text:
There is provided a procedure to maintain an otherwise whole tooth, from which the nerve has been removed by carrying out a procedure which includes inserting a thin flexible post, preferably formed of a light-transmitting, physiologically inert material, to the full depth of a prepared relatively narrow tooth nerve canal, which has previously been sealed at its bottom with gutta percha. The post is permitted to abut against the gutta percha. The post is then surrounded by a film of a composite-filler or sealant, which is preferably light-curable, coating the post while supporting and sealing the walls of the canal. The post is sufficiently flexible as to be able to follow the curvature of the canal, which may retain a slight natural curvature. The composite filler or sealant is then cured, preferably by an optical radiation carried through the preferably transparent post. In one embodiment the light-curing post is removable after the sealant has been at least partially cured. There is also provided a post formed of a light-transmitting flexible material, the post comprising a substantially cylindrical shank portion and an inwardly tapering, or convergent, first end.
1. A method of reinforcing a tooth from which its nerve has been removed, and its canal has been cleaned to remove all diseased tissue, the method comprising: filling at least the apical portion of the canal with a soft resilient material; reaming out the canal with a reamer to form a converging section at its innermost portion, to an end of minimum diameter at the edge of the portion filled with the soft resilient material, so that the innermost portion matches the profile of the cutting end of the reamer; inserting a tool post into the bored out canal, the tool post being formed of a relatively flexible material, and having a substantially cylindrical shank with a diameter smaller than that of the canal, and an inwardly tapering, or convergent, first end, also similar to the profile of the cutting end of the reamer, such that the convergent first end seats against the convergent surface of the reamed out canal; adding a curable composite to fill the canal, surrounding the post, and permitting the composite to cure; the post being formed of physiologically inert, material which is sufficiently flexible that it can follow the curvature of the canal.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the tool post is formed of optically transmitting material and the composite is light curable, and wherein the method further comprises passing light through the post to cure the composite.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the tool post further comprises an internal circumferential surface defining a channel extending substantially axially longitudinally through the post, and a relatively movable rod extending into and through the axial channel and the convergent first end, so as to contact the soft resilient filler material; and wherein the tool post is initially moved out of the canal without moving the rod from contact against the soft resilient material; and wherein the post is moved back into the canal by sliding along, and without moving, the rod, after the composite is placed into the canal.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the innermost end of the rod extending into the convergent portion of the tool post is formed of a reflective, optically non-transmitting material.
5. The method of claim 2 wherein the tool post is formed of a material which is optically transparent to the frequency of light needed to cure the composite and wherein the post further comprises circumferential groove portions spaced along the circumferential surface of the tool post shank.
6. A method of reinforcing a tooth from which its nerve has been removed, and its canal has been cleaned to remove all diseased tissue and substantially straightened preparatory to forming a prosthetic crown or other prosthesis, the method comprising: filling at least the apical portion of the canal with a soft resilient material; reaming out the canal with a reamer to form a converging section at its innermost portion to an end of minimum diameter at the edge of the portion filled with the soft resilient material, so that the innermost portion matches the profile of the cutting end of the reamer; inserting a tool post into the bored out canal, the tool post being formed of a relatively resilient material, and having a substantially cylindrical shank with a diameter smaller than that of the canal, and an inwardly tapering, or convergent, first end, also similar to the profile of the cutting end of the reamer, such that the convergent first end seats against the convergent surface of the reamed out canal; adding a curable composite to substantially fill the canal; surrounding the post, and permitting the composite to cure; the post being formed of physiologically inert, material; removing the post from the canal, leaving an annular ring of cured composite material; replacing the post with a matching post formed of a structurally stronger material capable of supporting a dental prosthesis; and cementing the matching post into the canal.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the matching post further comprises an anchor portion extending out of the canal; and wherein the method further comprises forming the anchor portion to act as a support for a suitable prosthesis.
8. A dental tool post for reinforcing an obturated tooth and root, the dental tool post comprising a substantially cylindrical shank portion and an inwardly tapering, or convergent, first end, a plurality of circumferential grooves being formed in the surface of the shank portion of the tool post, and the post being formed of a physiologically inert, optically transmitting relatively flexible polymeric material.
9. The tool post of claim 8, wherein the convergent first end of the post includes a transverse cross-section having a diameter not greater than the diameter of a natural root canal.
10. The dental tool post of claim 8, wherein the tool post is sufficiently flexible to follow the natural curvature of a natural root canal.
11. A dental tool post for reinforcing an obturated tooth and root, the dental tool post comprising a substantially cylindrical shank portion and an inwardly tapering, or convergent, first end, a plurality of circumferential grooves being formed in the surface of the shank portion of the t post, and the post being formed of a physiologically inert optically transmitting relatively flexible polymeric material, and an internal circumferential surface defining a channel extending substantially axially longitudinally through the post, and a relatively moveable rod extending into and through the axial channel and beyond the convergent first end, the central rod being an optical fiber material.
12. The tool post of claim 11, further comprising a reflective, non-transmitting surface formed on the first end of the optical rod.
The present invention relates to a method for strengthening a tooth and root from which the nerve has been removed, and to a dental post which is formed of a relatively soft and plastic polymer, and which is preferably light-transmitting, and can provide centering for the forming of a bracing filler to reinforce internally the walls of pulpless roots while providing for access to the canal in endodontic retreatment procedures.
It is well known art in the dental field to remove an injured nerve, and fill the root apex with gutta percha, preparatory to other reconstructive procedures, including filling the canal with a hard cement material. It is also common, where the coronal part of the tooth is missing or severely damaged, to grind away the diseased remaining upper surface of the tooth so as to provide an appropriate form for a dental prosthesis to be anchored to the tooth via a cast metal anchor extending into the widened root canal. Such dental anchors are generally cemented into the bore hole, or may be held by screw-threads, and in some cases the anchors are provided with textured or undulating lateral surfaces to further assist in securing the anchor to the cement. It has been found, however, that the strength of the repaired tooth, or the security of the dental prosthesis, may be compromised by a severely enlarged canal, with thin remaining walls; in such condition the root may not be sufficiently strong to support a prosthesis, even where the root was firmly anchored in the jaw bone.
Presently, such problems when found in roots with flared and wide canals and with thin, unsupported walls, require further widening and reshaping of the canal to form a continuous straight internal surface, and then filling the space with custom shaped cast metal posts with an extending core foundation above the root for attaching a coronal replacement. However, the difficulties created by the bulky metal post surrounded by thin walled roots are often the cause of split roots requiring the extracting of its fragments and a replacement with costlier implants and prosthetic devices. Another objection and difficulty with metal cast posts, is the unavoidable metal shadow transmitted through the thin root walls and their surrounding soft tissues, which is an impairment to achieving esthetic results, especially in the visible anterior (front) teeth. Further, such individually fashioned cast posts add additional cost, and require a greater number of costly office visits by the patient.
It was also known to use pins, or posts, formed from polymeric plastics, for the formation of dental fixtures, for example, by casting by the `lost wax` process. Such prior pins or posts were not used in the patient's mouth and were generally opaque.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for strengthening a root and tooth from which the nerve has been removed, while preserving the opportunity for relatively easy access to the interior of the tooth for retreatment. It is a further object of this invention to provide a method for strengthening the root, and the coronal part, in a tooth having an excessively large, flared canal, after the removal of an injured nerve, and to enhance the ability of the tooth to withstand a higher impact in functional and parafunctional masticatory movements, permanently and during continued clinical treatment of an infected tooth. It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a resilient dental post and reinforcing element formed of a light-transmitting material, with a light-curable composite filler to carry out this method.
These and other objects are achieved in accordance with the present invention as follows: First, to maintain an otherwise whole tooth, especially in young people, from which the nerve has been removed by usual means without significantly widening or straightening the canal, the apex of the canal is sealed with, e.g., gutta percha. A thin flexible post, formed of a light-transmitting, physiologically inert (e.g., FDA-approved) material, is inserted to the full depth of the prepared, relatively narrow canal, until the post abuts against the gutta percha, and is preferably surrounded by a film of a composite-filler or sealant, which is most preferably light-curable, thus coating the post while supporting and sealing the walls of the canal. The cured composite acts as a casement-sealant for the inner dentin walls of the canal, protecting it against leakage and deterioration.
The post is coated with sufficient curable composite sealant material to seal the walls of the root and to secure the post in the canal; the post is sufficiently flexible, that it can follow the curvature when entering the canal, which in this embodiment of the invention may retain a slight natural curvature.
The composite-filler casement and sealant is preferably cured by light carried by trans-illumination through the entire length and circumference of the transparent plastic post, and after the composite is cured the length of the post is reduced to allow ample space to securely cover and to also seal the entry opening, through the crown of the tooth, created during the procedure of accessing the canal. Such procedures are most often performed in the younger population, with traumatic injuries caused by accidents, which require an interim solution until the full growth and development of the young person, at about the age of 16-18, or even older. The encapsulated and sealed plastic post, with its surrounding composite casement, liner and sealant, strengthens the pulpless root, precludes leaching of color from the presently used gutta percha, and provides future access for future work, such as replacement of the plastic post with a stronger metal post, if necessary.
In the second embodiment of this invention where the tooth is broken or otherwise impaired, after the nerve is removed, the canal is widened to remove all potentially infected material, leaving only sound tooth and root structure, and an appropriate size canal is created by using a dental forming or reamer tool. With the present invention, it is possible to provide adequate support and anchorage in healthy embedded roots, even in cases with very thin, unsupported walls. In the past, such thin walled root structures had a poor prognosis in spite of the fact that the root was firmly anchored in the jawbone. In accordance with this invention, roots with thin walls can be braced, reinforced and soundly repaired to sufficiently support single or multiple coronal prosthetic replacements while providing in the remodeled structure, future access to the canal when endodontic retreatment is required.
In a third embodiment of this invention, the plastic curing post is used to form a casement sealer in a tooth canal during medical treatment of a diseased tooth. After a canal has been reamed out and a nerve removed it is often necessary to have an extended period of treatment, often lasting for several months. During this period of treatment the tooth canal must remain open for continuing administration of medication, but recognizing that at least a temporary enclosure must be made to prevent particles from entering the canal. In previous situations, there would almost always be significant leakage into the canal with resultant degradation of the interior walls of dentin. Using the present invention, it is now possible to form a casement-sealant along the entire inner surface of the canal, surrounding the post, which post can be readily removed for the insertion of medication and then replaced to close up the canal. In this situation, even if there is leakage into the canal the casement sealant protects the dentin from degradation and thus obviates further widening of the canal to remove degraded dentin is avoided. It must be noted, of course, that during the period of extended medical treatment, there is no gutta percha in the apex of the canal, so as not to interfere with the flow of medication to the bone structure.
When preparing the canal, a reamer is selected having a specific convergent contour on its forming end. The innermost end of the bored out hole thus tapers to a minimum predetermined profile and diameter. This can be readily achieved by utilizing a dental reamer tool, i.e., one which provides a drilling end portion tapering longitudinally axially endwardly to a minimum effective diameter, and providing an axially facing drill-cutting surface for boring out the tooth. At the end of the drilling tool closest to the powered end section, there also can be provided a divergent, towards the end tapered counter-bore drilling section, which can form an enlarged bore diameter at the outer end of the bored out canal. Such a divergent end is primarily useful for removing relatively large quantities of diseased tissue.
After the root canal has been cleaned, and any infection or disease is treated, the canal apex is sealed with gutta percha, and a reamer of specific size is used to form a centering position at the lower end of the canal, removing any excess gutta percha; and a matching size plastic, preferably trans-illuminating post, is placed into the canal and centered therein. The post preferably comprises a generally cylindrical shank and convergent end portion; the shank diameter is preferably smaller than that of the canal to provide space for the application of a curable composite for resurfacing and sealing the inner walls of the canal. The convergent post end portion tapers longitudinally endwardly to a minimum effective diameter at the innermost end, and preferably has a profile matching the drill or reamer tool end, thus allowing it to seat into the formed innermost end portion of the canal, cradled by the gutta percha at the innermost end. A marker is placed at the outer end of the curing post and is lined up with the plane of the root canal entrance, as a reference for reseating the post after the post is temporarily withdrawn from the canal for the emplacement of curable composite material.
Preferably, light-curable composite is introduced into the canal in sufficient quantity to fill the void in the root once the post is reseated, and the post is then pressed back into the canal, being immersed in the composite to its full depth up to the level of the marker. The post is now set fully into position, contacting the gutta percha, if present, in the lower, converging portion of the prepared canal, and closely spaced from the root walls immediately above the apex, with a thin line of composite sealant forming an annulus between the post and the walls, which had been drilled out to the proper profile by the corresponding dental reamer. An easily removed material fills the apex, to prevent blockage by the cured composite, permitting medication to be administered through the apex, and to be replaced with gutta percha when a permanent closing is to be accomplished.
After the post is fully seated in the convergent inner end of the canal, and a light-curable composite material is in place in the canal and surrounding the post, a light beam is directed over the post outer end trans-illuminating the post and being radiated out from the post end and circumference into the canal, thus curing the surrounding curable composite material fully along its entire length and surrounding circumference.
Preferably, the post is also provided with a central channel and a relatively thin rod slidably held within the channel; the rod may extend at least into the convergent, or bullet-shaped end, and can have a reflective internal end. In this preferred embodiment, the thin rod is an optical glass fiber, or may be formed of a variety of other light-transmitting substances, extending through the central channel through its entire length and beyond and thus serves to provide a more efficient transmission of light into and throughout the post, and into the apex of the root.
After the composite has been cured, subsequent treatment can follow several paths: First, as explained above, when dealing with a youthful patient, and an otherwise healthy and whole tooth, the plastic post can be cut down, so that it is wholly immersed in the tooth canal, and the coronal opening closed and sealed. Alternatively, the plastic post can be replaced by installation of a stronger prefabricated metal post, that may serve as an anchor and support for prosthetic replacement restorations.
In a most preferred embodiment, the initial plastic post described above, has a substantially smooth circumferential surface, along the portion inserted into the canal, so that it can be more readily removed by simply being gently twisted and pulled out. The thus removed smooth post can be replaced with either another plastic post or with a metal post; the replacement plastic post should have a circumferential surface which is intermittently grooved; the grooves are preferably circumferential so as to serve to help retain the post in the canal. In addition, it has been found that the grooves enhance the light curing illumination radiated from the post to the light-curable composite filler, thus permitting the quicker and more complete curing of the cement, as the grooved post is slowly pressed into the canal; the grooved post is preferably slightly smaller in diameter than the first smooth post, which permits ready admission into the original channel left by the smooth post, and also permits the application of a fresh layer of cement to secure the grooved post in place, after the original cement composite has been fully cured. The enhanced trans-illumination of light along the entire length and circumference of the post, fully cures the surrounding composite material in the innermost reaches of the canal and into the apex. The grooved post which cannot readily be twisted and pulled out, can be drilled out safely with the same size reamer, leaving a precisely sized channel for any needed retreatment.
It has further been found that the rounded, convergent tip of the post of this invention enhances the trans-illuminating effectiveness of the post; the greatest intensity and concentration of trans-illuminated light occurs at the most convergent tip curvature of the cone-shaped inner end of the post. This phenomenon can be most advantageously used after the composite is initially cured as described above; the smooth post can be removed by twisting it, and pulling it out as explained above; the smooth post is preferably replaced with a grooved post of a slightly smaller diameter, which is slowly pushed into, or intermittently moved along, the entire length of the canal, for example, in 3-4 incremental depth movements, each for the duration of some seconds, which would provide maximum assurance of fully curing the composite material along its entire length, regardless of the thickness of the composite. Alternatively, if the post cannot be pulled out, the initial smooth post can be reamed out using the appropriate size reamer, and the new slightly smaller grooved post could be slowly or intermittently reinserted, as described above, connected to the light source so as to concentrate the light as much as possible.
Further details of the present invention are shown in the accompanying drawings, by way of example and not by way of exclusion. Many portions of the invention or the context therefor are shown in schematic representation, where greater detail is unnecessary as it will be apparent or well-known to those skilled in the art. Referring to the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is an elevation side cross-section view of a healthy obturated tooth reinforced using one embodiment of the flexible grooved, light-transmitting post of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an elevation lingual cross-section view of a healthy obturated tooth being reinforced using one embodiment of the flexible smooth sided, light-transmitting post of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an elevation cross-section view of a tooth being reamed out to remove diseased tooth tissue and thus widen the root canal;
FIG. 4 is an elevation cross-section view showing a bored out root with a post centered in accordance with this invention, before being cemented in place with composite material;
FIG. 5 is an elevation cross-section view of the tooth of FIG. 4, from which the post has been removed and uncured composite filler emplaced;
FIG. 6 is an elevation cross-section view of the tooth of FIG. 5, into which the post has been replaced and the tooth is further prepared for curing of the filler in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 7 is an elevation cross-section view of the tooth of FIG. 6, from which the curing post is being removed, in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 8 is an elevation cross-section view of the tooth of FIG. 7, from which the curing post has been removed, leaving an annular casement, in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 9 is an elevation cross-section view of the tooth of FIG. 8, in which a grooved post has replaced the smooth post in the annular casement, in accordance with this invention;
FIG. 10 is an elevation cross-section view of the root of FIG. 4, onto which a crown has been mounted in accordance with this invention
FIG. 11 is a plan view, from the rounded end, of a grooved plastic dental post of this invention, having a substantially circular cross-section.
Referring to FIG. 1, in an otherwise whole tooth 10, from which a damaged nerve has been removed, the root canal has been reamed in accordance with the usual technique, using a thin reamer tool, because there was little or no diseased root material. The apical portion has been filled with gutta percha 12, and the tooth rebored to smooth and define the canal immediately above the gutta percha 12,. to a desired convergent profile. Generally, the depth of the gutta percha 12 should be at least about 4 mm. A combined post tool and curing element 11 is inserted into the canal so as to fit snugly at the bottom, contacting the gutta percha, and the tooth canal wall is sealed by forming a casement 16 using a composite filler and a crown amalgam seal 16a. The grooved post 11 comprises a generally cylindrical shank 13, having a first bullet-shaped end portion 15, which has a profile substantially matching that of the drilling end of the reamer tool, and of the reamed out bottom of the canal.
As shown in FIGS. 2, and 4-6, a plastic post 11a was inserted into the reamed canal 8, such that the converging bullet-shaped end 15a fits in the interior portion of the tooth canal 8, immediately above and in contact with the gutta percha 12, but surrounded by an annular layer of the composite filler 16, except where the post touches the gutta percha; thus not closing off the apex. The post 11a is marked by a marker stop 29 to determine the depth of the root. The post 11a is then withdrawn, and a curable filling material, or composite 16a, is placed into the open tooth canal 8, and the post 11 is then pressed back into the canal until the marker 29 is level with the tooth surface, and the poet's bullet end 15a is again pressed against the bottom of the bore abutting the gutta percha sealant 12. Light is directed over the outer end of the post 11a (preferably using an optical hood connector 31, joining the light source 32 to the post 11), trans-illuminating the cement in the canal; this initiates curing of the composite, and thus forming a casement annulus over the walls 8.
The open top access into the tooth canal, in the otherwise intact coronal surface 30, is then filled and capped in the usual manner; it is usually necessary, first, to trim the outer end 18 of the post 11, so that it is below the tooth surface 30, allowing space for sealing and securely capping the opening. It must be noted that the preliminary processing views of FIGS. 3-7, discussed above, actually show a flared canal; however, the process steps are the same as described above for the whole, young tooth, except that the canal is not excessively widened and a plastic post is left in place, without the need for a prosthesis. Preferably, for a whole, young tooth, the plastic post 11, originally used, is grooved, as shown in FIG. 1, along its shank 13, to strengthen the retention in the canal and to improve curing using light.
In the post embodiment shown in FIG. 10, the tool post 11 has a central longitudinal channel extending fully along the central axis of the post, and an optical fiber rod 17, slidably positioned within the central bore and extending from the outer end 18, and into the convergent front tip 15 of the post; the fiber rod 17 can be connected at its outer end to a source of light of a suitable wavelength to cause the curing of the composite material. The rod 17 can be left behind in the canal, when the post is removed, and the curable composite packed around the rod 17; when the post is pressed back in, the rod serves to center the tool post within the tooth bore.
An advantage of the embodiment of this invention as shown in FIG. 1, is to simplify any future access to the root apex, by eliminating the need for drilling through a cured, hard composite material blocking the innermost portion of the canal. By blocking the curable composite filler from completely filing the root canal, it is relatively easy to reopen the canal to perform subsequent endodontic procedures; for example, as is shown in FIG. 7, by using a regular reamer tool the post 11 and the gutta percha can be easily removed. Drilling out the top sealing layer 16a, covering over the plastic post, by using a diamond burr, and then drilling out the plastic post 11, using a simple reamer tool, is a relatively easy and safe process, if endodontic retreatment needs to be performed at a later date.
As shown, the plastic post is formed of a physiologically inert, transparent, or optically conductive, material, such as a polycarbonate (e.g., Lexan), or other FDA-approved material having the necessary structural, and preferably, optical properties. Preferably there can be a plurality of circumferential grooves 19 formed in the shank surface, spaced along the shank 13. The circumferential groove surfaces 19 act to concentrate the light at the groove apices, and to aid in retaining the post when used as a semi-permanent replacement, as in FIG. 1.
The plastic post is preferably somewhat flexible, so that it can negotiate the curved entrance to the canal, if needed, and should be of a lower hardness than the surrounding composite material, to provide a cushioning effect and to reinforce the annular composite casement bracing the bore.
In addition, preferably, the lower convergent end 15 of the post can be formed such that the minimum radius of curvature of the tip end is not greater than about 0.06 min., and most preferably is in the range of from about 0.03 to about 0.04 min. Concentrated light is radiated from the transparent bullet-shaped end tip, which can be utilized efficiently by intermittently moving the fiber rod into and along the central channel to initially cure the composite, and then very slowly, or intermittently, moving the post along the length of the canal to illuminate the entire length of the interior surface of the composite to ensure complete hardening.
The composite filler material can be cured by a variety of methods, including the use of a mixture containing an auto-curing agent, which will cure by itself, within a short period of time after being mixed. Most preferably, the composite material is light curable, as described above, and thus can be cured by the passage of light of the desired frequency, through the light-transmitting tool post 11. When an auto-curing cement is used, the post 11 need not be light-conducting, but preferably remains transparent to X-rays, unlike metal posts, to permit an unobstructed view of the canal without opening of the canal and removal of the post. The concentrated light emitted from the lower convergent end 15 of the tool post 11, is the most intense, especially for the smooth shank tool, and thus hastens the curing of even the lowermost portion of the light-curable composite material.
In another preferred embodiment, the end tip 21 of the rod 17, which is seated against a lower portion of the tooth canal, can be formed of an optically non-transmitting, reflective material, which will reflect light back upwardly along the rod 19 and outwardly through the circumference of the tool post 11.
The first advantage of the present invention is to provide a means of reinforcing an otherwise whole, healthy, well-embedded tooth, from which the nerve has been removed, in order to maintain the structural and functional integrity of the tooth. In that preferred, embodiment (FIG. 1), the composite filler material works together with the plastic tool post 11 to provide sufficient resilience to absorb stress on the tooth and root during function and thus reduce the possibility of further strain on the tooth, resisting the frequently encountered split roots. Suitable composite material formulated to act as a somewhat resilient, impact shock absorber, would maintain long-term usefulness for otherwise healthy, embedded roots in the supporting bone structure. Examples of such resilient composite materials, include the presently commonly used materials, but containing higher proportions of commony used filler particles.
To further improve the resilience of the composite material, there can also be provided a reinforcing mesh wrapped around the post 11, which becomes embedded in the composite material. The mesh can be formed of, e.g., a fluorocarbonate polymer, such as Teflon, or a rust-free metal, such as stainless steel or the usual gold or silver alloy compositions for the best function.
This invention is also of special use in circumstances, such as shown by FIGS. 3-9, where the interior surface of the tooth canal 8 was severely excavated, resulting in a flared canal, and often leaving only a very thin root wall; such removal may take place during the original treatment, such as in FIG. 1, or after a retreatment. In either case, a severely widened, or flared, canal results in a poor prognosis for the tooth, even if the tooth was securely anchored in the jawbone. However, with this invention, it is possible to internally reinforce and brace the walls while simultaneously creating maximum length, desirably sized parallel canal walls for immediate or future installation of a stronger metal post. Following the procedure exemplified by FIGS. 3-8, an appropriately sized (lubricated or insulated) post 11 is secured in place to its maximum depth in the canal; and after the composite has been cured, the post can often be withdrawn with a firm twisting motion, or alternately may be readily drilled out using the same size reamer (as shown by FIG. 7), leaving an open canal with an annular composite casement 22, as shown in FIG. 8.
In either case, the casemented canal, as shown by FIG. 8, is preferably then routed out using, e.g., the reamer-router tool 31 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,088, to form minute retentive and anti-rotational indents in the internal circumferential surface of the annulus 22 of the cured composite. A correspondingly sized, but structurally stronger, grooved post 26 is then inserted and cemented in place, as shown by FIG. 5. The structurally stronger post 26 is preferably made of a metal acceptable for such use. The composite, and/or luting materials, can first be further cured by a more direct application of light, transmitted through a smaller, preferably grooved, plastic post that is slidable in the canal, directing the light in incremental stages through its entire length.
A metal dental post 26, of a usual type, can be emplaced in a casemented canal prepared according to this invention and shaped, so that when cast, a post core can be cemented, or otherwise secured, and used as a foundation of a coronal restoration 32. The permanent metal post 26 can be passively cemented into the casemented canal 8, or can be actively installed, utilizing a slightly larger post with screw threads to anchor the post directly into the casement walls 22 of the canal; the so-called active screw threads biting directly into the composite casement walls 22.
The dental posts of this invention should be of the usual size useful for dentistry. For example, the maximum post diameters should be no greater than about 1.9 ram, and preferably in the range of from about 1 to about 1.9 mm. Although the posts can be substantially circular in cross-section, if it is desired that they cannot rotate within the canal, the canal and the posts can be formed with an oval cross-section, or with a polygonal cross-section. The length of the posts should preferably be no greater than about 20 mm, and are preferably in the range of from about 8 to about 15 mm. The length of the convergent end portion of the plastic posts is preferably not greater than about 10 mm, and preferably in the range of from about 4 to about 8 mm, and is determined by the length of the tooth root and the amount of natural tooth remaining. The grooves are preferably separated by at least about 0.1 mm, and preferably at least about 0.3 mm.
The embodiments of the present invention herein described and claimed are presented merely as examples of the present invention. Other embodiments coming within the scope of the present invention will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art, and shall be deemed to come within the scope of the appended claims.
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Bop till you Drop
Does your child dream of being a Pop Star? Do they love music? Have favorite songs and dance around the lounge room?
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- 1hr = $230
- 1.5hr = $260
- 2hrs = $300
These prices are for up to 30 children and include GST.
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- Vacation Care
FOR MORE INFORMATION OR TO SEE US IN ACTION call 1300 13 03 13 or go to www.boptillyoudrop.com.au and click on our DISCO & KARAOKE VIDEO to view a 40 second clip of our birthday parties.
FACEBOOK - BOP TILL YOU DROP - for loads of videos and pictures 'like us' on facebook.
Are your kids driving you mad in the school holidays? Why don't you give yourself a break for a couple of days and send them to our "Pop Star Camp". Here we combine fun and education in one.
The program focuses on SINGING, DANCING & DRAMA, however we also do craft, team building activites, cooking and science.
Tues 30 & Wed 1 July 2015
St Clements Church Hall
144 Raglan St, Mosman
9.00am - 3.00pm
Tues 7 & Wed 8 July 2015
Lane Cove Country Club
180 River Rd, Lane Cove
9.00am - 3.00pm
Tues 7 & Wed 8 July 2015
Easts Rugby Club
O'Sullivan Rd, Bellevue Hill
9.00am - 3.00pm
For full details on the structure and cost of the Pop Star Camps please visit our website on www.boptillyoudrop.com.au and click on 'school holiday programs'.
Contact us today to book + mention KIDSPOT
Contact: 1300 13 03 13
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Bop till you Drop 10th Birthday PartyBy Rebecca Bennett on 27/07/2015 7:58:57 PM
*FaNtAsTiC*fAnTaStIc*FaNtAsTiC*fAnTaStIc* What an absolutely fantastic concept! My daughter was desperate to have a disco party for her 10th Birthday and I wasn't too sure how I would pull it off? I found 'Bop till you Drop' on the internet and couldn't have been more happy and impressed. My daughter's friends are all now trying to convince their parents to have 'Bop til (...) Read more
Bop Till You Drop Karaoke Party rocks!By Kate on 12/05/2015 10:37:03 PM
We had a great time at Lexie's Bop Till You Drop Party. Bailey, the party host was completely professional and all of the children- around 28, mostly 6 year olds- had a fantastic time. They all joined in and not one of them needed any behaviour reminders- this is testament to the fun they were having and the excellent way that Bailey handled the group. We would not hesitat (...) Read more
Perfect for my daughter's 6th B'day Party!By alessandra.francia on 17/03/2015 1:20:12 PM
A BIG thank you to Tiffany, who made my daughter Isabella's birthday party a success! Kids parties can get expensive, but I was so impressed with the value for money booking a Bop till you Drop Party. The kids all loved it, and had an absolute ball! Tiffany was fantastic and really encouraged the kids - she was BRILLIANT! I was absolutely thrilled with how this party turn (...) Read more
School Discos are the best with Bop Til You DropBy wendy.mynard on 25/11/2014 2:05:49 PM
I have booked BTYD for around 6 years now and I do so after the conclusion of each Disco for the following year - quite simply because they are the best!!! Every staff member is so professional and friendly. They target the disco to each age group. I have also been to Birthday parties where they have run the party and each time it has been awesome. Don't look at any other (...) Read more
"Awesome" party for 7yr olds!By The Camerons on 11/09/2014 10:48:27 PM
We have always paid to have birthday parties at outside venues and I was more than a bit apprehensive about having 15 children (mostly girls) in my home. But Tiffany was fantastic and kept them all having a great time singing at the top of their lungs and dancing - so much so that it was all over before I knew it! My home stayed intact AND no children / pets were hurt AN (...) Read more
Party for 7 year oldBy Nicola Kountouris on 4/09/2014 3:16:09 PM
We hired Bop til you drop for a 7 year old birthday. The children had a fantastic time, Cassie kept them entertained the whole time - they all went home happy and tired!!
Party for 7 year oldBy Nicola Kountouris on 4/09/2014 3:15:14 PM
We hired Bop til you drop for a 7 year old birthday. The children had a fantastic time, Cassie kept them entertained the whole time - they all went home happy and tired!!
7th Birthday PartyBy Annie on 9/08/2014 11:30:29 PM
We hired Bop Til you Drop for our daughters 7th Birthday party, the kids had a ball !! ... The host Bailey was great with the children. Great value for money too!
Absolutely wonderful!By Tammy Goodchild on 28/07/2014 1:33:12 PM
Sinead was wonderful! She did such a fantastic job with all the kids, they never stopped smiling and laughing, they all had a ball! To see everyone so happy was just amazing. Thankyou Sinead for putting on such a great show!
6 Year Old Party - Enjoyed by allBy The Hosking Family on 13/05/2014 9:09:21 PM
We organised to have 'Bop till you Drop' for our daughters 6th birthday party. We had disco, karaoke and some games. Everyone had a great time - and really, what more can you ask? Literally every child enjoyed it. Great work guys.


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GenreAdventure, Comedy
Release DateApril 13, 2007 (Philadelphia FF)
Duration78 min.
StudioTLA Releasing
Official Siteclick here
Cast and Crew
DirectorRobert Gaston
ProducerRobert Gaston, Farrel Lever, Megan Mascena Gaspar, Lindsay Grow
ScreenwriterRobert Gaston
- Michael Molina
- Jessica Graham
- Peter Stickles
- J. Matthew Miller
- Jennifer Layne Park
- Joe Almanza
When lesbian detective Abigail Marks teams up with gay guy Michael Dalmar to solve the disappearance of his twin, Kyle Dalmar, a famed portrait photographer, their investigation leads them into the Kyle's risque world. With Michael posing as Kyle, the pair uncover assistants who have designs on their bosses, clients who have an interest in detectives, and killers who want them stopped. Navigating between identity and duplicity, Abigail and Michael discover that photos never lie, and two minutes can mean the difference between life and death.
No pictures available


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Surf Camp Pipa Hostel Reviews
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Awful experience! Room was full of spider webs, sheets were dirty and itchy and amazingly no staff remained in the property during whole night! As a result, guests got drunk and turned the night into a hell! I didn't sleep and in the next morning grabed my things and left a message saying I'd be back later to pay for the terrible night. There are many other better and safer places to stay in Pipa. Don't reccomend it!
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Big Blue Nation, it's time to mobilize once again.
I told you earlier this week that Anthony Davis' game-saving block against North Carolina had been nominated for Play of the Year as part of the GEICO Best of College Basketball 2012 television special to be aired on CBS the week of the Elite Eight. Each week over the next two months, four of the best plays from around the game will be chosen with fan voting determining a winner each time around. Davis' big block of John Henson is one of four plays up for voting in the contest's first week and the Big Blue Nation has responded.
However, the block currently sits in second place in voting on the GEICO Best of College Basketball home page with 47 percent of votes cast. If that's not enough motivation, the first-place play is Christian Watford's 3-pointer that carried Indiana to victory over Kentucky.
So, head over to Facebook, "like" GEICO's page and vote Davis' block to victory.


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Last Updated: 10/25/2012 8:20 pm
Absolutely! We have a range of press information available that can be found at http://www.lifeproof.com/pr/. This includes an image gallery with high resolution images, a video gallery, press releases and other news articles.


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HP Envy Rove Haswell i5 Dual 1.6GHz 20" AIO Touch PC for $699 + free shipping
Microsoft store offers the HP Envy Rove 20-k121us Intel Haswell Core i5 1.6GHz 20" All-in-One Desktop PC for $699 with free shipping. That's the lowest total price we could find by $230. Features include an Intel Core i5-4200U Haswell 1.6GHz dual-core processor, 1600x900 20" IPS LED-backlit touchscreen LCD, 4GB RAM, 1TB hard drive, 802.11n wireless, Gigabit Ethernet, media card reader, USB 3.0, and Windows 8.


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What PHP scripts if any does nvnews use ??
Im currently teaching myself PHP / Mysql and I am looking for a php news script.. :)
Thanks in advance :)
heh, well, you could always try PostNuke, its alright and free I beleive :D
I use it on my site, very easy and very customizable.
But it uses textfiles, no mysql because I can't get hosting for that anywhere.
We don't use PHP/MySQL :)
(except for forums)
I wouldnt touch PostNuke/PHPNuke with a 10-foot pole, while standing behind a concrete wall and running the pole by remote.
Talk to kb244 about this - he's te ultimate php coder, put together the Envy News backend from scratch.
LOL AshG. I know, but FrogLeggs said he/she is teaching themselves how to use PHP and such, so wouldn't it decent for beginners?:confused:
nVNews does not currently use PHP or MySQL. We use Perl CGI scripts and a delimited text file for a DB. I am working on a replacement PHP/MySQL system in my spare time.
One good thing that our CGI scripts do is generate the news html into a text file. This file is then just included as a server-side include into the home page. This means that the only time any scripts run is when the news is updated. Regular visitors just access a static page.
Most PHP news solutions run a script and do database access every single time a user visits a page. This approach uses up a lot of system resources. To try and compensate for the performance sys admins install things like PHP accelerator, which introduce their own share of problems and security issues.
Still, PHP and MySQL is a nice combo to learn. They work well together, and PHP is an easy language to pick up.
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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
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|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by T.L. from Park Ave on 11/01/2012
Breakfast almost weekly...I stand in front of the omelet station and watch them prepare not just mine, but everyone else's b-fast order. There is lots of variety to choose from, and healthy alternatives are a def. plus. They are clean, fast, efficient; make it to order and use only the freshest of ingredients from what I can see. Staff is eager to please. No atmo.; it's like a hospital cafeteria, and two b-fasts were over $12 which I consider a little pricey. But if you're not a risk-taker, Cafe Metro is a safe bet.
Posted by Leslie on 12/20/2010
Visitor from NC. We stopped one morning for a quick breakfast and coffee. Good place for a quick meal, and I didn't go in with blind expectations for delicious food.
Posted by Al on 01/28/2010
I got exactly one chunk of chicken in my large chicken noodle soup. It's a sad statement on said restaurant when its soup has less meat than canned Campbell's soup.
Posted by local on 08/26/2009
My office orders online here for delivery regularly for breakfast. The food is ok, but they are sooo slow. Be extremely specific when you order. Often run out of certain bagels and muffins by 11am.
Posted by Anonymous on 04/14/2009
I work near Grand Central and frequently have food delivered. My colleagues and I had been using Europa Cafe, but when Cafe Metro offered some coupons, I tried them. Their prices are way better (at least for salads) and the food is comparable. HOWEVER, they never get the order right. And not just "sort of" wrong - totally, completely wrong. After 4 out of 5 orders being incorrect, I called them and they were unhelpful - didn't apologize; didn't offer any reparations. I then found out that everyone in my office had this problem.
Posted by anonymous on 01/30/2009
I'm in the area for a meeting once a week, and go here because it is convenient, clean and there are a lot of places to sit. The buffet food (and probably the deli food) seems old--everything appears to have been sitting out for at least a day or two (or more), the food is dry, and expensive. I still go for their coffee--lot of different flavors.
Posted by FromPA on 12/27/2008
I almost fell over when I was told the total for 2 slices of Pizza, a sandwich, a piece of cheesecake, a soda and a bottled water would be 44.50, I had to ask three times to make sure, and everything is listed as MISC on the reciept. I ended up paying 5.99 for a bottle of water, when I asked for a cup to get ice water from the soda fountain they looked at me like I was crazy and said they don't do that. I really don't think the food was that great either, it was not horrible, but no where close to worth the price in my opinion.


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Sonos products ship with the equalization settings preset in order to provide the optimal playback experience. If desired, you can change the sound settings (bass, treble, balance, or loudness) to suit your personal preferences.
Note: The loudness setting is designed to compensate for normal changes in the ear's sensitivity at low volumes — you can turn this setting on to boost certain frequencies, including bass, at low volume.
Touch to display the EQ option along with the repeat, shuffle, and crossfade options.
Touch .
Note: If you have grouped rooms, a drop-down list of rooms appears. Touch the name of the room you want to change.
Drag your finger across the sliders to make adjustments.
● Slide controls to the right to increase, left to decrease.
● To change the Loudness setting, touch ON or OFF.
● To change the settings for a Sonos component back to the original default values, touch Reset All.
Note: Balance is only adjustable on a PLAY:1 when it is used in a stereo pair.
|© 2004-2013
by Sonos, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Start Shopping
The products you have grown to love from Mark's Melon Patch are now available online. Browse through jellies, preserves, peanuts, pecans, and more all from the convenience of your own home.
When placing an order online, please keep in mind there is a minimum order amount of $25 required for all shipments and it will take 3-5 days to process before shipping.
In addition to the products online, we also offer fresh fruits and vegetables at our store on Highway 82 just outside of Dawson, Georgia.


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Pregnancy acne is driving me crazy. What can I do?
I'm 13 weeks pregnant and having the worst time with acne. It's affecting my relationship with my husband -- I feel like I look so terrible, I want to avoid him and everyone else. My doctor told me not to use over-the-counter medications. What can I do?
Posted: 06/15/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
Mom Answers
Sort by: best answers | most recent answers
151 - 160 of 846 answers
I had acne with my first, a girl, no acne with my second, a girl, and with my third again acne (only on my nose!), but I don't know the gender yet. I have found that the best treatment is to follow the basic face care steps faithfully: cleanse, exfoliate, tone, moisturize, and protect. Mary Kay's Timewise set works well. Also, Aveeno has good products. (Also, I'm disturbed by the comment an individual made regarding "grow up" when it came to acne. She probably didn't have to deal with the problem. For any one who has had to deal with acne, it is bothersome and if one can find a way to help clear it up, why not? It doesn't hurt to ask! So for the individual who offered no advice, but to grow up, I suggest you offer real advice or offer no advice at all. Pregnancy is a time for emotional ups and downs, we certainly don't need you to contribute to a down!posted 06/24/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
When I went off the pill my acne really started to flare up, especialy on my back. Then, 6 months later I got pregnant and the acne got worse! I spent so much money on tons of products from the pharmacy but nothing really seemed to help. I discovered Proactive and it has worked the best. I still have mild acne breakouts on my back, but at least I'm not embarased to go swimming! Proactive is quite pricey (about $70 Canadian) but I was spending about that much on a bunch of different products that didnt work anyways. Good luck! And remember, acne or not, us pregnant woman are beatiful!posted 06/23/2004 by Kim0618
Pro Active over the internet is the best stuff ever! I went through this w/ my ds and it was the only thing that really worked great. I was totaly clear in about 4 days!posted 06/22/2004 by rrstarr
Try cutting back on dairy products. I have been a vegetarian for 9 years and vegan for 4 of them. Most people are lactose intolerant and don't know it. Dairy can cause all types of problems, acne, gas, bloating are the top three. My husband had bad acne on his back all his life he gave up dairy and his back cleared up in a month! You can still get all the calcium and vitiams you need by eating correctly. Leafy green veggies are the best source of calcium. I always try the natural way first and now that I am pregnant I am even more concered with what i put into my body and on my skin. Good Luck For more information on the effects of dairy check out http://www.milksucks.com/more.htmlposted 06/21/2004 by joyjoy2
Hello I have the same problem but my skin was fine until now I am on my 30th week and I have found any nutrogena product are the best for acne they seem to be mild enough that they will not over dry your skin but gets rid of the pimples. Good Luckposted 06/21/2004 by tia520035
I've found that an oatmeal mask is very helpful for oily skin like mine. It reduces redness, helps soothe/heal, and generally helps prevent future breakouts by sucking out excess oil and unclogging pores. Grind oatmeal in a food processor (DON'T overgrind; it's at the right stage if it's semi-floury, but still has hard, gritty bits) and mix a small amount with water until it's a pasty, spreadable consistency. I spread over my face (either all over or just on my "T-zone"), while avoiding the eye and lip areas. Allow the mask to air dry until it's crumbly, then gently rinse off with water and a washrag. After washing in the morning, I splash on a mixture of 8 parts apple cider vinegar to 1 part water and allow that to air dry. The vinegar helps soften and soothe, reduces redness, and also has anti-bacterial properties. It stinks, but it works well. A honey mask is great for dry skin, as it has anti-bacterial properties and aids in healing. My skin has been SO greasy since getting pregnant that I have not used honey for months, but I still recommend it for dry skin. Smear on clean honey (ie, don't use the same honey you put on your toast, as there may be bits of butter and other impurities in it), let sit for 20-30 minutes, lightly tap all over your face with your fingertips (this draws out impurities), then rinse with lukewarm water. Of course, be sure to listen to YOUR skin, as everybody is different. I have incredibly sensitive skin and am allergic to many of the chemicals (propolyne glycol, isopropyl miristate, and many others) found in commercial products. So, the all-natural approach with oatmeal, honey, and apple cider vinegar has been my best alternative. It's also much cheaper than the over-the-counter stuff. I alternate treatments depending on what my skin is doing from day to day. When things are really bad, I spot-treat with 2.5%, 5%, or 10% benzoyl peroxide (using different strengths, depending on how sensitive my skin is at the moment). If my skin is particularly irritated, I occasionally use Aveeno fragrance-free skin replenishing cleansing lotion. Can't find it in the stores here anymore, but can order it via the Internet. Anyway, hope this is helpful. Good luck to you.posted 06/21/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
You ought to try getting facials done from an expert on acne. Although it was not while I was pregnant, I went through a phase in my mid-20s when acne took over my face! The facialist I went to specialized in helping patients with acne, and within a couple of months my face was back to normal. The facialist also did the same for a friend of mine whose acne was far worse. Facials are not as commonly recommended for acne treatment in the States as they are in other countries, but it is by far the best option in my opinion. I tried all the over-the-counter medicines from the dermatoligist first, and none worked half as well as facials didposted 06/21/2004 by St.Louis
I've had hormonal related acnes for years (it get's worse right before my period) - but it had been getting better over the years since high school (I'm 27 now). Since getting pregnant for the first time - I too had issues with my acne getting out of control and nothing seemed to help (my doctor told me that as long as I wasn't using Retin-A, which isn't over the counter anyway, anything like Clearasil or any of those types of products would be fine). Finally, I switched gears, deciding to try something extrememly mild and see if maybe my skin could heal itself. I tried Aveeno Positively Radiant Cleanser and my acne is almost all gone - it was amazing - I used it one night and the next morning about half the acne on my face was gone! I've also stopped using foundation, and now my acne is pretty much completely gone. Good luck, and I wish you the best - it will all be worth it when you're holding your precious little baby!posted 06/21/2004 by a BabyCenter Member
Michelle, Don't you hate how no one mentions this before you get pregnant, so you feel like you are abnormal? You're not! I have the same problem on my face and my back! I also have a dark patch of skin below my eye that just appeared a few weeks ago. I have had facials and tried many masques which do provide some temporary relief, but like my esthetician told me, if the hormones inside are causing it there's not much you can do from the outside. Grab some cover-up and try not to forget that this is all for the best cause ever! hang in there, it may get better in the 2nd trimester. Do not let it get in the way of this special time between you and your hubby!posted 06/21/2004 by kathleenoak
Find a Beauti Control Consultant. It is a home based business company. But they have the best stuff ever! They have a face care system that is designed for your age and skin type. I am 4 months pregnanat and i started using it and I have no more acne. They also have this stuff that you put on your acne and it goes away in a few days. I love there stuff and its safe to use while pregnant and nursing. The web site is www.beauticontrol.com I hope this helps!posted 06/21/2004 by mimomwith04
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- 6
- people in the U.S. have this name View Jennifer Spiezio on Whitepages
Meaning & Origins
Of Celtic (Arthurian) origin, a Cornish form of the name of King Arthur's unfaithful Guinevere. At the beginning of the 20th century, the name was merely a Cornish curiosity, but since then it has become enormously popular all over the English-speaking world, partly due to the influence of the film star Jennifer Jones (b. 1919 as Phyllis Isley). Another factor in its rise was probably Bernard Shaw's use of it for the character of Jennifer Dubedat in The Doctor's Dilemma (1905). See also Gaynor. More recent well-known bearers include the American tennis player Jennifer Capriati (b. 1976) and the British comedienne Jennifer Saunders (b. 1958).
|9th in the U.S.
Italian (Campania): unexplained.
|62,158th in the U.S.
Nicknames & variations
Jenn, Jenny, Jenifer, Jen, Jennie, Jenne, Jenna
Spiegel, Speed, Spies, Spielman, Spiers, Spiess, Spier, Spieker, Spiewak, Spiering


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GFP News - August 1, 2014
- Adams Homestead to host annual celebration
- State Parks Offer a Variety of Activities at Weekend Events
Adams Homestead to host annual celebration
NORTH SIOUX CITY, S.D.--Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve is celebrating 17 years as a state park with its annual festival on Aug. 9.
There are many activities scheduled throughout the day including a threshing machine demo, corn shelling, candlemaking, tin punching, homestead tours, rope making, musicians, watermelon seed spitting contest, buffalo chip throwing contest, face painting, Dutch oven cooking demo, kids' games, homemade pie contest and more.
Those interested in participating in the homemade pie judging contest need to bring their pies to Adams Homestead by 10:30 a.m. Judging begins at 11:30 p.m. Pies will be judged by their appearance, texture and taste.
Plan to spend the entire day at Adams. Food and refreshments, activities, presentations, music and crafts will be available for the entire family to enjoy. Get a sense of history, learn about your heritage and explore the outdoors! Bring your walking shoes, bikes, strollers and your love for the great outdoors.
Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve is located off Interstate 29 Exit 4, one mile west, and a half mile south. Follow the brown nature area signs from the interstate.
For more information, call 605-232-0873.
State Parks Offer a Variety of Activities at Weekend Events
PIERRE, S.D.--State parks across South Dakota will be holding a variety of special events on Aug. 9. The activities will give visitors the opportunity to be active and learn while enjoying the fresh air of the outdoors.
- Dutch Oven Cookout, Friday, Aug. 8, 7 p.m. CDT at Richmond Lake Recreation Area and Saturday, Aug. 9, 7 p.m. CDT at Mina Lake Recreation Area, both near Aberdeen. Info: 605-626-3488
- RiverKid Sprint Triathlon, Saturday, Aug. 9, registration 8:30 - 9:30 a.m. CDT, Farm Island Recreation Area near Pierre. Registration fees apply. Pre-registration is encouraged. Info: 605-773-2885
- Un-Nature Hike, Saturday, Aug. 9, 10 a.m. CDT, Newton Hills State Park near Canton. Info: 605-987-2263
- Animal Tracks, Saturday, Aug. 9, 3 p.m. CDT, Fort Sisseton Historic State Park near Lake City. Info: 605-448-5474
- Exploring Good Earth, Saturday, Aug. 9, 9 a.m. CDT, Good Earth State Park near Sioux Falls. Info: 605-987-2263 or email@example.com, pre-register: 605-362-2777 or www.outdoorcampus.org
- Dutch Oven Basics, Saturday, Aug. 9, 4 p.m. CDT, Lake Vermillion Recreation Area near Canistota. Info: 605-296-3643
- State of South Dakota Pioneer Birthday Bash, Saturday, Aug. 9, 11 a.m. - 3 p.m. CDT, Lake Herman State Park near Madison. Info: 605-256-5003
- Sand Volleyball Fun, Saturday, Aug. 9, 2 p.m. CDT, Oakwood Lakes State Park near Bruce. Info: 605-627-5441
- Street Masters Car Show and Ice Cream Social, Saturday, Aug. 9, 7:30 - 9 p.m. CDT, Oahe Downstream Recreation Area near Fort Pierre. Info: 605-223-7722
- Stories of the Stars Hike, Saturday, Aug. 9, 10 p.m. CDT, Lewis and Clark Recreation Area near Yankton. Info: 605-668-2985
- Adams Homestead Celebration, Saturday, Aug. 9, 10 a.m. - 4 p.m. CDT, Adams Homestead and Nature Preserve near North Sioux City. Info: 605-232-0873
For more information on the South Dakota State Parks or for a full calendar of events, please visit www.gfp.sd.gov or call 605-773-3391. To learn about park programs in your area, contact your local state park office.


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Hotel addressAV MARECHAL CAMARA 280
How to reach the hotel
Contact the hotel
- Tel. (+55)21/35064500
- Fax. (+55)21/35064501
- email@example.com
Recently viewed hotels
ibis Rio de Janeiro Santos Dumont - hotel reviews in Rio de Janeiro
Hotel code: 5691
Accorhotels.com customer reviews in partnership with TripAdvisor
"Good but Isolated"
18th September 2013, Tiberman, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Hotel was on the fringe of Centro and was a bit isolated at the week-ends. Our room was a bit tired and in need of redecoration but everything functioned well enough. Fair to say though the air-con was a bit to noisy to sleep with so tended towards leaving on all evening so room was cold to fall asleep in.Staff were the best asset the place had although English was not really spoken and our Portuguese was very limited. Nonetheless the staff were helpful and friendly.Bar was pleasantly busy most evenings due to lack of other bars near by.Pricewise the hotel seemed good value and taxis into livelier parts were inexpensive and plentiful.My one gripe was the amount I had to pay to extend my check out time. We were travelling out from RdeJ at 11pm and had to pay a fair bit just to be allowed to keep the room until 6pm. We had been there for ten nights and given the lack of a suitcase storage room felt it was a bit much. I do acknowledge Rock in Rio was on and the place was busy.Sleep was good but two nights were interrupted by crying kids next door (it happens) but also drunken shouting and noise conversations in the corridors at 3am were less acceptable.All in all I rate the place quite well and will continue to use Ibis as value for money
16th September 2013, Manaus
We had a nice and pleasure stay with our baby in Ibis Santos Dumont. Elevators (three) are small and very busy.We did our check in and check out on saturday and it was so easy and quickly.The hotel crew did a execelent job, everyone!
"Toilet paper position"
9th September 2013, emilio_priore, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Dear all: you have na excellent opportunity to change the toilet papper support position. In all your hotel, it is positioned very close to the toilet, when most part of the guests touch it with their knees. It´s very easy to provide the change, putting this supports more close to the sink and letting this space free , what is very importante for the confort when using the tolilet. Think about that. Regards. Emilio.
"Practicality and Comfort"
8th September 2013, jessebatista, Cachoeiro De Itapemirim, Brazil
I traveled on business to be dealt with in the city center, and the location hotel services plus the convenience of me were satisfactory. Incidentally, my wife and two children, now adults, were happy because mobility to be close to the airport, the convenience of the hotel and the proximity of businesses.
"Value for money in Rio"
3rd September 2013, Robert G, Magden
Difficult to get a central hotel at reasonable prices in Rio. IBIS Santos Dumont is 5 min walk from SDU airport. and in the centre of Rio. By taxi pass Flamengo Botafogo through the tunnel to Copacabana in 10 min. Easy place for business or leasure. Upmarket people can book the Novotel just next door. Always taxis available in front of the Hotel. HSBC ATM accross the street.
"Great location but Rio is so expensive"
3rd July 2013, gamebm, Ouro Preto, Brazil
The location is perfect for a tourist, but why Brazil is so expensive nowadays. It is basically very convenient to get to just anywhere from the location of the hotel. Five minutes of walk from the airport, 10 reais of taxi to Lapa, 20 to Cocorvado or Pao de Acucar. It is a nice neighborhood. Stopped in Rio for two days, really enjoyed the stayed.
"Business trip"
26th June 2013, DrM2010, San Rafael, California, USA
The hotel is basic for business travel. The hotel itself is okay, but as a foreigner, I would not recommend the location. It's located near downtown and the domestic airport. There really isn't any place to go out/eat safely within walking distance other than the Cinelandia area, which seems to quiet down after business hours. The area is also a bit dirty and you could come across homeless and drug users if you are walking around at night. The stay was complicated by the recent protests in Rio during the Confederations Cup, which made the general area difficult to be in. Metro stops were closed on at least one occasion and nearby streets filled with protestors since the hotel is close to the main business and government buildings. The staff is friendly, but speaks limited English. It helps to be able to speak some Portuguese. I got by with a combination English, Spanish, and the little bit of Portuguese I speak.Wi-Fi didn't work on my mobile device after the second day. The in-room safe and phone in my room also did not work on the first day. However, staff was quick to fix this. One thing that bothered me, was that there is no onsite fitness facility or public park nearby to exercise.If you are planning an international trip to Rio, the hotel is not bad, but I do not recommend that you stay in this part of town. Stay somewhere else and take the metro into the city center for business. For example, Ipanema is much nicer if you want to do some sightseeing or go for a jog. I stayed there too during this trip, and it was worth it to pay the extra money just for the location.
These prices may be based on different room types. Depending on the country, these prices may not include taxes, may include VAT only or may include all taxes (VAT and city tax). When prices do not include all taxes, the relevant taxes (VAT and/or city tax) will be stated in the following stages of the reservation process. The price is only guaranteed at the time of reservation.
Hotel classifications (1 to 5 stars for France) correspond to criteria laid down by local regulations.


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Rose, Stephen, Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy The Ohio State University, 1979
Phone: (920) 424-0335
Office: Nursing Education 507
E-mail: email@example.com
Areas of Expertise:
Brief Bio:
Stephen A. Rose is a Professor of Education in the College of Education and Human Services at the University of Wisconsin Oshkosh. He holds a Ph.D. in Social Studies Education and Curriculum and Instruction from The Ohio State University. His areas of expertise are social studies education, curriculum and instruction, and the utilization of technology to foster authentic teaching and collaborative learning. He has thirty years of teaching experience. His current teaching duties involve teaching social studies methods and curriculum courses as well as teaching The Individual, School and Society courses and supervising clinicians and student teachers at the undergraduate level. At the graduate level, he teaches elementary and secondary social studies curriculum course and educational history.
Dr. Rose has extensive experience as a social studies methods instructor who integrates technology into social studies methods. The methods courses he teaches are part of the social studies learning community in the COEHS that combines the same cohort of methods students in an educational technology and content reading classes with a social studies methods class that has a clinical experience. This instructional innovation was published in Social Education.
Dr. Rose is the author of numerous professional papers presented at national and international conferences about teaching social studies, and the utilization of technology to promote authentic instruction and collaborative learning. His publications have appeared in the Kappen, Social Education, Theory and Research in Social Education, The Social Studies, Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, and in Human Services Today. For the past six years, he has directed inquiry-based collaborative learning projects named WebSTAR which make use of technology to b ring together learners at a distance to address substantive content. The participants in these projects have been language arts, special education, and social studies pre-service teachers and their professors at various colleges and universities throughout Wisconsin as well as middle school students in three schools at a distance studying the Bill of Rights with the aid of university students serving as online mentors. The most resent article describing the research findings of these projects is published in the Journal of Technology and Teacher Education. Dr. Rose is also President-elect of the Wisconsin Council for the Social Studies and consults with the Wisconsin Department of Instruction about academic and teacher licensure standards in social studies. He is one of several coauthors of the Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction's Planning Curriculum in Social Studies.
Date of First Employment at UW Oshkosh: 1991-present
Years of P-12 Experience: 13 years
Classes Typically Taught:
Undergraduate Social Studies Methods and Curriculum
Individual, School, and Society
Educational History


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Kevin Hart's Nerdiness Rescues Get Hard from Homophobia
By Amy Nicholson
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Stephanie Zacharek
By Alan Scherstuhl
By Calum Marsh
Men in Landslide in Force Majeure
By Calum Marsh
Witherspoon Hoboes Through Wild
By Stephanie Zacharek
Interview: Garfield's Jim Davis
By Amy Nicholson
Once one overcomes the powerful urge to ring up Mr. von Trier and introduce him to such wild new concepts as "tripod," "dolly" and "Steadicam" (as well as "script" and "logic," but we'll save these tiny quibbles for later), it becomes marginally possible to settle into his latest effort, a thudding and profoundly nonsensical tearjerker set (rather arbitrarily) in an imaginary America (a country, word has it, that von Trier has never actually visited ... but fair enough -- odds are, George Lucas has never been to Naboo, either).
It's 1962 in a small town in Washington, and a symbol of feminine determination and innocence by the name of Selma (pop singer Björk) has arrived from Czechoslovakia to starve pathetically with her hopeful 10-year-old son, Gene (Vladica Kostic). Perhaps the lessons in Cockney dialect cost her a pretty penny (the chanteuse herself has commented that her accent is "pretty fucked"), or perhaps finding employment in the only sheet-metal shop in lumber country exhausted her resources, but for whatever reason, Selma and son are forced to squat in a little shack on the property of struggling policeman Bill (David Morse) and his spendthrift wife, Linda (Cara Seymour), who are basically a Ward-and-June unit with the denial showing. Oh yeah, and Selma is going blind.
When she's not risking life and limb banging out stainless-steel sinks (or risking delirium staying up nights carding hairpins), Selma focuses on her life's one true passion -- senseless self-sacrifice. Oops, make that musicals -- that's right, musicals -- because "nothing dreadful ever happens" in them. (This peculiar opinion is shared by von Trier in the press notes. Do they not have access to Sondheim in Europe?) A creature of joy and light and wonder and rainbows trapped in an austere, oppressive environment, Selma lives for musicals, a passion she shares with her equally dialectically challenged friend and co-worker, Kathy (Catherine Deneuve). When Selma isn't busily staving off the utterly unmotivated advances of local yokel Jeff (Peter Stormare), she and Kathy attend musicals at the local cinema, where, to the annoyance of other audience members who "paid good money" to get in, Kathy provides a running commentary on the imagery Selma's failing eyes can no longer see. In some of the very few plausible (and genuinely moving) dramatic sequences, Kathy also aids Selma in their rehearsals of an amateur production of The Sound of Music, in which the gibbering, thick-skulled simpleton portrays a very unlikely Maria.
The thrust of the drama -- such that it is -- comes from Selma's unhappy dilemma. She has grown comfortable with her encroaching blindness -- a genetic disorder that has her tapping the railroad tracks with her foot to find her way home and finger-testing a water glass to see whether it's full -- but she cannot accept a similar fate for Gene. "In Czechoslovakia, I saw a film," she explains to her neighbors, "and they were eating candy from a tin just like this, and I was thinking how wonderful it must be in the United States!" When Bill and Linda give her the container of Almond Roca, she uses it to conceal her paltry stash of cash, which she's been socking away to pay for Gene's operation -- a vague situation she steadfastly refuses to explain to anyone, not even her son. Criticized for being a Communist and browbeaten for being a bad mother (despite her affection for her bountiful new homeland, she takes no joy in her son's receiving a shiny new bicycle), Selma's life becomes a sort of monomania, to work her fingers to the bone so that her son might see.
Of course, if this all worked out, we'd have soap-opera melodrama but no movie, so von Trier has spiked the punch with ridiculous and volatile plot points. First, during a solemn tète-à-tète in which Selma and Bill share their secrets (her blind ambition, his bankruptcy), a neighborly trust is obscenely violated. Second, when Selma is forced to confront Bill and regain her savings, the scene erupts into a preposterous rush of violence that could be called silly, hilarious, ghastly, confusing or just plain dumb -- anything but believable. At this point, the intrepid viewer may either leave or discard all hope for accountability and common sense. Those who stay will be pummeled with von Trier's emotional cudgel, plus a bushel and a peck of belting and whimpering from Björk.
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This User has been a Featured User!
For the Sonic Fan Character (as well as other characters that relate to him), go to Mystic Monkey (fan character) on Sonic Fanon Wiki.
About me
January 5, 1988
SNN Role
Fan character
I am a Sonic the Hedgehog fan located in the middle of Wales (But really was born in Lancashire, England) and a huge fan of Sonic since the 90s. Yes I am one of those fans who had a Mega Drive and prefer Sega over Nintendo consoles.
Normally, children read comics or watch cartoons from Marvel or DC and as impressionable children are, learn and idolise such heroes from these comics. Me, my hero was Sonic the Hedgehog, the second Mega Drive game I have ever played! (The default game in my Mega Drive was Alex Kidd). Since of my conditions I was not permited to go outside like my brothers could and was always jealous that, the way I see it, my brothers were allowed in the out and open world while I had to stay indoors because they didn't want to be responsable over me. To me, Sonic represents the two core qualities I strongly admired about him. "Freedom" and "Responsibility".
Sonic was not bound by walls or restrictions. He could go anywhere he wanted. The way I see it, his powers were geared to his desire of freedom than super strength, flight or laser vision to purposely be the "champion". He wasn't invincible or powerful, he only had speed which to him was the power of complete freedom. In yet he still chose to "weaponise" his power in order to take responsibility to help others, to be the hero. I strongly admired Sonic for the lesson, which is pretty much the whole Uncle Ben "Great power = Great responsability" lesson but I didn't know of it at the time, thus it was Sonic who taught me this.
It is also because of Sonic I know what I want to do with my life and that is to be a video game designer and producer and be really good at it. Through it I want to make brilliant, memorable games and also, I would love to make the Ultimate Sonic fan game as thank you and tribute to Sonic.
At the moment, I am trying to make that Ultimate Sonic fan game I just said about. However would love to make plenty of games since I see them like art and story telling.
Also, I am trying to make a MLP:FiM webcomic series called Ponytale, I've put that off for too long and been meaning to form a habit out of it. (If anypony interested, my Brony name is Epic Mount.)
But I'm mostly concentrating on making games if I can.
About Mystic Monkey
|Mystic Monkey
|Real-world designer(s)
|Biographical overview
Grand Kingdom (of Sonic's world, not the Storybook version)
Clarity (mother)
|Physical description
Male (♂)
Silvery blue
|Alignment and character traits
|Favorite Food
|Powers and abilities
|Ability type
- SonicFanon article: Mystic Monkey
Mystic Monkey hails from Forest Zone, located in what would be Sonic's world version of Grand Kingdom. He is one of many Sonic's fans and even dresses like him.
Inspired by Sonic's adventures, he wanted to adventure across the world and even be a hero against the Eggman Empire. Mystic understands he is without any form of protection such as Sonic's sharp hairstyle or Knuckles powerful fists, however he does have a genuine sword in which he practiced with.
A Sword Master noticed and found interest in the monkey and agreed to teach him the way of the blade. Through him Mystic became better at swordsmanship that he was able to perform skills comparable to Sonic's agility. However despite his skills, his mum refused to let him out into the open world.
One day, Nack the Weasel came to Forest Zone in seeking the Secace, a valuble treasure that survived the ancient times. Finding it as the weapon of the Sword Master, he killed him (it wasn't a Popgun Nack had but a revolver which obviously trumps sword) and took the sword. Mystic vowed to avenge his teacher and against his mothers wishes, left Grand Kingdom to pursuit Nack.
Mystic eventually defeated Nack and returned hime with the sword. His mother angry that he left, but reluctantly agrees that Mystic is capable for his adventures. (She now lives in Green Hill Zone, a beautiful sea side home paid for from all the rings Mystic collected through out his adventures.)
Other adventures
- Been mostly everywhere, visited the lands of Sonic Unleashed at least once.
- On some Halloweens, goes to the festival in Pumpkin Hill.
- Once went to the World of Camelot to find the World Rings, Caliburn trained him in knighthood like Sonic.
- Ended up knighted paladin due to his command over the Light of the Sacred Swords.
- His own series of adventures and stories.
Mystic is a bit of a vagabond and goes where he please and has various adventures. He is perhaps one to lead teams but other than that he mostly goes out for his own adventures. But still returns to Green Hill Zone to see how his mother doing, his rings he collects mostly going for her well being.
My Sonic merch
The game continuality is the fandom I strongly believe in than all the other branches. This is because that despite it not having much of a plot thats not a game, it is still what I consider actual Sonic.
These are all the Sonic games and DVDs I own:
Mega Drive
Sega Saturn
None yet, but hoping to get Sonic Shuffle
PlayStation 2
PlayStation 3
Xbox 360
- Sonic the Hedgehog
- Sonic Unleashed
- Sonic & SEGA All-Stars Racing
- Sonic Free Riders
- Sonic Generations
- Sonic & All-Stars Racing Transformed
Xbox Live
- Sonic and the Secret Rings
- Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games
- Sonic Riders: Zero Gravity
- NiGHTS: Journey of Dreams
- SEGA Superstars Tennis
- Super Smash Bros. Brawl
- Sonic and the Black Knight
- Mario And Sonic At The Olympic Winter Games
- Sonic Colours
- Mario & Sonic at the London 2012 Olympic Games
Wii U
- Sonic Lost World Deadly Six Bonus Edition
- Sonic Boom: Rise of Lyric
Game Boy Advance
Nintendo 3DS
Nintendo DSi
- Sonic Rush
- Sonic Rush Adventure
- Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood
- Sonic Classic Collection
- Sonic Colours
- Sonic the Hedgehog: The Movie
- Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog The Complete Series
- Sonic the Hedgehog (TV series) The Complete Series
My articles may have spelling differences.
My Bologna
My Signiture
My Sonic Fanon Wiki userpage
MonoBook skin sandbox and my JavaScript wiki sandbox
Articles I made (And sometimes to-do list)
Chaos Energy
Sonic & the Black Knight
Summer of Sonic
Chaos Drives
Item boxes
Retro Orbital Chaos Compressor
Sonic: Night of the Werehog
Hedgehog Engine
Gaia Temples
Mario & Sonic At The Olympic Winter Games
Uhu the Wind Genie
Townspeople (S&tBK)
Treasury (S&tBK)
Mystic Melody
Ring of Ultimate Velocity
Sonic World
Dr Robotnik (song)
Santa Claus (Didn't started it, but Supermorff did.)
Alberto Robert
Weapons in Sonic and the Black Knight
Avatar (Xbox 360)
Soap shoes
Sonic token
Beginner (Extreme Gear)
Gameplay Mechanics
Sonic Adventure DLC
Sonic's Birthday
Mirrors of Soleanna
Light Cores
Items in Sonic Chronicles: The Dark Brotherhood
Key Stones
Rengoku (Extreme Gear)
Council of Four
Sonic's adopted parents
Life Energy
All about... Sonic the Hedgehog
Simon Lane
Adventure Field
Mission Mode
Bygone Island
Marza Animation Planet
Chaos Emerald Ring
Rotten Egg Bomb
Maid robots
Meteor (Sonic Boom)
Tails' Plane
Eggman's Tomato Sauce
Power-absorbant Insoles
Granifier Giganticus
Alternate-dimension Bygone Island
Knuckles the Echidna (Sonic Boom) (alternate reality)
Card & Pinball
777 Slots Pinball
Of fan art!
Other wiki's
Other wiki's I work with.
Sonic Fanon Wiki
Kingdom Hearts Fanon Wiki
Bronies wiki (Admin)