text:
impressive & accessible
online shops that sell
building your identity
building your CI
We're proud to announce that artViperTM designstudio is going to provide Usability Tests and eCommerce shop optimizations as a major part of its activities.
Current projects showed a high demand on topics like usability tests, customer surveys, eCommerce site optimization which involves optimal placement of product information, info and help systems for easier navigation. Therefore artViper is going to offer a complete suite for real time tests, mouse tracking, attention map generation and alike.
As soon as our new test suite is online, we are going to invite our fellow website users for free tests to evaluate the new system and will get out of beta status soon.
Tel.: +49 961 470 30 661
Fax.: +49 961 470 30 663
Webdesign München
Tel.: +44 928 73 00
Fax.: +44 928 73 01


text:
is an official sponsor of the Azusa Street Centennial
About Us
Our Labor Of Love
In 1992, evangelist Tim Storey and Leon Isaac Kennedy teamed up to present a gift to the Body of Christ, the complete documented story of
Amazingly, the entire story had never been documented and formatted to be preserved for church history -- or as a legacy for this future generation.
Tim and Leon spent over two years accumulating data and research.
Leon used his over 20 years of experience as a top Hollywood writer, producer to capture the elements, the story and especially The Spirit of a great event that has almost been forgotten and at best was only remembered in foggy fragments by a select few.
Now, with the 100 Year Celebration close at hand, many others are getting involved.
Others may now read bullet points from research web pages as if they are now authorities on
William Seymour
However, those in the know point out that back in 1992, over a decade ago, it was Tim Storey and Leon that produced the entire story and got it aired on TBN to put the story and spirit of The Azusa Street Revival on the Spiritual Consciousness and mind set for the Body of Christ.
Now, for the 100 Year Celebration, we want you to know what you are celebrating!
We invite you to participate in these authentic documentaries that took years of labor and research that started back in 1992.
These labors of love
contain never before seen interviews, comments, remarks, and artifacts that are irreplaceable -- and that can never again be obtained.
The last eyewitness accounts -- they were children, but had vivid memories of their parents and others and how things were at
The Azusa Mission.
"It was so hot - you know there was no air conditioning back in those days.
"The place was swarming with flies - Fly eggs had hatched from it being a converted stable.
"They took no offerings.
"There was no organized choir. Oh, but when the people started to sing it was like we were singing with angels.
"Then the presence of God would waft into the room and when the presence of God hit -- It was not man orchestrated. All throughout the room different people were touched in different ways -- but all at the same time.
"There were times that the fire department came out -- because outside observers reported flames on the roof!
"There was not a fire! It was just Gods glory on the building!
All of these eyewitness accounts, that we were blessed to interview have now passed on.
An eyewitness account from Charles Bartlemans son, who saved the wood carved mission address when the mission was torn down and is now deceased.
And watch as the late Presiding Bishop of The Church Of God In Christ, Bishop Ford describes his times with Church Of God In Christ founder Bishop Mason and Bishop Masons memories of the life changing impact
had on him. It was because of what he experienced at Azusa that Bishop Mason was led to start The Church Of God In Christ.
3 Christian
Historical Videos
Life changing documentaries!
"For Christians, 312 Azusa Street will be one of the most famous addresses in the world."
Dr. Vinson Synan
© 2006 The Azusa Street Revival. All Rights Reserved. This site is designed by
Shine Productions
Visitors Count

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It is rather typical for systems to start as MyISAM but as system growths to move to Innodb. The reason of the move could be just desire for better data consistency guaranty or being bitten repairing multiple GB MyISAM table few times, though Table Locks is probably the most important issue – with modern multi […]
Search Results for: repair table mysql
High-Performance Click Analysis with MySQL
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Recovering CREATE TABLE statement from .frm file
So lets say you have .frm file for the table and you need to recover CREATE TABLE statement for this table. In particular when we do Innodb Recovery we often get .frm files and some mess in the Innodb tablespace from which we have to get data from. Of course we could relay on old […]
Can you Trust CHECK TABLE ?
Take a look at this:
mysql> repair table a3;
| Table | Op | Msg_type | Msg_text |
| test.a3 | repair | status | OK |
1 row in set (0.10 sec)
mysql> select * from a3 order by i;
| i |
| 2147483648 |
| 11 |
| 13 |
| 14 |
| 2147483647 |
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
The sort order is obviously wrong while CHECK TABLE is not reporting any error
10+ Ways to Crash or Overload MySQL
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MySQL MyISAM Active Active Clustering – looking for trouble ?
Reading last few days worth of planet MySQL and commenting on some entries as you can see. The post by Oli catches my attention. There is also PDF with more details available Oli is saying you can use MySQL with Active Active Clustering and MyISAM tables if you follow certain rules like enabling external locking, […]
Long PRIMARY KEY for Innodb tables
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MySQL Crash Recovery
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text:
NAIROBI (AlertNet) – A United Nations convoy is struggling to cut through swamps to deliver aid to 20,000 displaced South Sudanese who have returned to the town of Pibor in Jonglei state following deadly inter-ethnic violence.
An estimated 60,000 people have been displaced in Jonglei since late December when some 6,000 armed members of the Lou Nuer tribe carried out a series of attacks on members of the rival Murle community.
"I am here because I need something to eat first. After that I will go out there in the bush and try to search for my lost children," Sarah Lokocho, a returnee to Pibor, told the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).
"I don't know where they are now. Maybe they are dead already."
South Sudan became Africa's newest nation in July after a referendum agreed under a 2005 peace deal with Sudan ended decades of civil war that had killed two million people
Jonglei, the largest state in South Sudan, is largely inaccessible by road.
"The only way that we can get in there is by air," Lise Grande, the U.N. humanitarian coordinator for South Sudan, told AlertNet.
"We are trying to get road access into Pibor (from the state capital, Bor). We sent a convoy up last night to try and break through the swampy areas. If they succeed, that's going to be a huge help."
The U.N. had to appeal to donors to provide funds to hire large helicopters to deliver supplies, in one of its most complicated and expensive operations in South Sudan since the 2005 end of the war there.
Pibor, the hub of response operations, is under the control of government and UNMISS soldiers who carry out daily land and air patrols.
"Pibor is calm. UNMISS is reinforcing its presence in key areas to help the government forces deployed to Jonglei to protect civilians," UNMISS spokesman Kouider Zerrouk told AlertNet.
The World Food Programme (WFP) is flying in food and other emergency supplies to Pibor while the medical charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) is struggling to get Pibor Hospital up and running again.
"It's been looted," Jean-Marc Jacobs, MSF's deputy head of mission in South Sudan, told AlertNet.
"Not much is usable which means we are flying everything in."
MSF is working out of tents, treating people who have returned from the bush.
"There are people who have been injured during the violence or injured trying to flee, running in the bush, falling or hitting branches… we have a few gunshot wounds," said Jacobs.
"We have a lot of malaria and other more normal diseases for this area."
On Friday, MSF will send a team 30km (19 miles) north of Pibor to the village of Likuangole, which was razed on Dec. 26 and 27.
They are trying to trace 70 local staff who worked in their Likuangole clinic, which was destroyed.
"Of course we fear for the worst but we don't know. We can only keep looking," said Jacobs.
WFP is establishing an operational base in Likuangole and the U.N. Children's Fund, UNICEF, is preparing to repair water points there.
"We know that people want to get back to Likuangole but until there is some kind of a (humanitarian) presence there, it's going to be pretty tough for them," said Grande.
"It was burnt to the ground… nothing's there."
Conflict between Lou Nuer members and Murle members in Jonglei caused hundreds of deaths in 2011. Experts have called on the government to strengthen reconciliation efforts and its security presence in the remote, impoverished state, which is awash with weapons.
(Editing by Rebekah Curtis)


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text:
Episode: 070 | Aired: January 05, 1968
Kitty saves the life of a fellow stagecoach traveler and becomes deeply involved in his personal life.
Episode: 056 | Aired: September 22, 1968
A young boy is groomed as a gunfighter to seek vengeance for the wrong done to his father.
Episode: 057 | Aired: September 29, 1968
Matt joins a trail drive to prevent a conflict between the drivers and some hide cutters.
Episode: 058 | Aired: October 06, 1968
In Mexico, Marshal Dillon is befriended by a 13-year-old boy who sees Dillon as a man who can rid his village of all banditos.
Episode: 059 | Aired: October 13, 1968
A bizarre attempted robbery by two bumbling hill-country brothers turns into a comedy of errors before it's finally thwarted by Festus (acting as Matt's deputy). Guest Star: Victor French
Episode: 060 | Aired: October 20, 1968
After Marshal Dillon is forced to kill a crooked gambler, his vengeful father sets out to kill the Marshal.
Episode: 061 | Aired: October 27, 1968
A small, ornery Irishman named O'Quillian spreads dissension and disaster in Dodge City.
Episode: 062 | Aired: November 10, 1968
Marshal Dillon and Doc Adams are troubled by a meddlesome woman as they escort an escaped convict on a train trip to Dodge.
Episode: 063 | Aired: November 17, 1968
Festus, a young widow, and her two children are held hostage by a gang of outlaws.
Episode: 064 | Aired: November 24, 1968
Matt blocks a railroad company's efforts to force Jim Graham off his land. The right-of-way dispute halts progress on a new track, which would link Omaha and Dodge.
Episode: 065 | Aired: December 01, 1968
A slick-talking salesman, attended by three dissatisfied customers, is rescued by a farm widow.
Episode: 066 | Aired: December 08, 1968
Marshal Dillon has a long, hard ride back to Dodge City with a prisoner whose gang doggedly pursues them.
Episode: 067 | Aired: December 15, 1968
Matt is forced to slay an old friend when the man becomes a murderer, following his fanatic opposition to a bounty hunter's killing of a renegade wolf.
Episode: 068 | Aired: December 22, 1968
In Matt's absence, deputy Newly O'Brien tracks down a wanted man, saves him from the bounty hunters, and finally establishes his innocence. Guest Star: Harry Dean Stanton
Episode: 069 | Aired: December 29, 1968
An impoverished widower is accused of stealing money from a bank in order to feed his two small children.
Episode: 071 | Aired: January 12, 1969
Matt Dillon's efforts to recapture an escaped murderer are complicated by Kitty's jealousy of the criminal's girlfriend.
Episode: 072 | Aired: January 19, 1969
A ruthless, fast-draw gunman named Mannon shoots Festus, steals his mule and terrorizes Dodge City.
Episode: 073 | Aired: January 26, 1969
Two hillbillies attempt to swindle the townspeople of Dodge City by selling them worthless mining claims.
Episode: 074 | Aired: February 02, 1969
A respected rancher is found to have been the notoriously cruel commandant of a Civil War prison camp.
Episode: 075 | Aired: February 09, 1969
Doc Adams is in jeopardy when he is the only witness to a killing and the murderer becomes his patient.
Episode: 076 | Aired: February 16, 1969
Three bounty hunters hold Doc, Kitty, Sam, and Louie captive in the Longbranch and offer to exchange them for a prisoner in jail. Guest Star: Bruce Dern
Episode: 077 | Aired: February 23, 1969
Revengeful night riders from Missouri invade Dodge City and challenge the authority of Deputy Festus Haggen.
Episode: 078 | Aired: March 02, 1969
When Festus and a wounded robber are put up at a farmhouse, the owner attempts to kill the robber and seize the stolen money.
Episode: 079 | Aired: March 09, 1969
An ex-slave is bribed by two desperadoes to steal an important document from a wounded Matt Dillon.
Episode: 080 | Aired: March 16, 1969
Kitty becomes responsible for a wanted murderer and, believing him innocent, refuses to turn him over to an out-of-town sheriff. Guest Star: Jon Voight
Episode: 081 | Aired: March 23, 1969
An old friend of Matt's pursues his wife's killers into Dodge City, demanding the right to deal with them in his own way.
Aired: February 16, 1969
Available until: July 30, 2015
Aired: February 09, 1969
Available until: July 30, 2015
Aired: February 02, 1969
Available until: July 30, 2015
Aired: January 26, 1969
Available until: July 30, 2015
Aired: January 19, 1969
Available until: July 30, 2015


text: OPEN JOURNAL SYSTEMS (OJS): e-Journals Hosted by UNCG Libraries During the spring of 2010, the University Libraries acquired Open Journal Systems (OJS), a journal management and publishing system, and through the use of OJS, the Libraries can now support faculty who wish to publish online journals, newsletters, technical report series, and other publications. For a list of the journals currently supported at UNCG using OJS software, see UNCG Hosted Online Journals OJS is an open-source software that was developed by the Public Knowledge Project (PKP), a partnership of faculty members, librarians, & graduate students from Simon Fraser University, the University of British Columbia, & Stanford University. OJS was specifically designed to assist faculty and researchers in publishing peer-reviewed open-access journals, and it supports journal management through every stage of the peer-review and editorial process, from the submission of each manuscript to the final publication of each issue. Supporting the entire management and publication process, OJS provides for a wide variety of roles, with special features and functions for each. OJS roles include managers, editors, section editors, peer reviewers, copyeditors, layout editors, proofreaders, and when necessary, subscription managers. In addition, authors can submit their manuscripts on each journal's homepage, and they can later log-in to follow the status of their manuscripts in the review and publication process. OJS supports all of these roles; however, depending on what the journal needs, particular roles can be utilized or not. The flexibility of OJS is one of its most important features. It can support peer-reviewed journals, but it also can support non-peer-reviewed publications, especially professional newsletters and technical reports. OJS is specifically designed to support open-access publications, but it also can support subscription-based publications. In addition, there is a great flexibility in the number of individuals who can be involved with each publication. A large number of individuals can be involved in a wide variety of roles (especially for peer-reviewed journals); but, if there is no peer-review, a very limited number of individuals can be involved, even just 1 or 2 (especially for newsletters, technical report series, etc.) Faculty Interested in Using OJS to Publish an Online Journal, Newsletter, or Serial Any faculty member interested in the possibility of using OJS should contact Beth Bernhardt, Assistant Dean for Collection Management and Scholarly Communications , firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
A projector system includes a light pipe integrator (LPI) between its lamp and its projection lens system. The LPI is hollow, formed from sheet metal, and has an internal cold mirror coating which reflects visible light and passes infra-red radiation. The reflector is a compound reflector having profiles of two ellipses with different eccentricities.
1. A light engine for an optical projector system comprising:
lamp means to generate light;
collector means to collect and direct the generated light; and
a light pipe having an entrance pupil, a central section, an exit pupil along a straight optical axis, and reflecting walls; characterized in that
the light pipe is hollow, and with internal walls, the light pipe is double tapered with the exit pupil being rectangular and the area of the entrance pupil being at least 50% larger than a cross-sectional area perpendicular to the optical axis of the center section, and a cold mirror coating is coated on the internal walls.
2. A projector system comprising:
lamp means to generate light;
collector means to gather and re-direct the generated light;
a light pipe having an entrance pupil, an exit pupil, a center section, internal walls and an optical axis, the light from the collector means being directed on the entrance pupil;
an image forming means to form an image and having an image gate, the exit pupil directing light on the image gate; and
a projector lens; wherein
the light pipe is hollow in shape, the internal walls are mirrors, the internal walls are open to ambient air; and
wherein the mirrors comprise cold mirror means to reflect visible light and transmit infra-red light.
3. A projector system as in claim 2 wherein in at least some of the cross-sections perpendicular to the optical axis of the internal walls form a rectangle.
4. A projector as in claim 2 wherein in a cross-section perpendicular to the optical axis at the entrance pupil the internal walls form a square.
5. A projector system as in claim 2 wherein in all the cross-sections perpendicular to the optical axis the internal walls form a rectangle.
6. A projector system as in claim 2 wherein in a cross-section perpendicular to the optical axis at the exit pupil the internal walls form a rectangle.
7. A projector system as in claim 2 wherein the internal walls are of sheet metal and are flat.
8. A projector system comprising:
lamp means to generate light;
a reflector to gather and re-direct the generated light;
a light pipe having an entrance pupil, an exit pupil, a center section, internal walls and an optical axis, the light from the reflector being directed on the entrance pupil;
an image forming means to form an image and having an image gate, the exit pupil directing the light on the image gate; and
a projector lens;
wherein the light pipe is hollow in shape, the internal walls are mirrors, the internal walls are open to ambient air; and
wherein the reflector is curved and concave in shape in cross-sections through the axis, and the curvature comprises at least two ellipses having different eccentricities and both eccentricities are in the range of 0.60-0.90.
9. A projector system comprising:
(a) a metal halide arc lamp having an arc gap in the range of 1-6 mm;
(b) a reflector having a central axis; the lamp arc gap being along the reflector's axis;
the reflector being circular in cross-sections perpendicular to the central axis and being curved in at least two elliptical curves having different eccentricities in cross-sections through the central axis;
(c) a hollow light pipe having an entrance pupil, a rectangular exit pupil, a center section between the entrance and exit pupils, an optical axis, flat reflecting walls made of metal, and a tapered shape in which the exit pupil is at least 50% larger than the area of a cross-section through the center section taken perpendicular to the optical axis;
(d) a cold mirror coating means on the reflecting walls to reflect visible light and to transmit visible light;
(e) an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) panel illuminated by light from the exit pupil; and
(f) a projector lens means to project images formed by the LCD panel onto a screen.
10. A projector system as in claim 9 wherein the elliptical curves each have a different focal point.
11. A projector system as in claim 9 wherein each of the elliptical curves are formed around the same apex point.
12. An elongated light pipe having an optical axis, an entrance pupil and an exit pupil, for use in a projector system, characterized in that:
(a) the light pipe is hollow and has internal mirror walls and is not filled with a dielectric;
(b) the mirror walls are flat and of metal;
(c) a cold mirror coating means is coated on the mirror walls to reflect visible light and transmit infra-red light.
13. A light pipe as in claim 12 wherein the entrance pupil is square or octagonal and the exit pupil is rectangular in a cross-section perpendicular to the optical axis.
14. A light pipe as in claim 12 wherein the light pipe is a tapered shape and in which the exit pupil is at least 50% larger than the area of a cross-section through the center section taken perpendicular to the optical axis.
15. A light engine for an optical projector system comprising:
(a) lamp means to generate light;
(b) a reflector which is circular in cross-sections perpendicular to a central axis and having first and second curved sectors, the sectors in profile having two different curvatures, the reflector producing a first beam from the first reflector sector and a second beam from the second reflector sector, each beam having a free end focus spot;
(c) a hollow light pipe integrator having a tapered entry section with an entry pupil, a central section, an exit pupil and internal mirror walls, a cross-section of the entry pupil being at least 50% larger in area than a cross-section of the center section; and
(d) reflector means to focus the first beam so that it does not reflect from the walls of the entry section and its free end spot is within the entry section.
16. A light engine as in claim 15 wherein the curvatures of the first and second reflector sectors are ellipses.
17. A light engine as in claim 15 wherein the light pipe integrator comprises metal walls having an internal cold mirror coating.
18. A light engine as in claim 15 and second reflector means to focus the second beam so that its free end focus spot is within the center section.
19. A light engine for an optical projector system comprising:
(a) lamp means to generate light;
(b) a reflector which is circular in cross-sections perpendicular to a central axis and having first and second curved sectors, the sectors in profile having two different curvatures, the reflector producing a first beam from the first reflector sector and a second beam from the second reflector sector, each beam having a free end focus spot;
(c) a hollow light pipe aligned in sequence along an optical axis, a tapered entry section having an entry pupil and an exit pupil and internal mirror walls, the entry pupil being at least 50% larger in area than the section exit pupil; and
(d) reflector means to focus the first beam and second beam to substantially overlap at the exit pupil.
20. A light engine as in claim 19 wherein the curvatures of the first and second sectors are ellipses.
21. A light engine as in claim 19 wherein the light pipe comprises metal walls having an internal cold mirror coating.
22. A light engine for an optical projector system comprising:
(a) lamp means to generate light;
(b) a reflector which is circular in cross-sections perpendicular to a central axis and having first and second curved sectors, the sectors in profile having two different curvatures, the reflector producing a first beam from the first reflector sector and a second beam from the second reflector sector, each beam having a free end focus spot;
(c) a hollow light pipe integrator having a tapered entry section with an entry pupil, a central section, an exit pupil and internal mirror walls, a cross-section of the entry pupil being at least 50% larger than a cross-section of the center section; and
(d) the free end focus spot of the first beam being focus point F1 and the free end focus spot of the second beam being focus point F2 which is separated from F1 in the range of 10-40 mm.
23. A light engine as in claim 22 wherein the curvatures of the first and second reflector sectors are ellipses.
24. A light engine as in claim 22 wherein the light pipe integrator comprises metal walls having an internal cold mirror coating.
This application is a continuation-in-part application based upon Ser. No. 08/801,438, filed Feb. 18, 1997, now abandoned; Ser. No. 08/829,199, filed Mar. 31, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,858; the priority dates of both applications being claimed herein; and is related to Ser. No. 09/127,594, filed Jul. 31, 1998, now pending, entitled "LCD Projection System With Polarization Doubler."
The present invention relates to optics and more particularly to the light engine of an optical projector system.
At the present time optical projector systems are widely used in business, educational and consumer applications. For example, slide and motion picture projectors are used to show images from film on screens; projection TV may use one or three LCD panels (Liquid Crystal Display), (LCLV-Liquid Crystal Light Valve) and other projectors may use a computer-controlled LCD. The light for projector systems is provided by a "light engine" which generally consists of a light source, for example, a light bulb, a reflector and one or more lenses to direct the light on the "image gate" such as an LCD panel or film gate. In general it is desirable that the light engine have the following characteristics: (1) the light it provides should be bright; (2) the light engine should not produce heat in excess of its ability to be cooled, for example, by a fan, in order to conserve the life of its bulb and other components; (3) it should produce white light without color spots, which is especially a problem in metal halide arc lamps; (3) the light should be spread evenly over the image gate. Often, in commercial light engines, the light in the center may be at 100% but the light in the four corners may be less than 50%; and (4) the light engine should be physically as small and as low in cost as feasible.
This is an old and crowded field of technology. Hundreds, and possibly thousands, of patents and articles have been written and many types of light engines have been commercially produced. Nevertheless, there still exists the need for an improved light engine for projector systems. Such an improved light engine would spread the light evenly so that the light in the corners of a rectangular image gate ("corner illuminance") is at least 70% of the light at the gate's center; the colors from the lamp are homogenized to produce uniform white light without color spots; and there is reduced wasted light due to "spillage" (light beams which fall outside of the image gate).
In the article "An Uniform Rectangular Illuminating Optical System For Liquid Crystal Light Valve Projectors", Chang et al, Eurodisplay, '96, pgs. 256-260, light from a short arc lamp is gathered by an elliptical reflector and transmitted through a solid glass RPGR (Rectangular Pillar-Like Glass Rod) and then through two lenses to a LCLV (Liquid Crystal Light Valve).
In addition, a number of other articles and patents have described solid glass, plastic or dielectric filled light pipes for projection systems including U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,146,248 (column 6, lines 35-51 ); 4,813,765 (column 1, lines 40-42); 5,696,865 (column 4, lines 61-65); and 5,634,704 (column 8, lines 55-58).
A solid light pipe, when used in a projection system to transmit light from a light source to an image gate, presents a number of problems. If the light source produces a large amount of heat, such as an arc lamp, the light pipe may have to be made of Pyrex (TM of Corning) or other high temperature resistant (low thermal expansion) glass. However, the light transmission of such high temperature glass is poor compared to regular optical glass, and consequently light would be lost and the efficiency of transmission of light would be unsatisfactory. In addition, although optical glass or optical plastic appears clear and unblemished to the naked eye, it generally has microscopic sized bubbles and lines. Those microscopic sized imperfections cause an unpredictable and undesirable color shift in the transmitted light.
It may be difficult, or impossible, to meet a typical specification for color uniformity of ±200° K. due to color shifts caused by the non-homogeneous solid transparent material of the light pipe. Furthermore, a solid light pipe, especially if made from glass, adds to the weight and expense of the light engine. It requires special mounting, for example, by screws having pointed ends, and the mounting may be delicate and expensive.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,774,995 (Class 359-869) discloses a reflector having sections of the surface with different curvatures, including an ellipse.
In accordance with the present invention there is provided a novel and improved light engine for projector systems. The projector system may include the following conventional portions: a light source, such as an arc lamp, a reflector, relay optics such as one or more lenses, an image gate such as a film gate, and a projector lens alone or with field optics. The light engine includes the lamp, reflector and relay optics. In addition, the present invention provides a novel collector-reflector assembly which forms the light from the reflector into a cone, instead of another beam shape, and a tapered light pipe LPI (Light Pipe Integrator). The collector optic is a reflector formed as a continuous mirror curved surface. That surface comprises two, or more, ellipses having different eccentricities (e) and focal points (F). The ellipses are cross-sections in planes through the reflector's optical axis; but cross-sections of the reflector perpendicular to its optical axis are circles. The truncated end of the light cone is positioned on the entrance pupil of the light pipe. The relay optics are positioned between the exit pupil (exit face) of the light pipe and the image gate. In some embodiments the relay optics may be omitted and the exit pupil may be positioned directly proximate the image gate.
The light pipe integrator (LPI) functions on the principle of internal reflection. It is hollow with mirror interior walls (internal reflection) and is not a solid piece of glass or other transparent material (total internal reflection). The interior walls of the LPI are coated with a "cold mirror coating." That coating is reflective (mirror) to visible light but passes IR (Infra Red) light; which is undesirable heat. The LPI is preferably formed of flat sheets of metal, and less preferably of Pyrex (TM of Corning) or other heat resistive low thermal expansion glass. The flat sheets permit an even high-quality cold mirror coating, which is expensive or impossible on a curved surface. The light pipe provides color uniformity which has been measured at ±50K.
The entrance pupil (entrance face) of the light pipe receives a conical beam from the collection optic (reflector). The entrance pupil is flat (perpendicular to the optical axis) and octagonal or square to best match the truncated cone shape of the light beam. The term "profile" means in a plane through the optical axis and the term "cross-section" means in a plane perpendicular to the optical axis. The exit pupil (exit face) of the light pipe is flat in cross-section. Various aspect ratios may be utilized, such as HDTV's (High Definition Television) image gate aspect ratio of 9:16.
The light pipe integrator integrates the colors from the arc lamp and produces a homogenized, uniform color temperature for white light at its exit pupil. The light pipe also provides a rectangular exit face that may directly fit the image gate or a Polarizing Beam Splitter (PBS) (aspect ratio and shape),thus substantially reducing the amount of light lost in spillage. The light pipe gives an excellent distribution of light over the input face of the image gate or PBS. The light engine consequently produces a beam at the image gate, easily resulting in corner illuminance (ANSI) of 70% of center, which is a major image quality enhancement over presently commercially available light engines. The light pipe, and the multi-ellipse reflector (collector optic), called "VAREX" (TM of Torch Technologies LLC), improves color uniformity, light uniformity and collection efficiency.
The cone angle distribution ("angle population") of the incoming light cone from the light source sets the cone angle distribution of the outgoing cone. It is desirable that the outgoing beam cone angle population be reduced. The goal is to match the required angle population of the image gate, i.e., the LCD. The preferred shape of the light pipe (LPI) is composed of an entrance tapered section, a narrow center section and an exit tapered section. The wide part of the taper of the exit tapered section is toward the PBS or image gate. The entry tapered section has the wide part of the taper facing the light source. The cone increases angle population and the taper reduces it. The resulting change in angle population is the net effect of the two parts--usually a reduction in angle population. Such a double tapered light pipe reduces the geometric extent, which results in the reduction of the physical length of the light engine.
A preferred embodiment of a light pipe LPI is a hollow light pipe with a two tapered section shape, an entry pupil, a center section, which is octagonal or square in cross-section, and a flat rectangular exit pupil.
In the accompanying drawings of the present invention, the figures are described as follows:
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the projector system of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top view of the projector system of FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a side cross-sectional view of a lamp and reflector;
FIG. 4 is a side view of another embodiment of a projector system of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a polar coordinate system showing two collector optics (reflector) for elliptical conic sections having the same focus F but different eccentricities (solid and dash-dash line). The second focal points are F' and F1 '.
FIG. 6 is a simplified cross-sectional diagram of the tapered light pipe of the present invention (hollow) having circular cross-sections;
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a tapered hollow LPI having an octagonal entry pupil and a rectangular exit pupil;
FIG. 8 is a side cross-sectional view of a double-tapered LPI;
FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a double-tapered hollow LPI having a square entry pupil and a rectangular exit pupil;
FIG. 10A is a side view and FIG. 10B is a cross-sectional view, along A--A of FIG. 10A, of a metal casing formed from the flat cold mirror coated sheet metal and forming the light pipe of FIG. 9 of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a side cross-sectional view of a compound collector optic (reflector) and a double tapered hollow LPI; and
FIG. 12 is a side cross-sectional view of a compound collector optics (reflector) and the entry section of a hollow tapered LPI.
As shown in FIG. 1, the first embodiment of the light engine of the present invention is used in an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) projector system. That projector system includes an arc lamp 10 and reflector 11. The reflector 11 (collector assembly or collector optic) forms the light into a conical beam 12 (cone) having a peak (tip) 13. The beam is directed so that the cone peak 13 falls within the entrance pupil 14 (entrance face) of a light pipe 15--LPI (Light Pipe Integrator). The light exits from the exit pupil 16 (exit face) of the LPI 15 and is transmitted through the relay optics 17 consisting of first plano-convex lens 18 and second plano-concave lens 19. In some cases a field lens is used between the image gate and the projection lens. Those components form the light engine.
The relay optics 17 direct the beam onto the image gate (entry face) of an LCD panel 21. The LCD panel 21 is preceded in the optical path by a Fresnel lens 20 (Fresnel lens sheet) and is followed by a second Fresnel lens 22. A projection lens 23 focuses the image from LCD panel 21 onto a screen (not shown). A "Fresnel lens" is a plate having concentric grooves (about 40-300 grooves per inch) which is molded as a thin plastic sheet and replaces the curved surface of a conventional lens.
A light pipe LPI is an elongated optical element having an entrance pupil, reflecting internal walls and an exit pupil. Light entering the entrance pupil is internally reflected to become homogenized (mixed). The light pipe (LPI--Light Pipe Integrator) is hollow with internal mirror walls. The entrance pupil 13 is preferably octagonal or square in a cross-section perpendicular to the optical axis to accord with the shape of the light beam cone. The light pipe exit pupil 16 is flat and rectangular and the width of, and having the same aspect ratio as, the image gate 6, typically 4:3 for LCD panels.
Preferably the light pipe section closest to the LCD panel is tapered so that the exit pupil is at least 50% larger (in area) than the center section of the light pipe and the light pipe becomes larger (in cross-sections) perpendicular to its optical axis) towards its exit pupil, i.e., toward the LCD plate. This tapered shape permits an efficient transmittal of the light without wasting light, due to spillage, at the LCD plate. Preferably the ratio of the entrance pupil area to exit area pupil area to the central section is in the range of 1.5:1 to 5:1 and most preferably in the range of 2:1 to 4:1. Preferably the cross-sectional area of the exit pupil is at least 50% greater than the cross-sectional area of the center section.
Hollow LPIs are preferred to solid transparent LPIs for a number of reasons. Costs are reduced because the hollow LPI may use flat, reflective coated material that is mechanically easy to assemble and integrate into the "light engine" system. There are no problems with entrance and exit pupil losses (no AR anti-reflective coatings needed), or heating of the glass substrate.
Preferably highly polished sheet metal, such as copper or nickel alloys, is used as a reflector substrate (the base for the internal reflective coating). The light travels through empty air space, thus no scattering or other interference occurs.
The internal reflective coating is preferably a cold mirror coating to remove IR (Infra Red) heat from the light beam. The removal of IR heat radiation from the beam of light, without the addition of transmissive heat filters that reduce substantially the visible light in the beam, is a major advantage of the present invention. The LPI is formed from flat sheets of metal having a cold mirror coating on its internal surface. Such coatings are more difficult and expensive to apply to a curved substrate (curved metal or glass base).
An LPI has been fabricated and tested using a cold mirror coating (HR98A) manufactured by Optical Coating Laboratories Inc. (OCLI) of Santa Rosa, Calif., on glass. It has a reflectivity of 98.5% average over the visible spectrum (compared to the expected TIR (Total Internal Reflection) of 99.5%). The beam of light incident on the cold mirror coating will create a heat loading at the initial point of incidence. If enough heat is generated locally, and a very intense and concentrated beam of light is used at the light pipe entry, the cold mirror coating can be stripped and degraded if the substrate is glass. The glass substrate is not a good heat conductor to carry away the local heat to prevent damage to the cold mirror coating. The preferred device uses a metal light pipe coated inside with a metal cold mirror coating. The infrared radiation passing through the cold mirror coating will be absorbed into the metal substrate and will heat up the metal wall. The metal substrate will act as a heat sink, carrying the heat away from any specific spot and distributing it over the entire substrate.
Cold mirror coatings are typically used in flat mirrors and are designed for a specific angle of incidence (such as normal or 45 degrees). There is a color shift in the reflected light if the incident light is more than +/-15 degrees off from the design angle for the coating. The cold mirror coating (a multilayer or dielectric coating) in an LPI makes the angle of incidence dependence of the coating not critical. One of the major properties of the LPI is the "homogenizing" of the colors within the LPI, so by the time the beam exits from the LPI the various colors are well mixed and color uniformity is excellent.
A preferred LPI configuration is a hollow LPI using highly reflective cold mirror coatings on its internal walls deposited on a substrate of sheet metal, such as polished copper or nickel alloys. An alternative is a low expansion glass substrate (heat resistant glass) which is a flat sheet of plate glass, as it is difficult to coat curved glass. Such a low thermal expansion glass is typically made by adding boron oxide to silicate glass to produce "borosilicate" glass such as Pyrex (TM of Corning). A preferred coating is a cold mirror coating ("cold mirror coating means") that allows the infra-red (IR) light, e.g., heat rays (IR) to be transmitted, while reflecting the visible rays (visible light). Such a coating is the OCLI HR98C coating (TM of OCLI, Santa Rosa, Calif.), made of layers of thin film dielectric material with a reflectivity in the visible part of the spectrum an average of higher than 98%.
The HR98C of OCLI (Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc.) will pass infrared, at least 90% above 700 nm and has reflectivity of between 97% and 99.8% between 425 nm-700 nm and with a minimum phototopic average of 98% at 45 degrees.
A suitable cold mirror coating will transmit 90% of the IR light and reflect at least 98% of the visible light. A ray having both IR and visible light and which is reflected twice in the light pipe will lose at least 99% of its IR heat and be reflected with a loss of less than 4% of visible light.
A preferred hollow LPI shape has an octagonal and flat (cross-section) entrance pupil, with a tapered first section ending in a square (cross-section). That square is attached to a second section (center section) with a rectangular exit cross section (14 mm×14 mm) and a larger exit pupil cross section (exit section) to match the shape of the PBS or image gate, as shown in FIG. 7. The overall length is 106 mm and the entrance pupil is 28 mm in diameter and the exit pupil is 18 mm high and 24 mm wide.
A preferred arc lamp bulb and its reflector is shown in FIG. 3. The reflector 70 (collector optic) is metal with a mirror interior finish and is elliptical in shape (17.27 mm F (center), e=0.746. The preferred reflector is a tilted ellipse. The profile is two elliptical sections that do not necessarily form a single ellipse. The lamp bulb 71 is a plasma arc bulb, for example, type HTI404W/SE by OSRAM. The light source may be a xenon arc lamp or an incandescent source such as a halogen lamp. The reflector diameter "A" is 3.250 inches (82.55 cm).
The embodiment of FIG. 4 shows a configuration of the light engine 50, but the relay lens component is eliminated. The LCD panel 51 is placed at the exit pupil of the light pipe 52 with a field lens 53 between the light pipe and the panel. A field lens could also be positioned in position 53a, following the image gate, or two field lenses could be used one in position 53 and one in position 53a. The design of the projection lens 56 will have to match the choice of the field optics. In this configuration, the light pipe exit pupil is of the same general size as the image gate, i.e., a film gate or an LCD panel. The plasma arc lamp 54 and reflector/collector 55 may be of the type of FIG. 6. The system also includes a conventional projector lens 56 and screen 57. This configuration is effective for smaller image apertures, under three inches in diagonal. The elimination of the relay optics results in tighter packaging (shorter length) for the projector. There is a substantial reduction in the length of the light path.
Although the description set forth above is in connection with an LCD panel, the invention is also applicable to film projection systems. The following light engine may be used in a film projection system: a light engine comprised of (a) a plasma arc lamp (or halogen lamp), (b) a collector optic, (c) a light pipe integrator, (d) relay optics, (e) field optics, (f) a slide projector film gate or a motion picture projection film gate or an overhead projector stage, and (g) a projection lens.
The relay optics 17, shown in FIG. 1, images the exit pupil 16 of the light pipe onto the plane of the image gate, i.e., the LCD light valve. The choice of the relay optics is such that the proper magnification is achieved at the desired distance. The chosen distance is such that the appropriate beam divergence is achieved at the image gate.
The field optics are designed to direct the light beam through the image gate and into the entrance pupil of the projection lens at the proper cone angle and size. In FIG. 1 two Fresnel lenses are used. The first Fresnel lens 20 collimates the light entering the image gate and the second 21 condenses the light leaving the image gate. For large aperture panels where glass lenses are not practical, Fresnel lenses are used. For smaller apertures glass lenses can be used to achieve the same goals with lower transmissive loss of light.
In the example of FIG. 1 the light modulator panel 21 is a transmissive LCD panel. It is the center piece of the design since it has certain properties that are fixed and have to be accommodated by the design of the light engine. The light must be distributed evenly over the aperture. The angle of incidence of the light beam on the LCD panel 21 is critical because the image contrast and contrast uniformity are very sensitive to that angle. In most cases the required beam angle is in the range of 5 to 6 degrees, setting the system speed at an f/4.0 to an f/5.0. In practice, angles of up to 10 degrees yield acceptable image quality. All other practical elements must be designed to accommodate these requirements. The angle at which the light valve is positioned relative to the projected image is also vertical for contrast and contrast uniformity.
The projection lens 23 is designed to meet certain system requirements. The acceptance cone angle, field angle, f# (f stop number) and focal length must be chosen to accommodate system restrictions and requirements. Part of these requirements that affect the chosen focal length relate to desired throw distance/image size ratio that also depends on the size of the image generated by the LCD panel. The projection lens must have sufficient resolution to resolve the LCD pixels and otherwise preserve image fidelity. The projection lens 23 should be free of distortions and may have to be of a telecentric design.
The shape of the reflector (concave mirror) which gathers the light from the lamp and directs it at the entry pupil of the light pipe is preferably curved with two elliptical sections. It is a concave reflector whose back end (closed end) is formed as an ellipse having a first eccentricity and secondary focal point F1 ' and whose front end (open end) is an ellipse having a second (and different) eccentricity and a secondary focal point F2 '. This variable ellipse reflector does not form a sharp image (point or line focus) at a focal point, since it is not used to form an image. Instead, it forms a fuzzy ball of light located at, or within, the entrance pupil of the tapered light pipe. The internal mirrored reflecting surface is a nonspherical continuously curved surface having two, or more, different generators of curvature (preferably ellipses) and in which the cross-sections are circular (perpendicular to the optical axis of the cone of light).
Two of the critical elements of the light engine are the LPI (Light Pipe Integrator) and the collector (reflector)-"collector optic." Matching these two optical elements for optimum performance is extremely important and is discussed in Ser. No. 08/829,199, U.S. Pat. No. 5,829,858, incorporated by reference.
A tapered LPI is shown in FIG. 6 with the wider portion toward the film gate. Principal rays coming in at the entry pupil α1, (smaller end) exit at the exit pupil (larger end) at a smaller angle α2. The angle of the incident ray (e.g. a or b) is changed each time it is reflected from the wall of the LPI by (theta). The tapered light pipe is used to change the f# of the incident beam to a larger f#, thus reducing the angle population maximum value at the exit of the light pipe. This is an important advantage of the tapered LPI.
The following conclusions have been found:
1. The incoming light cone from the elliptical collector optic scans a range of convergence angles, from about 6 to 45 degrees, and has a variety of spot sizes. The LPI optic recognizes and deals with this variation through an optimization decision process. Preferably the LPI optic uses double-taper sections. The larger entry pupil, due to the entry section taper, enables the LPI to gather the larger spots (at the lower angles) while not adversely affecting the smaller spots (at the higher angles). The double taper, shown in FIG. 7, is called "V-BLOCK" or "V-8" (TM, Torch Technologies).
2. One of the functions of the LPI is to integrate the incoming light beam in terms of color and light distribution at the exit pupil of the light pipe. This is the mixing function. In order to do this function, a number of reflections must occur inside the light pipe, both for the smallest and largest incident angles. Because of this mixing function, the internal walls of the light pipe can be curved. Generally the cold mirror coating can only be applied to a flat surface with sufficient accuracy to reflect visible light without color shifts. However, the cold mirror coating may be applied to inner curved walls, resulting in color shifts on reflection. Those color shifts are acceptable due to the color mixing of the light pipe.
The LPI also performs a beam shaping function. The output LPI cross-section (exit pupil) should be the same shape and aspect ratio as the aperture (image gate) or PBS to be illuminated. The entry pupil of the LPI is best fitted to a round cross-section incoming beam, i.e., a conical beam.
The LPI changes the f# of the cone angle of the angle population between the incoming beam and of the outgoing beam. The "angle population" is the percent of total beam per angle increment, i.e., if the light is 80% at angles less than 6 degrees it has a low angle population. This function, of changing the angle population, is performed by the tapered geometry of the LPI. This is important because the LCD panel angle population acceptance angle is rather limited (under 10 degrees). The tapered shape of the LPI reduces the maximum angle of the incoming angle population and produces an outgoing light beam having a low angle population (at least 80% is under 10 degrees).
The desired goals of the LPI based light engine are to provide the maximum possible amount of light that can be collected from the arc lamp through the image gate (open aperture where the LCD panel is located) at the proper angle population. The angle population should be limited to ±15 degrees, and is preferably within ±10 degrees, and is most preferably ±6 degrees.
The preferred collector optical element uses an ellipse in the eccentricity range between e=0.65 and e=0.75 in conjunction with a light source 3 mm long (the arc gap is 3 mm). This range of eccentricities provides small spots and relatively large convergence cone angles. The higher eccentricity end (e=0.75) is dictated by the magnification that can be tolerated (arc gap 3 mm). For example, at a collection angle i(I) of 40 degrees the magnification at e=0.75 is approximately X6. A 3 mm arc gap will be imaged into an 18 mm spot. At e=0.60, it will be imaged into an 11 mm spot. The maximum angle of convergence for e=0.75 is 28 degrees and for an e=0.65 it is 41 degrees. The maximum of the converging angle is dictated by the number of reflections in the light pipe one can tolerate (the sharper the angle the more the number of reflections).
One of the problems with the tapered LPI, and other LPIs, is that some of the small angles coming into the LPI will not reflect even once and go through unmixed. This adversely affects the color uniformity and the light distribution on the screen. For this reason, and to optimize the LPI performance, one LPI configuration that optimizes the LPI functions is as shown in FIG. 7. The light pipe mixing section should be long enough and with a cross-section small enough where the lowest converging angle of the entrance beam can get at least one reflection inside. One preferred transition shape for the mixing section of the LPI or, for that matter, for an LPI consisting solely of a tapered section, starts with an octagonal LPI entrance cross-section. The octagonal cross-section makes a smooth transition with a rectangular LPI exit cross-section, as shown in FIG. 7. This transition geometry is most suitable in developing good corner coverage for the light distribution on the screen.
Preferably a hollow "V-BLOCK" (V-8 INTEGRATOR--TM of Torch Technologies LLC) LPI is used having an entrance tapered section and an exit tapered section, see FIG. 8. That device can accommodate both the generated spot size and its cone angle population. The entry tapered section (the entry pupil) collects all the light from the incoming beam. The embodiment of FIG. 8 preferably is used in the "VAREX" (TM) reflector having a variable elliptical eccentricity and two, or more, focal points.
Once one has chosen a lamp and an image gate, such as a LCD panel, that determines the size of the arc gap and the size of the panel. These two parameters essentially set the limits of the accommodation one can make between spot size and convergence angle population for the elliptical collector and the LPI. The choice of the eccentricity of the elliptical collector element sets the values for the maximum cone angle of the convergent spot and the maximum magnification of the 40 degree collection angle at the back of the collector. A parameter of importance to metal halide arc lamps in particular is the power at the lamp vs. the gap size required. The VIP R 270 (270 watts), for example, with a gap of 1.6 mm, generates only 15000 lumens. The HTI 250 (270 watts) with a gap of 2.4 mm, generates 20000 lumens. The HTI 404 (400 watts), with a gap of 3.0 mm, generates 30000 lumens. The HTI 600 (600 watts), with a gap of 5.5 mm, generates 45000 lumens. The arc gap is in the range of 1 to 6 mm. This means that a VIP R 270 may direct more light through a 3.3" panel than the HTI 600 (600 watts) in spite of the fact that it generates only one-third of the lumens of the HTI 600, due to the geometric factors involved.
One of the limits imposed on the optimization between light source and image aperture is due to the elliptical collector that is defined in terms of a single eccentricity. This is a severe limitation because once one selects the eccentricity, it determines a specific value of the maximum convergent cone angle and the maximum magnification for the spot. The present invention provides a design of elliptical collectors with variable eccentricity. It is desirable to keep the eccentricity of the back rays collected around the 40 degree collection angle at a small eccentricity to reduce magnification. It is also desirable to keep the edge of the ellipse at a collection angle of 120 or more degrees at low eccentricity to reduce the converging cone angle population. This indeed can be done. An elliptical curve can be designed where the back end starts at a lower eccentricity than the front end.
FIGS. 8 and 9 show the most preferred embodiment of the LPI. The entry section 100 starts with the entry pupil 101. The entry pupil is flat (cross-section perpendicular to optical axis 102) and is square or, alternatively, octagonal. This LPI is hollow and constructed from flat sheet metal with an internal cold mirror coating. The entry section is tapered in shape with the larger portion toward the light source (left in FIG. 8). The entry pupil area (cross-section) is in the range of 1.5:1 to 5:1 and most preferably in the range of 2:1 to 4:1 compared to the smallest area cross-section (perpendicular to axis 102) of the center section 103. The exit section 103 is integral with the exit section 104. In the embodiment of FIG. 7 the entry pupil profile is flat and square (28 mm×28 mm) or octagonal and, if octagonal, the entry section transitions to a square flat which is connected to the center section. The entry section is 21 mm long. This embodiment is made of two pieces. At their connection they are both square (14 mm×14 mm). The second taper (center section and exit section) is 85 mm long and goes from square cross-section (14 mm×14 mm) to rectangular (24 mm×18 mm-30 mm diagonal) to match the aspect ratio of the image gate. Its total length is 106 mm. This is a "V-BLOCK" (TM) LPI.
Preferably, as shown in FIG. 9, the flat sheets 130 are metal with a cold mirror coating. The metal is 1-5 mm thick and forms a sheet metal case 131. The case has the same shape as the V-BLOCK light pipe and acts as a heat sink. It may be cooled, if required, by a fan. If a glass substrate is used, the sheets may be adhered to a metal casing or otherwise secured therein. If one takes heat out, via a cold-mirror coating on the reflector, the huge variation in angle of incidence results in losses of visible light. Of course, that is also possible in the V-block LPI, but the angles are not as bad.
It is believed that as much as 95% of the heat of the beam may be removed by passing through the cold mirror coating and into the metal substrate. The metal substrate may be sheet metal with fins and may be die cast, also with fins. If the lamp is small the heat may be removed by convection air, for example, through holes in the bottom and top of the projector casing. The metal substrate of the LPI acts as a heat sink and permits novel forms of projector cooling to avoid noise, weight and unreliability of a conventional cooling fan. In one embodiment, the metal LPI casing is cooled by thermoelectric cooling, e.g., Peltier effect, using a solid state semiconductor N and P junction, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,724,818, incorporated by reference. Such solid-state thermoelectric cooling is not suitable for a battery operated projector, due to its electrical inefficiency. However, it may be used with a plug-in (household current) projector. The heat from the opposite end of the Peltier effect electrocouples may be removed by a heat sink, i.e., a metal plate with fins, or by convection air or by a fan.
The reflector-collector 106 is of the double ellipse type ("VAREX" reflector), described previously, in which the lamp's primary focal points F1 and F2 are directed to the secondary focal points F1 ' and F2 '; E1 and E2 are elliptical curves with the eccentricity of E2 greater than the eccentricity of E1, i.e., E1 =0.710 and E2 =0.730 and the radius of the reflector goes from 9.0 to 52.3 mm using an OSRAM 404 lamp. When the VAREX reflector is used with the FIG. 8 embodiment ("V-BLOCK") all rays over 6° will have at least one reflection. Typically, the lowest angles are 6-8°. An extra straight square mixing section (center section) between the two tapers may be used for additional mixing, if needed.
FIG. 11 depicts schematically a compound collector optic characterized by two elliptical zones E1 and E2. Each zone E1, E2 has a different eccentricity e from the other zone, where e1! e2!, preferably smaller by an increment of 0.04 to 0.07. The elliptical zones E1 and E2 have slightly different primary focal points, on the order of 0.5 to 2 mm apart. The beam from the E1 zone (segment) is focused at secondary focal plane F1' and the beam from the E2 zone (segment) is focused at the secondary focal point F2'. For simplicity of demonstration and discussion, we assume that the cross-section vertical to the optical axis of the light pipe cone and taper are circular. The same technical arguments apply to square or rectangular light pipe cross-sections. It is also assumed that the interior surfaces of the compound collector optic and the light pipe are highly and specularly reflective.
As shown in FIG. 12, the light beam 120 (LB2) is generated by the elliptical zone E2. The angles at which the extreme rays of this beam cross the optical axis are the angles of incidence i2 and i2'. LB2 does not intersect the surface of the entry cone section of the light pipe. As LB2 is reflected from the walls of the taper section of the light pipe the cone angles of the beam are reduced by the angle a to first order. From point P a cone of light is depicted which originated from segment E2 of the collection optic. The extreme cone angles defining this beam are i2-a and i2'-a.
The light beam 121 (LB1) is generated by the elliptical segment E1. Part of LB1 is intercepted by the light pipe cone section and part is at low enough angles that it passes through the light pipe without being intercepted. The angles at which the extreme rays of beam LB1 cross the optical axis are the angles of incidence i1 and i1'. The angle of the rays from LB1 that strike the cone are increased by angle b and when these same rays intercept the taper section the angles are increased by angle a. From point B, at the exit plane of the light pipe, to first order, the cone of the beam formed by the E1 segment of the elliptical compound collector optic is contained within the angles i1+b-a and i1'+b-a.
It is highly desirable for the purposes of the application of this type of light to projection systems that the cone angles of the two beams from segments E1 and E2 substantially overlap. An adjustment of the extent of overlap will determine the distribution of light on a projection screen. The design requirement to accomplish this result is that the angle i2'-a be approximately equal to the angle i1+b-a.
For best results in light collection and throughput the diagonal of the taper section entrance pupil of the LPI should be larger, or equal, to the size of the spot generated by LB2 at F2'. The entrance diagonal of the cone section (entry section) of the light pipe should be larger, or equal, to the size of the spot generated by LB1 at F1'. The size of these spots are directly related to the eccentricities chosen for the two elliptical segments E1 and E2.
FIG. 12 shows a computer derived simulation of the LB1 and LB2 configurations for a particular application. A compound collector reflector optic is used with e1=0.700 and e2=0.740, these being the eccentricities of the elliptical zones E1 and E2 respectively. A metal halide lamp (Osram HT1404) is used with a 3 mm arc gap. The location of the cone (entry section 122 of the LPI) is graphically shown on this figure. A number of design considerations apply. (a) The entrance to the cone (entry pupil) needs to be large enough to accept the entire LB1 spot. (B) The exit of the cone is the same size as the entrance of the taper section of the light pipe integrator must be large enough to accept the LB2 spot. (c) The exit of the cone section should be as small as possible, within criterion (b), so as to maintain the highest possible ratio between the area of the entrance to the taper and the exit of the taper. The ratio of these areas determines the reduction in the cone angle of both the light beams. The preferred dimensions are as follows:
Cone (Entry Section of FIG. 8)--entry pupil 30 mm×30 mm square; exit of entry section (start of center section--taper) 16 mm×16 mm; length 25 mm:
Center Section and Exit Section (FIG. 8), i.e., exit taper pupil 16 mm×16 mm square, exit pupil 28 mm×21 mm, Center and Exit sections (taper) 100 mm long.
In this example i2'=38 degrees and i1-21 degrees, angle b=18 degrees and a=7 degrees. This leads to i2'-a=31 degrees and i1+b-a=31 degrees and i1'+b-a=29 degrees. The cone section of the light pipe has been designed so that LB1 and LB2, as they exit from the end of the light pipe from point B, substantially overlap. In order to achieve this goal, the separation between F1' and F2' need to be in the range of 10 to 40 mm. Note that the entrance to the cone section also must clear the path of LB2. The major design goals for a preferred light pipe cone are: (a) to collect all of LB1 and LB2, (b) to accept LB2 without any reflections (beam interception) within the cone section. (c) to accept the entire LB2 directly into the taper section of the light pipe. (d) to achieve a ratio of light pipe taper section areas (entry/exit) of X 1.5 minimum, X 2.5 desirable, and 4.0 maximum, and (e) to ensure that the beams LB1 and LB2 substantially overlap at the exit of the light pipe taper section.
Collector optics are positioned with the lamp located on the optical axis. Such optical elements can be simple elliptical surfaces, but preferably are compound elliptical surfaces (that is, made of variable eccentricities and focal points). However, there are other approaches to designing the collector optic element which can meet the requirements imposed by the LPI element and the cone angle population set by the projection system. One such approach is to design a faceted reflector where each facet is directing the local rays in the proper direction towards the LPI element. Another approach involves the use of a combination of compound and faceted designs. For example, the preferred compound designs described above could be further improved by using a faceted approach rather than smooth curves. Such designs can be generated by computer programs and fabricated by glass molding techniques, similar to the way automobile headlights are made.
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text:
Slit Front Mock Neck Crop
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- Model is 5'10" and wears a US size S
Rated 5 out of 5�by 1 reviewer.
Rated 5 out of 5�by ShoeLoverGoddess Very cute This top is so cute and comfortable. Just wish it came in more colors. I would buy one in every color. April 15, 2014
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In the last 15 years, I have seen it all. I traveled the around the world in the Navy and I've enjoyed a relatively simple life. The problem was just that. It was simple. The future that I wanted for myself was completely out of reach on the path that I was following. I needed a change but it didn't happen there. I didn't decide to change until I discovered that my current profession had so much control over my life, I couldn't even take care of my own family. On top of that, the amount of money I was paid never equalled the bills that I had and I always had more week left at the end of my pay. I let someone else decide how much I was worth, which made me feel worthless. It was too much and I finally found my breaking point. The change is here and Vemma is how I'm going to achieve my life long dream. Read Success Profile
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Children have special needs when it comes to nutrition. And in the days of "on-the-go" fast food and sugary snacks at school, kids don't often get the proper nutritional foundation that'll help carry them through their adolescent years. Sure they have endless energy now, but the nutrition they get now will set the stage for their sense of well-being down the road.
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My task was specific: develop an ultra-premium nutrition program that is the most powerful liquid antioxidant available. To ensure the highest quality, I oversee and control all aspects of the manufacturing plant.
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Da Unbreakables: Screwed & Chopped (Explicit)
Released: Jun 2003
Label: SONY URBAN/HYPNOTIZE MINDS/COLUMBIA
Three 6 Mafia are essentially a Southern party group -- albeit one that loves sex, drugs and gang violence -- and their albums are usually patchworks of hits and misses. But they sound desperate to cash in on the mid-2000s crunk fad on Da Unbreakables, and that leads to lame strip-club tunes like "Shake Dat Jelly" and "Mosh Pit." Despite being one of the South's most creative production teams, Juicy J and DJ Paul rely on flat keyboard arrangements for many of the 20 tracks. Save for a few songs like "Ridin' Spinners," "Rainbow Colors" and "Bin Laden," Da Unbreakables is a letdown.


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Move It!
On the road, in the sky, or on the rails, "Move It!" is your guide to transportation in the Alamo City and beyond.
Monthly Archive for April, 2013
Obama announces new transportation secretary
As reported Sunday, President Barack Obama has tapped Charlotte, N.C. Mayor — and rising Democratic star — Anthony Foxx to replace Ray LaHood as the U.S. Secretary of Transportation. This is one of Obama's last cabinent appointments. Scroll below to read the president's remarks about Foxx, released today. Obama talks about Foxx's efforts to expand […] [Read More]


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WQPT says Mitt Romney's comments would be "catastrophic" for local PBS stations.
During Wednesday night's presidential debate, Romney explained his solution for fixing the federal deficit would include lowering government spending.
He told the debate's moderator, Jim Lehrer of PBS' NewsHour, "I'm sorry Jim, but I'm going to stop the subsidy to PBS. I'm going to stop other things. I like PBS. I like Big Bird. I actually like you, too, but I'm not going to keep on spending money on things to borrow money from China to pay for us."
It may have just been an example, but Romney's comments were taken pretty seriously. Some, like WQPT's Marketing Director, Lora Adams, said it simply makes no sense.
"Of all of the things that could be cut or could be brought up that would really impact the federal budget, this seemed really pretty small."
Adams says PBS consists of 1/100th of 1% of the federal budget. It's a small fraction, but what's big is how much local PBS stations, like WQPT, depend on that money. Adams says WQPT's budget is $1.3 million with federal funding making up 51% of that total.
"When you cut that, you're smaller stations will go the way of the dinosaurs," says Adams.
Local politicians are also speaking out on the issue. State Representative Rich Morthland (R), says he's glad Romney gave specifics about his spending plan.
"At least you could tell he means business," says Rep. Morthland. "You can also see where his priorities are and how they differ from the President."
But others, like Congressional Candidate for Illinois' 17th District, Cheri Bustos (D), disagrees.
"This is their priority – to cut this and make sure that millionaires keep their tax cuts?" says Bustos. "It's a clear differentiation between Mitt Romney and President Obama."
Beyond red, beyond blue, and beyond Big Bird… WQPT says its mission is still the same as President Lyndon Johnson's when he signed the Public Broadcasting Act in the 1960s – to provide television for all of the people.
"I think you have a local public broadcaster because you want to be able to reach out into your local community," says Adams.
And WQPT does. They spend time in schools providing workshops for teachers and free books to students… programs that go outside of the television screen, but could be quickly cut if the example voters heard Wednesday night becomes a reality.
"It's a very easy thing to say — We're going to cut it," says Adams. "If you're going to cut it, you need to know what it is you're cutting."


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'Tis the Season to Save on Gym Sign-Up
Happy New Year From BuzzSugar!
Happy New Year!
Happy New Year!
How Many Glasses of Champagne Did You Drink on NYE?
Happy New Year!
A Different Way to Celebrate the New Year
A Nonalcoholic NYE Drink: Ginger Pineapple Sparkling Punch
Save Your Dollars and Join a Gym Today
A Lighter NYE Drink: Lillet Champagne Cocktail
Check Out My Post on Etsy's Blog!
Happy New Year!


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I'm trying to use the IOS 202 installer so I can try to watch video files from dvds, if possible, but when I run the program, it says there are no vulnerable IOS. It told me to download some other programs, but I don't want to do something wrong with the IOS and mess up my Wii. Any suggestions?
To install cIOS 202 you will need an active cIOS on your system. If you look in the tutorials section you should find a few guides showing you how it is done.
Not really doing much Wii stuff these days.


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|Peter da Silva <peter-200306@xxxxxxxxxxx>
|22 Jul 2003 14:13:13 GMT
Matthew Dillon wrote: > I'm not sure how much kernel threading applies to user threading. Kernel > threads are more sensitive to memory issues since there is only one > KVM address space and very little of it is pageable. That doesn't mean the one can't be modelled on the other, and there's a lot of reasons (including the ease of developing code that can run in both contexts) for modelling the one on the other. >: 2b. A userland thread will never be moved to another CPU, and will >:never be preempted by a non-signal thread. > No. In userland anything can happen. The system is free to interrupt > a userland program and migrate it to another cpu at any time. OK, for "CPU" read "virtual CPU". It's going to continue to share its kernel-managed execution context with the same set of threads, and within that context it won't be preempted unless a signal (the user level equivalent of an interrupt) occurs. >: 3b. A userland thread can access non-global information without having >:to make any system calls... > The rfork()'d 'process' that a userland thread is running on is under the > complete control of the userland thread scheduler (or will be when this > baby is written!). This means that you can do whatever you want... you > can create a per-rfork memory area and access it like a kernel thread > would access its own per-cpu area, without locking. The reasons for doing so in the kernel also apply in the userland, though, so the well reasoned arguments for having such per-hardware-context data in the kernel apply to having the same per-rfork-context data in userland. It may not be very large, processes can be much simpler then the kernel, but at the very least it's going to need to have a system message port and a reply port in it, and whatever long term context the UNIX syscall emulator needs. >: 4b. A userland thread which attempts to schedule a thread belonging to >:another CPU will make a system call (or send a message through a >:non-system kernel message port). > To another abstracted cpu (rfork). Yes, though perhaps all it really > needs to do is write() to a communications pipe that goes to the target > (abstracted) cpu. Thus this sort of operation would become more > efficient under heavier loads. That write() is probably going to require a context switch through kernel mode to complete (if only to avoid race conditions), though like an IPI that context switch can be deferred if there's other work still to do in the current rfork()ed context, and bundled up with other work. If you have a consistent view of memory AND you know for sure the other thread's on another CPU you could probably get away with something like a spinlock (but if it's on the same CPU that could get expensive :) ). > Right. In fact, we could probably compile most of the LWKT subsystem > separately as part of the userland scheduler. Whether it's the same code or not (and that would be cool) it has a lot of the same restrictions and responsibilities. >:Can a process request a signal to fire when a message arrives on one of >:its kernel message ports, in which case it would be able to support >:preemptive signals, or would it have to wait for the signal to arrive on >:its reply port, in which case signal handlers (or the signal thread) >:would have to be scheduled synchronously when a Wait() occurs. > Probably. There are lots of ways to do this. And it would probably be a good idea to be able to select different models in different situations. Almost all the time it would be far more safer and far more efficient to have signals occur synchronously when you hit a Wait()... and whether you do or not it would possibly be necessaryΒ to run them in a separate thread... otherwise it gets hard to figure out how to interleave their calls to the system call emulator with the mainline's calls. Do this right, and the UNIX system call emulator itself could run in the kernel. Which opens up all kinds of interesting possibilities. It would probably become possible to port dragonfly to hardware that doesn't even have an MMU, like an Amiga 1000 or Palm III.


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Easy guitar arrangements of 14 of Ozzy's heaviest hits, plus solos! Includes: Bark at the Moon; Crazy Train; Dee; Flying High Again; Goodbye to Romance; I Don't Know; Iron Man; Mama, I'm Coming Home; No More Tears; Paranoid; Perry Mason; Shot in the Dark; Sweet Leaf; War Pigs (Interpolating Luke's Wall).
Our product catalog varies by country due to manufacturer restrictions. If you change the Ship-To country, some or all of the items in your cart may not ship to the new destination.


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Newfound Gap Road construction almost done
Construction to repair the 200-foot void on Newfound Gap Road in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park is nearly complete, a park official said.
Phase two of the construction began on Feb. 22 and has focused on filling the gap with 40,000 cubic yards — about 4,000 dump trucks' worth — of material, as well as rebuilding the paved roadway as a reinforced full slope roadway.
"The material has been layered, and they're re-vegetating the sides with grass and plants to help hold the slope together and hold the dirt in place," park spokeswoman Molly Schroer said.
The final stages of construction will include paving, shoulder construction and pavement striping.
Schroer said the roadway has not been paved yet, but crews are working 24 hours a day, every day of the week to complete the project.
"We've been pretty lucky with weather; it hasn't delayed us any," Schroer said. "It could delay if there's rain, though. You don't pave during those conditions or if it's below freezing."
Even with the road paved, signs of the slide will still be visible.
"Visitors will be able to tell where the slide occurred," Schroer said. "They'll be able to tell where we took the dirt from and where the gap was."
The gap was the result of a Jan. 16 landslide that undercut the road near mile marker 22 between Collins Creeks and Webb Overlook, seven miles below Newfound Gap on the North Carolina side of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
An unknown spring under the roadway, heavy rainfall and inclement weather during January caused the landslide. Schroer said the new design will mitigate the drainage issue.
The deadline on the construction contract is May 15. The contract includes an incentive of $18,000 per day to the contractor for each day of completion prior to May 15.
Likewise, the contractor will be charged $18,000 each day past the deadline.
According to a park press release, "Because these operations are weather dependent, officials cannot yet determine the date of completion and reopening of the road to the public."


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David Kaczynski
Executive Director, New Yorkers for Alternatives to the Death Penalty
Monthly Archive for July, 2012
NYADP Journal – summer edition
The Summer 2012 edition of the NYADP Journal is now out! Read it at http://nyadpjournal.org/quarterly-nyadp-journal/ You can click on the above link to read two previous issues of the Journal as well. Please consider subscribing to the electronic version by clicking on the +Follow tab located at the lower right-hand corner of the page. The […] [Read More]


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When Eddie Lack was invited to play for Team Sweden at the upcoming Ice Hockey World Championship in Minsk, Belarus, he was understandably excited. He called it a "dream come true" on Twitter, which makes sense. Just four years ago, Lack was a backup in the Swedish Elite League (behind his new backup, Jacob Markstrom) and putting on the blue and yellow to represent his country must have seemed like an unreachable fantasy.
Regrettably, it turned nightmarish just a week later when he had to pull out of the tournament due to injury. What injury, you ask? That's the thing: we don't know.
Lack and the Canucks curiously played coy when asked about the nature of the injury, possibly because they're used to hiding injury details in April. Could it be related to the hip surgery that cost him most of the 2012-13 season? Is it a muscle strain suffered during his 19 straight starts after the Olympic break? Did he lose an arm in a freak dodgeball accident?
Maybe! WE HAVE NO POSSIBLE WAY OF KNOWING!
But it's far more likely that it's a minor finger injury that just needs time to rehab before he starts training in the off-season. At least, that's what can be inferred from this video of Lack enjoying submissions to Boston Pizza's Design-a-Mask contest.
While enjoying Lack's adorable praise for the artwork submitted by young Canucks fans, you might have missed it: he has a bandage on his right ring finger. It might be nothing or it might be the injury keeping him from joining Team Sweden.
Since the contest closed on March 30th, this video was shot sometime in April, likely a little ways in as they had to have time to choose the winner and have the winning design turned into a real goalie mask. It wasn't, however, shot after the season ended, because Lack is wearing his goalie gear. Thus, it was likely shot after a practice or a morning skate sometime in mid-April.
That jibes with what little we do know about Lack's injury. In an interview with a Swedish news outlet, Lack said that he had been playing with the injury already and still could have played in the World Championship tournament. A injured finger, properly bandaged, is fairly safe to play with as a goaltender, particularly on the blocker hand, so it's absolutely the type of injury he could play through at the end of the season.
This is, admittedly, idle speculation, but it does all add up.
What's clear is that the potential to aggravate the injury, whether the finger in the video or some other injury, is what made the Canucks ask Lack to stay in Vancouver. Laurence Gilman said that Lack just needs "general maintenance," so it's likely a minor issue that just needs time to heal, though Lack suggested in the aforementioned interview that if he didn't let it rest and tried to play for Team Sweden, it could have resulted in surgery.Tags: Eddie Lack, rampant speculation


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Glossary of Adoption Terms
Adoption - A legally recognized process in which all parental rights and responsibilities are transferred to an individual or couple who has agreed to assume them. Adoption is permanent and grants a child full membership into the new family. Adoption terminates all rights and responsibilities of the biological parents.
Adoption agency - An organization, usually licensed by the State, that provides services to birthparents, adoptive parents, and children who need families. Agencies may be public or private, secular or religious, for profit or non-profit.
Adoption assistance - Monthly subsidies payments from the State or federal government that help adoptive parents raise children with special needs.
Adoption benefits - Compensation to workers through employer-sponsored programs. Examples of such benefits are financial assistance for the adoption expenses or provisions for "parental" leave.
Adoption disruption - When a child placed for adoption is removed from the prospective adoptive home and returned to the birthparents before the adoption is finalized.
Adoption plan - Birthparents' decisions regarding the placement of their child for adoption.
Adoption triad - the three major parties in an adoption: birthparents, adoptive parents, and adopted child. Also called "adoption triangle".
Adoption facilitator - An individual whose business involves connecting birthparents and prospective adoptive parents for a fee (only allowed in a few states)
Adoptive parent - The mother or father of an adopted child.
Birthparent - A child's biological mother or father.
Birthfamily - The extended family of the birthparents. (may or may not be biologically related)
Confidential adoption or closed adoption - An adoption in which the birthparent(s) and the adoptive parent(s) do not meet, do not exchange identifying information with each other, and do not maintain contact with each other.
Custody - The legal responsibility for the care and supervision of a child.
Domestic adoption - The adoption of a child born in the United States.
Family study - (often referred to as home study or family profile) The process of educating prospective adoptive families about adoption, ensuring that their home would be a safe and appropriate place for a child. Pennsylvania adoption law requires all prospective adoptive families to obtain family studies conducted by a licensed agency or or independent licensed adoption social worker.
Family study group education - A series of meetings to educate adoptive families about adoption issues such as: legalities, openness, risks, talking to your child about adoption, and how to create a Dear Birthparent letter.
ICPC (Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children) - This is an agreement between states to coordinate the placement of children for adoption across state lines. The compact guarantees that each state's adoption laws and procedures regarding the child's adoption is properly managed and finalized.
International adoption - The adoption of a child who is a citizen of one country by adoptive parents who are citizens of a different country.
Legal risk placement - The placement of a child with an adoptive family before the parental rights have been terminated.
Matching - The process of connecting birthparents considering adoption or infants available for adoption with waiting adoptive parents.
Non-identifying information - Information that allows the birth and adoptive families to learn pertinent facts about each other without revealing who they are or how they can be contacted.
Open adoption - An adoption where there is an established relationship between the birthfamily, adoptive family, and the adopted child. Generally, the adoptive family and the birthfamily agree to a level and style of communication that is comfortable for both parties. In an agency adoption, social workers may outline the agreement in writing and may be involved in the facilitation of the on-going open adoption relationship.
Orientation meeting - An initial group meeting for prospective adoptive parents where general adoption information is shared and policies and procedures are explained. At The Children's Home's meetings, application packets are distributed for families wishing to proceed with adoption through The Children's Home.
Post-permanency services - A variety of services provided after the adoption is finalized, including counseling, support groups, and respite care. The State Wide Adoption Network in Pennsylvania supports these services which make them free of charge to adoptive families, whether the adoption is private, domestic, or international.
Post-Placement Reports - Visits conducted by a Social Worker and summarized in a document that is submitted to the court for finalization of the adoption. Many adoptions, both international and domestic, require post-placement reports.
Private or independent adoption - An adoption that takes place without the involvement of a public or private agency. The adoption is handled by an adoption attorney.
Placement - The day the adoptive parents take their child home.
Reunion - A meeting between an adopted person and their biological birthparent or other biological relative.
Search - An attempt to locate the birthparents of an adopted child or adult.
Termination of parental rights - The legal process which relinquishes a parent's rights and legal responsibilities to their child.


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Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
I agree with some of the posters. If the students have to pay for parking then so should the Administration, Staff and Teachers. I don't agree with sports fees because some parents are tapped out financially and also the unavailability of jobs for teens to get an income to pay the fees. If the students are to represent the town in an extracurricular activity, why should they pay?
As for Cohen's remark about hoping the fees would be temporary, taxes and fees are never temporary. Dollar signs are the number one priority in local government budget and for most other entities. If you're starving and you catch a fish would you throw it back into the water? Everyone is starving for money and fees are just like the fish, you're going to keep them to avoid starving. Even if you're not starving you would still save for the rainy day that will come again. No, these fees will be permanent.


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To my friends, I may seem like a fish out of water. Usually my readers are used to me chatting up a storm and sipping wine. But those are the days of old, and I've moved on…my focus and my passion has changed.
I'm living a healthier lifestyle now; exercising daily, eating clean, and yes, even drinking clean. My short term goal is to lose weight and get into the best shape of my life.
I'm a dreamer. But I am a driven dreamer who likes to make her dreams happen. Many friends have coined me as a 'go-getter." That probably is a pretty accurate description of me. When I set my mind to something—I go after it.
So, here I am, in the midst of going after my short term goals. It is no secret I've lost 84 lbs. and 51 inches in 6 months. I set my mind to it—followed that up with a bit of discipline and a huge dose of effort on my part. I plan to lose the last 46 lbs a little more slowly-hopefully by March of 2014.
My long term goal is to live a life with intention. Part of that "intention" is to encourage others when I can. I am an "encourager" by nature. I have always encouraged others to aspire to their full potential and chase after their own dreams.
My focus is on fitness now and living healthy. If I can be of support to anyone trying to reach their own fitness goals—I would love the opportunity. My support and encouragement is free. All you have to do is visit my contact page and fill out that small form near the bottom. I am here for you if you ever decide you want some accountability and motivation!
So am I a fish out of water? No. I am just living out that which I am passionate about.
Don't get me wrong, I love the water, but I am not a fish.
(Written as part of The Writers' Post Thursday Blog Hop. Our host this week was Adelia. Please visit her blog by clicking here.)


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Elizabeth Johnson, mother of missing baby Gabriel, wants judge presiding over her case to step down
PHOENIX - The whereabouts of Gabriel Johnson remain unknown and his mom, Elizabeth Johnson, refuses to say what exactly happened to the little boy, but she apparently has no problem talking to the judge presiding over her case.
"There is something wrong in your judgment. I firmly believe you've been compromised," wrote Johnson in a letter to Superior Court Judge Joseph Kreamer.
The two-page letter, obtained by ABC15, is handwritten and dated July 12, 2012.
"I haven't even had my trial (my right to a speedy trial), I'm not taking responsibility, that will come, my side hasn't even come out at all yet," Johnson wrote.
Johnson's son, Gabriel, was last seen Dec. 26, 2009. The last known images of the boy were apparently taken by Elizabeth while in a San Antonio motel room.
Since the disappearance, Johnson has said she killed the boy and also told people she gave him away to a couple in a Texas park.
Recently, Johnson's former friend, Tammi Smith served a 30-day sentence for her role in the days and weeks leading up to the boy's disappearance.
Smith was found guilty of forgery and conspiracy to commit custodial interference.
"I'm sorry but I cannot accept how lightly you sentenced Tammi Smith, I was shocked when I found out (as were many), I can't understand for the life of me, 30 days in jail? 3 years of probation? How could you? Are you mad? Blind? Deaf? Dense?" Johnson wrote at the beginning of the letter to Judge Kreamer.
While Johnson has gone through several different attorneys during the process, it seems she realizes the letter may not go over well with her lawyers.
"I probably should have talked to my lawyers about this, but I'm pretty sure what he'd say," wrote Johnson on the second page of the letter.
While sitting in jail, refusing to say what exactly happened to Gabriel, Johnson makes her own demand for Judge Kreamer.
"I got to ask you (on the record) to step down and withdraw as my presiding judge over my case and trial in hopes if you don't and I lose at trial I can use this as a reason for some sort of appeal," Johnson wrote.
She ends the two page letter simply writing, "Sincerely, Elizabeth Johnson."