text:
A coin sensor, such as a post acceptance sensor for a coin validator, at a coin sensing station on a coin path having a sidewall, includes optical source and detector pairs that detect the presence of the coin by reflection of source radiation to the detector by the coin's surface. In order to improve sensitivity the side wall has an angled surface configuration which inhibits reflection of radiation from each source to the detectors in the absence of a coin.
1. A coin handling apparatus including a coin sensing device, the coin sensing device including:
a coin sensing station;
a station path for coins, extending though the station, the station path including a side wall;
an optical source for directing radiation across the station path towards the side wall;
an optical detector for detecting optical radiation returned thereto from the source by a coin when present at the sensing station;
the side wall including an angled surface configuration which inhibits light incident thereon from the source from being return to the detector by the side wall in the absence of a coin at the sensing station.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said angled surface configuration is arranged to direct light incident thereon from the source in a direction away from the detector.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, wherein said surface configuration is operative to cause absorption of light from the source in the absence of a coin at the sensing station.
4. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said surface configuration includes a two dimensional array of facets on the side wall.
5. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said coin handling apparatus is a coin validator and said sensing station comprises a post-acceptance sensing station in said coin validator.
6. Apparatus according to claim 5 wherein said sensing station includes first and second optical source and detector pairs disposed across the width of the station path.
7. Apparatus according to claim 1 wherein said coin handling apparatus is a coin validator.
8. Apparatus according to claim 7 further including a coin rundown path, a coin validation sensor for coins as they pass along the rundown path, processor means responsive to the coin validation sensor for determining coin authenticity, an accept gate and drive means responsive to the processor for operating the accept gate.
This invention relates to coin sensing apparatus that has particular but not exclusive application to a post-acceptance coin sensor, for sensing that an acceptable coin is passing along a predetermined path, subsequent to validation thereof by a coin validator.
In a conventional multi-coin validator, coins pass along a path past at least one sensor coil energised to produce an inductive coupling with the coin. The degree of interaction between the coil and the coin can be used to discriminate between different coin denominations and fraudulent coins. An example of such a validator is described in our co-pending application PCT/GB92/00791.
After passing the inductive sensor(s) the coin passes towards a solenoid operated accept gate. If, as a result of the inductive test, the coin is determined to be of acceptable denomination, the accept gate is opened and the coin passes along an accept path. Alternatively, if the coin is determined to have non-acceptable characteristics, the gate remains closed and the coin is diverted to a reject path. Operation of the gate is controlled by a microprocessor in dependence upon the output of the sensor(s). In order positively to confirm that an acceptable coin has passed the accept gate into the accept path, a sensor is included in the accept path, which provides an output to the microprocessor so that, for example, the microprocessor can monitor the credit accumulated through the accept path.
This post-acceptance sensor in the accept path has hitherto been constituted by a further inductive sensor but recently, proposals have been made to use optical sensing arrangements in the accept path. It has previously been proposed to use a pair of infra-red sources each with an associated phototransistor mounted in a common wall of the accept path. When a coin passes along the accept path, its side surface reflects infra-red radiation from at least one of the sources to the detector(s) in order to enable the coin to be detected. Source-detector pairs are used in order to provide sensitivity over the entire width of the accept path which may be significantly wider than the diameter of the coin. However, on occasions, the optical sensing arrangement may not detect an acceptable coin, particularly small coins, due mainly to the angle at which the coins fall as they pass the sensors or the dullness of the coin's surface. Whilst it would be possible to increase the sensitivity of the system by increasing the power of the emitted infra-red radiation, a problem arises in that with increased power, significant levels of radiation are reflected from the opposite side wall of the accept path, towards the detectors, which degrades their performance, since the difference between the levels of radiation received by the detectors in the presence and absence of a coin is reduced by the increased level of reflection from the opposite side wall.
The present invention provides a solution to this problem which has particular, but not exclusive application to post-acceptance sensors.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided coin sensing apparatus including a coin sensing station; a path for coins, extending through the station, the path including a side wall; an optical source for directing radiation across the path towards the side wall; and an optical detector for detecting optical radiation returned thereto from the source by a coin when present at the sensing station, the side wall including an angled surface configuration which inhibits light incident thereon from the source from being returned to the detector by the side wall in the absence of a coin at the sensing station.
Preferably, the surface configuration consists of a plurality of facets arranged in an array so as to direct light incident thereon from the source in a direction away from the detector.
In order that the invention may be more fully understood an embodiment thereof will now be described by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic side elevational view of a coin validator including coin sensing apparatus according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the electrical circuitry of the validator shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is an enlarged sectional view of the coin acceptance path shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged sectional view of the surface configuration of a side wall of the accept path shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 5 is a magnified view of the arrangement of FIG. 4, showing a typical light path; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of the surface configuration shown in FIG. 4.
Referring to FIG. 1, the validator consists of a body 1 including a coin inlet 2 into which coins are inserted from above, so as to fall onto an anvil 3 and then roll edgewise along a coin rundown 4 past an inductive sensing station 5. A coin 6 is shown in dotted outline, which travels along path 7, also shown in dotted outline.
Thus, the coin falls onto the anvil 3, then rolls edgewise along the path 4 until it strikes a snubber 8, turns through approximately 90� and falls towards a solenoid operated accept gate 9. Circuitry, to be described in more detail hereinafter, opens gate 9 to allow an acceptable coin to pass into an accept path 10, whereas for non-acceptable coins, the gate remains closed so that the coins pass to a reject chute 11.
The accept path 10 includes a post-acceptance sensing arrangement disposed at a sensing station 12. The arrangement includes two pairs of infra-red source and detectors 13, 14.
FIG. 3 shows the accept path 10 in cross-section taken along the line X--X' of FIG. 1. The infra-red source and detector pairs 13a, 14a; 13b, 14b are spaced transversely across the width of the path 10. The path 10, which is oblong in cross-section includes an outer longitudinal wall 15, which includes spaced receptacles for the source and detectors 13, 14, the outer wall 15 being opposite a side wall 16. The path 10 also includes opposed end walls 17, 18. A coin 19 is shown schematically, falling down the path 10.
The side wall 16 is provided with a surface configuration to reduce the amount of light reflected from the sources 13a, b back towards the detectors 14a, b. As shown in section in FIG. 4, the surface of side wall 16 is provided with an array of triangular facets 20. As shown in FIG. 5, the facets 20 serve to direct light incident thereon in a non-uniform manner such that a major part of the incident intensity is directed transversely of the path 10, so as to be directed away from the detectors 14a, 14b. As shown by way of example in FIG. 5, a ray of light 21 incident normally upon the side wall 16 is directed by triangular surfaces 22, 23 in a direction 24 at a non-normal angle θ, so that the major portion of the energy is directed away from the detectors 14a, 14b. The multiple reflections also cause light additionally to be absorbed, also inhibiting light from returning to the reflectors.
Thus, in use, when a coin 19 passes through the sensing station 12, as shown in FIG. 2, infra-red radiation from source 13a is reflected by the shiny surface of the coin 19 to the detector 14a to provide an indication of the presence of a coin. Since in a multicoin validator, a plurality of different diameter coins may be accepted, the diameter of the coin may be significantly less than the width of the path 10 and for this reason, more than one emitter/detector pair 13, 14 may be required. Considering the second pair 13b, 14b shown in FIG. 2, light from the source 13b is incident upon the side wall 16 but due to the provision of the facets 20, the major part of the beam energy from source 13b is not directed back to the detector 14b; it is directed transversely away from the detector 14b as shown schematically by rays 24, 25. In contrast, if the facets 20 were not provided, light would be reflected by the side wall 16 generally such that the angle of incidence of a ray such as ray 26 on the surface would produce a corresponding equal angle of reflection to produce a ray such as ray 27, directed towards the detector 14b.
Thus, by provision of the facets 20, only a small proportion of the energy from sources 13a, 13b reaches the detectors 14a, 14b in the absence of a coin. As a result, the level of signal amplitude variation that occurs as a coin passes through the sensing station 12, is increased compared to a situation in which the facets 20 are omitted. This permits the sensitivity of the sensing station to be increased and the level of emission of the sources 13a, b can be increased without degrading the swing of signal amplitude that occurs at the detectors 14a, 14b as a coin passes through the station 12.
A number of different designs of facet 20 can be used to achieve the desired result. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the facets may be triangular in plan view and arranged in a two dimensional array. Alternatively, they could be longitudinal ribs. In another configuration, an array of conical identations is provided in the surface of side wall 16, which act as traps for incident radiation from the source 13a, 13b. Other variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Referring now to FIG. 2, the electrical circuitry associated with the validator includes a processor, for example a microprocessor 27 which is responsive to sensor circuitry 28 connected to the inductive sensor coil arrangement 5. This may constitute a phase locked loop arrangement as described in our Patent GB-A-2169429. In response to detection of an acceptable coin, the microprocessor 27 operates a driver circuit 29, which, in turn opens the accept gate 9. The outputs of the detectors 14a, b are connected through drive circuitry 30 to the microprocessor 27 so that when gate 9 has been opened to accept a coin, confirmation that the coin has entered the accept path 10 is provided by the detectors 14 to the microprocessor, to confirm that a credit has been accumulated.
Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
The light has a momentary on/off switch so have to hold it down while you want the light on and as soon as you take your finger off the light is off. The switch is good quality, it's easy to hold on for as long as you need it on.
It has a nice rubber coating that feels nice to the touch and I think will be scratch resistant in the long term. I will post an update in a few months about the scratch resistance of the nice soft texture rubber coating.
It has a nice LED light, bright enough for me and for it's size.
It came charged so I could enjoy it straight away right out of the box.
I would defiantly recommend this item to everyone.
If you're new to Miniinthebox.com you will find out right away that they have very good customer service as well.
Update: After owning this item for a few weeks it is staying in great shape, even with it on my keychain and metal keys constantly rubbing up against it in my pocket. I dropped it today and it still works perfect, not many scratches or any damage from drop. I like this item, happy happy happy!

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bonding with Israel.
Growing up in Montreal, Simcha Chiffert-Sherzer would hear about State of Israel Bonds, the New York-based organization that supports Israel's economic development through investments in its infrastructure.
Now a resident of Greenwich, Conn., who works in asset management at JP Morgan in Manhattan, she is a member of the Israel Bonds National New Leadership Board. Her responsibility, she said, is to "educate other young professionals about Israel's economy and invite them to participate in Israel oriented programs."
Israel Bonds is "a solid organization," she said. It "offers a direct connection that makes me feel close to Israel. There's no middle man."
Married to an Israeli, Chiffert-Sherzer has visited Israel eight times; next visit: the High Holy Days in a few months. She doesn't go to specific places identified as beneficiaries of Israel Bonds money, she says; rather, she visits "every site in Israel."
Raised in a Reform household, she has served as a supporter of Chabad Loft in Manhattan, assisting with fundraising and running some community events.
Her most recent Jewish activity was highly visible — she planned to ride on the Israel Bonds float in the Celebrate Israel parade on Fifth Avenue this week.
Athlete: A competitive rower in her collegiate days — "I was tall (5-feet-10). I wanted to be part of a team." — Chiffert-Sherzer competed in the 2005 Maccabiah Games in Israel. She won two gold medals and a silver. Since then, she's taken up cycling. International volunteer: Alone in India on a month-long visit in 2009, she heard about the work in New Delhi of SOS Children's Village International, the organization that supports disadvantaged children in more than 100 countries. She volunteered for part of two weeks, lending her engineering expertise to a project that collects rainwater. "I have two ears, two eyes, two legs," she said. "I wanted to give back."
Hello Catherine,
Nina & I, are very happy for you!
We want to congratulate you for the extraordinary good work and an excellent career you have ahead of you.
Catherine's dedication to community endeavors and spirit in everything she undertakes is inspiring!
I saw how active you were at the parade and you are definitely deserve it.
I'm so happy to that I am not the only who sees Catherine's contribution to the Jewish community. I never met someone so involve in something they believe in. What makes Catherine so special is her ability to connect people together, which ultimately helps her fulfilling her endeavors.
Comment Guidelines
Comment Guidelines
The Jewish Week feels comments create a valuable conversation and wants to feature your thoughts on our website. To make everyone feel welcome, we won't publish comments that are profane, irrelevant, promotional or make personal attacks.
Add comment
Past Editions Of 36 Under 36
Three Dozen Millennials And Gen-Xers Reinventing The Jewish Community.
Learn More About This Year's Winners By Checking Out Our 36 Under 36 Photo Wall


text:
The chart is compiled from fan responses to amazingtunes.com, as well as play rotation on sister station Amazing Radio, creating what the company claims is an accurate depiction of the most popular tracks from the emerging artists in the Amazingtunes pool of talent.
Amazing adds that the chart is already one of the most popular aspects of amazingtunes.com, which aims to track down the best in new music, with stiff competition for the top slot.
It also features on digital station Amazing Radio, courtesy of The Amazing Chart Show, which counts down the top 20 songs on the chart from 5pm every Sunday, while a blog featuring the number one artist, highest climbers and new entries is published on amazingtunes.com shortly after the show finishes.
Music Week associate editor Robert Ashton describes the move as another important milestone in the development of Musicweek.com and its commitment to new music. "Music Week is all about helping to discover and promote new talent - as witnessed by Camden's Breakout sessions - and the new deal with amazingtunes.com is going to be an important part of that mission," he says.
Meanwhile, Amazing Radio, which has to date relied on pre-records, will tomorrow (Tuesday) broadcast its first live show since debuting in June 2009, with the Afternoon Show hosted by Kyle Wilkinson set to air live every weekday between 3-7pm.
The change will be overseen by former Radio Academy CEO Trevor Dann, who recently joined the station as managing director of broadcast.
Dann says going live was the natural next step for Amazing Radio, with more programmes set to follow throughout 2011. "Amazing Radio is a powerful new platform for independent artists and is providing a unique broadcasting model," he adds.
In addition, the company has now launched The Amazing Sessions, inviting the most popular artists on amazingtunes.com to record a live session to be replayed on the station.
The sessions have been developed by former W14 managing director and John Peel producer John Williams, who recently joined Amazing Music as managing director.
Amazing Media CEO Paul Campbell says it is an "immense privilege" to have people like Dann and Williams working for his company. "Their reputations are mythical, their expertise unrivalled, their experience colossal," he adds of the duo. "It's a real sign that Amazing is changing the world when people like them are choosing to work for us - and attracting others of similar quality. It will also guarantee we keep doing innovative stuff and get even more ambitious as Amazing grows and the word spreads."


text:
I am on video overload today.
Captain Picard is a GAY!!
Those of you star trekkians out there, of which I am one, will enjoy this clip immensely.
Basically some hilarious people edited old episodes adding hilarious elements and clips from other movies and things. See the complete list here.
And make fun of this trekkie all you want ladies, I love what I love.
Now I'm off to eat cake and burbon infused black cherries and slurp way too many pomegranite martini's.


text:
Woman dragged by car outside northwest San Antonio bar
Woman, man got into argument inside Martini Ranch Bar on West Avenue
A woman was dragged by a car after an argument inside a northwest San Antonio bar spilled into the parking lot.
San Antonio police said the woman was inside the Martini Ranch Bar on West Avenue and began to argue with a man.
Witness said the man decided to leave the bar around 2 a.m., but the woman followed him to the parking lot and began to punch him through the driver's side window.
The man sped away and dragged the woman a few feet before she fell off the vehicle.
The woman suffered some road rash and was taken to Methodist Hospital for treatment. San Antonio police have not said if either one would face charges.
Copyright 2013 by KSAT.com All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text:
Jan. 28 2014 13:23:17 CST
UP VET Tom Demayo and his involvement in the WWII veterans Honor Flight program.Read More
Jan. 27 2014 15:29:44 CST
It was a historic day for Union Pacific's steam program. After months of preparation, UP's Big Boy No. 4014 returned to the national rail network in the early morning hours of Jan. 26, 2014, to the applause of the hundreds of rail fans on hand to experience the moment.Read More
Jan. 20 2014 08:59:14 CST
Pushed and pulled by modern diesel electric UP freight locomotives, Big Boy No. 4014 will depart Fairplex, home of the RailGiants Museum in Pomona, Calif., for the first time in 52 years.Read More
Jan. 10 2014 07:56:30 CST
Jan. 26 currently is the date set for No. 4014's next big step.Read More
Community Ties — news, photos and video about Union Pacific, our employees and the communities where we live and work.
Content is produced by Union Pacific Corporate Relations, 1400 Douglas St., STOP 1550, Omaha, NE 68179. Contact us via the Feedback page.


text:
Auto Meter#105-1430Designer Black Dual Gauge
Click below to see other Street Rod Gauges:
Available separately in four diameters and as dual or quad gauges and kits, these gauges feature vintage-style domed lenses, black faces, white accents, red race-style pointers, and chrome bezels. Red and green lightbulb covers included for choice of illumination.
Click below to see other Street Rod Gauges:


text:
News, trends and ideas we're tracking today.
Posts filtered on Tag
Ex-hand surgeon sues ex-wife over bad publicity
Michael Brown, the former Houston hand surgeon famous for his carpal tunnel syndrome TV ads, is now suing his ex-wife, Rachel, claiming she and her attorney devalued his business, KTRK-TV reports on its website. Brown was found not guilty trial last year of beating his former wife. He also faces a lawsuit by a New […] [Read More]


text:
Ordnance Survey and Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland have both moved to digital-only format for large-scale mapping. The British Library receives annual 'snapshots' of this data from these two UK national mapping agencies.
The British Library maintains its archive of large-scale mapping of the nation in digital format, since 1998 for Ordnance Survey (OS) and 2004 for OS Northern Ireland (OSNI). These geospatial databases are voluntarily deposited with all of the UK Legal Deposit Libraries (LDL) annually.
Screenshot of OS Viewer depicting comparison view of the same area in 1998 and 2008. ©Crown Copyright. Reproduced by permission of Ordnance Survey®
The digital maps may be viewed in LDL reading rooms using mapping applications designed specifically for this set of historical and current OS and OSNI digital data. In the British Library, it is available on the public terminal located closest to the Enquiry Desk in the Maps Reading Room. The web application is launched via the link "Ordnance Survey digital data" in the Library's listing of Electronic resources.
Color, printed extracts of A4 size may be taken by readers within the constraints of fair dealing and uses outlined by OS. Prints can be made at any of the source scales, ie 1:1,250 for urban areas, 1:2,500 for rural areas and 1:10,000 for moorland. Cost of printing adheres to wider library charges.
Deposit of OS digital data
The six UK LDLs began acquiring Ordnance Survey's Land-Line™, their initial electronic mapping data product in NTF format, in 1998. Keeping pace with technological advancements in geospatial data production and management, Ordnance Survey replaced that product with a feature-based, GML-based mapping product, OS MasterMap™, in 2006. The born-digital cartographic datasets embody the cutting edge of geographic technology and make OS a pioneer in national mapping.
Ordnance Survey MasterMap™ digital map data contains numerous layers when purchased commercially, but the LDLs receive two layers: Topography and ITN. The Topography Layer of seamless, color digital mapping identifies and datestamps each feature on the landscape uniquely, and includes land area classifications; buildings; roads, tracks and paths; rail; water; terrain and height; heritage and antiquities; structures; and administrative boundaries. The Integrated Transport Network Layer offers a detailed digital map for Great Britain 's road structure and classifications. While the Address and Imagery layers of OSMM are not deposited, the LandForm PROFILE dataset, surveyed at 1:10,000, provides contour lines and height information.
Information on printed large scale OS mapping (ie pre-1990s) at the British Library can be found on our pages for Large Scale Ordnance Survey maps of Great Britain in the Map Library.
Deposit of OSNI digital data
The six UK Legal Deposit Libraries began acquiring Ordnance Survey Northern Ireland digital large-scale mapping data in 2004. Like OS data, it is deposited as an annual snapshot, and is available in the Maps Reading Room through a similar viewer and according to the same restrictions.
The most current large-scale mapping is available through the Land & Property Services' online map tool, Geohub NI.


text:
Social Media
Former Oasis guitarist Noel Gallagher considers himself quite the football fan. He's famously a Manchester City fan, "loves" Mario Balotelli (whom he interviewed recently), and shows up regularly at Etihad Stadium.
But is he also becoming an MLS fan? In this Q&A with ColumbusAlive.com, in between promoting his concert in Columbus on Thursday and pimping his brother Liam's new band, he sings the praises of a recent MLS match he attended.
"I was amazed at the size of the stadiums and the amount of people that attended these matches," he says. "It was like, it's a big [expletive] deal, man, d'you know what I mean? It's a big deal. And I was expecting it to be little more than, you know, a kick about in an athletic stadium with a few people attending. And I went to see the Galaxy and they were playing some team from Philadelphia, and it was real, d'you know what I mean? And the fans were all great, and it was a great atmosphere."
Leave it to the Timbers to create new boundaries for extreme MLS fandom.
I have no doubt there are plenty of MLS fan tattoos out there*, but I can't think of another organization that would be willing to create a contest around the concept and pay for the ink themselves.
But that's the contest Portland dreamed up, and winner Nathan Kensinger recently got his custom designed "Timbers Tattoo" by Igor Mortis at Tigerlily Tattoo in northeast Portland.
Check out footage of Mortis applying his artwork to Kensinger's calf below and watch Eric Brunner and Jake Gleason narrow the field to the winning design.
*I would love to feature MLS fan tattoos here on "The Sideline." If you want to show yours off, tweet me at @AndrewWiebe_MLS with a short explanation of your ink.
You probably read that headline and thought... I bet he's talking about the record-breaking crowd that packed Olympic Stadium on Saturday. Or maybe what it all meant to Davy Arnaud, the Impact's captain and goalscorer.
You'd be wrong.
The moment that will stick with me the longest came on Friday evening. Not a soul was in the stands. The game itself was still almost 24 hours away. Chicago were winding down their training session, meandering to the benches as a contingent of 20 or so members of the Fire's Section 8 supporters group waited by the sideline to glad hand and shoot the breeze with the guys they were there to see play the next afternoon.
Waiting with them was a seven-year-old boy from Ottawa named Ethan Stroud. Wrapped tightly around his neck was a Fire scarf, but what really stood out was the intricate Chicago crest etched into the back of his head. While Ethan was busy talking to every Fire player who came in his general vicinity, soaking up the words and attention he recieved as he collected autographs on the back of the jersey that bore his last name and the No. 12, I spent a few minutes talking to his mother, Allison Darke.
She told me Ethan, who was born in Chicago, was adopted and that life hadn't always been this easy for the gregarious young man who rarely stopped smiling in the 10 minutes I watched him make what will surely be lifelong memories. He was born blue from lack of oxygen. He is paralyzed down part of his right arm. He hasn't let it slow him down.
He loves soccer, plays every chance he gets, five times a week much of the year. He plays on three teams. According to his mom, Ethan is the "first one in the van and the first one out of the van" when it comes time to head to practice or games.
"He doesn't have an 'I-can't-do-it button,'" she says.
His parents took him back to Chicago last July for his seventh birthday, an opportunity to visit the city where he was born. They didn't have time to catch a Fire game. That would come the next day among the 70 or so Section 8 supporters tucked in the far corner of the Big O's second deck.
At that moment, though, there was nothing more important to Ethan than what was going on around him. After Logan Pause, Dominic Oduro, Dan Gargan, Frank Klopas and the rest of the Chicago players and coaching staff made him feel welcome -- an understatement to say the least -- and signed his new prized possession, he did what any kid in their right mind would do. He ripped off his jacked and pulled the Fire's colors over his shoulders.
I walked away with the feeling that the next day's events would be special, no doubt, but nothing I did or saw that weekend could measure up to the pure, unadulterated joy Ethan got out of that experience.
Those 10 minutes reminded me what life (and soccer) should be all about. Optimism. Hope. Perseverance. Humanity. Too often, it's easy to forget that.
Then a moment like that comes along, and all it takes is a seven-year-old boy having the time of his life to deliver a reminder that what you're doing is just a drop in the bucket.
There's been a lot of talk about anthems already this season. Just minutes ago, I plugged the Revs' new victory song. And, of course, Believe RSL has already made the rounds.
Thanks to a heads up from MLSsoccer.com's Chivas USA beat writer Adam Serrano, I stumbled on this D.C. United fan anthem that was submitted to the "Support Your Team" Contest at The MLS Reserves.
Granted, I don't have a complete grasp on everything that's floating around on the internet these days, but something tells me this joint is going to be hard, if not impossible, to beat. In fact, go ahead and crown "Welcome to the District" by Rene Guzman the cream of the unofficial MLS anthem crop for 2012.
Eye-pleasing production? Check. Legitimate flow from Guzman? Check. Lyrics that reflect the D.C. United story? Double check.
Check out the full lyrics and full music video below.
Think there is something better out there or just want to share something cool that should be on The Sideline? Tweet me at the handle below.
Vamos DC, United and Free
Black and Red be the colors we bleed
Since nine-six, here with pride and tradition
United till we die baby, Welcome to the District
My heart is two stripes, three stars above
Black and Red and the colors I was born to love
Home of the brave, where champions are made
Bubbles in the air, let the three stars wave
Original 12th man, we pioneered the way
My DMV brothers feel exactly the same
What more can I say, United till I die
96 and forever, your my heart and my pride
Let them all know, we're legends in the making
Whether home or the road, it's our for the taking
Scream Eagles Scream, carry the team forth
Let them hear our song, from Barra to the North
Vamos United, take your place on the throne
Black and Red forever time to bring the cup home
United to the end, through blood, sweat and tears
Forever your my friend, you'll always have me here
After Real Salt Lake got things started with the "Believe RSL" anthem that got considerable internet love, the New England Revolution have added their own offering to the genre.
The team announced on Monday that "New England Revolution Anthem," written and performed by Josephin Shlomit Madden, a local from Abington, Mass., has been selected as the New England Revolution's official 2012 victory song.
I dig the punk rock vibe, and Josephin did a great job putting together something authentic and catchy at the same time. She's got a big voice and presence that fit the anthem well.
The only thing left is for the Revs to win, something that hasn't come easy through two games in 2012. Fortunately, they'll have another chance to pipe this bad boy through the Gillette Stadium sound system on Saturday when Portland come to town.
Check out the video below and let us know what you think. How does it measure up to Believe RSL?
As I look back on the last two weeks leading up to MLS First Kick, I'm left with one word repeating in my mind: overwhelming.
I was tasked with documenting the travels of Brian Dunseth and Drea Avent as they toured the West Coast, starting in Tucson, Ariz., and moving up and down I-5 from Los Angeles to Seattle and back again. The mileage was overwhelming -- more driving in two weeks' time than I'd done in the last several years combined (over 3500 miles).
With camera in hand, we set off in brand new VW's and I filmed as much as I could. The amount of footage I ended up with was a bit overwhelming. Sunrises and sunsets. Hard tackles and spectacular goals all flooding in through my lens. I did my best to cut together our memories and put them on the site so that other fans could see the sights and get excited along with us.
I got to meet many great and interesting people. Players, coaches, analysts, fans, restauranteurs, security guards and so on. Everybody was welcoming as we travelled through their territory. Everybody wanted to let us into their experience and share their passion for the game. I was overwhelmed by the kindness and generosity of each person we spent time with.
As I sit here, decompressing from our journey, I have time to reflect on some of the many memories: watching team USA beat Italy in a pub in San Jose, almost getting stuck in the snow of Southern Oregon, jumping and singing with the Timbers Army, following AIK out of the tunnel and onto Jeld-Wen Field, getting goosebumps as the fans at CenturyLink field yelled, "Seattle!! ... Sounders!!", breakfast burritos at Hermosa beach with new friends that will last my whole life and cheering as the whistle finally blew to begin the first week of games this MLS season. I am overwhelmed by these experiences and will remember them forever.
Finally, I am overwhelmed by how far this great game has come in the US. Remember when beating Italy would have made you pass out with joy? Now, we just say, "Cool. Good game by the boys." Remember when we were so excited just to have a soccer game on TV? Now we need multiple screens all Saturday long. Now we complain when Seattle "only" has 23,433 fans show up mid-week for a non-league game, because we are spoiled by their regular league attendance. Now we complain about teams selling out their tickets too fast. Fans are beginning to hold coaches and players accountable. Team jerseys aren't just worn by players on gameday, but by fans on every day of the week. Remember when you had to convince your buddies to go to a game with you? Nobody needs to be convinced anymore.
Friendships and memories, games and goals. Now, as I put the camera away and look through my own eyes, it's overwhelming to see how much the game has changed me.
If you were one of the 47,568 fans at the Rogers Centre for the first leg of the CONCACAF Champions League quarterfinal between LA Galaxy and Toronto FC, you better hope you weren't picking your nose or making an awkward face at the wrong moment. If you were one of those unlucky few, don't be surprised if your technologically savvy friends give you some grief in the next few days.
That's because there was literally nowhere for fans to hide last Wednesday as their side jumped out to an quick 2-0 lead against LA before coming back down to earth and settling for a 2-2 draw. You can thank Toronto FC for that. The club set up a camera that captured a high-resolution, 360-degree photo of the scene inside the Rogers Centre.
Not only can you zoom in on just about any section of the stadium, making out faces and everything else as clear as day, but fans can also tag themselves, commerating what was a historic night for the club and its supporters. Needless to say, this is pretty awesome technology, and it really gives you an idea of what the stadium looked like on gameday.
Spend five minutes playing with it, and I guarentee you won't be disappointed. You may want to be on your best behavior at matches from now on, however. You never know who's watching.
Aimer le soccer ne se limite pas à aller au stade une fois toutes les deux semaines et à suivre passivement les nouvelles de son équipe préférée. La Major League Soccer est particulièrement active, ou plutôt interactive avec les supporters. Alors voilà quelques manières simples d'en être, vous aussi, des acteurs :
- Donnez votre opinion au bas des différents textes postés sur MLSsoccer.com
- Votez régulièrement, notamment pour le but de la semaine et l'arrêt de la semaine
- Suivez la MLS sur les réseaux sociaux - listés ici, sans oublier de Suivre @CoupFrancMLS
- Jouez à MLS Fantasy Soccer Manager
- Participez aux concours organisés par la MLS
- Écoutez Extra Time Radio (en anglais) ou Tiro Libre (en espagnol) et envoyez vos questions
De quoi vous occuper entre deux rencontres, n'est-ce pas ? Et même au match, soyez actifs. Comme le disent les UM02, supporters de Montréal, l'ambiance est faite par tous les supporters présents au stade. Et ce qui vaut à Montréal vaut évidemment partout ailleurs. On en a d'ailleurs eu un magnifique exemple à Portland ce lundi.
There were some rumblings on Twitter during NBC Sports Network's first MLS broadcast on Sunday and Keel Cam Part 5 confirmed it: Ryan Meara is essentially Larry Bird in a goalkeeper's kit and gloves.
Don't believe me? Check out the side-by-side photo below of Larry Legend at Indiana State and Meara following his side's 2-1 defeat to FC Dallas.
The best part about it? He joins Mehdi Ballouchy as New York Red Bulls with celebrity doppelgangers. As the Shawn "MLS Insider" Francis pointed out to me a few months ago, Ballouchy bears a striking resemblance to John Oates of Hall & Oates fame.
My love for all things Keel Cam is well documented. New York's mop-topped defender is simply magnificent at providing behind-the-scene moments with his own brand of humor and some spot-on one-liners mixed in for good measure.
He's done it again with "Keel Cam Part 5," an examination of what tagging along for team bonding at the golf course with the Red Bulls might be like.
My favorite lines:
"That has house written all over it."
"Dax, grab your balls."
"Maybe stand up on your toes, just to get the full flex."
"Does Bruno Mars have any golf game? The club looks as big as he does."
"Can I introduce my caddy, Mehdi Ballouchy?"
As Ryan Meara says, anything for Keel Cam. Let the ridiculousness begin...


text:
The general objective of Portuguese courses is to help students develop proficiency in the four language skills: speaking, reading, listening, and writing. Students who attend class regularly, prepare all lessons carefully before class, and participate actively in class will be able to understand most native Portuguese speakers. In addition to that, they will be able to speak in the present, past and future tenses about family, friends, life events, traveling, and life in Portuguese speaking countries, easily read most newspapers or magazines, write letters, and short compositions.
The department offers a Portuguese Studies Minor. For the latest information about this minor, please contact Dr. Soraya Nogueira at firstname.lastname@example.com or at (615) 898-5024.
Please refer to the online undergraduate catalog for further information about foreign language degree requirements or our course offerings.
For further information
If you have any questions concerning Portuguese study at MTSU, please please contact Dr. Soraya Nogueira at firstname.lastname@example.com or at (615) 898-5024.


text:
We'll always have Paris, but hopefully not this again…
Damn staircase. It is pretty though.
But then there is this:
The Paris Stairmaster… from Gran Tourismo on Vimeo.
There are 6 commentsAdd yours
Lisa Bergren
Laughing…bet that was fun with suitcases and groceries.
Jack @ eyeflare travel
Reminds me of a rental I had in Barcelona many years ago. 6th floor, with gradually narrowing stairs, the last set, up to the rented flat, was quite narrow and had to carry the suitcase behind me while going up. Thankfully I was fitter back then than now… I can definitely see how people live longer trekking up and down this every day.
Antonio Bortolotti
Awesome! I started laughing until I remember that day when after a week vacation in South Africa I had a terrible overnight flight, where I got no sleep, sat on a jumpseat for over 10 hours, then got to the parking lot in Malpensa (Milan) airport and seeking clueless my car…I suddenly remembered that I had parked it at Linate airport….only 70 miles away….ooops! Wrong airport!
Heather on her travels
Well that's not a climb to do every day in high heels – food shopping must be a nightmare
Copying a fun conversation on Twitter today in here relating to Paris stairs:
@jakerpruneau I have the fittest thighs from all this walking upstairs that I have to do
@jakerpruneau @WeekendInParis 5 flights of stairs and no elevator! What is this!? Hahaha
@52martinis to @jakerpruneau welcome!… btw, I hear ya….i have 4 flights and no elevator! @WeekendInParis
@gran_tourismo to @52martinis @jakerpruneau @WeekendInParis Four flights of stairs & no elevator? You should appreciate this then: (LINK TO VIDEO ABOVE) http://bit.ly/bqbQ7d ^LD
@52martinis to @gran_tourismo @jakerpruneau @WeekendInParis ha ha! yes, i try to remind myself "stairmaster!" everytime i drag myself up four flights!
@gran_tourismo to @52martinis @jakerpruneau @WeekendInParis Those thoughts were only thing that got me up stairs too + the bottle of French wine in our fridge ^LD
@52martinis to @gran_tourismo @jakerpruneau @WeekendInParis lol! yes fortunately I know there's a full bar at the top of my climb!
@WeekendInParis to @gran_tourismo @52martinis @jakerpruneau LOL at all the responses about the Parisian stairs!


text:
|Holiday Inn Albion hotels are provided below. Search for cheap and discount Holiday Inn hotel rooms in Albion, MI for your group or personal travels. We list the best Holiday Inn Albion hotels/properties so you can review the Albion Holiday Inn hotel list below to find the perfect place.
Our service will provide Albion, MI hotels/lodging that have similar quality of Holiday Inn.
Need 5+ Rooms? Lock in a group rate for Albion MI
All Holiday Inn in or near Albion
Similar hotels to Holiday Inn
Next: Show All Available Comparable Hotels with Pricing >


text:
Click Here To Watch This Video at Phoenixxx
Phoenixxx is a brand new studio founded in January 2011 by the talented minds behind the very successful Boycrush and Gaylifenetwork studios.
Description: It's always really hot to watch two loves fucking, they know how to push each other right to the limit, getting them moaning and groaning and cumming a hard load. We join Chad Brock and Clay Towers as
Permanent link to this video:
Code to embed player in blogs and forums, etc:
Post this video in the JUB Forums with this code:
Simply copy the above code into your JUB forum post and the movie will appear.


text:
Drug Compare
Generic: metipranolol ophthalmic
It is used to treat open-angle glaucoma and high pressure in the eye
What is this medicine?METIPRANOLOL (met i PRAN oh lol) is a medicine that lowers the pressure in the eye. It is used to treat open- angle glaucoma and high pressure in the eye.
What should I tell my health care provider before I take this medicine?They need to know if you have any of these conditions:
How should I use this medicine?This medicine is only for use in the eye. Do not take by mouth. Follow the directions on the prescription label. Wash hands before and after use. Tilt the head back slightly and pull down the lower lid with the index finger to form a pouch. Try not to touch the tip of the dropper to your eye or into the pouch. Squeeze the prescribed number of drops into the pouch. Close the eye for a few moments to spread the drops and apply gentle finger pressure to the inner corner of the eye for 1 to 2 minutes. Use your medicine at regular intervals. Do not use it more often than directed.
Talk to your pediatrician regarding the use of this medicine in children. Special care may be needed.
What if I miss a dose?If you miss a dose, use it as soon as you can. If it is almost time for your next dose, use only that dose. Do not use double or extra doses.
What may interact with this medicine?
Do not use any other eye products without telling your doctor or health care professional.
Copyright © 2005 - 2015 Healthline Networks, Inc. All rights reserved for Healthline. Healthline is for informational purposes and should not be considered medical advice, diagnosis or treatment recommendations. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy


text:
Mary Neuburger, Chair BUR 452, 2505 University Avenue, Stop F3600, Austin, TX 78712 • 512-471-3607
Austin Polish Society Film Series - "Kret" / The Mole"
Sun, September 15, 2013 • 3:30 PM • Austin Public Library at Manchaca Road Branch, 5500 Manchaca Road
Austin Public Library has partnered with Austin Polish Society to present free monthly screenings of Polish films. Please join us for the 2013 film series.
WHERE: Austin Public Library at Manchaca Road Branch, 5500 Manchaca Road, Tel: 512-974-8700
WHEN: First Sunday of the month (except September- see schedule below) at 3:30pm
All films have English subtitles.
"Kret" / The Mole", 2011, English subtitles
1 hr 48 min.
Paweł, a Polish man in his early 30s, makes a living with his father Zygmunt importing second-hand clothing from the North of France to Southern Poland. On his way back from one of regular "business trips", Paweł is shocked to discover his father's picture on the cover of a Polish tabloid newspaper.


text:
Below is the poem entitled Wrinkled Treasure which was written by poet
Ali Bhat. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Ali Bhat
Irfana Ali Bhat
Time has carved
those wrinkles with precision
on that once
flawless beautiful face…..
Embedded in each line
are so many stories……
Each line around the lips
depicts those countless
smiles and frowns…….
Around the contours of eyes
and inside those hopeless eyes
are hidden so many
tears and glances…..
Seems as if time has come to a halt
in the folds of that forehead….
Just take a look at that wrinkled face…..
The beauty of wisdom in it now
surpasses all the beauty it once had…
Indeed a treasure to be treasured….
But we careless beings
leave this treasure
in lonely homes
and in old age homes…….
Remember the loss is ours….
For they have already
endured the chisel of time…….
But it's we who are yet to
go through that ordeal…


text:
Medical devices which are currently proposed to use elements made from shape memory alloys may be improved by the use of stress-induced martensite alloy elements instead. The use of stress-induced martensite decreases the temperature sensitivity of the devices, thereby making them easier to install and/or remove.
1. A medical device for insertion into a mammalian body, the device comprising
(a) a hollow placement device;
(b) a memory alloy element formed at least partly from pseudoelastic shape-memory alloy, the alloy displaying reversible stress-induced martensite at about body temperature such that it has a stress-induced martensitic state and an austenitic state, the memory alloy element having (i) a deformed shape when the alloy is in its stress-induced martensitic state and (ii) a different unstressed shape when the alloy is in its austenitic state; and
(c) a guide wire;
the memory alloy element being within the hollow placement device, and the placement device being guidable by the guide wire, the hollow placement device stressing the memory alloy element at a temperature greater than the As of the alloy so that the memory alloy element is in its deformed shape,
wherein the memory alloy element can be extruded from the hollow placement device by the guide wire at a temperature greater than the As of the alloy to transform at least a portion of the alloy from its stress-induced martensitic state so that the memory alloy element transforms from its deformed shape to its unstressed shape, and wherein the alloy is selected so that the transformation can occur without any change in temperature of the placement device or the memory alloy element.
2. The device of claim 1 wherein the memory alloy element is a stent.
3. The device of claim 2, including a guide wire for endarterial placement of the stent graft.
4. The invention of claim 1 wherein the transformation occurs without any change in the state of the placement device.
5. The device of claim 1, wherein the hollow placement device is a catheter.
6. A medical device which comprises:
(a) a stent for endarterial placement within a human body so that the stent is substantially at human body temperature, the stent comprising a shape memory alloy which displays stress-induced martensite behavior at body temperature; and
(b) a restraint holding the stent in a deformed configuration at a temperature less than the body temperature of the human for endarterial positioning of the stent within the human body in its deformed configuration, the deformation occurring through the formation of stress-induced martensite;
wherein the stent is sufficiently deformed that when the stent is at human body temperature removal of the restraint from the stent, without change in temperature of the device, releases at least a portion of the stent from its deformed configuration.
7. A device as claimed in 6, in which the restraint is hollow, and the stent is positioned at least partially within the restraint.
8. A device as claimed in claim 6 or 7, in which the restraint is a catheter.
9. A device as claimed in claim 6 or 7, in which the stent has a transverse dimension and a longitudinal dimension, and wherein the stent is deformed by its transverse dimension being reduced, and wherein the restraint prevents transverse expansion of the stent.
10. The device of claim 6, wherein the shape memory alloy element is sufficiently deformed that removal of the restraint from the shape memory alloy releases at least a portion of the shape alloy element from its deformed configuration without change in state of the restraint.
11. A medical device suitable for placement within a mammalian body for treatment of the mammalian body, the device comprising:
(a) a stent formed at least partly from a pseudoelastic shape-memory alloy, the alloy having a reversible stress-induced martensitic state and an austenitic state, the memory alloy element having (i) a deformed shape when the alloy is in its stress-induced martensitic state and (ii) a different, unstressed shape; and
(b) restraining means engaging and stressing the stent at a temperature less than the body temperature of the mammal and greater than the As of the alloy for positioning the stent within the mammalian body while the stent is in its deformed shape;
wherein the alloy is selected so that removal of the restraining means from the stent at a temperature greater than the As of the alloy when the device is placed within the mammalian body, transforms at least a portion of the alloy from its stressed-induced martensitic state so that the stent transforms from its deformed relatively straightened shape towards its unstressed relatively coiled shape, without any change in temperature of the restraining means or the stent being required for the transformation of the alloy.
12. The device of claim 11, wherein the transformation of the alloy occurs without any change in state of the restraining means.
13. The device of claim 11 wherein the restraining means is a catheter.
14. The device of claim 13 wherein the stent is within the catheter.
15. A medical device for treatment of a mammalian body, the device comprising:
(a) a memory alloy stent formed at least partly from a pseudoelastic shape-memory alloy, the alloy displaying reversible stress-induced martensite at about the mammalian body temperature such that it has a stress-induced martensitic state and an austenitic state, the memory alloy stent having (i) a deformed relatively straightened shape when the alloy is in its stress-induced martensitic state and (ii) a different unstressed relatively coiled shape; and
(b) a hollow restraining member with the memory alloy stent being within the restraining member, the restraining member engaging and stressing the memory alloy stent at a temperature less than the body temperature of the mammal and greater than the As of the alloy for positioning the memory alloy stent within the human body while the memory alloy coil stent is in its deformed relatively straightened shape;
wherein the restraining member and the memory alloy stent are movable relative to each other to transform at least a portion of the alloy from its stress-induced martensitic state at a temperature greater than the As of the alloy so that the memory alloy element transforms from its deformed shape towards its unstressed relatively coiled shape, and wherein the alloy is selected so that the transformation can occur without any change in temperature of the restraining member or the memory alloy coil stent.
16. A medical device suitable for placement within a mammalian body for treatment of the mammalian body, the device comprising (i) a restraint, and (ii) a coil stent formed at least partly from a pseudoelastic shape-memory alloy,
the alloy displaying reversible stress-induced martensite by virtue of being above its As and above its Ms and below its Md at about body temperature;
such that it has a stress-induced martensitic state and an austenitic state, the element having (i) a relatively straightened shape when the alloy is in its stress-induced martensitic state and (ii) a different relatively coiled shape;
wherein the restraint is (i) stressing the coil stent at a temperature less than the body temperature of the mammal for placement of the coil stent in its relatively straightened shape in the mammalian body and (ii) is capable of being at least partially removed from the coil stent while the coil stent is within the body at the body temperature and the coil stent is therefore at an operating temperature greater than the As and Ms and below the Md of the alloy,
such removal of the restraint causing at least a portion of the alloy to transform from its stress-induced martensitic state to its austenitic state so that the coil stent spontaneously transforms from its relatively straightened shape towards its relatively coiled shape,
and such transformation can occur without a change in temperature of the restraint or of the coil stent from the operating temperature.
17. The device of claim 1, 11, 15, or 16, wherein the mammalian body is a human body.
18. A medical device comprising:
(a) a wire stent formed at least partly from a pseudoelastic shape memory alloy, the alloy displaying reversible stress-induced martensite at about human body temperature such as it has a deformed shape when the alloy is in its stress-induced martensitic state and a different unstressed shape when the alloy is in its austenitic state; and
(b) a restraint stressing the wire stent at a temperature greater than the As of the alloy so that the wire stent is in its deformed shape,
wherein the stent can be disengaged from the restraint upon placement in a human so that the stent transforms from its deformed shape to its unstressed shape, and
wherein the alloy is selected so that the transformation can occur without any change in temperature of the restraint or the wire stent.
19. The device of claim 6, 11, 15, 16 or 18, including a guide wire for endarterial placement of the stent.
20. The device of claim 15, 16, or 18, wherein the transformation of the alloy occurs without any change in state of the restraint.
21. The device of claim 1, 15, 16, or 18, wherein the restraint is a catheter.
22. The device of claim 1, 11, 15, or 18 wherein the stent is a coil stent.
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/956,653 filed on Oct. 2, 1992, which is a divisional of application Ser. No. 07/682,243 filed on Apr. 9, 1991, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,190,546, which is a divisional of Ser. No. 07/252,019 filed on Sep. 27, 1988, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,957, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/177,817 filed Mar. 30, 1988, now abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/047,824 filed May 8, 1987, now abandoned; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/865,703 filed May 21, 1986, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,665,906; which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 06/541,852 filed Oct. 14, 1983, now abandoned.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to medical devices incorporating shape memory alloys, and to improvements therein.
2. Introduction to the Invention
Materials, both organic and metallic, capable of possessing shape memory are well known. An article made of such materials can be deformed from an original, heat-stable configuration to a second, heat-unstable configuration. The article is said to have shape memory for the reason that, upon the application of heat alone, it can be caused to revert, or to attempt to revert, from its heat-unstable configuration to its original, heat-stable configuration, i.e. it "remembers" its original shape.
Among metallic alloys, the ability to possess shape memory is a result of the fact that the alloy undergoes a reversible transformation from an austenitic state to a martensitic state with a change in temperature. This transformation is sometimes referred to as a thermoelastic martensitic transformation. An article made from such an alloy, for example a hollow sleeve, is easily deformed from its original configuration to a new configuration when cooled below the temperature at which the alloy is transformed from the austenitic state to the martensitic state. The temperature at which this transformation begins is usually referred to as Ms and the temperature at which it finishes Mf. When an article thus deformed is warmed to the temperature at which the alloy starts to revert back to austenite, referred to as As (Af being the temperature at which the reversion is complete) the deformed object will begin to return to its original configuration.
Many shape memory alloys (SHAs) are known to display stress-induced martensite (SIM). When an SMA sample exhibiting stress-induced martensite is stressed at a temperature above Ms (so that the austenitic state is initially stable), but below Md (the maximum temperature at which martensite formation can occur even under stress) it first deforms elastically and then, at a critical stress, begins to transform by the formation of stress-induced martensite. Depending on whether the temperature is above or below As, the behavior when the deforming stress is released differs. If the temperature is below As, the stress-induced martensite is stable; but if the temperature is above As, the martensite is unstable and transforms back to austenite, with the sample returning (or attempting to return) to its original shape. The effect is seen in almost all alloys which exhibit a thermoelastic martensitic transformation, along with the shape memory effect. However, the extent of the temperature range over which SIM is seen and the stress and strain ranges for the effect vary greatly with the alloy.
In copending and commonly assigned U..S. Patent Application (Docket No. MP0873-US1) to Quin now U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,767, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, a nickel/titanium/vanadium alloy having SIM over a wide temperature range is disclosed.
Shape memory alloys have found use in recent years in, for example, pipe couplings (such as are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,035,007 and 4,198,081 to Harrison and Jervis), electrical connectors (such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5 3,740,839 to Otte & Fischer), switches (such as are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,205,293), actuators, etc.
Various proposals have also been made to employ shape memory alloys in the medical field. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,212 to Fannon et al. proposes the use of an SMA intrauterine contraceptive device, U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,806 to Johnson et al. proposes the use of an SMA bone plate, U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,977 to Wilson proposes the use of an SMA element to bend a catheter or cannula, etc.
These medical SMA devices rely on the property of shape memory to achieve their desired effects. That is to say, they rely on the fact that when an SMA element is cooled to its martensitic state and is subsequently deformed, it will retain its new shape; but when it is warmed to its austenitic state, the original shape will be recovered.
However, the use of the shape memory effect in medical applications is attended with two principal disadvantages. First, it is difficult to control the transformation temperatures of shape memory alloys with accuracy as they are usually extremely composition-sensitive, although various, techniques have been proposed (including the blending by powder metallurgy of already-made alloys of differing transformation temperatures: see U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,354 to. Fountain et al.). Second, in many shape memory alloys there is a large hysteresis as the alloy is transformed between austenitic and martensitic states, so that reversing of the state of an SMA element may require a temperature excursion of several tens of degrees Celsius. The combination of these factors with the limitation that (a) it is inconvenient to have to engage in any temperature manipulation, and (b) human tissue cannot be heated or cooled beyond certain relatively narrow limits (approximately 0�-60� C. for short periods) without suffering temporary or permanent damage is expected to limit the use that can be made of SMA medical devices. It would thus be desirable to develop a way in which the advantageous property of shape memory alloys, i.e. their ability to return to an original shape after relatively substantial deformation, could be used in medical devices without requiring the delicacy of alloying control and/or the temperature control of placement or removal needed by present shape memory alloy devices.
I have discovered that if, in a medical device containing a shape memory alloy element which uses the shape memory property of that alloy, an element which shows the property of stress-induced martensite is used instead, an improved device results.
Accordingly, this invention provides a medical device intended for use within a mammalian body, or in such proximity to a mammalian body that the device is substantially at body temperature, which device comprises a shape memory alloy element, the improvement in which comprises the substitution of an alloy element which displays stress-induced martensite at said body temperature for the shape memory alloy element.
FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate the stress-strain behavior of an alloy which exhibits constant stress versus strain behavior due to stress-induced martensite.
FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of a partial section of a catheter of the present invention in a stressed configuration.
FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of the catheter of FIG. 3 in an unstressed configuration.
FIG. 5 is a tracheal catheter, which is curved in its unstressed configuration, partially straightened by a straight pin restraint.
FIG. 6 shows an IUD formed at least partly from a pseudoelastic shape-memory alloy being restrained in a deformed shape by a restraining tube.
FIG. 7 shows a guide catheter, transport catheter, and compacted wire coil stent according to the present invention.
The invention will be discussed first by introducing the concept of stress-induced martensite and the effect achievable by its use, and then by examples showing how SIM alloy elements can be substituted for conventional SMA elements in medical devices to achieve the beneficial effect of the invention.
The Figures illustrate the phenomenon of stress-induced martensite by means of stress-strain curves. In both FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, the alloy is at a temperature between Ms and Md so that it is initially austenitic; and it will be assumed for the purposes of this discussion that Ms is equal to Mf, and As equal to Af. FIG. 1 shows the case when the temperature is below As, so that any martensite formed by the applied stress is stable; while FIG. 2 shows the case where the temperature is above As, so that austenite is the only stable phase at zero stress.
In FIG. 1, when a stress is applied to the alloy, it deforms elastically along the line DA. At a critical applied stress, cM, the austenitic alloy begins to transform to (stress-induced) martensite. This transformation takes place at essentially constant stress until the alloy becomes fully martensitic at point B. From that point on, as further stress is applied, the martensite yields first elastically and then plastically (only elastic deformation is shown at point C). When the stress is released, the martensite recovers elastically to point D, at which there is zero residual stress, but a non-zero residual strain. Because the alloy is below As −, the deformation is not recoverable until heating above As results in a reversion to austenite. At that point, if the sample is unrestrained, the original shape will be essentially completely recovered: if not, it will be recovered to the extent permitted by the restraint. However, if the material is then allowed to re-cool to the original temperature at which it was deformed (or a temperature where SIM behavior of this type is seen), the stress produced in the sample will be constant regardless of the strain provided that the strain lies within the "plateau" region of the stress-strain curve. That is, for a strain between EB and EA, the stress will be σM. This means that a known, constant force (calculable from σM) can be applied over a wide (up to 5% or more for certain Ni/Ti alloys) strain range. Thus, though this resembles the conventional shape memory effect, because the alloy shows SIM and is below As a constant force can be achieved.
In FIG. 2, when a stress is applied to the alloy, it deforms elastically along line DA, then by SIM along line AB, and by deformation of the martensite to point C, just as in FIG. 1. However, the stress-strain behavior on unloading is significantly different, since the alloy is above As and the stable phase is therefore austenite. As the stress is removed, the alloy recovers elastically from C to D then, at a critical stress, cA, the alloy reverts to austenite without requiring a change in temperature. Thus reversion occurs at essentially constant stress. Finally if the stress is removed from the reverted austenite, it recovers elastically along line EO. The recoverable deformation associated with the formation and reversion of stress-induced martensite has been referred to as pseudoelasticity. While σM may be comparatively high, e.g. less than 50 ksi; cA is usually substantially lower e. g. less than 10 kis; thereby creating a constant-force spring with an effective working range of about 5% (cB-cA). The shape change available in the SMA is thus mechanically, rather than thermally, actuated and controlled, permitting a greater control over a device incorporating it.
Suitable alloy for this invention i.e. those displaying stress-induced martensite at temperatures near mammalian body temperature (35�-40� C.), may be selected from known SMAs by those of ordinary skill in theart, having regard to this disclosure by testing for the existence of the SIM effect at the desired temperature. A particularly preferred alloy is the nickel/titanium/vanadium allot of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 06/541,844 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,767, referred to previously.
The following table sets forth transformation temperature data for disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,505,767:
The invention will now be discussed in detail by some Examples of the use of an SIM alloy.
Akins, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,690, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, describes the use of a shape memory alloy ring to hold a sewing cuff to the body of an artificial heart valve. The ring is made in the austenstic phase, cooled to the martensitic phase, deformed, placed around the valve body, and heated or allowed to warm to cause reversion to the austenitic phase and recovery of the ring into engagement with the valve body.
However, this technique has not found commercial acceptance. Present medical technique requires that the valve body be capable of being rotated relative to the cuff, thereby enabling the surgeon to set the rotational orientation of the valve after it has been sewn into place. This is desirable because the techniques used make it difficult to visualize or accomplish optimal orientation during initial placement.
In order to accomplish the desired torque control to permit the desired rotation and yet ensure a firm hold of the cuff on the valve body, precise control of the pressure exerted on the valve body by the ring is needed. This is difficult because there are substantial manufacturing tolerances in the valve body which may be made, for example, of pyrolytic graphite or ceramics, etc. Because the austenite stress-strain curve is extremely steep, it is not considered practical to use the simple shape memory technique proposed by Akins. Indeed, Akins does not even address the. issue of rotation, of the cuff with respect to the valve body.
However, if an SIM alloy is used instead of conventional shape memory, the process may be considerably simplified.
First, if the alloy has a stress-strain curve like that of FIG. 1, the alloy ring may be made just as for Akins. The ring is then expanded from its initial austenitic state by the formation of SIM. When the ring is placed about the valve body, it needs only to be heated above Af and allowed to cool to its original temperature for the ring to engage the valve body 6 constant force, even if he valve body has a deviation from the specified size. The torque may thus be controlled to the desired level despite manufacturing tolerances.
Second, if the alloy has a stress-strain curve like that of FIG. 2, the ring may be expanded, placed over the valve body, and the stress released all at the same temperature. Because the austenitic phase is stable, the stress-induced martensite spontaneously reverts to austenite until recovery is restrained by the ring engaging the valve body. Because the reversion to austenite takes place at constant stress, a constant force (and hence constant torque) may be obtained regardless of manufacturing tolerances. Close temperature control is not required, either; and the fact that the patient in a heart valve replacement operation is conventionally cooled as much as 15� C. or so below normal body temperature does not affect the operation of the ring.
To control the torque at a sufficiently low level, it may be desirable for the alloy ring to be other than a solid ring, such as, for example, a continuous helical spring, a flat zigzag spring, etc. Such variations permit the achievement of a greater range of movement with constant force and a reduction in the force exerted by the ring on the value body, since the ring recovers in a bending,mode rather than in tension.
Wilson, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,890,977, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses a catheter or cannula (both being included hereinafter in the word "catheter") made of,.or containing, an SMA element to cause all or a portion of the catheter to deploy in a useful form once introduced into a living body.
However, again this device has not been commercialized. Possible defects of the device which have prevented commercialization include (i) the inability to slowly emplace the catheter in a desired position when the transition temperature of the alloy is below body temperature (since the SMA element will attempt to revert to its original shape as it reaches body temperature), thus limiting the ability of the physician to place the device carefully and precisely; or alternatively, if the transition temperature of the alloy is above body temperature, the requirement that the device be heated to a temperature above body temperature to cause recovery and that the device be placed so as not to change shape again when it re-cools (since the body temperature is below the transition temperature); (ii) the inability to remove the device easily: and (iii) the need for controlled temperature storage to prevent premature reversion to austenite of the SMA, with consequent shape change.
The issue of removal of a catheter is especially, significant, and not addressed by Wilson. Consider, for example, a tracheal puncture catheter. This should be straight for easy insertion into the trachea through a puncture into the front of the neck, but should curve after insertion so that the flow of air or oxygen through the catheter passes axially down the trachea rather than impinging on the surface of the trachea and damaging it. If a shape memory catheter is used as contemplated by Wilson, it would presumably become austenitic and bend after insertion (see FIGS. 1a and 1 b, and corresponding text, of Wilson). But removal would require either cooling to below the transition temperature (which could easily mean cooling to so low a temperature that the tracheal tissue is damaged), removal in the bent shape (presumably damaging tissue), or forcing the austenitic SMA to straighten to permit direct removal (unlikely to be satisfactory since the austenitic alloys e.g. of Ni/Ti may have yield strengths of 100 ksi or more, and force sufficient to cause plastic deformation would be required).
If an SIM element is used instead, however, removal can be accomplished almost as easily as insertion. If the catheter is made in a bent shape (as in Wilson), it can be straightened by insertion of a straight pin down the catheter axis, the catheter deforming by the formation of stress-induced martensite. Insertion of the catheter into the trachea is accomplished while the catheter is straight, at whatever rate is desired (permitting easy and accurate placement), and the pin is gradually withdrawn to permit the catheter to take up its desired shape as the martensite reverts to austenite. [It is assumed here that the stress-strain curve of the alloy at the temperature of use is of the form of FIG. 2, so spontaneous reversion occurs on removal of the stress induced by the pin]. When removal is desired, it may be achieved simply by the gradual insertion of the pin, straightening the catheter and permitting easy withdrawal. Insertion of the catheter into the body and pin removal may, of course, take place simultaneously if desired, as may pin reinsertion and removal of the catheter from the body.
Fannon et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,620,212, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses an intrauterine contraceptive device (an IUD) proposed to be formed of a shape memory alloy. The device is suggested to be deformed in the martensitic phase (the transition temperature being below the temperature of the uterus), and the deformed device insulated with, e.g., wax and inserted. Removal is contemplated only by using two SMA elements in opposition, the higher temperature one being martensitic at body temperature but strong enough so that, if heated, it will overcome the lower temperature element and deform the IUD back to a removable shape. The heating contemplated is electrical. The storage problem discussed in Example II also exists here, so that the device must be stored below its transition temperature.
By the use of an SIM element, however, these disadvantages may be overcome. Again, assume that the alloy is SIM psuedoelastic, i.e. that it has the stress-strain curve of FIG. 2. Then an IUD may be formed into the desired shape in the austenitic state, and deformed by compression into a tubular placement device (the deformation being such that the strain levels lie within the "plateau" of the stress-strain curve). When the placement device is inserted into the uterus, the IUD may be deployed by extrusion of the IUD from the placement device. Deployment is then controlled but immediate, so that the physician may satisfy himself with placement. Removal is the reversal of placement: the placement device is inserted into the uterus, the IUD deformed by withdrawal into the placement device, and the placement device withdrawn. Temperature control is not required.
Johnson et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,806, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, propose the use of Ni/Ti SMA bone plates in fracture fixation. The plate is deformed in its martensitic state, screwed to the two ends of the bone it is desired to compress together, and warmed (or allowed to warm) to the austenitic state, when the plate contracts, compressing the bone ends together. The Johnson et al. bone plate is of generally oblong configuration, overlaps a bone fracture and is secured by two screws to one portion of the bone and by two other screws to the other portion of the bone.
Because of the high elastic moduli of the austenitic shape memory alloys, it will be difficult to control the amount of force which may be applied by a bone plate of the type proposed by Johnson et al., and precision placement of the bone ends and elongation of the plate will be required.
If, however, an SIM pseudoelastic bone plate is used, it-will be easily possible to elongate the plate and fasten it to the bone ends without requiring high precision. Because of the comparatively large (e.g. 5%) strain range at essentially constant stress, the force which will be put on the bone ends to compress them will be readily adjustable (by the size of the plate, for example) and will be insensitive to precise placement of the bone ends and/or elongation of the plate. Also, the recovery of the plate, since it i,s controlled by mechanical restraint, may be as gradual as desired, achieving excellent force and time control, and permitting the surgeon to make adjustments as desired.
Baumgart et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,170,990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, discloses the use of the two-way shape memory effect (where an SMA element exhibits a first shape in the austenitic state and a second in the martensitic state, and spontaneously changes between the two shapes with a change in temperature) in, inter alia, implants, such as marrow nails (see FIGS. 1a through 1 e, and corresponding text, of Baumgart et al.). Marrow nails according to Baumgart et al. comprise a tube of memory alloy which has been split along its longitudinal axis and which may have a circular, elliptical, clover-leaf or other rotation preventing cross section, which may also be variable along the axis of the nail. A prepared marrow nail having a reduced diameter is loosely inserted into a slightly, or not at all, pre-drilled marrow channel of a bone which has been broken or fractured. By means of a heating probe the marrow nail is heated and thus expands. This achieves a relative fixing of the two bone ends along the marrow channel axis. Compression of the fracture is effected by the available muscle tension. If it should be necessary, the marrow nail may also be additionally prestretched along its longitudinal axis so that it is additionally compressed in the longitudinal direction when heated. In this case it is necessary, however, to anchor the nail at both of its ends which anchoring can be effected, for example, by sprockets or teeth on the outer surface of the nail.
The method proposed, however, requires the use of a wide temperature range in order to cause the phase change which is the origin of the two-way shape memory effect (5� C. to 60� C. for the water used to cool or heat the nail). In addition, it requires the manufacture of two-way shape memory elements, which is generally more complex than the manufacture of conventional shape memory elements; and precise control of the transition temperature is required.
However, if an SIM pseudoelastic alloy element is employed, these disadvantages may be overcome. If internal tangs, which may be gripped by an inserted tool, are provided within a marrow nail of the type shown in FIG. 1a of Baumgart et al., then the nail may be radially compressed by the application of stress by such a tool. When the nail is released by the tool, it will expand to fill the bone channel with a constant force (not readily available by Baumgart et al.); and it may be withdrawn by the reverse procedure.
Andreasen, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,037,324, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference, proposes the use of dental arch wires made of Ni/Ti alloys instead of conventional 18-8 stainless steel wires. The wires are stated to be of lower elastic modulus and higher elastic limit than stainless steel, which is stated to be advantageous. Heat recovery of an SMA wire is also suggested as a technique for orthodonture.
The technique of using the conventional shape memory effect is not believed to have found clinical application, possibly because such a technique would require rapid placement of the wire in its martensitic state to avoid premature recovery, and would result in rapid recovery with extremely high forces, which would be painful for the patient.
The use of a wire which displays lower elastic modulus and higher elastic limit than stainless steel has found some application, however. Otsuka et al. In Metals Forum, v. 4, pp. 142-52 (1981) have suggested that this behavior may be the result of elasticity enhanced by cold working and martensite-to-martensite psuedoelasticity in an alloy which has a transition temperature below body temperature. The alloy, then, is martensitic rather than austenitic in its undeformed state.
While the use of an enhanced elasticity wire may offer some advantages over the more usual stainless steel wire, it remains the situation that the amount of motion in the teeth that may be produced by an arch wire without further adjustment is largely limited by the pain tolerance of the patient (since the force applied by the arch wire is proportional to the deformation of the wire). However, if an SIM pseudoelastic wire is used, it can exert a relatively constant force (chosen by the dentist to be sufficient to cause tooth movement but not painful) over a strain range of up to 5%. The load may be applied mechanically, and is thus more readily established, and no precise temperature control of the alloy is needed as would be required for the shape memory effect.
The use of tubular coiled wire stent grafts has Peen discussed in the medical literature since 1969. Although the coils helped maintain patency of the vessels in which they were placed, they were difficult of insertion unless narrow enough to significantly narrow the lumen of the vessel. Recently it has been proposed, see Radiology, v. 147, pp. 259-60 and pp. 261-3 (1983), the disclosures of which are-incorporated herein by reference, to use SMA wire to form these tubular coils. The wire, which has a transformation temperature below body temperature, is introduced through a catheter after being straightened in its martensitic state. When the wire is heated, the coil re-forms. According to Dotter et al., Radiology 147: 259-260, a compacted nitinol coil is readily positioned in a narrowed arterial segment and then expanded to its original form with a luminal diameter approximately equal to that of the adjacent, relatively normal, blood vessel. Expansion of the coil anchors it against the slightly stretched, but otherwise intact, surrounding blood vessel. Several means have been found to facilitate the placement of the nitinol coil stent. One of the simplest involves the use of conventional catheterization techniques to position a large-bore guide catheter 102 (as shown in FIG. 7) close to the site of intended stent 103 placement. The coil 103 is wedged-loaded over the inner end of an inner coaxial transport catheter 104 that has a closed tip and multiple side holes evenly spaced within the surrounding nitinol coil stent.
According to Cragg et al., Radiology 147: 261-262, straightened nitinol coils were passed through a 10-F Teflon catheter in the abdominal aorta. The nitinol coils were fastened to a threaded guiding wire to allow accurate placement after being deposited in the aorta. Once the wire was extruded from the catheter, precise placement of the newly formed coil was accomplished by advancing or withdrawing the guide wire in the aorta. Detachment of the coil was achieved by unscrewing the guide wire from the distal end of the coil. Af ter coil placement, the catheter and guide wire were withdrawn and the arteriotomy was closed.
Because of the difficulty of controlling the transformation temperature accurately, it has proved necessary to cool the straightened wire during insertion and/or to heat the wire to form the coil after insertion. These procedures add to the complexity of the operation.
If an SIM pseudoelastic wire is used to form the coil, which is then isothermally deformed by loading into a catheter, then the need for temperature control is avoided. The wire remains straight when in the catheter, but re-forms the coil spontaneously when it is extruded from the catheter. Accurate placement is thus readily obtainable, since there is no urgency as might be required with a conventional shape memory effect element.
It has similarly been proposed to use SMA wire to form a filter for emplacement by catheter in the vena cava to trap blood clots. The filter is formed in the austenitic state, the wire straightened in the martensitic state and inserted, and the filter re-forms on warming. Just ad for the coil stents discussed above, the use of an SIM pseludo-elastic wire would greatly simplify manufacture and insertion of such a vena cava filter, permitting accurate placement with no need for urgency or temperature manipulation.
Bone staples are frequently used to hold fragments of fractured bone together when the fracture is fixed, and may be used in some cases as a replacement for bone plates in the same situation. Sometimes the staples are inserted into drilled holes, sometimes merely driven into the bone directly.
It would be desirable to have a bone staple which provided a controlled force between the tines which would tend to hold the staple in place. Shape memory alloys have been proposed for this application, but again the problem of accurate placement while operating quickly enough to prevent the shape change associated with the martensite-to-austenite transition and/or the need for temperature control complicate their use.
If an SIM alloy is used, these disadvantages may be readily overcome. If the alloy is below As, it may be emplaced in the martensitic state. Brief heating will then be required to cause it to become austenitic, but on recooling to body temperature, a constant force can be achieved. If the alloy is above As, the staple can be held deformed by a moderate force, then released after insertion to also provide an accurately-known force. In either event, removal is easier than if the alloy is purely austenitic, as discussed above for Examples II and V, for example.
Similarly, SIM alloy (especially alloy which is pseudoelastic, above As at its utilization temperature) may be used to manufacture vascular clips, etc. The alloy element here acts as a constant force spring over a wide strain range (greater than conventional elastic metals), resulting in ease of use.
From the foregoing, it is clear that, in a situation where narrow temperature differences are available or preferable, as often is the case in medical applications, mechanically constrained shape change is a much more useful solution than heat actuated shape change. It offers a degree of control heat actuation does not, it offers easier alloy composition control, it eases mating part tolerance requirements, and it offers simple mechanical reversal at minimal stress levels, all without heating, cooling or insulation complications.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art, having regard to this disclosure, that other variations on this invention beyond those specifically exemplified here, and other medical devices making use of stress-induced martensite, may be made. Such variations are, however, to be considered as coming within the scope of this invention as limited solely by the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
Legal Events
Original Image


text:
Set of 400 Post-it® Notes, 4"x3", in your choice of stock color, printed in black ink. Set of 8 pads, 50 sheets per pad, total 400 post-its. Upper/Lowercase typestyle & positioning only as shown. Post-it is a trademark of 3M.
If bullet point (•) is wanted in bottom line personalization, please include in personalization request.


text:
Denison, Iowa Pet Friendly Hotels & Lodging
United States » Iowa » Denison
Looking for a hotel in Denison, IA that you can bring your pet to? We made sure that each one of the hotels below are pet friendly, so you can enjoy your trip with your pet by your side! Once you have found a pet friendly hotel, you can book your stay instantly from our website or call 866-212-1803 to speak with a pet travel agent.
Browse Pet Friendly Hotels In Denison, Iowa
Rates from
502 Boyer Valley Rd - Denison, IA (Map)
When you stay at Travelodge Denison in Denison, you'll be convenient to Washington Park. This hotel is within the region of Yellow Smoke Park and Dow House Historic Site.Rooms Make...
Overview | Pet Policy | Map


text:
Hollywood Movies, Trailers, Pictures, News & DVDs
Movie Description(Click Here To Hide)
Ethan Hawke & Julie Delpy star in this 2013 romantic drama, set nine years after the conclusion of Before Sunset (2004), one of its two prequel films along with 1995's Before Sunrise. Jesse (Hawke) and Celine (Deply) live in Paris as a couple and parents to twin girls. Jesse is struggling to maintain his relationship with his teenage son, Hank, who lives in Chicago. He continues to find success as a novelist, while Celine on the other hand is at a career crossroads.
Previous Next
New Releases
Popular Movies
Movie News
Movie Picture for Before Midnight
Photo Credit: Sony Pictures Classics
Tags: Before Midnight, Ethan Hawke
Pictures from the romantic drama film Before Midnight (2013)


text:
Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's 'Life' and Arrian's 'Anabasis Alexandrou'Paperback Cambridge Classical Studies
Free delivery worldwide
Dispatched in 3 business days
When will my order arrive?
Additional formats available
- Format
- Hardback $109.98
- Publisher: CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
- Format: Paperback | 364 pages
- Dimensions: 140mm x 216mm x 23mm | 499g
- Publication date: 13 August 2007
- Publication City/Country: Cambridge
- Edition: 1
- Illustrations note: black & white illustrations
- Sales rank: 1,179,565
Product description
Plutarch and Arrian have contributed more than any other ancient authors to our picture of Alexander the Great, but since they wrote four or more centuries after his death the value of what they said depends upon the sources of information on which they themselves drew. In this 1993 book the attempt is made to define and to evaluate those sources in a detailed study, analysing the historians' works section by section and comparing them with other accounts of the same episodes. This volume completes Professor Hammond's study of the five Alexander-historians begun with Three Historians of Alexander the Great (Cambridge University Press, 1983) and lays a basis for work in this area.
Add item to wishlist
Other people who viewed this bought:
Three Historians of Alexander th...
Alexander the Great
Sir John Edwin Sandys
USD$26.99 - Save $1.12 (3%) - RRP $28.11
Man's Search for Meaning
USD$6.91 - Save $2.45 26% off - RRP $9.36
The Complete Maus
USD$20.92 - Save $5.63 21% off - RRP $26.55
The Diary of a Young Girl
USD$5.28 - Save $4.08 43% off - RRP $9.36
Other books in this category
Man's Search for Meaning
USD$6.91 - Save $2.45 26% off - RRP $9.36
American Sniper
USD$8.80 - Save $3.69 29% off - RRP $12.49
The Diary of a Young Girl
USD$5.28 - Save $4.08 43% off - RRP $9.36
The Complete Maus
USD$20.92 - Save $5.63 21% off - RRP $26.55
USD$11.35 - Save $2.70 19% off - RRP $14.05
I am Malala
USD$9.97 - Save $2.52 20% off - RRP $12.49
- Categories:
Table of contents
Preface; Abbreviations and select bibliography; Prolegomena; Part I. Plutarch's Sources for the Narrative Passages: 1. Alexander's origin, boyhood and relations with Philip; 2. Balkan campaign, sack of Thebes and landing in Asia; 3. The set battles in Asia; 4. Alexander and Darius; 5. Phoenicia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and Parthia; 6. Conspiracies and Callisthenes; 7. Bactria, India and Carmania; 8. Persia and Babylonia; 9. Attributions and deductions; Part II: 10. Plutarch's reflective passages and Alexander's personality; Part III. Arrian's Sources for the Anabasis Alexandrou: 11. The methodology of Arrian; 12. From Macedonia to the Tanais; 13. From the Tanais to the Indus valley; 14. Advance from Nysa and return to the Hydaspes; 15. From the Hydaspes to Persepolis; 16. The last year of Alexander's life; Part IV: 17. The personality of Arrian and his choice and use of sources; Index.


text:
"Homer, you knuckle-beak! I told you a hundred times to sell your pumpkin futures before Halloween! Before!" -- The Simpsons
We recommend viewing this newsletter in all of its HTML glory; check your e-mail program's settings to view HTML. This newsletter is sent to GreenCine members only. If you do not wish to receive this newsletter in the future, log in to the GreenCine site, click "View Your Profile" then click Edit Profile. Choose "no" on the "Subscribe to the GreenCine newsletter" option and click "Update Profile." Archives of the Dispatch are now available online at GreenCine's Press and Marketing blog.


text:
Make your website more readable and efficient to download with Chris Converse's responsive website techniques.
Discover how to create an app-like experience for iPad with HTML, CSS, and jQuery, while bypassing the need for Objective-C or the App Store.
"IThis is a wonderful resource for me which I use almost daily in my personal education." —Virginia M.
more from our members »


text:
A widget to show the location of a bricks and mortar store or location, including a google map.
No reviews yet! Be the first to review this plugin!
You must log in to submit a review. You can also log in or register using the form near the top of this page.