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A hydrogen generator employs substantially adiabatic hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of chemical hydrides to provide a controllable generation of hydrogen from a small, lightweight container. The hydrogen generator includes a thermally isolated container for containing a chemical hydride, a preheater to heat the chemical hydride to a predetermined temperature before the chemical hydride is hydrolyzed, a water supply controlled to maintain substantially adiabatic and controlled generation of hydrogen from said chemical hydride, and a buffer to supply an initial flow of hydrogen during generator start-up, absorb excess hydrogen during generator shut-down, and to smooth the hydrogen flow due to changing loads.
1. A method for generating hydrogen, comprising the steps of:
placing a first chemical hydride in a thermally isolated container;
heating said first chemical hydride to a predetermined temperature;
hydrolyzing said first chemical hydride only after said first chemical hydride reaches said predetermined temperature;
recovering hydrogen from said container; and
controlling an amount of hydrogen generated by said hydrogen generator.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said thermally isolated container comprises a dewar having an outer shell and an inner vessel defining a vacuum space therebetween, and having thermal insulation positioned in said vacuum space.
3. The hydrogen generator of claim 1, wherein said first chemical hydride comprises a metal hydride.
4. The hydrogen method of claim 1, further comprising the step of providing a buffer chamber containing a rechargeable hydride for supplying hydrogen to an outlet conduit when said first chemical hydride is being heated, for absorbing excess hydrogen after hydrolysis of said first chemical hydride is stopped and for smoothing the hydrogen flow due to changing load demands.
5. A method of generating hydrogen, comprising the steps of:
providing a thermally isolated container;
providing a water source having a water conduit for supplying water into said container;
placing a first chemical hydride placed in said container;
positioning a chemical composition in said container between said first chemical hydride and an outlet of said water conduit, said chemical composition including components to react exothermically with water supplied into said container to heat said first chemical;
operating said water source to supply water to said container, prior to hydrolysis of said first chemical hydride, to generate within said container a temperature sufficient to prevent said first chemical hydride from forming undesirable products when said first chemical hydride is hydrolyzed and thereafter at a rate to maintain an adiabatic generation of hydrogen by said first chemical hydride; and
recovering hydrogen from said container.
6. A method for generating hydrogen, comprising the steps of:
providing a container forming a dewar having an outer shell and an inner vessel defining a vacuum space therebetween, and having thermal insulating material positioned in said vacuum space;
placing a first chemical hydride in said inner vessel;
heating said first chemical hydride to a predetermined temperature sufficient to prevent said first chemical hydride from undergoing unstable reactions when hydrolyzed;
hydrolyzing said first chemical hydride only after a temperature of said first chemical hydride reaches said predetermined temperature, said water supply including a water pump for supplying water into said inner vessel via a water conduit;
providing a hydrogen conduit coupled to said inner vessel for supplying a flow of hydrogen from said inner vessel;
controlling said water pump and the generation of hydrogen; and
providing a buffer containing a rechargeable hydride for generating hydrogen prior to the temperature of said first chemical hydride reaching said predetermined temperature, for absorbing excess hydrogen after said water pump is stopped from supplying water to said container, and for smoothing the hydrogen flow due to changing loads.
This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/476,729, filed Jun. 7, 1995 now U.S. Pat. No. 5,593,640.
The present invention relates to a hydrogen generator, and more particularly to a lightweight, portable and nearly adiabatic hydrogen generator and to a method for generating hydrogen.
Hydrogen generators have long been used to generate hydrogen through the hydrolysis of chemical hydrides, and in particular, metal hydrides. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 2,334,211 discloses a hand-held generator containing calcium hydrides which, when submersed in water, produces sufficient hydrogen to fill an emergency signal balloon. More recently, the most common portable source of hydrogen is hydrogen bottles or tanks in which the hydrogen is stored under pressure. The hydrogen stored in these bottles or tanks is generated at a hydrogen production plant, shipped as a cryogenic liquid, vaporized, and expanded into the tanks or bottles under pressure. These hydrogen tanks or bottles are generally bulky and rather heavy. Further, when a tank or bottle is exhausted, it must be replaced with another tank or bottle. Storage tanks or bottles are utilized in field applications because, typically, hydrogen production facilities have been considered too large, too heavy, too expensive and in many instances, too unsafe, for portable operation. In response, there have been attempts to develop practical and portable hydrogen generators.
One such portable hydrogen generator, for example, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,712. U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,712 discloses a small portable hydrogen generator utilizing a metal hydride and water vapor in which hydrogen can be automatically produced on demand or at a constant pressure feed over widely varying hydrogen demand rates without water supply contamination or metal hydride caking complications. Among the problems in the use of demand responsive hydrogen generators, however, is that of a sudden requirement made on the water vapor such that water instead of the water vapor could be drawn into direct contact with the fuel, thus causing a malfunction. U.S. Pat. No. 4,261,955 addresses this problem by utilizing a wall means for separating adjacently disposed solid fuel and water compartments. The wall means includes two spaced apart porous hydrophobic membranes. During normal production of hydrogen gas, the membranes are of a character as to normally only pass water vapor from the water supply to the fuel compartment. If an abnormal demand is made on the water vapor, it could inadvertently cause unvaporized water to pass through one of the membranes. Therefore, a hydrogen gas outlet is positioned between the spaced-apart membranes to pull off the water before it could reach the metal hydride fuel.
Both U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,155,712 and 4,261,955 disclose using compounds with a chemical hydride, such as lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) in an attempt to control internally generated heat. Presently, however, no commercially viable small portable hydrogen generators are able to supply hydrogen instantaneously and sustain a constant flow of hydrogen while controlling external structural heating and uncontrollably escalating temperatures and pressures in the generator due to uncontrolled hydrogen release by the chemical hydride. As a result, industry typically still uses high pressure gas storage, metal hydride storage, or liquid hydrogen for a hydrogen gas supply.
Thus, an improved hydrogen generator is needed which is lightweight, compact, portable, and temperature safe and which provides a controllable flow of hydrogen upon demand.
The present invention employs an adiabatic hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of a chemical hydride to provide a controllable generation of hydrogen from a small, lightweight, portable and hand handleable container. A preferred hydrogen generator of the invention includes a thermally isolated container for containing a first chemical hydride; heating means for heating the first chemical hydride to a predetermined temperature; a water supply for hydrolysis of the first chemical hydride only after the first chemical hydride reaches the predetermined temperature; a buffer, or recovery device, for recovering hydrogen from the container; and a control unit for controlling the rate of generation of hydrogen by the hydrogen generator. The buffer is also used for hydrogen generation during startup and for smoothing hydrogen production rates to follow demand variations.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the container comprises a dewar having an outer shell and an inner vessel defining an evacuated space therebetween, and having an insulating material positioned in the evacuated space, wherein the first chemical hydride is placed within the inner vessel. Preferably, the first chemical hydride is a metal hydride, and more preferably, a metal hydride having at least one metal taken from a group consisting of the metals found in the first three rows of the periodic chart. Such a metal hydride can be a ternary composition, such as for example, a ternary composition consisting essentially of LiAlH4.
Preferably, the heating unit heats the first chemical hydride to a temperature greater than about 100 degrees C. Such a heating unit can include a chemical composition, including, for example, a second chemical hydride positioned in the container between the first chemical hydride and the water supply for generating an exothermic reaction when the chemical composition is combined with water. As an alternative, or as a supplement to the chemical composition heating unit, the heating unit may include an electrical heater.
The water supply includes a water source, a water pump hydraulically coupled to the water source and electrically coupled to the control means, and a water conduit coupled between the water pump and the container. The water supply further includes an annular filter positioned in the container adjacent to an outlet of the water conduit. Still further, the second chemical hydride is a mixture of a compressible porous medium and a chemical hydride positioned between the annular filter and the first chemical hydride. The mixture prevents caking and increase porosity of the second chemical hydride.
The hydrogen buffer includes an outlet conduit coupled to the container, a buffer chamber coupled to the outlet conduit, and a rechargeable hydride positioned in the buffer chamber. The rechargeable hydride supplies hydrogen to the outlet conduit whenever the hydrogen demand exceeds the rate of generation by the chemical hydrides. It also absorbs excess hydrogen after the water supply has been stopped from supplying water to the container by the control unit. Preferably, the rechargeable hydride is a metal hydride.
The hydrogen generator further includes a control unit for controlling an amount of hydrogen generated. The control unit includes a pressure switch coupled to the hydrogen conduit, wherein the pressure switch senses a pressure of the hydrogen to generate a signal corresponding to the pressure of the hydrogen. The pressure switch is coupled to the water source to control a flow of water to the container based on the pressure signal. Thus, the control unit controls the rate of hydrogen generation.
In preferred hydrogen generators, the chemical composition generates sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the preferred LiAlH4 above about 100 degrees C. prior to the hydration of the LiAlH4. The chemical composition includes a second metal hydride, such as CaH2 or other similar hydride, and a compressible porous medium, such as vermiculite. Such a chemical composition, through hydrolysis, generates an exothermic reaction and exhibits stable hydrogen generation characteristics while at a temperature below about 590 degrees C.
Viewed in another way, the invention comprises a hydrogen generator, including a container; a water source having a water conduit for supplying water into the container; a first chemical hydride placed in the container; a chemical composition positioned in the container between the first chemical hydride and an outlet of the water conduit, the chemical composition being adapted to react with water supplied from the outlet of the water conduit to heat the first chemical hydride, and delay hydration of the first chemical hydride until it has reached a temperature sufficient to prevent the first chemical hydride from undergoing an unstable exothermic reaction; and a buffer for recovering hydrogen from the container.
A preferred method of the invention includes the steps of placing a first chemical hydride in a thermally isolated container; heating the first chemical hydride to a predetermined temperature; hydrolyzing the first chemical hydride only after the first chemical hydride reaches the predetermined temperature; recovering hydrogen from the container; and controlling an amount of hydrogen generated by the hydrogen generator. The entire process balances the exothermic chemical reaction with the endothermic decomposition in the first chemical hydride.
The invention, described briefly above in its various embodiments, provides a lightweight, portable, and substantially adiabatic hydrogen generator. However, other features and advantages of the invention may be determined from the drawings and detailed description of the invention that follows.
FIG. 1 shows a general block diagram of a hydrogen generator embodying the invention.
FIG. 2 shows a graph of hydrogen production during the various hydrolysis and thermal decomposition stages of LiAlH4.
FIG. 3 shows a combined pictorial and block representation of a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 shows a combined pictorial and block representation of a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 1 shows a hydrogen generator 10 embodying the invention. Hydrogen generator 10 includes a thermally isolated container 12, such as a vacuum insulated, multiple wall dewar similar to a cryogenic dewar, containing a primary chemical hydride 14, preferably a metal hydride, such as, for example, lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). Primary chemical hydride 14 undergoes both hydrolysis and thermal decomposition reactions to generate hydrogen (H2).
As used herein, hydrolysis is the exothermic chemical reaction of a chemical hydride, such as LiAlH4, with water to form oxides or hydroxides and hydrogen. Endothermic decomposition occurs in the chemical hydride when the heat completes the reaction to form hydrogen and other byproducts.
A heating unit 16 is positioned adjacent chemical hydride 14 and, when activated, heats primary chemical hydride 14 to a pre-determined temperature (preferably about 100 degrees C. for LiAlH4). Activation of heating unit 16 avoids chemical reactions associated with primary chemical hydride 14 which can result in large water release, and, thus, avoids an uncontrollable hydrogen release and an increase in pressure in container 26 during initial hydration of primary chemical hydride 14.
Water supply 18 supplies water into a water conduit 19, which in turn is coupled to container 12. After primary chemical hydride 14 reaches the predetermined temperature (about 100 degrees C. for LiAlH4), the water from conduit 19 is converted to steam which permeates into primary chemical hydride 14, thereby hydrolyzing chemical hydride 14 to generate hydrogen. The rate of hydrogen generation from primary chemical hydride 14 is determined, in primary part, by the rate that water is supplied to container 12 by water supply 18.
In practicing the invention, it is important to avoid hydrating primary chemical hydride 14 prior to the temperature of chemical hydride 14 reaching the predetermined temperature. As more fully described below, this can be accomplished by either (1) preheating primary chemical hydride 14 with a heater, such as an electric heater, prior to delivering water to container 12 in sufficient quantities to hydrolyze primary chemical hydride 14, or (2) positioning a second chemical hydride which is a mixture of compressible porous medium and another chemical composition, which also serves as a chemical heater, between the water outlet of conduit 19 and primary chemical hydride 14 to generate heat for heating the primary chemical hydride 14 to at least the predetermined temperature, to prevent liquid water from forming an unstable hydroxide or hydrating chemical hydride 14, to convert the water in its liquid state to a water vapor state, and to allow water vapor, i.e., steam, to hydrolyze primary chemical hydride 14 after the temperature of primary chemical hydride 14 reaches about 100 degrees C. Thus, in practicing the invention, the large surge of hydrogen production typically associated with the start-up of a hydrogen generator is avoided, thereby eliminating the need for a large capacity hydrogen storage tank at the output of the hydrogen generator.
A buffer 20 is coupled to container 12 via a conduit 21 for recovering the hydrogen generated inside container 12 during the hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of primary chemical hydride 14. Buffer 20 includes an outlet 20a for supplying an output flow of hydrogen for use by a device (not shown) such as, for example, a fuel cell, a space craft thruster, a hydrogen burner, a storage vessel, etc.
Buffer 20 further serves to supply an initial flow of hydrogen to outlet 20a during the initial start-up of hydrogen generator 10, as well as absorb excess hydrogen generated after hydrogen generator 10 is commanded to stop generating hydrogen. Preferably, buffer 20 contains a rechargeable hydride buffer material, such as a metal hydride, which is capable of supplying an initial flow of hydrogen upon start-up of hydrogen generator 10, and of absorbing excess hydrogen generated when hydrogen generator 10 is commanded to stop hydrogen production. By absorbing excess hydrogen during shut-down, buffer 20 reduces the hydrogen pressure in container 12 from that which is typically associated with system shut-downs, thereby allowing the portion of container 12 which contains primary chemical hydride 14 to be made of lighter gauge materials.
A control unit 22 is provided for controlling an amount of hydrogen generated by hydrogen generator 10. Control unit 22 can be, for example, a pressure switch coupled to buffer 20 via a conduit 23. Control unit 22 senses a hydrogen pressure of container 12 and buffer 20, and generates therefrom a control signal which is supplied, via a conductor 25, to water supply 18 to control the flow of water from water supply 18 to container 12, thereby controlling the hydrolysis of primary chemical hydride 14, and, thus, the flow of hydrogen generated by primary chemical hydride 14 and supplied to buffer 20. Although control unit 22 can be a simple switch to control water supply 18 in an ON-OFF fashion, it is contemplated that control unit 22 can include a controller for receiving multiple pressure inputs and temperature inputs which can be utilized to provide more precise control over the flow of water supplied to container 12.
Preferred embodiments of the invention provide a significant weight reduction over prior generators by eliminating the need for a high pressure hydrogen storage tank to absorb excess hydrogen production and supply hydrogen when demand exceeds production, as well as by allowing the portion of container 12 which contains the primary chemical hydride to be made from lighter gauge materials due to the buffer characteristic of buffer 20. Preferred embodiments of the invention also avoid the need for a heat rejection system by balancing the exothermic hydrolysis rate and the endothermic decomposition inside an isolated thermal container.
In order for hydrogen generator 10 to remain an ultra lightweight unit, however, the primary chemical hydride 14 must be based upon chemical hydrides which bind a relatively high percentage of hydrogen per unit weight. Prime candidates for the primary chemical hydride 14 include chemical hydrides based upon one or more of the elements from the first three rows in the periodic chart, which include metals such as lithium, beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
Lithium, sodium and magnesium react directly with hydrogen, under commercially convenient pressures and temperature conditions, to form the binary metal hydrides LiH, NaH, and MgH2. Aluminum hydride (AlH3) can be made directly at very high pressures, but it is usually formed in solution. The latter method of forming AlH3, however, results in solvent contamination that is objectionable for some applications, such as for use with fuel cells.
The primary candidates for use with hydrogen generator 10 as the primary chemical hydride 14 are the ternary hydrides including commercially available LiAlH4, NaAlH4, LiBH4 and NaBH4. Other ternary hydrides, such as Mg(AlH4)2 and liquid Al(BH4)3, are also contemplated for possible use with hydrogen generator 10.
Table I shows the thermal decomposition capabilities of several candidate metal hydrides in order of weight percentage (w/o) of hydrogen evolved, assuming complete thermal decomposition.
TABLE I______________________________________ Hydride Thermal Decomposition______________________________________ LiH 12.7 w/o LiAlH4 10.6 w/o AlH3 10.1 w/o MgH2 7.7 w/o NaH 4.2 w/o______________________________________
The thermal decomposition of metal hydrides is generally less than 100% complete due to hydrogen solution in the metal phase. The definition of weight percent (w/o) used herein is the weight of hydrogen divided by the total weight of the reactants, including hydrogen.
As shown in Table II, at low temperatures, in the presence of excess water, all of the metal hydrides listed in Table I form hydroxides.
TABLE II______________________________________Error| Reference sourcenot fount. Excess Water Stored ProductReaction Water Water______________________________________LiH + H2 O → LiOH + H2 7.5 w/o 29.1 w/oLiAlH4 + 4H2 O → LiAl(OH)4 + 4H2 7.3 w/o 21.2 w/oAlH3 + 3H2 O → Al(OH)3 + 3H2 7.2 w/o 20.2 w/oMgH2 + 2H2 O → Mg(OH)2 + 2H2 6.3 w/o 14.2 w/oNaH + H2 O → LiOH + H2 4.7 w/o 8.8 w/o______________________________________
Table II shows the hydrogen generation capacities, via excess water reactions in weight percent (w/o), of prime candidate metal hydrides. In Table II, the "Stored Water" column includes the weight of the water shown on the left side of the reaction. The "Product Water" column excludes water weight. Several of the hydroxide products listed in Table II also form hydrates. Hydroxides and hydrates decompose at elevated temperatures, thereby liberating steam in the process. If the thermal decomposition of the hydroxides or hydrates occurs to generate H2 O in the presence of unreacted hydrides, an uncontrolled reaction proceeds with potentially dangerous results. The hydrogen pressure which can be produced by these reactions is virtually unlimited. Thus, it is important to precisely control water inventory in container 12 at all times. In addition, it is preferred to provide buffer capacity in buffer 20 to absorb excess hydrogen to prevent excess hydrogen pressures in container 12, or alternatively provide relief valves to vent the excess hydrogen to reduce the internal pressure of container 12.
Hydrides that are thermally stable and form hydroxides upon reaction with excess water at room temperature become less stable and less prone to form hydroxides with increasing temperature. Calcium hydride (CaH2), for example, reacts with water to form the hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) at room temperature. Above 400 degrees C., the product of the water reaction is the oxide (CaO). Any hydroxide formed below 400 degrees C. decomposes endothermically above 580 degrees C., liberating water. If there is any unreacted hydride present when the water is released, it will react instantaneously producing H2 and CaO. The hydride itself decomposes thermally above 600 degrees C.
Magnesium hydride (MgH2) is similar to CaH2, forming a hydroxide at lower temperatures. But, unlike CaH2, MgH2 decomposes thermally at a lower temperature (280 degrees C.) than its hydroxide (350degrees C.). Lithium hydroxide is stable to its melting point, 450 degrees C. Accordingly, knowledge of the details of all reactions wherein hydrogen or water consumed or released is essential for the effective use of a chemical hydrogen generator.
The preferred chemical hydride for use with hydrogen generator 10 is lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4). LiAlH4 is a white microcrystalline powder that turns gray due to aluminum precipitates due to thermal decomposition. LiAlH4 also hydrolyzes slowly in air due to humidity. The hydrolysis and thermal decomposition chemistry of LiAlH4 provides an abundance of hydrogen per unit weight, and LiAlH4 decomposes in a complex manner which can be controlled with temperature and carefully metered water addition. LiAlH4 reacts spontaneously and violently with liquid water, uncontrollably decomposing to give off hydrogen gas and heat.
Table III shows all the known reactions of LiAlH4, including both hydrolysis (Hydro.) and thermal decomposition (Therm.), as defined above, for producing hydrogen and other byproducts.
TABLE III__________________________________________________________________________ Approx. Temperature Type ofNo. in degrees C. Reaction Reaction H2 /H2 O__________________________________________________________________________1 <100 LiAlH4 + 4H2 O → LiAl(OH)4 + 4H2 + Heat Hydro. 1.02 >100 LiAl(OH)4 + Heat → LiAlO2 + 2H2 O Therm.3 >100 LiAH4 + 2H2 O → LiAlO2 + 4H2 + Hydro. 2.04 100-150 3LiAlH4 + Heat → Li3 AlH6 + 2Al Therm.ub.25 >150 Li3 AlH6 + 4H2 O = 2LiOH + LiAlO2 + 6H2 + Heat Hydro. 1.56 >220 2Li3 AlH6 + Heat → 6LiH + 2Al Therm.ub.27 >220 LiH + H2 O → LiOH + H2 + Heat Hydro. 1.0__________________________________________________________________________
The hydrolysis chemistry of LiAlH4 divides into two classes: efficient water and inefficient water, often referred to as insufficient water and excessive water, respectively. Reaction No. 3 of Table III shows, for example, the efficient (insufficient) water hydrolysis reaction. In the efficient water hydrolysis reaction of equation 3, one mole of water produces two moles of hydrogen. Reaction Nos. 1 and 7 of Table III shows examples of the inefficient (excessive) water hydrolysis reaction. The inefficient water reaction requires one mole of water to generate one mole of hydrogen. Regardless of whether water is a limiting or excess reagent, the observed enthalpy, or heat of hydrolysis, in both the efficient and inefficient cases is approximately the same, and is approximately 700 kJ\mole.
In practicing the invention, the reactions set forth in reactions (1) and (2) of Table III are avoided so that large amounts of water and hydrogen are not released in an uncontrolled fashion. For example, FIG. 2 shows, during the time period between 0 and 5000 seconds, the amount of hydrogen and heat generated in container 12 if preheating is not provided. As shown in FIG. 2, during this period, hydrogen generation and temperatures in container 12 increases dramatically at about 4000 seconds due to the production of excess water which in turn reacts with available LiAlH4 to release more hydrogen when the temperature of the LiAlH4 reaches about 100 degrees C. This results in an uncontrolled and excessive production of hydrogen accompanied by uncontrolled temperature elevation. Thus, it is desired to avoid reaction Nos. (1) and (2) in Table III to avoid the problems associated with uncontrolled water release. To avoid the reaction Nos. (1) followed by (2), the LiAlH4 chemical hydride 14 is heated by heating unit 16 to about 100 degrees C. prior to hydrolysis of the primary chemical hydride 14 to generate hydrogen.
The thermal isolation of container 12, preferably a vacuum-insulated dewar similar to the dewars used to contain cryogens, allows the hydrogen generator 10 to be adiabatic to both conserve and use the heat generated above 100 degrees C. The heat above 115 degrees C. generated by exothermic hydrolysis reaction of the LiAlH4 (reaction No. 3 of Table III) is used to generate additional hydrogen by the endothermic thermal decomposition (reaction No. 4 of Table III), which in turn lowers the temperature in container 12. Thus, by providing a thermally isolated environment for the hydrogen generator, and by controlling the supply of water for hydrolysis and the temperature, the generation of hydrogen is maintained stable and controllable through balancing exothermic and endothermic reactions of Table III. The thermal isolation of dewar container 12 also prevents the outer surface thereof from heating, thus allowing the system to be packaged without substantial thermal material expansions and contractions. By utilizing both exothermic and endothermic reactions in hydrogen generator 10, the typical problems associated with volumetric expansion are avoided. Thus, hydrogen generator 10 provides a light weight, portable, and nearly adiabatic, constant volume hydrogen generator.
The hydrogen generator 10 of FIG. 1 will now be described with reference to the preferred embodiments shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The preferred embodiments of FIGS. 3 and 4 identify hydrogen generator 10 of FIG. 1 as hydrogen generators 10a and 10b, respectively. Hydrogen generators 10a and 10b differ primarily in the manner in which primary chemical hydride 14 is heated and in the timing for supplying water to the hydrogen generator through conduit 19. Therefore, to avoid undue repetition, where possible, the common features of the two embodiments will be discussed together using common element numbers, and structural differences will be identified as they are discussed.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, container 12 comprises a thermally isolated dewar having an outer shell 24 and an inner vessel 26 which combine to define a vacuum space 27 therebetween. Thermal insulation 28 is positioned in vacuum space 27 to form an annular insulating wall around inner vessel 26. Vacuum space 27 may be filled with an insulating material, such as fiberglass, multilayer material, or other insulating materials.
The generation of hydrogen by hydrogen generator 10 primarily occurs in inner vessel 26 of container 12, wherein the primary chemical hydride 14 (preferably LiAlH4) is contained. Inner vessel 26 is preferably made from materials, such as stainless steel and the like, which can accommodate the positive pressures occurring therein during hydrogen generation, as well as accommodate temperatures which can exceed 300 degrees C. In operation, the primary chemical hydride 14 is gradually heated and the hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of primary chemical hydride 14 results in a slow increase in temperature in inner vessel 26, as shown for example in FIG. 2 from 5000 to 15000 seconds. Outer shell 24, however, remains substantially at ambient temperature due to the thermal isolation resulting from the vacuum 27 and the insulation 28 between inner vessel 26 and outer shell 24 of container 12. In turn, the thermal isolation of container 12 thermally isolates the primary chemical hydride 14 from the ambient conditions external to container 12. Therefore, the heat generated during hydrolysis of primary chemical hydride 14 (see, for example, reaction No. 3, Table III) is available to promote further thermal decomposition of primary chemical hydride 14 into hydrogen through induced thermal reactions (see reactions Nos. 4 and 6, Table III). The thermal decomposition of primary chemical hydride 14 is an endothermic reaction which absorbs at least a portion of the heat generated during hydrolysis of primary chemical hydride 14, thereby stabilizing the temperature inside inner vessel 26 below the temperature which would have resulted if no such endothermic reaction occurred. As a result, hydrogen generator 10 is maintained substantially adiabatic.
As stated above, the preferred hydride for primary chemical hydride 14 is a metal hydride having at least one metallic element taken from a group consisting of the metals found in the first three rows of the periodic chart. In preferred embodiments of the invention, this metal hydride is a ternary composition, such as for example, lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4).
Also contained in inner vessel 26 is a pair of annular filters 30a and 30b. Filter 30a is positioned in a lower portion of inner vessel 26 and is used to filter H2 O, in the forms of either liquid or vapor, entering inner vessel 26. Annular filter 30a distributes the liquid or water vapor entering inner vessel 26 around the lower outer region of inner vessel 26. Filter 30b is positioned in the upper region of inner vessel 26 for filtering the generated hydrogen which has migrated to the top of inner vessel 26.
In FIGS. 3 and 4, heating unit 16 is positioned near a lower portion of inner vessel 26. As shown in FIG. 3, heating unit 16 is an electric heater 16a, preferably a silicon heater, positioned adjacent to an outer surface of inner vessel 26. Electrical energy is supplied to electrical heater 16a by an electrical source (not shown). During the initial start-up of hydrogen generator 10a, electrical heater 16a supplies heat to the side-walls 26a of inner vessel 26, and accordingly, supplies heat to primary chemical hydride 14 (LiAlH4). After an amount of time sufficient for heater 16a to raise the temperature of primary chemical hydride 14 to about 100 degrees C., then controller 46 supplies a signal to a pump 36 of water supply 18 via conductor 31, and pump 36 responds by supplying a metered amount of water via conduit 19 to inner vessel 26.
Water supply 18 includes a water source 32 coupled via a water conduit 34 to pump 36. Pump 36 is coupled at its output 36a to conduit 19. Since chemical hydride 14 and inner vessel 26 are at a temperature of about 100 degrees C., when the water reaches a lower conduit portion 19a of conduit 19, the liquid water is converted to water vapor or steam, which then exits conduit outlet 19b, permeates annular filter 30a, and is in turn distributed annularly in a lower inner region 26b of inner vessel 26. The steam then passes through primary chemical hybrid LiAlH4 to generate hydrogen, initially, according to reaction No. 3 of Table III.
As an alternative to empirically determining the time required to heat primary chemical hybrid to the predetermined temperature, controller 46 can receive temperature feedback signals from one or more of the thermocouples 54-56 via electrical conductors 58-60, respectively, which are positioned at various levels inside inner vessel 26. Thus, once the temperature of chemical hydride 14 reaches the predetermined, substantially uniform temperature, controller 46 generates a signal to activate pump 36 for starting water delivery to inner vessel 26.
The quantity of water supplied to inner vessel 26 is metered so as to promote controllable and sustained hydrolysis and thermal decomposition of primary chemical hydride 14 to generate hydrogen through the complementary exothermic and endothermic reactions identified, for example, as reaction Nos. (3)-(7) in Table III. The hydrogen generated by the primary chemical hydride 14 migrates to the upper region of inner vessel 26, and flows through filter material 30b as the hydrogen exits inner vessel 26 via conduit 21 and is supplied to hydrogen buffer 20.
As shown in FIG. 4, heating unit 16 comprises a chemical heating composition 16b. (However, a supplemental electrical heater 16a can be provided adjacent to sidewall 26a of inner vessel 26 to provide auxiliary heating capacity, if needed.) During start-up of the hydrogen generator 10b shown in FIG. 4, water supply 18 begins immediately to supply water to inner vessel 26 via water conduit 19. Controller 46 actuates, via conductor 31, pump 36 which provides a metered flow of water through conduit 19 into inner vessel 26. Conduit 19 extends vertically to the lower region of inner vessel 26 and supplies liquid water through its output 19b to annular filter 30a. The water permeates filter 30a and is distributed to the outer surface of filter material 30a to begin hydrolysis of chemical heating composition 16b. Preferably, heating composition 16b is a combination of a metal hydride, such as calcium hydride (CaH2 or other similar hydrides), and a compressible porous medium, such as vermiculite. Upon hydrolysis of the CaH2 or other similar hydrides in heating composition 16b, CaH2 or other similar hydrides undergo an exothermic hydrolysis to produce hydrogen and heat, and the heat produced thereby raises the temperature of the composition 16b, the supplied water and the primary chemical hydride 14. After the temperature of the chemical composition 16b reaches 100� C., the supplied water is converted to water vapor which then permeates through the second chemical hydride mixture 16b, to reach primary chemical hydride 14. The heated chemical hydride 14 is further heated by the steam and reacts, initially, according to the exothermic hydrolysis reaction of reaction No. 3 of Table III.
Pump 36 meters the amount of water entering inner vessel 26 so as to prevent to premature saturation of primary chemical hydride 14, and thereafter promotes a controlled and sustained reactions in primary chemical hydride 14 to generate hydrogen through complimentary exothermic and endothermic reactions of the reaction No. (3) through (7) shown in Table III. Pump 36 may be effectually operated by a "bang-bang" controller, i.e. on-off, in response to the internal pressure within inner vessel 26. The heat of vaporization of the supplied water and of the exothermic/endothermic chemical conversations of the primary and secondary chemical hydrides counteract to provide a substantially adiabatic process without the generation of unacceptably high temperatures within the inner vessel.
The hydrogen generated by the heating composition 16b and primary chemical hydride 14 migrates to the upper region of inner vessel 26, and flows through filter material 30b as the hydrogen exits inner vessel 26 via conduit 21 and is supplied to the hydrogen buffer 20.
Hydrogen buffer 20 shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 includes hydrogen conduits 40 and 42, and a rechargeable metal hydride buffer 44. Rechargeable hydride buffer 44 provides a receptacle 44a containing a buffer material 44b which serves as a low pressure hydrogen storage medium capable of both supplying hydrogen and absorbing hydrogen. Preferably, the buffer material 44b is a rare earth pentanickel alloy, such as "Alloy M" sold by Hydrogen Consultants, Inc. of 12420 North Dumont Way, Littleton, Colo. or a pentanickel alloy. The amount of rechargeable hydride needed varies according to the size and duty cycle of the prescribed load.
Rechargeable hydride buffer 44 provides efficient start-up and shut-down of hydrogen generator 10 by generating the initial flow of hydrogen during start-up and absorbing excess hydrogen generated during shut-down. It also buffers variation in the hydrogen demand during operation.
Upon initial start-up of hydrogen generator 10a and 10b shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, buffer material 44b of rechargeable metal hydride buffer 44 generates an initial output of hydrogen which is supplied to outlet. During this time, primary chemical hydride 14 is being heated by heating unit 16 (i.e., the electrical heater 16a of hydrogen generator 10a, or the chemical heating composition 16b of hydrogen generator 10b) to the predetermined temperature of about 100 degrees C. In hydrogen generator 10b of FIG. 4, however, hydrogen generation begins in inner vessel 26 by the hydrolysis of heating composition 16b. Thus, in hydrogen generator 10b of FIG. 4, rechargeable metal hydride buffer material 44b and heating composition 16b both contribute hydrogen for meeting the initial flow requirements of a device coupled to outlet 20a. After primary chemical hydride 14 reaches a temperature of 100 degrees C., the primary chemical hydride is hydrolyzed with steam which is formed in conduit 19, and the primary chemical hydride 14 becomes the major contributor to the total output of hydrogen from hydrogen generators 10a and 10b.
During shut-down of hydrogen generators 10a and 10b shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, controller 46 commands pump 36 to cease water delivery to inner vessel 26; however, hydrogen continues to be generated in inner vessel 26 until the water contained therein is depleted. During this shut-down phase of hydrogen generator 10, excess hydrogen generated prior to water depletion in inner vessel 26 is absorbed by the buffer metal hydride 44b in rechargeable hydride buffer 44. Buffer 44 also serves to smooth hydrogen demand swings during normal operation.
After initial start-up, the amount of hydrogen production generated by hydrogen generators 10a, 10b is dependent upon the amount of water which is introduced into inner vessel 26, and thus, hydrogen flow from outlet 20a increases in relation to the amount of water which is supplied to inner vessel 26. As the amount of hydrogen generated in inner vessel 26 increases, the hydrogen pressure increases in inner vessel 26, as well as conduits 21, 23, 40 and 42, and in rechargeable metal hydride buffer 44. To control the hydrogen generation and pressure, control unit 22 includes a pressure switch 48 to sense the hydrogen pressure in hydrogen conduit 40 and to generate a signal to reduce or cutoff the flow of water provided by pump 36. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, pressure switch 48 is coupled to hydrogen conduit 21 via hydrogen conduit 23. Thus, pressure switch 48 senses the hydrogen pressure in conduit 21, which is coupled to inner vessel 26, and when the sensed pressure reaches the predetermined trigger point of pressure switch 48, pressure switch 48 generates a stop signal which is supplied to pump 36 via electrical conductor 25. Pump 36 responds by stopping the flow of water to inner vessel 26. When the pressure sensed by pressure switch 48 decreases below the trigger point, pressure switch supplies a run signal to pump 36, and pump 36 responds by metering additional water to inner vessel 26 for hydrolysis of the primary chemical hydride 14. Thus, pressure switch 48 cycles pump 36 ON and OFF in relation to the hydrogen pressure in inner vessel 26.
In some applications, it is desirable to know the temperature at various levels within the primary chemical hydride 14 and inner vessel 26. As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, thermocouples 54, 55 and 56 are arranged to sense the temperatures at the lower, upper and mid regions, respectively, of primary chemical hydride 14 in inner vessel 26. Thermocouples 54, 55 and 56 are electrically coupled to controller 46 via electrical conductors 58, 59 and 60, respectively. From the thermocouple outputs of thermocouples 54-56, controller 46 generates a temperature display which is readable by a human observer. Alternatively, or in addition to the temperature display, controller 46 uses the temperature feedback signals received from thermocouples 54-56 to generate a signal which is supplied to pump 36 via electrical conductor 31 to control or stop pump 36 from supplying water to inner vessel 26, if a temperature in inner vessel 26 exceeds a maximum acceptable value, such as for example, 300 degrees C., or has not yet reached an acceptable temperature, such as for example 100� C., as explained above.
The invention described in the various preferred embodiments above provides a lightweight and portable hydrogen generator which is substantially adiabatic. The inner container 26 is temperature controlled while the outer container 12 remains at ambient temperature. Although the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and in detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the following claims.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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IE4250 System Dynamics Modelling
|This module introduces to students the system dynamics modelling method, based on the foundations of systems thinking. System dynamics is a powerful methodology to support the inquiry of complex large-scale dynamic sociotechnical systems through computer simulation models. Central topics include feedback mechanisms, nonlinear relationship, time delay models, causal loop diagramming stock-flow models, decision behaviour modelling, testing and validation of models. Instruction is supplemented with case studies from supply chains, population and environmental modelling. Group projects are used facilitate hands-on model building and learning in and outside the classroom.

subset: commoncrawl


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April 16, 2012
The HSUS and North Carolina Animal Federation to Host Training Workshop for Area Shelter Staff
The Humane Society of the United States and the North Carolina Animal Federation are cohosting an educational workshop at the Cleveland County Animal Shelter on April 17 to address North Carolina's recent widespread distemper virus outbreak.
April 10, 2012
The HSUS Applauds Maryland General Assembly for Legislative Advances
The Maryland General Assembly adjourned on Monday after passing three meaningful laws to protect animals and considering several other important measures. Lawmakers approved bills to protect consumers who purchase sick puppies from pet stores, to strengthen the Department of Natural Resources' ability to crack down on illegal poaching, and to extend the task force established in 2011 to study spay and neuter funding for the state.
April 6, 2012
Pets Rescued in Tornado-Torn Kentucky Find Placement
The HSUS's Animal Rescue Team is moving dozens of dogs and 4 cats, survivors of Kentucky's tornadoes in March, to shelters elsewhere to find new homes.
March 30, 2012
Michael Vick Featured in New PSA Promoting Animal Fighting Tip Line
The HSUS's new anti-dogfighting PSAs in which Michael Vick urges youth to protect dogs from cruel fighting were released at a Pets for Life event in a Philadelphia high school.
March 30, 2012
Help Bust Animal Fighters with The HSUS's Tip Line
Call The HSUS's animal fighting tip line, 877-TIP-HSUS, if you suspect an animal fight in progress or an animal fighting operation.
March 30, 2012
Michael Vick and The HSUS's work to end dogfighting
Read answers to frequently asked questions about Michael Vick's involvement with The HSUS's work to prevent dogfighting.
March 29, 2012
Discount Pet Supply Converts to Adoptions-Only Model; Takes The HSUS' 'Puppy Friendly' Pledge
Discount Pet Supply, located in Salem, N.H., has signed The Humane Society of the United States' Puppy Friendly Pet Stores pledge, and has converted to adopting out homeless puppies instead of selling commercially raised dogs.
March 28, 2012
The HSUS Says Key Lawmakers are Absolutely Right in Pressing to Repeal Puppy Tax on Shelters and Rescues
The Humane Society of the United States expresses its thanks to Missouri State Rep. Noel Torpey, R-52, and seven co-sponsors for introducing House Bill 1934, which would repeal a new state tax forced on local animal shelters and rescue groups.
March 28, 2012
Animal Welfare Organizations Disappointed Commission Failed to Protect Dogs and Cats
Animal welfare organizations are disappointed with the Texas Commission of Licensing and Regulation for ignoring the recommendations of its own appointed panel of experts and thousands of Texas residents in establishing standards for the care and housing for dogs and cats kept by large scale commercial breeders.
March 23, 2012
The HSUS Assists in Rescue of 29 Animals from Tennessee Hoarding Situation
The Humane Society of the United States' Animal Rescue Team was called in by the Clay County Sheriff's Office to assist in the rescue of 29 animals found living in deplorable condition on a Moss, Tenn. property.
March 21, 2012
Ohio Voters Want Stronger Laws on Animal Protection
A new statewide survey of Ohio voters reveals overwhelming support for bills to restrict the private ownership of dangerous exotic pets, regulate large-scale commercial dog breeders and make cockfighting a felony.
March 21, 2012
The HSUS Offers Reward in Ohio Dog Shooting
The HSUS is offering a reward of up to $2,500 for information leading to the identification, arrest and conviction of the person or persons responsible for the shooting death of "Ace," a three-year-old Coton de Tulear dog who was shot in Clearcreek Township, Ohio.
March 19, 2012
Good Dogs! Winners of the Fifth Dogs of Valor Awards
Meet the heroic and loving winners of the Fifth Annual Dogs of Valor Awards.
March 19, 2012
Domestic Violence Shelter Expanding to Protect People and Pets
Dogs of Valor winner "Hank" inspired the Rose Brooks Center for victims of domestic violence to expand to shelter pets as well as people.
March 14, 2012
The HSUS Helps Rescue 80 Dogs from North Carolina Puppy Mill
The Jones County Sheriff's Office called in The HSUS to help rescue 80 dogs--housed in unsanitary conditions and lacking proper veterinary care and socialization--from a rural Jones County property.
March 14, 2012
The HSUS Applauds California Assembly Budget Subcommittee for Rejecting Repeal of Hayden Law
Following testimony from dozens of advocates and representatives of local and national animal protection groups, the Assembly Budget Subcommittee No. 4 voted unanimously to reject Gov. Jerry Brown's proposal to repeal important sections a 1998 law setting certain requirements for animal shelters commonly known as the "Hayden Law."
March 12, 2012
The HSUS Announces Fifth Annual Dogs of Valor Award Winners
The HSUS is pleased to announce that Hank, a great dane from Kansas City, Missouri, has received the top honor in its fifth annual Dogs of Valor Awards.
March 12, 2012
The HSUS Ranks State Puppy Mill Laws
The HSUS has ranked state laws protecting dogs at commercial dog breeding facilities, reviewing laws regulating commercial dog breeding facilities and protecting consumers who purchase sick puppies to determine the best and worst state laws.
March 12, 2012
Ky. Tornado: Dozens of Animals Safe Indoors
The HSUS's Animal Rescue Team is caring for 24 pets in Laurel County, Ky., and transported 33 dogs from Morgan County, Ky., to shelter.
March 9, 2012
Emergency Pet Shelter Opens in Tornado-Ravaged Laurel County, Ky.
The HSUS's Animal Rescue Team opened an emergency shelter for pets displaced in Laurel County, Kentucky, by the recent tornado.
March 7, 2012
Video: Ky. Dog Saved after Days Buried Alive in Rubble
The HSUS's Animal Rescue Team came to the aid of a dog buried alive in the rubble from a house destroyed in Kentucky's recent tornado.
March 6, 2012
The Humane Society of the United States Sends Disaster Response Team to Devastated Kentucky County
The Humane Society of the United States has deployed members of its Animal Rescue Team to Laurel County, Kentucky to set up an emergency shelter and to distribute pet food to assist families and their animals displaced as a result of recent storms.
March 6, 2012
HSUS Rescue Team Helps Animals after Kentucky Tornadoes
The HSUS is in Laurel County, Ky., helping people and animals affected by the weekend's tornado strike.
March 5, 2012
Dog of Valor: Wyatt Earp, a Dog Who Stood by His Man
Dogs of Valor finalist Wyatt Earp saved his owner Danny Fincher when he had a heart attack.
March 5, 2012
Dog of Valor: A Pomeranian Named Gangsta
Dogs of Valor finalist Gangsta saved his owner Debra Lowery after she suffered a seizure.


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This is a discussion on No Trespassing Signs within the Home (And Away From Home) Defense Discussion forums, part of the Related Topics category; How about this?...
How about this?
Quemadmodum gladius neminem occidit, occidentis telum est.-Seneca
"If you carry a gun, people will call you paranoid. If I have a gun, what do I have to be paranoid about?" -Clint Smith
"An unarmed man can only flee from evil, and evil is not overcome by fleeing from it." -Jeff Cooper


text:
Aguas Calientes
Tours & Tickets
Machu Picchu Day Trip from Cusco
Take an all-inclusive day trip to breathtaking Machu Picchu from Cusco. Visit the world-famous Incan ruins and learn about the city, its history and the people ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 14 hours (approx.)
5-Day Salkantay Trek and Machu Picchu Tour from Cusco
Hike for four days on the Salkantay Trek, a scenic alternative to the more traditional Inca Trail, and visit the amazing ruins of Machu Picchu – a UNESCO World ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 5 days (approx.)
Private 2-Day Tour of Cusco and Machu Picchu
Get the most out of Cusco and Machu Picchu on a 2-day private tour, and enjoy the personalized attention of a private sightseeing experience! This tour is ... Read more
Cusco, Peru
Duration: 2 days (approx.)


text:
Justin Bieber is seriously turning into the most annoying person on the planet. Today is his birthday, Happy 19th kid, and to celebrate he waltzed around the streets of London without a shirt on because 19-year-old boy bodies are everyone's (NOT) favorite thing to look at.
Justin's half-naked body isn't doing him ANY justice. He really needs to learn what muscle milk is or put his shirt on until he's out of his teenage years.
BUT, the most important part of this story is that Justin went for round #2 with the girls he reportedly had a three-way with earlier this week.
That blonde chick and her purple-haired friend who escaped from Bieber's hotel walk-of-shame style just a few days ago were BACK for his b-day bash.
They met up with Bieber at exclusive nightclub BLC and even followed JB's birthday clique to a Lebanese restaurant until 6 a.m. because OMG people in the UK party really effing hard.
The blonde girl has been identified. Her name is Natasha-Jane Beech, she's 20, and works at a nightclub in London. According to a source, "Natasha is always out partying and posts everything from her nights out on her Facebook page." Unfortunately her FB is set to private; otherwise we'd be stalking it for late-night Bieber pics.
She sounds like one of those I-Hope-I-Meet-A-Celebrity-At-A-Nightclub types. Well, congrats Natasha, you met one of the biggest celebs in Hollywood. Make it count.
Oh and then there's a third girl in the mix. 17-year-old aspiring singer Ella-Paige Roberts-Clarke is what the UK tabloids are calling his "rumored girlfriend" but really she's just another rando he's partying with too. She has YET to be seen sneaking out of his hotel room.
However, she's very pretty. She looks like a young Beyoncé.


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Posted at: 04/25/2013 10:40 PM
By: Steph Crock
(ABC 6 News) -- Roughly 70 people from our area headed to the capitol to push for more funding for disability services. We sat down with a mother who says this impacts her family and many others in the state.
An issue these families are facing is that disability services have had to make major cuts due to budget restraints. They hoped Thursday's visit would push lawmakers to think twice before they finalize this year's budget.
"He's very cheerful and interactive, and he can eat somewhat by himself, but otherwise he really requires almost complete assistance will all activities of daily living," said mother Mary Ellen Mayo.
He 24 year-old son James was born with both physical and intellectual disabilities. "It's not always clear that people with disabilities are just like us, that they probably have the same dreams, hopes, and desires that all of us have," said Mayo.
Which is why she's fighting to get him the care he deserves She along with a number of others rallied at the capitol for more funding for disability services, something the state has cut back on. "Those cuts that have happened to disability services have really hurt people," said Mayo.
She's been having trouble finding the care James needs. "The folks that work in the community, that take care of people with disabilities, don't get paid very much and I think consequently we've had a hard time finding people to help out," said Mayo.
Plus once she does, those caregivers don't always last. "There are some folks that were here that have moved on to either positions that have better pay and better benefits," said Mayo.
She just hopes lawmakers will decide to pitch in, so those caregivers can continue to help her son. "We are happy to take care of him but we need other people to help us out," said Mayo.
She did say that some of the lawmakers and even Governor Dayton came out to the rally to show their support. However, a few lawmakers say, as much as they want to help, they are limited on how much they can spend for such services.


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Favorite Office Time Wasters
Richard Marini finds the best and the brightest distractions.
Posts filtered on Tag
On background only
Here are screen shots from 22 Internet memes, some more memorable than others. But the subjects — that is, the people, animals, etc., in the foreground — have been removed, leaving only the background. Here's a clue to this pic: So you think you can dance? How many can you identify using the backgrounds as […] [Read More]


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- Alumnus; On Location
SNHU trustee and finance graduate Bob Decolfmacker '78 has enjoyed many successes in life, both personal and professional. He lived through Vietnam, an experience that fostered enormous personal growth. He rose through the ranks at McIntosh College, starting as a tutor and eventually guiding the institution through unprecedented expansion as its president. Most recently he took a two-year sabbatical from his position as an educational consultant to earn a degree from Harvard University.
Bob and his wife, Trish, moved to Cambridge, Mass., during his studies to soak in the full campus experience and to reflect on what life in their 50s means.
"My personal view is that we spend a lot of time concentrating on careers and our families when we're young," he says. "I think you have to spend as much time thinking about what your next steps are in your 50s as you did in your 20s."
Bob is approaching facing his 50s much the way he has in years past – with study and reflection. His latest read is "Passion, Risk and Adventure in the Twenty-five Years After 50" by Harvard professor Sarah Lawrence-Lightfoot.
"I heard once that someone who went to Vietnam had gotten into trouble and he was threatened by a superior officer. He said, 'Well, what's the worst that you can do to me? Send me to Vietnam and make me work nights?" Bob recalls "I remember that so vividly. It gave me a lot of perspective moving forward and I learned not to take things so seriously."


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The 20-year-old has recently been strongly linked with a move to Manchester City.
"I've decided to stay at Milan," he told Sport Mediaset.
"I have made a precise decision and, no matter what offer arrives, I want to stay at Milan.
"There's more competition in the squad now, but there will be playing time for everybody. I'll fight for my place in the team."


text:
The first lady came up her own version of a "constitutional amendment" which she felt would support her husband's policy on continued domestic spying and help clean up the messy leaks around both the White House and Camp David. The plumbing in both facilities was long overdue for an overhaul, she stated.
Interestingly, the program initially seems to have had the opposite effect upon the number of leaks, as they seem to have increased by an order of magnitude. However, while the raw number of leaks has increased, they appear to be much more effectively contained.
"As men get older," Mrs. Bush stated, "you've got to expect some of this. Great leaders and diplomats are only as effective as their abilities to prostate themselves."
White House spokesperson Scott McClellan stated that the First Lady's gift was a huge hit at the White House and at Camp David, and that plans are in the works to extend her "constitutional amendments" into both houses in Congress and the judicial branch facilities. "Morale has skyrocketed around here," he stated. "A lot of the feisty spirit has returned to the president, and he has already gotten into a number of pissing contests with staffers. The bottom line, is that the leaking has been contained, and America is safer."
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Trump wins trademark law suit, The Donald claims "Bloviating Ignoramus"
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Romney Campaign Plans Pre-Election Military Strike Against Iran


text:
Webinar: Building Windows 8 Apps with Appery.io PlatformPosted: January 10th, 2013 | Author: Charley Cowens | Filed under: Events, Windows 8 | Tags: events, Windows 8
Join Max Katz, Appery.io developer evangelist, for this quick review of how to build a Windows 8 app using the Appery.io app builder. Then, in an expanded Q&A session, Max will hold "office hours" to answer any questions you might have about Appery.io.
When: Thursday, January 17, 2013 11:00 AM – 12:00 PM PST
Register: https://www1.gotomeeting.com/register/214517057


text:
MIAMI - Far out in the Pacific, Gil has weakened to a tropical depression while another system strengthened to a tropical storm.
The National Hurricane Center in Miami says Sunday that the depression is about 1,280 miles (2,060 kilometers) east-southeast of Hilo, Hawaii. It has maximum sustained winds of 35 mph (55 kph) and is moving west-southwest.
Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Henriette has formed in the Pacific. It is about 1,335 miles (2150 kilometers) west-southwest of the southern tip of Baja California, Mexico. It has maximum sustained winds of 45 mph (75 kph) and is moving west. Forecasters expect it to gradually strengthen over the next few days.
No watches or warnings are in effect for either storm.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


text:
Customer Reviews
1 Item(s)
per page
- Job well done together , 4/25/12 By Aaron Powell
If your wife likes to help you with projects this is a pretty easy one for her to help with. It is really easy to do and you both get the satisfaction when finished. We are both so proud of it. Suppose we will do this again with our basement. Hey it is quality time together too.
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text: Tommy Tuberville rocked the Texas Tech football world Saturday with a resignation that seemingly no one saw coming. Tech athletic director Kirby Hocutt responded by quickly bringing home a Red Raiders hero. Tech on Wednesday named former Red Raiders quarterback Kliff Kingsbury its new head coach, only four days after Tuberville relinquished the job.


text:
Holt Renfrew
P. Fraser Johnson; Amrou Awaysheh
Price: $6.93
The new director of logistics at Holt Renfrew, a high-end retailer of men's and women's fashions, has been asked to prepare a detailed plan for dealing with the company's $40 million warehoused inventory and its chronic stock-out problems. Given the opportunity to prove how logistics can benefit the company's profit margin, the director prepares a three-fold strategy: improve the physical layout and process flow in the distribution center, upgrade the distribution systems and business processes, and re-allocate human resources. His challenge is augmented by the need to receive merchandise from international suppliers and distribute it quickly to compete in the fast-paced fashion industry.
Learning objective:
To provide students the opportunity to evaluate the options that are available when revamping the logistics arm of a company. The retail fashion industry setting raises issues related to short product life cycles, customer service, and global sourcing. Students must be able to recognize the implications of competing in the fast-paced fashion industry and discuss the accompanying role of the logistics function.
Subjects Covered:
Inventory control; Logistics; Supply chain management
- Geographic:Canada
- Industry: Apparel
- Industry: Retail trade
- Revision Date:
- Feb 12, 2003
- Publication Date:
- Nov 29, 2002
- Discipline:
- Operations Management
- Source:
- Ivey Publishing
- Product #:
- 4p, English Hardcopy Black & White
- Also Available in:


text:
Gettysburg Day Trip from Washington DC
We've selected the best candid trip photos submitted by our users to help you decide if the Gettysburg Day Trip from Washington DC is right for you. Make the most of your next trip to Washington DC with Viator's exclusive Photo Galleries.
Click here for tour details, schedule and pricing
July 2010
This is the type of fencing that was over many parts of the battlefield that day. To advance the fence had to be climbed or removed while under continuous fire.
July 2010
Little or big round top . . .
Round Top
July 2010
View from Big Round Top?


text: State Senator Says He Will Prove Innocence After Drunk Driving Arrest By Candice Naranjo Published: August 22, 2014, 12:27 pm Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window) Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window) Share on Facebook (Opens in new window) Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window) SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) – Democratic state Sen. Ben Hueso says he will try to prove his innocence hours after being arrested for drunken driving in the state capital. Hueso emerged from Sacramento County Jail about 11:45 a.m. Friday and told reporters "the process isn't over." He would not comment on what he was doing in the hours before his DUI arrest near midtown Sacramento at 2:39 a.m. Friday. He wore black slacks, a red-and-white pinstriped dress shirt and black shoes as he walked from the jail to a waiting black van. With a serious look and speaking softly, Hueso told reporters that he will "pursue my innocence." (Copyright 2014 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) Share this:Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)MoreClick to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window) Advertisement


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|Rodeway Inn Churchville hotels are listed below. Search for cheap and discount Rodeway Inn hotel rates in Churchville, VA for your business gathering or personal travels. We list the best Rodeway Inn Churchville lodging properties so you can review the Churchville Rodeway Inn hotel list below to find the perfect place.
Our search will also list discounted Churchville, VA hotels + motels that have similar star quality of Rodeway Inn.
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text: Alisa PalmerStratford debut: Director of Hay Fever. Elsewhere: Selected credits: The Women, Sunday in the Park with George, The Philanderer, A Man and Some Women, Belle Moral (world première and NAC), Diana of Dobson's, Pal Joey (Shaw Festival); The Children's Republic, Mimi, East of Berlin (première and national tour), Anything That Moves, SIBS (première and national tour) (Tarragon Theatre); Top Girls, 'Night Mother (Soulpepper); Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet), The Clean House (Canadian Stage); Mrs. Warren's Profession, The Attic, the Pearls and Three Fine Girls (MTC); The Bricklin, Oleanna (Theatre New Brunswick). Film: Girls on Top (a documentary on the making of Top Girls for Fighting Fish Productions). Awards: Dora Awards for direction (Top Girls; Anything That Moves), playwriting (Anything That Moves; i.d.) and outstanding production (Hush; Anything That Moves). Chalmers Awards for Outstanding New Play (A Play About the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo; i.d.). Award of Excellence in the Arts. Various awards for Oh My Irma, written and performed by Haley McGee (current international tour). Upcoming: Fall on Your Knees with playwright Hannah Moscovitch (Shaw Festival); Hamlet Project with Ann-Marie MacDonald and Stars (Stratford Festival). Ms Palmer is the Artistic Director of the English Section of the National Theatre School of Canada.


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/ Secretary Vilsack Announces Sorghum Board Appointments
News Release
Printable version
Secretary Vilsack Announces Sorghum Board Appointments
AMS No. 213-12
Sam Jones-Ellard (202) 660-2268
WASHINGTON, Sept. 19, 2012Agriculture Secretary Tom Vilsack has announced four appointments to the Sorghum Promotion, Research, and Information Board.
"These appointees represent a cross section of the sorghum industry and I am confident that sorghum producers will be well served by them," said Vilsack.
Appointed members representing sorghum producers are: David A. Fremark, At-large, St. Lawrence, South Dakota; William J. Greving, Prairie View, Kansas; Gregory K. Shelor, Minneola, Kansas; and William H. Kubecka, Palacios, Texas.
The board is structured so that the state with the largest production is allocated five positions. The state with the second largest production is allocated three positions. The state with the third largest production is allocated one position. There are four at-large national positions for which at least two representatives must be appointed from states other than the top three sorghum producing states. The maximum number of producers from one state is limited to six. The appointees will serve terms of three years.
The 13-member board is authorized by the Commodity Promotion, Research, and Information Act of 1996. The Secretary selected the appointees from sorghum producers nominated by certified sorghum producer organizations.
Research and promotion programs are industry-funded, authorized by Congress, and date back to 1966, when Congress passed the Cotton Research and Promotion Act. Since then, Congress has authorized the establishment of 20 research and promotion boards. They empower farmers and ranchers to leverage their own resources to develop new markets, strengthen existing markets, and conduct important research and promotion activities. AMS provides oversight, paid for by industry assessments, which ensures fiscal responsibility, program efficiency and fair treatment of participating stakeholders.
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text:
Im just barely over the minimal 100 posts requirments so i guess I can enter.
Bah Humbug
Im just barely over the minimal 100 posts requirments so i guess I can enter.
If I have helped you in any way, please thank me by pressing the little thanks button.
I guess Im in.
Come to the Irc room to get help or just have fun
Motivation alone is not enough. If you have an idiot and you motivate him, now you have a motivated idiot.
Just so you know guys we have 2 invites which are being donated and they're good ones. It's a secret BTW.
anitag good luck everybody!
Auditor is in
If i have helped you, please let me know by saying thanks
I will make no use of a torrent invite
but I will take this
A Special Award to go in their showcase.
I'm in.....
P.S. if i win (which i doubt i will ) can i give my invite to the guy below me, i already got about every good n secret tracker out there. and its teh giving season
This time i made sure....
I'm gonna help you
Wiihacks IRC
Brawl: 2406-5287-1013
Feel free to give it to someone if you win but how sure are you you're a member of this site.
Hmm, no shame in entering.
Wii 4.1U, 500 GB HDD, cIOS 38 Rev14, USBLoader GX Latest


text:
Follow @azmatzahraOctober 14, 2011, 4:35 pm ET
A Catholic bishop has been indicted for the first time in the U.S., more than 25 years after the sexual abuse of children by Catholic priests became a national scandal.
Robert Finn, bishop of Kansas City, Mo., and his diocese were indicted by a county grand jury today for failing to report and covering up suspected child abuse after a priest was accused of taking lewd photos of young girls. The priest, the Rev. Shawn Ratigan, was arrested in May and indicted by a federal grand jury.
Bishop Finn and the lawyers representing the diocese pleaded not guilty to the one-count misdemeanor charge. "We will meet these announcements with a steady resolve and a vigorous defense," Bishop Finn said in a statement.
FRONTLINE has been following the larger sexual abuse scandal in recent years and its long-lasting impacts on a Boston-area family, and on a small Native American community in Alaska.
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Ben Goldsmith
Ben co-founded WHEB in 2002 and takes the lead on marketing, distribution and strategy.
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March 2, 2011
NORTHRIDGE, Calif. - Cal State Northridge looked to wrap up its homestand on a winning note but eighth-ranked UCLA held off a spirited Matador effort in sweeping CSUN 26-24, 27-25, 25-23 in an MPSF match Wednesday at The Matadome.
The Matadors (4-13, 3-9 MPSF) will now look to snap a three-match skid Friday at fourth-ranked UC Santa Barbara. UCLA improves to 10-9 overall and 5-8 in the MPSF with the victory.
Sophomore Dillon Auxier put down a career-high 10 kills (.261) to go with five digs, two blocks and one ace. Freshman Brandon Lebrock added eight kills (.250) and redshirt freshman Marty Lorenz had seven kills (.333) and five blocks in his first action since Jan. 12. Matador setter Matt Stork posted 34 assists, five blocks and had two of CSUN's five aces while leading the Matadors to a .250 (39-17-88) hitting clip.
"We played well tonight and obviously we were right there with them," said head coach Jeff Campbell. "We just weren't good enough to beat them."
UCLA out-hit the Matadors .375 (48-15-88) to .250 and had 29 team digs to 20 for CSUN. The Matadors did have a slight edge in blocks posting 9.0 as a team to 8.5 for the Bruins.
The opening set was the tightest of the night as the score was tied 11 times and the lead changed hands twice. UCLA took an early 3-1 lead before the Matadors used a Bruin service error, a Tanner Nua kill and a Lorenz-Stork block to take their only lead 4-3. But the Bruins then capitalized on a pair of CSUN miscues followed by a Nick Vogel-Alex Scattareggia block to take back the lead 6-4. The UCLA lead was at least two until a Vogel service error and a Kyle Caldwell hitting error pulled Northridge even at 10-10.
The two teams then traded sideouts until 15-15 when UCLA used a Caldwell kill followed by an Auxier hitting error to take the lead for good, 17-15. Another Vogel-Caldwell block gave the Bruins their biggest lead at 21-18 and UCLA also led by three at 22-19 before the Matadors put together a late charge. Kills from Nua and Drew Staker along with a Stork ace pulled CSUN even at 22-22 but the Bruins responded with a Caldwell kill and when Staker's attack found the net, UCLA had set point at 24-22. Kills from Lebrock and Auxier staved off two set points but back-to-back kills from Weston Dunlap and Caldwell gave the Bruins set one 26-24.
Set two was equally tight although the Matadors never led in the frame. The Bruins opened up an early 5-2 lead only to see CSUN battle back to even things at 7-7 following a Caldwell hitting error. With the score tied at 9-9, kills from Scattareggia and Dunlap followed by a Dunlap-Robart Page block on Nua gave UCLA its largest lead at 12-9. Trailing by three at 16-13, the Matadors scored three unanswered to tie the score at 16-16. CSUN stayed within striking distance and again overcame a 21-19 UCLA lead to tie the score on a Lorenz kill and a Jeremy Casebeer hitting error.
But the Bruins answered each and every time the Matadors drew even and a Stork setting error gave UCLA set point at 24-22. But again CSUN saved a pair of set points as a Lebrock kill and a Caldwell hitting error evened the score at 24-24. A Caldwell kill gave the Bruins another set point at 25-24 but his ensuing serve found the net and the Matadors tied the score for the final time at 25-25. Gonzalo Quiroga's kill and a Scattareggia setter dump on set point put UCLA up 2-0.
The Matadors came out blazing in the third set scoring seven of the first eight points and looked to send the match to a fourth set. CSUN still led 9-3 before the Bruins slowly began to whittle away at the lead. Trailing 14-11, UCLA outscored the Matadors 5-2 over the next seven points to tie the score for the first time at 16-16. The run however was not over as two more points out of a CSUN timeout put the Bruins on top 18-16.
But the Matadors would not go away as a Lorenz kill, a Bruin hitting error and a John Baker ace gave Northridge its final lead at 19-18. Back-to-back kills from Quiroga and Vogel quickly gave the Bruins the lead back at 20-19 and despite the Matadors pulling even at 20-20 and again at 21-21, UCLA pulled away late and Vogel's kill at 24-23 gave the Bruins the 3-0 victory.
Caldwell led UCLA with a match-high 11 kills (.300) while Dunlap added 10 kills (.667) and three blocks. Vogel and Quiroga each chipped in eight kills with Vogel adding a team-high five blocks.


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Study Abroad and Service Learning
Xavier offers many opportunities to study abroad, learn about other cultures and gain valuable work experience. Semester-long experiences in Nicaragua and Urban Cincinnati combine service and study. Students recently studied in such places as Australia, South Korea, England, France, Costa Rica, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Netherlands and Spain.


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Cryptozoology forums > Blogs > Seeker's blog > view thread
Cougars in Missouri
posted Mon, Nov 23 2009, 9:15pm
We had the same denials in missouri from the police and Department of Wildlife, Fish and Game Etc.
That there are no cougars in Missouri, but happilly we have had four road killed cougars and it is no longer denialable because we have all seen the proof on the evening news.
In Colorado and California there have been joggers killed by cougars and reported in the news.
So be patient you will end up with a road killed cougar and the discusion will be over.
793 views
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Tue, Nov 24 2009, 10:07am
While I agree that there are now, and have probably always been, cougars in Missouri I believe the official line is still that those cougars that have been either run over or shot in recent years are not native to the state and that there is no breeding population. Nothing moves with less speed than a government entity and that isn't always a bad thing but once any agency points itself in any given direction it changes course with all the ease of a rudderless battleship. While it isn't impossible that some of the cats are young males who have just recently wandered up from Texas if you talk to some of the old timers out in the hinterland they'll say that the big cats have always been there. Curiously I've observed that these same old timers are the same ones who will laugh themseves silly at the notion of bigfoot.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 12:53pm
By the way I have a theory on mammals and birds of North America:
If it hasn't been road killed, it does not exist!
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 6:58pm
Considering that everything from bald eagles to grizzly bears have managed to become road kill, added to the number of cars and trucks zipping around the country, your idea might not be too outlandish a way of deciding the issue. I've long thought that if Bigfoot were real all the proof anyone would ever need would have already been found been found embedded in the grill and splattered across the mud flaps of some hurdling interstate 18 wheeled tractor trailer. Granted, Bigfoot finally being found, but having the word "Peterbuilt" stamped in his noggin might take away from the mystery and allure but the BF believers could finally claim a win after an almost unbroken series of misses.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
ape man
posted Mon, Feb 1 2010, 9:47pm
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Tue, Nov 24 2009, 1:09pm
I live in Missouri too. The official line that you'll get from the MDC is that there are no breeding pairs in Missouri. However, I have seen and reported a Mountain Lion den south of Wildwood in St. Louis county, and there is a well documented breeding population in Potosi on the Sayersbrook Bison Ranch.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Tue, Nov 24 2009, 1:31pm
Of course there are cougars in Missouri.
Missouri has many forest and once you get to the southern part of Missouri
it changes dramatically.
There are also cougars in the Arkansas Ozarks area.
I would say Southern Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Western Louisiana has a small
population with Texas having the largest population.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 2:35pm
I've been a first hand witness to the mountain lion presence in MO since approximately the year 2000. The official MO Department of Conservation stance at that time on whether there are Mountain Lions in MO was that there were none and that people, like myself, were mistaking cougar sightings and tracks for those of a large dog. The MODC position has recently changed to yes and no on the issue of a cougar presence in the state. More specifically, yes there are occasional male cougars that wonder into the state but "no" there is not a breeding population. This is despite eye witness sightings of mother cats with kittens. The official stance of MODC is that there will never be a breeding population of mountain lions in the state because the very powerful agri/livestock lobby simply won't stand for it. If you want my opinion as to why state DNRs/DOCs consistently resists the possibility of apex predators in their home state, until they are forced by inescapable evidence to admit it, it is because they dread the politics of the livestock lobbies demanding control of the cougar populations and the ensuing "problem animal" calls they'll receive due to the hysteria of many citizens. The DNR/DOC will also be caught in a political firestorm between those groups demanding they control a large predator which is impacting their livestock profits, which happens to be a challenging animal to track, monitor and eradicate, and those environmental groups wanting to protect a beautiful, once native, animal species that is becoming re-established. It's believed that most of the transient pumas in MO are coming from the Black Hills region of SD. SD apparently has a sizeable breeding population that results in the regular ejectment of subadult males into neighboring states. These male lions end up traveling in search of a range they can call/mark as their own. SD cougars have been positively IDed as far as OK and I think IL (that chicagoland cat). I've heard one of the most reliable methods for determining the size of a states's cougar population is by the annual lion roadkills. Evidently the cats are hit with regularity in locations where the populations are stable. If I remember right (correct me if you know the numbers), I think SD sees around 20 or more big cats hit and killed each year. CA even more. For such an agile and cunning apex predator, you'd think they would avoid the four wheeled animals.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Sat, Apr 3 2010, 3:17pm
yes actually there have been several cougars found in illinois. most in recent years, but near peoria there have been reports going back into the mid 80's of a cat sighted near a cemetary. most of these reports were passed off as some body being drunk or missightings until a dead one turned up in new boston back in 2004 or 2005. most people claim that there arnt a breeding population for one reason or another. one statment on here actually claimed because there was no widerness in illinois, were all farm land, wich simply isnt true. thats like saying there is no wilderness in new jersey. you dont expect it but its there.
the main problem i have with the whole wander male thing is this. they claim they are wandering out of south dakota. wich is probably what alot of them are doing, but illinois is a long ways off from south dakota. are you saying they couldnt find any territory between here and there? and what are the odds that one wandering cougar, is then going to find its way clear over to illinois, then die in the woods, and then be found by a group of hunters.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 4:37pm
I know several lovely ladies in their 30's & 40's who live in Missouri...
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 7:58pm
booooo,,,,although wait a minute, you got any numbers? "Sound of a hammer being clicked into position" A joke honey, really I swear, just a joke,,,honest!
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Nov 25 2009, 10:56pm
Cougars seem to be around in Michigan too.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Thu, Nov 26 2009, 8:39am
Yup, I've been married to one of the finer specimins for coming up on twenty five years now.
Re: Cougars in Missouri
posted Wed, Mar 10 2010, 9:51pm
...okay this is getting ridiculous [it's good keep reading] it seems that I've encountered this one and that mysterious bat humanoid in Missouri when I was a child and had no fear of either of them. The couger was in Hazelwood and it ignored the fact that I was 2 feet from it and trying to pet it then the "batman" I saw was in the sky at the time I was a child so I was just thinking "og my god it's a giant bat! Where's daddy I have to show him the giant bat!" and yes I'm sure of what I saw I have perfect memory when it comes to this stuff
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Karla M.
Over the summer, my bosses gave me some time off from work. When I told my fiancé Dan about the vacation time, he made arrangements for us to go to NYC and watch our friend in a kickboxing tournament. When the morning we were to travel to NYC came, we went to the airport to check in. It turns out that the tickets were not for NYC; they were for Aruba! We arrived in Aruba to a room with flowers, champagne and chocolate-covered strawberries. He brought me out to the balcony and told me he loved me about 100 times and then asked me to marry him! Dan had arranged everything: the time off, collaboration with friends in NYC and even a sunset dinner on the beach in Aruba.


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text: Ruins of the Temple of Zeus at the archaeological site of Olympia, Greece, built about 460 bc by the architect Libon of Elis. Within the temple was the great gold and ivory (chryselephantine) Statue of Zeus, the work of the Athenian sculptor Phidias. It was the most famous of all ancient statues and counted as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.


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by Kristine Galvan, Reporter, HOUSTON (FOX 26)
Sitting in his recording studio, phone in hand 30-year-old Bizzle looks more like your average everyday father of two than a rapper whose latest song has prompted online death threats from total strangers.
"We have these conversations 'off the record' so much, but everyone's afraid to speak up because of what comes speaking up," he spoke into the phone.
The person on the other line was a radio talk show host, and they were talking about a song he wrote called "Same Love Response." It's a spin on the song Macklemore sang at the 2014 Grammy awards show as dozens of same-sex couples married on national television.
Once a self-described secular rapper recording under the Lavish Entertainment label , Bizzle's new label is God Over Money. He says his version of the song is based on the Bible. Critics say its hateful.
When asked, "do you hate gay people?," Bizzle responded, " Not at all. Not at all."
At the Grammy's when Macklemore sang the words, " have you read the YouTube comments lately?", he wasn't talking about Bizzle's then yet to be written track, and yet, Bizzle's gotten more than his share of profanity laced, hateful comments.
"People telling (me) things like, 'oh I'm gonna chop your body up and send it to your family'."
Bizzle is now turning the tables on the posters, using the Internet, the same tool they used to attack him, to prove his point.
The website is called www.LetTheToleranceBegin.com.
"When I propose my beliefs, just respect them the same way supposed to respect you," he said. "I just tweeted yesterday, if you see me out with a woman who is not my wife, I expect you to check me on it. (Just) because I'm Bizzle and I rap, I don't get to be out cheating on my wife, and get a pass. As brothers and sisters in Christ we hold ourselves, we hold each other accountable."


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