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Permaculture Design for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Programming
A promising development approach for addressing food and nutrition insecurity for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) is permaculture. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security, while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a sustainable, non-donor-dependent tool for improving the health, food, and nutrition security and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
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- Introduction
- About Permaculture
- Implementation
- Program Examples
- Principles & Cost
- Challenges & Future Planning
- Resources & Citations
Among children under five years of age in the developing world, nearly one-quarter are underweight (127 million) and one-third are stunted (195 million). Over 90 percent of those who are stunted live in Africa and Asia (U.N. Children's Fund [UNICEF] 2009, 2011a). These forms of undernutrition can have long-lasting and damaging effects on children, especially when it occurs during critical developmental years.
The situation is even more concerning for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) living in communities with a high prevalence of HIV; many of these children and their families are food and nutrition insecure as a direct consequence of the epidemic. Severe and moderate acute malnutrition (wasting) among people living with HIV, including children and youth, occurs where HIV prevalence is high, and there are delays in seeking treatment. And among infants living with HIV, low birth weight (a major determinant of mortality and morbidity) is not uncommon (Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care 2008).
A recent AIDSTAR -One review of promising practices in food and nutrition security programming for OVC revealed very few models of sustainable programming that directly impact long-term food and nutrition security for OVC and the families who care for them. Programs attempting to address these challenges are mostly small-scale, short-term, donor-reliant, and/or expensive in terms of inputs per child.
For most countries attempting to meet food and nutrition security challenges at scale, school meals have been the intervention of choice because of the positive impact on school attendance, cognition, and educational achievement, particularly when supported by complementary actions such as deworming and micronutrient fortification or supplementation (Bundy et al. 2009). School feeding programs, unfortunately, often rely heavily on resources external to communities and even to the countries themselves. Additionally, these inputs may not be available beyond a given donor's project cycle. While school meals can deliver important short-term value, especially in terms of OVC retention, they do not address long-term food and nutrition insecurity in a sustainable manner.
One development approach that shows promise for OVC programming, particularly in an HIV context, is permaculture. Permaculture is a framework that works toward sustainability of human habitats. It maximizes the use of local resources, applying ecological principles to meet human needs for food, shelter, energy, and a sense of community. In the context of OVC programming, permaculture helps guide communities toward permanent solutions for food and nutrition security while ensuring that these options exist harmoniously within their environment. Importantly, bringing a perpetual source of food and nutrition to OVC through households, schools, and other community institutions is only one aspect of what permaculture offers to OVC programming. It also offers opportunities for income generation, and on a more philosophical level, it teaches children about their relationship with the environment and how to meet their needs in a responsible, environmentally- friendly manner.
The purpose of this technical brief is to provide an overview of permaculture programming as a response to food and nutrition insecurity for OVC. It emphasizes the role of permaculture as a sustainable, non-donor dependent tool for improving the health, food and nutrition security, and livelihoods of OVC and their families.
Specifically, this brief aims to:
- Define permaculture as a development approach and design process, and describe some of its key concepts and principles
- Explain why permaculture is relevant to OVC programming, particularly in the context of HIV, and list some of its benefits
- Explain the theory and step-by-step practice of applying permaculture design in primary and secondary schools
- Delineate the costs of integrating permaculture into school curricula, and into communities more generally
- Identify the implementation challenges and make recommendations on how to overcome those challenges
- Provide brief summaries on the use of permaculture in schools in South Africa and Malawi
- Offer a list of resources and networking opportunities to OVC programmers interested in applying permaculture within their specific country contexts.
This technical brief is not intended to offer an exhaustive review of permaculture's methodology. Instead, it serves as an introduction to its principles, and provides initial guidance and examples on how it can be used to benefit OVC and their families. The geographic focus of this brief are countries in Africa with high HIV-prevalence.
Disclaimer: The author's views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.
What is Permaculture?
"Permaculture is the conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive systems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems."
–Bill Mollison
The term permaculture was coined in the 1970s by two Australian ecologists, Bill Mollison and David Holmgren, who believed that the best ideas come from nature. Mollison and Holmgren aimed to design a system that mimicked natural systems, while simultaneously providing for the wide spectrum of human needs. The word permaculture is derived from the words "permanent agriculture." It emphasizes sustainable and regenerative agriculture practices.
What sets permaculture apart from other developmental approaches is that it is not just a model, it is a comprehensive design process. Each site, whether a household, school, clinic, business, farm, or village, has a unique set of elements and design considerations. But while each site is viewed as unique, permaculture is always based on three foundational ethics (Mollison 1991):
1. Earth care—care for the earth and all of its living systems
2. People care—care for yourself and others (individuals, families, and communities)
3. Fair share—be fair: take, have, and use only what you need, and when there is surplus, give to others and recycle resources back into the system.
As suggested by these core ethics, permaculture seeks to sustain both people and nature. Its purpose is to create living environments that meet people's basic needs for nutritious food, dwellings adapted to climate, community or household sanitation, and access to health services. While people's well-being is primary, the conservation of natural resources—through planning, careful selection, use, reuse, and recycling—is also crucial.
As the benefits of permaculture are recognized, many practitioners are beginning to refer to it as permanent culture, acknowledging permaculture as a global movement that can help sustain the world's diverse cultures.
Though many permaculture concepts and activities have existed for centuries, permaculture as a holistic framework of design is still relatively new in many developing countries. In several African countries, permaculture is experiencing a surge in popularity. There are now permaculture centers and institutes in Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. (Permaculture resources are listed at the end of this brief.)
Why is Permaculture Relevant to Orphans and Vulnerable Children in the context of HIV?
The impact of the HIV pandemic on children and youth is well documented. According to the Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS (2010), 16.6 million children aged 0 to 17 years have lost parents due to HIV. Moreover, one-third of all new HIV cases are youth aged 15 to 24, according to UNICEF's State of the World's Children 2011 (UNICEF 2011b).
Growing up living with—and affected by—HIV presents a wide range of challenges for children and youth. Families affected by HIV often have fewer adults who are able to harvest crops, earn income, and contribute to the well-being of the children, including providing a nutritious diet. When children are orphaned, or their parents are ill, they grow up unsupervised and are forced to take on adult responsibilities, such as caring for younger siblings and ill family members and finding enough food to survive. Permaculture is particularly relevant when dealing with these challenges for a variety of reasons, as follows.
Intergenerational knowledge gap: When parents die prematurely, knowledge and skills relating to agriculture, food, health, and culture are often not transferred to children. Bringing permaculture into school curricula helps recover this knowledge base among inschool children. (See Program Examples Tab, Box 1. Permaculture Introduced into School Curricula in Malawi). It supports the delivery of important lessons on taking responsibility for one's actions and acting ethically toward other people and the environment. Permaculture lessons emphasize links between growing food; dietary diversity; nutrition; water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH ); and healthy (or "positive") living. Finally, the hands-on nature of permaculture lessons lend itself to be taught to children, youth, and adults of all levels of literacy.
Shortage of productive resources: OVC and their families are frequently forced to employ a range of risky responses, such as selling off productive assets and taking children out of school to earn an income, in order to cope with the cumulative costs of living with illness (e.g., medical bills, funeral costs, transport to the hospital, and child care).
Permaculture encourages mobilization and improved use of traditional, neglected, and underutilized resources. Emphasis is on expanded use of indigenous crops and wild plants for greater dietary diversity and medicinal uses. For example, "more than 1,500 species of wild plants in Central and West Africa can be eaten" (Barany et al. 2001). And, for the most part, these underutilized plants are accessible, affordable (or free), easy to prepare, and well adapted to local growing conditions. (See Program Examples Tab, Box 2. Growing Papaya.)
Permaculture design is done with energy conservation in mind. Zoning ensures that high-maintenance features are placed close to community buildings (e.g., houses, schools, churches, health centers, or community centers), while low-maintenance features are in outer zones (see the following section "From Theory to Practice"). Permaculture does require some physical labor to rejuvenate the land and establish preliminary design features, such as water-harvesting, composting, mulching, soil preparation, and out-planting. But after the initial labor investment, time and labor decrease dramatically and food production increases as systems become fully functional. In many cases, benefits are reaped (e.g., production of herbs, legumes, vegetables, and some fruits) within the first 3 to 6 months.
Malnutrition: As noted previously, undernutrition among OVC remains a significant problem throughout the developing world. Permaculture teaches that dietary diversity is key to improving nutrition, and use school gardens, orchards, greenhouses, kitchens, and classrooms as learning laboratories for studying the sources of nutritious meals. Permaculture emphasizes the importance of growing and consuming locally available nutrient-rich foods to address protein and micronutrient deficiencies and to build a healthy immune function, minimizing the effects of HIV.
For people living with HIV who are on antiretroviral therapy, a balanced, nutritious diet is particularly important to mitigate side effects and optimize treatment outcomes. While food by prescription programming, as an adjunct to antiretroviral therapy, has experienced a surge in popularity in recent years, these programs rely heavily on donor funding to purchase manufactured food commodities, such as Plumpy'nut and other ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Permaculture programming could potentially mitigate the need for food by prescription programming over time, as families affected by HIV would have better access to nutritious meals from food they have grown or collected themselves.
From Theory to Practice—Applying the Permaculture Design Process in Schools
Adopting permaculture in schools can turn the school grounds into "living classrooms." The design process described subsequently is used by permaculturalists throughout the world.(1)
Step 1: Observe, explore, and gather information
Students conduct a resource and needs analysis through discussions with a wide variety of people and hands-on observations.
Step 2: Draft base map and sector analysis
- Students draft a base map of what already exists, then redraw it neatly with a scale (see Figures 1 and 2).
- Students draft a sector map (see Figure 3) to illustrate outside influences (e.g., summer and winter sun angles, wind directions, shade patterns, odors, fire threats).
Step 3. Select elements
Students make a list of all resources (elements). First, they list resources that already exist on-site; these should be illustrated on the base map. Next, students list the elements they would like to include in the future, such as plants, trees, animals, insects, structures, play areas, etc. The desired elements are combined with the base map's existing elements to create the design.
Step 4. Conduct input/output analysis
Students examine each element based on its products (outputs), needs (inputs), and characteristics. Figure 4, for example, explains the products, needs, and characteristics of bees.
Step 5. Zoning
To help conserve energy, students identify the various zones on their designs, numbering them from 0 to 5 (see Figures 5 and 6).
|Zone 0
The home, school, or clinic.
Elements include indoor compost toilets, internal water harvesting structures, natural air flow, lighting, recycling, furniture, fuel-efficient food preparation, etc.
|Zone 1
|Intense Production
This area needs the most care, but brings the greatest rewards.
Elements include kitchen gardens for food and medicine, nurseries, water sources, composts, worm farms, shade for zone 0, water harvesting features to recycle from zone 0, etc.
|Zone 2
|Integrated Orchards
This area contains perennials and lower maintenance species and is located where it is convenient for occasional care and use.
Elements include fruit and nut trees, lower maintenance plants, and animals, ponds, bees, etc.
|Zone 3
|Rain-fed Agriculture
Diverse cropping systems maintained by natural weather patterns or assisted by sustainable irrigation systems.
Elements include field crops, agroforestry, grazing for small herds of animals, windbreaks for the gardens, etc.
|Zone 4
|Managed Forest Systems or Woodlots
Perennial systems maintained by natural weather patterns and designed for a specific purpose.
Elements include fuel wood; building materials; fruit, nut, and oil trees; pastures for larger herds; areas where wild or indigenous foods and medicines are collected; etc.
|Zone 5
|Natural Wilderness
The natural classroom. This zone is taken care of solely through natural processes.
Elements include natural forests, lakes, grasslands, mountains, etc.
Step 6. Draw the elements in the design
Finally, students draw a design based on all the previous considerations, including elements (existing and future resources), sector influences, and zones (see Figure 7). Designs should also take into account good water management techniques, soil health, incorporation of diverse plants and animals, as well as the sustainable provision of human needs (i.e., food, energy, fuel, etc.). This design is generally drawn on paper but can also be represented on the actual site using stones, sticks, broken bricks, or other locally available resources (see photos).
Permaculture Program Examples
Permaculture was formally introduced into the national school curricula in Malawi in 2006 by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology as part of its School Health and Nutrition program.
After almost a year of being designed, the program was piloted in 2007 and 2008 in 40 primary schools, 11 teacher development centers, and a teacher training center in 8 of Malawi's 34 education districts. Over 150 permaculture facilitators were trained, including teachers, members of school management committees, and agricultural extension workers. Linkages were made with the Ministry of Health and tertiary institutions that train and create education, health, and agriculture curricula.
To be sustainable, there is an emphasis on low-input strategies that implementers can replicate using their own resources, without the need for outside funding. These strategies are explained in a manual developed with support from the U.N. World Food Programme, the Low Input Food and Nutrition Manual—Growing and Eating More Using Less. Topics covered in the manual include water harvesting, refuse management, landscaping and design, labor-saving interventions, and meal planning.
Achievements of Malawi's permaculture curricula include the following:
- Almost all schools have reduced their labor requirements and increased productivity by changing destructive habits of oversweeping and burning organic matter. At the same time, productive habits have increased, such as mulching and caring for plants, trees, and animals.
- In the first year and a half, each school planted approximately 2,500 trees (three per learner) and many other plants. Trees included those that bear fruits, nuts, and vegetables, as well as those used for medicinal purposes. Species were locally sourced and included all the necessary food groups,(2) fuel sources, and building supplies. The species are all self-seeding and provide the schools with increased seed resources, which are multiplied and shared every year.
- The teaching and learning environments of the schools have dramatically improved. The surroundings are cooler, and there is less dust and mud, less erosion, and more water returning into the ground water table.
- All pilot schools harvested some food, with many experiencing significant harvests, not only of food, but of fuel wood for stoves from trimmed branches, seeds for planting, and medicinal plants.
- Just as the plant and tree species are open pollinated and self-spreading, so are the ideas. Schools, homes, hospitals, and other institutions surrounding the pilot schools are copying the school's permaculture activities.
The pilot will be evaluated in the coming months to gauge which elements have been most sustainable after two years, what has gone well, and what can be improved. The Ministry of Education, Science and Technology will decide on the future direction of the program based on the evaluation results.
In many countries, vitamin A deficiencies in children have become an urgent and chronic dilemma. Vitamin A is essential for healthy immune function, and inadequate levels can lead to irreversible blindness. A child who is deficient of vitamin A also has a 25 percent greater risk of dying from common ailments such as measles, malaria, or diarrhea (UNICEF 2001).
Current public health responses to vitamin A and other micronutrient deficiencies include mass food fortification and the dissemination of nutrition supplements. In Malawi, for example, the government distributes vitamin A capsules through health centers and works with local food processors to fortify cooking oil. Because deficiencies continue to be a problem, the government recently initiated a program to fortify the country's sugar supply with vitamin A. Irish Aid, the Irish government aid agency, has since committed 4 million euro to assist with roll-out and implementation.
A permaculture approach to this dilemma begins by looking at local sources of vitamin A and then incorporating these sources into an integrated design. While there are hundreds of natural vegetable and fruit sources of vitamin A, one that is prevalent in many developing countries is papaya. This fast-growing plant often yields fruit within one to two growing seasons. Its texture makes it an ideal weaning food for children 7 months to 3 years of age, which is a common target group for supplementation.
Unlike expensive supplementation and fortification programs that typically rely on foreign assistance, local resources such as papaya seeds can be sourced without start-up costs. One papaya fruit can yield hundreds of viable seeds that may be replanted and shared with other community members. After one year, a well-designed community or school program that has integrated papaya trees and other local fruits and vegetables into its permaculture design will be well on its way to tackling vitamin A deficiencies with no need for an externally funded intervention.
This type of sustainable solution has additional benefits. Papaya seeds have been used successfully in the eradication of intestinal parasites (Okeniyi et al. 2007). The fruit contains over 100 percent of the recommended daily value of vitamin C and is a significant source of fiber, folate, and potassium. The unripe fruit can be cooked as a vegetable. The tree also produces a latex, known as papain, that is used as a meat tenderizer and for producing a variety of industrial and pharmaceutical products. A permaculture approach such as this can be applied to other nutritional deficiencies, addressing the core problem while simultaneously creating economic opportunities and restoring health to surrounding ecosystems.
For more on the nutritional content of papaya, see: Nutrition Data - Papaya .
The Schools Environmental Education and Development (SEED) Project, founded in 1998, is a South African non-profit that partners with underresourced schools to transform learning environments through permaculture. SEED's Organic Classroom Program lasts for three years, at which point a sustainable permaculture system is in place that contributes to food security and serves as an educational tool for students and teachers.
SEED facilitators mentor teachers on a weekly basis so that the teachers can plan and deliver education in the garden. The facilitators also build the capacity of teachers and students to sustain the program after the three year period. SEED's lessons are based on both the needs of the garden and the local Department of Education's compulsory work schedule for teachers.
Every year focuses on different topics, with each year building upon the previous year, as follows:
- Year 1 (Green Beginnings) starts with a consultative permaculture design process. Implementation includes the outdoor classroom, indigenous shelter belts, food forests, rain-harvesting systems, mulch and compost systems, vegetable gardens, and herb barriers.
- Year 2 (Green Practice) focuses on making the food garden an integral part of the school year through planting calendars, crop rotation, and building fertility. Plans are made with kitchen staff for planting and harvesting and holding garden feasts.
- Year 3 (Green Abundance) is when the abundance of the garden becomes evident. Students are involved in economic management sciences projects and make value-added products from the garden (e.g., remedies, creams, teas, fertility products).
Students of all ages get involved. Grade three students, for example, are introduced to the "web of life," during which they walk through the garden and touch, smell, and observe flowers, spiders, insects, and lizards. In grade four, children build worm farms, dig holes, plant, and learn to propagate plants. More information on SEED can be found at: www.seed.org.za.
Permaculture Principles
In addition to the three ethics described previously, permaculture design also relies on a set of principles. Some of the key principles are listed as follows.
Work with nature, not against it. This is the underlying principle of permaculture philosophy. It teaches young people (and adults) to spend a significant amount of time observing, analyzing, and planning before even beginning to make changes to the landscape and infrastructure. Permaculture looks at elements (plants, animals, and infrastructure) in terms of their characteristics, their functions (i.e., their needs and what they produce), and their relationships with other elements in the system. This principle accepts nature as the teacher and emphasizes the importance of slowing down so that students can learn from nature.
Use natural materials, produce no waste, and take advantage of cyclic opportunity. Nothing is considered waste in the world of permaculture. In a conventional garden where trimmings, branches, and other excess plant material are hauled away, all of the nutrients and energy in those materials are removed from the system. The eventual result is barren soil that cannot support plant growth without chemical fertilizers, the latter of which can be harmful to people and the environment, not to mention unaffordable to many OVC families. In contrast, when energy and nutrients are cycled locally, the result is a resilient, self-sustaining natural web. In schools, plants produce food for humans, and food scraps and other excess plant materials go to the compost bin (or to feed chickens). In many schools, composting toilets are used so that even the energy of human waste is captured and turned into fertilizer (see Praetorius 2009).
Make use of diversity. The roots of permaculture lie in nurturing diverse ecosystems. At the household level, diversification is not only the best way to ensure nutrition security (through dietary diversity), but it also helps to ensure year-round food security, because the food supply is constantly replenished as different foods are harvested at different times of the year. This is in stark contrast to monocropping, where there are one or two massive harvests per year, providing a great deal of food in a single season, but not necessarily ensuring a healthy diet.
Encourage multifunctionality. Plants, animals, and other elements are arranged in "guilds," with each guild ideally performing up to seven functions. A well-designed guild should provide food for people, food for the soil, groundcover, diggers that keep the soil porous and bring up minerals, climbers and supporters that stack food vertically, and protectors that keep the whole system free from harm.
Chickens, for example, perform a vast number of functions. They provide eggs, meat, and feathers; they peck and scratch the soil to clean garden beds; they eat insects and weed seeds; their manure makes excellent fertilizer; and finally, chickens can enhance learner commitment to the garden as children spend hours watching them, naming them, and feeding them kitchen scraps they bring from home (SEED 2010).
See solutions not problems. There is a saying in permaculture: "There is no such thing as a weed; it is simply a good plant in the wrong place." Damaging insects and intrusive plants can be put to good use if one is able to discover their specific functions. Even mosquitoes play an important role in pollination. Certain plants and insects can be used to attract beneficial predators that will keep unwanted populations in check, while other plants and insects can be used to repel these same unwanted elements.
What Does Permaculture Cost?
The cost associated with implementing permaculture in schools, or within any OVC platform, depends on a variety of factors. The design process always begins by assessing preexisting and locally available resources and then developing design ideas based on these observations. In situations where communities can be empowered to come together to provide local resources (i.e., tools, seeds/seedlings, labor, etc.), implementation can be completely free, and in the long run can even generate significant revenue. Where commitment is less than ideal, a budget for garden tools, seedlings, and other supplies may be necessary. In some cases, existing tools can be adapted for new uses.
The primary costs associated with any permaculture intervention generally relate to training and design process sensitization. The internationally recognized standard for earning a Permaculture Design Certificate is based on the completion of a 72-hour, component-based course that is taught by a cer tified trainer. Courses are often conducted over 12 days, with food, lodging, and travel reimbursements provided for participants. If inexpensive accommodation is sourced, a complete 12-day course can be delivered for approximately U.S.$35/participant/day. This translates to roughly $10,500 for 25 participants. Benefits of this intensive training include participant receipt of an internationally recognized certificate, and they have the potential to become future trainers after two years of applied experience.
Introductory courses and community sensitization sessions can be conducted in any context and integrated into extension services within ministries of health, agriculture, or education. Courses are not heavily technical, as implementation of permaculture does not rely on specific botanical knowledge. Instead, lessons focus on the functions of plants and other elements; for instance, identifying plants in a particular region that can act as groundcover, climbers, nitrogen fixers, etc. Often, this relies more on existing local knowledge than outside expertise.
A five-day "Introduction to Permaculture" course can generally be delivered to 10 people at a cost of approximately U.S.$100 ($10 per participant), assuming participants can sleep in their own homes and allowances are not paid. These 10 individuals would then be equipped to serve as a community-based support team for a school or community that intends to undertake a permaculture project. They would have enough knowledge to kick-start the implementation process for a school or community, with ongoing visits by a permaculture trainer to sustain the implementation process.
With regard to the cost of actual design features, permaculture can be as sophisticated or as simple as one chooses to make it. Water harvesting, for example, could be done for free by selecting hand-dug pits. Alternatively, it could cost thousands of dollars using high-tech storage containers. This applies as well to technologies that make use of solar, wind, thermal, and other sources of energy. After locally available solutions have been exhausted, the incorporation of additional technologies should be evaluated in terms of how important they are to the design system, as well as whether they are practical, sustainable, and of course taking cost into consideration. (See Tab 4, Box 3. SEED Integrates Permaculture into Cape Town Primary Schools.)
Implementation Challenges and Recommendations
Expectation of inputs: Implementing permaculture is very different from school feeding or typical agricultural and WASH programs in that few (if any) inputs are provided to program participants. This may be disappointing to teachers, parents, or ministry of education staff who are accustomed to receiving food assistance, seeds, tools, or monetary allowances for attending training.
Establishing clear expectations and community ownership is crucial if programs are to be effective. Often, this begins by first sensitizing those involved at schools as to the "whys" of permaculture so that they understand the benefits that can be obtained from a healthy environmental and diverse diet. The "hows" are only presented after the concept is understood.
Next, implementation should be a fun and exciting learning process for all involved. Incentives can be used as long as they are not viewed as handouts. Programmers can organize contests, for example, or reward systems that allow schools to win or earn garden tools, seedlings, or other supplies. It must be communicated, however, that incentives are not essential to getting star ted. Most start-up inputs should come from community donations (e.g., time, knowledge, labor, seedlings, tools) or from the children themselves (e.g., bringing seeds and hoes from home).
Land tenure: It is true that secure access to land often allows for more freedom to experiment and encourages the land owner to make longer-term investments. Land ownership, however, is not a prerequisite for implementing permaculture. Public spaces can offer exceptional opportunities for communities to put permaculture ideas into practice. In school permaculture programs, for example, there is often no one individual who owns the land, but rather it is community property and a place of learning. Experimentation therefore benefits the community as a whole.
Excessive focus on single staple crops: Modern agriculture has brought with it a tendency toward monocropping, which translates into a heavily cerealcentric diet in many places (e.g., corn in southern Africa). Even when harvests are adequate—which they often are not—this trend can promote undernutrition in the form of protein, fat, and micronutrient deficiencies. Despite the risks of a cereal-centric diet, shifting mindsets toward growing a diversity of crops remains a challenge.
Permaculture teaches that obtaining massive yields from single-crop systems is not the same as food security. In Malawi, for example, the last four growing seasons (2006 to 2010) produced enough corn to meet the country's staple food demands, plus nearly 1 million metric tons of surplus each year. Despite this excess crop, stunting and micronutrient deficiency rates have remained constant.
Overcoming a single-crop focus requires incorporation of nutrition education on several levels. The links between cereal-centric diets and health problems must be demonstrated and understood. Populations need continued exposure to beneficial examples and demonstration plots. Success stories of agricultural diversification need to be shared. (Some links to educational and teaching materials are found at the end of this brief.)
Myths, stigma, and obstructive cultural beliefs: There are strong cultural norms and beliefs that create barriers to successful implementation of permaculture activities.
For example, the practice of sweeping the ground around houses and schools until the earth becomes compacted and void of vegetation is based on the belief that sweeping promotes cleanliness, order, and good hygiene. In actuality, the contrary may be true. Oversweeping can actually cause poor hygiene conditions, because water runoff can carry fecal matter into water sources, leading to cholera and other dysentery diseases. Additionally, excess dust in the air caused by sweeping can lead to chronic respiratory problems.
In contrast, permaculture advocates for using all areas to their fullest potential to provide for human needs. A permaculture approach would encourage planting of useable crops around the homestead and schools. Minimal sweeping can still be done to maintain pathways, but the debris would then be added to the garden beds to improve soil fertility and enhance soil structure, while simultaneously providing functional and nutritious landscapes.
Another stigmatizing belief is that indigenous foods are only eaten by poor people. In every country, there are commonly hundreds of highly nutritious and well-adapted local plant and animal resources that are ignored and neglected as they are considered foods of last resort. Without addressing this form of stigma, communities will continue to prefer diets that are cereal-centric and emphasize foreign-introduced crops, such as cabbage, onions, tomatoes, carrots, oranges, and apples, many of which can be expensive and difficult to grow.
Making better use of stigmatized foods requires integrating traditional resources into modern systems. Food security assessments should include a review of access to traditional foods; agriculture projections should include yields from all of the food groups; and financial incentives could be given for locally produced products. Nutrition education, including meal and recipe planning, should include the benefits derived from local foods.(3) Overcoming these beliefs, and in some cases overcoming fears that these changes are too risky, is an ongoing challenge to implementation.
Permaculture Centers and Institutes:
Fambidzanai Permaculture Center, Zimbabwe
Nature's Gift Permaculture Training Center, Malawi
The Permaculture Research Institute of Australia
Educational and Teaching Materials:
Tagari Publications (Australia) founded in 1978, is one of the original groups dedicated to supplying permaculture resources (including Bill Mollison's Permaculture One, Two, and Designer's Manual), training supplies, etc.
SEED (a South African nonprofit) provides a wide variety of permaculture teaching materials, including The Organic Classroom for grades 1 to 3. SEED also trains schools in implementation of permaculture programs.
The Center for Ecoliteracy (United States) is a public foundation dedicated to education for sustainable living and has various ideas for school initiatives.
Permaculture Magazine (United Kingdom) includes articles on cutting-edge sustainability ideas from around the world.
Permaculture Activist Magazine (United States) has been offering ideas and resources on permaculture for the past 26 years.
Green Teacher (Canada) is a magazine that helps youth educators enhance environmental and global education inside and outside of schools.
Low Input Food and Nutrition Manual…Growing and Eating More Using Less is a manual developed and tested with support from the U.N. World Food Programme.
Permaculture Projects in Africa:
The Regional Schools and Colleges Permaculture Programme (ReSCOPE) uses permaculture to transform schools and colleges throughout southern African into productive centers of agroecological resources for their communities. ReSCOPE has alliances in Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
Food & Trees for Africa (South Africa) is a social enterprise that develops, promotes, and facilitates greening, climate change action, food security, and sustainable natural resource use, including permaculture.
Global Resource Alliance (Tanzania) is an all-volunteer organization sharing sustainable solutions to the challenges of poverty, malnutrition, and disease.
Kufunda Learning Village (Zimbabwe) is a model community designed to learn and demonstrate the solutions and innovations that contribute to self-reliant and sustainable village and learning centers.
The Klein Karoo Sustainable Drylands Permaculture Project (South Africa) is a nonprofit that conducts training in permaculture and other aspects of sustainable ecological living.
Sabina Home and School (a Ugandan home and primary school for OVC) uses permaculture to bring greater sustainability to the school and community.
Barany, M., A. L. Hammett, A. Sene, and B. Amichev. 2001. Non-timber Forest Benefits and HIV/AIDS inSub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Forestry 99(12):36–41. (accessed June 2011)
Bundy, D., C. Burbano, M. Grosh, A. Gelli, M. Jukes, and L. Drake. 2009. Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. (PDF, 2.14 MB; accessed June 2011)
Joint U.N. Programme on HIV/AIDS. 2010. UNAIDS Global Report Fact Sheet. Geneva: Joint U.N. Programmeon HIV/AIDS. (PDF, 54.8 KB; accessed June 2011)
Mollison, B. 1991. Introduction to Permaculture. Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari Publications.
Okeniyi, J. A. O., T. A. Ogunlesi, O. A. Oyelami, and L. A. Adeyemi. 2007. Effectiveness of Dried Carica Papaya Seeds against Human Intestinal Parasitosis: A PilotStudy. Journal of Medicinal Food 10(1):194–196. (accessed June 2011)
Praetorius, P. 2009. A Permaculture School Garden: Applying the Principles of Permaculture in Schoolyard Projects Reinforces Values of Resourcefulness, Stewardhip, and Substainability. Green Teacher Magazine. (PDF, 439 KB; accessed June 2011)
Regional Centre for Quality of Health Care. 2008. Nutrition Care for People Living with HIV and AIDS: Training Manual for Community and Home-Based Care Providers, Facilitators Guide and Participant Handouts. Kampala,Uganda: Regional Centre for Quality of HealthCare. (accessed June 2011)
Schools Environmental Education and Development.2004. The Organic Classroom. Cape Town: Schools Environmental Education and Development. (accessed June 2011)
Schools Environmental Education and Development. 2010. Designing for Abundance, Permaculture Mappingand Design. Cape Town: Schools Environmental Educationand Development. (accessed June 2011)
U.N. Children's Fund. 2001. Progress Since the World Summit for Children: A Statistical Review. Vitamin A Deficiency Insert. New York: U.N. Children's Fund. (accessed June 2011)
U.N. Children's Fund. 2009. Tracking Progress on Child and Maternal Nutrition: A Survival and DevelopmentPriority. New York: U.N. Children's Fund. (accessed June 2011)
U.N. Children's Fund. 2011a. "Statistics by Area/Child Nutrition." (accessed June 2011)
U.N. Children's Fund. 2011b. The State of the World's Children 2011: Adolescence–An Age of Opportunity. New York: U.N. Children's Fund. (accessed June 2011)
Thanks to Gretchen Bachman, Senior Technical Advisor, U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Orphans and Vulnerable Children Technical Working Group Co-chair, Office of HIV/AIDS, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID); Colette Peck, Technical Advisor, Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Office of HIV/AIDS, USAID; and Ben Isquith, HIV/AIDS Program Advisor, Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Office of HIV/AIDS, USAID.
Recommended Citation
Greenblott, Kara, and Kristof Nordin. 2012. Permaculture Design for Orphans and Vulnerable Children Programming: Low-Cost, Sustainable Solutions for Food and Nutrition Insecure Communities. Arlington, VA: USAID's AIDS Support and Technical Assistance Resources, AIDSTAR -One, Task Order 1.


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It was on a busy Saturday night, in a bar on Garnet Avenue, when I unknowingly stooled up beside a horny, drunken Pacific Beach baboon.
For those who don't live in the area, Pacific Beach (P.B.) is a San Diego borough in which reside the most drunken, horny apes per capita. This isn't to say there's not a good number of libidinous hipster primates cruising the bars of North Park, nor over-sexed gorillas in the Mission Beach mist, nor drunky trust-fund monkeys living in La Jolla, but without a doubt, P.B. takes the apes-per-capita cake.
Sitting on the other side of the simian in question were two of his baboony friends, to whom he kept pointing out various women and blubbering things like "Can you believe those melons?" and—I swear he said this—"I'd love to dunk that ass into a fondue bowl!" Being a nature lover, I was delighted to observe this bonermob (the scientific term for a group of horny, drunken P.B. baboons) in their native habitat, but the one sitting next to me was clearly the alpha knuckle-dragger, so my eyes and ears were on him.
As I said, it was busy. Thanks to the relatively large space between us, it seemed to be the go-to spot for people to squeeze in and order drinks. If that person happened to be a female, the baboon wasted no time on small talk.
"Day-yum, girl, you are hot!" he said to the first little pretty who walked up, followed by—and I swear to
Christ in holy Heaven he said this—"I'd buy you a beer, but I'm afraid it will evaporate." The young lady flicked him a vindictive Fuck off smirk and bailed the instant her drinks arrived.
"Dyke!" he murmured as she walked off.
Yeah, dude, I thought. She must be a dyke because a straight chick could never resist the game you got going on.
Fifteen minutes later, another hotty in a dark yellow top squeezed in, and may the Devil himself stab my eyes with his serrated tail if the guy didn't say, "I love your mustard-colored shirt. Can I be your hot dog?"
So it continued, with several more females over the course of 90-ish minutes being bombarded with horrible pickup lines. It was so excruciating (read: wondrous) to watch that I had to intervene. I mean, yeah, the dude was a baboon—sure as Nicki Minaj will make Mariah Carey cry on American Idol this season—but I couldn't, in good conscience, permit this travesty to continue.
"I know it's none of my business," I said, "but your method of picking up women is, um, problematic."
"How would you know?" he replied, looking me over and probably wondering what an old, Ocean Beach Orangutan like me could possibly know about picking up women in this day and age.
"I have been bartending in joints like this for longer than you've been alive," I said. "I have witnessed guys like you crash and burn so many times that the National Transportation Safety Board has me on speed dial." (Ok, I didn't actually say that last part.)
"Well, then," he said, with only a trace of sarcasm, "what am I doing wrong?"
"For starters, you can't keep acting like it's your first time at the zoo. Stop jumping up and down and pointing at every gazelle that gallops by. Secondly, ditch the pickup lines. Pickup lines are walls behind which social cowards prefer to hide. They are indicators that you're afraid of her, afraid to be yourself around her. Also, you have got to stop hitting on everything that moves!"
"But the more times you try, the better chance you have to succeed—like the lottery," he said.
"Look, I know: You're young and male, and your hormones are as antsy as Charlie Sheen at a cokeless yacht party"—(OK, I didn't say that, either)— "but women are not lottery tickets. You can buy 100 Lotto scratchers and the next one will not know or care that it's number 101. Women do know, though, and they do care."
"Oooh, I see. So, it's not about quantity; it's about quality."
"Well, that's true, yes, but that's not what I—."
"OK, watch this move," he said, waving to the bartender (a "quality" cutie to be sure). He ordered a draft, paid her with a 10 and asked to borrow a Sharpie. She returned with a Sharpie and a $5 bill, on which he wrote, "I think you're wicked hot," along with his phone number across Lincoln's cheek.
"Are you daft?" I barked, swiping the bill off the bar and replacing it with one of my own. You can't hit on the bartender!"
"Why the hell not!?"
"Because female bartenders get hit on every night, in every possible manner. They have heard all the lines, seen all the tricks and tactics. They have special powers. They know what weak-ass game you're going to bring simply by the stool you select."
"You're fucking crazy," he said, standing up. And just like that, school was out of session. He rallied the bonermob to the dance floor. I stayed at the bar and continued drinking in a manner befitting an OBrangutan.
My memory of the rest is spotty. I remember watching the bonermob on the dance floor trying to work the old, "Let's Dance Our Way Over to This Group of Girls and Nonchalantly Isolate Them from Their Friends" maneuver. I remember ordering another shot and a beer from the cutie bartender. I remember giving her a $5 tip. And I remember her looking at me with those "What are You Some Sort of Drunken Baboon?" eyes. Panic then! Cold, stark realization. I gave her the five with the love note on it. Oh, Christ to holy Heaven. Fade to black.
Write to email@example.com and email@example.com. Edwin Decker blogs at www.edwindecker.com. Follow him on Twitter @edwindecker or find him on Facebook.
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Mile End gets a vegan bistro
Spring flowers (or not)
Vegetarianism isn't exactly popular right now. And veganism? Forget about it. Between the rise of foodie culture — a meeting place for trash- gourmets, macho fatties and food pornographers — and simply being in Quebec, where the influence of French cuisine and the pork and dairy industries (ie. mafia, in the latter case) made the province extremely late to the veg party, being an abstainer is kind of like being straight-edge or celibate. Like, what's wrong with you? Life is short — eat a freakin' sausage. and two glasses of milk is better, like the ad says. yeah, Mr. Lactancia, sure.
And yet there are vegetarians. That culinary proclivity is typically born of health concerns, with a little pro-animal, anti-factory-farming and carbon-footprint reduction- sentiment on the side. Then there are the PETA freaks, the kind of vegetarians who wring their hands over what other people eat — but hey, every group's got its militants and maniacs. (I'm a Morrissey fan and all, but really, being subjected to animal torture videos during "Meat Is Murder" at his show in Burlington last October was not cool. And that song is honestly pretty lousy.)
I'm not even a strict vegetarian. I eat fish, seafood and gravy, and I'll never give up cheese. But I can also do without it, so I ventured to Invitation V, which opened in March. For the omnivore POV, I brought my husband, the kind of guy who'll always order the meat lover's pizza but also ranks Aux Vivres's smoked-coconut BLT as the best sandwich in the city.
Unlike most of the established handful of veg eateries in Montreal, Invitation V is an upscale bistro that, along with its organic, fair-trade mandate, focuses on presentation. With the room's neat, modern design and the care put into the aesthetic of each dish, it's a place you could bring a snooty relative or a date to, as long as they're not carnivorous hipster-haters (the succession of scenesters I spied through the open window on Bernard is a whole other piece).
There's a lengthy wine list, which we perused with our usual what's-cheapest-by-the-glass? criteria, but they were out of the mourvèdre ($7). We ordered the Mon Petit Pithon ($8) instead, and though the test sip went down smooth, the full glass revealed the wine to be just slightly corked. I've done it before, but in that moment I was too Canadian to send it back. (And not only did I finish my glass, I had most of my husband's, too.)
We normally don't do appetizers, but because we were playing food critics (I usually write about music), and my husband can never resist dumplings, we went for it. I opted for spring flowers ($6), and though my hopes for a floral starter were low, it wasn't as delicate and perfumy as I'd imagined. It turned out to be a cup of something cubed and crunchy in a light Thai curry sauce, on a bed of balsamic-dressed greens. The waitress told me it was an obscure Japanese root vegetable, and this is only occurring to me now, but I kind of hope that its yellow glow was just turmeric. In any case, it was delicious, and I'm going to try and recreate it at home, with a Chinese pear.
The steamed dumplings ($16), four bad boys served in a bamboo basket, had such a satisfying salt and grease quotient that you didn't need a dipping sauce, and that's lucky, since they didn't provide one. The unsealed pouch, held together with toothpicks, had a different consistency from that of a standard dumpling — I swear to God, it was like loose chicken skin, presumably minus most of the fat (and my husband, who's eaten chicken a lot more recently than I have, will back me up on that). Inside were lightly stewed julienned carrots, cabbage and onions, much like what you'd find in a vegetarian egg roll or imperial roll. Winning.
The main event
But the mains weren't quite as successful as the starters. The man opted for a burger and fries ($16), with lots of nayonnaise on the side (a white dipper with a consistency more yogurt than mayo), to which he added a few dashes of the herbed salt that sat at every table. The thick-cut fries were great, but the burger was big and a little unwieldy. The patty — made with seitan, a wheat-based meat substitute (they also offer tempeh, made with soy), and seasoned like falafel — had a firm but moist consistency that helped it achieve true toothsome-ness. He enjoyed it, but was not blown away by the burger bites of thick sandwich bread, crunchy lettuce, tomato and seitan. He also took issue with the fact that the patty came in four parts, making for an even messier experience than eating your average burger. I've consumed a wide range of unusual, oddly cut things that are shoved into a bun, doused in condiments and called a burger—there are varying degrees of success on the taste front, but I'll invalidate any vegetarian-food criticism based solely on shape. (If you want correct shapes, try the creepy meat-alikes at Chu Chai. I so don't get that.)
That said, I was impressed by the authentically Asian look of the hot pot ($17). At first glance, the simmering soup appeared to contain squid (a mushroom with tentacles), pork (potatoes) and egg-drop (soft tofu). There were also perfectly cooked pieces of asparagus, carrot, parsnip and green onion, in a curry broth that I paid an extra dollar for. Unfortunately the broth was part bitter and part nothing, without a trace of curry—maybe that was due to a miscommunication about my order. Even if it was the regular broth, it was dull, and the bitter taste and strange consistency of the odd, purplish potato chunks didn't help. But it wasn't a total loss. The waitress suggested that I add the accompanying side dish to the soup, so I unwrapped the banana leaf that sat on a small platter near the bowl to discover a soft bar of sticky rice topped with roasted coconut and peanut sauce—again, approximating the look of an Asian meal component (probably fish, in this case). I plopped a forkful into the soup, and sure, it helped. But it was too good to waste on kicking up the broth, so I devoured the rest on its own. So good, brah.
Then we shared a six-inch cheesecake, which masked its mystery dairy substitute with berries, berry sauce and a bottom layer of carrot cake. The "cheese" tasted okay on its own but lacked the fatty richness and flakiness of real cheesecake — its texture was more akin to custard. But who cares? It was a great package.
With only one major miss among the six dishes we sampled (really, one element of one dish), we'll see the inside of Invitation V again, and soon. It's nice to have a classy new vegetarian kid on the block. ■
Invitation V
254 Bernard W., 514-271-8111
Booze: Yes
Vegetarian-friendly: Obviously— it's vegan, with a number of gluten-free options, too


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Texas on the Potomac
Washington news with a Texas accent
Posts filtered on Tag
Office of Inspector General finds two of Ron Paul's Federal Reserve allegations false
At a Congressional hearing in February, 2010, Ron Paul asked Chairman Ben Bernanke about the Federal Reserve's potential role in the Watergate scandal and a possible multi-billion dollar loan to Saddam Hussein during the 1980s.
The Office of the Inspector General looked into the allegations and after a 16-month-long investigation, found them to be false.[Read More]
George W. Bush's chief of staff tells the Chronicle what it was like on 9/11
Andrew Card left his longtime role in the background of power this summer to become acting dean of the George Bush School of Government and Public Service at Texas A&M University. But he's still best-known for one moment in the spotlight when, as chief of staff to former President George W. Bush, he stood beside the president during an appearance in a Florida classroom and whispered news of the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001.
Card talked to Chronicle reporter Jeannie Kever about that fateful day, a decade at war and what he will be thinking about today. [Read More]
Rick Perry's drinking buddies talk about their Aggie spirit and their famous friend
At the Dixie Chicken, a dim and slightly dingy Aggieland hangout that's been serving juicy burgers, cold beer and crispy chicken-fried steaks long before Bryan-College Station became home to every fast-food franchise and strip-mall staple known to man, three adult males, obviously not students, sat down at one of the weathered wooden tables a few years ago and passed around an elegant flask of whiskey. Each man took a sip and chased it with a beer. And talked about Rick Perry. [Read More]


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Samsung Ends Fight With Apple In Europe
Professor Mark Lemley spoke with The Financial Times' Tim Bradshaw about the recent patent wars and why "a move toward damages is a move towards greater rationality" in the fight.
Samsung has said it will no longer seek an injunction against Apple's devices in Europe, as US and European authorities press the smartphone industry to rein in their patent disputes.
Before Tuesday's statement by Samsung, the European Commission had been preparing to challenge the South Korean company over what it sees as the group's reluctance to license its intellectual property to competitors, according to people familiar with the situation.
While the two cases are not directly related, legal and industry experts say they demonstrate the high hurdles smartphone companies face in their attempts to secure bans against rival products. "There is a common theme here of trusting more in damages and less in injunctions in cases that involve large, multi-component products," said Mark Lemley, professor at Stanford Law School. "A move toward damages is a move toward greater rationality."


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As "The Voice Ph" finals draws near, another batch of singers from each team battled it out in the live shows held on Sunday, September 15.
Radha Tinsay of Team Lea, Myk Perez (Team Bamboo), Klarisse de Guzman (Team Sarah) and Janice Javier (Team Apl) won the live show after getting the highest accumulated scores from the public and coaches' votes.
As a result, Radha, Myk, Klarisse and Janice will return next week as part of the eight finalists who will have their last showdown.
The other finalists are Mitoy Yonting, Morisette Amon, Paolo Onesa and Thor Dulay.
Team Lea
Former Kulay member Radha got Lea and the public's votes with her rendition of Cyndi Lauper's "Time After Time." Bamboo described her number as a "masterful performance," which earned Radha an accumulated score of 125.5, 60 from Lea and 65.5 from the public.
Radha beat 17-year-old Kimpoy Mainit, who performed SWV's hit "Weak."
"The thing about you and your reputation kasi as a singer napakaversatile. Ang maganda you gave your heart in this performance," Lea told Radha.
Team Bamboo
It was a close fight between Kamp Kawayan's Myk Perez and Isa Fabregas. The coaches praised Myk for his consistency in performing Adele's "Chasing Pavements."
Lea noted that Myk was captured the audience's attention in "every single note."
"Album na eh. You've been consistent since the very beginning, ready ka na. This is your stage," Bamboo said.
Myk earned an accumulated score of 121.13, 55 from Bamboo and 66.13% of votes from the public. He beat teammate Isa, who did a mash-up of Alicia Keys' "No One" and Black Eyed Peas' "Where is the Love."
MyK, Chasing Pavements, VoicePhLive4 and Kamp Kawayan trended on Twitter.
Team apl
Viewers seemed to disagree with apl.de.ap's decision of choosing Janice Javier over Jessica Reynoso.,whom he gave a score of 65 and 35, respectively.
Jessica, who performed the OPM hit "Ikaw," got 60.22 percent public votes, versus Janice's 39.98 percent. Janice performed Aretha Franklin's "Chain of Fool" and earned a total score of 104.19.
"You can inspire so many Amerasians especially tonight after you performed. I see a bright future in you and you've just started," apl told Jessica.
Team Sarah
Klarisse de Guzman gave a winning performance with her rendition of Bonnie Raitt's "I Can't Make You Love Me." She beat teammate Eva delos Santos, who gave an emotional version of "Ikaw Lang Ang Mamahalin."
Sarah gave Klarisse a score of 55, and Eva -- 45. The viewers agreed with Sarah's decision, and gave Klarisse a score of 68.91.
"Ang sarap mong pakinggan. Hindi ako makahinga habang pinapakinggan kita. Perfect" Sarah told Klarisse.
Singers competing in each team will have their last showdown next week.
The line-up consists of Radha versus Mitoy from Team Lea, Klarisse versus Morissette (Team Sarah), Janice versus Thor (Team apl) and Myk versus Paolo (Team Bamboo).
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What's up with 50 Cent and Chelsea Handler? Are they doing the dirty or are they just friends?
They've been spotted on numerous occasions looking way too cozy to be just friends, but Fiddy insists he hasn't been playing with her pikachu.
When asked about the hookup rumors, Fiddy told Hollyscoop EXCLUSIVELY
at the "Hannibal Pictures AFM Blowout Party" that he hasn't been paying attention to the gossip, "I didn't hear none of that," he said, adding, "I don't know how you set it straight, Chelsea is a friend of mine and she's been working on a lot of great television projects I've been communicating with her [about]."
But clearly it hasn't been all work and no play, "They sent me to brunch and said I'm in love," he added.
So what the hell is going on? Stop keeping us in the dark! I'm on to you two, I know there's been some late night pikachu action! What do you guys think? Are they doing the dirty, or are they "just friends"?


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Intellectual Property
Welcome to the Intellectual Property Center, providing information and resources to help businesses protect their own intellectual property and avoid infringing on the intellectual property rights of others. Here you will find practical and legal tips on registering and using copyrights, patents, and trademarks.
- A Nondisclosure Agreement
- Patent Enforcement FAQ
- Copyrighting Recipes
- Fair Use Law
- Patent Eligibility Requirements FAQ
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Find accommodations in Carmelo with the hotel list provided below. Find cheap and/or discounted hotel rates in or near Carmelo, Uruguay for your upcoming personal or group travel. We show the best Carmelo motel and hotel rooms. Browse the Carmelo area hotels to find the perfect lodging! Please use the provided map of the Carmelo hotels.
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September 2, 2011 - Winners Chosen!
Congratulations to Tony Stranges of Petro Canada (Sponsor) and Sue Littles of DTE Energy - WSC (New Member)! Tony has won an Apple iPad2 and Sue has won an Apple iPod Nano. In addition to these winners, one person won an extra incentive for getting multiple new members - congrats to Sam Wolfe, who has won a free STLE Webinar attendance for recruiting 5 new members!
Everyone did a fantastic job and we all want to thank you for your dedication. Keep the spirit of the campaign alive throughout the rest of the year - remember, STLE is always here as a great resource for any new hires or those starting new in a position. We want to help you succeed in all that you do. Great work!
Visit the MGAM page for more info and the summary of the campaign.
September 1, 2011: Submissions due by end of business today (5:00 p.m. CDT)
This is your absolute last chance at winning an iPad2 - so be sure to get applications in on time. Follow up with those you recruited, and make sure they sent in their applications or that they do it online today. Remember, this benefits both you and the new member - the new member gets a shot at an iPod Nano, which could be another selling point to all the great benefits that come with an STLE membership! Use the resources we have available to help recruit those last few members.
August 31, 2011: 1 DAY LEFT!
You have just one day to get applications in! We'll be releasing drawing results here when the drawing is complete, so keep checking back. If you get involved, you'll reap the rewards - both in potentially winning an iPad2 (or iPod Nano as a new member), and in making a contribution to your society.
August 29, 2011: 3 DAYS AND COUNTING - Don't be left out!
Membership comes with benefits, and allows you to become part of a community, but being a member also means that you've made a committment to contribute to that community in any way that you can. This includes growing the community itself!
You still have some time to get involved. Just follow up with those you may have spoken with before, approach new employees at your company, or call up acquaintances you may have met at past meetings, conferences or other industry events. Some don't know about STLE, or simply haven't been asked to join. It may be as simple as that. Give it a try and you could win an iPad2, and they could win an iPod Nano. Start on the MGAM home page to get details on the campaign, how to get started, resources to use in your efforts, and much more. Call us at the office (847) 825-5536 or email Alicia, Bruce, or Kara for more information.
August 25, 2011: Only 1 week to go! Get your applications in...
Be sure to get your applications in and follow up with folks on the benefits of being an STLE Member. Remember, it's not just about an iPad2, it's about growing your community and making your membership more meaningful and interactive. STLE thrives because of its dynamic community of members and a strong belief in the society and what it can do. Our Member-Get-A-Member Campaign will ensure the strength of continued connections, engagement, and education. When STLE grows, you grow, too. If you contribute to the campaign by recruiting new members, you're making STLE stronger and better for your membership and the future of the society.
It's easy to get started! Simply have a conversation. Find some folks and discuss your membership, and how you've grown as a result of your involvement. Spread the word. If someone joins as a result of your work, then you both are entered into a drawing.
To get started, take a look at the multitude of resources at your disposal on our MGAM page.
These resources will help you get going if you're not sure where to start, and will help you keep up the good work. And remember, there's a great reward for you – the tangible: be entered into a drawing for an iPad and other incentives for your participation (including free Annual Meeting attendance for next year); and the intangible: growing your community.
First winners chosen June 16, 2011!
More information will follow, but here are the results of our first drawing, rewarding those who have been invovled in the campaign. If you'd like to win an iPad in our remaining drawing (deadline for submissions is September 1, 2011), get started by visiting on our campaign website.
Sponsor Winner (Apple iPad2): Dr. Peter M. Lee, University of Leeds, York, North Yorkshire, England (pictured at right)
New Member Winner (Apple iPod Nano): Peter Neufeld, Lubrication Consultant, Fluid Life, Tofield, Alberta, Canada (pictured at right)
Be sure to send notes to congratulate the winners, and welcome our new members. A full list of new and sponsoring members can be found here.


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JCB: European Tour-standard golf course plan in full swing after getting go-ahead
Posted: July 17, 2014|
DIGGER manufacturer JCB has been given the go-ahead to create a £30 million state-of-the-art European Tour-standard golf course in its grounds.
The 240-acre course close to the firm's Rocester headquarters has received approval from East Staffordshire Borough Council.
JCB said the facility would create 100 jobs, not counting roles created during construction.
The 18-hole, 7,150-yard course would initially be used to host corporate clients but JCB hopes it would eventually become a venue for the professional European Tour.
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It will be designed by European Golf Design – the company of IMG and the European Tour – which is best-known for the 2010 course at Celtic Manor in Wales, host of the 2010 Ryder Cup.
Tenders will now be invited for the first phase of the project, which will involve earthmoving works and initial landscaping and should take place in autumn.
It is hoped that the course, which will be created across 240 acres of countryside, will be ready for play in 2018.
JCB group property director Alan Thomson said: "We are delighted that the golf course project has been given approval.
"It is good news for JCB and even better news for the area because of the very positive impact this scheme will have on the local and regional economy."
Eighteenth-century mansion Woodseat Hall is at the centre of the development and JCB said it planned to give it a "new lease of life" by renovating it as the course's clubhouse.
A spokesman for the firm said: "The golf course will be the biggest marketing tool available to JCB in its history, helping grow sales and create jobs.
"If the course were to host a major tournament, the television coverage would help put the JCB brand firmly on the world stage."


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66/1 Soi Chayangkul 34 (Soi 40, 10 Juction)Excellent 90%
Create your own travel plan including Ubon Ratchathani as one of your stops. You can use it to store all your research (even hotels found on other websites!)
Do you have questions about Ubon Ratchathani? You might try asking in our active travel forums and see if anyone else has been there.
Keep your family and friends up to date with your trip by starting your own travel blog!


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Red Hot Slipper Socks
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The fire-engine red and white trim of our cozy slipper socks might suggest red hot excitement, but the high-grip rubber pads on the bottom -- reminiscent of the famous cinnamon candies! -- provide smooth sailing on those slippery kitchen floors.
- 97% polyester / 3% spandex
- Non-slip tread
- Machine wash cold with like colors on gentle; do not bleach
- Tumble dry low, cool iron if needed
- Fits U.S. women's size 9-11
- Imported
For bulk pricing on these and other items, please contact our Customer Service department at firstname.lastname@example.com.
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Recent reviews:
November 20, 2014 - am wearing these now and are very toasty warm. my daughter loves them, too; she has tile floors and doesn't worry about slipping.
April 6, 2014 - Cozy, so soft & warm! :)
March 25, 2014 - Was disappointed because they were very short and don't even reach the ankle. I thought these were longer.
March 23, 2014 - I purchased a pair of these slipper socks because of the fire-engine red color and the white trim was an excellent added touch! They are very cozy & warm. However I noticed that when I sweat red dye gets all over my feet and the inside of my shoes. The other day they stained "red" my favorite white slippers. And no matter how hard I tried I can't get the red dye out. And I am very wary that these socks might find their way into a hamper and then disaster ensues. And I am thinking that it will be inevitable for the white trim to turn pink even if I hand wash it separately & in cold water. No wonder they sent a second pair! I would not recommend anyone to purchase these slipper socks, unless you are very fond of PINK.
February 1, 2014 - so comfortable & cozy to wear & the surprise was getting 2 pairs instead of only 1
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Medieval Entertainment IAs your group enjoys traditional Prague hospitality, women dancers perform traditional Czech dances. Suddenly, two knights enter in full armour and challenge each other to a dual. Combat then commences, with knives and short swords. After this, a fire-breather enters the room and puts on an impressive show. To accompany the evening's Medieval entertainment, background medieval music is piped through the restaurant. Price: 8,400czk per group.
Medieval Entertainment IIAs above, but with a live Medieval band instead of piped music, and an Oriental dance show in addition to the Czech dance show. Price: 14,400czk per group.
Traditional Folk Music & DanceHire your own band to play traditional folk music (contrabass, violin, clarinet, pipes). The repertoire showcases the best of Moravian, West and South Czech folk music, whilst dancers perform for the audience. These are experienced performers for international audiences, and perform in traditional costumes. Guests will be encouraged to participate in the dancing. Price: 7,125czk per group.
In addition to the entertainment, guests can choose from a variety of food options. We can email these to you on request.
For information on the restaurant, see: U Ceskych Panu Restaurant.


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Friday Freebie – Facebook "Like" Flyer
Posted by ChesherP on March 11th, 2011
It is well known that Facebook has been sending "Like" signs to small businesses and dealerships for some time now. That said, perhaps you weren't one of the lucky ones who made Zuck's List, or maybe you don't like the one Facebook Provided. In either case, relax; AutoProMetrix has you covered.
Thanks to some great insights by Automotive Social Media Expert Kathie Kruse, both dealerships and sales people can get some great tips that help increase the "quality and not quantity" of your Facebook Fans. A point I particularly liked was the idea to include Facebook signage throughout your dealership.
That inspired me to create a Free template to help you get rolling with catchy signage.
Display "Find Us On Facebook" signs throughout the store. F&I, Sales Offices, All Entry Doors, Waiting Room, Service Advisor offices, even in the Business Office and Wash Rack.
Using a simple sign to take advantage of your in-dealership traffic in order to gain more fans is a great way to increase your fan-base while not being too "salesy". It's 100% opt-in, meaning the people who click "Like" are doing so because they want to hear about and stay up-to-date with what is going on at your store.
From a sales person's point of view, you too can use this information for your Fan Page. Put your "Like" graphic on your desk, your business cards, and be sure to let all of your customers know that you have a Facebook page.
Using Our Graphic
If you would like to use the graphic we created, just download it, use Photoshop to edit and voila, you're done. Oh, and while you're at it, take a min to read the Post: 12 Tips for Increasing Your Dealership Facebook Fans by Kathi Kruse, it makes some fantastic points.
Don't have a Graphics Program?
If you don't have Photoshop, Fireworks or another handy design program, no problem. Fill out the form below and we will make you one for Free. Just give us some time to put the information together and we will email it to you ASAP. As for Privacy, don't worry, we don't sell your name or auction you off to the highest bidder. We would simply ask that in return you follow us on Facebook by clicking the "Like" button to the right of the screen. If requested, we will also send you information on Printing too!
Here is an Example of the Free Graphic
Posted in Marketing & Social Media
ChesherPPaul Chesher is the CMO and Co-Founder of AutoProMetrix and Carsmosis.com. He has extensive experience as an Internet Marketer, Speaker, Trainer and VP Online Marketing for Community Yellow Pages. Paul works with dealerships of all sizes and sales professionals of all levels to build web strategies designed to increase sales.
Lojko Says:
March 4, 2011 4:53 pm
Great post Mr. Chesher! Very insightful!! Thank-you!
alex Says:
December 11, 2011 7:14 pm
wheres the download button?
Happy Hannah Says:
September 30, 2012 1:34 pm
Very jealous of your new design, thanks!
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January 24, 2013 2:19 pm
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Nice read. I just passed this onto a colleague who was doing a little research on that. He just bought me lunch since I found it for him! Therefore let me rephrase: Thank you for lunch!
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June 11, 2013 9:50 pm
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Shape the future - join IFHOHYP now!
Why join IFHOHYP?
As IFHOHYP member you will be a part of network of young, energetic and inspired people who believe that hard of hearing individuals have a right to full-fledged life on equal terms within the society. Who believe in equal opportunity and possibility to advance disability rights; who believe that hard of hearing person should be an active member of society rather than passive recipient of state care and charity.
As IFHOHYP member you will:
If your organization want to be a member of you have any questions, please contact Karina Chupina.


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Group Name:
Salt Water Cure
anywhere anywhere
This group is created to open up people to not only dieting but also to share the truth about drinking at least 8 cups a day with sea salt minerals. ONce you do this, i believe that weight comes of easier and this also prevents diseases. Many people eat healthy but so many ignore the fact that they are constantly dehydrated which is so bad for the body. If you want to join this group, all that is expected is for everyone to try 8-10 glasses of water a day with 1/4 teaspon of sea salt with each cup. in one week i guarantee that metabolism, skin, and attitude will improve. peace...
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Thursday, February 08, 2007, 6:48 PM
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You can pay cash or via credit / debit card when you collect, however we do not accept cheques on collection. You must notify us in advance if you want to pay on collection.
Our warehouse is open from 8.30am - 5pm Monday to Friday. Our address is as follows: -
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Today I was working on another post (coming soon) when I discovered that Guy Kawasaki is hosting a downloadable PDF file with the first chapter and the index of his book Art of the Start, which I recommend highly. This first chapter is very strong. Get going, make meaning, be different, polarize, do something better, do it because you can, and so on. Great ideas about business ideas.
Searching for that, I also came across a Web version that seems to be, word-for-word, that first chapter as well.
So, if you haven't had time to get the book, or you want a sample, or you simply want to see it right now while you're browsing, these are some options.
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How LivePlan makes your business more successful
If you're writing a business plan, you're in luck. Online business planning software makes it easier than ever before to put together a business plan for your business.
As you'll see in a moment, LivePlan is more than just business plan software, though. It's a knowledgable guide combined with a professional designer coupled with a financial wizard. It'll help you get over the three most common business hurdles with ease.
Let's take a look at those common hurdles, and see how producing a top-notch business plan sets your business up for success.Click to continue


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MANAGEMENT SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, Vol.3,No.1, March 02, 2009.
Table of Contents
|Studies on Management Mechanisms of Environmental Safety for Recycled Water in China
|I-Shin CHANG, Jing WU
|Using Photo Elicitation in Identifying Tourist Motivational Attributes for Visiting Taman Negara, Malaysia
|Anizah Hj Zainuddin
|Use of Reclaimed Water in China: management issues and strategies
|Xue-jian XUAN, He XU
|Study on Complex Products Job-shop Scheduling System Based on MES
|Xiang SU, Hong-xia SUN, Chun-guang LIAN, Xi-ma YUE
|The Affection of Independent Innovation on Employment
|Guang-rong TONG, Yuan-yuan LIU
|A Study on the Integration Risk Management for the Insurance Enterprises
|Shan HUA, Xin GAO, Xiao-yan LI, Jun-wen FENG
|The Potential Risk and Investment Analysis of China's Automobile Industry in the Context of Financial Crisis
|Qi-yue XIONG, Rui LIU
|Measures Would be Taken by the Courts in Deciding whether to Trigger the Off-hire Clause
|Xia ZHENG
|Discussion of the Rural Land Property System Reform According to the Rural Land Contract Management in China
|Wen-yong WU
|On the Relationship between Equality and Efficiency
|Pei-xing YU
How to do online submission to another Journal?
If you have already registered in Journal A, then how can you submit another article to Journal B? It takes two steps to make it happen:
1. Register yourself in Journal B as an Author
Find the journal you want to submit to in CATEGORIES, click on "VIEW JOURNAL", "Online Submissions", "GO TO LOGIN" and "Edit My Profile". Check "Author" on the "Edit Profile" page, then "Save".
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Go to "User Home", and click on "Author" under the name of Journal B. You may start a New Submission by clicking on "CLICK HERE".
We only use three mailboxes as follows to deal with issues about paper acceptance, payment and submission of electronic versions of our journals to databases:
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The University of Maine System is trying to get into your head.
Television commercials, radio spots and newspaper ads started running this fall as part of a $2 million initiative aimed at reversing a decline in enrollment that stands in stark contrast to national figures.
In the past decade, enrollment at the system's seven schools has shrunk by about 3,000 students -- a drop of nearly 9 percent.
Over the same period, enrollment in the nation's public four-year universities has risen about 20 percent, according to the National Center for Education Statistics.


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Light From The Lake
"Light from the Lake" is a blog about the inspirational people of Our Lady of the Lake University. It is about students who serve their community, alumni who shape the city, faculty and staff who influence the next generation of leaders, and the Congregation of Divine Providence that founded and sponsors OLLU today. It is about a University community that turned a four-alarm fire in 2008 into a catalyst for growth and renewal. The blog is written by Ken Rodriguez, an award-winning journalist and marketer at OLLU and freelance writer.
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From Migrant Fields to Law School
The hardest part of growing up in Eagle Pass were the summers spent in the fields of Arlington, Minn. There, alongside her parents and two older sisters, Gloria Gloria pulled weeds and removed rocks that weighed 30 to 40 pounds, sometimes a lot more. She also picked squash, pumpkins and cucumbers. Her work days often began at 5 or 6 a.m., ended at 7 or 8 p.m. and ran from mid-March through early October. "I started," Gloria says, "when I was 10-years-old." [Read More]


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Apartment Ardelic
Double room in a quiet street in the middle of the old town of Korcula. The room is equipped with a fridge, TV and free wifi.
A private separate bathroom is provided for guests.
Linen (sheets and towels) is provided and included in the price.
Location in a private house and is close to a quiet beach (100m) and other swimming areas. All facilities are within easy access within the old town, including museums, cathedral, Marco Polo's home. Banks, shopping and other tourist facilities are all in easy access. Ferries and buses to Split and Dubrovnik all leave a short distance away (300m).
Please Note:
No smoking in room.
We accept cash only to pay for the balance upon arrival.
Check in: 14:00 (other times contact us)
Check out: 11:00
Cancellation Policy: 3 days, late cancellations and no shows will be charged the amount of the first night
Disponibilità e tariffePer visualizzare la disponibilità e i prezzi, seleziona le date e fai clic su "Aggiorna date"
Politica di cancellazioneQuesta proprietà ha una politica di cancellazione di 3. La mancata cancellazione entro questo intervallo di tempo si tradurrà in una penale pari alla prima notte di pernottamento.
IndicazioniMostra mappaNascondi mappa
From Bus Station and Ferry terminal:
Walk north to Obala Hrvastskih Mornara and follow until you come to street Fosa. Walk towards Veliki Revelin Tower with large steps going into the old town. Go up the steps into the central oldtown square. Continue north past the cathedral on your right. At the end of the square (Trg Sv Marka) walk to the end on the left hand side and you have reached the street Dr Vinka Foretica, go down the street for about 20 metres until you reach number 7 - Gojka and Anita Andelic.


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Grab your griddles and whip out your whisks, because National Pancake Week starts the week before Mardi Gras!
Why do pancakes deserve a week-long celebration? Read on.
Pancake Week is grounded in ancient tradition. During the Middle Ages, it was common practice to prepare for Lent by purging the pantry of luxurious foods such as eggs, butter, and milk. These ingredients often became big batches of pancakes. To this day, many communities around the world feast on pancakes all the way through Shrove Tuesday--also known as Fat Tuesday or Mardi Gras--before the season of moderation begins on Ash Wednesday. In fact, another name for Fat Tuesday is Pancake Day.
Despite its no-nonsense name, Pancake Week inspires its share of eccentric behavior.
Whatever you may call them--battercakes, blini, blintzes, crepes, flapjacks, griddlecakes, hotcakes, johnnycakes, or pancakes--they stack up to a plateful of good eating. Experiment with thick batters and thin, make them sweet or savory, and try out all sorts of toppings and stuffings. Have a great time indulging in pancakes this week!
Hard to believe, but many kids will be back in school at the end of the month. Get ready.
You won't believe all the things you can do with cauliflower. It's a great low-carb option.
Delicious recipes, party ideas, and cooking tips! Get a year of Allrecipes magazine for $7.99!
Hungry for hotcakes? With this premade mix, they're ready when you are.
See how to make carrot cake pancakes with cream cheese frosting.
The waffle iron makes quick work of scrambled eggs, hashbrowns, & cinnamon rolls.
Read our allrecipes.com blog


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Oh no she Didn't: Sarah Palin's Tea Party Speech
Former Alaska Governor has moved on, well at least in a different direction and is now pushing the Tea Party Movement. At the Tea Party Convention she stated: "It's so inspiring to see real people, not politicos, inside-the-beltway professionals, come out, stand up and speak out for common-sense conservative principles."
She spent the remainder of the convention, in her speech, dogging administrative actions in Washington, Obama and Democrats. She chose to tackle the subjects of National Security, the recent election of Republican Scott Brown in Massachusetts, as well as the big one: the economy.
Palin even tried to make jokes on the matter by mocking President Obama's campaign slogan: "How's that hope-y, change-y stuff working out for you?"
I just think it's funny and odd that she feels that she is qualified enough to point fingers, blame, and mud-sling. I guess now that a year's gone by she feels that after her book: Going Rogue, and her tv appearances she feels she has redeemed herself of her embarrassing and slightly unprepared speeches and debates from last years election.
I know that she is trying to appeal to the people, the everyday middle class American, "Joe Plumber," but the whole reason the employment is up and the everyday man is down is a result to an 8 year Republican/pro-war/ conservative reign. We, Americans, spent money that just wasn't there and now we are suffering. Regardless of if a Republican or a Democrat or whomever was in the Presidential seat, we'd still be suffering. It took 8 years or more to get into this hole, it won't be resolved overnight, or over a year. It's going to take some time, and yes time is money and that's part of the problem.
Not to mention she is always pushing "conservative" values and common sense, yet her own household and family does not necessarily practice what they preach–hence Levi Johnston. I mean if you are going to be in a position to lead people don't be a hypocrit. I know that we are all human, and prone to imperfection which is why she can't control every word, idiotic phrase, or action of her family or herself. This is just one reason why I'm politically neautral. I feel that the only government that will really make a difference is God's, it would be perfect and unbiased or partial.
I am not her biggest fan, I am more of a fan of tina fey's impression of her. That at least is entertaining.


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Stagnancy hit local bourses
Stock market last week saw the worst fall in the year to date amidst signs of production stagnancy.
Investors dumped their holdings throughout the week and the benchmark VN Index slipped 9.4 per cent and the HNX-Index fell 9.52 per cent. Liquidity shed more than 25 per cent on both bourses against previous week.
Market participants claim the market is ending its "hot" rising tide as fresh economic fears take gold despite fresh stimulus attempt by the government. Hapaco director Vu Xuan Cuong shared the pessimistic mood with an online conference named "Finding opportunities for stock investors".
The conference, organised late last week by Dau Tu Chung Khoan (Securities Investment) – a Vietnamese language sister newspaper of VIR – is an online dialogue between some listed firms and the public.
Cuong said the payment delays for value added tax (VAT) and corporate income tax (CIT) under the government's stimulus package "can only deal with short-term problems of enterprises. "The State Bank's policy to cap lending interest rates at 15 per cent for the production sector was of little use."
While the lower 15 per cent lending rate is now on offer, enterprises can hardly access loans due to banks' strict lending criteria. Enterprises are also struggling with low sales and high inventory levels, which cut into their borrowing demand.
Bao Viet Holdings, meanwhile, is trying to cut its operating costs in an attempt to improve the firm's profit. Bao Viet's operating director Hoang Viet Ha told the dialogue his firm had cut about $1.6 million of operating costs within the first quarter, in an plan to cut 5-10 per cent in costs during the year.
Amid economic difficulties, real estate companies seem to suffer most. Trinh Van Quyet, chair of FLC Group (FLC), said the sector faced weak liquidity, in which investors stayed on the sidelines waiting for new movements.
"Capital for business [of real-estate companies] is drying out," Quyet said. "Meanwhile, the changes in economic policies are still in the first stage and need long way to positively affect the market."
IDJ director Tran Trong Hieu claimed the most important policy in an economic downturn was "safeguarding assets, not making profit".
Merger and acquisition has emerged as a prominent trend and pharmaceutical Traphaco chair Vu Thi Thuan said her firm was mulling plans to acquire same-sector companies, after Traphaco completed purchasing a 25 per cent stake in competitor Dak Lak pharmaceutical firm last month.
Quyet of FLC Group said FLC Land was being merged into FLC in third quarter, with hope that "FLC will increase competitiveness thanks to an increase in financial capacity and assets."
Given the troubled economic situation, company managers said it was difficult to guarantee stock prices. "At the moment, I do not want to say anything about whether the stock price is high or not, because there are still loss-making companies out there but their stock price might still rise," Cuong of Hapaco said.
Trinh Hoai Giang, deputy general director of HCM City Securities Company said: "The economy is showing signs of difficulties like negative credit growth, stagnant production and tumbling aggregate demand," adding that European risks are likely turning into "a fresh widespread and deep crisis". "The worst case is that the Vietnamese economy can turn bad in line with the global economy in next quarters. I think the risks facing us in next quarters are remarkable," he said.
Category: Stocks


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ProQuest education journals
"Fulltext of over 400 periodicals in the field of Education."--UA database information page.
PsycINFO, from the American Psychological Association (APA), contains more than 2 million citations and summaries of scholarly journal articles, book chapters, books, and dissertations, all in psychology and related disciplines, dating as far back as the 1800s. The database also includes information about the psychological aspects of related fields such as medicine, psychiatry, nursing, sociology, education, pharmacology, physiology, linguistics, anthropology, business, law and others. Journal coverage, which spans 1887 to present, includes international material selected from nearly 2,000 periodicals in more than 25 languages.
"PsycARTICLES, from the American Psychological Association (APA), is a definitive source of full-text, peer-reviewed scholarly and scientific articles in psychology. The database contains more than 45,000 articles from 57 journals - 46 published by the American Psychological Association (APA) and 11 from allied organizations. It includes all journal articles, letters to the editor and errata from each journal. Coverage spans 1985 to present."
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