text:
The present invention is a sequenced method of increasing the injectivity of oil bearing formations and increasing hydrocarbon recovery. The method of the invention is initiated by injecting an aqueous fluid at an ambient temperature into the formation through an injection well while concurrently recovering fluid at a production well. The first injection stage is followed by the injection of fluid of gradually increasing temperature until a temperature of about 75°-100° C. is reached. Finally, steam is injected into the formation.
1. A method for recovering hydrocarbons from a subterranean hydrocarbon-bearing formation penetrated by an injection well and a production well, which comprises:
(a) injecting water into the formation via an injection well at a temperature of about 10° C. to about 40° C. while recovering fluid at a production well;
(b) raising the temperature of the water to about 50° C. to about 100° C. while recovering fluid at the production well;
(c) ceasing injection of the water:
(d) injecting steam having a quality of about 10% to about 25% into the formation via an injection well while recovering fluid through the production well; and
(e) gradually increasing the quality of the injected steam to a quality of about 65% to about 90%.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the temperature of the water is gradually increased from about 10° C. to about 40° C. to a temperature of about 80° C. to about 100° C.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the hydrocarbons to be recovered are highly viscous, having an API gravity of less than 20°.
The present invention concerns a water and steam drive oil recovery method. More particularly, the invention relates to a sequenced method of injecting an aqueous fluid having a relatively low temperature followd by a fluid having a relatively higher temperature, followd by steam for increasing injectivity and the recovery of viscous hydrocarbons from oil bearing formations.
It is well recognized that primary hydrocarbon recovery techniques may recover only a minor portion of the petroleum products present in the formation. This is particularly true for reservoirs containing viscous crudes. Thus, numerous secondary and tertiary recovery techniques have been suggested and employed to increase the recovery of hydrocarbons from the formations holding them in place. Thermal recovery techniques have proven to be effective in increasing the amount of oil recovered from the ground. Waterflooding and steamflooding have proven to be the most successful oil recovery techniques yet employed in commercial practice. However, the use of these techniques may still leave up to 70% to 80% of the original hydrocarbons in place.
Furthermore, when reservoirs containing viscous oil are flooded, problems related to the formation of highly viscous oil banks can be frequently encountered. Conditions may exist in the reservoir where more viscous oil is encountered and due to formation materials and porosity, injectivity drastically decreases, making it difficult to inject sufficient fluid and heat into the formation. As a result, these viscous oil banks may solidify to the point where fluid flow cannot be sustained without increasing injection pressure far beyond maximum pressure restraints and damaging the reservoir.
Several methods have been developed which involve a combination of steam and waterflooding such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,360,045 and 4,177,752. But these methods generally begin with steam injection followed by waterflooding. U.S. Pat. No. 3,360,045 discloses a steam injection process followed by hot water flooding along with a polymeric thickening agent contained within the water injected. U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,752 describes a multi-step process in which steam is initially injected into the formation before the completion of a third well between the injection and production wells. After producing through the third well for a time, hot water is injected through the third well,. Such methods may leave a large amount of oil in place in viscous formations such as tar sands and can frequently be further thwarted by the formation of viscous oil banks within the formation that are highly resistant to oil flow.
The present invention comprising a specific sequence of steps increases injectivity of a formation a substantial degree while permitting the recovery of a greater quantity of petroleum than that possible with ordinary steam and water drives. At least two wells, one an injection well and the second a production well, are required for the practice of the invention. Of course, more injection and production wells may be completed to the formation and employed in the practice of the invention.
The invention sequence is initiated by the injection into the formation of an aqueous fluid at ambient temperature. After a suitable period of ambient temperature fluid injection, a heated aqueous fluid is injected into the formation. This is immediately followed by steam injection. Produced hydrocarbons are recovered through the production well during all three injection stages.
In its most preferred embodiment, the temperature of the injected fluid which is essentially water is gradually increased over lengthy time periods from ambient temperature to a hot temperature of about 75°-100° C. The preferred embodiment also includes a gradual increase in steam quality from a low quality steam at the initiation of steam injection to a later, high quality steam. This gradual transition to progressively hotter and hotter fluid, and higher quality steam, maintains communication between the injection and production wells and prevents the formation of distinct, thick oil banks even in formations holding highly viscous petroleum. In addition, a hydrocarbon solvent may be injected into the formation before the injection of steam to improve oil mobility and increase recovery. The present invention has particular application to heavy oil and tar sand reservoirs.
FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating the pressures, temperatures and residual oil saturation of the invention sequence as carried out in Example 4.
FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating the pressures, temperatures and residual oil saturation of the invention sequence as carried out in Example 5.
FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating total oil recovery and the variation in water-oil ratios of the invention sequence of Example 4.
FIG. 4 is a graph plotting temperatures, pressures and quantities of injected fluids of the invention sequence carried out in an Anderson Count, Texas reservoir.
The present invention substantially increases formation injectivity and provides enhanced recovery of light and heavy hydrocarbons. It is particularly useful during recovery of viscous hydrocarbons, including tar sands, where viscous oil is likely to coagulate and form immobile oil banks in the formation. The several stage process maintains communication and permits the driving of viscous oil towards the production well without creating viscous oil banks or exceeding pressures which might damage the formation.
The first injection stage consists of an aqueous fluid essentially comprised of water at an ambient temperature. Such water, normally at a temperature of about 10° C. to about 40° C., is injected into the formation by an injection well to aid in establishing a network of flow paths through the reservoir matrix and any local concentrations of highly viscous oil. It is thought that the ambient temperature water initially displaces connate water as well as gas contained in the reservoir.
The second injection phase of hot water enlarges the communication paths which have been established through the reservoir matrix and begins to mobilize and displace petroleum trapped in the formation. In the preferred practice of this invention, the temperature of the injected water is gradually increased from the ambient temperature at which the water is initially injected. During this gradual transition to progressively hotter and hotter water over a lengthy period of time, an increasing amount of oil is mobilized and displaced towards the production well or wells systematically reducing the oil saturation to the ultimate hot water residual saturation for the specific crude and reservoir (0.3 to 0.6 Sor for certain heavy oils). A slow gradual increase in injection water temperature is important to avoid the formation of a distinct, thick oil bank which may become immobile and thwart secondary recovery efforts. It is desired that the water temperature be gradually increased to a final temperature of about 85° C. to about 100° C.
A hydrocarbon solvent may be optionally injected before the injection of steam in the third step to improve hydrocarbon viscosity. The preferred injection time of the solvent is after hot water injection and before steam injection, but good results may also be obtained when a solvent is injected before or during hot water injection. Such solvent injection substantially aids in establishing and maintaining communication in tar sands. Preferred hydrocarbon solvents include naptha and a C5 -C6 cut of crude oil.
The third step of the injection sequence involves the injection of steam through the injection well. It is preferred that the steam initially injected be of a low quality (abut 10% to about 25% quality). Steam having a low ratio of vapor to water is initially preferred in the practice of the invention so as to continue the gradual transition of increased heat being injected into the formation. It is also preferred that the steam quality be gradually increased until a steam quality of about 65% to about 90% is reached. Produced fluids are recovered concurrently with all three injection steps.
The decision on when to change from one injection step to another is dependent upon many factors and varies considerably from formation to formation. A few of the factors which must be considered in determining the length of the injection stages are the pore volume and porosity of the field, the stability and character of the injection pressure, trends in injection pressure, the vertical conformance of the formation, and production characteristics including the rate of production of the formation and the temperature response of the production well.
It is generally desirable to inject from about one to about two pore volumes of fluid into the reservoir. Continuing to increase the quantity of fluid injected until a balance is reached between the amount of fluid being injected and the quantity of fluid produced may also be desirable.
In practice, it has been found that ambient temperature injection should continue at a constant, limited injection pressure for about two to about four weeks. After the two to four week ambient temperature fluid injection stage, it is preferred to increase the injected fluid temperature at a rate of about 0.5° to about 2.0° C. every week until near steam conditions are reached. The rapidity in change of fluid temperature is an inverse function of the viscosity of the in place crude. The hot fluid should be injected over a period of about two to about twelve months in a quantity ranging from about 0.05 to about 0.85 pore volumes, preferably about 0.05 to about 0.3 pore volumes.
During the gradual transition to hotter aqueous fluid, injectivity of the formation as well as the fluid produced should be constantly monitored to determine if the pressure or quantity of the injected fluid should be modified. If injectivity problems occur, restorative measures such as anti-dispersion additives, mud acids or clay stabilizers should be employed.
The transition to steam should be made only when the producing well or wells demonstrate substantial thermal response from the hot fluid injection. The increase in steam quality from 0% of the range of about 65% to about 90% should occur over a couple of months with the injection of about 0.1 to about 0.3 pore volumes of steam. Thereafter, steam injection should be continued until the costs of steam injection outweigh the value of the produced oil cut.
If an untenable injectivity loss results during the steam injection phase, steam injection should be halted and hot water injection resumed. Further steam injection should await substantial additional thermal response shown by the producing well. In practice, this may mean hot water and steam injection stages of several months each.
In addition to being employed as the principal method of enhanced oil recovery for a reservoir, the present invention may also be utilized in conjunction with other enhanced recovery techniques in the event plugging or detrimental viscous oil banking occurs. Blockage of the formation as a result of viscous oil banking can be a serious problem in conventional steam operations. But the present invention through its injection of ambient temperature water and water of gradually increasing temperature can relieve the problem of viscous oil banking by channeling through or around the zone where plugging occurs. A communicative link between injection and production wells can generally be re-established without resorting to drastically increased injection pressures which may damage the reservoir. If such remedial treatment fails to solve the plugging of viscous oil banking, a non-condensable gas may be injected to further aid in establishing communication. Then the injection sequence of the invention should be repeated. Suitable non-condensable gases include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, combustion gases and air.
It has also been discovered that total oil recovery may be increased if back pressure is applied to the formation through the production well. A substantial back pressure will restrict the expanding water and steam injection zones, increasing residence time and insuring that injected hot water will remain in the liquid phase for a longer time. Properly applied back pressure will also inhibit water and steam breakthrough and maintain the advancing water and steam front in a more uniform manner.
Application of back pressure, however, is not universally recommended. Reservoir conditions such as porosity and high vertical nonconformance as well as production economics may make its use disadvantageous. Restricting water and steam expansion through back pressure substantially stretches out injection and flooding times. Consequently, larger quantities of thermal energy must be injected into the reservoir. The additional thermal energy loss during this period may make the additional recovered oil economically unattractive.
The invention is better understood by reference to the following examples. These examples are offered for illustrative purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
For the purpose of demonstrating the operation and advantages of the present sequence injection process, the following laboratory experiments and field tests were performed. Comparisons are made between the present invention and a recovery process employing steam injection only.
For the laboratory tests, an experimental apparatus was set up employing a linear flow cell, a steam generator, constant rate mercury displacement water feed pumps and a production condensing and collecting system. For Examples 1-3 the linear cell was approximately 17.8 centimeters in length with a cross sectional area of about 9.5 square centimeters and a bulk volume of approximately 169 cubic centimeters. Larger cells were employed for Examples 4-5. They measured approximately 61 centimeters in length with a cross sectional area of 27.1 square centimeters and a bulk volume of 1653 cubic centimeters. Linear flow cells 30 centimeters long with a cross sectional area of 10.0 square centimeters were employed in the tar sand tests of Examples 6-12. Example 13 is an additional laboratory test employing highly viscous crude from a Santa Barbara County, California field. The results of an actual field test in Anderson County, Texas are reported in Example 14.
The 17.8 centimeter linear flow cell was packed with ground core material from a field in Anderson County, Texas which produces crude oil of about 18.5° API. Following saturation of the cell with fresh water, the water was then displaced from the cell by crude oil from the Anderson County field having a gravity of 18.5° API to establish the initial oil saturation.
The sand pack was first flooded with ambient temperature water of approximately 20° to 25° C., which was followed by a hot water flood at about 82° C. and then a steam flood without any back pressure beyond atmospheric pressure. Oil saturation was lowered from 0.86 to a very good residual saturation of 0.277.
For both examples, the same crude of Example 1 was mixed with fresh water and lightly crushed core samples before packing the cell. The water in Example 3 was furnished by a 1% potassium chloride solution intended to check into evidence of water sensitive clays. As shown by Table 1, treatment conditions for Examples 2 and 3 were nearly identical except that Example 2 was treated according to the sequence method of the present invention, and Example 3 was injected with steam only. The cell of Example 2 produced a much greater quantity of oil through the practice of the present invention when compared to the steam only run of Example 3. Table 1 should be examined for specific details.
The larger 61 centimeter cells were packed with lightly crushed core samples from the Anderson County, Texas field of Example 1. A thin layer of 15-20 mesh sand was placed at each end of the cell to restrict particle motion and to simulate gravel packing used in the Anderson County field. The initial oil saturation of Examples 4 and 5 was created by saturating the crushed cores with fresh water and displacing the water with fresh 18.5° API crude from the Anderson County field to give an initial oil saturation of 0.81 for both examples.
Processing conditions were very similar for both examples except that the hot water flooding was omitted from Example 5. The pressure and temperature history of the invention sequence of Example 4 is shown in FIG. 1. The same information for Example 5 is given in FIG. 2. It should be noted in FIG. 1 that little additional reduction of residual oil saturation occurs after steam breakthrough with additional time. This is the point at which emulsion formation begins.
FIG. 3 illustrates total oil recovery and water-oil ratio variation with the injection procedure of Example 4. Total oil recovery in Example 4 was below optimum recovery because the sand pack was allowed to cool between hot water injection and steam injection. FIG. 3 shows this clearly with the temporary, but substantial increase in water-oil ratio and the lack of increased oil recovery at the beginning of steam injection in Example 4. When steam is injected immediately following hot water injection, yields are greater. But despite the interrupted injection period in Example 4, Example 4 still yielded a greater recovery of oil, 445 cubic centimeters compared to 426 cubic centimeters, and a lower residual oil saturation. See Table I.
The invention injection sequence was also tested with Canadian tar sands in Examples 6-12. Linear flow cells 30 centimeters long with a cross sectional area of 10 square centimeters were hydraulically packed with mined material from Great Canadian Oil Sands. Porosity of the sand packs varied from 0.38 to 0.42 and initial oil saturation varied from 0.60 to 0.78.
As seen in Table II, the practice of the invention with ambient temperature water injection, followed by hot water injection and steam injection produced the lowest residual oil saturations as per Examples 6-8. When the cells were allowed to cool after hot water injection and before steam injection (Examples 9-10), the residual oil saturations were very similar to the higher residual oil saturations occurring after injection by steam only (Examples 11-12).
The sequence method of the present invention was also tested in the laboratory on viscous oil cores taken from a Santa Barbara County, California field in a manner similar to the previous examples. The cold water-hot water-steam injection sequence substantially improved injectivity over a steam only injection and lowered residual oil saturation to 0.15. An overall temperature increase was also possible before steam injection without banking significant amounts of oil. Additionally, a light hydrocarbon solvent was injected into the formation between the hot water and steam stages. The solvent was predominantly a C5 -C6 natural gasoline cut of crude oil. The additive was very efficient in mobilizing the oil which had not been preheated enough by the hot water injection to adequately reduce viscosity.
The present invention was tried in the Carrizo Sands of the Anderson County, Texas field of the laboratory examples. The primary purpose of the field test was to improve communication between injection and production wells. The field tests were successful in substantially increasing injectivity.
Ambient temperature water injection was initiated with an initial injectivity of about 3.2 cubic meters per day (20 barrels of water per day) at 3447.4 kilopascals (500 psig). Bottom hole pressure was extremely poor. After acidizing the well with hydrochloric acid the injection rate improved to about 11.9 cubic meters per day (75 barrels of water per day). A second acid treatment with mud acid was applied about two weeks after initial injection increasing the injection rate to 23.8 cubic meters per day (150 barrels of water per day). Cold water injection continued at this rate until hot water injection was initiated two months after initial injection. Hot water injection was undertaken at about 66° C. which improved injectivity immediately to about 160 cubic meters per day (1000 barrels of water per day) for about one month before injectivity drastically fell to a level near the cold water injectivity about three months after initial injection. However, injectivity improved from the low value of about 32 cubic meters per day (200 barrels of water per day) during the next two months as communications were improved with the producing wells.
The transition to steam was implemented five months after initial injection. Steam quality was slowly increased through the design criteria of about 70% quality after approximately 1 more month. Steam injection was continued for a total of about 4 months at a rate of about 95.4 cubic meters per day (600 barrels of water per day) at 70% quality.
The twin goals of the field test were both accomplished. Improved communication between the injection and production wells resulted in a substantial increase in injectivity over steam only injection as well as a significant increase in oil recovery. Injection details, including injection periods, amount of injected water and steam, steam quality, bottom hole pressure and well head temperature are given in FIG. 4.
Thus, we have disclosed and demonstrated in laboratory experiments and field tests how injectivity is substantially improved and how a significantly greater quantity of oil may be recovered by the practice of the disclosed ambient temperature water-hot water-steam injection process. The invention should not be limited to the illustrations disclosed since many variations of this process will be apparent to persons skilled in the art of enhanced oil recovery without departing from the true spirit and scope of the invention. The mechanisms discussed in the foregoing description are offered only for the purpose of complete disclosure and not to restrict the invention to any particular theory of operation.
TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________Run. No. 1 2 3 4 5__________________________________________________________________________Properties of Sand PacksCell length, cm 19.70 17.82 17.80 61.0 61.0Cross Sectional area, cm2 9.48 9.48 9.46 27.1 27.1Bulk Volume, cm3 167.9 168.9 168.5 1653 1653Matrix Ground cores Mixture of Mixture of Crushed core Crushed core saturated with crushed core, crushed core, saturated w/ saturated w/ crude water & crude 1% KCL solution water water and crude displaced displaced crude crudePack density-Porosity fraction 1.53 .43 1.85 .40 1.83 .42 1.81 .42 1.81 .43Liquid Permeability-Kur(md) 1845 612 1340 -- --Initial Oil Volume; cm3 11.7+52.5 26.6 26.5 596.6 590.1Initial Oil Saturation, fraction .86 .39 .38 .81 .81Cold Water FloodsWater Injection Rate, cm3 /h 120 120 180 180Oil Produced, cm3 16.1 -- 178.2 162.7Max Injection Pressure, kPa (psia) 896(130) 414(60) 4725(656) 3185(462)Remaining Oil Saturation, fraction .64 .39 .57 .59Hot Water FloodsWater Injection Rate, cm3 /h 120 120 180Water Temperature* °C. (F) 82(180) 93(200) 82(180)Oil Produced, cm3 16.4 0.2 139.4Max Injection Pressure, kPa (psia) 207(35) 345(50) 480(70)Remaining Oil Saturation, fraction .42 .38 .38Steam FloodsSteam Injection Rate, g/h 120 120 120 180 180Steam Temperature**, °C. (F) 100(212) 105(221) 102(216) 110(230) 110(230)Back Pressure, kPa (psia) 101(14.7) 101(14.7) 101(14.7) 101(14.7) 101(14.7)Oil Produced, cm3 10.9 9.3 6.6 127.3 263.6Max Injection Pressure, kPa (psia) 241(35) 248(35) 276(40) 364(53) 558(81)Residual Oil Saturation, fraction .227 .243 .28 .22 .228__________________________________________________________________________ *Avg cell temp during final pore volume injected *Avg cell temp at steam breakthru
TABLE II______________________________________ RESIDUAL OIL SATURATION______________________________________SEQUENCE INJECTIONExample 6 .227 .248 .25SEQUENCE INJECTION WITHCOOLING STEP9 .2910 .30STEAM ONLY INJECTION11 .3412 .33______________________________________
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Stephen C. Hummel, PGA
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(775) 851-3301
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Stephen Hummel is a PGA Professional in Reno, NV. The PGA of America comprises 27,000 men and women professionals with one singular goal in mind - to make the game of golf more enjoyable for you.
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PHOTOS: The Locanda del Ghetto is on the
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If you like this, Harlequin recommends
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Of all the hospitals, why did he have to walk into hers?
Bubbly Dr. Reggie Smith can't believe her eyes when gorgeous Dr. Flynn Jamieson walks back into her life and her E.R. He's the man who broke her heart, and Reggie is horrified to realize she still finds the charismatic surgeon oh-so-irresistible! Maybe it's because Flynn seems differenthas he finally managed to throw off the shackles that once came between them? If so, maybe this Christmas Reggie will get what she's always wished for .


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A British official says the royal family is considering legal options after photos apparently of Prince William's wife, Kate, sunbathing topless in the south of France were published in a French magazine.
The photos today in the magazine Closer were blurry and shot from a distance; in London, a St James's Palace official who demanded anonymity in line with policy said the images appeared to be genuine and "we feel a line has been crossed with their publication."
The magazine claims the pictures were taken on a guesthouse terrace in France where William and Kate were on vacation this month.
An aide traveling with William and Kate in Malaysia said the couple "are saddened to learn about the alleged photos."
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Joo Won became a secret paparazzi of Um Tae Woong.
On January 20th, staffs of new MBC drama '7th Grade Civil Servant' showed a number of photos of Joo Won, who turned into a secret paparazzi of Um Tae Woong.
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The headline speaks for itself. Win in 2012 and worry about 2013 afterwards.
Season's over.
Okay, so play! Maybe the Browns can finally win a few more games this year. GO BROWNS!
Hey here's an idea. Why not go after Howard? I know it's stupid but, I'm tired of this big baby. He doesn't have to stay past next season. I just want him see how he likes it in Cleveland and let him grind it out at the Quicken for a season.
Negligence infinity...
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We'll see how he does. Go Browns.
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They couldn't find a decent guard from the Horizon like the Heat did?
This team always seem slow to the punch when trying to get somebody or do something.
It's not over yet.
I think the Indians will be okay without Weeden, especially after last night's win. Certainly he will be okay with the Browns.
I'm downloading that song.
Oh come on! He's still here? I should have heard he's been released by now.
Those meals bring back memories when I served. All of them were good, especially if you hungry.
Had he not left, the CAVS wouldn't have been able to rebuild. Kyrie Irving and other young starting blocks are only going to get better. I think losing last year was enough for me.
If Travis Benjamin can't catch he needs to go immediately.
LeBron is getting the same results he did two years ago. Before he left he said he was focused on championships. What changed? Whether he played with Bosh and Wade or with Varejao and Mo Williams what has really changed since he left for South Beach?


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Many people seem to confuse UX (User Experience) with UI (User Interface). These are very different things and confusing the two are likely to result in unhappy users.
Many people who "design UX" seem to spend the bulk of their time focusing on the screen layout, controls and behavior of various elements on the screen. Many weeks can be spent conducting user studies, analyzing feedback and reviewing various fonts and color schemes in an attempt to provide the most aesthetically pleasing user experience. These are important things to focus on but something obvious usually goes missing – what about the data? Where is the data coming from? How must the data be transformed or manipulated prior to displaying it to the user? These critical questions are frequently an afterthought as design engineers focus instead upon the look and feel of a given screen. Focusing on the look, layout and behavior of individual controls on the screen is UI, not UX. UX should require that designers consider potential latencies due to data retrieval, security and other background processes that impact the overall performance of the user experience. A beautifully designed screen that performs poorly always results in a poor user experience.
So how should one design a great UX? I'm not a UX expert but I'd suggest you start by understanding the data that the screen is to display or work with. List all of the fields or data elements that the screen must display or accept from the user. Try to answer the following questions:
Avoid blocking, especially if the data must be retrieved or processed by a slow/remote network location or an underperforming back end system. Users have become accustomed to asynchronous experiences - blocking users with an hourglass, spinner or some other form of "dancing monkey" is insufficient.
Design engineers should work closely with architects or developers to become intimately familiar with the data and its associated service level expectations (SLEs). Understanding data behaviors can help design engineers avoid designing a Ferrari that performs like a Yugo.
Simon Guest wrote a great article on UX and design for the Journal and how MS was doing it using rapid turn around. I just looked for it and can't find it. Like a lot of that stuff it probably only exists on my hard drive. I did stumble across this though...simonguest.com/.../user-interface-ui-vs-user-experience-ux
@Jon: Reminds me of this old classic.. design.org/.../difference-between-ux-and-ui-subtleties-explained-cereal
Funny that an MS blogger should blog this given the colossal failure that the Windows 8 UX is.
@xpclient - a colossal failure compared to what? Certainly not earlier versions of Windows...
@xpclient: People don't like change. XP was also initially rejected due to the changes it introduced.


text:
The Mystery of Our Lady's Assumption
- Date Preached: 2006-08-15
- Sermon length: 08 minutes 05 seconds
- File size: 1.9 MB
- Download Link: http://www.AudioSancto.org/auweb/20060815-The-Mystery-of-Our-Lady-s-Assumption.mp3
- The preacher's name is withheld by his request -- click here for info.
- Short link: http://www.AudioSancto.org/i/199
There is not yet a summary for this sermon. If you would like to contribute a summary for this sermon, please click here.


text:
Click Here To Watch This Video at Lads Next door
ladsnextdoor features mainly uncut British lads in front of the camera for the very first time! These aren�t buff porn stars but everyday straight and gay lads who like getting their cocks out.
Description: British Lad Dave Plays With His Very Long Foreskin and Works a Dildo Into His Man-hole
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


text:
did you tried both port?
What does it mean when it says ""support for LU64"? I have a console that is Lu64 with HBC installed but when I go to install IOS 38 rev 12 it gives me a 2011 error at the end.
As reported on other pages (such as mikeandheth.com) some external drives do not seem to work with cIOSr12 + usbloader-1.5
Last night I dug out an old 60GB Maxtor drive and a couple of caddies (donated to me after the drives died). An ugly purple maxtor firewire/usb device and a buffalo HD250 caddy [looks nice next to the Wii]
I formatted the drive from my PC and dropped a random ISO on in [Zak & Wiki]
usbloader would not recognise the drive ... in either USB port ... in either caddy ... nada
Then I noticed that the drive itself was jumpered to "Slave" ... I changed it to "Master" and now BOTH caddies work.
So I guess, if you have an external drive that does not work - pop the lid off and check whether the drive itself is set to Master or Slave.
I suspect adding support for drives jumpered as "Slave" should be a trivial fix to cIOS - so if anyone sees Waninkoko around, please mention it to him - take credit if you want, I really don't care; It would just be nice to see this fixed (for others - note: I no longer have the problem)
Last edited by ti1358; 06-02-2009 at 02:39 AM. Reason: Comment to Waninkoko
An IOS is a mini operating system. The Wii can actively run one IOS at a time. The wii has 256 "slots" to store IOSs. When something says it "installs as IOS 249" it just means it is being stored in slot number 249. So only one IOS can be "installed as IOS 249". Every time you install something "as IOS 249" you are overwriting anything already in the 249 slot.
Take this latest custom IOS (a.k.a cIOS) update. It is referred to as "Waninkoko's cIOS38 rev12". What this tells us is that this is the 12th version of Waninkoko's custom IOS. The "cIOS38" portion tells us that Waninkoko used the Wii's default IOS38 as the base for this custom IOS. The previous version was "cIOS36 rev10", meaning it was the 10th version of Waninkoko's custom IOS (version 11 was canceled) and it was based on the Wii's default IOS36.
Waninkoko's USB Loader looks to IOS slot 249 for its operating system. That is why you always install his cIOS to IOS249 regardless of which default IOS it is based off. Some games need a specific IOS to run. To get around this you can either patch the game to look in a different IOS slot than the one it loads by default, or you can have the USB Loader to force a specific IOS to load.
So if a game needs a specific IOS to run, you can either use a USB Loader which forces the game to use a specific IOS, or you can use a cIOS which incorporates the elements of the needed IOS into it.
Last edited by les35; 06-02-2009 at 07:54 AM.
ah, that's a great explanation!
Just a little question like that. Some game says "ios 249 patched", other's not. I've installed many ios (from 20 to 61 I think). I've tried both and they work either in usb loader or in neogamma loader. What I found weird is that people are saying (on another forum) that game patched for iso249 doesn't work in usb loader, but I didn't ran into such an issue.
Hmmm... ok, I'll check again on another one I'm downloading.
To continue in noob question, I don't really get those ios249 patched games. If I understand well, they are ment to play with (let's say anything) ios35. If you don't have that IOS, the game won't work, thus the patching so it use 249 instead. But if I have ios35, will it simply run the game unpatched or it won't work?


text:
WIHS Equitation
|Handy Links
|Equitation East Current Standings
|Equitation West Current Standings
|Pony Equitation Currrent Standings
|Results Not Yet Received
|Upcoming Events
|Equitation Rules
|Membership Application
Qualify for the 2015 WIHS Equitation Finals
at Verizon Center!
The WIHS Equitation and Pony Equitation Finals are highlights of the Washington International show week for junior riders, and a proving ground for future grand prix and Olympic riders. Riders compete
throughout the year to earn points to compete in the finals.
- 40 riders will be invited to compete in the finals based on points earned in WIHS Equitation classes held during the
qualifying period (30 riders will be invited from the East Coast League and 10 from the West Coast League).
- 25 riders will be invited to compete in the Pony Equitation Finals.
- The qualifying period runs from shows starting on or after
Sept. 1, 2014, through shows starting on or before Aug. 31, 2015.
- WIHS Equitation competitors must be WIHS members in order
for points to count toward the finals. Sign up now!
The 2015 Equitation Finals will be held at Verizon Center in Washington, DC, Oct. 20-25.
Past winners include McLain Ward, two-time Olympic gold medalist, Kent Farrington, currently ranked #4 in the world in show jumping, and Brianne Goutal, a consistent winner on the grand prix circuit.
Learn about competing in the WIHS Children's and Adult Hunter and Jumper Championships.
WIHS Equitation Finals
Eligibility: Invitations will be extended to the top 40 junior riders who are eligible to compete based on their points earned during the qualifying period in the East Coast and West Coast Leagues as follows: 30 riders will be invited from the East Coast League and 10 riders will be invited from the West Coast League. Letters of invitation will be mailed in September. The same horse must be used in all phases of the class. No exceptions will be made. Riders competing in the WIHS Equitation Finals may not compete in the WIHS Pony Equitation Finals.
Format: The class will be conducted as a two-phase competition (a hunter course and a jumper course) followed by a final work-off. Horses to jump 3'6" in hunter and jumper phases. The order for the first round will be drawn. The order of go for the Jumper Phase will be in reverse standing order of the Hunter Phase with the winner of the Hunter Phase competing last.
WIHS Pony Equitation Finals
Eligibility: Invitations will be extended to the top 25 junior riders who are eligible to compete based on their points earned during the qualifying period. Letters of invitation will be mailed in September.
Format: Ponies to jump 2'3" (small), 2'6" (medium) and 3'0" (large). The same pony must be used throughout the class. Each pony may be ridden by one rider only, unless the judges request a change. Conventional tack per USEF rules. Riders competing in the WIHS Pony Equitation Finals may not compete in the WIHS Equitation Finals. This class will be conducted as a one-phase competition and a work-off.
For more information, contact:
Diane Kaminski, Ryegate Show Services, Inc.
Tel: 717-867-5643
Fax: 717-867-2174
Link: WIHS info on ryegate.com


text: Previews at OSF start on February 15 with The Taming of the Shrew in the Bowmer Theatre. August Wilson's Two Trains Running previews on February 16, with My Fair Lady previews on Sunday. King Lear will preview in the Thomas Theatre on February 21. Opening in the Bowmer and Thomas theaters later in the spring and summer are A Streetcar Named Desire, The Tenth Muse, The Unfortunates and The Liquid Plain. The Elizabethan Stage will showcase Cymbeline, The Heart of Robin Hood and A Midsummer Night's Dream. OSF and the inn offer low spring rates, so don't hestitate to make your reservations now!


text:
As tipped by the-one-and-only @evleaks, we may have discovered the codename for HTC's upcoming phablet Android device. The HTC T6 has appeared in a Linux string — as discovered by HTCSoku — and will come in a few variants: Cassiopeia, Columba, Delphinus, Crater, and Eridanus. These will support a wide range of wireless networks as detailed in the image below.
While not revealed in this "leak," the device is rumored to come equipped with a display between 5 and 6 inches. Because of the 6 in the codename, this is leading some to suspect it will have a 6-inch display (or even 5.99-inches). Keep in mind HTC's previous flagship — the HTC M7 (One) — wasn't exactly packing a 7-inch display, so we don't think the codename has anything to do with the display size (I'll continue holding out hope for a more traditional 5.5-inch display).
Continue reading:
- "Non-final" HTC One Max press ren
- HTC T6 dimensions leaked, blueprints give us
- No, this is not the HTC T6 (but it could end
- HTC T6 specs and launch confirmed? 5.9-inch d


text:
Home > Listings > Places Of Worship > St Peters Church
St Peters Church
Places Of Worship, South Shields
Average User Rating: - Not yet reviewed
About St Peters Church:
To contact St Peters Church use the phone number above or view the location on the map.
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Disclaimer: If you are planning to visit St Peters Church please phone in advance to ensure that none of the details have changed since this listing was added. The Wedding Binder will not be held responsible for inaccuracies.


text:
U of I Math Placement through ALEKS
The University of Illinois requires the U of I Math Placement Exam through ALEKS to assess a student's prerequisite knowledge for course placement. ALEKS is a powerful artificial-intelligence based assessment tool that zeros in on the strengths and weaknesses of a student's mathematical knowledge, reports its findings to the student, and then if necessary provides the student with a learning environment for bringing this knowledge up to an appropriate level for course placement.
- All incoming first-year students must complete the ALEKS placement exam between April 15, 2015 and the 5th day of enrollment (August 28, 2015) for the Fall 2015 Semester. One assessment during this period is available to all incoming students free of charge.
- Every student enrolled in Math 115, 220, 221, or 234 is required to obtain a minimum ALEKS placement score between April 15, 2015 and the 5th day of enrollment (August 28, 2015) for the Fall 2015 Semester of at least:
70% for Math 220 and 221
50% for Math 115 and 234
- Failure to achieve the minimum score for Math 115, 220, 221, or 234 will result in removal from that course.
- A student can take the ALEKS placement exam as often as they wish during the time periods listed below in order to satisfy the minimum ALEKS score.
|2015 Summer Semester
|Feb. 15 - June 19, 2015
|2015 Fall Semester
|April 15, 2015 - Aug. 28, 2015
Click the "Access Exam" link at left if you are ready to take the exam.


text:
Tuesday, March 3, 2009
© Copyright 2015 Newton Citizen
COVINGTON - The Alcovy Tigers almost completed a Region 4-AAAA sweep of Region 3-AAAA in the first round of the boys state basketball tournament.Despite playing the No. 1 seed and Class AAAA No. 3 Richmond Academy, the Tigers almost pulled off the upset in a 32-28 loss. Also unable to advance to the second round of the tournament was Region 8-AAAA's Heritage, which lost a 52-42 battle with Hillgrove. "It was a two point difference, but they scored in the last couple of seconds," Alcovy coach Eugene Brown said. With just over a minute left in the game, the Tigers tried to burn the clock to set up for the final play. "We had our shot, a 3-pointer," Brown said. "It was a good shot but the ball went in but circled out." Alcovy went in with the mind-set of keeping the high-scoring Musketeers off balance by playing defense and forcing them to play a slower-paced game. The 32 points scored by Richmond Academy was its lowest output this season. The previous mark was 52 points against Glenn Hills. In their previous four games, the Musketeers had averaged 80.25 points. While the pace of the game was to Brown's liking, the discrepancy in free throw shooting was not. The Tigers went to the line one time, going 1-for-2, while Richmond Academy had 20 free-throw attempts. "I'm not saying it was the officials' fault. We weren't going to give up easy shots without contesting them," Brown added. Richmond Academy made 70 percent of their shots, going 14-for-20. Without the free throws, the Tigers made more field goals and 3-point baskets. Pacing the field with 12 points was Alcovy's Jordan Butts. Kevin Boyle added six points. Ricardo Glenn and Christian Nobles led Richmond Academy with nine points each. In other Region 4-AAAA games, No. 1 seed Jonesboro beat Evans 45-38, No. 2 Forest Park downed Glenn Hills 72-59 and No. 3 Stockbridge defeated Cross Creek 81-63. Manny Fils can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com.
More like this story
- Tall task awaits Tigers
Alcovy faces No.3 Richmond tonight ( February 28, 2009 )
- Lady Tigers fall in Henry Co. Classic opener ( December 22, 2007 )
- Alcovy squads drop two at home to Griffin ( February 5, 2009 )
- Tigers get state trip with win
Alcovy erases 10-point deficit in tourney victory ( February 17, 2009 )
- Tigers hold on for first region win
Boys get close victory; girls can't match N. Clayton's size ( December 4, 2008 )


text:
Katerina looked absolutely gorgeous (one again) on October 17, when she attended Kaiio Launch Event, and Songs Of Hope For The Somaly Mam Foundation party.
Latest News
Finally adding those. Today I added HD screencaputes from the first eight episodes of The Vampire Diaries Season 4. More will be added in the next few days.
The episode airs Thursday, October 24 at 8/7c.
Next week (October 24, 2013) on The Vampire Diaries.
While Mystic Falls observes its traditional Remembrance Day to honor the dead, Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Elena (Nina Dobrev) try to help Stefan (Paul Wesley) through a confusing time, a task that ends up taking Elena on an emotional journey of her own. A worried Matt (Zach Roerig) tries to figure out the reason behind his mysterious blackouts, and Caroline (Candice Accola) makes an effort to get to know Jesse (guest star Kendrick Sampson) better. Jeremy (Steven R. McQueen) makes a startling confession that hits Damon hard. Finally, Dr. Maxfield (guest star Rick Cosnett) puts a plan in motion that will change everything.
Kat attended two events this week – Aquafina FlavorSplash Launch Party on October 15, and GQ And Maserati Celebrate "GQ Men" Book Party on October 16. Photos from both events can now be found in our gallery.
Kat was yesterday spotted talking a walk with Cottrell Guidry and Izzy in Santa Monica, CA. She was wearing a nice, colourful swimming costume and looked genuinely happy. Recently, she's been super busy promoting her music, The Vampire Diaries and planning a wedding, so it's nice to see she finally found some time to enjoy the sun and take a short break.
Kat Graham attended People's Ones to Watch Party in Los Angeles on October 9, 2013. Photos have already been added to our gallery.
The long awaited video is finally here. Yahoo Music offers us the first look at the video for Kat's very successful single Power.
"We shot this video a couple months ago in downtown Los Angeles. When I heard this song, I knew that there were different looks to how I could present it. There was the vulnerable Rolla look, the black-and-white ode to '90s photography a la Herb Ritts, which we shot for the lyric video. And then there was this fashion brave almost costume-y aspect to the song — a more literal take and a deeper characterization of the lyrics," Kat Graham explained. She also told them a not well known fact about herself, "I love producing, which is a fun fact that not many people know about me. So I had the idea to style myself. I wanted the visuals to match the lyrics. I thought that there was power in being naked with your emotions. Which is why we did the solid-gold look. It took two days to get that gold out of my hair," she noted.
The episode airs Thursday, October 17 at 8/7c.


text:
Stick with it or fast forward to about min. 3:30. The Ohio State Marching Band has always been good but I don't remember formations like we've been seeing the past couple of years. Maybe it's those shiny new iPads. You just don't get this part of the game on television.
The post TBDBITL Does Micheal Jackson by %%authorlink%% appeared first on The Buckeye Blog.


text:
Common Name : Monkey Puzzle Tree (or Bunya Pine)
Scientific Name: Araucaria bidwillii
Description: The evergreen scale-like leaves of this tree are sharply pointed and held tightly on two to three foot branches. Branches constantly drop and become even sharper as they dry. The cones of this tree are not conspicuous in South Florida. These trees can be spectacular when viewed at a distance.
The large, female fruiting cones are large heavy weighing in around eight to ten pounds and each contains from 50 to 100 large "nuts". The cones are usually formed once every three years and fall from the tree when ripe. Because of their size and weight, they can cause serious injury to anyone standing underneath. (The zoo's tree is planted on a small hill away from the walking trail.) The nuts are edible and were a rich source of food for the Aborigines of south-east Queensland. During the "Bunya season" the Aborigines would temporarily set aside their tribal differences and gather in the mountains for great Bunya Nut Feasts.
Click here for a fascinating story about how this tree may have led researchers to author Sherlock Holmes as the person who may have perpetrated one of science's most famous frauds.
Range: Queensland, Australia
Recommended LINKS & BOOKS
A great resource for botanical information is Botanica which you can order from Amazon.com at this link. This text features beautiful color photos and descriptions of over 10,000 garden plants. It is also available to order on CD from Canada.
[Home][Visitor Info] [Daily Events] [New @ the Zoo] [Plants & Animals] [Getting Involved] [Group Info] [Free Stuff] [Contact Info] [Site Map]
Naples Zoo 1590 Goodlette-Frank Road Naples Florida 34102 ZooLine: (239) 262-5409 e-mail


text:
And Now, A Brief Message From Rene Redzepi
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text:
What's in a name: Ben Dombrowski Bridge
Where is it?
The former Franklin Avenue Bridge carries Franklin Avenue over the railroad tracks near GE Transportation, south of East 12th Street.
What's the story?
Bernard "Ben" Dombrowski, 1929-1995, was a state representative for the 1st District for 10 terms, from 1971 to 1990.
The bridge, for which Dombrowski helped secure funding to renovate, was first dedicated while he was still in office. "He was very flattered," said his son, Mark Dombrowski, who works at Erie Insurance.
The elder Dombrowski also helped with many local projects, including the Oliver Hazard Perry statue in Perry Square and the replica of the U.S. Brig Niagara. Markers at the bridge, rededicated in 1997, read "When you needed anything to happen in Harrisburg, you called Ben."
-- Lindsey Poisson


text:
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text:
The Musée du Quai Branly has just opened a new workshop called the Atelier Martine Aublet, and now visitors can discover this exciting new installation thanks to its very first exhibition, entitled La Dame du Fleuve (The Lady of the River).
The Atelier Martine Aublet is workshop that was created with the aim to regularly showcase the spontaneous nature of the museum world and the life of the museum. Exhibitions could include sneak previews of recent museum acquisitions as well as presentations by contemporary artists and institutions that are normally not seen at the Musée du Quai Branly, which is primarily a museum for primitive art.
Guests staying at the Hotel de la Tour Maubourg will therefore not want to miss the inaugural exhibition of the Atelier Martine Aublet, the first workshop of its kind at the Musée du Quai Branly.
La Dame du Fleuve will be the first exhibition of the Atelier Martine Aublet, and it will go on from June 5, 2012 until September 30, 2012. This piece was the museum's number one acquisition of all of 2011.
La Dame du Fleuve is a large sculpture that comes from the New Guinea region, and it represents a woman who is both a triumphant figure and a primordial mother. Its impressive size and symbolic importance make it a masterpiece among the primitive artwork collected by the museum. The exhibition also includes 27 other pieces from the same regional group, whose members inhabit an area around the Sepik River. The theme of the entire exhibition revolves around the place of women within this primitive culture.


text: Seeing the excitement that a potential recruit can bring in (i.e. Cam Weaver), I was wondering if there were any other young talents out there that any of you have your eye on...thinking they may be able to make the jump to the MLS. These could be players playing in the USL (div. 1 & 2), College, PDL, and or a youth setup (local or with a youth national team). I have been keeping my eye on a solid defender that is a red shirt freshman at Creighton. His name is Chris Schuler, and I think the Rapids should be watching him carefully. He is very athletic, with a good frame, and great soccer brain. I believe he could challenge for an outside back spot (this season...if he were here), although he is playing centrally with Creighton this season. A link to his bio is here!


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text:
The Trafico office chair combines sleek modern lines with a sleek espresso PVC covering. The frame is brilliant chrome plated steel. This simple, functional chair offers a rolling, swivel base and adjustable height. The Trafico office chair represents the best of clean, modern design.
A leader in contemporary design, Zuo Modern Contemporary offers a vast selection of stunning furniture designs. With a focus on evolution, Zuo combines clean lines, top materials, and an extensive color palette to constantly redefine modern furniture. Catering to lovers of contemporary style, Zuo Modern Contemporary, Inc. offers the most current, state-of-the-art furniture designs for your office, home, and outdoor areas.
Shipping and Delivery Information - For item EUG4078 if ordered by 1 pm Pacific Time


text:
NFL Blitz is BACK
Jan. 3rd, $15 on XBLA and PSN, Best Football Game of all time.
Nuff said.
No one is excited for Blitz?! Come Jan 3rd, I'm all over this purchase.
And I challenge all you losers to a few games. Deal with it bro.
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
I think most of us have misplaced our Time Travel trousers.
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
Blitz is officially coming out on Jan. 4th for XBLA and PSN for $15. Who's excited? This guy. :D
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
waiting for PC version....
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
I would probably buy a console just for this game if I didn't already own one, I love me some Blitz. You can always go the EMU route though on PC . . . :bleh:
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
I'll probably pick this up. Multiplayer should be awesome. :D
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
Just two more days until Blitz is available! I looked this morning and found that it was finally listed on the Game Marketplace, so it's getting closer.
Now if only EA would update the official site already. It's behind!
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
Some are saying that Blitz is live on PSN. Not seeing the purchase button on XBL . . . ARGH.
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
Blitz is officially out for PSN, but won't be available for XBLA until tomorrow morning 10AM EST. Lametown.
Re: NFL Blitz is BACK
So Blitz is finally out. I was able to get up a few minutes earlier this morning and sneak in a quick game. Here are my quick impressions:
1) Controls were a little odd at first. It's a shame you can't edit them. Not a huge deal but it would be nice.
2) Graphics are great! Just what I expected from this department.
3) Announcers are a little weak as others have mentioned compared to NBA Jam and older Blitz titles.
4) Not real concerned about the missing late hits.
5) This is a little nit-picky on my part. In older Blitz titles, when you selected a play, you could snap the ball in a split millisecond. With the new Blitz game, you have to wait a few seconds for the players to "get ready" and for the yardage info to move off the screen before you can snap the ball. IMO, the faster the gameplay the better. This could be fixed but I don't expect this much from EA; sorry, just being honest.
6) Gameplay is definitely slower compared to previous Blitz titles as others have mentioned. Could be a little faster.
7) Sound is spot on. No complaints here.
8) What's up with the super easy difficulty for the "Play Now" mode? I just tore up the Saints, being the Titans, 42-3. WTF?
Seriously though, I love the game and I think it's going to get a lot of my free time but the speed of the game is a big deal to me and a lot of other players. At least let us snap the ball right after we pick a play.
Anybody else get it?
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text:
Below is the poem entitled another empty thought .. which was written by poet
Al Sabouni. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Al Sabouni
Tarek Al Sabouni
Never ending thoughts of endless matters
Just seem to vacate my heavy brain
One keeps coming that what if time shatters
Among ourselves and within our veins
What if I stand and yell GO BACK
Go back for the love of god if you may!
A decade of time is all I lack
To be another one with no mistakes
But no you wont for you never do
Leaving me here to suffer and weep
Why have I and why not?! .. starring at you
With eyes full of blood .. for they never sleep
I wish I did that and I wish I didn't
But you don't care oh great TIME you are
You never stop.. I bet you couldn't!
Just a bigger puppet how miserable you are
That's just my thought .. the one of many
Crazy or insane I may be perhaps
But just look back and watch how many
Have gone simply mad over such facts
A comment has not been posted for this poem. Encourage a poet by being the first to comment.


text:
KATHMANDU, DEC 29 - An internal feud has resurfaced in the Nepal Students' Union (NSU), threatening to postpone the Nepali Congress sister wing's upcoming general convention.
The tussle between the leaders close to the establishment faction of NC President Sushil Koirala and the dissident faction loyal to Sher Bahadur Deuba came to the fore after an attack on NSU leaders Kundan Kafle and Indu Sharma. On Thursday, the duo was attacked by union cadres after a dispute during the Unit Committee convention at Advance Engineering College, Kupondole.
The dissident faction has blamed NSU Coordinator Rajeet Karna for the attack. In a statement, 22 central committee (CC) members condemned the act and blamed Karna, claiming that he was imposing his monopoly in the union. "Karna's recent act has proved that his intentions are not just undemocratic but criminal," read the statement. The dissidents also charged Karna with applying undue influence on campus and district committee conventions. "He was given six months to hold the general convention; however, he has failed to conduct it even in 10 months. His reluctance to hold the convention shows he is keen to capture the union," it was stated.
However, establishment faction leaders said the dissenting faction was raising issues to delay the convention, which has been scheduled for three days beginning January 18.
Earlier, a four-month factional dispute was resolved in August after the NC agreed to fulfil the demands of leaders from the Deuba faction. Meanwhile, three CC members—Umesh Thapa Magar, Bipin Adhikari and Nawaraj Tripati—were suspended for two years alleging their role in the attack on Kafle and Sharma and the vandalism at the NSU central office.
Posted on: 2012-12-30 08:40


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Methods for manufacturing texturized coverings for implants into the human body are described which generate small wells or channels on the exterior surface of the implant. Optionally, the texturized surface may be formed by affixing globules on the exterior surface of a mandrel or the interior surface of a mold, which is then coated with silicone rubber and cured. The surface may be optionally microtexturized, for example, by microtexturizing the surface of the globules by etching or sand blasting.
1. A method for forming a texturized coating for an implant comprising the steps of:
affixing microtexturized globules onto a mandrel,
coating the globules and mandrel with silicone rubber, curing the rubber, and
removing the cured rubber from the mandrel and globules.
2. A method for forming a texturized coating for an implant comprising the steps of:
affixing microtexturized globules to the inside of a mold;
coating the globules and mold with silicone rubber,
curing the rubber, and
removing the cured rubber from the mold and globules.
3. The method for forming a texturized coating for an implant of claim 1 wherein the microtexturized globules are chosen from the following group: gold, platinum, tin, aluminum, brass, bronze and pyrex.
4. The method for forming a texturized coating for an implant of claim 1 wherein the globules are microtexturized by one of the following processes: sand blasting, etching, electrical discharge machining, ultrasonic impact machining, heat treating, super-cooled treating, laser machining, fracturing, ion beam distressing, and chemical leaching of calcareous inclusions.
5. The method for forming a texturized coating for an implant of claim 2 wherein the microtexturized globules are chosen from the following group: gold, platinum, tin, aluminum, brass, bronze and pyrex.
6. The method for forming a texturized coating for an implant of claim 2 wherein the globules are microtexturized by one of the following processes: sand blasting, etching, electrical discharge machining, ultrasonic impact machining, heat treating, super-cooled treating, laser machining, fracturing, ion beam distressing, and chemical leaching of calcareous inclusions.
This invention relates generally to coverings for implants into the human body. More particularly, the invention relates to texturized coverings, including microtexturized coverings, for implants for use within the human body.
Implantable prosthetic devices have been used in numerous locations in the body. The most common use has been for restoring or improving upon normal body contour or augmenting as well as reconstructing the female breast. The most common breast prosthesis is similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,293,663 to Cronin, in which there is a flexible elastomeric container, typically silicone rubber, which is filled with a soft gel, typically silicone gel or a saline solution or a combination of both.
It is known that when a prosthetic device, including the Cronin type device, is implanted in the body, scar tissue totally encapsulates the device. This encapsulation leads to a problem of spherical scar contracture. As the scar tissue surrounds the prosthetic device it tends to contract, thereby causing the gel filled sac to assume a minimum surface area to volume configuration or spherical configuration. The problem of spherical scar contracture causes the breast implant to change from a shape approximating that of a natural human breast to that of a tennis ball.
Numerous solutions to the spherical scar contracture problem have been posed. A number of essentially structural and mechanically oriented devices have been proposed for amelionation of this problem. A number of these references are reviewed in the Background of the Invention section of my U.S. Pat. No. 4,955,907, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Generally, these structural/mechanical approaches have proved unsatisfactory.
More recently, the use of a covering for implants having a plurality of defined regions which serve to disperse or disorganize the scar tissue have been disclosed. For example, in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,955,907, a variety of embodiments are disclosed which promote the dispersion or disorganization of scar tissue, among other ways, by providing defined boundaries for such tissue. It has been recognized that utilizing covering materials having highly and variables texturized surface, including microtexturized surface, promotes enhanced fixation of tissues to the implant, while reducing the region over which the undesirable scar tissue may pool and form.
A number of references have suggested various techniques for generating a texturized or microtexturized surface for the covering of the implant. One technique, described for example in Ersek et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,944,909, is to include specific molecules whose shape and size produce 3-dimensional projections of from 20 to 500 microns in size from the exterior surface of the covering for the implant. Prior to vulcanization of the silicone rubber covering, the molecules are thrust onto the exterior surface with sufficient force to alter the surface morphology. A second technique is described in Patents to Cox U.S. Pat. No. 4,859,712 and Quaid U.S. Pat. 4,889,744. Both references disclose a technique of manufacturing texturized silicone rubber surfaces by applying particles or crystals to the external surface of the implant before it is cured, curing the external surface layer with those solid particles or crystals embedded in the surface, and then dissolving the crystals or particles with a solvent which does not dissolve the silicone rubber. A third set of techniques is disclosed in Yan et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,960,425. Generally a number of the disclosed techniques relate to the use of covering a silicone rubber layer with a porous or textured medium and pressing that medium into the silicone rubber until a texturized surface is formed in the silicone layer. Embodiments are described where the silicone rubber is in a disk form and where the silicone rubber surrounds a mandrel. An additional embodiment is described in which a mandrel has a texturized surface over which the silicone rubber is placed and cured. In yet another embodiment, the surface is scratched, carved, burned, or etched using ion beam, chemical or other physical techniques to texturize the exterior surface. There is no specific disclosure in the prior art of texturizing material for coating the mandrel or inside of a mold cavity to generate a texturized surface of the exterior of the implant.
A covering for an implant has small wells or channels on the exterior surface of the covering. In the preferred embodiment, the small wells or channels may further have microtextured surfaces. The small wells or channels serve to limit pooling of biologic fluids, such as collagen, on the implant covering, thereby reducing the effects of scar contracture, and provide for greatly increased surface area which serves to enhance affixation of tissues to the implant, identical in its operative effort to the nested polygonal ("hexcel") structures identified as FIG. 11 in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,955,907.
The preferred method of manufacturing the textured coating consists of attaching, preferably by sintering or gluing, texturized materials consisting of substantially spherical globules onto the exterior surface of a mandrel or the interior surface of a mold. Alternatively, the texturized surface may be molded as part of a molded mandrel or otherwise machined. The globules may be further microtexturized by, for example but not limited to, sand blasting, etching, electrical discharge machining or ultrasonic impact machining. Another embodiment of manufacturing the texturized coating of this invention consists of the inclusion of nonsoluble materials within the silicone rubber film, followed by removal of the inclusions such as by ultrasonic vibra-cleaning. In yet a third embodiment of the method of manufacturing the coverings of this invention, the surface of the silicone rubber is distressed such as by gas jet impact distressing, imprint distressing or abrasion distressing techniques. In a fourth embodiment for manufacturing the surface of this invention, an implant surface is texturized by affixing filaments to the surface upon which liquid silicone rubber is applied, thereby resulting in a texturized coating. In a final embodiment of the method of manufacturing the surface of this invention, a silicone rubber foam is formed by injecting electrically charged gas bubbles into liquid silicone rubber, wherein those bubbles may be located at the desired location within the rubber by application of an electric field.
Accordingly, it is a principal object of this invention to provide useful methods for manufacture of a texturized coating for an implant.
It is a further object of this invention to provide useful techniques for microtexturizing the surface of an implant.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional and perspective view of the surface showing small wells or channels.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a covering constructed according to the plastic filament onlay texturizing method.
FIG. 3 is a cross-section of texturized silicone foam manufactured by the electrically charged bubble method.
FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of the texturized coating for an implant of this invention, with the foremost portion being shown in cross-section. The implant covering 10 has a plurality of channels 12 and small wells 14. The surface of the channels 12 and wells 14 may be microtexturized on the face of the well or channel 16. The channels 12 and wells 14 are typically random in shape, though a more regular shape is also consistent with the objects and teachings of this invention. The covering 10 may be backed by a backing 18, such as a bonded silicone elastomer barrier layer. This texturing, with optional microtexturing, may be disposed on any or all of the surface of the implant. The purpose of these channels 12 and wells 14 is to a) limit pooling of biologic fluids on a limited portion of the implant covering, and b) to provide for greatly increased surface area which serves to enhance affixation of tissues to the implant.
The texturized coating 10 may be manufactured by affixing, preferably by sintering or gluing, substantially spherical globules onto a mandrel or on the inside of a mold surface. In the case of a mandrel, the mandrel is then dipped into liquid silicone rubber allowing for the build up of the silicone rubber covering structure which is then vulcanized. In the case of a mold, the inner surface of the mold is covered with the globules, producing a molded part with a texturized surface.
The globules may be of any suitable material for the stated purposes, and preferably are metal, plastic or glass. Materials suitable for sintering and gluing include gold, platinum, tin, aluminum, brass, bronze, pyrex or any other material known to those skilled in the art of molding and mold manufacture.
The globules may be further texturized, resulting in microtexturization, by techniques including, but not limited to, sand blasting, etching, electrical discharge machining, ultrasonic impact machining, heat treating, super-cooled treating, laser machining, fracturing, ion beam distressing, or any other suitable technique. Additionally, chemical leaching of calcareous or other leachable inclusions incorporated into the globules utilized for the manufacturing of the coverings may be used.
The texturized coating of this invention may be manufactured by applying a coating such as by dusting or flocking onto a molded or dipped silicone rubber shell having a partially cured outer surface with particles such as calcium carbonate dust, silicon dust, or other materials followed by vulcanization or other curing of the rubber. After curing, the inclusions are removed by chemical leaching, ultrasonic vibra cleaning or a combination of both, to remove the included materials from the surface.
In one method of manufacturing the texturized and microtexturized covering of this invention, silicone rubber and other plastic polymer microfragments and microfilaments may be affixed to the unvulcanized surface of the implant. In this technique, partially cured microfragments and microfilaments of the silicone rubber or other plastic polymers are applied by dusting or spraying onto the uncured silicone, which is then vulcanized or otherwise cured. The resulting structure is a microtexturized surface whose topographical characteristics are largely controlled by selection of microfragments and microfilament size and cure rate. Optionally, the covering may be further treated by coating with liquid silicone polymers.
As a slight variant on this method, a slurry made of silicone rubber microfragments and microfilaments suspended in liquid silicone rubber may be used to coat the implant coverings. After application, the technique remains as described previously.
The texturized coverings of this invention may be manufactured by distressing the exterior surface of the covering. In one preferred embodiment, a focused gas jet impact-distresses the unvulcanized or partially cured silicone rubber. In another embodiment, laser machining of the surface of the implant may be used. In these ways, a texturized and microtexturized coating may be formed.
Alternatively, imprint distressing utilizing a microtexturized roller may be utilized to imprint an unvulcanized silicone rubber sheet. An imprinting roller may be utilized optionally on a sheet of material to be utilized on the exterior of the implant, or upon the covering itself mounted on a mandrel or stretched as a sheet. The imprinting pressure must be regulated to provide optimal texturization. After imprinting and partially curing, the covering is vulcanized or otherwise cured.
FIG. 2 shows a structure resulting from a plastic filament onlay texturizing method. A backing material 20 supports filaments 22 which are then covered with liquid silicone rubber 24. The filaments 22 may be Dacron, PTFe filaments or other plastic filaments including silicone rubber. The filaments 22 may be at one level, or alternatively, wound upon the first level filament 22 to form second level filaments 26 or higher level filaments 28. The filament covered surface 20 may then be dipped or sprayed with liquid silicone rubber resulting in a scaffold like structure for the liquid silicone rubber which is then cured or dried. The filaments 22, 26, and 28 may be formed by wrapping continuous fiber about the covering mounted on a mandrel so that the pattern of wrapping is presented. Alternatively, the filaments may be knitted in a close-fitting sock arrangement, and disposed over a mandrel. This method provides for a full integration of the filament structure within a body of silicone rubber. The silicone rubber covering would be intimately adherent to the filaments.
FIG. 3 shows a silicone rubber foam structure, consisting of a generally solid silicone rubber portion 30 and bubble rich portions 32. The left hand portion of FIG. 3 shows the bubbles centrally disposed within the silicone rubber 30. The right hand portion of 33 shows the bubble rich region 32 disposed at the upper surface of the silicone 30. The silicone rubber foam is formed by exposing the bubble rich regions 32 to the exterior of the material. Taking the left hand side of FIG. 3, a cut along the line 34 will expose an open cell foam of silicone rubber. As to the right hand of FIG. 3, a cut along the line 36, or abrasion of the surface 38 would expose the bubble rich regions to generate the silicone foam.
In manufacture, the bubbles are preferably electrically charged. Once the charged bubbles are within the liquid silicone rubber 30, they may be positioned by application of an electric field, for example through use of an electrode 40.
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espace at MMU >
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Faculty of Humanities, Languages and Social Science >
Department of Economics
The Department of Economics enjoys an enviable reputation for its friendly, yet challenging approach to the discipline. We do not believe in rote learning, but in individual achievement in areas of your own interest. Some higher education disciplines open the door to a specific job or role; Economics, we believe, opens the door to the world.


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text:
The Big Chill is coming. Don Mei and his thawing machine, are ready.
Mei, of Brookfield Plumbing & Heating, said Friday he was ready to unfreeze people's pipes, should the sub-zero temperatures Friday and Saturday lock the pipes up with ice.
"It all depends on how cold it gets,'' Mei said.
That cold was expected to drop below zero late Friday and early Saturday, bringing the state some of the lowest temperatures in years.
But Mei said even one very cold night, followed by a normal day, may not be enough to freeze pipes.
"It's a cumulative thing,'' he said. "It usually takes two or three cold nights together.''
The cold we've had was so severe and dry that it limited the depth of the snow that fell in the state Thursday into Friday, said Bill Jacquemin, senior meteorologist with the Connecticut Weather Center in Danbury.
Ordinary cold weather produces light fluffy snow, Jacquemin said. But the air Thursday was so cold and dry that the snow that fell was more crystalline, and packs down more quickly.
"It was more like Arctic snow,'' Jacquemin said.
Still, all those crystals amounted to 7.1 inches and schools were closed throughout Greater Danbury.
There's another storm coming, he said. It will arrive Sunday night and carry over into Monday.
It will be the classic combination of winter -- snow, sleet, freezing rain, then all rain Monday.
"Then the cold comes back Tuesday," Jacquemin said. The weather center is predicting near-zero temperatures both Tuesday and Wednesday nights next week.
Thursday's storm presented municipal crews with some problems. For one thing, it snowed steadily, albeit lightly, for much of the day. High winds then blew snow back over roads that had been plowed.
"It's slow,'' Ridgefield First Selectman Rudy Marconi said Friday. "People need to be careful.''
But Marconi said no one had to avail themselves of a warming shelter at the town Park and Recreation Center. No one lost power.
"People stayed warm in their homes,'' Marconi said.
In Bethel, there were no crises during the snowstorm, though town road crews worked in shifts to clear roads.
"Most businesses opened later this morning, and the municipal center opened at 10 a.m., but all the roads were 100 percent open this morning," First Selectman Matt Knickerbocker said Friday.
The town road crews worked until 9 p.m. Thursday plowing roads and started up again at 2:30 a.m., he said.
Every road has a layer of sand, he said, because it was too cold for the salt to work.
"There were no power failures in town and we had no out-of-heat calls, though we had our staff ready to open the municipal center as a shelter if needed," Knickerbocker said. "There were no crises at all."
In Danbury, Mayor Mark Boughton said city crews worked through the night to keep roads open.
"We're in good shape,'' he said Friday.
Boughton said the city homeless shelters on New Street and at First Congregational Church on Deer Hill Avenue were also open and ready.
Told of the Sunday/Monday storm, Boughton said, sarcastically, "Great.''
"We'll have to be ready,'' Marconi, of Ridgefield, said. "That's what New England is all about.''


text:
LOS ANGELES -- Drew Barrymore is expanding her brood.
A spokesman for the 38-year-old entertainer says Barrymore and her husband, Will Kopelman, are expecting their second child.
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Publicist Chris Miller offered no other details Monday.
Barrymore and Kopelman, who were married in June 2012, are the parents of a 13-month-old daughter, Olive.
Barrymore recently launched her own beauty brand, Flower. Kopelman, the son of former Chanel CEO Arie Kopelman, is an art consultant.


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Here we go again! (ma xusuusan tahay?.. ma dhammaado wakhtigaad soo dhaweysataaye, dheeraa, dheeraa, dheeraa muddadu).
During a coffee break in one African conference that I attended, I shared a table with few colleagues including two senior officials from two African Countries, Dr. Bakwald Jameson (I call him "Ina James") and Mrs. Ardouina Louis ( I call her " Ardo" : "So, Mr. ADB", says Bakwald, "what can the Bank do for us"? … "we need funds". Then, the lady seated next to him, Ardouina, asks in a raised voice, "by the way, where are you from Doc?". She volunteered to answer her own question. With a number of wrong attempts, she gives up and yields to her colleague, Bakwald, who is from another African country to give it a try! He too was unsuccessful to place me. I came to their rescue and told them with confidence "I am from Somalia". After a visible but momentary lull in the discussion, she hastened to correct me and said "what was Somalia!" . " OK! What is your point?", Bakwald asks. That is not a very positive statement, I thought to myself, and as I was about to provide a mild response, Mr. Jameson takes the parole and recalls, though sheepishly, what he called the Somalia of the past which he thought was a great country among African nations but how, all of a sudden, it has disappeared from the scene. As he was making this statement, he had this look on his face of inviting me to make a comment on what he was saying. I am used to this sort of discussion and comments and I was willing to provide a short but evasive response. But before doing so, Ardo comes back with even more unnerving statements. She says: "I understand that, whatever it was in the past, this country has now broken down into many Lands. This land, that land, the other land and so on, and the biggest among the Lands has just decided to become part of country X… this is better for them instead of the continuous infighting and the mayhem. Won't you say Dr. Beileh" she had the nerve to exclaim!.
I listened to this torturous diatribe with a churning sensation in my stomach. But I knew I was constrained by the atmosphere of diplomacy in this gathering and as I was not there to represent any government or specific group of people, I could not be courageous enough to do justice to the issues she raised. I have lived with a diplomatic and general response. As I listened her talk, I went back deep into my memory and remembered all the songs, poems, speeches and even down right funds, that we, poor Somalis, gave to her country to get them liberated. All that effort! and she has the audacity to make such malicious and humiliating statements about a brotherly African country that is going though trying times! "What a nerve" I thought to myself.
In response to her, I mumbled trying to conceal my burning anger inside me. I reminded, in the most diplomatic terms possible, about the specific effort that Somalia put in for their respective countries to gain the independence they are enjoying today. I recalled about some of the speeches of high Somalia Government officials in the 70s and 80s talking about their issues and outlining ways to liberate them from colonialism. I quoted and tried to translate for them the songs of Waaberi, Mohamed Suleiman, Hassan Aden Samatar, Magool and others galvanizing the rest of Africa and the Somali people to be ready for a war to liberate them. At the end, I think I succeeded to make them feel ungrateful for what others did for them.
The gist of the story is that the Somalis have done a lot for the struggle of other Africans to gain independence. In fact, we have always been keen to go to some other people's lands and "liberating" them like some sort of a messiah sent to save humanity, leaving our own affairs in tatters . In addition to the songs, you would all recall many other very emotional poems about Ahmed Siaka Toure of Guinea, Kwami Nkrouma, of Ghana. Jamal Abdou Nasser, the Palestine, the Arab plight, and in support of places as far away as North Korea, Philippines, Cuba, and Cambodia! Believe it?
What good did all this do for us in our hour of dire need? None whatsoever! I had the opportunity of visiting most of these countries, and let me assure you, folks, a great majority of the populations of these countries cannot tell you where Somalia is, let alone assisting you. Even the closest ones have let us down and the history is clear on this. To make matters worse, we do not learn from it. You still see Somalis talking about liberating others. We never get it!? Somalia has been dumped literally, and no one cares if it decided to self-destruct itself out of existence. In fact, some would be more than ready and willing to give the Somalis the ammunition to do so in the quickest manner possible. If you look all around Africa and ponder on those countries that had been through similar challenges, you would be amazed to note the magnitude of support they received from the international community and their respective brethren countries to help them resolve all difficulties until countries were brought to peace and stability.
Let me come to the point and to the conversation I had with Ardouine in the following Affarrey
Here it is:
Heestii Ardo: Dr. Beileh iyo Ardouina
Mar baa waxa jiray Ardooy
Sidaad ereyada u tidhi
Runtuna waxy aaddan tahay
Intaad aflgaado iyo
Runituna waxa aaddan tahay
Runtuna waxay addan tahay
Runtuna waxay aaddan tahay
Haddeerna ma iilannoo
Ardooy adiguna i maqal
Ka shub, (you….xxxxx) !!!
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