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Sacia - Name, History, Information
Sacia name and history information, the origination of the family name of Sacia.
An information site about the origin of the word/ name Sacia, and persons with the Sacia surname.
(mostly prior to the early 1800's)
updated June 2011 and Jan 2013
Lot Description- http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=2984776
NAPOLEON I (Emperor of France, 1804-1821). Letter signed ('Napol') with six words in autograph, addressed to Prince Eugène, Schönbrunn, 24 June 1809 'a 2 heures après midi', in French, announcing that he has sent six mortars to the Duke of Auerstadt (Marshall Davout), and intends that he should burn Pressburg, instructing Eugène to announce his advance on Pest, to attack Raab, and to be ready to leave for Vienna if necessary, [in autograph] 'selon l'ordre que je vous enverra', ½ page, 4to, integral blank leaf, '22' annotated in a different hand in upper left margin.
Eugène Beauharnais had been adopted by Napoleon as his son in 1805 and appointed ViceRoy of Italy. In the spring of 1809 he defeated the Austrians at Sacia and pursued them into Carinthia. Eugène was successful at Raab, and took part in the French victory at Wagram shortly afterwards.
The letter is unpublished. constitutioncafe.org
The Project Gutenberg EBook of A History of the French Novel, Vol. 1, by George Saintsbury
The invincible hero, however, subdues at once the rebel and the destroying element; captures the Assyrian, who is not only his enemy and that of his master Cyaxares, but his Rival (the word has immense importance in these romances, and is always honoured with a capital there), and learns that the escaping galley carried with it his beloved Mandane, daughter of Cyaxares, of whom he is[Pg 180] in quest, and who has been abducted from her abductor and lover by another, Prince Mazare of Sacia.
Sacia meaning
Portuguese - sacia (cloy, cloys, sate, sates)
Spanish - (quenches)
http://boards.ancestry.com/thread surnames.sacia
Larry noted that most of the folks who settled in Schenectady were not native English speakers and that names were written down as they sounded. He's come across the following spellings of "Sacia": Sesje, Sesie, Sacie, Sezie, Seezie, Sege, Sieze, Sigie, Sage, Siege, and Seser.
Paul Scarseth, a descendant of Harmon Van Slyke Sacia (as I am) with whom I've also been in touch, has theorized that the Sacia's may have been from (northern) Spain. There are Sacia's in the Bilbao area in Basque country..... (much of the Basque area is on the border of France and Spain and is often in dispute.)
Scott White
Margaret SACIE , daughter of Le Sire de Sacie, was born about 1077 in Dunham Massey, Cheshire, England. She died in Dunham Massey, Cheshire, England.
DAVID SACIA, RWPA #W17768. He married in the City of Schenectady, Schenectady County, New York in 1772, Susannah Bradt, a daughter of Ephriam Bradt. The Schenectady Reformed Church records refer to him as David Seye. He died on March 8, 1828 and was in his 92nd year of life. He served as a private in the forts at Schoharie & Middleburgh under Captain Abraham Oothout of the Second Regiment of Albany County Militia (listed as David Sacie) [Colonel Abraham Wemple's Regiment] under the immediate command of Colonel [----] Zielly. His widow states that he was taken prisoner once while out near Bowman's Creek in Montgomery County and conveyed into Butler's Camp [sic], but escaped the night after he was taken. His widow states that she believes him to have served in Fort Hunter, Fort Plain, Fort Stanwix, Johnstown, Lake George, Albany, and Schenectady. His widow believes him to have been in skirmishes at the Upper Schoharie Fort at Middleburgh & at Cobuskill under Colonel Zielly, as he spoke frequently of the rifleman Timothy Murphy. [M805].
Oothout, Dutch, settled in New Netherlands, NY........ 1700's. Fort Orange, the northernmost of the Dutch outposts, is known today as Albany; New York City's original name was New Amsterdam, and the New Netherland's.
1751 ?? May; Ephraim Bratt, son of Samuel Arentse; Claartje Bosie, dau. of Philip Bosie, wid Cornelis Viele,
1752 Jun 17; Susanna, m. David Sege
1759 Jan 14; Cornelia, m. Martin Van Benthuysen
176? ??? ??; Margarita, m. Nicolaas Van Petten
177? ?? ???; David Sege; Susanna Bratt, dau. of Ephraim
1773 Sep 05; Ephraim
1775 Mar 19; Elisabeth
1776 Sep 08; Philip
1779 Apr 04; Pieter
1781 Jul 29; Johannes
1783 Sep 21; Susanna
1785 Jun 03; Geertruy (b)
17?? ?? ???; David Sacia; Susanna Bratt
1786 Nov 03; Margarieta (b)
1788 Dec 30; Debora (b)
1792 Mar 04; David Frederic (b)
1796 30 Mar; Peter Green, m. Elisabeth Sacia
1796 Nov 17; Richard (b)
1798 Apr 24; David (b)
David Sacia was illiterate and signed his name with an X. I have found some evidence that he may have had a relative (brother perhaps) that lived in Schenectady as well. If so, his name has been recorded as Pieter Sege. This person, however, is a complete dead trail.
David Sacia, b. 1736, d. 3 MAR 1828
(Source: Sacia Family History, ca. 1968/9)
Children's births/baptisms - (Source: Pearson, Jonathon, "Genealogies of the First Settlers of Schenectady", Schenectady Library, Schenectady History
In various publications, last name is spelled Siger, Sesje, Siege, Sacia, and other...
David served in the Revolutionary War. From A History of Schenectady (NY) During the Revolution, by Willis T. Hanson, Jr., Interlaken, NY: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, 1988, p. 208:
"He was enrolled under Captain Abraham Oothout, 2nd Albany County Militia. At various times he served as "an express rider" and on one occasion was taken prisoner by the Indians and carried to their camp. He made his escape on the following night and returned to the service. He was often on duty drawing wood to and from various posts. Once while returning from Lake George the Indians drove him from his regular crossing, and he had to swim the river with his horses and wagon. He was at the Upper Fort, Schoharie, when Timothy Murphy fired on the flag of truce sent forward by Sir John Johnson, in the engagement at Cobleskill and in pursuit of the enemy after the raid on Ballston. He performed various garrison and guard duties, being stations from August to October, 1781, at Claas Viele's Rifts. His widow received a pension."
Also see the Pension Application for David Sacia, as transcribed by James F. Morrison.
Spouse: Susanna Bradt, b. 10 MAY 1751 in Schenectady, Schenectady, NY
Father: Ephraim Bradt, b. bef. 13 FEB 1712 in Schenectady, Schenectady, NY
Mother: Claartje Bosie, b. bef. 23 NOV 1717
Married 1772.
Children and grandchildren:
Ephraim Sacia, b. bef. 5 SEP 1773 in Schenectady, Schenectady, NY
Elisabeth Sacia, b. bef. 19 MAR 1775, m. Peter GREEN, 30 MAR 1796; 2 grandchildren
Philip Sacia, b. bef. 8 SEP 1776, m. Sabrina WRIGHT, 10 DEC 1797 in Reformed Dutch, H., G, NY; 6 grandchildren
David Fred Sacia, b. 17??
Pieter Sacia, b. bef. 4 APR 1779
Johannes Sacia, b. bef. 29 JUL 1781
Susanna Sacia, b. bef. 21 SEP 1783
Geertruy Sacia, b. 3 JUN 1785
The Moroccan company SACIA is responsible for a large part of the national olive export.
Sacia Avenue, Fairbanks AK 99712
similar name- newer search
Socia, Seki, Suki, Sukie, Suciu, Sagi, Sacino, Socie, Sadie, Sacio
SACIA (Paris Hotel)
Place de la Runion
Paris 75020, France
..... surname, Sacia, is prevalent in Sicily, Spain, somewhat in Bilbao, and South America. ...
Sacia me/ Satisfy My Soul - is a very popular song, mostly recorded in Spanish and some French
.... if we turn to Spain, or if we pass the great mountain chain which, .... was brought into close action with the Persian and Sacian divisions of the enemy. .............. where the native Persians and the Sacae fought.
1961 Copa Libertadores Finals - South America
José Sacia scored in the first two minutes of the match in order to give Peñarol their second consecutive title in the competition.
More Info:
Statistics for Family name Sacia:
Sacia is the 86657th most common family name in the United States
Sacia occurs 200 times in the 2000 - US Census.
0.07 out of every 100,000 people in the United States have the family name Sacia
96% are White
0% are Black
2.5% are Hispanic (any)
0% are Asian / Pacific Islander
0% are American Indian / Native American
Perot Park, Trempealeau WI
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Baraboo, WI 53913
updated 2013


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I am commenting on the film I am making. I got sued in Federal Court in Boston to prevent me from making it. I was called all kinds of names on Bullshido.net by the clowns opposing me making the film. I was threatened with a hit man and a beating by bikers for wanting to make this film.
The journey is almost as interesting as the film itself. The craziest thing is this. After 5 years of research and a 6000 Plus vitrolic thread of the craziest crap you would ever want to read. Am investor came to me and offered to invest in the film and sent the money last week.
The title of my film is The Search for Count Dante, you can see a Cinelan 3 minute doc about it on http://Hulu.com and at http://Youtube.com under the name Deadliest Man Alive. I want to share my experiences with other filmmakers.
Floyd, what's up with the film? I mean how far along is it? I remember reading about it on Metafilter back in 2007 and the people there were loving the idea.
Here's the link in case you missed it at the time.
Wow this looks fascinating. Please keep us posted and I hope it all comes through!
i will make a full press release and initiate topics this week. I never saw the Metafilter postings. Thanks!!!
Sounds like a great movie.
One of the cool things about sites like this is the ability to correspond with film-makers such as yourself.Thanks for posting and keep us updated on any progress.
Weird things happen on the way to making a film. Now I am helping produce a late night martial art film series starting in August with a guy who used to be an usher at the McVickers, one of the Kung Fu cinemas, home of the the fans called "the McVicker's Masters." Chicago back in the 70s and 80s has about 5 theaters in a three block radius of one another. Their bread and butter was Kung Fu and Blaxploitation films for along period. Interesting fact is that the actor Michael Clark Duncan was one of his fellow workers there.
The series will be called http://flicksoffury.com. The first event is already planned for August 30, 2010. Hong Kong cinema legend Ron Van Clief, "The Black Dragon", will attend in person to screen his bio-pic. Of course the biopic is titled, The Black Dragon; The Legend of Ron Van Clief. His skills were highly showcased in Hong Kong films after the death of Bruce Lee.
It will be interesting to see what residual audience interest in revived for the late night martial arts cult screenings. My partner in this, Kirk Haygood, is a martial arts instructor with a school and extensive connection in the Chicago martial arts community. It is an under-served demographic. I am operating on the assumption he might be onto something.
Meanwhile I am started shooting again. I am always researching and asking people questions. People are always coming at me with bits and pieces about this guy Dante/Keehan. Crazy times ahead.
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Belgian Tripel (For Beginning Homebrewers)
This pale, strong beer of is recognized by its fruit and spice aromas and sweet malt flavor that seems to quickly dissipate from the tongue. The simplicity of the base recipe makes this an excellent style for the beginning homebrewer, but it will also push the limits for the advanced homebrewer trying to capture that perfect Belgian yeast character. More


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Posted: January 25, 2011
The Mt. Hood Community College (MHCC) Visual Arts Gallery presents the works of artist Kay Bridge, Feb. 1 through March 11.
The Visual Arts Gallery is located on MHCC's Gresham campus at 26000 SE Stark St. The Gallery is open 9 a.m. – 5 p.m., weekdays and closed holidays. The show is free and open to the public. A reception with the artist will be held Feb. 5, 2 – 5 p.m. at the Visual Arts Gallery.
Individuals requiring accommodations due to a disability may contact the MHCC Disability Services Office at 503-491-6923 or 503-491-7670 (TDD). Please call at least two weeks prior to the event to ensure availability.


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A Benedictine Sister of Erie, Pa., Joan Chittister is a best-selling author and well-known international lecturer on topics of justice, peace, human rights, women's issues and contemporary spirituality in the church and in society. She presently serves as the co-chair of the Global Peace Initiative of Women, a partner organization of the United Nations, facilitating a worldwide network of women peace builders, especially in the Middle East. Sister Joan's most recent books include Following the Path: the search for a life of passion, purpose and joy (Random House) and Monastery of the Heart (BlueBridge); she has won 13 CPA awards for her books. She is founder and executive director of Benetvision, a resource for contemporary spirituality.
Joan Chittister
News Articles
Articles by Joan Chittister
The ending should have been the beginningDec. 17, 2014 Sisters' Stories
Wanted: women of spirit in our own timeAug. 11, 2010 Sisters' Stories
The God who beckonsAug. 28, 2009 Spirituality
Turning life upside downJul. 8, 2009 Sisters' Stories
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The question is: What's the difference?Mar. 20, 2015 From Where I Stand
Gender inequality is a man's problemNov. 4, 2014 From Where I Stand
Catholic Church Reform's alternate gathering on the family highlights lay vocationOct. 2, 2014 From Where I Stand
Cry out, sisters; cry outAug. 8, 2014 From Where I Stand
Invited or not, here they comeJul. 3, 2014 From Where I Stand
Yes, but isn't it all over now?Jan. 7, 2014 From Where I Stand
Bhutan's model of Gross National Happiness a glorious goal for modern societyJul. 25, 2013 From Where I Stand
Vatican could learn a thing or two about renewal from women religiousMar. 6, 2013 From Where I Stand
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Pipeline expansion to aid W.Va. gas industry
CHARLESTON (AP) — Which comes first: the gas well or the gas pipeline?
That's a question posed at the Sept. 17 groundbreaking for Eureka Hunter Pipeline LLC's new gathering line in Tyler County.
"It's kind of the chicken and the egg: Do you drill the well first or put the pipeline in?" asked Gary Evans, CEO of parent company Magnum Hunter Resources Corp. "We have enough confidence with the reserves in this area to go ahead and commit the money to build the pipeline."
Because the Marcellus Shale region where gas companies are racing to drill coincides with past natural gas fields, much of it already is served by existing pipeline.
But some parts of the region never had pipeline.
Other parts have pipeline so old or so small that it needs to be upgraded -- like the low-pressure, 6-inch line Eureka Hunter is replacing with high-pressure, 20-inch line.
And throughout the region, facilities that support gas transportation need to be updated and expanded.
"It's a complete resurrection of all facets of the gas industry from central West Virginia up to central New York," according to James Crews, managing director for Appalachian supply for major West Virginia gas mover Columbia Gas Transmission and president of the West Virginia Oil and Natural Gas Association.
The resurrection is driven not so much by the Marcellus Shale we hear about every day, Crews said, as by the new technologies that made the Marcellus gas accessible: the hydraulic fracturing that breaks up hard rock to release gas and the horizontal drilling that extracts gas from larger areas with a smaller footprint and lower expense.
With those advanced technologies, he said, the Marcellus is only the first of a number of Appalachian formations to be exploited, naming as yet to come the Rhinestreet, Lower Huron and Utica shales as well as sandstone formations.
"The (pipeline) infrastructure has to be expanded above and beyond its current footprint because it doesn't extend throughout the breadth of the Marcellus formation," he said, "and the other shales, for that matter."
Another major mover of gas in West Virginia, Dominion Transmission Inc., sees in shale gas production a chance to increase its services.
"If you take the footprint of the Marcellus Shale and then you take a map of where Dominion's pipelines are, it's the same place," said spokesman Dan Donovan. "It's basically in our back yard. What we plan to do is grow with the Marcellus Shale."
Growth in pipeline and associated services promises hundreds of millions of dollars of investment -- starting around now.
Developed over more than a century, West Virginia's gas pipeline infrastructure is extensive, though largely invisible.
"The state has more pipeline than it does highways," Crews said.
Donovan enumerated four types.
"There are the gathering lines that take gas from the wellheads, storage lines that take gas to or from storage and large transmission lines that take it from state to state," he said. "And there's distribution to customers."
The gas transportation system also requires compressor stations that pull and push the gas along the pipelines.
And, especially in the northwestern part of the state where the gas is rich in heavier hydrocarbons, processing stations are needed to take the gas from gathering lines and remove water vapor and natural gas liquids -- ethane, propane, butane and pentanes -- before putting the methane into the transmission system.
Taken together, the pipeline and associated facilities are known in the industry as "midstream" services because they link production with delivery.
Dominion, Columbia and Equitrans are West Virginia's biggest midstream operators, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration data.
Each midstream company offers its own mix of gathering, processing, storage and transmission.
Some of the new wave of midstream projects already is online.
Columbia's Appalachian Expansion Project, for example, responded in 2009 to new horizontal drilling activity with two new compressor stations and a stretch of replacement pipeline in Lincoln County.
But 2010 has been especially busy.
Columbia and frequent collaborators MarkWest Energy Partners have completed or are completing processing projects this year in Kanawha, Marshall and Wetzel counties and increasing associated gathering capacity in the surrounding areas.
The Marshall County project, for example, went online last month.
"We flipped the switch last Tuesday (Sept. 7)," Crews said. "We're doing 135 million cubic feet a day (MMcf/d)."
The project converted about 40 miles of transmission pipe to gathering pipe for wet gas service, a total capacity of about 400 MMcf/d, he explained. It also reactivated an inactive compressor station and installed two new cryogenic processing units.
The Eureka Hunter gathering line that was celebrated earlier this month will be able to run 200 MMcf/d from Tyler County into Wetzel County starting in November.
And Caiman Energy LLC is adding gathering in northwest West Virginia along with additional processing capacity at its Fort Beeler site in Marshall County, to go online in November.
These 2010 pipeline projects alone add capacity of perhaps 1,000 MMcf/d.
What's the scale? While it's not easy to get an estimate of existing gathering capacity across the state, the numbers look significant compared with EIA data showing total transmission capacity into and out of the state of about 7,000 MMcf/d each.
And 2011 promises to bring continuing midstream growth.
While each of these projects represents tens of millions of dollars, several larger midstream investments will begin coming online in 2012.
With its Sunrise Pipeline Project, Equitrans will build 110 miles of pipeline in two legs, one from Doddridge County and one from Taylor County, up into southwestern Pennsylvania -- a large project with a 2012 in-service date and an investment level that has not yet been named.
Dominion's Gathering Enhancement Project is a $253 million investment in West Virginia: 25 miles of new and replacement gathering line, nine new compressor stations, new processing plants in Lewis and Pleasants counties and an expansion of the Hastings Extraction Plant that separates the various natural gas liquids.
And Dominion's Appalachian Gateway Project addresses what Donovan called a "bottleneck of gas in West Virginia that can't get to market."
The $600 million project includes four new compressor stations in West Virginia and some tens of miles of pipeline in Marshall County as part of a 110-mile pipeline addition that lies mostly in Pennsylvania.
Both Crews at Columbia and Donovan at Dominion said pipeline jobs are bid to local contractors.
Columbia has committed about $200 million a year toward midstream projects in Appalachia "for the foreseeable future," about a third of which Crews estimated will be in West Virginia.
The gas boom in general will produce many jobs, Crews said, while making reference to conditions that inhibit investment.
"I would hope that West Virginia gets white-collar jobs from it, but the tax situation is a challenge," he said. Still, "I expect blue-collar employment to be nothing but up."


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Voting Rights Act
MN Prof. Talks Supreme Court Ruling On Voting Rights Act
A professor with Macalester College calls Tuesday's Supreme Court ruling nullifying part of the Voting Rights Act a "step back." The court rejected a provision of the Voting Rights Act that requires some states and localities to get federal approval before changing voting laws.
Opinion: Lacking Government ID Does Not Make You Unworthy Of Voting
There are many Americans who do not have a government issued ID. In our country there is no requirement to carry ID. If you do not have a government ID, that does not make you a criminal. That does not make you unworthy of voting.


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More power outages expected Thursday because of cold
By Tracy Idell Hamilton and Eva Ruth Moravec
February 2, 2011
Photo By HELEN L. MONTOYA/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO: CPS Energy CEO Doyle Beneby speaks to the media about the rolling outages across the city. Utilities across the state are implementing rolling brownouts. CPS Energy says it will shut off power around the city in 15 minute increments and asks residents to power down appliances during these outages to reduce the risk of longer outage. HELEN L. firstname.lastname@example.com
Photo By HELEN L. MONTOYA/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO: CPS Energy CEO Doyle Beneby speaks to the media about the rolling outages across the city. Utilities across the state are implementing rolling brownouts. CPS Energy says it will shut off power around the city in 15 minute increments and asks residents to power down appliances during these outages to reduce the risk of longer outage. HELEN L. email@example.com
Photo By HELEN L. MONTOYA/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO: Jose and Lillian Reveles and their daughter Princess, 6, try to stay warm as they walk along Nueva St on Wednesday Feb. 2, 20100. Temperatures dropped into the teens and are expected to stay below freezing. HELEN L. firstname.lastname@example.com
Photo By TOM REEL/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO Motorists pass by a spot of ice at a convenience store on FM 306 in Comal county Wednesday morning. The ice was continuing to thicken through the day as temperatures remained in the 20's. Tom Reel/Staff February 2, 2011.
Photo By Tom firstname.lastname@example.com
Liz Ermis shields herself from the cold wind as she leaves work on Houston Street downtown. A wind advisory is in effect until 11 a.m. today.
Photo By TOM REEL/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO Frances Esparza (left) and Carol Garza (right) hurry with a friend from work to their cars as cold wind in front of the Frost National Bank building on Houston Street swirls around them on February 1, 2011. Tom Reel/Staff
Photo By HELEN L. MONTOYA/SAN ANTONIO EXPRESS-NEWSMETRO: Morgan Leetch bundled up as he did his daily run along Padre Dr on Tuesday Feb. 1, 2011. Temperatures were expected to dip into the teens Tuesday night. HELEN L. email@example.com
San Antonio should prepare for the possibility of rolling power outages again today, CPS Energy says.
The state's electrical grid operator warned Texas utilities that demand again could exceed supply as it did Wednesday, forcing it to order rolling, short-lived power outages across the state to avert a total blackout.
CPS spokeswoman Lisa Lewis said the utility was looking at ways to make the process go more smoothly, but that it wouldn't be getting any more advance notice from the Electric Reliability Council of Texas today than it did Wednesday.
"When ERCOT calls it, we must immediately begin shedding load," she said. "There won't be any advance notice."
The utility will continue to provide updates through the media, on its website, cpsenergy.com, and via Facebook and Twitter as information becomes available.
Lewis said that if CPS implements rolling outages again, customers should wait for at least an hour before calling in to report their service is out.
"That helps us distinguish between the rolling outages and other problems," Lewis said.
The utility received about 15,000 calls Wednesday.
Those "other problems" likely would be weather-related. Today's forecast calls for snow, which Lewis said usually isn't a problem for the utility. Ice, on the other hand, can wreak havoc on power lines and disrupt service.
"We're really hoping there's no ice," she said, but added that crews are preparing for the possibility.
She said CEO Doyle Beneby had utility executives on a conference call for an hour Wednesday evening, getting status reports and preparing for the continuing cold.
As of Wednesday afternoon, 4,500 homes still were without power because of the weather, and Lewis said the utility expected to see a small spike when people got home from work and discovered their power was out. By 10 p.m., CPS reported all power had been restored.
ERCOT's afternoon bulletin stated that the grid still had 5,000 megawatts out of service, and it expects today's peak demand to exceed Wednesday's.
One megawatt normally powers about 250 homes, but just 200 in extreme weather, CPS estimates.
Severe weather led to the loss of more than 50 power generating units across the state, ERCOT reported Wednesday morning, with more tripping offline throughout the day.
The grid, which covers about 85 percent of Texas, includes a total of about 550 generating units.
Spokeswoman Dottie Roark said she couldn't be more specific about why the units went down, and ERCOT will provide a full report to the Public Utility Commission and the media later.
"But right now, our priority and the transmission and generation owners' priority is to manage the current emergency situation," she said. "It's not over yet."
ERCOT is asking residents to continue conserving, especially during peak hours — from 6 to 8 a.m. and from 6 to 10 p.m.
Most of the power unit outages seem to have been in the northern part of the state, where the frigid weather arrived more than day before it hit in San Antonio, but even in CPS territory, its Spruce 2 coal plant tripped offline at one point Wednesday. It was back in service by 11 a.m., the utility said.
Lewis said 150 of CPS' 500 circuits were affected by the planned outages. The rest were power "critical services" such as hospitals, police and fire stations and nursing homes. By 8 a.m., as many as 70,000 customers were affected.
Several large customers voluntarily lowered power use as part of CPS' ongoing demand response program, reducing local demand by almost 50 megawatts. At its peak, the utility was asked to reduce power by about 280 megawatts.
Participating customers included CitiCorp, CVS/Caremark, Johnson Controls, Lowe's, Matheson Tri-Gas, Microsoft and Valero.
Schools aren't considered critical, and many districts saw multiple schools lose power.
The power interruptions also affected traffic signals, and as they spread, police logged increasing wrecks at those intersections.
CPS first anticipated the rolling outages would last 15 to 20 minutes, but as ERCOT increased the amount of energy that had to be dropped, the utility had to leave some customers without power for as long as an hour.
Weather-related outages lasted much longer — some for several hours.
At least one major wreck, a vehicle rollover at Bitters and Huebner roads, was attributed to signals that were out.
In a glitch, Methodist Stone Oak Hospital briefly lost power about 8 a.m.
"We were told that (CPS) was not able to separate the hospital from the neighborhood grids in the area," spokeswoman JoAnn King said. "They were able to turn the power back on after we let them know that we were a hospital. In some cases, it's life or death."
The hospital never went dark, however; generators kicked on until external power was restored after about an hour.
In an unrelated event, two outdoor boilers used to heat water and air at Methodist's facility at the South Texas Medical Center failed at about 2 a.m. Patients were given extra blankets to combat the cold indoor temperatures, King said, and equipment was taken to another Methodist facility to be sterilized. By noon, one boiler was working again.
Across the city, residents dealt with the outages any way they knew how.
Camping and breakfast aficionado Van Williams jumped into gear when the power went out at his home near Lockhill-Selma and Huebner about 6:45 a.m.
"We like breakfast, and we like to camp, so we just got the camping stove and had a good ol' camp breakfast," said Williams, who owns a video production company. He cooked sausage, oatmeal, hot tea and scrambled eggs, then sent his two teenagers off to school.
Breakfast was more of a challenge for some in the Wild Horse subdivision near Braun Road and Loop 1604 on the far Northwest Side.
Brian Foster said he and his neighbors lost power about 6:30 a.m., and it wasn't completely restored until 4:30 p.m.
Foster's neighbors joined together to find creative ways to survive: they kept refrigerated food cool by spreading it on front lawns, used a vehicle's defroster to heat baby bottles and used a backyard barbecue to feed themselves.
Local retailers said supplies to keep pipes from freezing were selling out.
Charlie Hernandez, a manager in the plumbing section of Lowe's on Austin Highway, said the store sold out of faucet covers well before temperatures reached freezing Tuesday. On Wednesday, he said, most of his customers' pipes had already frozen.
"Some customers are using towels and wrapping it with duct tape just to get pipes to thaw out," he said, "but I'm selling a lot of heat wrap, which keeps pipes warm."


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August 3 2015 Latest news:
By Stuart Watson
Friday, February 1, 2013
HE'S known for his wand of a left foot, but Ipswich Town new boy Anthony Wordsworth insists he won't be a luxury player during a relegation fight.
The 24-year-old has been signed from Essex neighbours Colchester United to add some much-needed creativity to the Blues midfield, but he is also acutely aware that manager Mick McCarthy will be demanding hard work as well as technical ability.
"I know I've got to give everything and get my fitness levels up to Championship standard," said the London-born player, whose style of play was labelled 'languid' by ex-U's boss John Ward.
"The quality is obviously going to be a lot better. Some of the players here have played in the Premier League and already I've seen that the tempo in training is quicker and everything is a lot sharper.
"I look to create things and I've got a good goalscoring record. People say I'm deadly from set-pieces – hopefully I can prove that here."
With the Blues now just four points above the Championship relegation zone, Wordsworth is unlikely to go straight into the team for tomorrow's visit of Middlesbrough to Portman Road due to the fact he has been out of action for three weeks through suspension and League One games being called off.
"This is a big club and a big step up for me," he said. "I was at Colchester since the age of 16 and had some great years there, but I think this was the right time to move on.
"Tommy Smith came on loan to Colchester, while Tom Eastman came to Colchester from Ipswich.
"They couldn't speak highly enough of the club and I think Ipswich are always a club that Colchester players look up to – it's where we want to be.
"I thought it was just a matter of time before I made it to the Championship. It's been difficult to get here, but now I'm here I'm determined to get a place in the team and keep it."
Used to playing in front of crowds of around 3,500 at The Weston Homes Community Stadium, Wordsworth is particularly excited about playing in front of 15-20,000 people at Portman Road.
"I can't wait," said the midfielder. "I played a pre-season game here once and that was probably the biggest crowd I've ever played in front of. Hopefully I can thrive on it."
3 comments
Not to mention a rare sense of permanence... after all he will actually be here next season. All he has to do now is hope No Loans actually gives him a chance rather than loan him out and loan someone or anyone back in.
Friday, February 1, 2013
Not to mention a rare sense of permanence... after all he will actually be here next season. All he has to do now is hope No Loans actually gives him a chance rather than loan him out and loan someone or anyone back in.
Friday, February 1, 2013
And now mccarthy actually signs a player but the problem is Wordsworth was not much good at Colchester another struggling club in a lower league. Nous seems to be lacking big time where mccarthy is concerned.
Friday, February 1, 2013
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|Extended Stay Deluxe Falconer properties are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Extended Stay Deluxe hotel prices in Falconer, NY for your personal or business trip. We list the best Extended Stay Deluxe Falconer hotels & lodging so you can review the Falconer Extended Stay Deluxe hotel list below to find the perfect place.
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Police and crime commissioner Tony Hogg: 'I can halt police cuts'
Posted: January 19, 2013|
The major decline in police officer numbers in Devon and Cornwall – caused by Government cuts and blamed for a recent rise in crime – could be halted. Police and crime commissioner Tony Hogg is still weighing up his budget proposals for 2013-14 with no word yet on whether the public will be asked to pay more for policing. But Mr Hogg, who published his police and crime plan yesterday , told the Western Morning News he may be able to maintain the current strength of 3,100.
"What we may be able to do is protect the numbers," Mr Hogg, who was elected in November, said. "If there is one thing people want to know it is that we are doing our damnedest to arrest the decline from 3,500 to 2,810.
"I think (Chief Constable) Shaun Sawyer has got a good idea that he doesn't want to go down to the bottom number. My job, with him, is to protect those numbers and that will be the basis for parts of the plan and the budget decision."
Devon and Cornwall Police has been faced with making budget savings of £50 million in the four years to 2015 to meet Government cuts.
Related content
Police numbers had been forecast to drop by 700 to a low of 2,810 – a number last seen in the early 1980s. About 500 police staff were also expected to lose their jobs.
But while hundreds of police officers were being forced to retire, crime in the two counties spiked by 7%.
The pensions regulation, which compulsorily made officers retire after 30 years' service, was suspended last September after greater savings were achieved than had been expected – a trend which is thought to have continued.
Council tax Band D properties in Devon and Cornwall currently pay £159.66 a year for policing. Mr Hogg may choose to increase that by up to 2%, above which he would be forced to hold a referendum.
He also has the option of accepting a one-year Government grant to freeze council tax levels although the cash is not built into the baseline.
Meanwhile, the fledgling police and crime panel in Devon and Cornwall has complained of the "very short time scale" available to consider possible tax rises.
The panel, which is made up of local councillors and some independents, met for the first time in Plymouth on Thursday.
It is charged with holding Mr Hogg to account and has the key power to veto decisions, including over the appointment of the chief constable and the level of tax precept set for local policing.
But it has emerged that the panel's chairman, Devon County Councillor Roger Croad, had already written to the Home Office to complain about the lack of time it would have to examine budget proposals.
"The timetable leaves a minimum of just one week between notification by the police and crime commissioner of the proposed precept, and the deadline for the panel to respond," his letter said.
"The same period applies to the arrangements for a revised precept following any veto.
"This very short timescale appears to be arranged to allow maximum time for the commissioner, at the expense of the panel's time to respond, and does nothing to promote effective democratic oversight and scrutiny of the issue."
In his reply, Police Minister Damian Green conceded that the February 1 deadline for PCCs to announce their council tax plans was "challenging" but that he was "confident" it would be achieved.
Mr Green also said he would "give consideration" to how the process had worked and whether it should be revised in future.
The committee agreed that it would meet on February 8 to discuss the appointment of Shaun Sawyer as the force's new chief constable.
Mr Hogg's council tax plans will also be debated on that date.


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Since Microsoft announced the beta version of Windows Small Business Server Code name "Aurora" and Windows Small Business Server "7", these products have been downloaded more than 9000 times. Today as microsoftt move forward with these new releases, Microsoft is announcing the final names, licensing and estimated availability for the next generation of the Small Business Server family currently in public preview.
[via Technet Blog]


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A Answers (2)
National Academy of Sports Medicine answeredSimple things like stretching your hip flexors which become tight after sitting for an extended period of time and stretching your chest and back can help with stiffness. Stretch any area of the body that will spend excessive amounts of time in a flexed or shortened position and this will help with stiffness in the body after sitting.
Garrett Shepherd , NASM Elite Trainer, Fitness, answered
Sitting can make you stiff!
Surprisingly, something as relaxing as sitting can make you very stiff. This is usually caused by the shortening of the hip flexors while you are in a sitting position for an extended period of time. Keep your hip flexors loose and if you have been sitting for a while, stretch your hip flexors when you get up.


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August 3, 2015
A gas leak in Northern Brazos County along OSR is now under control, according to the Brazos County Sheriff's Office.
Traffic is being rerouted on OSR around the Fountain Switch area and emergency officials say it is expected to re-open by around 2pm.
Brazos County Precinct 4 volunteers are also responding to the incident.
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Building Science Experts' Session is an annual two-day seminar that focuses on advanced building science topics. This session is intended to provide thought provoking professional development for experienced building industry professionals who are interested in healthy, durable and energy efficient new and old buildings.
Day 1 - "Spray Foam Day" with Joseph Lstiburek
Dr. Lstiburek will present a full day session on spray foam issues and solutions using information based on field experience and our laboratory research. Throughout the day, Joe will call in other industry experts for special cameo appearances and invite other BSC researchers to report on recent work. This event will also be available as a one-day, for-pay broadcast live on the internet, with registration starting on November 1.
Evening of Day 1: We will host our traditional beer and pizza evening. This is always a good time to share stories and problems, but we will also hold a buildingscience.com "Industry Expert Discussion" for the group to observe. The evening event will be an informal event open to all in-person participants.
Day 2 - "HVAC for Low-Load Buildings" with John Straube
Dr. Straube will define low and ultra-low load buildings and discuss the enclosures that are needed to get there. Next, the implications of these low load enclosures on heating, ventilation, hot water, and other building systems will be explored. Fossil-fueled, electric, solar and biomass will all be addressed. This session is intended for designers and builders of ultra efficient residential (i.e., Passive House, DOE Challenge Home, and similar) and smaller commercial buildings.
Please note the seminar is being held at the Westford Regency Inn and Conference Center in Westford, Massachusetts.
December 5-6 Westford, MA
The registration fee for this seminar is
The fee includes lunch but does not include travel or accommodations.
Continuing education credits for this course are pending.


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Last night, Miami Heat star Chris Bosh had to leave his teammates in New York to rush to Miami to be with his wife Adrienne who was giving birth to their first born son Jackson Bosh.
Adrienne posted an instagram picture of her husband getting on a private plane to meet with her in Miami.
Bosh's wife then tweeted about the arrival of the married couple's new son.
Here is Chris holding his son Jackson for the first time.
Congratulations to the Bosh family on their newborn bundle of joy.


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Morning! How are you all today? I hope your weeks are off to a great start!
My day started bright and early yesterday at 6:45. The days when I have class (Monday- Thursday) are so long! I have Pre-Calculus from 8-9:30, then I either go to work from 10:30-5:30, or I have the day off. Yesterday I was off, but I had so many things to do that I hardly had a second to sit down!
Before class, I had a yogurt bowl.
- Goat milk yogurt
- 1/2 banana
- Trader Joe's cinnamon swirls
- Nature's Path Hemp Plus granola
- dried cherries
- peanut butter
It's tough to know how to schedule my eating on days like this… especially on days when I do to work after class (like today). At the restaurant, we usually eat breakfast around 11, which is ideal because I don't eat lunch until 4 or so. Last week I just ate a little snack before school and waited until 11 to eat. I'm going to do a little experimenting to figure out what works best.
After class, my stomach was already growling, so I had a big Crispin apple before I went to the gym for an upper body workout.
Jenna's Green Bowls really appealed to me, so that's just what I had for lunch! It's just the sort of thing I make when I pack a big, involved lunch: layers of grains, fresh vegetables, and a protein. This one had quinoa, steamed and sautéed broccoli rabe, bok choy, spinach, and peppers. Like Jenna, I added a healthy portion of Sriracha and Goddess dressing. Unfortunately I accidentally picked up Annie's "Lite" Goddess, which has almost no flavor. Not worth it!
After lunch, I spent the afternoon with my friend Ryan. He showed me the superhidden, supersecret cooking store he knows about (we saw the tiniest pans, sharpest knives), and then we went shopping for shorts. The day wasn't brutally hot, so it was fun to just walk around and enjoy the city.
When I got home, I worked in hyperspeed mode on a baking project. I had a few strawberries left over, so I munched on them while my product as in the oven. It's a secret right now, but I'll tell you about it tomorrow!
At 7:30, Leslie, Danielle, Megan and I met for dinner at Kittichai. It's an upscale Thai restaurant that I'd been meaning for a while, and we had a 30% off coupon from Village Vines so we decided to try it out.
The lighting was dim, and the layout was very intimate. There were bamboo partitions separating tables, and a lot of mirrors used to manipulate the space and make it seem bigger. (I actually got confused a few times by the mirrors… I saw our table and thought it was someone else!)
Our server informed us that their menu is set up for family-style eating; however, we decided to order our own dishes. He was a little pushy and made it clear this was sort of a pain for him, which was a little surprising to see. From the start to the finish of the meal, we felt like we were "that annoying table." Still, we had fun!
I ordered two small plates: green papaya and mango salad with cashew-chili dressing…
… and the Kittichai fish cakes, which seem to be a specialty at the restaurant. Both were good, but I wasn't blown away. I think I was so put off by the server's attitude that I didn't enjoy it as much as I could have!
After dinner, we made our way to Victory Garden, a brand-new shop that serves up soft serve goat's milk ice cream. It's been getting so much press lately… I've heard about it from three different forums in the last couple days!
In addition to ice cream, they sell a lot of "country-style" products, like tea towels, goat's milk soap, caramel, and honeycomb candy.
After tasting all of the flavors of the day, I ordered a small cup of chocolate, topped with crushed pistachios. We all agreed that the ice cream was "icier" than we'd thought, and a little watery. I really wanted it to be delicious, but I wasn't quite blown away.
Well, I'm off to school. Have a great day!
Have you had an unsatisfying restaurant experience lately?


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Nanoengineering in Medicine (Faculty Lecture, April 15)
Dr. Liangfang Zhang, UCSD Assistant Professor of NanoEngineering, will give the second in a series of three NanoEngineering Faculty Lectures at the Science & Engineering Library. His lecture, entitled, "Nanoengineering in Medicine: from Cancer Imaging to Heart Disease Treatment," will take place on Wednesday, April 15, 3:00-4:00 pm in the Science & Engineering Library Events Room (Geisel Library, East Wing). The lecture series, sponsored by the S&E Library and supported by the Friends of the UCSD Libraries, is free and open to students, faculty, staff, and the public.
The third and final lecture in the series (Dr. Jennifer Cha on "Biomolecular Architectures and Systems for Nanoscience") will be on May 13.
Registration: http://www.tinyurl.com/ucsdnanolectures
If you have questions about this event, please contact Erin O'Brien at (858)534-4579.
More Information.


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Gwen and Vic are still celebrating their victory in the battle with the merlons when they learn that Vic's father has finally made it through the crystal doors to the magical island of Elantya. However, their victory is short-lived when they and their friends are kidnapped by their underwater enemies and taken beneath the sea. They soon learn of a scheme that could bring Elantya to ruins. Can they escape in time to save the island from destruction?
Publisher: Little, Brown Books for Young Readers (August 01, 2008)
Format: EPUB
File size: 293 KB
Protection: DRM
Language: English


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Institutional investor
Institutional investors are organizations which pool large sums of money and invest those sums in securities, real property and other investment assets. They can also include operating companies which decide to invest their profits to some degree in these types of assets.
Typical investors include banks, insurance companies, retirement or pension funds, hedge funds, investment advisors and mutual funds. Their role in the economy is to act as highly specialized investors on behalf of others. For instance, an ordinary person will have a pension from his employer. The employer gives that person's pension contributions to a fund. The fund will buy shares in a company, or some other financial product. Funds are useful because they will hold a broad portfolio of investments in many companies. This spreads risk, so if one company fails, it will be only a small part of the whole fund's investment.
An institutional investor can have some influence in the management of corporations because it will be entitled to exercise the voting rights in a company. Thus, it can actively engage in corporate governance. Furthermore, because institutional investors have the freedom to buy and sell shares, they can play a large part in which companies stay solvent, and which go under. Influencing the conduct of listed companies, and providing them with capital are all part of the job of investment management.
- 1 History
- 2 Overview
- 3 Economic theory
- 4 Institutional-investor types
- 5 Globalization of financial markets
- 6 Regional
- 7 See also
- 8 Notes
- 9 References
- 10 External links
Ancient Rome and Islam[edit]
Roman law ignored the concept of juristic person, yet at the time the practice of private evergetism (which dates to, at least, the 4th century BC in Greece) sometimes led to the creation of revenues-producing capital which may be interpreted as an early form of charitable institution. In some African colonies in particular, part of the city's entertainment was financed by the revenue generated by shops and baking-ovens originally offered by a wealthy benefactor.[1] In the South of Gaul, aqueducts were sometimes financed in a similar fashion.[2]
The legal principle of juristic person might have appeared with the rise of monasteries in the early centuries of Christianity. The concept then might have been adopted by the emerging Islamic law. The waqf (charitable institution) became a cornerstone of the financing of education, waterworks, welfare and even the construction of monuments.[3] Alongside some Christian monasteries[4] the waqfs created in the 10th century AD are amongst the longest standing charities in the world (see for instance the Imam Reza shrine).
Pre-industrial Europe[edit]
Following the spread of monasteries, almhouses and other hospitals, donating sometimes large sums of money to institutions became a common practice in medieval Western Europe. In the process, over the centuries those institutions acquired sizable estates and large fortunes in bullion. Following the collapse of the agrarian revenues, many of these institution moved away from rural real estate to concentrate on bonds emitted by the local sovereign (the shift dates back to the 15th century for Venice,[5] and the 17th century for France[6] and the Dutch Republic[7]). The importance of lay and religious institutional ownership in the pre-industrial European economy cannot be overstated, they commonly possessed 10 to 30% of a given region arable land.
In the 18th century, private investors pool their resources to pursue lottery tickets and tontine shares allowing them to spread risk and become some of the earliest speculative institutions known in the West.
Before 1980[edit]
Following several waves of dissolution (mostly during the Reformation and the Revolutionary period) the weight of the traditional charities in the economy collapsed; by 1800, institutions solely owned 2% of the arable land in England and Wales.[8] New types of institutions emerged (banks, insurance companies), yet despite some success stories, they failed to attract a large share of the public's savings and, for instance, by 1950, they owned 48% of US equities and certainly even less in other countries.[9]
|Financial market participants
Because of their sophistication, institutional investors may often participate in private placements of securities, in which certain aspects of the securities laws may be inapplicable. For example, in the United States, a private placement under Rule 506 of Regulation D may be made to an "accredited investor" without registering the offering of securities with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. In essence institutional investor, an accredited investor is defined in the rule as:
- a bank, insurance company, registered investment company (generally speaking, a mutual fund), business development company, or small business investment company;
- an employee benefit plan, within the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act, if a bank, insurance company, or registered investment adviser makes the investment decisions, or if the plan has total assets in excess of $5 million;
- a charitable organization, corporation, or partnership with assets exceeding $5 million;
- a director, executive officer, or general partner of the company selling the securities;
- a business in which all the equity owners are accredited investors;
- a natural person who has individual net worth, or joint net worth with the person's spouse, that exceeds $1 million at the time of the purchase;
- a natural person with income exceeding $200,000 in each of the two most recent years or joint income with a spouse exceeding $300,000 for those years and a reasonable expectation of the same income level in the current year; or
- a trust with assets in excess of $5 million, not formed to acquire the securities offered, whose purchases a sophisticated person makes.
Economic theory[edit]
|This section does not cite any references or sources. (September 2011)
By definition, institutional investors are opposed to individual actors on the financial markets. This specificity has majors consequences in the eyes of economic theory.
Institutional investors as financial intermediaries[edit]
Numerous institutional investors act as intermediaries between lenders and borrowers. As such, they have a critical importance in the functioning of the financial markets. Economies of scale imply that they increase returns on investments and diminish the cost of capital for entrepreneurs. Acting as savings pools, they also play a critical role in guaranteeing a sufficient diversification of the investors' portfolios. Their greater ability to monitor corporate behaviour as well to select investors profiles implies that they help diminish agency costs.
Life cycle[edit]
Institutional investors differ among each other but they all have in common the fact of not sharing the same life cycle as human beings. Unlike individuals, they do not have a phase of accumulation (active work life) followed by one of consumption (retirement), and they do not die. Here insurance companies differ from the rest of the institutional investors; as they cannot guess when they will have to repay their clients, they need highly liquid assets which reduces their investment opportunities. Others like pension funds can predict long ahead when they will have to repay their investors allowing them to invest in less liquid assets such as private equities, hedge funds or commodities. Finally, other institutions have an investment horizon extremely vast allowing them to invest in highly illiquid assets since they are unlikely to be forced to sell them before term. A famous example of this type of investors are US universities endowment funds.
Institutional-investor types[edit]
Globalization of financial markets[edit]
When considered from a strictly local standpoint, institutional investors are sometimes called foreign institutional investors (FIIs). This expression is mostly used in emerging markets such as Malaysia and India.[citation needed]
In countries like India, statutory agencies like the Securities and Exchange Board of India have prescribed norms to register FIIs and also to regulate such investments flowing in through FIIs. In 2008, FIIs represented the largest institution investment category, with an estimated US$ 751.14 billion.[10]
In various countries different types of institutional investors may be more important. In oil-exporting countries sovereign wealth funds are very important, while in developed countries, pension funds may be more important.
Japan is home to the world's largest pension fund (GPI) and is home to 63 of the top 300 pension funds worldwide (by Assets Under Management). These include:
- Government Pension Investment ($1045.5 billion [2011])
- Local Government Officials ($165 billion [2004])
- Pension Fund Association ($117 billion [2004])
The most important Canadian institutional investors are:
- Canada Pension Plan (C$201.5 Billion [2013])
- Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (C$200.1 billion [2013])
- Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (C$129.5 billion [2012])
- British Columbia Investment Management (C$102.8 billion [2013])
- Alberta Investment Management (C$69.7 billion [2012])
United Kingdom[edit]
In the UK, institutional investors may play a major role in economic affairs, and are highly concentrated in the City of London's square mile. Their wealth accounts for around two thirds of the equity in public listed companies. For any given company, the largest 25 investors would have to be able to muster over half of the votes.[11]
The major investor associations are:
- Investment Management Association[12]
- Association of British Insurers
- National Association of Pension Funds
- The Association of Investment Trust Companies
The IMA, ABI, NAPF, and AITC, plus the British Merchant Banking and Securities House Association are also represented by the Institutional Shareholder Committee.
See also[edit]
- Global assets under management
- Investment management
- Private placement
- List of institutional investors in the United Kingdom
- ^ N. Tran (2008) Les cités et le monde du travail urbain en Afrique romaine, in Le quotidien municipal dans l'Occident romain, M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni, C. Berrendonner and L. Lamoine (ed.), pp. 333–48.
- ^ R. Biundo (2008) Acqua publica: propriété et gestion de l'eau dans l'économie des cités de l'Empire, in Le quotidien municipal dans l'Occident romain, M. Cébeillac-Gervasoni, C. Berrendonner and L. Lamoine (ed.) , pp.365–78
- ^ J. Loiseau (2004) La Porte du vizir : programmes monumentaux et contrôle territorial au Caire à la fin du XIVe siècle. Histoire urbaine 9/1: 7–27.
- ^ For an example ad absurdo: M. Lewis (oct. 2010) Beware of Greeks Bearing Bonds. Vanity Fair.
- ^ Pullan, B. (1971) Rich and poor in Renaissance Venice. The Social Institutions of a Catholic State, to 1620. Oxford.
- ^ Berger P. (1978) Rural Charity in Late Seventeenth Century France: The Pontchartrain Case. French Historical Studies, 10/3: 393–415.
- ^ Gelderblom O. and J. Jonker (2007) With a view to hold. The emergence of institutional investors on the Amsterdam securities market during the 17th and 18th centuries. Utrecht University Working Papers (pdf)
- ^ G. Clark and A. Clark (2001) Common Rights to Land in England, 1475–1839. The Journal of Economic History, 61/4: 1009–1036.
- ^ Chen X., J. Harford and K. Li (2007) Monitoring: Which institutions matter?. Journal of Financial Economics, 86: 279–305.
- ^ [1]. India Brand Equity Foundation.
- ^ see Brian Cheffins, Company Law, Theory Structure and Operation (1997) Oxford University Press, pp.636 ff.
- ^ The IMA is the result of a merger in 2002 between the Institutional Fund Managers Association and the Association of Unit Trusts and Investment Funds
- Articles
- AA Berle, "Property, Production and Revolution" (1965) 65 Columbia Law Review 1
- LW Beeferman, "Pension Fund Investment in Infrastructure: A Resource Paper", Capital Matter (Occasional Paper Series), No.3 December 2008
- BS Black and JC Coffee, "Hail Britannia?: Institutional Investor Behavior under Limited Regulation" (1994) 92(7) Michigan Law Review 1997
- G Clark and A Clark, "Common Rights to Land in England, 1475–1839" (2001) 61(4) The Journal of Economic History 1009
- JC Coffee, "Liquidity versus Control: The Institutional Investor as Corporate Monitor" (1991) 91 Columbia Law Review 1277–1368
- BL Connelly, R Hoskisson, L Tihanyi & ST Certo, "Ownership as a Form of Corporate Governance" (2010) Journal of Management Studies, Vol 47(8):1561-1589.
- PL Davies, "Institutional investors in the United Kingdom" in T Baums et al., Institutional Investors and Corporate Governance (Walter de Gruyter 1994) ch 9
- MN Firzli & V Bazi, "Infrastructure Investments in an Age of Austerity : The Pension and Sovereign Funds Perspective", USAK/JTW 30 July 2011 and Revue Analyse Financière, Q4 2011
- KU Schmolke, "Institutional Investors' Mandatory Voting Disclosure: The Proposal of the European Commission against the Background of the US Experience" (2006) EBOLR 767
- Books
- A Chandler, The Visible Hand (1977)
- PL Davis et al., Institutional Investors (MIT Press 2001)
- MC Jensen (ed), Studies in the Theory of Capital Markets (F. Praeger 1972)
- GP Stapledon, Institutional Shareholders and Corporate Governance (Oxford 1996)
External links[edit]
- Sovereign Wealth Fund Institute - Source for Sovereign Wealth Funds
- Institutional Investor Magazine
- Public Investor League Table - SWFI


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1st Regiment Royal Canadian Horse Artillery Commanding Officer, LCol L.J. Hammond, MSM, CD
Lieutenant-Colonel Lee J. Hammond joined the Canadian Forces from Vancouver, British Colombia, in 1986. After completing Basic and Artillery Training, he was posted to Petawawa to the 2nd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery, where he served as a gun-line officer and forward observer with E Battery (Para) and F Battery. In 1992, then Captain Hammond was posted to Edmonton to serve with the Canadian Airborne Centre, where he served as an airborne trials officer, and as the platoon commander for the freefall troop; also responsible for Basic Parachute Courses.
In 1994, Captain Hammond was posted to the Field Artillery School to complete the year-long Instructor-in-Gunnery Course for Field Artillery. Subsequently, he served in the School as an instructor, standards officer, adjutant, and operations officer. He also served in Iraq as an inspector for the United Nations.
By 1999, Captain Hammond was posted back to 2 RCHA for a second posting as the Regimental Command Post Officer. In 2000, now a Major, he was selected to command E Battery. Completing his command in 2002, Major Hammond was then posted back to the Artillery School for a second time as the Chief Standards Officer for two years, followed by a year as the Deputy Commandant.
In 2005, Major Hammond was posted to National Defence Headquarters, where he served in the Directorate of Force Planning and Program Coordination. After only one year in Ottawa, he was selected for the Joint Command and Staff Program in Toronto. Upon graduation, now a Lieutenant-Colonel, he was posted to Edmonton with Headquarters 1st Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, as the Chief of Staff. After a year of training 1 CMBG units for operations in Afghanistan, Lieutenant-Colonel Hammond was selected for deployment to Afghanistan as the Chief of Operational Plans (J5) for HQ 5-09.
Deployed to Afghanistan from January till November 2009, Lieutenant-Colonel Hammond was the author of numerous operational level plans, but in particular, OPLAN KANTOLO, the plan that described village focused operations for the first time.
After the mission and some second language training, Lieutenant-Colonel Hammond spent one year as the G7 (Doctrine and Force Development) at Land Forces Western Area Headquarters until his posting in June 2011 to the 1st Regiment Royal Canadian Horse Artillery as the Commanding Officer.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hammond is a graduate of the University of Manitoba, with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Studies and from American Military University, with a Master's Degree in Military Studies, specializing in Joint Operations. Finally, he is a graduate of the Royal Military College Master's in Defence Studies Program. Military qualifications include Field Instructor in Gunnery, Military Freefall, U.S. Army Ranger, and the Land Command and Staff Courses. Overseas service includes Iraq and Afghanistan.
Lieutenant-Colonel Hammond is married to Corey Hammond, and is the proud father of two daughters.


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Thursday, October 12, 1995 - 2:30 p.m.
Mr. Bacon: Good afternoon.
Everybody in Washington seems fascinated by public opinion polls, so I wanted to start today with a public opinion poll from Serbia. The Serbian magazine Telegraph, in Belgrade, recently surveyed 1,000 Serbian high school students and it found that they're not interested in politics, they don't want to serve in the army, and most of them want to be businessmen. In fact, the majority wanted to be businessmen, and the second largest group wanted to be artists, and the third largest group wanted to be scientists. I don't know whether this means there's a foundation for peace in Serbia, but it's a poll for you to cogitate on, nonetheless.
Q: What was the margin of error on that? [Laughter]
A: I have an announcement about Secretary Perry. He will host a full honors ceremony to welcome the Defense Minister of Uzbekistan, Lieutenant General Rustam Akhmedov at the Pentagon, at 10:30 on Friday, and it will be on the lower parade field. There will be a signing of a Memorandum of Understanding formalizing defense and security relationships between the United States and Uzbekistan, after the honors ceremony, in Room 3E869. If you're interested in covering that, contact Terry Mitchell.
Finally, I'd like to announce that a week ago Deputy Secretary White ordered the Army to stop work on the laser countermeasures program. As you remember, back in early September, Secretary Perry issued a policy stopping work on blinding lasers, and this provoked review of the Department's laser work, and as a result, Secretary White ordered an end to this Army program effective immediately, and the Army has, in fact, stopped the program. He sent this letter to the Army on October 5th.
Q: How come we just heard about it today?
A: It took awhile for the paper to work its way through the system.
Q: By laser countermeasures, do you mean using lasers to... What do you mean by laser countermeasure? You mean a weapon using a laser?
A: No, it was a program that used a laser to defeat other lasers. It was an Army program.
Q: Anti-laser laser?
A: It was an anti-laser laser, that's right, an "ALL." [Laughter]
Q: That's because it might blind?
A: Yes. Deputy Secretary John White determined that it did not fit in under the proscription against building lasers that are intended to blind. There were other problems with the program. It was a costly program, and also it turned out that the equipment was extremely heavy, and a soldier carrying the laser countermeasure system could only carry that. He or she couldn't carry any other equipment. So the program has been stopped.
Q: Can we get a copy of the letter?
A: I have a copy of the letter right here from John White, and you can get a copy from Lieutenant Colonel Hoehne.
I'll take questions on that or anything else.
Q: Is there any policy -- personnel policy -- in the Pentagon regarding the march next Monday?
A: The Pentagon will operate as usual next Monday. We are cooperating with the organizers of the march to provide some parking space for their buses, and we've been in contact with them and we've offered to be as cooperative as we can. The main support they've asked is parking space.
The marshaling point for the march is going to be RFK stadium where there's room for 2,800 buses. That's, of course, very close to a Metro stop, so people can just get off buses there. They'll park the first 2,800 buses there. If there's an overflow of buses, and the organizers think there will be, people will get off, and then the buses will drive out to parking places at Andrews, the Washington Navy Yard, other military installations. Then, they'll come back and pick up their riders at the end of the march.
Q: Is there any policy regarding Pentagon people taking part in the march?
A: People can take -- I assume can take leave if they want to take part in the march, but there's no specific policy on that. As I said, it's going to be work as usual at the Pentagon on Monday, so we would expect people to report for duty unless they've made other plans.
Q: Are there any top-level Pentagon appointees that you know of taking part in the march?
A: I don't know that. It's a good question and I'll try to find out. I'm not aware that there are, but I just don't know.
Q: Can you tell us in some detail what the NAC agreed to with regard to the concept of the plan, and to what extent you can tell us about the plan itself?
A: I described the basic five phases of the plan on Tuesday. It still has five phases. I can go into a little more detail about each one of the phases. But let me tell you first of all, where we stand in the process.
The acceptance of the concept of operations by the North Atlantic Council in Brussels now triggers a period of much more detailed planning to flesh out the actual force that will be sent in after a peace agreement is reached.
In addition, several other decisions were taken. NATO will begin briefing the United Nations and contributors to the United Nations peacekeeping force in Bosnia, as well as interested Partnership for Peace countries, next week on the framework of its coordination plan under the implementation force.
In addition, NATO will invite Russia to attend a 16-plus-1 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in the near future -- there's not a specific date on that -- to talk about possible Russian involvement with the force.
In addition, the three star general, who is going to be sent by Moscow to Mons to work with SHAPE headquarters, will arrive within the next few days. By Monday, he'll arrive to start his consultations with the military authorities in Mons.
There will also be a series of briefings for non-NATO countries -- other non-NATO countries that want to participate in the implementation force -- and they'll probably be invited to Brussels for a briefing relatively soon to fill them in on what the planning is and how it's going.
The five-phase operational concept that was adopted by the North Atlantic Council yesterday has one goal, and that's to move a large well-armed force quickly into Bosnia, within days after the implementation of a peace agreement. When that happens, we don't know, because it depends on the progress in reaching a peace agreement.
I think you've all heard Ambassador Holbrooke say that there's no assurance we will reach a peace agreement. The progress is good now. We're continuing to make progress, but there are still daunting obstacles before the negotiators can say that they've reached a peace agreement. Those obstacles will have to be overcome in November and December, if possible.
So after a peace agreement is reached, the troops would move in. But the first phase of the five-phase plan is preparation, and that will involve the accelerated and detailed planning for the implementation force called IFOR. It will involve the prepositioning of people and equipment to move quickly into Bosnia -- once the peace agreement is signed -- and it will also involve some early work on a communications system in Bosnia -- some infrastructure work. It will... In the area that doesn't involve the movement of troops, it will involve completing work on the rules of engagement; it will involve putting out requisitions or requests for force contributions from the participating countries -- first to the NATO countries and then to the non-NATO countries who might want to participate in this force. So that's basically what will happen during the preparation stage.
All of this phase is designed to make it possible for phase two, which is entry into Bosnia. The idea there would be to move a force in as quickly as possible, to set up headquarters, right away, and create a substantial massing of forces at the earliest possible moment in the theater after the peace agreement is signed.
After that, begins -- basically -- the implementation. There are, I suppose, three ways in which this force will operate. The mission of the force is to monitor and maintain lines of separation. It's to take the borders that have been agreed to during the peace negotiations and to maintain those borders, and to prevent cross-overs -- incursions -- from one territory to the other.
The military mission of the force will be spelled out in the peace agreement, and it will stick to that mission. It does not plan to get involved in the delivery of humanitarian aid. It does not plan to get involved in other non-military functions, such as the movement of refugees. It does not plan to get involved in rebuilding infrastructure or economic rehabilitation, nor does it plan to get involved in the collection of weapons. It will concentrate on enforcing the zones of separation and keeping the formerly warring forces apart.
In places of high threat there will be a continual manning of the lines of separation. In other areas, there will be patrolling of the zones of separation. Then, in areas of least threat, there will be mainly monitoring which could be done by air, could be done on a more intermittent basis. So we'll move from constant manning through patrolling -- regular patrolling down to monitoring, depending on the threats that are faced by the force.
That's basically in the implementation phase and the force carrying out its operations.
The fourth phase is transition to peace. I talked about this in considerable detail on Tuesday. All the functions I mentioned, that the implementation force will not carry out -- for instance, refugee resettlement, delivery of humanitarian aid, economic rehabilitation -- will be done by civil forces. They'll be done under the auspices of the UN, under the auspices of the European Union and the Western European Union. But other groups will handle these.
They'll be working in liaison with the implementation force, but not underneath it, and certainly in cooperation with it.
We hope that once we can stabilize conditions in Bosnia and keep the formerly warring parties apart, that the economic rebuilders, the refugee resettlers, the bridge builders, etc., will be able to come in and start laying a foundation for growth and prosperity and peace in Bosnia, Croatia, etc. There will be a substantial economic aid component to the peace plan, but this will not be administered by the implementation force, by the military forces. It's important to make that distinction, because the goal of this force is mainly to maintain the lines of separation and not getting dragged into other so-called nation building-type tasks. So that's the fourth phase -- transition to peace.
The fifth phase is the exit phase. That would involve an orderly turnover of activities to indigenous security forces that, we hope, will be able to maintain stability in the area. We will also leave behind to work in a more stable environment the rebuilding of forces that are doing the civil repairs.
That, in short, is what was agreed to, and that's the gist of the concept of operations that the NAC voted on yesterday.
Q: Any detail on numbers of troops or...
A: No. It did not get into numbers of troops in the plan at all. You know the numbers, they've been repeated, we've had the ranges.
The difficulty in settling on the numbers comes from the fact that: one, we don't have a map yet; and two, we don't have a peace agreement yet; and three, we don't have a firm plan for sending the troops to Bosnia, yet.
Q: You said on Tuesday, I believe, that the Russians had proposed possibly providing some other divisions in addition to the two battalions they had. And you said the United States would prefer two battalions.
We had a story out of Brussels yesterday quoting a NATO specialist saying that the Russians might provide up to 20,000 troops. Does that sound in the realm of possibility? And would the United States welcome that kind of effort by the Russians? Meaning, if they suddenly decided that things weren't right, they could yank those out and perhaps jeopardize the whole mission? Would you welcome a large Russian presence?
A: We welcome a Russian presence. The size of that presence has to be negotiated. The basic concept of this force is it will be about a three division force -- a French division, a British division, and an American division. There will then be non-NATO forces inserted into this force to work under the divisional headquarters, if you want to refer to it as that.
The Russians have proposed up to a full division. Secretary Perry made it clear he felt that was probably more than NATO could accept or manage at this stage, and the Russians have talked since then of sending several battalions. They already have two battalions in Bosnia. It's possible those battalions would stay and be the Russian contribution if the proper command and control, political control, and other questions are worked out. They have not been worked out yet. As you probably gathered from the schedule I gave you earlier, those questions won't really be engaged until next week when Colonel General Shetsov arrives in Mons, and also they have the 16-plus-1 meeting with the NAC. So that issue has not been resolved.
Q: Tell us as much as you can about how this IFOR would actually get into Bosnia. Is this going to be a force that goes in on the assumption that they're going to be welcomed, in which case they just sort of roll in on trains? Or is this going to be a force which goes in worried that some elements may not welcome them, in which case they'd better go in as if it were an assault?
A: First of all, this force will only go in after the completion of a peace agreement, so we assume that there will be a cessation of hostilities in that peace agreement and that we are generally welcomed by the three parties to the peace agreement. Nevertheless, there's considerable risk that in this environment we could be hit with paramilitary forces, we could be hit by forces that aren't under very strict command and control, and this force will be ready to deal aggressively and assertively with any attacks that are inflicted on it.
We are sending in a very heavily armed force. It will be characterized really in three ways. It will be heavy, meaning that it will be an armored force and light armor; it will be highly mobile with helicopters; and it will be a highly flexible force. As Secretary Perry said, this will be the meanest dog in town, and it will be ready to strike back quickly if provoked. We'll have rules of engagement that do not require it to go back to Naples or back to Brussels to get permission to react to an attack or the threat of an attack.
Q: You could roll in with your tanks on railroad cars. You can roll in with attack helicopters to set up security zones and... Which is this going to be?
A: Basically, the plan is that part of the U.S. force would come in by rail from the north. The British and the French forces are more likely to come in by ship. So there will be entrance both by sea and by land.
Q: And not by air?
A: Some elements of the force will enter by air.
Q: What I'm trying to get at is, are you going to have this lead element going in much like the lead element went in to say Haiti, or even into Somalia where they went ashore prepared for the worst, and...
A: Yes. This lead element, in fact the entire force, will be prepared for the worst when it hits the ground, but particularly the lead element. We are going in on the assumption that we have to be prepared to defend ourselves against anything that can be thrown at us. That's why the force will be heavy, mobile and flexible.
Q: Is it planned to send small contingents of airborne troops in first like they dropped them in Haiti?
A: I can't get into those specific details right now. All I can tell you is the force will move in as if this is a military operation, which indeed, it is. It's a peace enforcement operation, not a peacekeeping operation.
Q: Will the force be authorized to use force to maintain the lines of separation?
A: It will be authorized to use force to carry out its military mission, and the mission is to maintain those lines of separation.
Q: A question about command and control issues with the Russians. On Sunday, Minister Grachev talked about two variants of political and military guidance, or possibly of two variants. Does that mean two command and control structures in place simultaneously under some larger umbrella than NATO?
A: The command and control arrangements for any Russian participation have not been worked out. Working that out is crucial to determining, one, if there will be Russian participation; and two, what sort of participation it will be. That's what's going to happen over the next couple of weeks. We haven't approached that yet.
Q: Senator Leahy had a press conference today on the Hill where he was calling on the Pentagon to stop deploying anti-personnel mines. I'm wondering what the distinction is between laser weapons that you described which presumably would be aimed at combatants; and mines which have shown a propensity to kill civilians and children? I'm wondering if you could restate the policy, whatever distinction you make between laser weapons and...
A: The fundamental difference is the stage in the development and deployment process of the two weapons. With lasers, we have an opportunity to stop a proliferation of a new and dangerous weapon, we hope. We are now engaged in discussions at the Conference on Conventional Weapons in Vienna to do just that. Secretary Perry felt strongly that we should take a lead role in that by swearing off the development and use of lasers intentionally designed to blind people.
The mine situation is entirely different. Mines have been around for well over a century. There are millions and millions of them deployed already around the world and it's an entirely different situation than we have with the lasers right now.
Q: Saddam Hussein is going to have elections on Sunday, a referendum or whatever. Are there any fears that he's going to be up to some mischief, or [will there] be any kinds of heightened security alerts or anything else?
A: We always fear mischief by Saddam Hussein. We watch him very closely. We have a very significant force in the Gulf -- a significant air force, a significant naval force, and we also have about 1,500 soldiers from Fort Hood, Texas carrying out exercises with their Kuwaiti counterparts in Kuwait now. So we are watching what's happening in Iraq.
We do not see signs of extraordinary or threatening military activity now.
Q: Has your office decided how you're going to present the C-17 decision? Will the Secretary come down? Will the Deputy Secretary come down?
A: The Secretary will probably be out of the country when the decision is announced. It's likely but not certain that Under Secretary Paul Kaminski will announce the decision. It is likely, but not certain, that it will be announced in early-November.
Q: Can you enlighten us on the possible use of a military base or bases for the Bosnia peace conference? Which bases...
A: I cannot. I think it is likely that it will be on a military base, but beyond that, I can't give you any information.
Q: Back to Bosnia for a second, you keep coming back to the issue that we don't have a border yet, and that determines the size of the mission. Does the Pentagon have someone at the table who is saying, "This border would be easier to enforce than that border," and pushing for an "easier-to-enforce" dividing line between the sides?
A: As you know, General Wesley Clark -- the J-5 on the Joint Staff -- is part of the Holbrooke team and sits in on all these negotiations. So he represents our point of view, as does Jim Pardue, who is the head of the Bosnia Task Force. So our views are represented, but this is not our country. This is really a matter of negotiation among the Bosnians, the Croatians, and the Bosnian Serbs. We can contribute our points of view and they will be considered, I'm sure, as the individual parties see our recommendations contributing to their sense of security.
Q: What is the basis for the U.S. preference for a smaller -- for fewer Russian troops rather than their suggestion of more Russian troops?
A: NATO is an organization that is used to training and working together. It's an organization that has established procedures -- command and control situations -- and including forces that don't have that background and training present an element of complication. That's the first reason.
The second reason is that quantity, in a way, has its own quality to it in that sending in a division suggests there will be a sector or quadrant of the country that would be the "Russian-sector," or the "Russian-quadrant," and we're trying to get away from that type of thinking. We're not trying to divvy the country up the way Berlin was divvied up. We want a more fluid situation. Although there will be assignments of troops into certain areas, we don't want a Russian-sector versus a U.S.-sector, etc. So those are two of the reasons.
But, there's also a third reason and I think the reason that in the end may be very compelling to the Russians. That is that it's quite likely that the Russians will have to pay the bills of stationing troops in Bosnia, and it's unclear that they will be able to afford to station a large force as part of the IFOR in Bosnia. That's another issue that has to be worked out.
Since you seem to be interested in this, let me just run through the four unresolved issues that will affect Russian participation in the implementation force: the first is military command and control, can they fit in under the NATO structure; the second is political control; the third is the size of the force they want to contribute or are able to contribute; [and] the fourth is the cost of contributing forces. Those four issues will have to be worked out over the next couple of weeks, or addressed over the next couple of weeks. We hope they can be worked out.
Q: What's the Russian position on cost? Do they want the U.S. or someone else to pay?
A: This was discussed with the Russians and there are a number of options for dealing with the cost depending on the definition of the force and where the force fits in. The rules will be that the contributing countries will pay for their elements of the IFOR. And so if Russia had troops in the IFOR -- if they could work out the command and control and other situations -- they would have to pay under that formula for their own forces.
They raised the possibility of an international fund to pay for the forces in the implementation force, but that's not the way it's going to be worked out. So the international fund doesn't seem to be a possibility for paying for the military part of the force.
If you look on the other side of the line -- the civilian rehabilitation forces -- it's conceivable that they could contribute engineering battalions or transportation companies or whatever to help with the non-military part of the mission. It's a very important part of the mission -- in fact, that's the part of the mission that's going to determine whether peace survives in Bosnia, or not, over the long term.
If they contributed to that, it's conceivable that that could be paid for through an international rehabilitation fund. It's not worked out, but it is conceivable it could be paid for. They would probably have a better chance of getting payment from an international fund for a support force than for a military force.
Q: Do you get the impression that they want to be in a certain log or intersector, i.e. the Bosnian Serb...
A: I don't have that impression. I have the impression that they want to participate in the force; they think they have a valuable contribution to make. The United States and our NATO allies would like to have the Russians participate in the force because we think it would be an important step toward dealing with European security problems in a unified, coherent, and cooperative way.
Q: On the budget, given the status downtown and the uncertainties, does the Pentagon have a plan for the next few months, and for the year, on operations, contracting, that sort of thing?
A: The Pentagon has plans for everything. [Laughter]
Q: Back to Bosnia. On the sectors, is it correct that the Americans plan to get the central sector, the British the western and the French the eastern? Or could you explain...
A: I can't really explain that right now. I think we should wait until the plan finally comes out. It's been reported, and I wouldn't disagree with the reports, that the U.S. would go in -- would probably be responsible for the area around Tuzla, which would be the northern sector. But that is the type of detail that remains to be worked out.
Press: Thank you.


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By G
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Justin Fontenot
Justin is the investor and co-founder of Epilogue, he consults as a liaison between the EPA and the petroleum industry to ensure compliance. He holds an MBA and is a Political Science graduate from the University of Louisiana. Epilogue is a creative business outlet for Fontenot, where story telling is the focal point by which digital narratives, music and apparel can be expressed in today's market. He currently resides in New Orleans and Dallas.
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Ron is the co-founder of Epilogue, LLC. He is an accomplished designer and interactive strategist and has collaborated with high profile clients and brands such as CSE, I Am Always Hungry Studios, Naked Pizza, Apple, Happy Cog, Trumpet, OPEN, Stuller, AIGA New Orleans, etc. He studied History and Fine Art at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and currently resides in New Orleans.
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Holly is the Marketing and Public Relations Director at Epilogue. An accomplished writer and musical/cultural documentarian, Holly is a PhD Candidate at New Orleans' Tulane University, where she founded and directs the NOLA Hiphop Archive. Holly holds a Master's Degree in Ethnomusicology from Indiana University and works as a consultant for documentary film projects. She has researched and written about musical traditions in the Anglo South, Ireland, East Africa, and New Orleans.
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University of Louisville staff members are trashing wooden wardrobes believed to be the cause of mold that was detected in three dormitories.
No students or visitors are currently occupying Threlkeld Hall, where mold was found a couple of weeks ago during a routine inspection of each of the dorms 260 residential rooms, said university spokesperson Cindy Hess.
That prompted university staff to check other dorms, finding mold in Miller Hall and Unitas Tower.
The university stepped up its inspections of dorm rooms following a mold outbreak in October 2012 that forced students to move out of Miller Hall, Hess said.