text:
Abstract available in
Claims available in
Description (OCR text may contain errors)
United States Patent NOVEL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING POLYISO- CYANATES AND HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID CAPPED POLYMERS CURABLE WITH TERTIARY AMINES AND PROCESS OF CURING SAME David D. Taft, Minneapolis, and Roger A. Schmidt,
Burnesville, Minn., assignors to Ashland Oil Inc., Houston, Tex.
No Drawing. Continuation of abandoned application Ser. No. 109,985, Jan. 26, 1971. This application Jan. 31, 1973, Ser. No. 328,161 The portion of the term of the patent subsequent to Jan. 29, 1990, has been disclaimed Int. Cl. C08g 33/10 US. Cl. 260-22 TN 21 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A novel and improved composition formed by crosslinking an hydroxybenzoic acid capped prepolymer with a polyisocyanate in the presence of a tertiary amine, said composition being rapidly curable to essentially its desired final state at room temperature.
This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 109,985, filed J an. 26, 1971, now abandoned.
Field of the Invention This invention relates generally to novel compositions of improved properties which are rapidly curable at room temperature. The compositions are based on the combination of (l) prepolymers which have been selectively capped with an hydroxybenzoic acid, (2) a polyisocyanate and (3) a tertiary amine.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It has been known, heretofore, that isocyanates react with phenolic resins to result in crosslinked materials. Heating has been generally employed to cause the isocyanate to react with the phenolic resin, either through the phenolic hydroxy group or through the methylol group in order to achieve the formation of crosslinking urethane linkages. It has been known also to react isocyanates with polyepoxides and polyesters to result in crosslinked materials, or in chain-extended materials that can subsequently be crosslinked with excess isocyanate. These reactions, too, generally require heating to effect the desired crosslinking. There have been disclosed in the prior art certain compositions formed from polyisocyanate-resin mixtures which can be crosslinked or cured at room temperature. Of those prior art compositions that can be cured at room temperature, unusually long curing times are required.
The present invention relates to the production of novel compositions. More particularly, this invention relates to products prepared by curing a composition, which is a combination of a phenolic functional material and a polyisocyanate, in the presence of a tertiary amine. Specifically, this invention relates to improvements in such compositions enabling its use in diversified coating, binder, and other applications.
In the coating art, for example, typically, a coating composition is prepared in an organic or aqueous solvent; is applied to a surface; and the solvent is allowed to evaporate. Normally the composition requires heating and/or prolonged air drying in order to cure or harden the coating by solvent evaporation, oxidation or chemical curing. A variety of such coating systems such as varnishes and baking alkyds are known. Reduction in the period of time required to cure coatings and elimination of a heat treatment, particularly where the materials to be coated are heat sensitive, is particularly desirable.
3,836,491 Patented Sept. 17, 1974 Curable compositions based on polyisocyanates and a variety of active hydrogen-containing materials such as phenolic resins are known. The problems encountered when adapting such systems to coating, binder and other applications include those mentioned above; namely, that heating or curing for extended periods of time is required to give a properly cured and useful coating. On the other hand, where the system is catalyzed for a quick cure, problems arise with respect to, among others, the pot life of the composition.
In US. Pat. 3,409,579, issued Nov. 4, 1968, there are disclosed certain polyisocyanate-phenolic resin compositions which can be cured with amines and which may be useful as coatings. It has now been found that certain of these combinations of polyisocyanate and phenolic resin compositions, useful as binders for foundry core applications by virtue of their superior adhesion and tensile strength when applied to sand and the like, are not entirely suitable for certain coating as well as other applications because their color and color retention properties, flexibility and caustic resistance are not suitable for ap. plications where durability, flexibility and resistance are highly desirable properties. The problems noted with many polyisocyanate-phenolic combinations is that initially the color of the composition is slightly off-white to significantly yellow and that the color characteristics are affected by aging, particularly under ultraviolet light conditions. Furthermore, these systems have inferior durability over extended periods of time. Such combinations would not be suitable in applications where clear and colorless coatings, for example, are desired or where the coatings are pigmented with a white or other light colored pigment and whose appearance would be adversely affected by the initial yellowing or the yellowing upon aging of the hinder or vehicle. Also, pot life of the compositions, although adequate for foundry applications, is not entirely satisfactory for coating applications.
For the most part, these aforementioned polyisocyanate and phenolic resin combinations have inadequate solvent and caustic resistance for some coating or other applications where such resistance is a highly desirable property. Moreover, these prior art materials have poor flexibility when the composition, as applied, must exhibit flexibility in its ultimate use (such as coatings or flexible binders).
The problems in the prior art discussed above are effectively overcome by selectively capping an hydroxy-containing prepolymer with an hydroxybenzoic acid and curing the capped, hydroxy-containing prepolymer to essentially its final state with a polyisocyanate in the presence of a tertiary amine. In addition to the improved properties already discussed, the composition of the instant invention has improved flexibility over the compositions of US. Pat. 3,409,579. In some cases, higher solids application systems are achieved by using compositions described in the instant invention as compared to those compositions of the earlier patent.
Thus, the compositions of this invention exhibit improved color and color retention, weatherability, caustic resistance and flexibility as compared to certain prior art compositions. In addition, the compositions of the instant invention are rapidly curable at room temperature.
Objects of the Invention Thus, it is an object of the present invention to provide improved quality multi-purpose compositions and a method for curing such compositions.
It is an additional object of the present invention to provide novel compositions which are rapidly curable to essentially their final state at room temperature and which have good pot life.
It is another object of the present invention to provide coating and binder compositions of improved color and weathering characteristics which are suitable for, among other uses, paints and varnishes but do not adversely affect the color of such materials.
Still another object is to provide improved compositions having excellent moisture resistance, caustic resistance, improved weatherability, improved flexibility and good adhesion to a variety of substrates.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a novel for curing the improved compositions without the application of heat.
Still other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the description of the invention and the claims that follow. V
Description of the Invention Broadly, the present invention relates to compositions comprising the combination of hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing materials with sufficient polyisocyanate to crosslink the hydroxybenzoic acid capped materials. The compositions are intended in one embodiment of the invention to be coated on a substrate and cured with a tertiary amine.
According to the present invention, novel compositions are provided which cure at room temperature. The novel compositions of the present invention are generally made available as a composition comprising a hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxycontaining polymer component and a polyisocyanate. These compositions can be stabilized optionally with acid or the like and may contain optionally an appropriate amount of organic solvent and other additives such as pigments, plasticizers, etc. At the time of use, the composition is applied by conventional means, i.e. brushing, spraying, or rolling, and is brought together with a tertary amine. In a brief period of time, within seconds or minutes, the product of this invention has cured to a desired state more rapidly than the compositions of the prior art and/ or exhibits improved properties over the prior art. When used as a coating composition, the product of this invention cures to a tack-free state within seconds or minutes and is hard enough to withstand handling without deformation or smearing of the coating. Furthermore, when so applied, products coated with the novel compositions of this invention and cured according to the method of this invention are durable enough to withstand the handling required for boxing, shipping, etc., within anywhere from minutes to 4 hours. This time for safe handling is determined by the exact component makeup of the composition and the type of film properties desired in the ultimate coated product. In most cases, the compositions of this invention, when applied as coatings, exhibit about 50 to about 65% of their final film properties minutes after exposure to a tertiary amine for 15 seconds. In other cases, these same film properties are reached within as little as 2-3 minutes after exposure to a tertiary amine for 15 seconds.
For the purposes of clarity and definition, the phrase hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer is intended to define the reaction product of a hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxy-containing prepolymers regardless of whether or not the ultimate reaction product contains any unreacted free hydroxy groups. The presence or absence of the free hydroxy groups in the ultimate product is determined by the amount of hydroxybenzoic acid reacted with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer. From this point throughout the disclosure, the term hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer is inclusive of all products of the reaction of a hydroxybenzoic acid and a hydroxy-containing prepolymer.
In US. Pat. 3,409,579, it is disclosed that certain phenolic resin-polyisocyanate mixtures may be used as coating compositions and cured at room temperature.
The preferred phenolic resins are condensation products of a phenol having the general formula:
wherein A, B and C are hydrogen, hydrocarbon radicals, oxyhydrocarbon radicals or halogen. The condensation product of a phenol of the aforementioned structure with an aldehyde having the general formula R'CHO wherein R is a hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical of l to 8 carbon atoms is prepared in the liquid phase under substantially anhydrous conditions at temperatures below about C. in the presence of catalytic concentrations, of a metal ion dissolved in the reaction medium. The preparation and characterization of these resins is disclosed in greater detail in US. Pat. 3,485,797 issued Dec. 23, 1969. These resins have the general formula:
Where R is a hydrogen or a phenolic substituent meta to the phenolic hydroxy group, the sum of m and n is at least 2 and the ratio of m-to-n is at least 1, and X is an end-group consisting of hydrogen or a methylol group, the molar ratio of said methylol-to-hydrogen end-groups being at least 1.
In such a phenolic resin structure or other phenolic resins which can be employed in the above patent, a high crosslink density is achieved on curing with a polyisocyanate. This often leads to excessive solvent entrapment during curing and to incexible films once curing has occurred. Furthermore, because of the close proximity of the phenolic groups in the composition disclosed in the above Patent, some of the groups are left unreacted after curing. These phenolic groups are subject to ionization in the presence of an alkali or caustic and as a result are more susceptible to caustic degradation. For many coating as well as other applications where a high degree of flexibility and resistance is desired in the cured product, the use of such phenolic resins cured with polyisocyanates is not desirable. Also, these phenolic resin compositions on exposure to ultraviolet and other weathering conditions often degrade leading to excessive chalking and yellowing of the coating. This is true of the known and conventional phenolic resins such as the novalaks, resoles, resitoles and resites, when cured with the polyisocyanate in the presence of a tertiary amine.
This invention makes it possible to provide composi tions which are flexible and which rapidly cure to give durable weathering properties. The compositions of this invention also exhibit improved caustic resistance, colorretention properties, etc., thus overcoming a number of deficiencies in the compositions of the prior art. These compositions can be coated on a variety of substrates such as paper, textile, metal, glass, and wood in typical coating applications to give superior rapid-cure coatings.
The hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymers employed in this invention are obtained by first forming a prepolymer with excess hydroxy groups. These prepolymers can be prepared, for example, by reacting a polyhydric alcohol with propylene or ethylene oxide to give polyoxyalkylene containing polyols whose functionality is dependent upon the concentration of alkylene oxide and polyhydric alcohol. Thus, for example, trimethylol propane can be reacted with propylene oxide to yield a polypropylene glycol ether which has a functionality of 3 and a molecular weight determined by the number of moles of propylene oxide which have reacted with the,
trimethylol propane. In a similar fashion, lactones can be polymerized in the presence of a polyhydric alcohol to prepare a polyester whose functionality is determined by the functionality of the initial polyhydric alcohol. Thus, e-caprolactone can be reacted with pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane (T MP), ethylene glycol, and the like to form hydroxy-containing prepolymers for subsequent reaction with hydroxybenzoic acids. Likewise, polyhydric alcohols can be reacted with polybasic acid to form hydroxy terminated polyesters which can be employed as the hydroxy-containing components for subsequent reaction with hydroxybenzoic acids. In a similar manner, tetrahydrofuran can be polymerized to form a polytetramethylene glycol polyether which can be subsequently reacted with the hydroxybenzoic acids. Also, an excess of equivalents of a polyhydric alcohol can be reacted with a diisocyanate to obtain polyhydroxy components which can be reacted with an hydroxybenzoic acid.
These polyhydroxy prepolymers are then reacted with up to a stoichiometric amount of an hydroxybenzoic acid. If less than a stoichiometric amount is employed, a polymer will be formed which, in addition to free phenolic groups, contains free hydroxy groups available for reac tion with a polyisocyanate. The reaction between the hydroxybenzoic acid and the hydroxy-containing prepolymer is believed to be represented by the following:
(])H OH .lrl
OOH -P- L .l where OH it l L J represents the hydroxy-containing prepolymer. The
amount of hydroxybenzoic acid preferably reacted with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer contemplated by this invention is from 20-100% based on the reactive hydroxy content of the hydroxy-containing prepolymer. The more preferred amount is from 60100% based on the said reactive hydroxy content.
Suitable hydroxybenzoic acids include para, meta and ortho hydroxybenzoic acids or their C -C alkyl esters. Hereinafter the term hydroxybenzoic acid is intended to include the C C alkyl esters of the hydroxybenzoic acid. A general representation for these hydroxybenzoic acids has the following structure:
wherein R may be hydrogen or a C C alkyl group; R may be hydrogen, a C -C alkyl group or an aromatic substituent; n+m cannot be greater than 5; and It must be at least 1. Preferably R is equal to H and n is equal to 1. The preferred hydroxybenzoic acids are para or meta hydroxybenzoic acid, their methyl or ethyl esters, or mixtures thereof. Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid is preferred especially as its methyl ester form known as methyl salicylate or oil of Wintergreen. The hydroxybenzoic acid is reacted with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer. In the case of the esters, the hydroxybenzoic acid esters are transesterified with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer. There are thus obtained hydroxybenzoic acid esters of polyhydroxy prepolymers which contain free phenolic hydroxy groups on the prepolymer backbone. These phenolic OH groups are attached to the hydroxy-containing prepolymer by way of esterification of the hydroxy group on the prepolymer with the acid group of the hydroxybenzoic acid as is shown above. This attachment procedure we have defined as capping.
The transesterification reaction of the hydroxybenzoic acid ester with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer is conducted at elevated temperature in the range of from about 325 F. to about 500 F. in the presence of a transesterification catalyst such as dibutyltin oxide or tetraisopropyl titanate. Where the reaction catalyst is omitted, the reaction temperatures must be increased. Where the hydroxybenzoic acid per se is reacted with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer, the direct esterification reaction time will be slower and/or the reaction temperature will be higher, even in the presence of an esterification catalyst such as paratoluenesulfonic acid. This difference in reaction time and/ or temperature is due to the fact that the direct ester ification reaction is a more diflicult reaction to conduct than is the transesterification reaction of a methyl or ethyl ester, e.g.
Because of the wide range of polyhydroxy prepolymer components which can be employed for subsequent reaction with hydroxybenzoic acids, a wide variety of hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymers are made available for crosslinking with polyisocyanates in the presence of a tertiary amine. The preferred hydroxycontaining prepolymers are the polycaprolactones, obtained by the reaction of e-caprolactone with polyhydric alcohols, and polyhydroxy polyesters prepared by the reaction of polyhydric alcohols with polybasic acids, which may optionally contain non-hydroxy monocarboxylic acids. In the case of the polyhydroxy polyesters, the preferred polybasic acids are the aromatic dicarboxylic acids, such as isophthalic, orthophthalic, terephthalic acids and their anhydrides, Where the formation of the anhydride is possible; the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, such as adipic, sebacic and azelaic acids; trimellitic anhydride; or mixtures thereof. Preferred polyhydric alcohols are TMP (trimethylol propane), TME (trimethylol ethane), pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, hexanediol, butanediol, glycerin, hexanetriol, neopentyl glycol and the like and mixtures thereof. These polyesters, optionally, can be modified with non-hydroxy monocarboxylic acids to provide different physical properties. Suitable non-hydroxy monocarboxylic acids are benzoic, paratertiary butyl benzoic, aliphatic carboxylic acids such as 2-ethylhexoic acid, or fatty acids derived from naturally occurring oils such as tall oil, soybean oil, castor oil, and the like. The preferred polyhydroxy polyester compositions are based on the reaction of polybasic acids selected from adipic acid, isophthalic acid and phthalic anhydride with polyhy'dric alcohols selected from TMP, TME, hexanediol, propylene glycol and neopentyl glycol.
Another hydroxy-containing prepolymer can be prepared by reacting acrylic monomers with copolymerizable hydroxy monomers.
These hydroxy-containing prepolymers are then modified as previously discussed with the hydroxybenzoic acids for curing With a polyisocyanate in the presence of a tertiary amine.
The hydroxybenzoic acid reaction product with the hydroxy-containing prepolymer is one component of the novel composition of this invention. The other component is a hardener component comprising a polyisocyanate. The polyisocyanate can be an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, or aromatic polyisocyanate having preferably 25 isocyanate groups or a polyisocyanurate made thereof. If desired, mixtures of polyisocyanates can be employed. Also contemplated for use in this invention are isocyanate polymers formed by reacting, in equivalent excess, any of the above polyisocyanates with a hydroxy-containing prepolymer such as those described previously (i.e., adipic acid-propylene glycol-TMP polyester), or with a polyhydric alcohol.
Thus, a prepolymer of toluene diisocyanate and ethylene glycol or TMP can be employed successfully in this invention. Suitable polyisocyanates include the aliphatic polyisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, alicyclic polyisocyanates such as 4,4-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, and aromatic polyisocyanates such as 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and the dimethyl derivatives thereof. Further examples of suitable polyisocyanates are trimethyl hexamethylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate methyl ester (LDIM), alicyclic polyisocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate, methyl cyclohexyl diisocyanate, 1,4-naphthalene diisocyanate, triphenylmethane triisocyanate, and xylylene diisocyanate, and the methyl derivatives thereof, polymethylenepolyphenyl isocyanates, chlorophenylene- 2,4-diisocyanate, and the like. Although all polyisocyanates react with the compositions of this invention to form a crosslinked polymer structure, certain polyisocyanates are preferred. Generally speaking, the fastest curing time is obtained when aromatic polyisocyanates are used in the invention. Aliphatic and polymeric polyisocyanates, while also yielding rapid cure in the presence of a tertiary amine, give somewhat slower cures than the aromatic polyisocyanates. The preferred polyisocyanate component is determined by the intended application of the composition. Where, for example, a colorless coating composition is desired, the choice of polyisocyanate should be such as not to impart undesirable color to the composition.
It has been found that the choice of polyisocyanate affects not only the original color of the coating but also the color after aging under conditions such as ultraviolet exposure. Among the preferred polyisocyanates are a reaction product of hexamethylene diisocyanates and toluene diisocyanate known and sold under the name Mondur HC; a TDI-TMP adduct known and sold under the name Mondur CB-60; aliphatic or aromatic polyisocyanate adducts of polycaprolactones, polypropylene glycol ethers, or polyesters derived from polybasic acids and polyhydric alcohols; polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanates, known and sold under the name Mondur MR or Mondur MRS; TDI isocyanate trimer; and the biurets, which are the reaction product of a polyisocyanate with water. One such biuret is known and sold under the name Desmodur N.
Of these polyisocyanate materials, those found to exhibit superior color properties are Mondur HC; polyisocyanates based on xylylene diisocyanate, such as a xylylene diisocyanate-TMP adduct; and Desmodur N.
The polyisocyanate is employed in sufficient concentrations to cause essentially complete curing of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer compositions. In general, the polyisocyanate or a polyisocyanate polymer will be employed in a range of about 10 to about 1000 weight percent of polyisocyanate based on the weight of the hydroxy-containing prepolymer which has been reacted with a hydroxybenzoic acid. Preferably, from about to about 300% by Weight on the above basis is employed. This amount is dependent upon the amount of NCO groups in the polyisocyanate or the polyisocyanatecontaining polmer. The polyisocyanate is preferably employed in liquid form. These liquid polyisocyanates can be employed in undiluted form. Furthermore, solid or viscous polyisocyanates may be employed in the form of organic solvent solutions, the solvent being present in a range of up to about 80% by weight of the solution.
The hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-contaimng polymer component of the composition is preferably employed as a solution in an organic solvent, although the use of a solvent is not necessary in all cases. The nature and the eifect of this solvent will be more specifically described below. The amount of solvent, if necessary, used should be sufficient to permit uniform application of these compositions. The specific solvent concentrations for the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymers will vary depending on the type of hydroxycontaining prepolymer and hydroxybenzoic acid employed and the molecular weight of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component. In general, the solvent concentration will be in the range of up to by weight based on the capped hydroxycontaining polymer solution and preferably in the range 5-80%.
The solvent employed in combination with either the hydroxybenzoic acid capped component or the polyisocyanate component or both components does not enter to any significant degree into the reaction. In some cases, the difference in the polarity between the polyisocyanate and the hydroxybenzoic acid capped polymer component restricts the choice of solvents in which both components are compatible. Such compatibility is necessary to achieve reaction and essentially complete curing of the novel compositions of the present invention. Where the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer composition and the polyisocyanate are compatible, no solvent is necessary and rapid room temperature cure of such mixtures can be effected in the presence of a tertiary amine. The solvent, if present, aids in the uniform distribution of the blend of ingredients on the substrate. Aromatic solvents, although compatible with the polyisocyanates, are less compatible with the hydroxy-containing prepolymers capped with hydroxybenzoic acids. It is therefore preferred to employ combinations of solvents and particularly combinations or aromatic and polar solvents. Suitable aromatic solvents are benzene, toluene, xylene, ethyl benzene, naphthalene, and mixtures thereof. The polar solvents should not be extremely polar such as to become incompatible with the aromatic solvent. Suitable solvents which are compatible with aromatic solvents include, in particular, ester, ketone, and ether solvents. These solvents should preferably not com tain active hydrogen moieties reactive with the polyisocyanate. Preferred solvents include the esters of glycol ethers, such as ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (known and sold under the name Cellosolve acetate), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (known and sold under the name butyl Cellosolve acetate), diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (known and sold under the name butyl Carbitol acetate); ketone solvents, such as methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl heptyl ketone; butyl and ethyl acetate; and furfural.
It has also been found that the pot life of the blend of the polyisocyanate and the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer in a solvent or, where the two components are compatible, as a liquid blend with no solvent present, can be significantly improved without adversely affecting the rapid curing and finished film properties of the component blends. Pot life as used herein is defined as the time at which the polymer blend can no longer be applied under normal application conditrons. The pot life improvement is attained by the additron of an effective amount of either mineral or strong organic acids or acid halides. Acids which are useful include hydrochloric, phosphoric, trichloroacetic, benzene sulfonic acids and the like. Phthaloyl chloride is particularly effective as an additive to improve the pot life of these blends. These acids or acid halides are used in concentrations up to 3 percent based on the non-volatile content of the blend.
When the components described with particularity above are mixed and formed into, for example, a coating film, they can be rapidly and essentially completely cured to a tack-free state at room temperature in the presence of tertiary amines. These amines can be in a liquid or gaseous state. If the tertiary amine is in a liquid form, it can be admixed with the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component. The polyisocyanate component can be added to this admixture just prior to application of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component to the surface or substrate, as in the case of a two-head spray gun application, or simultaneous with the application of the said capped hydroxy-containing component to a surface or substrate, as in a roller coating application. Essentially complete curing occurs very rapidly at room temperature. When the tertiary amine is in a gaseous form or atomized in an inert carrier gas, an admixture of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component and the polyisocyanate, in the form of a film, can be rapidly cured simply by exposure of the film surface to the tertiary amine atmosphere. Suitable tertiary amines are gaseous tertiary amines such as trimethyl amine. However, normally liquid tertiary amines such as triethyl amine, ethyl dimethyl amine, and methyl diethyl amine are equally suitable. Although ammonia, primary amines and secondary amines exhibit some minor activity in causing a room temperature reaction, they are considerably inferior to the tertiary amines because they react with the polyisocyanate component. Functionally substituted amines, such as dimethyl ethanol amine, are included within the scope of tertiary amines and can be employed as curing agents. Functional groups which do not interfere in the action of the tertiary amine are hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, amino and alkyl amino groups, ketoxy groups, thio groups, and the like. It is believed and only speculated for purposes of explanation that in the curing mechanism, the tertiary amine acts in such a manner as to convert the available phenolic hydroxy moieties of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component from their condition of being weakly acidic into a relatively strong basic reactivity to facilitate the reaction of the aforesaid moieties with the polyisocyanate. This mechanism is believed to be exemplified by the following equation:
wherein represents the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer, R represents the remainder of the polyisocyanate components, and B represents the tertiary amine.
A distinct advantage of the present invention over the prior art, in addition to advantage of very rapid curing at room temperature, is the fact that the compositions of this invention can be mixed, while in their liquid state, with the tertiary amine in liquid form for totally liquid application as was briefly mentioned in the discussion of the 2-head spray gun application previously. Once applied in liquid form, the compositions readily cure at room temperature to essentially their ultimate state for use. The compositions of the prior art, as exemplified in Us. Pat. 3,409,579, cannot be so applied because of their almost instantaneous gellation upon contact with the tertiary amine. The compositions of this invention, while they cure very rapidly relative to the prior art systems, cure slow enough to allow premixing of the liquid tertiary amine with one of the two remaining components and good sprayability as a two component system through a 2-head spray gun. The slight delay in curing allows the entire composition to how together smoothly on the surface to be sprayed and then readily cure to its ultimate state at room temperature. For these same reasons, brushing and rolling applications are possible.
This invention makes it possible to combine the disclosed components with pigments for use as rapid cure fillers for paneling materials such as chipboard. The filters can be formulated by mixing a filler pigment, such as CaCO with the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxycontaining polymer component in a ratio of from 6:1 to 01:1. These ingredients are normally blended with a high speed mixer. These pigmented components are then mixed with the polyisocyanate component and applied as fillers to the panel board. Curing is effected by bringing the above ingredients together with a tertiary amine. This invention also makes it possible to pigment the disclosed compositions in a similar manner with paint pigments, such as TiO- and thus provide a rapid cure general industrial enamel for a variety of uses as primers and final color coatings for wood, metal, etc. Furthermore, this invention makes it possible to provide for rapid cure filling, as discussed above, followed by rapid cure finishing to a high gloss with an unpigmented composition made according to this invention. Thus, this invention makes possible a number of rapid cure laminations according to the teachings of this invention: filling, printing, and high-gloss overcoating. Such pigmented [filler or finishing compositions according to this invention cure rapidly to a handleable state, within the period of from about 5 minutes to about 45 minutes.
It is contemplated that the novel compositions and process of the instant invention, generally, will be useful as rapid cure printing inks; for finishing bowling alleys, bowling pins, sports equipment, furniture, insulation, cabinets and paper boxes; as chemical resistant coatings for concrete and jet fuel tanks; as floor and aircraft enamels; as marine paints; as tank linings; as binders for foundry cores; and in the production of factory finish wood products. These potential uses are by no means intended to be exclusive of other uses. Other applications of this invention will become readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.
The examples serve only to illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. All parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise indicated.
The following examples show the preparation of low molecular weight, phenolic-functional polyesters that can be crosslinked with polyisocyanates in the practice of the present invention.
1 1 The AA and TMP are charged into a reactor equipped with an agitator, the thermometer, water trap, and condenser. The charge is slowly heated to a stirrable slurry under a nitrogen blanket. Heating is then continued to 335-340 P. where the water of esterification begins distilling. Continuing heating to 480 F. esterification is continued to an acid value of less than 5. The reactor is cooled to 350 F. and the MS and DBTO are added. After inserting a fractionating column into the apparatus, the reactor is reheated to 365 P. where the methanol from transesterification begins distilling. Heating is continued to about 500 F. to complete the transesterification reaction. The reactor is cooled to 125 F., the water trap and fractionating column are removed, and the apparatus is set up for vacuum distillation. The system is evacuated to about 0.05 mm. Hg gauge pressure and the reactor is reheated to 155 to 160 F. where the excess methyl salicylate begins distill ing. Stripping is continued to a maximum temperature of 385 F. At this point 87 percent of the theoretical unreacted methyl salicylate has been removed. The reactor is cooled to about 300 F. and reduced to 85 percent nonvolatile with the CA. The product is used as the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component in a capped polymer-polyisocyanate coating system.
EXAMPLE II Component l Wt. percent Adipic Acid (AA) 9.85 Trimethylolpropane (IMP) 18.08
27.93 water of esterification 2.43
25.50 e-Caprolactone (CL) 30.80 Dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) 0.0562
56.3562 Methyl salicylate (MS) 79.43 Dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) 0.625
136.4112 Methanol of transesterification c. 7.99
12841212 Excess methyl salicylate 28.62
After preparing the AA-TMP ester by the method outlined in Example I, the reactor is cooled to 250 F. and the water trap is removed. A premix of the CL and DBTO is added and the reactor is reheated to 300 F. After reacting 5 hours at 300 F. the non-volatile of the mixture has increased to 99+ percent showing essentially complete reaction of the CL. A premix of MS and the second portion of DBTO is added to the reactor. A fractionating column and water trap are inserted into the apparatus and the reactor is heated to about 355 F. where the methanol from the transesterification reaction begins to distill over. Heating is continued to 490 F. The amount of distillate collected shows 94 percent esterification of the available hydroxy groups on the ester. The reactor is cooled to 150 F., the column and water trap are removed, and the apparatus is set up for vacuum distillation. The system is evacuated to about 0.05 mm. Hg gauge pressure, and reheated to 165 to 170 F. where the excess methyl salicylate begins distilling. Stripping is continued to a maximum temperature of 285 F. At this point 74 percent of the theoretical unreacted methyl salicylate has been removed. The reactor is cooled and the product is used as the capped polymer component in a capped polymer-polyisocyanate coating system.
1 2 The following examples illustrate the preparation of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymerpolyisocyanate blends and the properties of films of these blends when cured with triethyl amine (TEA).
EXAMPLE III A blend having a non-volatile content of about 70 percent was prepared by mixing at room temperature 43.6 grams of the product of Example I and 56.4 grams of Mondur HC polyisocyanate. The polyisocyanate component is alight stable polyisocyanate solution of the following characteristics:
Appearance Clear liquid. Solids Content 58.5-6l.5%. Available NCO 11.0-1l.6%. Color Gardner 2, Max. Wt. per gallon 9.3 1b., 77 F. Viscosity 750-1000 cps., 68 F. Solvents Cellosolve AcetatezXylene Flash Point:
(Open Cup) F.
(Closed Cup) 87 F. Avg. Equivalent Wt 371.
Considering only the phenolic hydroxyls of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped polymer, the theoretical hydroxy-toisocyanate ratio of this blend is one-to-one. If the phenolic hydroxyls of the unreacted methyl salicylate are included, this ratio will be significantly higher. The viscosity of this blend is about 10 stokes. In air, the viscosity doubles in about 3 hours. However, in a nitrogen atmosphere, viscosity stability is at least 24 hours. A 1.5 mil wet film of this blend on a glass panel will pass 500 grams Zapon 2 /2 minutes after being exposed for 15 seconds to an atmosphere saturated with TEA vapor. The film at this point is hard to the touch and cannot be smeared or rubbed off by handling: Fifteen minutes later, the Sward hardness is 18. This film at this point is hard, durable and able to withstand the handling required for storage and shipping, etc. After 2 /2 days, the Sward hardness has increased to 32. At this time, the film has good flexibility and it is essentially unaffected when exposed to xylene for 5 minutes. A 1.5 mil wet film on Bonderite 1000, cold rolled steel has a 3H pencil hardness and passes 3T flexibility after 2 /2 days. This flexibility test is conducted by forming a film of the composition on a thin (approximately 1.5 mm. in thickness) sheet of metal. The metal is folded onto itself. The first fold is 0T, the second 180 fold is IT, etc. The fold at which the film does not crack is the flexibility number. In this example, 3T flexibility means that the metal has been folded upon itself 4 times and the distance between the film surfaces after the fourth fold is 3 thicknesses of the metal. Thus, the film does not crack when the metal is folded 180 leaving a distance between the fold surfaces of 3 thicknesses of the metal.
EXAMPLE IV A blend having a non-volatile content of about 80 percent was prepared by mixing at room temperature 49 parts of the product of Example II and 51 parts of Mondur HC polyisocyanate. Considering only the phenolic hydroxyls of the hydroxybenzoic acid capped polymer, the theoretical hydroxy-to-isocyanate ratio of this blend is oneto-one. If the phenolic hydroxyls of the unreacted methyl salicylate are included, this ratio will be significantly higher. The viscosity of this blend is about 12 stokes. In the presence of air, this viscosity doubles in about 2 /2 hours. However, in a nitrogen atmosphere, the viscosity stability is at least 24 hours. A 1.5 mil wet film of this blend on a glass panel will pass 500 grams Zapon 5% minutes after 13 being exposed for 15 seconds to an atmosphere saturated with TEA vapors. The film at this point is hard to the touch and cannot be smeared or rubbed off by handling. Ten minutes later the Sward hardness of this film is 10. The film at this point is hard, durable and able to withstand the excessive handling required for storage, shipping,
etc. After 24 hours, the Sward hardness has increased to' 24, the film has excellent flexibility, but its resistance to chemicals is not quite as good as the product of Example III.
EXAMPLE V Dibutyltin dichloride, a catalyst for the capped polymerpolyisocyanate reactions, was added to the blend of Example IV at a concentration of 0.2 pph based on the total solids content of the blend. This catalyst was added in the form of a 50 percent solution which is available from Metal and Thermite Corp. under the trade name of T20. A 1.5 mil wet film of this blend on a glass panel passed 500 grams Zapon 3 minutes after being exposed for 15 seconds to an atmosphere saturated with TEA vapors. This represents about a 45 percent reduction in the time required for the film to become essentially cured. Final film properties and the viscosity stabiltiy of the blend were comparable to those of Example IV, and, thus, not greatly aifected by the dibutyltin dichloride.
Having thus described the invention, we claim:
1. A composition capable of being rapidly cured at room temperature with a tertiary amine to essentially its final state, said composition comprising the reaction product of:
(a) a hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component, said polymer component com prising the reaction product of:
(1) a prepolymer material containing free hydroxy groups, and (2) up to a stoichiometric amount of a capping compound of the structure COzRi wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H and a C -C alkyl group; R is selected from the group consisting of H, a C -C alkyl group, and an aromatic substituent; n+m cannot be greater than and It must be at least 1; and
(b) a hardener component comprising a polyisocyanate having at least two isocyanate groups in an amount sufiicient to cause essentially complete curing of said hydroxybenzoic acid capped component.
2. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is capable, when applied as a coating, of exhibiting about 50 to about 65% of its final film properties minutes or less after exposure to said tertiary amine for about 15 seconds.
3. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said about 50 to about 65% of the final film properties are exhibited within 2-3 minutes.
4. A composition according to claim 2 wherein said exposure to said tertiary amine is accomplished by placing said composition in a saturated atmosphere of said amine.
5. A composition according to claim 1 wherein said composition is capable of forming a substantially colorless coating and said polyisocyanate is one which will not impart undesirable color to the composition.
6. A composition according to claim 1 which also includes a stabilizing agent selected from the group consisting of mineral acids, strong organic acids, and acid halides in an amount up to 3% by weight based upon the nonvolatile content of components (a) and (b).
' l4 7. A product formed by rapidly curing the composition of claim 1 at room temperature with a tertiary amine.
8. The product of claim 7 wherein said product is a coating which exhibits about 50 to about 65 of its final film properties 15 minutes or less after exposure to said tertiary amine for about 15 seconds.
9. The product of claim 7 wherein said rapid curing is efiected by placing the product in a saturated atmosphere of said tertiary amine.
10. The product of claim 7 wherein said product is a coating of good moisture resistance, caustic resistance, weatherability, flexibility and adhesion to a variety of substrates.
11. The composition of claim 1 wherein said capping compound is reacted in an amount of from about 20 to about 100%, based on the number of free hydroxy groups in the said prepolymer material.
12. The composition of claim 1 wherein said prepolymer material containing free hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of:
(a) the reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol and an alkylene oxide,
(b) the product resulting from the polymerization of a lactone in the presence of a polyhydric alcohol.
(c) the reaction product of a polyhydric alcohol and a polybasic acid, which acid may optionally contain non-hydroxy-containing monocarboxylic acids, which reaction product contains free hydroxy groups, and
(d) the reaction product of an excess of polyhydric alcohol and a diisocyanate, which reaction product contains free hydroxy groups.
13. The composition of claim 1 wherein said capping compound has the following structure:
wherein R is selected from the group consisting of H, a methyl group, and an ethyl group; n is equal to 1.
14. The composition of claim 1 wherein said hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component is in the form of an organic solvent solution.
15. The composition of claim 14 wherein said solvent is one in which both said hydroxybenzoic acid capped hy droxy-containing polymer and said polyisocyanate are soluble and wherein said solvent is present in the range of up to by weight of the solution.
16. The process of preparing improved compositions, which process comprises: forming a homogeneous blend of said hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component and said hardener component of claim 1; spreading or otherwise forming a film of said blend on a substrate; curing in the presence of amine.
17. The process of claim 16 wherein said tertiary amine is in liquid form and wherein said tertiary amine is brought together with said blend by way of admixing said tertiary amine with said hydroxybenzoic acid capped hydroxy-containing polymer component prior to the formation of said homogeneous blend.
18. The process of claim 16 wherein said tertiary amine is in gaseous form.
19. The process of claim 16 wherein said tertiary amine is in gaseous form at room temperature.
20. The process of claim 16 wherein said blend is brought together with said tertiary amine by placing said substrate bearing said film in a saturated atmosphere of said tertiary amine.
21. The process of claim 16 wherein said tertiary amine is suspended in an inert gas stream.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS Brown et a1. 26047 Allan 26047 Nischk et a1 26047 Windemuth et a1. 26047 M. J. WELSH, Primary Examiner 5 E. C. RZUCIDLO, Assistant Examiner U.S. C1. X,R.
Patent No.
Inventor(s) 3.836.491 Dated Seotember 17. 1974 David. D. Taft and Roger A. Schmidt It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent are hereby corrected as shown below:
Insert "process" after novel G01. 3, Line 11:
C01. 3, Line 37 ."tertary" should be corrected to tertiary Col. 7, Line 59: rrg reshould be corrected to polymer Col. 14, Line 60: insert "a tertiary" before amine C01. 10, Line 9i "filters" should be corrected to fillers C01. 11, Line 71: "zss should be corrected to 335 ned and sealed this 11th day of March 1975.
(SEAL) Attest:
RUTH c. MASON Attesting Officer 0. MARSHALL DANN Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks i
Referenced by
Original Image


text:
We apologize but we are unable to process online orders at this time as we are building a better PetSupermarket.com. To purchase any of our products, please visit one of our retail locations or visit our Amazon store here. You can find your nearest Pet Supermarket by using our Store Locator
Crinkle Tunnel by Pets International
- Our Price:
- $8.99
Available In-Store
Hours of fun for ferrets with this colorful, 23" long tunnel that makes a crinkle sound when they run thru. Assorted colored fabric.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
- Attorney General Brad D. Schimel
- Fighting Crime
- Victim Assistance
- Consumer Protection
- Media Center
- About Department of Justice
- Topical Index
This Google™ translation feature is provided for informational purposes only.
The Office of the Attorney General is unable to guarantee the accuracy of this translation and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information resulting from the translation application tool.
Please consult with a translator for accuracy if you are relying on the translation or are using this site for official business.Contact the Department of Justice
Updated Compliance Outlines on Open Meetings Law and Public Records Law Available on Department of Justice's Web Site
MADISON - The Wisconsin Department of Justice has posted the updated (2010 version) of the Open Meetings Compliance Guide and the Public Records Compliance Outline on the Wisconsin Department of Justice's website.
Attorney General J.B. Van Hollen will be hosting free seminars across the State of Wisconsin to promote public awareness of and compliance with the state's open meetings and public records law. At each seminar, Attorney General Van Hollen will be accompanied by assistant attorneys general who are experts in Wisconsin's open meetings and public records laws.
Seminars will be held in Madison (September 20th), Milwaukee (September 27th) and Wausau (October 5th). The seminars are each scheduled for three hours. In addition, a statewide videoconference seminar will take place with viewing sites in Green Bay, La Crosse, Rice Lake and Racine on October 12, 2010.
Each seminar is free and open to the public, though advance registration is required due to limited seating. Individuals are invited to register at the Wisconsin Department of Justice website (http://www.doj.state.wi.us/) beginning September 1st. Registrants should provide their name, title, organization or agency, and identify the seminar they wish to attend. Additional information as to event details is available in the attached pdf document, which is also available at http://www.doj.state.wi.us/news/files/2010_Roadshows_Pub.pdf.
The Open Meetings Compliance Guide and Public Records Compliance Outline are available at:


text:
Merryweather Security
this wiki
- "Merryweather is a private military and security company with over $10 billion of taxpayer's money in US government contracts to its name."
- ― Description at LCN.com.
Merryweather Security Consulting is a private military company and security contractor featured in Grand Theft Auto V and Grand Theft Auto Online. They are one of the main groups of antagonists in GTA V.
Events of GTA Online
- "Merryweather Security Consulting? Private army of the New World Order? The folks waging outsourced shadow wars in twenty countries around the globe, and recently cleared to operate on US soil?"
- ―Trevor Philips asking Floyd Hebert about Merryweather.
Sometime before the game's start, Merryweather is cleared by the American government to begin operating on U.S. soil, both in service of the government and of other organizations in the private sector.
It begins experiencing setbacks and problems almost immediately after their clearance. During GTA Online, many of its aircraft and supplies are stolen by the player, who was contacted by Lester Crest. Lester also sends the player to steal documentation and cargo guarded by Merryweather on numerous occasions. Underground crime lord Martin Madrazo has also hired the player to destroy Merryweather equipment. Ironically, the Online protagonist can call for backup, boat and helicopter pickups or airstrikes.
They also make some appearances during the online Heists, most notable during the Humane Raid - Insurgents heist setup mission, where the players must steal two Insurgents from a Merryweather test site in Davis Quartz.
Events of GTA V
- Trevor: "Do some research on Merryweather Security Consulting, friend. They'd be on trial for humans rights offenses if the US government didn't protect all its contractors from any kind of suit - military or civilian. They're immune from prosecution, and they behave like they are. Murdering, stealing, high on power, guns, and anabolic steroids. Lucky bastards."
- Floyd: "Look, I don't know about that stuff."
- Trevor: "You're right. You don't. Merryweather are employed by the richest, greediest scum on the planet to shit on the poorest and the neediest. So we're going to enjoy shitting on them."
- —Trevor to Floyd
Later, during Grand Theft Auto V, Merryweather suffers many problematic setbacks at the hands of the game's main protagonists, particularly those of Trevor Philips. During the game, Merryweather has one of the experimental weapons they were guarding for the U.S. government stolen; one of their planes, which was carrying millions of dollars in weaponry, hijacked and taken down; one of their courier trains, carrying millions of dollars worth of priceless artifacts, derailed; dozens of their men killed at a massive shootout in the Kortz Center; several men killed after an unsuccessful house invasion, dozens of their men killed while unsuccessfully attempting to stop a heist at the Union Depository Building and (depending on the player's choice) dozens of their men killed in a foundry while attempting to kill Franklin Clinton, Michael De Santa and Trevor Phillips, and one of their chief board members kidnapped, stuffed into a car, and rolled off a cliff.
By the end of the main storyline, Merryweather's reputation is in shambles after so many catastrophic failures, causing several of their regular clients to drop them from their payroll, including the U.S. government. After losing the government contract, Merryweather loses clearance to operate on American soil and is forced to shut down several operations they'd started in the country, costing them millions of dollars.
In GTA V, the player can visit their official website, Merryweathersecurity.com and also buy their stocks in the Lcn-exchange.com website.
There appears to be three divisions of Merryweather Security. Like Gruppe Sechs, the first division provides onsite and property protection with uniformed guards; these guards can be seen patrolling properties in marked cars or walking the premises with a guard dog. Other guards can be seen guarding the Humane Labs and Research during Monkey Business, and have a different outfit than regular guards. They provide private security to shareholders such as Devin Weston, and they rarely help the public law enforcement in major incidents, one of which was a shootout following a bank robbery. It also acts as a neighbourhood watch group, as seen in Vinewood Hills.
The second division is a paramilitary force equipped and trained for high-risk operations; this division is comprised primarily of former military servicemen, possibly Special Forces. The U.S. Government employs this division as a courier service and it is implied the FIB and IAA use them as hired back up. They own a ship; the SS Bulker which holds an unknown device. It can be destroyed during the Freighter approach for The Merryweather Heist.
The third division is a courier service that was announced by Merryweather around the events of the mission, Friend Request. The service transports art, artifacts, and perishables for museums and collectors. This is attacked by Michael De Santa and Trevor Phillips and is deliberately derailed.
Known Members
- Members
- Don Percival - Founder/CEO
- Devin Weston - Major Shareholder
- Associates
- Molly Schultz (Formerly)
- Franklin Clinton (Formerly)
- Michael De Santa (Formerly)
- Trevor Philips (Formerly)
- Lamar Davis (Formerly)
- Online Player
Mission Appearances
- Scouting the Port
- The Merryweather Heist
- Minor Turbulence
- Derailed
- Monkey Business
- The Wrap Up
- Meltdown
- The Big Score
- The Third Way (Wiped out after this mission)
- GTA Online
- A Titan of a Job
- Dry Docking
- Teaser Trailer
- Show Me the Monet
- Defender
- Chemical Extraction
- American Exports
- Docks to Stock
- Docks to Stock II
- Stocks and Scares
- Various Gang Attacks
- Heists
- The Prison Break
- Humane Raid - Insurgents
- Humane Raid - Valkyrie
- Humane Raid - Deliver EMP
- The Humane Labs Raid
- Pacific Standard - Convoy
Services (GTA Online)
|GTA Online Description
|In-Game Effect
|Level Requirement
|Ammo Drop
|Request an ammo crate to be dropped at your GPS location. Be sure you are in a secluded location to stop other players stealing it.
|Merryweather will drop an ammo crate, which will add some ammo to the gun that you're holding when you pick the crate up. If you are unarmed or in Passive Mode you will not be able to pick up the Ammo Box
|Backup Helicopter
|Request a helicopter to provide covering fire.
|Calls for a Buzzard helicopter to fly in and eliminate hostile players and other enemies. It will circle around the character for a while until it leaves.
|Boat Pickup
|Request a boat to bring you to land.
|Calls for a private Dinghy to come at the player's location. Works like a taxi. The player can choose to kill the driver and steal the Dinghy instead. Only works when the player is in water.
|Helicopter Pickup
|Request a helicopter to pick you up.
|Calls for a private Maverick to land at the player's location. Works like a taxi. The player can choose to kill the helicopter pilot and steal the Maverick instead.
|Call Mercenaries
|Choose a player to be attacked by mercenaries.
|Calls for mercenaries to track and eliminate a player. They will appear as 4 armed operatives driving a Mesa and will continue coming until the player is dead. Should they not succeed, a full refund is then given to the contractor. If the target enters his apartment, mercenaries will stop attacking him.
|Request an airstrike at a selected position.
|After the payment is received, the player will be requested to drop a flare before a P-996 LAZER arrives. If the player goes underground or doesn't drop the flare before the jet flies overhead, the LAZER will fly away, with no refund given.
Merryweather Security will temporarily suspend services if the player has recently been hostile towards them, i.e. kill them in gang attacks. However, they will not suspend services if they are killed during missions (i.e. A Titan of a Job, Dry Docking, etc.)
Merryweather's fleet of vehicles include:
- Dilettantes, used by Merryweather Security Guards with Merryweather decals to patrol areas.
- Merryweather Mesas, which are heavily modified Canis Mesas capable of off-road cruising. It is the main vehicle of choice for ground operatives.
- Patriots, used by ground operatives. Fairly common in GTA Online.
- Trains, used for transporting high value shipments across San Andreas. According to Ron Jakowski, it passes by every month. One of them is derailed during the events of GTA V.
- Buzzard Attack Choppers, which are the main vehicles used by air units.
- Mavericks, used for transport and air support (GTA Online only).
- Valkyries, used in tandem with the US Army as a transport/attack helicopter.
- Savages, heavy gunships used for convoy escort and patrol.
- Insurgents, used for patrol at Humane Labs and Research and convoys.
- P-996 Lazers, used for dropping ammunition crates and delivering airstrikes in GTA Online.
- Cuban 800s, alternately used for ammunition crates in GTA Online
- Cargo Plane, used by the company for special deliveries (such as government or military shipment). It is currently unknown how many of those they own, but one is stolen and ends up being shot down by the U.S. Air Force. GTA V only.
- Dinghies, used for transport for naval operatives and naval support.
- Merryweather is a parody of Academi, formerly known as Blackwater and Xe Services, a private military company infamous for alleged human rights violations during the Iraq War. Like Academi, Merryweather had changed its name following an incident that resulted in negative public relations.
- The styling of the name is also derived from Academi's former Blackwater logo.
- Every GTA V-era protagonist so far has been made an enemy of Merryweather. The only protagonist that can actually use Merryweather's services is the GTA Online Protagonist.
- Devin Weston apparently owns 11% of Merryweather. If the player chooses the "Deathwish" ending and kills Weston, Don Percival buys out the majority of Weston's stock in the company.
- Throughout the story, Trevor makes references to Merryweather as the "New World Order's" private army and part of the Illuminati. Their emblem, the owl, is also a reference to the Illuminati and the Bohemian Grove conspiracy. In fact, when listening to private conversations with LSPD officers, they discuss the possibility of Merryweather eventually replacing them as law enforcement in the city.
- On their official website, a map of the World shows Merryweather has several operations and bases across the continents in locations such as Asia, Africa, Europe, North and South America, as well as the Middle East.
- In GTA Online, Merryweather soldiers called by the player will, oddly enough, attack other Merryweather soldiers during missions.
- Despite being armed in the port, when the player gains a wanted level, they start to run as if they were civilians. If standing outside, however, they will engage the player if provoked.
- Merryweather provides security for the Humane Labs and Research during "Monkey Business", implying that they've been working at least once for the IAA. It is also possible to see mercenaries in the Labs area during "Chemical Extraction".
- Despite endings stating that Merryweather has lost its license to operate in the U.S. in GTA V, they can still be found at the Los Santos Naval Port.


text:
Mumble and Murmur in Version 1.1.8
The software is oriented to TeamSpeak and gamers: the voice chat product Mumble is now available together with the Murmur server in version 1.1.8.
When gamers converse over the Net they usually use specialized software such as TeamSpeak -- or perhaps Mumble. Mumble is a TeamSpeak alternative, with freely available source code, that allows multiple users to exchange chats during gaming sessions. It has two components, the Murmur server and the Mumble client.
The Murmur server uses less working memory in the new version and starts threads on demand only for virtual servers. The now fully documented Internet Communications Engine (Ice) RPC framework works over a callback function and allows for server-side scripting that reacts to user requests. Ice authentication is external and available to third-party databases.
The welcoming server facility allows for graphics and text message integration through normal HTML. Client-side context menus allow for expansion by third-party developers. At least under Windows the audio matches player positions and Mumble supports more games, such as Battlefield 2, Call of Duty 4, Warsow and Sauerbraten.
Multiple key combos are available for shortcuts and balloon tool tips show log notifications. The text-to-speech function can be expanded with prepared sounds. Mumble and Murmur are available for testing on the SourceForge download site.
Issue 178/2015
Buy this issue as a PDF
Qemu Flaw Lets the Guest Escape
Xen project announces a privilege escalation problem for Qemu host systems
Android Bug Threatens Millions of Users
Attackers can compromise an Android phone just by sending a text message
Lenovo and Canonical Announce Laptop Deal
PC vendor will pre-install Ubuntu on portables in India.
Mozilla Firefox Blocks Flash
More embarrassment for Adobe's embattled multimedia tool
Security Problem in Firefox's NoScript Add-On
Mozilla's script blocker add-on could be putting malware sites on the whitelist.
RIP SSLv3
The Internet community officially banishes the notoriously unsafe Secure Sockets Layer protocol.
Mate 1.1 Arrives
Popular desktop environment continues the Gnome 2 legacy – with new support for the Gnome 3 toolkit.
US Government Requires HTTPS
The Obama White House has issued a memorandum telling all US government agencies they must use HTTPS for all websites and web communication.
Mozilla Signs Firefox Add-Ons
New program will dial up security for the Firefox browser.
Fedora 22 Arrives
Red Hat's community distro embraces the cloud.


text:
Many veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan are taking advantage of the post 9/11 GI bill to pay for higher education. They often end up at large state schools or for-profit, online universities.
A scholarship program in California is opening the doors for veterans who may be better suited for smaller and more expensive private liberal arts colleges.


text:
myMILLIKIN |
Sign In
Staley Library
MU Account Suite
Academic Calendar
Adult Education (PACE)
Public Safety
Campus Dining
Bronze Man Books
Career Center
Financial Aid
First Step Records
Immersion/Summer School
Information Technology
Kirkland Fine Arts Center
Graduate Programs
Preparatory Programs
Blue Connection
Student Service Center
Writing Center
Majors, Minors, and Programs
Academic Advising
Academic Calendar
College of Arts and Sciences
College of Fine Arts
College of Professional Studies
Tabor School of Business
Adult Education (PACE)
Graduate Programs
Center for International Education
English Language Center
MPSL (University Curriculum)
Why Millikin
First-Year Students
Transfer Students
International Students
Adult Education (PACE)
Graduate Programs
Campus Visits
How To Apply
Cost of Attendance
Frequently Asked Questions
Financial Aid
Student Service Center
Stay Connected
Get Involved
Make a Gift
Camps & Conferences
Campus Dining / Meal Plans
Career Center
Counseling Services
Dean of Students/Student Development
DMH Health Center
Inclusion and Student Engagement
Residence Life
Richards Treat University Center
Student Conduct
Student Handbook
Student Success
Millikin History
Mission and Vision
Branding & Licensing
Quick Facts
Office of the President
Millikin University
Staley Library
About the Library
Edible Book Festivals
2010 Edible Book Festival
2010 Edible Book Festival
Check Out Pictures from Staley Library's 2010 Edible Book Festival!
Thanks to all our wonderful entrants, to our judges Dr. Devon Fitzgerald, Sam & Christina, and Cindy Landacre, and to those that voted on (and ate) the entries for making this event a success! Start thinking of your ideas for next year's festival...
The 2010 Entries
"A Tribute to Poe" by Jackie Buhrman (yummy red velvet cake)
"Walter the Farting Dog" by Marsha Leach (came with sound effects)
"The Missing Piece" by Gavena Dahlman
Winner of Millikin's Choice- Individual Entry
"From Eternity to Here" by Cindy Fuller
"Remarkable Creatures" by Ruth Nihiser
This book's plot involved fossil hunting, so this entry had fossil cookies buried in edible "sand."
"Huckleberry Finn" by Chris Oyer
On the raft, notice the real huckleberry and a jelly shark fin.
"Rainbow Fish" by Barb Swartz
"The Three Little Pigs become Casualties of the Chocolate War" by Eric McKinney
This is a mashup of two books, and involved different varieties of chocolate covered bacon.
Winner of "Most Creative Use of Ingredients."
"Life of Pi" by Karla Luxner
Winner of "Punniest Entry."
"Power Eating" by the Dept. of Exercise Science and Sport
Made out of healthy ingredients!
"A Promise in Every Color" by the Center for Multicultural Student Affairs ( Latrina Denson, & Pej Clark)
"How to Train Your Dragon" by the Writing Center (Kate Eagler & Kenzie VanBeest)
A dragon-training arena with dragon shaped cupcakes.
"Freakonomics" by Caitlin Klimavicz, Kayla Daughtery, & Katie Sullivan
"Polio: An American Story" by Chemistry 482 (Chemistry Seminar Class)
Includes syringe-shaped cake, polio virus cookies, lollipop cookies, and Jell-O syringes.
Winner of "Best in Show."
"Cloudy with a Chance of Hamburgers" by Decatur Christian School's 8th grade class
Winner of both "Entry I Most Want to Eat" and "Millikin's Choice- Best Group Entry."
Viewing and voting on the entries.
Finally! Eating begins.
See you all next year!
About the Library
Edible Book Festivals
Entry Instructions
2009 Edible Book Festival
2010 Edible Book Festival
2011 Edible Book Festival
2012 Edible Book Festival
2013 Edible Book Festival


text:
Janna Nichols
Executive Director
Email: email@example.com
The 5Cities Homeless Coalition is pleased to welcome Janna Nichols, as its new Executive Director. Nichols who has been working with the Coalition as a consultant for the past year, joined the the team officially in July 2012 as Executive Director. For the previous seven years Nichols served as the Marketing Manager for United Blood Services. In her career, she also served as the Chief Professional Officer for United Way of San Luis Obispo County for nine years, overseeing the daily operations for the nonprofit organization and its all-volunteer governing board.
Among her efforts at United Way, she spearheaded the development of several key initiatives and collaborative partnerships to address the needs of our county's most vulnerable populations. She was a founding board member of the San Luis Obispo County Housing Trust Fund, served as chair of the City of San Luis Obispo's Human Relations Commission for eight years and has served on several other community development committees.
Liz Howland
Office Administrator
Email: email@example.com
Liz Howland was born and raised in South San Luis Obispo County. She graduated with an AA from Cuesta College and then a BA in Business Administration from Cal Poly SLO. She and her husband Keith have chosen to live and raise their 2 children here on the beautiful Central Coast.
Liz comes to the Coalition with varied work and volunteer experience. Most recently she worked for Camp Fire USA Central Coast Council. She was the Office Manager, but her favorite duty was Camp Director of Camp Tacanneko for 5 years. In May of 2012 Liz was proud to award her 9 Camp Fire "daughters" with their Wohelo Award. This is the highest award earned in Camp Fire similar in rank to the Eagle Scout.
Prior to Camp Fire Liz worked for the San Luis Obispo County Office of Education as a Parent-School Partner. Helping children in our community with special needs has always played an important role in Liz's life. She also volunteered as the Lucia Mar representative on the San Luis County Special Education Community Advisory Committee for 10 years.
Liz came to work for the Coalition in July 2011. She provides a vital organizational role in managing board and fiscal affairs for the Coalition.


text:
Hunting and Trapping
News about Hunting and Trapping, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chronology of Coverage
Aug. 3, 2015
Wildlife authorities in Zimbabwe claim prominent American gynecologist Jan Casimir Seski illegally killed lion in authorized hunt in Hwange National Park in April; report follows incident in which American dentist Walter J Palmer killed popular, protected lion named Cecil, to outrage of many. MORE
Jul. 31, 2015
Editorial reflects on public outrage over illegal killing of Cecil the lion in Zimbabwe by American big-game hunter Dr Walter Palmer of Minnesota; suggests lion's death could have beneficial effect of focusing on many endangered species threatened not only by poaching and hunting, but also by loss of habitat on African continent. MORE
Jul. 29, 2015
Walter J Palmer, American hunter known for killing big game with bow and arrow, faces poaching charges in Zimbabwe for killing lion named Cecil, favorite among visitors at Hwange National Park; Zimbabwe officials believe Cecil was lured out of protected game persevere by hunting party that tied dead animal to car. MORE
Apr. 5, 2015
Lydia Millet Op-Ed article describes scene at the International Wildlife Museum in Tucson, founded by C J McElroy along with trophy hunter group Safari Club International, which shares space with museum; notes absence of any mention of Safari Club's activities, which are mainly concerned with circumventing laws to allow wealthy to hunt endangered animals; suggests that the purpose of the museum is to mask that agenda. MORE
Feb. 8, 2015
Legal battle in Pakistan over foreign hunting permits for houbara bustard, migratory bird that has long been hunted by Arab royalty, has focused attention on practice; order to cancel all foreign hunting permits has become minor political crisis in light of favorable reception by Pakistani officials of Saudi Prince Fahd bin Sultan bin Abdul Aziz when he arrived to hunt the bird; Saudi royalty began visiting Pakistan to engage in hunting houbara in 1970s. MORE
Jan. 5, 2015
Pangti Journal; residents of remote Indian village Pangti have become enthusiastic stewards of Amur falcons, which they once slaughtered for food, after conservationist campaign convinced them to stop massing killing of migrating birds; are hoping to attract tourists to make up lost revenue; ecologists say birds, which eat mostly insects, are not endangered because of their huge numbers, but may play crucial ecological role. MORE
Dec. 20, 2014
Federal Judge Beryl Howell rules to keep gray wolves on endangered species list; decision bans further hunting and trapping in Michigan, Minnesota and Wisconsin. MORE
Nov. 6, 2014
Families, wildlife groups and others are raising day-old ring-necked pheasant chicks that they will release into the wild as part of a Utah program to promote game hunting; ranks of hunters have dwindled nationally over much of past 30 years. MORE
Nov. 3, 2014
Alabamians are set to vote on Amendment 5 to State Constitution, so-called right-to-hunt measure; similar measure is being considered in Mississippi; gun-rights supporters have tried often over past two decades to depict hunting as looming legal battleground in places like Alabama, which has about 530,000 holders of paid hunting licences. MORE
Oct. 13, 2014
New Jersey wildlife officials are encouraging hunters to take part in six-day bear hunting season, as bear encounters continue to rise in state's northern suburbs. MORE
Sep. 26, 2014
Cerro Sombrero Journal; Chilean government-sanctioned culling of the guanaco, wild cousin of the llama, in Chile's portion of Tierra del Fuego draws opposition from animal rights activists and tourism officials; Chilean authorities allowed as many as 4,125 to be killed in 2014 alone. MORE
Aug. 16, 2014
The Upshot; hunting excursion shared by Pres John F Kennedy and Vice Pres Lyndon Johnson at Johnson's Texas ranch shortly after their 1960 election victory continues to be the subject of disputed interpretations; author William Manchester insisted that Kennedy was scarred by the act of taking a life, while Johnson claimed that Kennedy was enthusiastic about the hunt; incident foreshadowed later cultural clashes over firearms and hunting. MORE
Jul. 14, 2014
Editorial welcomes partisan Senate dispute that led to defeat of pernicious proposal to bar environmental controls over lead ammunition and fishing sinkers that increasingly threaten fish and wildlife; urges Environmental Protection Agency to protect nation's wildlife by finally banning lead ammunition and sinkers from the land. MORE
Jun. 30, 2014
Op-Ed article by postdoctoral fellow Louisa Lombard asserts that humanitarians, reporters and others are misguided in shaming American safari hunters for traveling to Central African Republic to pursue sport in midst of civil conflict; says such hunters are irrelevant to war, and by visiting during strife they are providing much needed livelihood to people ignored by government; holds that pointing finger at white hunters is misdirection of outrage. MORE
May. 15, 2014
National Park Service sharpshooters cull 106 white-tailed deer in Washington's Rock Creek Park; 3,300 pounds of venison are donated to homeless shelters and other charities across capital; proliferating deer gorge on seedlings and threaten abundant vegetation in park. MORE
Apr. 18, 2014
New Virginia law will phase out fox pens, fenced enclosures in which hounds pursue wild foxes, over 40 years; hunters say that law unfairly takes aim at traditional and honorable outdoor activity, and that their goal is training dogs, not killing; some animal rights organizations want changes now. MORE
Mar. 31, 2014
Sweetwater Journal; state wildlife agency in Texas is considering banning use of gas fumes to capture rattlesnakes, which infest areas like Sweetwater, Tex; move could add the state to list of more than two dozen states that have partly or completely outlawed the practice, known as gassing, which has outraged animal rights activists and reptile researchers. MORE
Feb. 1, 2014
Both Village and Town of East Hampton, LI, have decided to withdraw from program to bring in federal sharpshooters to significantly thin local deer populations after vigorous opposition to idea; developments throw into doubt future of what had been designed as one of largest deer removal efforts ever undertaken by the federal government. MORE
Jan. 28, 2014
Letter from Wayne Pacelle, president, The Humane Society of the United States, responds to Jan 21 Richard Conniff Op-Ed article defending sale of permit to hunt black rhino in Namibia. MORE
Jan. 21, 2014
Op-Ed article by author Richard Conniff tempers backlash against $350,000 sale of right to hunt an endangered black rhino in Namibia; says country's conservation policy is working and that auction is a perfectly sound way to raise funds for protecting the animal. MORE
Dec. 31, 2013
Editorial supports plan to cull Long Island's deer population through use of hired marksmen; holds that controlled slaughter, while disturbing to some, is best option given size of deer population, and damage done to fields and gardens along with spread of Lyme disease. MORE
Dec. 31, 2013
Study in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that Hazda people of Tanzania, who are among last hunter-gatherer groups on earth, follow pattern similar to that of sharks, honeybees and other foraging animals while hunting for food. MORE
Dec. 26, 2013
Sporting Ranch Capital Management, a private equity firm, raises money from investors to buy ranches that it can fix up and resell. MORE
Dec. 25, 2013
Five mallard ducks that lived at Peabody Hotel in Little Rock, Ark, head back to the wild after hotel is sold, raising concerns that the city's beloved flock would become target during duck hunting season. MORE
Nov. 22, 2013
Group of dog owners take their pets to downtown Manhattan to kill rats in alleys where there is trash; people on the rat patrols, who have been meeting for 15 years, say their energetic little ratters are doing what comes naturally, while combining sport and public service. MORE
Nov. 12, 2013
In Montana, the former investment banker Georgia Pellegrini offers a weekend retreat for urban women like herself to get in touch with their primitive selves. MORE
Nov. 6, 2013
Cook It Raw, prestigious and peculiar annual culinary gathering, invites the world's top chefs to hunt for their own dinner; 2013 gathering is held in South Carolina, first time the international event has taken place in the United States. MORE
Oct. 30, 2013
Elaine Sciolino Letter From Paris describes autumn hunting season in France; notes that point of the hunt is not chasing and killing, but the animal's journey from fields and forests to tables of starred restaurants and rural bistros, where chefs build elaborate menus around game. MORE
Oct. 27, 2013
David Goldenberg Lives essay laments that he froze while attempting to shoot dangerous chimp in Uganda that was on a killing spree; says his indecision led to grave consequences, as the chimp continued to slay more children until local hunters finally killed him. MORE
Oct. 8, 2013
Ethen Lofthouse, a wrestler at Iowa, is cited by the police on a charge of shooting a duck with a bow and arrow outside his home in Iowa City. MORE
Aug. 28, 2013
Britain begins its contentious badger cull, trial intended to kill 5,000 badgers on two broad tracts of countryside, while animal rights activists launch protests; farmers say that badgers spread lethal bovine tuberculosis that decimates cattle. MORE
Jul. 21, 2013
Steve Rinella essay describes way in which skills required for hunting and writing are remarkably similar and even complementary. MORE
May. 26, 2013
Editorial by Verlyn Klinkenborg reflects on stuffed deer head that was passed down to him from his father, who shot the deer in Colorado more than sixty years ago. MORE
May. 19, 2013
Lawrence Downes travel article on hunting for wild boar on Oahu, Hawaii; wild pigs can be both nuisance for homeowners and unusual trophy for hunters. MORE
Apr. 7, 2013
Bill Heavey Lives essay reflects on his experience of hunting, shooting and killing a deer for his dinner. MORE
Apr. 7, 2013
Frank Bruni Op-Ed column describes going hunting for first time, and way in which experience only heightened his worries about guns and his support for gun control. MORE
Mar. 23, 2013
Incentive bounty hunting program in Utah to curb coyote population has provoked enthusiasm from hunters and concern from environmentalists; coyotes are considered persistent menace in the West, where they and their human neighbors have been encroaching on each other's territory for decades. MORE
Mar. 18, 2013
Op-Ed article by Alexander N Songorwa, director of wildlife for Tanzanian Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, expresses alarm at fact that United States Fish and Wildlife Service is considering listing African lion as endangered; contends that such a move will reduce Tanzania's trophy-hunting market, which is vital source of money for country's conservation efforts. MORE
Jan. 24, 2013
Florida wildlife officials have become so frustrated with prolific and invasive Burmese pythons that they sanctioned a one-month hunt in South Florida; estimates of how many Burmese pythons live in the wild in Florida range from 5,000 to more than 100,000. MORE
Jan. 13, 2013
Editorial describes state-sponsored class for would-be hunters, which offered glimpse of large and growing segment of Americans who are interested and engaged in hunting. MORE
Jan. 9, 2013
Wolf populations are growing out of control in Sakha-Yakutia region of Siberia, eating livestock and leading to demand for hunters. MORE
Jan. 1, 2013
Pheasant, once king of Iowa's nearly half-a-billion-dollar hunting industry, is vanishing from the state; loss, both economic and cultural, is caused by years of excessively damp weather and animal predators, but most controversial factor is loss of wildlife habitat from landowners chopping their brushy fields to plant crops. MORE
Dec. 11, 2012
Montana wildlife commissioners shut down all wolf hunts and prohibit trapping in areas of the state that border northwest corner of Yellowstone National Park; order comes after the eighth Yellowstone wolf wearing a tracking collar for research is killed this season. MORE
Dec. 9, 2012
Yellowstone National Park's most famous wolf, alpha female known as 832F, is shot and killed outside the park's boundaries in state-sanctioned harvest; wolf, a tourist favorite, was valued by scientists who track wolves to study their habits and threats to their survival. MORE
Dec. 2, 2012
Utah, more than any state in the West, has expanded hunting opportunities for wealthy buyers of public licenses and has begun to diminish them for those seeking permits directly from the state; state has embraced increasingly free-market model as way to raise money for wildlife conservation. MORE
Nov. 25, 2012
Op-Ed article by author Frank Bill recounts story of his grandfather hunting deer without conventional weapons. MORE
Nov. 21, 2012
Editorial calls attention to faulty provisions to Sportsmen's Act of 2012 before Senate, endorsed by Obama administration, which will increase access to public lands for hunting and fishing; singles out fact that bill ends ban on lead ammunition and tackle, and will invite hunting spree on polar bears, which are threatened species. MORE
Nov. 2, 2012
Wolf hunting in Wisconsin and Minnesota, which had been legalized to manage rebounding wolf population, has drawn lawsuits from local and national animal rights groups that fear undoing of nearly four decades of work to restore a healthy number of wolves. MORE
Oct. 28, 2012
FYI column answers question about whether American Museum of Natural History displays any big game that Theodore Roosevelt actually shot. MORE
Oct. 21, 2012
FYI column answers question about whether the American Museum of Natural History, which is mounting an exhibition about Theodore Roosevelt, displays animals that Roosevelt personally shot. MORE
There are no additional abstracts to display.
The Tragedies in the Story of Cecil the Lion
A Berkeley zoologist writes, "Neither tourism nor hunting returns enough money to local people to make up for the depredations of wildlife."
August 5, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Zimbabwe , Hunting and Trapping , Poaching (Wildlife)
In Zimbabwe, We Don't Cry for Lions
Do Americans who are upset about Cecil even realize how terrifying animals can be?
August 5, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Poaching (Wildlife) , Hunting and Trapping , Lions , Zimbabwe
Guide Who Led Hunt That Killed Cecil the Lion in Zimbabwe Says He Did Nothing Wrong
Theo Bronkhorst, a professional hunting guide who led an American dentist in pursuit of a lion, is scheduled to stand trial Wednesday in Zimbabwe.
August 5, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Poaching (Wildlife) , Hunting and Trapping , Lions , Giraffes , United Nations , Facebook Inc , Palmer, Walter J , Zimbabwe
Zimbabwe Officials Say Another American Illegally Killed a Lion in an Authorized Hunt
Officials said a Pennsylvania gynecologist took part in a hunt in April outside Hwange National Park, where a lion, Cecil, was killed by an American dentist last month.
August 3, 2015, Monday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Zimbabwe , Poaching (Wildlife) , Lions , Palmer, Walter J , Hunting and Trapping , Sieski, Jan Casmir
Zimbabwe Official Urges Extradition of Dentist Who Killed Cecil the Lion
Oppah Muchinguri, the environment minister, said Dr. Walter J. Palmer, a dentist and big-game hunter from Minnesota, had broken Zimbabwe's laws.
August 1, 2015, Saturday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Poaching (Wildlife) , Lions , Hunting and Trapping , Zimbabwe , Fish and Wildlife Service , Palmer, Walter J , Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe)
After Cecil the Lion's Killing, U.S. and U.N. Look to Take Action
A deputy chief of law enforcement at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is investigating Walter J. Palmer, an American dentist and hunter.
July 31, 2015, Friday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Zimbabwe , Lions , Poaching (Wildlife) , Hunting and Trapping , Palmer, Walter J , Fish and Wildlife Service , General Assembly (UN) , Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe)
The Death of Cecil the Lion
Attention on one animal's death should increase focus on the many species being threatened by markets demanding their tusks, horns and other parts.
July 31, 2015, Friday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Editorials , Palmer, Walter J , Lions , Hunting and Trapping , Endangered and Extinct Species , Africa , Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe) , Poaching (Wildlife)
Killer of Cecil the Lion Finds Out That He Is a Target Now, of Internet Vigilantism
Dr. Walter J. Palmer, the hunter who killed Cecil after he was lured out of his sanctuary at Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe, has faced an onslaught from social media users and online reviewers.
July 30, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Poaching (Wildlife) , Palmer, Walter J , Lions , Social Media , Hunting and Trapping , Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe)
The Killing of Cecil the Lion
Government intervention in this country could impede trophy hunting abroad, says a Born Free program associate.
July 30, 2015, Thursday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Lions , Hunting and Trapping , Endangered and Extinct Species , Born Free USA
American Hunter Killed Cecil, Beloved Lion That Was Lured Out of Its Sanctuary
Walter Palmer, a dentist from Minnesota, killed Cecil, a lion who was a favorite among visitors at a national park in Zimbabwe, after the animal was lured out of the sanctuary, the authorities say.
July 29, 2015, Wednesday
MORE ON HUNTING AND TRAPPING AND: Zimbabwe , Lions , Palmer, Walter J , Poaching (Wildlife) , Hunting and Trapping , Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe)
Rss Feeds On Hunting and Trapping
Subscribe to an RSS feed on this topic. What is RSS?
Get Alerts On Hunting and Trapping
Receive My Alerts e-mails on topics covered on this page.More Alerts >>


text:
After one term on the Juneau Assembly, Ruth Danner says she won't seek reelection this fall.
Danner says she came to realize over the last year that assembly service doesn't match her skill set.
"I've learned a lot and I'm happy about that and I hope to take what I've learned and use it for helping our community grow in other ways," Danner says.
Specifically, she plans to stay involved in the Juneau Homeless Coalition and housing issues in general. She also says she'd be willing to serve on other municipal advisory boards or commissions.
Since joining the assembly, Danner has been involved in a pair of very public spats with other members and city staff. In April, she was very nearly censured for accusing the city's Law Department of lying to the Planning Commission. This month, she's been embroiled in a back-and-forth with Port Director Carl Uchytil over the use of a new boat lift at two different harbor facilities.
Danner has been criticized in some circles for not clearly understanding how city government operates. But she says she won't apologize for how she's handled the controversies.
"I suspect that I am always going to be Ruth Danner," she says. "When I ran for office in the first place, I said right up front I was nobody's politician. I'm no politician. I'm just not."
Danner says she's encouraging as many people as she can to run for her seat. She says at least one potential candidate has contacted her to express interest.
The filing period for the municipal election opens August 3rd and closes ten days later. Election day is October 2nd.


text:
Advanced Search
Search Tips
Market News Search
Browse by Subject
Market News
Commodity Areas
Grading, Certification and Verification
Science and Laboratories
National Organic Program
Commodity Purchasing
Agricultural Transportation
Farmers Markets and Local Food Marketing
Regulatory Programs
Research and Promotion Programs
Marketing Orders and Agreements
Grant Programs
International Marketing
You are here:
/ Latest Releases
/ USDA Proposes to Reapportion Membership on Beef Promotion Board
News Release
Printable version
USDA Proposes to Reapportion Membership on Beef Promotion Board
Release No.: 055-14
Sam Jones-Ellard (202) 660-2268
WASHINGTON, March 24, 2014 The U.S. Department of Agricultures (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service is proposing to reapportion membership on the Cattlemens Beef Promotion and Research Board from 103 to 99 members. The law authorizing the board requires the boards size to change with shifts in cattle inventory levels.
This decrease is due to changes in cattle inventories since the last board reapportionment in 2011. Under the proposal, domestic cattle producer representation on the board would decrease from 96 to 93, and importer representation would decrease from seven to six. The decrease is based on requirements of the Beef Promotion and Research Order, authorized by the Beef Promotion and Research Act of 1985. The Order provides for a review of geographic distribution of U.S. cattle inventories and the volume of imported cattle, beef, and beef products at least every three years and not more than every two years. Board membership then must be reapportioned accordingly.
A state or unit must have an inventory of 500,000 head of cattle to be represented on the board and is entitled to an additional member for each additional 1,000,000 head of cattle. In considering reapportionment, the board reviewed cattle inventories, as well as cattle, beef, and beef product import data, for 2010 through 2012. The revised representation would be effective with nominations in 2014 for appointments effective early in the year 2015.
In addition, technical amendments would be made to update and correct information in the Order and regulations.
Details of the proposed changes will appear in the March 25, 2014,
Federal Register
. Comments may be submitted online at
, or sent to Angie Snyder, Deputy Director; Research and Promotion Division, Room 2092-S; Livestock, Poultry and Seed Program; AMS, USDA, STOP 0249; 1400 Independence Avenue, S.W.; Washington, D.C. 20250-0249; telephone number (202) 720-5705; fax (202) 720-1125. Copies of the proposed rule and additional information are available from the same address.
Get the latest Agricultural Marketing Service news at
or follow us on Twitter
. You can also
read about us on the USDA blog
USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. To file a complaint of discrimination, write: USDA, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, Office of Adjudication, 1400 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410 or call (866) 632-9992 (Toll-free Customer Service), (800) 877-8339 (Local or Federal relay), (866) 377-8642 (Relay voice users).
Latest Releases
Public Affairs Staff
Subscribe to RSS Feed
Last Modified Date: 03/24/2014
AMS Home
Site Map
USDA gov
Accessibility Statement
Privacy Policy
Non-Discrimination Statement
Information Quality
White House


text:
Hang tight!
Recipe by Gail
"Makes a good cool dessert for a hot summer day."
Hmm. None of these ingredients are on sale today.
Show ingredients on sale
Sort stores by
Save money at local stores when ingredients are on sale!
Watch video tips and tricks
1 (6 ounce) can
frozen lemonade concentrate, thawed
1 (8 ounce) container
frozen whipped topping, thawed
1 (14 ounce) can
sweetened condensed milk
1 (9 inch)
prepared graham cracker crust
This pie is great just the way it is, but if anyone has read my reviews, you know I can't leave well enough alone, so... I added a box of dry instant lemon pudding for more body, then took lemon sandwich cookies, put them through my food processor to fine crumbs (where DOES that filling go??) then took 1 1/2 (or more) cups of the crumbs with about 5 TLB (or more) melted butter and made my crust out of that. Then took a couple spoonfuls cookie crumbs and sprinkled on top. AWESOME!! (And I don't even like lemon pie). To be even more different, take 4 oz. softened cream cheese mixed well with 1/2 confectioner's sugar and spread this in the bottom of your chilled crust before putting in the lemon mixture.
I made this pie for a club meeting and doubled the recipe to get 2 pies. I used pink lemonade and added a dash of red food coloring to enhance the color. My guests absolutely raved about it. I used purchased graham cracker crusts and had lots of filling to mound up. I did not freeze it as others suggested and the texture was wonderful. Not runny at all. One thing I did was to mix the condensed milk and lemonade thoroughly before adding the whipped topping. I will definitely make it again and would like to try lime concentrate next time.
139 Ratings
The women in my family have been whipping this up for years and it is STILL a favorite at get togethers. It's also SO easy and quick that we tend to make it just to cure a sweet tooth!
To make it virtually fat free is simple. Use fat free Eagle Brand milk and fat free cool whip! Don't worry about the taste of the fat free Eagle Brand--it's DELISH! The consistency is a little bit thinner than regular EB, but when the pie's chilled, you can't tell a bit of difference!
We always have trouble finding the 6 oz can of lemonade, too. So we use a 12 oz and just make ourselves "suffer" through two pies;)
The filling of this pie is so good that we've often joked of just whipping it up and eating it as a pudding. Hey, a few crumbled graham crackers and I think it'd be a hit!
This is achingly sweet, but always popular. Instead of a graham cracker crust, I usually make it with a homemade one consisting of 60 Ritz crackers, crushed, 1/2 cup butter, melted
3/4 cup powdered sugar combined and sprinkled in the bottom of a 9-inch square pan. It isn't firm like a graham cracker crust, but the salty/sweet combination is good with the tart/sweet filling.
Yummy! I used rasberry lemonade concentrate, fat free cool whip and froze the pie instead of just chilling it. To make sure the pie doesn't get soupy, chill the condensed milk and make sure the concentrate is still frozen.
Also known as "Eagle Brand" pie when I was a kid, this one is so easy and foolproof. I agree with other reviewers that it tastes the best and has a better consistency if it is kept in the freezer. Also, like others have mentioned, a gingersnap crust works great with this pie. For those who think the concentrate makes it too sweet, add some fresh squeezed lemon juice to subtitute for some of the concentrate for a tangier lemon taste. After slicing, serve with fresh strawberries and blueberries--great for 4th of July!
I've been making this recipe for a few years now and it is requested for all holidays and get-togethers. I love it because it's SO quick and easy. I use a shortbread crust most of the time.
YUMMY for lemon pie!! Perfect recipe and sooo easy! My hubby isn't big on lemon pie, but man, oh man, I can eat this whole thing by myself! LOL! Use low fat condensed milk, lite whipped topping, and a low fat pie crust to make it better for you.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Lemonade Pie III
Serving Size: 1/8 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 8
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 443
Calories from Fat: 170
With our 2,700+ chicken breast recipes, you'll never serve the same old chicken again.
The firm, juicy texture of zucchini make them a perfect side to toss on the grill.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
See how to make the perfect summer pie with a gorgeous lattice top.
Watch how to make this simple peach pie.
Allrecipes cook Kelly shares her Peanut Butter Cookie Pie recipe.