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Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
Cellular And Molecular Biology
Cellular And Molecular Biology 328
Exam 1 Study Questions.docx
Exam 1 Study Questions.docx
Cellular And Molecular Biology 328
Rutgers University - New Brunswick/Piscataway
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Human Parasitology, Third Edition
01 - Introduction and Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)1.�What is a symbiosis?�What is each participant in a symbiotic relationship called?�What is a trophic interaction?�Give some examples. A symbiosis is the association of organisms of different species. Participants are called symbionts. A tropic interaction is a nutritional relationship in which there is a transfer of energy. Examples include remora fish and bigger fish (indirect), termites and intestinal protists (direct). 2.�What type of dependency exists between the participants of a phoretic relationship?�Does the phoront benefit from the relationship? There is no physiological or biochemical dependence. The phoront benefits in that it gets carried by the host. An example includes pollen being carried by a butterfly. � 3.�Explain commensalism.�How does the commensal benefit?�Can these organisms survive independently? Commensalism is an indirect tropic relationship. The commensal benefits while the host is neither harmed nor benefited. Both organisms can survive independently. � 4.�What is mutualism?�Can these partners survive independently?�What type of dependence exists between the partners?�Give some examples. Mutualism is a direct tropic relationship in which both partners benefit. The partners cannot survive independently. There is a physiological dependence. Examples include termites, which eat wood that is ingested by intestinal protists, and intestinal bacteria which digest blood consumed by leeches. � 5.�How is each symbiont affected in an exploitation interaction?�How do a predator and a parasitoid differ?�What is the usually effect of a micropredator on its host?�How do micropredators and parasites differ? In an exploitation relationship, one partner benefits while the other is harmed. A predator attacks and kills many hosts, while a parasitoid attacks and kills only one host. Micropredators seldom kill their hosts. A micropredator has many hosts, while a parasite only has one host. � 6.�What is parasitism?�Which partner is harmed?�Give the definition of parasitism.�What does the parasite get out of the relationship?�What does it mean that the parasite has greater reproductive potential than the host?�What are some characteristics of a parasitic disease? Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms of different species. The parasite has potential to kill the host. The parasite receives nutrients and a place to live from the host. If the parasite has greater reproductive potential than the host, it means that the parasite will be able to reproduce more often than the host (?). Parasitic diseases are chronic and difficult to control. � 7.�What is a parasite?�For each of the following, identify whether it could be a parasite according to the traditional definition ��������� Cestode - yes ��������� Trematode - yes ��������� Bacteria - no ��������� Nematode - yes ��������� Virus - no ��������� Fungus - no ��������� Protozoan - yes ��������� Arthropod - yes � 8.�Define the following: Ectoparasite ? parasite which lives on the host surface ��������� Endoparasite ? parasite which lives inside the host ��������� Obligate parasite ? has to be parasitic for at least some of its life cycle ��������� Facultative parasite ? not normally parasitic ��������� Temporary parasite ? spends most of life away from host ��������� Permanent parasite ? only away from host for a short period ��������� Definitive host ?parasite reaches sexual maturity ��������� Intermediate host ? required for development, but parasite does not reach sexual maturity ��������� Direct life cycle ? parasite passed from host to host through air, contaminated food/water ��������� Indirect life cycle ? parasite develops with IH before being passed to DH � 9.�How are parasites usually distributed within their host population?�What does an overdispersed distribution look like (draw a graph of parasites per host within a host population).�What are some explanations for this type of distribution? Parasites are over dispersed within the host population. Few hosts have many parasites. They are heavily infected and often killed. Many hosts have few parasites and are not killed. � 10.�According to the CDC, what are the leading causes of death in the US?�Do bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause many of these diseases?�Why should we care about parasites? Heart disease, cancer, stroke, lower respiratory disease, diabetes, accidents. Not caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. We should care about parasites because they cause many deaths in underdeveloped countries. � 11.�According to the WHO, what are the leading causes of death in underdeveloped countries?� Heart disease, lower respiratory disease, HIV/AIDS, diarrheal diseases, tuberculosis, malaria, measles. � 12.�What is the goal of the UN Millennium Declaration which was adopted in 2000?�What are the 8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)�What is the target for completion of these goals? Goal is to achieve sustainable development and eradicate poverty. The 8 MDGs are to eradicate extreme poverty, achieve universal primary education, promote gender equality, reduce child mortality, improve maternal health, combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, ensure environmental sustainability, and develop global partnership for development. The target for completion is 2015. � 13.�Most of the funds for MDG 6 are going toward which diseases? HIV/AIDS and malaria � 14.�What are NTDs?�What STHs, other helminth infections, protozoan infections, and bacterial infections are classified as NTDs? NTDs = Neglected Tropical Diseases STHs =ascoriasis, hookworm infections, trichinriasis Other helminth = schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerasis, dracunculiasis protozoan = leishmaniasis, chogas, human African trypanosomiasis bacterial = trachoma, Buruli ulcer, leprosy � 15.�What are 5 common features of NTDs?�Why have these features contribute to making these diseases ?neglected??�Do many people die from NTDs compared to other major diseases? High prevalence, rural poverty, ancient diseases, chronic, causes disability and disfigurement. They are ?neglected? because they have a low mortality compared to other major diseases. � 16.�What do DALYs measure?�How can this measure be used to compare diseases?�What is the equation?�What standard is used for measuring premature death and why? DALYs(Disability Adjusted Life Year) measure the health impact of NTDs. It can be used to compare diseases b/c it measures the number of healthy years lost from premature death or disability. DALY = YLL (Years of Life Lost) + YLD (Years of Live lived with Disability). Japanese life expectancy is used to measure premature death b/c Japanese have highest life expectancy. � 17.�Why are diseases in underdeveloped parts of the world a threat to us in the United States?�What is the best strategy for fighting parasitic infections? � 18.�Reading assignment questions a.�In what parts of the world does contamination by raw sewage increase the transmission of parasites? In countries of the tropical and subtropical belts, where construction of modern sewage systems is still being planned or is just starting. � b.�How do national public health budgets affect the control of parasitic infections?�What economic class is most often affected by parasite infections?�Why are pharmaceutical companies reluctant to invest in the development of drugs to treat parasitic infections? Funds go towards research and other programs that improve conditions. Parasite infections most often affect the poor. Pharmaceutical companies are reluctant to invest in the development of drugs to treat infections because victims most likely won?t be able to afford them. � c.�What role does malnutrition play in susceptibility to disease? Undernourished people, especially children, who have protein deficiency, are more likely to get a parasitic infection. � d.�Educational programs about parasites usually target what age group?�Are these programs very successful? Educational programs target schoolchildren. They are not successful b/c people are resistant to efforts. � e.�How are climatic conditions related to the transmission of parasites? Climate in tropical areas favor the transmission of parasites. Sweat attracts insects, which are vectors of parasites. 02 ? Trematodes Introduction1.�Name the four characteristics which are common to all members of the phylum Platyhelminthes.�Phylum Platyhelminthes is divided into which four classes? Dorsoventrally flattened; acoelomates; bilaterally symmetrical; lack circulatory, respiratory, and skeletal systems. Platyhelminthes is divided into class Turbellaria, Monogenia, Cestodia, and Trematoda. �2.�Are organisms in the class Turbellaria parasites?�What animals are parasitized by Monogeneans?�What is the common name of organisms in the class Cestoidea?�What are the two subclasses in the class Trematoda? Turbellaria are not parasitic, they are free living. Monogenea are ectoparasites of fish. Cestoidea are commonly known as tapeworms. The subclasses of Trematoda are Aspidogastrea and Digenea. � 3.�How many hosts are involved in the life cycle of a digenetic trematode?�What IH is always involved in the life cycle?�What is the common name of digenetic trematodes?�Draw a generalized life cycle of digenetic trematodes. Digenetic trematodes have at least 2 hosts in the life cycle. A mollusk (snail) IH is always involved in the life cycle. Digenetic trematodes are commonly known as flukes. Adult worms in DH eggs shed into external environment (hatch in H2O) miracidium (swims and penetrates snail, the IH) sporocyst redia cercaria* exit snail as metacercaria infect DH *AFTER REDIA DEVELOPS INTO CERCARIA, THE CERCARIA CAN ALSO DIRECTLY INFECT THE DH INSTEAD OF BECOMING A METACERCARIA* � 4.�The embryo inside a trematode egg will develop into a(n) ______.�What is the function of the vitelline membrane?�What is the operculum?�The viscous cushion is composed of _______. Embryo develops into a miracidium. The vitelline membrane protects the miracidium. The operculum is the opening of the egg through which the miracidium can exit the egg. The viscous cushion is composed of mucopolysaccharides. � 5.�What types of conditions will stimulate hatching of trematode eggs?�What does a miracidium do once its eyespot is triggered by light?�What effect does this have on the viscous cushion?�What is the function of leucine aminopeptidase? Stimuli that trigger hatching include light and temperature. Once the eyespot is triggered, enzymes are released which alter the permeability of the membrane around the viscous cushion. The viscous cushion becomes hydrated and expands, pushing the operculum open. Leucine aminopeptidase digests the shell. 03 ? Trematodes ?H ost-Parasite Interactions and Larval Stages 1.�Why are we not constantly sick from the many potential pathogens to which we are constantly exposed?�How is the host able to respond to the presence of a parasite?�What are the two main sets of mechanisms in animals for resistance to infectious agents and in what animal groups are they found? We are not constantly sick because we have defense mechanisms to fight against pathogens. The host is able to respond to the presence of a parasite through innate resistance and internal defense mechanisms. Two main sets of mechanisms in animals for resistance to infectious agents include innate resistance and specific immunity. Innate resistance is found in all animals, and specific immunity is found in higher animal phyla, such as vertebrae. � 2.�Give some examples of external surfaces which play a role in innate resistance.�Which are physical and which are chemical barriers?�Are neutrophils and macrophages examples of specific responses?�What do these cells do? External surfaces that play a role in innate resistance include feathers, hair, scales, and skin. Feathers, hair and scales are physical barriers, while skin is a chemical barrier. Neutrophils and macrophages are specific responses which act as phagocytic cells. 3.�What are the two types of specific immunity?�What is an antibody?�What is an epitope?�What can happen when an antibody and an epitope combine?�What cells are involved in cellular immunity? Two types of specific immunity include antibody responses and cellular immunity. An antibody is a specific protein that is produced in response to an infection. An epitope is a small part of a parasitic macromolecule. When the epitope combines with an antibody, it neutralizes the parasite?s ability to enter the cell. T-cells are involved in cellular immunity. They either combine with specific epitopes or directly kill the parasite. � 4.�What is the size of a miracidium?�What host does it need to infect?�Draw a miracidium and label the ciliated epidermal plates, cephalic ganglion, apical papilla, sensory nerve endings, glands, and germinal cells. A miracidium is about 100 um in length. It needs to infect a snail host. � 5.�To what cues does a miracidium respond during host-finding?�How do these responses compare to the response of the snail host to the same cues?�What is a miraxone?�What two behaviors are measured to determine attraction of a miracidium to a snail?�What are the rates of swimming and rate of change of direction when a miracidium is far away from a snail? During host-finding, the miracidium responds to cues such as light, temperature and gravity. These responses are similar to the responses of the snail host to the same cues. A miraxone is a substance secreted by the snail host which attracts the miracidium. Two behaviors that are measured to determine the attraction of a miracidium to snail are swimming speed and rate of change of direction. When the miracidium is far from the snail, the swimming speed is fast and the rate of change of direction is low. � 6.�What happens during the transformation of a miracidium into a sporocyst?�Does a sporocyst have a digestive tract?�What is the tegument?�What occurs in the germinal sac? The sporocyst does not have cilia, and forms a tegument. The sporocyst does not have a digestive tract. The tegument is an outer surface. Embryos develop in the germinal sac. � 7.�What happens to a snail when it is infected with Leuchocloridium paradoxum?�Why is this advantageous to the parasite? Parasite embryos develop into cercaria and migrate to the snail?s tentacles. The tentacle?s become brightly colored, enlarged, and pulsate. This attracts the snails to birds, which are the next host in the cycle. This is advantageous to the parasite because it increases the chances of being passed on to the next host in its life cycle. � 8.�How do rediae leave the sporocyst?�Does a redia have a digestive tract?�What does the redia do with its ambulatory bud?�Into what larval stages can the germ balls of a redia develop? Rediae leave the sporocyst by exiting through the birth pore or just bursting out. A redia has a digestive tract. The ambulatory bud aids in movement. The germ balls of a redia can develop into daughter rediae or cercariae.� 9.�What is parasitic castration?�Why is this advantageous to the parasite? Parasitic castration is when the rediae move into the snail reproductive tissue; they feed on and destroy the tissue. The snail can no longer reproduce, so it allocates all of its resources towards growth. This is advantageous to the parasite b/c as the snail grows, there is more space and tissue for the parasite.�10.�What is the mechanism by which snails distinguish self from non-self?�How does a haemocyte function? Snails distinguish self from non-self through internal defense mechanisms. A haemocyte encapsulates the parasite and releases a cytotoxic superoxide, which phagocytizes the parasite. � 11.�Draw a typical cercaria and label the head, tail, mouth, pharynx, and intestine.�What is the function of the escape glands? Escape glands secrete enzymes which secrete enzymes that aid in the cytolysis of snail tissue. � 12.�Depending on the species, cercariae take one of what three routes of development?�How do some cercariae attach to vegetation?�How do some cercariae find spatial and temporal locations which increase the chances of contact with the next host? Cercariae can either encyst on vegetation and develop into metacercaria, pentetrate a second IH and develop into metacercariae, or they can directly penetrate a DH and develop into an adult worm. Cercariae attach to vegetation through post-acetabular glands that secrete mucus. Some cercariae find spatial and temporal locations by using light, gravity, temperature and host cues. They also use circadian release; the cercariae are released from the snail only at certain times of the day; it corresponds to a time when the next host may be present. � 13.�What is swimmer?s itch? Cercariae might penetrate a human (wrong host) and dies. Humans develop an allergic reaction. � 14.�What forms the cyst of a metacercaria?�How do metacercariae on vegetation differ from those found inside an intermediate host? (?) forms the cyst of metacercaria. Metacercariae on vegetation have a thick and complex cyst wall, while those found inside the IH have a thin and simple cyst wall. � 15.�What is PITT?�Describe this phenomenon using Microphallus papillorobustus as an example. PITT = Parasite-Increased Tropic Transmission. Microphallus papillorobustus infects arthropods and migrate into the brain. This causes the arthropods to swim closer to the surface of the water. As a result, they are more visible to birds, which increase their predation to birds. � 16.�What stimulates excystation of the metacercariae? Excystation of the metacercariae is stimulatedby stimuli inside the host, such as body temperature and digestive enzymes. � Reading assignment questions 1.�Is the miracidium a feeding stage?�Where are the cytoplasmic ridges found?�Does the miracidium have muscles?�How is the apical papilla involved in penetration of the snail host?�What is the function of flame cells? The miracidium is a non-feeding stage. Cytoplasmic ridges are found at junctures of adjacent epidermal plates. The miracidium has circular and longitudinal muscles. The apical papilla contains glands that secrete enzymes during penetration, allowing it to act like suction. Flame cells collect body fluids that contain waste. � 2.�What is the function of the tail of the cercaria?�What is the function of the escapes glands? The tail allows the cercaria to swim. Escape glands secrete a substance during the cercaria?s emergence from the sporocyst, and during the exit from the snail host. 04 ? Trematodes ? Adult Morphology1.�Where is the tegument found?�What is a syncytium?�How many regions does a trematode tegument have?�The glycocalyx is comprised of what type of molecules?�Describe some functions of the glycocalyx.�Does the distal cytoplasm contain nuclei?�What is the function of the distal cytoplasm?�The distal cytoplasm and proximal cytoplasm are separated by what type of tissue?�How are the distal cytoplasm and proximal cytoplasm connected?�What is the function of the proximal cytoplasm? The tegument is found is the outer surface of the adult trematode. A syncytium is multinucleated tissue with no cell boundaries. A trematode tegument has 3 regions. The glycocalyx is comprised of glycoproteins. The glycocalyx has invaginations that increase surface area, and enzymes which increase uptake of molecules. The distal cytoplasm does not contain nuclei. It has vesicles that maintain the glycocalyx, and spines that help the parasite attach. The spines may also function in storage. The distal cytoplasm is separated from the proximal cytoplasm by a muscle layer. They are connected by internuncial processes. The proximal cytoplasm has nuclei and organelles that produce materials to maintain the distal cytoplasm. 2.�What are the functions of the two muscle zones in the adult trematode? The subtegumnetal muscle zone contains longitudinal, circular, and diagonal muscles which aid in movement (?). Gastrodermal muscles help food move in the intestine. � 3.�Where is the cerebral ganglion in an adult trematode?�Where are the longitudinal nerve cords found?�What is the function of the transverse ring commissures?�The nervous system of trematodes is described as being _________.�What types of sensory endings are found in trematodes?�What are two neurotransmitters found in trematodes?�Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory? The cerebral ganglion is on the anterior end. Longitudinal nerve cords branch from the cerebral ganglion and supply the posterior end. Transverse ring commissures connect longitudinal nerve cords and branches to the muscles and tegument. The nervous system of trematodes is described as being ladder like (orthagon). Sensory endings in trematodes are chemoreceptors and tangoreceptors. 5-hydroxytryptomine (serotonin) is an excitatory neurotransmitter. Acetylcholine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. � 4.�Draw the digestive tract of an adult trematode and label the following : mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and cecum.�Is the digestive tract complete?�What do trematode adults eat? The digestive tract is incomplete. Adult trematodes eat (?). � 5.�What does monoecious mean?�Draw the male reproductive tract and label the following:�cirrus, male genital pore, cirrus pouch, vas deferens, vas efferens, and testes. Monoecious means both male and female reproductive organs are present. � 6.�Draw the female reproductive tract and label the following:�female genital pore, metraterm, uterus, seminal receptacle, ovary, ovicapt, oviduct, vitelline cells, vitelline duct, Mehlis? gland, and ootype.�What is the function for each of these structures? � 7.����� The ovary produces oocytes. ��������� The ovicapt is the sphincter which controls the passage of oocytes out of the oviduct. ��������� The seminal receptacle stores sperm. ��������� The vitelline cells produce yolk and shell material. ��������� The Mehlis? gland surrounds the ootype. ��������� The muscular, distal portion of the uterus which propels eggs out is the metraterm. � 8.�What is polyembryony?�Why is this strategy significant in the life cycle of trematodes? Polyembryony = asexual reproduction that results in multiple offspring from one embryo. This is significant b/c the parasite doesn?t have to produce as many eggs (?). � 9.�Draw a diagram of human including the following:�lungs, esophagus, diaphragm, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, liver, bile duct, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, large intestine, and anus. � 10.�Name three trematodes which live in the human intestine. Fasciolopsis buski, Metagominus yokagawai, Heterophyes heterophyes � �������Name two trematodes which live in the liver or bile duct of humans. ����� Fasciola hepatica, Clonorchis sinensis� ������Name three trematodes which live in the blood of humans. Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonium, Schistosoma haematobium � Reading assignment questions 1.�What is the function of the glycocalyx in the uptake of sugars and amino acids from the environment?� The glycocalyx has hydrolytic enzymes that aid in the uptake of sugars and amino acids. 2.�What is the function of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the glycocalyx?� Glycosaminoglycans can inhibit certain digestive enzymes. They enable intestinal trematodes to resist the host?s digestive enzymes. 3.�Where in the tegument are Golgi complexes, glycogen deposits, and mitochondria found?� In the proximal cytoplasm. 4.�How do vesicles move from the proximal cytoplasm to the distal cytoplasm? They move through microtubules in the cyton region and through cytoplasmic bridges. 05 ? Trematodes ? Intestinal1.�Answer the following questions about Fasciolopsis buski. ��������� Size? 75 mm x 20 mm ��������� Common name? large intestinal fluke ��������� Transmission stage? Metacercariae(?) ��������� Morphology of cecum? unbranched ��������� Size of ventral sucker relative to oral sucker? Larger than oral sucker ��������� Cephalic cone present? no ��������� Draw the life cycle: adult worm in SI eggs in feces miracidium in H2O penetrates snail (IH) sporocyst redia 1 redia 2 cercaria (exits snail) metacercaria (in H2O vegetation) ingested by DH � 2.�Does a person generally experience symptoms during a light infection of F. buski?�Where do the adult worms live in a light infection? �What might the person experience in a heavy infection?�What causes these symptoms? There are few symptoms during a light infection. During a light infection, adult worms live in the duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine. Symptoms of a heavy infection include inflammation, ulceration, abscesses, abdominal pain, malabsorption, and diarrhea and bowel obstruction. These symtoms are caused by the presence of worms throughout the entire SI. � 3.�How is an F. buski infection diagnosed?�Why is a direct wet smear not the preferred method?�Describe the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration method. An F. buski infection is diagnosed by checking for eggs in the feces. A direct wet smear is not preferred b/c if the infection is low, eggs may not be found on the slide. In the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration method, feces and formalin are strained through guaze; saline is added, and the sample is centrifuged and the supernatant is discarded; next, formalin and ethyl acetate are added, and the sample is centrifuged again; the remaining sediment is examined under the microscope for eggs. � 4.�What drug is usually used to treat an F. buski infection?�How might this drug work? Praziquantel (PZQ). It causes muscular contraction and paralysis of the worm. The tegument is disrupted and the parasite is exposed to attack by the host. PZQ results in a rapid influx of calcium ions, which disrupts the parasite?s functions. � 5.�What methods can be used to control F. buski infections in the human population? Kill adult worms using PZQ, no use of night soil, snail control through physical removal and molluscicides, and cooking vegetables properly. � 6.�What is the size of Metagonimus yokagawai and Heterophyes heterophyes?�What are the intermediate and definitive hosts in each of the life cycles?�What morphological features can be used to identify each of the adults?�Do the adults cause pathology?�How does clinical disease occur in each of these species?�How is infection diagnosed?�How is an infection treated?�How can infections be controlled? Size = 1.4 mm x 0.5 mm; IH = snail; 2nd IH = fish; DH = human. Adult H. heterophyes have a gonotyl. Adult M. yokagawai have a gonotyl and ventral sucker that are fused and off-center (genitor-acetabulum). Adults do not cause pathology. Clinical disease occurs when eggs are burrowed into the mucosa and erode the tissue. Eggs may even enter the host?s blood. The infection is diagnosed by checking for eggs in the feces using the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration method. It is treated using PZQ and can be treated by cooking fish properly.06 ? Trematodes ? Liver/Bile Duct and Lungs1.�What is the common name of Fasciola hepatica?�In what domestic animals is it commonly found?�How many people are infected with this parasite worldwide? Common name = sheep liver fluke. It is commonly found in sheep and catlle. About 2 to 17 million people are infected worldwide. 2.�Draw the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica.�What stages develop in the intermediate host?�Is there a second intermediate host in the life cycle?�What is the transmission stage to humans?�What plant is the main source of infection to humans?�Trace the path of the juveniles through the definitive host.�Where does the adult worm live? IH = snail (sporocysts and 2 generations of rediae develop) metacercaria encyst on plants metacercaria excysts in SI penetrates intestinal wall migrates through abdominal cavity penetrates Glisson?s capsule juveniles develop in liver, migrate, feed, grow migrate to bile duct adult; there is not second IH. Metacerceria is transmission stage to humans. Watercress is the main source of infection to humans. Adult worms live in bile duct. � 3.�List the 5 prominent characteristics of Fasciola hepatica which are helpful in identifying the adult worm.� 30 mm x 13 mm, cephalic cone on anterior end, oral and ventral suckers are the samesize, branched testes, branched cecum � 4.�What pathology is caused by the Fasciola hepatica juveniles and adult in the definitive host?�Which stage causes acute fascioliasis?�What is the effect of proline secreted by the adult worms?�What is cirrhosis? Juveniles and adults cause ulcers in ectopic sites and necrosis of liver tissue. Acute fascioliasis is caused after about 8 weeks of infection. Proline stimulates host collagen deposition and fibrous tissue, which block walls of the bile duct and cause pipestem fibrosis. This causes back pressure, which can lead to liver atrophy and jaundice. Cirrhosis is when normal tissue is replaced with fibrous tissue. � 5.�How is a Fasciola hepatica infection diagnosed?�How is the infection treated?�Does Praziquantel work?�What effect does Triclabendazole have on the worms?�What is blebbing? Infection is diagnosed by checking for eggs in the feces with formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation concentration. Praziquantel does not work. Triclabendazole causes the tegument to swell due to damage of ion pumps. It causes disruption of the spine, blebbing, swelling of mitochondria, and disrupts movement and vesicles to the distal cytoplasm. Blebbing is a mechanism for shedding the damaged tegument. � 6.�How can Fasciola hepatica infection be controlled?�What is a reservoir host? It can be controlled by proper sewage disposal and control of reservoir hosts. A reservoir host is a non-human animal that can be a DH. � 7.�What is the common name of Clonorchis sinensis?�Does the egg hatch in water?�How does the parasite get into the snail host? �What is the second intermediate host? Common name = oriental liver fluke.The egg does not hatch in water. The egg gets eaten by the snail. The second IH is fish. � 8.�Where do the adult C. sinensis worms live and what pathology do they cause?�How is pathology related to the intensity of infection? It lives in the bile duct. It erodes the lining of the bile duct, thickens the bile duct, and blocks it (hepatomegaly). Less than 100 worms ? no symptoms; 100 to 1000 worms ? nausea, diarrhea, pain; more than 1000 worms ? jaundice, pain, fever. � 9.�How is a C. sinensis infection diagnosed?�How is the infection treated?�Does Praziquantel work?�How can infection be controlled? Diagnosis ? eggs in feces. Treated with Praziquantel. The infection can be treated by avoiding the use of night soil, controlling reservoir hosts, and properly cooking fish. � 10.�What is the common name of Paragonimus westermani?�What is a notable characteristic of the cercariae?�What is the second intermediate host?�Trace the path of the juveniles through the definitive host.�Where does the adult worm live? Common name = oriental lung fluke. The cerceriae have a knob like tail and crawl over rocks instead of swimming. The second IH are crabs and crayfish. The metacercaria excysts in the SI and burrows through the intestinal wall; it embeds in the abdominal wall and remains there for about a week, and then migrates into the abdominal cavity; it penetrates the diaphragm and enters the lungs. Adult worms live in the lungs. � 11.�What pathology and symptoms are associated with P. westermani infections?�How is an infection diagnosed?�What is the treatment?�How is infection controlled? Pathology = necrosis of lung tissue. Symptoms = cough, chest pain, sputum. Diagnosed by checking for eggs in sputum and feces with formalin-ethyl acetate. It is treated with Praziquantel and can be controlled by properly cooking crabs and crayfish. � Reading assignment questions 1.�What is significant about the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica in the history of the field of parasitology? It was the first life cycle to be completely elucidated among digenetic trematodes. 2.�What is the function of miracidial eyespots?� They help locate a suitable snail host. 3.�Germ balls in the daughter rediae will develop into what stage?� Cerceraie 4.�How long can adult F. hepatica worms live in the definitive host? 11 years 07 ? Trematodes ? Blood Flukes 1.�What is the common name of the Schistosoma?�Which three species are of major human health importance?�Is schistosomiasis a major problem throughout the world? Common name = blood fluke. Three species of human importance are S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. They are a major problem throughout the world; 250 million people are infected worldwide. � 2.�Name 5 major differences between schistosomes and other trematodes. Separate male and female (dioecious), live in blood vessels, egg has no operculum, no rediae, no metacercariae, not food-borne. � 3.�For each of the human schistosomes, describe the morphology of the egg.�How does hatching of the miracidium from the egg occur?�What is the function of the suture in the egg? S. mansoni ? lateral spine, S. japonicum ? lateral knob, S. haematobium ? terminal spine. Fresh H2O stimulates the miracidium. It beats its cilia rapidly and begins to spin inside the egg. The line along the eggshell (suture) ruptures and the miracidium escapes. � 4.�What larval stages occur in a schistosome life cycle?�What is schistosomin and how does it affect reproduction in the snail? Miracidium, sporocysts, daughter sporocysts. Schistosomin is a peptide produced by the snail. An infected snail overproduces it, which interferes with its neuroendocrine system. This affects the snails reproductive organs, leading to decreased egg production by the snail. � 5.�What are the functions of the following cercarial glands? ����������� Escape ? exit snail ����������� Post-acetabular ? secretes mucous for attachment ����������� Pre-acetabular ? penetration of host ����������� Head ? adjustment after penetration of DH � 6.�What changes occur to the cercaria once it penetrates the definitive host?�What is it known as now? The cercaria loses its tail and glycocalyx. It is now known as a schistosomulum. � 7.�Trace the migration path of a schistosomulum in the definitive host.�Where do the adults go? It gets into the blood stream and travels to the lungs. It lives in the pulmonary capillaries and feeds on red blood cells. � 8.�Why don?t adult worms have a pharynx?�What is unusual about the cecum?�What does sexually dimorphic mean?�Where is the gynecophoral canal found and what is its function?�What happens to a female that is not paired to a male? They don?t have a pharynx b/c they feed on blood which is liquid. The cecum bifurcates, then joins back together in the posterior end. Sexually dimorphic means the male and female are distinguishable. The gynecophoral canal is found on the male; it is a canal in which the female sits. A female that is not paired with a male does not reach sexual maturity. � 9.�Fill in the table. � 10.�How do adult worms avoid immune attack?�How is this related to resistance to reinfection? Adult worms avoid immune attack by molecular mimicry. They absorb lipoproteins from the host serum into the tegument. It is related to resistance to reinfection because the host produces an antibody against the schistosomula, but not all get killed. The ones that don?t get killed can mimic the antibody. � 11.�Describe how the eggs of schistosomes exit the body of the definitive host.�Include in your description the following:�migration of the mated pair, migration of the female, endothelial cells, miracidial SEA, eosinophils, macrophages, granuloma, wall, and lumen. Pair works upstream into smaller vessels; female travels alone to the smaller vessels and lays eggs; male blocks blood flow during this time; female migrates back to male; endothelial cells lining the vessel actively move over the egg and exclude it from the vein lumen; miracidium releases soluble egg antigen (SEA) which leaves through pores in the eggshell; gramuloma forms around egg along with motile cells (eosinophils and macrophages); granuloma moves across wall to gut or bladder lumen and carries eggs � 12.�What pathology results from penetration of the cercariae into the definitive host?�Which species cause Katayama Fever and what are the symptoms. Cercarial dermatitis ? causes allergic reaction due to penetration into the skin of DH. S. mansoni and S. japonicum cause Katayam fever. Sysmtoms include fever, muscle pain and heptasplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen). � 13.�Where can the eggs become trapped?�What is the granulomatous response?�What is SEA?�What are the benefits and costs of the granuloma to the host?�What is Symmer?s pipestem fibrosis?�How can kidney failure result from a S. haematobium infection?�What is the relationship of schistosome infections to cancer? Eggs can be trapped in the gut/bladder wall or in the blood stream. The granulomatous response is (?). SEA is soluble egg antigen. Benefits of granuloma include protection from toxic substances. A cost of granuloma is pathology. Symmer?s pipestem fibrosis is when the liver function is impaired, causing the heart to take on an extra load. S. haematobium infection can lead to kidney failure b/c the uterus and bladder can become fibrotic, causing back pressure of urine to the kidney. S. haemtobium causes an increase in bladder cancer; S. mansoni causes increase in colon cancer. � 14.�How are schistosome infections diagnosed? Diagnosed by checking for eggs in urine and feces � 15.�What is the treatment for schistosomiasis and how does the drug work?�Is resistance to this drug developing?�What does artemether do to the worms? Treatment = Praziquantel. It damages the tegument and makes the worm vulnerable to immune response. However, resistance is developing. Artemether damanges the tegument, cecum and vitelline glands.� 16.�What is the function of glutathione-S-transferase in schistosomes?�What is the effect of the GST vaccine on infections?�Does the vaccine appear to be safe for humans? GST is an enzyme that is an antioxidant. It is a defense mechanism against reactive oxygen species. GST vaccine has an inhibitory effect on egg production. There is no cross reactivity with human GST, so it is safe. � 17.�Describe some methods of controlling schistosome infections. Drugs, sewage treatment, snail control, boots and gloves when in water, vaccine, education. � Reading assignment questions According to the World Health Organization, the strategy to control schistosomiasis should be comprised of what four components? Population-based chemotherapy, with repeated drug administration to infected people; molluscicides; biological controls (carnivorous snails and fish); education � size of male size of female tubercles on male tegument? epd habitat in DH S. mansoni �10 mm 14 mm Bumps 200-300 Veins of LI S. haematobium 15 mm 20 mm Bumps 30 Veins of urinary bladder S. japonicum �20 mm 26 mm Smooth 3500 Veins of SI
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NORMAN, Okla. – University of Oklahoma head football coach Bob Stoops confirmed Sunday that senior linebacker Corey Nelson suffered a partially torn pectoral muscle in Saturday's win vs. TCU. Stoops indicated that Nelson is currently scheduled to undergo surgery on Tuesday that will likely cause him to miss the remainder of the season.The Dallas, Texas, native registered 27 tackles (13 solo), along with a 24-yard interception return TD, four pass breakups, three quarterback hurries and a sack through the first five games of the year. A prep standout at Skyline High School in Dallas, Nelson was voted by his teammates as a defensive captain in 2013 along with senior cornerback Aaron Colvin.
Stoops Confirms Nelson to Undergo Surgery
October 06, 2013

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The big news this week is the promotion of top prospect Corey Seager from Low-A Great Lakes to High-A Rancho Cucamonga. Seager absolutely killed Low-A pitching, hitting .309/.389/.529/.918 with a .410 wOBA and 153 wRC+.
He did that as a 19-year-old. The sky's the limit.
Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes (2-5 & 3-3)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Scott Van Slyke – 1B
.429/.500/1.000/1.500, 1 HR, 4 RBI, 3 Runs, 1 2B, 1 BB, 3 K
SVS only played in two games this week before being recalled to the bigs, but he made the most of his eight plate appearances and was the driving force behind the Topes only two victories of the week.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Matt Magill – RHP
12 IP, 1 Run, 6 Hits, 15 K, 6 BB
Magill gets the nod on the strength of two fantastic starts, as he continues to bounce back very nicely from injury. Honorable mention to Matt Palmer, who fanned eight over six innings of two-run (1 ER) ball.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Scott Van Slyke – 1B
.500/.625/1.000/1.625, 2 HR, 5 RBI, 3 Runs, 4 BB, 3 K
Van Slyke gets the nod once again for another outstanding week in Albuquerque. SVS has clearly proven he can do it all offensively in AAA, and it's about time he has a permanent spot on the bench and splits time with Andre Ethier in L.A. as a platoon partner.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Jonathan Sanchez – LHP
6 IP, 1 Run, 8 Hits, 8 K, 2 BB
Yeah, that Jonathan Sanchez. The former Giant, who once upon a time threw a no-hitter, had his second-best start with the Topes since being signed by the Dodgers. Could he see The Show when rosters expand? Sure. Do I want him to? No.
Double-A Chattanooga Lookouts (0-7 & 2-5)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Osvaldo Martinez – 3B
.333/.360/.458/.818, 1 HR, 5 RBI, 1 Run, 1 BB, 0 K, 1 SB
The 25-year-old, who has struggled against Double-A pitching this season, stood out in an atrocious week for the Lookouts and their bats.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Zach Lee – RHP
5 IP, 2 Runs, 5 Hits, 6 K, 0 BB
Lee continues to excel in his first full season in Chattanooga. With a FIP of 3.24, over 8 Ks per nine, and just over two free passes per nine, Lee has cemented himself as the top prospect we all thought him to be after he was drafted.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Angelo Songco – 1B
.375/.412/.625/1.037, 1 HR, 4 RBI, 1 Run, 1 2B, 1 BB, 3 K, 1 SB
Songco edges out Rafael Ynoa (.292/.485/.500/.985, 1 HR, 9 BB). Double-A has been a real struggle for Angelo in 2013, but perhaps this week can get him on the right track.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Zach Lee – RHP
11 IP, 2 Runs, 6 Hits, 10 K, 2 BB
Lee takes the honor again, as he had his swing-and-miss stuff working and limited baserunners.
Honorable mention to the recently-promoted Onelki Garcia, who made two relief appearances and was dominant (4 IP, 0 Runs, 1 Hit, 7 K, 1 BB).
High-A Rancho Cucamonga Quakes (2-5 & 2-4)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Bobby Coyle – DH
.417/.481/.833/1.315, 3 HR, 5 RBI, 7 Runs, 1 2B, 3 BB, 6 K
A number of Quakes had fine offensive weeks, with Coyle getting a slight edge for slugging nearly .850 while reaching base safely in almost half of his plate appearances.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Gustavo Gomez – RHP
6 IP, 2 Runs, 8 Hits, 6 K, 4 BB
Quakes pitchers this week were … not good, to say the least. Gomez allowed far too many baserunners, but limited the ensuing damage, so he gets the nod. The 22-year-old has missed bats with Rancho, but has also given away too many free passes while generally getting lit-up.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Chris Jacobs – 1B
.476/.560/1.048/1.608, 3 HR, 7 RBI, 7 Runs, 1 3B, 1 2B, 3 BB, 5 K, 2 SB
Jacobs absolutely demolished the baseball this week. He hit for insane power, got on-base in over half of his plate appearances, and even stole a couple of bags for good measure.
The soon-to-be 25-year-old is crazy old for the league, but he's been killing High-A pitching after struggling mightily with AA arms and being sent down earlier in the season.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Lindsey Caughel – RHP
13.2 IP, 6 Runs (5 ER), 12 Hits, 13 K, 3 BB
Caughel put forth another fantastic start, in addition to a solid one, in what has been a tremendous run through his first taste of High-A. Caughel has displayed phenomenal control throughout his two-year professional career.
The recently-signed Edwin Carl earns a mention as well, as he made his Dodger debut and missed bat after bat in two relief appearances (3.2 IP, 1 Run, 2 Hits, 9 K, 4 BB).
Low-A Great Lakes Loons (4-2 & 4-3)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Corey Seager – SS
.462/.588/1.308/1.896, 3 HR, 7 RBI, 3 Runs, 2 2B, 3 BB, 2 K
That's Seager's line in just four games. Yeah, a promotion was most certainly in order.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Tom Windle – LHP
7.2 IP, 2 Runs, 4 Hits, 11 K, 5 BB
Though Windle's second start was less than stellar, his first start was fantastic and he missed enough bats in the second one to merit this spot.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Kevin Taylor – 2B
.368/.429/.632/1.060, 1 HR, 1 RBI, 3 Runs, 1 3B, 1 BB, 3 K, 1 SB
The 22-year-old doesn't hit for a lot of power but has displayed excellent command of the strike zone with Great Lakes in 2013 and has improved upon his 2012 Midwest League numbers.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Miguel Sulbaran – LHP
4 IP, 1 Run, 2 Hits, 5 K, 1 BB
The 19-year-old out of Venezuela just edged out Windle for the spot. The southpaw is faring much better in his second stint in the Midwest League.
Ogden Raptors (5-2 & 2-5)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Jacob Scavuzzo – OF
.350/.417/.800/1.217, 2 HR, 9 RBI, 6 Runs, 1 3B, 1 2B, 3 BB, 2 K
A number of Raptors had excellent offensive weeks, but Scavuzzo gets the glory for his .800 SLG and the fact that he had less batted ball luck than the other Ogden players up for consideration.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Zachary Bird – RHP
6 IP, 0 Runs, 6 Hits, 9 K, 2 BB
The righty, who turned 19 last month, has the stuff and ability to be a middle of the rotation guy and generate swings-and-misses, but he's thus far struggled to keep guys off base. Perhaps, though, this start is a sign of things to come, as his last handful of starts have been much better across all fronts.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Jesus Valdez – 1B/DH
.400/.455/.650/1.105, 1 HR, 3 RBI, 4 Runs, 2 2B, 2 BB, 5 K
After struggling in Great Lakes to open the season, Valdez, the 21-year-old Oxnard native, has found success in Ogden, hitting for power and showing solid plate discipline. He's somewhat old for the league, so he'll need to show immediate improvement when the Dodgers promote him.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Zachary Bird – RHP
12 IP, 5 Runs (4 ER), 8 Hits, 11 K, 2 BB
A two-start week gives Bird the nod once again, as he edges out Scott Barlow's one excellent start (6 IP, 2 Runs [1 ER], 5 Hits, 6 K, 0 BB).
Arizona League Dodgers (3-2 & 4-2)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Faustino Oguisten – SS/OF
.571/.632/.786/1.417, 1 RBI, 6 Runs, 3 2B, 4 BB, 0 K, 3 SB
The 22-year-old Dominican has displayed excellent plate discipline and great instincts on the basepaths in 2013. Faustino has played like what we hoped Dee Gordon would play like.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Abdiel Velasquez – RHP
5 IP, 2 Runs, 4 Hits, 5 K, 1 BB
The 20-year-old Panamanian has put up excellent peripherals in 2013, striking out a batter per inning while posting a K:BB ratio of 3:1. His season has been Chris Capuano-esque, with good outings followed by bad outings and the cycle continually repeating.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Josh Henderson – OF
.375/.421/.688/1.109, 1 HR, 5 RBI, 4 Runs, 2 2B, 2 BB, 3 K
The club's 16th-round pick in 2012, the 19-year-old outfielder has had an excellent and much-improved campaign in the Arizona League, though it's only been 16 games so far this year.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Jose De Leon – RHP
5 IP, 0 Runs, 3 Hits, 10 K, 0 BB
The AZL Dodgers had three pitchers deserving of this spot, and De Leon gets it because he not only had the best start of the three this week, but he was the only one of the troika to get just one start.
Two honorable mentions go to Blake Johnson (8 IP, 0 Runs, 4 Hits, 12 K, 1 BB) and Greg Harris (9 IP, 2 Runs, 10 Hits, 9 K, 1 BB).
Dominican Summer League Dodgers (4-2 & 1-4)
Player Of The Week – 7/29
Jose Luis Javier – IF
.520/.600/.640/1.240, 4 RBI, 9 Runs, 1 3B, 1 2B, 5 BB, 3 K, 3 SB
JLJ, who will turn 21 later this year, laced 'em up at second, third, and short en route to a monster week. He's shown a good eye at the dish this year, and solid skills on the bases, making up for the fact that he's never going to hit for power.
Pitcher Of The Week – 7/29
Kevin Guzman – RHP
8 IP, 1 Run (0 ER), 4 Hits, 9 K, 1 BB
The 18-year-old out of Venezuela, who was signed earlier this year, has been tremendous in his debut season, displaying an excellent command of the strike zone and swing-and-miss stuff.
Player Of The Week – 8/05
Ibandel Isabel – OF/DH
.308/.471/.538/1.009, 1 HR, 3 RBI, 2 Runs, 4 BB, 4 K
Isabel continues his stellar start as a pro, hitting for power and getting on-base at excellent clips, especially considering he's all of 18 years old.
Pitcher Of The Week – 8/05
Wellington Serrano – LHP
9 IP, 3 Runs (2 ER), 8 Hits, 6 K, 3 BB
Serrano toed the rubber twice this week and continues the strong start to his professional career. Not even 19, the southpaw has thrown just under 50 innings.
Greg Zakwin is the founder of the site Plaschke Thy Sweater Is Argyle. Follow him on Twitter @ArgyledPlaschke and find him contributing at Yahoo! Sports.


text:
Scepter of the Nathrezim
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this wiki
this wiki
| This article or section is a Cataclysm stub. You can help expand it by editing it.
- Scepter of the Nathrezim
- Item Level 1
- Binds when picked up
- Sell Price: 1
Scepter of the Nathrezim is a common Draenei archaeology artifact.
Description Edit
Scepter of the Nathrezim
The Nathrezim, also known as dreadlords, act as intelligence agents and interrogators of the Burning Legion. While they are powerful foes on the battlefield, they prefer to turn nations against each other through manipulation and guile.
Patches and hotfixes Edit
- Patch 4.0.3 (15-Nov-2010): Added


text:
Museum hosts lecture on cultural evolution & environmental ethics
RALEIGH -- The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences in downtown Raleigh presents a free lecture by Paul Ehrlich, President of the Center for Conservation Biology and Bing Professor of Population Studies at Stanford University, on Wednesday, April 30 at 7 p.m. The free talk, titled "The Dominant Animal: Human Evolution and the Environment," explores what we can do to change our current trajectory toward increased climate change. Ehrlich is co-author (along with his wife Anne) of a soon to be published book with the same title.
Co-founder of the field of "co-evolution," Ehrlich has been a pioneer in alerting the public to the problems of overpopulation, and in raising issues of population, resources and the environment as matters of public policy. His group's policy research on the population-resource-environment crisis takes a broad overview of the world situation, but also works intensively in such areas of immediate legislative interests as endangered species and the preservation of genetic resources.
Ehrlich has also pursued long-term studies of the structure, dynamics and genetics of natural butterfly populations. His research group studies the dynamics and genetics of natural populations of checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas). This research has applications to such problems as the control of insect pests and optimum designs for nature reserves. A central focus of his group is investigating ways that human-disturbed landscapes can be made more hospitable to biodiversity. This work in "countryside biogeography" is under the direction of Dr. Gretchen Daily, founder of the field.
Professor Ehrlich is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Professor Ehrlich has received several honorary degrees, the John Muir Award of the Sierra Club, the Gold Medal Award of the World Wildlife Fund International, a MacArthur Prize Fellowship, and the Crafoord Prize of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (given in lieu of a Nobel Prize in areas where the Nobel is not given).
Dr. Erhlich's talk is made possible by W. M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology and the Triangle Chapter of the Society for Conservation Biology.
For more information, contact Katey Ahmann at 919-733-7450 x531.
The North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, in downtown Raleigh, documents and interprets the natural history of the state of North Carolina through exhibits, research, collections, publications, and educational programming. Hours: Mon.-Sat., 9 am to 5 pm, and Sun., noon to 5 pm. Admission is free. Visit the Museum on the Web at naturalsciences.org. The Museum is an agency of the N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, William G. Ross Jr., Secretary.


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LOW INCOME HOME ENERGY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM (LIHEAP) -- Anaheim residents could qualify to receive financial assistance to help pay their utility bill and other energy needs. To be eligible for LIHEAP, your household income must be less than $46,607 for a family of four. If you or your family meets this criterion, please contact our Community Action Partnership (CAP) for more information and qualification guidelines. If you are approved, Anaheim Public Utilities will work with LIHEAP to make sure your home receives continued water and electrical service while you await assistance payment.
For more information, call us at 714.839.6199.
Other Helpful Programs
Dusk to Dawn Light Installation -- Free installation of an energy-efficient high pressure sodium (HPS) or fluorescent light fixture equipped with a photosensor control. Photosensors enable lights to automatically turn on at dusk and off at dawn, saving energy.
Residential Rehabilitation Loan Program and Grants For Energy Efficiency -- Grants for energy-efficient improvements during rehabilitation of existing single-family and multifamily units offered with 3% Block Grants for customers who are at or below 80% of the Orange County median income.
Income-Qualified Senior or Disabled Customer Energy Credit -- A 10% reduction on electric bills for low-income seniors or long-term disabled customers at or below 80% of the Orange County median income.Weatherization -- In partnership with the Community Action Partnership of Orange County, contractors make home repairs, replace inefficient appliances and install other energy saving measures as needed.
For more information, call 714.839.6199 or 714.839.2983 TDD.
You may also e-mail your questions directly to our program representative. NOTE: To determine income-qualified status, call the City of Anaheim Housing Authority at 714.765.4320.For more information on a specific Income-Qualified Assistance program, call us at 714.765.4267 or contact us via e-mail.


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The Master of Business Administration in International Business provides both a functional business core of skills and knowledge, and an understanding of world trade and international business. The program delivers a multicultural learning experience paired with a rigorous curriculum and diverse faculty. This program is appropriate to working professionals in all fields who wish to add a degree in international business to their professional portfolios.
- MBA Core Component – 30 credits
3BU 5770 International BusinessIt is a small world, and getting smaller fast. An understanding of the complex managerial dimensions of world trade and international business is now an expected part of an MBA?s intellectual inventory. This International Business course provides an opportunity to develop the understanding through readings, and through case studies. An individual term project will give students an opportunity to bring global thinking to bear on current issues in a company, country, or region.
3This course aims to introduce students to international differences in financial accounting and financial reporting. It helps students to understand the basic elements of financial accounting and its utility in the decision making process. The output of accounting is represented by financial statements, prepared by companies from all over the world for their users: investors, creditors, general public, and so on. From this perspective, this course makes a comparison between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP). Integrated reporting (IR), which is considered to be the future of business reporting, is also discussed in this course.
3BU 5530 Multinational MarketingPost W.W.II, the trend toward freer trade and accelerating technological change, has been altering the world's economic landscape via the process of globalization. The recent drift toward regionalism (e.g., unifying European and North American markets), the collapse and subsequent restructuring of many of the world's national economies such as in the Soviet and Eastern European economies, have served as massive economic experiments. Global recession and recovery have been studies to glean what has worked and what has failed in each of these examples yielding critical information for future marketing strategies. This course is designed to introduce some of the key issues of these international events that can be incorporated into multinational marketing. This class will focus on issues involved in marketing products and services across national boundaries. Culture, economic arrangements, technical standards, currency movements, language, religion, ideology, politics, distance and conflicting interpretations of national and global interests combine to complicate the administration of marketing's familiar 4-Ps cross-nationally. This course uses a combination of lectures, global marketing cases, discussion, and mini projects to examine specific issues currently involved in multinational marketing strategies. Prerequisite: BU 5700.
3In this course, we will explore the law and legal issues relating to the global business environment to acquire an appreciation of the scope, extent, and importance of the law. The course is structured to provide you with a basic knowledge of the fundamental concepts, principles, and rules of law in various areas. The course is also designed to assist you in recognizing potential legal problems in the business environment and in developing analytical skills and reasoning power.
3EC 5615 Global EconomicsThe national economies today are all deeply embedded in an interactive global network with profound implications for both economic theory and economic policy. In this course, students will engage in theoretical as well as empirical studies of international economic relationships.
3BU 5110 Managing Organizational BehaviorA review of theory and research findings in the field of organizational behavior, with emphasis on applications by practicing managers. Topics to be covered include perception, motivation, leadership, communication, group dynamics, conflict management and organization theory. Pedagogical techniques include case analysis, presentations, role plays and other experiential activities. Prerequisite: Common Professional Component (CPC) competencies in Business Ethics, Business Policies, and Legal Environment.
3BU 5380 International Business AnalysisThis course applies economic theory and methods to business decision making in an international business context. The course is designed for business students and offers them the opportunity to develop an understanding of many concepts from economics that affect daily the challenging international business environment. Content is based on economic theory with examples chosen to develop the skills of the students in solving problems of an international business.
3BU 5510 Operations ManagementExamination of the nature and structure of decision-making in the midst of uncertainty. Formal techniques for measurement of risks and rewards are applied to case studies based chiefly on production systems. Concludes with a survey of current techniques for operations analysis, planning and control. Prerequisites: Common Professional Component (CPC) competencies in Management and Quantitative/Statistics.
3BU 5120 Financial AnalysisA complete corporate financial management course. Content covers the classic areas of valuation, capital structure and budgeting as well as more specialized financial topics. Online version incorporates online course materials and exercises. Prerequisite: BU 5190 and Common Professional Component (CPC) competency in Business Finance.
3BU 5720 Seminar in Executive ManagementFrom a decision-makers point of view, students will participate in a seminar involving middle and upper-level managerial responsibilities, as well as discussions concerning 'state-of-the-art' methodologies appropriate to all levels of management. Case studies and group projects will be combined with informal lectures and discussions involving such areas as strategic planning, action planning techniques, policy-making, managerial ethics, decision-making methods, control systems and the integration of all resources for optimum performance. Prerequisites: BU 5190, BU 5120, BU 5210 and Common Professional Component (CPC) competency in Economics.
- Elective (choose one from below)
3BU 5630 Policy Topics: Travel CourseAn in-depth study of a particular topic, contemporary issue, or concern will be the focus of this course and will be taught by a specialist within the field being studied. Since topics vary, the course may be repeated with different topics.
3BU 5050 Business Graduate InternshipA supervised internship in business for graduate students. The purpose is to gain meaningful work experience and apply knowledge learned in previous course work to the on-the-job situation. The internship placement must provide a new learning experience for the student. A work journal, reading in the field and a report on work experience are required. Permission of Internship Coordinator, department chair and Coordinator of Graduate Studies in Business. Prerequisite: nine graduate credits in business.
3A review of contemporary techniques, practices and research results in the area of human resource management, with emphasis on the perspective of the practicing manager. Topics to be covered include recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation, labor relations and collective bargaining, occupational safety and health and employee rights within the context of federal and state legal regulation. The case method is used extensively. The goal is to assist the line or staff manager in effective utilization and implementation of human resource policies and practices.
3BU 5450 Comparative Health Care SystemsThis course is an online elective course designed for those that are interested in healthcare systems around the world. This course is designed to encourage further understanding of healthcare policy in the United States as compared to other countries. How does each deal with the provision of healthcare? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? This course will require critical thinking and writing skills.
3An in-depth study of the variables affecting the transmission of internal and external organizational communication. While focusing on audience analysis, message transmission and business/media relations, critical skills such as listening, speaking, writing analysis and an understanding of non-verbal, visual and mass communication will be developed. Practical topics will include: organizational systems, conference organization, metacommunications, public relations, improved listening skills and presentational speaking. Prerequisites: Common Professional Component (CPC) competencies in Management and Marketing.
3This course focuses on business start-ups, providing an intensive introduction to business planning from the defining of a primary vision through market size assessment and strategic operations planning, to the financing, staffing and implementation of the new venture. Course includes readings on entrepreneurship, case studies of both small and large examples of successful new ventures and student fieldwork. Software available to help business planning will be introduced for hands-on use. Students will each prepare a formal business plan for new ventures. Prerequisites: BU 5120 and BU 5210.
3BU 5910 Independent StudyEnrichment of the background of students in business through the pursuit of a special topic pertinent to their interests and abilities is offered through independent study opportunities. This is an opportunity for an in-depth study of a problem in the business field. Consent of a faculty supervisor, department chair, coordinator and Associate Vice President is required.
3This course examines the role of "positive institutions" in creating and supporting the well-being of its members while maintaining its profitability or non-profit mission. Issues of power, privilege, and prejudice as challenges to the formation of ethical and socially just institutions will be explored. Topics include issues of diversity, equity, ethics, and social justice.
- Total for MBA in International Business – 33 credits minimum


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CRESTVIEW — Coastal Vein Institute, in collaboration with The American Venous Forum and Legs for Life organizations, will offer a free varicose, spider vein and peripheral arterial disease screening to raise awareness for vascular disease and available treatment options.
The event is 2-5:30 p.m. March 4 at 550 W. Redstone Ave., Suite 410, Crestview.
In America, 72 percent of women and 42 percent of men reportedly will experience varicose veins by the time they are in their 60s.
Venous insufficiency typically occurs in women ages 40-49 and in men ages 70-79.
Common risk factors for varicose veins and venous reflux include multiple pregnancies, family history, obesity and standing professions.
A leading cause of varicose veins is venous reflux disease caused by "leaky" valves in the greater saphenous vein running from ankle to groin in each leg.
In addition to varicose veins, symptoms may include leg pain, fatigue, swelling and skin ulceration. This condition can be progressive if left untreated and symptoms may worsen with time.
One in every 20 Americans over age 50 has peripheral arterial disease.
Individuals with the disease have a five-fold increased relative risk of a cardiovascular ischemic event and total mortality that is two to three times greater than those without it.
People with peripheral vascular disease often change their lifestyles, especially when they have standing professions and can't tolerate being on their feet all day.
Screenings for vascular disease include a limited ultrasound and ankle brachial index. The screenings are quick and painless.
Contact Coastal Vein Institute, 682-0032, to register for the screening.


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Four641 Israeli Paratrooper Bag
Brand Four641
Ever since my school days, I have carried an Israeli Paratrooper Bag with me everywhere I go. Three inner compartments plus a handy journal and pencil pocket with house your Holga, LCA, and Blackbird Fly as well as film. The classic canvas bag is now available from the Four641 Collection, and will provide years of durable camera lugging.


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Microsoft Deploys New Programs to Help Veterans Get Jobs
Primary tabs
Microsoft Deploys New Programs to Help Veterans Get Jobs
This morning at the USO of Metropolitan New York, Microsoft launched the Elevate America veterans initiative and announced $2 million in cash grants and up to $6 million in software and IT skills-training curriculum grants to several non-profits across the country (list below). The program is focused on providing technology skills training, job placement, career counseling and other support services such as childcare, transportation and housing to give veterans and their spouses the support they need to successfully transition to civilian careers.
(3BLMedia/theCSRfeed) NEW YORK — Nov. 10, 2010 — Microsoft Corp. today announced the recipients of its Elevate America veterans initiative grants and the availability of new education, job training and placement programs to help give veterans and their spouses the skills and resources they need to be successful in today's civilian work force.
· Able-Disabled Advocacy Inc., San Diego; San Diego VetWORKS
· Bellevue College, Bellevue, Wash.; Project SUCCEED
· Goodwill Industries of the Southern Piedmont Inc., Charlotte, N.C.; Elevate America's veterans initiative
· Gulf Coast Workforce Board, Panama City, Fla.; Mission: 21st Century
· Per Scholas, New York and Miami, Fla.; Microsoft Veterans Employment Project
· Veterans Inc., Worcester, Mass.; Veterans Inc. Employment and Training Program
To read the full release, visit: http://www.microsoft.com/Presspass/press/2010/nov10/11-10VetJobsPR.mspx


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I love photographing this family. I think it's easy to see why.
I love this shot so much. Hugh wasn't sure how he felt about the horses, so mom was encouraging him to pet him, and dad was giving him a little protective affection. I still can't decide which one I like better, the color or the black and white?
Horse photo bomb.


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Korean War veterans may pick up an application for an honor flight to visit the war memonal's in Washington, D.C., at Union County Veterans Affairs office.
Applications will be available after Jan. 1. A definite date for the next honor flight has not yet been scheduled, but veterans may submit an application and have their applications added to the prospective list.
Union County Veterans Affairs is open 8 a.m. to noon Mondays through Fridays.


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Introducing a new way to navigate by topics. Access the latest news, data, publications and more around topics of interest.
Our population statistics cover age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, migration, ancestry, language use, veterans, as well as population estimates and projections.
The U.S. Census Bureau is the official source of statistical data tracking the national economy.
Business is a large part of America's diverse economy. This section provides key information about businesses in your community.
This section provides information on a range of educational topics, from educational attainment and school enrollment to school districts, costs and financing.
We measure the state of the nation's workforce, including employment and unemployment levels, weeks and hours worked, occupations, and commuting.
Our statistics highlight trends in household and family composition, describe characteristics of the residents of housing units, and show how they are related.
Health statistics on insurance coverage, disability, fertility and other health issues are increasingly important in measuring the nation's overall well-being.
We measure the housing and construction industry, track homeownership rates, and produce statistics on the physical and financial characteristics of our homes.
Income is the gauge many use to determine the well-being of the U.S. population. Survey and census questions cover poverty, income, and wealth.
The U.S. Census Bureau is the official source for U.S. export and import statistics and regulations governing the reporting of exports from the U.S.
The U.S. Census Bureau provides data for the Federal, state and local governments as well as voting, redistricting, apportionment and congressional affairs.
Search an alphabetical index of keywords and phrases to access Census Bureau statistics, publications, products, services, data, and data tools.
Geography provides the framework for Census Bureau survey design, sample selection, data collection, tabulation, and dissemination.
Geography is central to the work of the Bureau, providing the framework for survey design, sample selection, data collection, tabulation, and dissemination.
Find resources on how to use geographic data and products with statistical data, educational blog postings, and presentations.
The Geographic Support System Initiative will integrate improved address coverage, spatial feature updates, and enhanced quality assessment and measurement.
Work with interactive mapping tools from across the Census Bureau.
Find geographic data and products such as Shapefiles, KMLs, TIGERweb, boundary files, geographic relationship files, and reference and thematic maps.
Metropolitan and micropolitan areas are geographic entities used by Federal statistical agencies in collecting, tabulating, and publishing Federal statistics.
Find information about specific partnership programs and learn more about our partnerships with other organizations.
Definitions of geographic terms, why geographic areas are defined, and how the Census Bureau defines geographic areas.
We conduct research on geographic topics such as how to define geographic areas and how geography changes over time.
Visit our library of Census Bureau multimedia files. Collection formats include audio, video, mobile apps, images, and publications.
Official audio files from the Census Bureau, including "Profile America," a daily series of bite-sized statistics, placing current data in a historical context.
infographics include information on the Census Bureau's history of data collection, our nation's veterans and the American Community Survey.
Stock photos that illustrate official Census Bureau operations and activities.
Read briefs and reports from Census Bureau experts.
Watch Census Bureau vignettes, testimonials, and video files.
Read research analyses from Census Bureau experts.
Access data through products and tools including data visualizations, mobile apps, interactive web apps and other software.
Find information using interactive applications to get statistics from multiple surveys.
Developer portal to access services and documentation for the Census Bureau's APIs.
Explore Census Bureau data on your mobile device with interactive tools.
Find a multitude of DVDs, CDs and publications in print by topic.
These external sites provide more data.
Download extraction tools to help you get the in-depth data you need.
Learn more about our data from this collection of e-tutorials, presentations, webinars and other training materials. Sign up for training sessions.
Explore Census data with interactive visualizations covering a broad range of topics.
How we provide the best mix of timeliness, relevancy, quality, and cost for the data we collect.
Information about the U.S. Census Bureau.
Information about what we do at the U.S. Census Bureau.
Our researchers explore innovative ways to conduct surveys, increase respondent participation, reduce costs, and improve accuracy.
Our surveys provide periodic and comprehensive statistics about the nation, critical for government programs, policies, and decisionmaking.
Learn about other opportunities to collaborate with us.
Explore the rich historical background of an organization with roots almost as old as the nation.
Explore prospective positions available at the U.S. Census Bureau.
Information about the current field vacancies available at the U.S. Census Bureau Regional Offices.
The latest press releases and statements from the U.S. Census Bureau. Also, find upcoming events, and useful information for journalists and media.
The Census Bureau's Director writes on how we measure America's people, places and economy.
Find interesting and quirky statistics regarding national celebrations and major events.
Official audio files from the Census Bureau, including "Profile America," a daily series of bite-sized statistics, placing current data in a historical context.
Find media toolkits, advisories, and all the latest Census news.
See what's coming up in releases and reports.
This brief provides an overview of the centenarian population living in the United States based on the 2007–2011 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year data. It is a companion to the 2010 Census Special Report Centenarians: 2010, which focused on the count of centenarians, their sex, race, and Hispanic-origin characteristics, and their geographic distribution. This brief explores the social and economic characteristics collected annually in the ACS to provide information on the marital status, educational attainment, veteran status, income, and poverty levels of centenarians. Since centenarians represent a rare population, distinct from the rest of the older population in many ways, they are compared to the 65 years and older population.
Centenarians, people 100 years or older, made up a very small portion of the total population in the 2007–2011 ACS, accounting for 55,000 people (0.02 percent). By comparison, the 65 years and over population accounted for 40 million people or 13 percent of the total population. The majority of centenarians were female (81 percent). Women were also the majority of the 65 years and over population (57 percent). This disproportionately female representation in both the 65 years and over and centenarian populations was expected, since sex differences in mortality over time contribute to higher percentages of females than males at older ages.
Some content on this site is available in several different electronic formats. Some of the files may require a plug-in or additional software to view. Please visit the Download Plug-In page for a full list.


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Listed below are a variety of web template options to choose from. The web template designs were created to allow for more flexibility and freedom to use the boxes in a variety of functions. The thumbnails below will visually show you how the templates work and you can mouse-over the thumbnail to see the full template view.
Academic Program Department
This is the standard template that all academic program departments must use. There are a variety of color options for the template elements.
Institutes & Centers
This is the standard template that all institutes and centers must use. Individual logo and branding should be included in the 560 x 150 banner graphic and Web Communications can assist with creating this as needed.
Any of the single row template options listed above can be used for an inside page template. Below are additional inside page options which allow for more body content and text to be displayed.
External vendor hosted/USF-affiliated websites or other USF web server hosted sites should use these templates. Please note that each template must be custom built to include proper navigation links, images and titling. Please contact firstname.lastname@example.com to create the appropriate template.