that in one aspect of the invention, however, the adhesive film is omitted and the polymer of the tubing acts as its own bonding agent.
The fluorocarbon copolymer adhesive is employed in the form of a thin film with a thickness of from a minimum of about 1 mil (at this thickness, handling difficulties occur), to a maximum of about 10 mils. Preferred because of availability and ease of handling is a thickness of 2-5 mil. The adhesive will be composed of a fluorocarbon copolymer having a sufficiently low specific melt viscosity to enable the copolymer to wet and penetrate the laminating material at fabricating temperature.
Although the fluorocarbon copolymer adhesive is preferably utilized as a preformed film, usually wrapped around the tubing, it can also be used as a freshly formed extrudate applied prior to its being completely cooled, or as a dispersion or paste containing the fluorocarbon copolymer which is applied in several coats until the minimum thickness of about 1 mil is obtained.
The reinforcing agent useful in the present invention is in the form of a cylindrical sleeve made from a fabric which can be woven or knit. The sleeve can be made from a flat sheet rolled into a cylinder with the edges merely touching, sewed together, or overlapping. Preferably, however, the sleeve is a seamless cylinder woven or knit as such.
Woven fabrics are those characterized by any of the well-known criscross weaves and by moderate or low elongation or extension along either major axis of the fiber weave.
Preferably, the fabric is composed of continuous yarn or set of yarns in the form of courses or rows of loops, each row of loops being caught in the previous row of loops, and can be described as knit. Any type of knit can be used in the fabric. For example, in addition to the plain pearl knit, such knits as the flat jersey knit, the raschel knit, the rib stitch and the tricot stitch can be used. Fabrics that are knitted double and are held together by binding stiches, which are known as double knit fabrics, can also be used. Variations on the basic knitting stitch can be used, such as the tuck stitch, wherein periodically the knitting operation loops at desired intervals are left unknitted so as to form knobby or bumpy surface on one or both sides of the knitted fabric which increases its apparent thickness. All these types of knits have in common the feature of the loops of the yarn making up the fabric extending from each surface of the fabric, and of being extensible in all directions. Generally, an extensibility without breaking of at least 10% in all directions is desired for a knit fabric, with some applications requiring at least 20% extensibility based on the original dimension of the fabric.
The laminated tubing incorporating the fabric (whether woven or knit) will have a relatively corresponding extensibility or lack of extensibility.
The fabric can be knit or woven from any fiber which is inert, i.e., has temperature stability at the temperature or temperatures required during the processing. Suitable fibers include natural or synthetic fibers, including, for example, metal, polyimide, carbon fibers, glass fibers, graphite fibers, ceramic fibers, asbestos fibers, aromatic aramide fibers, etc. Because of their desirable physical properties, glass fibers are preferred for the invention. Glass fiber yarn is frequently used instead of glass monofilament because of the relative fragility of the monofilament.
When the fabric is woven, carbon and graphite fibers are particularly preferred. When the fabric is knit, glass and aromatic aramide fibers are particularly preferred.
Seamless pipes can be formed simply by the process of this invention as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The ends of an originally seamless polymeric fluorocarbon tube of appropriate size are firmly plugged, with an air inlet in one plug, and the tube wrapped with a film of any melt-fabricable fluoropolymer selected as an adhesive. Tubular glass fabric is pulled over the tube and smoothed. The resultant assembly can be heated in any appropriate manner, but preferably is inserted in a hollow heat-conductive (usually metallic) cylinder and an air supply attached to the air inlet. Air pressure, i.e., 1/2-10 psig, is applied and the assembly placed in an oven, heated above the softening temperature of the adhesive, and maintained at this temperature for 5-30 minutes. The assembly is removed from the oven and immediately cooled while still under pressure with a fine water spray. A heavy stream of water should preferably not be used since it can cause warpage unless uniformly applied. Natural covection cooling is not preferred since it extends the time at high temperature and causes excessive penetration of the copolymer into the glass fabric. After the assembly cools, the air pressure is turned off and the end plugs removed.
It will be understood that modifications can be made in the process described. A plurality of pipes can be formed simultaneously by heating a number of filled cylinders at the same time, as in the honeycomb rack noted above. Pressure, temperature and time at temperature can also be varied to some extent, since the same result can be obtained using various combinations of the three. Furthermore, these quantities will vary with the polymers used and with the composition of the adhesive. Additional steps can also be included in the procedure outlined such as flangeing the ends of the pipes, possible because of the elastic nature of both polymer and certain glass fabric constructions.
An alternative procedure for expanding polymer into the interstices of a surrounding fabric is shown in FIG. 3. Here the wrapped tube assembly is heated above the softening point of the polymer and revolved rapidly, e.g., at 1000 rpm or more (depending on tube diameter), around its longitudinal axis. Although the tube loses strength, high temperature, e.g., 250°-300° C., can be employed because centrifugal force not only extrudes polymer into the fabric but prevents the tube from collapsing.
The seamless laminated tubes of this invention are useful in themselves in handling various corrosive materials. They are also useful as liners for physically stronger materials such as steel and fiberglass. They can readily be bonded to the inside of preformed steel or fiberglass reinforced plastic pipes and form a unitary system therewith, e.g., as shown in FIG. 4. Any bonding agent that will adhere to the external pipe and will withstand the service temperature employed can be used, e.g., vinyl esters or epoxy resins. Adhesion of the various materials can be improved by abrading the surfaces involved, by drawing a vacuum to suck the adhesive into the space between the inner and the outer pipes, by deaerating the adhesive before use, or by saturating the fiberglass with adhesive before assembly.
Alternatively, light unitary structures can be formed directly on the laminated tube by conventional filament winding or hand lay-up of fiber reinforced plastic, e.g., epoxy, polyester with fiberglass mat, roving, etc.
While the discussion above has been largely restricted to fluoropolymers, of great commercial importance, the techniques described need not be so restricted. They are obviously applicable to other thermoplastic materials, especially to those relatively inert to caustic or corrosive substances such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, or other piping material inert to a particular destructive chemical.
There follow some examples illustrating aspects of the invention. Examples 1 and 2 show forcing softened fluoropolymer into the interstices of a glass sleeve, Example 1 by air pressure and Example 2 by centrifugal force. Example 3 shows bonding a seamless laminated tube to reinforcing outer pipe as a liner.
A piece of preformed seamless tubing made of a fluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene copolymer (16% by weight hexafluoropropylene; about 50×104 poises specific melt viscosity at 372° C.) is cut into an 8-foot length. The tubing has an outside diameter of 10" and a wall thickness of 100 mils. The ends of the tubing are plugged, an air inlet being put in one end. The plugged tubing is laid upon a table and wrapped with a sheet of film of copolymer having the same composition as the tubing but a lower specific melt viscosity (about 8×104 poises at 372° C.). The film is of 2-mil thickness. Tubular knit glass fabric about 0.03 inch thick is pulled over the wrapped tube, smoothed and bound securely at the ends.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, the fabric-covered tubing is inserted into a hollow cylinder, and air-supply and pressure-gauge lines and a thermometer (not shown) are attached thereto. Air pressure (1 psi) is applied and the assembly placed in an oven preheated to 320° C. and allowed to heat up to 300° C. over a period of about 30 minutes. The temperature of the oven is then reduced and maintained at 300° C. for 20 minutes. The assembly is removed from the oven, air pressure is raised to 3 psi, and the assembly is cooled to ambient temperature with fine water spray. Air pressure is turned off and the laminated tube removed from the hollow cylinder. Peel tests show that the glass fabric is firmly adhered to the fluorocarbon tube. Tests show a peel strength ranging from 15 to 30 lb/in.
Into the apparatus as illustrated in FIG. 3 is inserted a fluoropolymeric tube fitted into a fiberglass sleeve with a fluorocarbon film between them. The cylinder is rotated at 1000 rpm and heated above the softening point of the polymer, e.g., to 280° C. While the polymer has insignificant strength at this temperature, the tube does not collapse because of centrifugal force. Rotation is continued at 1000 rpm for 5 minutes. The heat is removed and the cylinder rotated for about 3 additional minutes while cooling. The fluoropolymeric tube is found to be forced within and adhered to the fiberglass sleeve as in Example 1.
A laminated tube as produced by the method of either Example 1 or 2 is placed within a fiber-reinforced plastic pipe about 30 inches long and mounted as shown in FIG. 4. As adhesive, 1000 g of Derakane® 470-36 containing 10 cc of methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and 2 cc of cobalt naphthenate, is placed in pressure pot 45 and forced into the space between the steel pipe and the inner tube assembly. Upon standing overnight, the adhesive forms a bond between the outer pipe and the inner laminated polymeric tube. The bond is brittle and relatively easily broken. Derakane® 470 is a vinyl ester resin available from the Dow Chemical Company and used to make laminated piping. Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide and cobalt naphthenate are curing agents for Derakane® 470.
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