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Selected ERIC References: Reference Service and the Internet
The Tribal College Librarians Professional Development Institute
- Wehmeyer, Lillian Biermann. Computer Archives and the Literature Search. Mar 1995. ERIC no. ED385233.
This paper outlines the use of computer resources to conduct a literature search. While the phrase "computer archives" can refer to all computerized materials, for this discussion it is limited to textual information available online. Both commercial online services and organizations on the Internet offer files to search and download. In addition, thousands of discussion groups allow members to post notices that may contain information. Locator tools for electronic documents at present consist of print-like tools such as indexes and bibliographies, multifile keyword indexes, and unifile keyword search tools. The use of each to retrieve information is outlined. Once retrieved, information must be evaluated. The uneven nature of documentation in computer archives makes evaluation even more essential than for print resources. Computer access opens new prospects for students, and its potential is particularly apparent in the field of education. Some suggestions are given for teaching students of education to search computer archives, with descriptions of the ERIC system, the Archie and Veronica search tools, and 15 sample screens. An appendix lists search steps. (Contains 11 references.) (SLD)
- Klassen, Tim W. "Usenet as a Reference Tool." RSR: Reference Services Review 23 (1995): 13-16,39.
Describes Usenet, an Internet service that provides access to computerized discussion groups, and examines how it can be used as a reference tool. Topics include subject groups, appropriate questions, exhausting local resources before posting, explaining Usenet to patrons, sending the question, and evaluating the answer. (AEF)
- Overmyer, Elizabeth. "Serving the Reference Needs of Children." Wilson Library Bulletin 69 (Jun 1995): 38-40,141.
Discussion of reference services for children and child-related questions focuses on examples encountered at the San Francisco Bay Area regional reference center. Highlights include sharing resources, online searching, telephone inquiries, using adult reference sources, the use of specialized collections, and using the Internet. (LRW)
- Kovacs, Diane K, et al. "A Model for Planning and Providing Reference Services Using Internet Resources." Library Trends 42 (Spr 1994):638-47.
Assesses the development of practical strategies for library mediation between Internet resources and potential users. Topics addressed include a hierarchy of information skills; awareness of information services and resources; the information structure of a discipline; analysis of information needs; and retrieval, evaluation, and management of information. (Contains eight references.) (LRW)
- Santa Vicca, Edmund F, et al. "Evaluating Internet Sources." Reference Librarian no. 41-42 (1994): 225-73.
Three articles on evaluation cover the use of the Internet as a reference resource and raise network policy issues: "The Internet as a Reference and Research Tool" (Edmund F. Santa Vicca); "NREN Update, 1993: Washington Policy" (Carolyn S. Elliot); and "Evaluating Physical Science Reference Sources on the Internet" (Susan S. Starr). (Contains 36 references.) (KRN)
- Lanier, Don, Wilkins, Walter. "Ready Reference via the Internet." RQ 33 (Spr 1994): 359-68.
Discusses the use of the Internet for ready reference and considers limitations, reference policy, and cost issues. Highlights include general reference sources; database searching on the Internet; Gopher; bibliographic control and access to Internet resources; personnel issues; and levels of service. (Contains 30 references.) (LRW)
- Ladner, Sharyn J, Tillman, Hope N. "Using the Internet for Reference." Online 17 (Jan 1993):45-51.
Outlines the advantages of the Internet for special and reference librarians. Describes the purpose and operation of four electronic discussion lists—BUSLIB-L, MEDLIB-L, LIBREF-L, and STUMPERS-L—noting that the interactions provide the greatest benefits to librarians both for reference service and discussion of common interests and problems. (eight references/notes) (EA)


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USA Today - Women are used to making complex choices about mammograms. Should they start at age 40 or 50? Should they be screened annually or every other year? Digital or traditional film? Now, a growing number of hospitals and radiology centers are asking women to consider yet another mammography option: Regular or 3-D? USA TODAY's Liz Szabo asked screening experts to talk about the risks, limitations and potential benefits of this new method of early cancer detection.
See more at USA Today

subset: commoncrawl


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Baja Adventure
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- Swimming pool
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- Wheelchair accessibility
- Free parking
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TripAdvisor Reviews Baja Adventure San Felipe
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California-Part 3 (including a trip to Mexico)
... takes you past sets such as Wisteria Lane in Desperate Housewives, CSI, Jaws, Chuck, War of the Worlds (one of the best!), Back to the Future and loads of other street settings, houses and buildings especially used for city and town shots in all sorts of movies. They have loads of props on display as well as iconic cars from classic movies. We also got to watch the explosive special effects used in The Fast and the Furious. They showed us how they create ...
La maldición de la oficina de inmigración
... are many things you need to do for security, storms, and the like. We removed sails, blocks, lines, put the dinghy on deck, dismantled the electronics, removed broken components of a watermaker that needed to go back to San Diego for repair, covered all of the windows with aluminum foil to try and keep the heat inside the closed up boat down as low as we could. This is a pretty hard task when the air temperatures are in the mid 110s and the ...
It is something with an 'S'
We are up early and ready to begin the next portion of the trip with friends Greg and Cathryn who live in Venice Beach California. Yea, it's sunny as we leave for Santa Monica airport. Upon takeoff, first up is traversing the Los Angeles International Airport air space. VFR sends us right through the middle of the airport -- jumbo jets to the left and jumbo jets to the right -- our little lady gives a smile and a nod to the big boys as we pass by. We're headed south ...
Driving from San Felipe to Loreto, BC, MX
... a little TV.
In September of 2008, I fell in love with Cheryl.
She immediately moved in with Kevin and I, and 6 months later, in March of 2009, Cheryl and I moved to Clinton, WA, and Kevin moved to Daly City on his own.
I spent an idyllic summer with Cheryl.
There was the beautiful weather and scenery (a spectacular view of the snow scattered Cascade Mountains, the Mukilteo Ferry cycling to ...
We made it to the beach
... 200 ft. from the water with nothing but sand between us and the water. The local rowing club are out every morning in the bay. There are quite a few boats {will post pics}. Really do not know how long we will stay as it is nice just to sit and relax on the beach. Well, time to go for a walk and take some pics of around the area. Will try to post more often here. Everyone have a great ...


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RASC Hamilton Centre
Photos of the Marsh Building interior at the Leslie V. Powis Hamilton Centre Observatory.
Photos by Colin Haig 2004-04-04.
Stairs going up are to the left of the Messier poster. View out to the picnic table in front of the Chilton roll off observatory.
[1] http://www.rasc.ca/category/archivetags/2004
[2] http://www.rasc.ca/category/archivetags/hamilton
[3] http://www.rasc.ca/category/image-galleries/national-archives/archives-2000s-hamilton


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Series: BioLogos Basics (8 entries)
So what is BioLogos? Well it all began with a scientist and a book.
The Resource Finder has powerful filtering features — check out the tutorial to learn more.
So what is BioLogos? Well it all began with a scientist and a book.
As practitioners of the emerging science of geology dug up previously unknown creatures of enormous size, readers of their books and articles responded with a mix of fascination and anxiety.
These finds open up a new horizon of research into the earliest hominins and how they lived. They also provide us with even more clues in our ongoing search for the last common ancestor.
Everything changed for me when I learned to acknowledge that I was made in the image of Jesus, who was theology and biology integrated.
In common English usage, "theory" means something like "guess" or "hunch". In science, however, a theory is an idea that has stood the test of time.
Being a scientist in the Christian community, now that's a little difficult at times. Many Christians have stubbornly resisted understanding the vastness of God's creation in time and space.
I think the deepest question is "chance vs. necessity" in the origin of life. Not so much whether life was bound to occur...but more the question, "given that life started, was it destined to look the way we find it?"
Though the fossil record does not include every plant and animal that ever lived, it provides substantial evidence for the common descent of life via evolution. The fossil record is a remarkable gift for the study of nature.
The word evolution can be used in many ways, but in biology, it means descent with modification. In other words, small modifications occur at the genetic level (i.e. in DNA) when a new generation descends from its parents. Over many generations these modifications can result in significant differences from the ancestral population.
The more research that is done on DNA, the more evidence we find that all life is related.
From geology to biology to research into the origin of life itself, the power of water shows the faithfulness and creativity of our Creator.
The biggest science stories of the week are reviewed.
Many arguments claiming to prove the existence of God have been proposed throughout the centuries. A popular argument is that, since all effects come from causes, there must have been a "first cause" that is outside the material world—an "uncaused cause". The response to many of these arguments, however, is: "If God created the world, what created God?
James Kidder explains how a stunning fossil discovery affects our understanding of human evolution.
Researchers in the emerging field of Paleogenomics are investigating the past using genetic research.
Is evolution driven mainly by random genetic variation, or are there other factors at play? Michael Burdett reviews the scientific debate.
Is Christianity anti-science? Can Christians be good scientists? Is science the only source of true knowledge? Pastor Dave Gustavsen of Jacksonville Chapel addresses these issues.
Evolution is a challenging subject to consider in light of biblical faith, so it is often easier to ignore or reject it than to engage in meaningful discussion about the topic. Yet considering evolutionary creation has important benefits for Christians both in our relationship with the Creator, and in our relationships with other people—both believers and non-believers.


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Mold Exposure (cont.)
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD
Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD, is a U.S. board-certified Anatomic Pathologist with subspecialty training in the fields of Experimental and Molecular Pathology. Dr. Stöppler's educational background includes a BA with Highest Distinction from the University of Virginia and an MD from the University of North Carolina. She completed residency training in Anatomic Pathology at Georgetown University followed by subspecialty fellowship training in molecular diagnostics and experimental pathology.
William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR
Dr. Shiel received a Bachelor of Science degree with honors from the University of Notre Dame. There he was involved in research in radiation biology and received the Huisking Scholarship. After graduating from St. Louis University School of Medicine, he completed his Internal Medicine residency and Rheumatology fellowship at the University of California, Irvine. He is board-certified in Internal Medicine and Rheumatology.
In this Article
- Mold facts
- What is mold?
- Where can mold be found in homes?
- What kinds of health problems may be linked to mold? What are symptoms and signs of mold allergy?
- Is it possible to prevent mold in the household?
- Is it necessary to test for mold?
- How should mold be cleaned up and eliminated?
- Find a local Asthma & Allergy Specialist in your town
How should mold be cleaned up and eliminated?
Mold cleanup procedures are somewhat dependent upon the extent of contamination and the type of surface that has been contaminated. Large areas of mold may require the services of a professional contractor skilled in mold removal and remediation. Hard surfaces that harbor mold may be scrubbed with detergent and water, and these should be dried completely. Porous or absorbent materials (such as cloth, ceiling tiles, carpets, etc.) may have to be discarded if they become moldy. In some cases, a dilute solution of chlorine bleach (no stronger than 1 cup of bleach in 1 gallon of water) or stronger commercial cleaners may be needed to kill the mold.
Be sure to discuss any health concerns with a health-care professional prior to attempting mold removal if sensitive to molds. When washing with soap and water, rubber gloves are recommended, but for bleach and harsher cleaning agents, nonporous gloves (for example, natural rubber, neoprene, nitrile, polyurethane, or PVC) should be worn along with protective eyewear. Wearing an N-95 respirator (available at many hardware stores) can further limit exposure to airborne mold or spores when cleaning. Avoid touching moldy surfaces with bare hands.
After mold removal, it is important to prevent further regrowth of mold by keeping affected areas as dry as possible.
"Adverse Human Health Effects Associated With Molds in the Indoor Environment." American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. Feb. 24, 2011. <http://www.acoem.org/AdverseHumanHealthEffects_Molds.aspx#sthash.h7g5iNu7.dpuf>.
"Damp Indoor Spaces and Health." Institute of Medicine. May 25, 2004. <http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2004/Damp-Indoor-Spaces-and-Health.aspx>.
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. "Mold: Basic Facts." May 22, 2014. <http://www.cdc.gov/mold/faqs.htm>.
U.S. Environmental Protection Association (EPA). "Molds and Moisture." July 25, 2012. <http://www.epa.gov/mold/>.
Source: MedicineNet.com
Allergies & Asthma
Improve treatments & prevent attacks.


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Special Programs
United Way 2-1-1 is your Community Connection to Services.United Way's 2-1-1 Call Center utilizes highly trained information and referral specialists who assist the public and give answers regarding community services in times of peace and disaster.
AmeriCorps is a national service program designed specifically to tackle critical community needs in education, public safety, health and environment. Through a grant, United Way is hosting ten AmeriCorps members who are working at area nonprofit organizations for one year of service to address local poverty and mobilize volunteers.
Estes Park United is a fundraising campaign led by community volunteers and administered by United Way of Larimer County.
Generation United, a Young Leaders Society, is a group made up of young professionals under the age of 40 who are committed to making a difference through philanthropy and volunteerism.
Give Next
The mission of Give Next is to educate students about the vital role that nonprofits and philanthropy play in the community by providing students with opportunities for service and leadership through philanthropy and volunteering.
Make Change NoCo is northern Colorado's community-driven financial education initiative led by Colorado State University Extension Larimer County and United Way of Larimer County.
Smart Start for Kids is a county-wide initiative to help children succeed through school readiness and early literacy.
WomenGive provides financial assistance for childcare to single mothers attending college. The cost of childcare is a major barrier to self-sufficiency for women and girls in Larimer County.


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Register now for free, or sign in with any of these services:
Want to set your local edition?
Select an edition for more focused local news coverage when you visit NOLA.com.
Don't worry. You can change this setting at any time to another local edition.
How very, very sad. Our deepest heartfelt sympathies to his family. He will always be a part of the heart and soul of New Orleans. May his music live on forever.
How very, very sad. Our deepest heartfelt sympathies to his family. He will always be a part of the heart and soul of New Orleans. May his music live on forever.
Hey prd2crwlhme - oopppps . . . sorry Walter for the misnomer. As for the Midnight Potion, I should have taken my sunglasses off to double check the color. Thanks for the comment. Love that bar.
Go Liz and keep moving those mountains! You guys are the best.
Go Liz! St. Bernard needs you . . . this is amazing work that you and those thousands of phenomenal volunteers are doing!
Most excellent story, Teena! The video worked just fine w/o light as it showed the event in its true (sparkler) light. I certainly commend you for your openness to all things spirit . . . particularly in light of your strong Christian belief system.
This is walking the talk of Jesus . . . observing, not judging, remaining firm in your belief. I know that we can all walk through the valley of the shadow of death many times in our lives with absolute faith.
Now that you have shared a Christian's insight into Day of the Dead . . . it would be amazing to watch a series of videos of Muslim clerics, Rabbis, preachers within the Christian spectrum of churches, spiritualists and others discussing faith, beliefs and spirit.
Who said anything about spooky -- dude -- it was a blast! NIN would be a bit cliche for the Dungeon but I promise that they spin a lot more than just Limp Bizkit and Trent.
Panic is one of my favorite bands (geriatric epoch approach notwithstanding) . . . shout out to you, Dr. Amber . . . for a great batch of interns who peppered Nola.com's coverage with some great pics and stories. We have a date . . . same festival . . . same place . . . roughly the same time . . . next year!
that was one close and nailbiting game . . . great pics and wonderful story!
Happy b'day Jehna! I would have tracked you down at Fall for Art had I know you were there and bought you a b'day drink . . . always time for that, tho xo
OMG Red - I have fallen out of my chair twice. Love it.
Great story! It would be great to hear more about ALL Lions athletics all year round. Keep writing.
You go Paul - it is very inspiring to read stories like this to offest the Ryan P's of the world. UL can pat itself on the back for having recruiting this kid - great player, great person.
Man those are some great pics (and article) -- I bet you just about everyone would love to see the disc full of pics you shot at the game. This is a great addition to Nola.com's prep coverage. Thanks!
Amen, Greta!
To those reading Kiss My Gumbo:
This is Milena Merrill (hence, the Milena329 handle), the Communty and Content Strategist for Nola.com. Never has the voice of the people of Louisiana been more important than now. The Times-Picayune article is a microcosmic reflection of the power of grassroots journalism and a reminder that each voice has power.
If you have an cause, a neighborhood, a social, political, econmic or environmental concern that is not getting the traditional media coverage you feel it deserves -- let me know.
Email: email@example.com
Mobile: 985 789 7082
Drunk driving is way too liberally tolerated in this state and it makes me sick. I have almost been sideswiped on the Causeway by drunks also. A few months ago around 7PM (too early to be drunk . . . guess again it is post Happy Hour) . . . I tailed a drunk (at a safe distance) for about 10 miles until CP caught up with my car (also while on the phone with a dispatcher) and the CP officer then pulled the drunk over.
Funny thing: I had my emergency flashers all that time to alert other drivers so that no one would get hurt. The drunk didn't even notice me or the flashers for until a patrol car got between us and flashed his red and blues.
Greta - I am sending your blog post to our new "Drunk Tank" blogger who is on a mission to expose EVERY drunk driver in South Louisiana through a public records search by police department . . . he almost lost his son to a drunk and now he is on a crusade to shame La. into a dash of social responsibility. You need to have him on your radio show.
To those of you who think it is okay to drink and drive: It isn't. Grow some responsibility and human consideration!
Man you have your work cut out for you . . . but think of all the new fans and the miles of new adventures ahead. The Spotted Cat jes won't be the same w/o you BUT hopefully you will figure out the upload file function on your blog and you will post a ton of pictures. My babies covered a lot of this planet w/me when they were little and now consider themselves women of the world at the ripe old ages of 22 and 17. Keep us posted of your adventures. Oh yeah . . . did I ask already? Pictures please pictures . . . not a ton of people have been able to call Ascona and Berlin home for 2 months. Travel save xo and happy belated b'day.
You betchya sister - you're from New England, I'm from Washington State and came here via California - and so many are drawn here from other parts of the country and world because of the certain je ne sais quoi of New Orleans that make it what it is. You keep writing about your imaginary pool boy, about sucking the heads off of crawfish, polishing your tiara . . . and whatever else comes to mind . The so-called intellectual snobs who can't drink a domestic beer once in while can just kiss your (and my) . . .well, gumbo, of course. You rock, Greta!
Hey bigsteveno: There is a warning on the video, but you watched it anyway. HBO doesn't feature local comedians, so, you won't find many, if any, of them there. Nola.com , on the other hand, is a window to the LOCAL community in all of its shapes, forms and colors.
Just like HBO, if you don't like the content, don't click on the box. FYI, there was standing room only at Gut Busters and everyone in that room was doubled up belly laughing for a couple of hours.
Have a little fun robquail -- these Japanese kids seem to be having a lot of fun pulling the video together. Is it real? I dunno. Is it funny? Yep. Am I going to try it? Sure. Then I can post my own popcorn non-popping (or popping) experiment, as the case may be. ;-)


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The third teaser for the upcoming film, Between The Trees. The film is a journey through the best of Fontainebleau boulders, with the classics, the moderates, the VERY hard, and the hidden gems. Something for everyone.
More info at unclesomebody.com/blog
Hope you like what you see.
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text: There are no limitations, even in the world of science, when you do what you love Science 19 October 13 by Liat Clark Deb RoyNate Lanxon / Canon 5D MkIII "With every success story there is trial and error," Twitter's chief scientist Deb Roy told the audience at Wired Next Generation. "But it always starts with someone who really cares about it, with something small, and with a bit of luck and persistence it can grow."Roy founded BlueFin labs in 2008 with the intention of using his knowledge of language learning and acquisition to give advertisers insights into the public's tweets. But before he began the company, before it was bought out by Twitter and even before his work at MIT building next generation robots, Roy's path began with a simple interest and a nagging question."I grew up watching movies like Star Wars and was excited by their human-like intelligence. But I knew there was no robot that could think like a person did."Roy's CV, his accomplishments and even his title at Twitter might seem grounds for intimidation, however everything he has done stemmed from that initial desire to simply find out why there weren't any Star Wars-like robots. Then, how we might be able to solve this unfortunate gap in the robot-making industry.He realised the answer would be in understanding language acquisition -- how we as humans process and adopt speech from a young age. This led to his work at MIT, where he ended up carrying out groundbreaking research into speech development after monitoring his own child's language acquisition from birth. The answers he found there led to the language maps Twitter was attracted to. But none of this would have happened if he had not been encouraged to follow his passions. "When I was a kid there were things I was good at, and other things not so much. But I had the great fortune of having parents that appreciated the things I loved -- such as art, painting and making stuff; things like chemistry, not so much. I tried in school to do well at everything, but realised it's ok if you don't do amazing at certain things. No one is good at everything. Recognise what your strengths are. I was lucky with my parents, but then I also sought out people who appreciated what I was good at and would push me to do better and celebrate when I achieved." "We've heard so many great stories here today, but what I would add is that you push what you love and find people excited about the things you're into, but also those people that push you to go to the next level."Someone at the MIT lab told me once to be very careful to know the difference between a big idea, and a vast idea. Big things start as something small and in time it can grow. You do not have to imagine immediately how to get to that big thing, because that gap between where I am and where I want to be can end up being a paralysis." Claire CrowleyNate Lanxon / Canon 5D MkIII 'I was fascinated by science and especially stories like this' The sentiment was echoed by Claire Crowley, a PhD researcher at University College London and part of the team behind the world's first synthetic windpipe transplant. "A few years before all that, I was sitting in room at an event much like this, and if you'd asked me what am I going to do with my career I would have had no idea. All I knew was I wanted to do something I was really interested in because then I would definitely work hard, and something I was fascinated in, and I was fascinated by science, especially stories like this." That unplanned path led Crowley to meet Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene, the man who was told by doctors in Iceland he had weeks to live and there was nothing to be done. Thanks to the persistence of a network of doctors around the globe that were frustrated by this diagnosis, considering the advances in stem cell technology and transplants, Beyene is alive and well today. "I visited him in Iceland this year and that was such a rewarding experience," said Crowley. "It was the most rewarding experience I think I'll ever have. And there is this one thing I noticed about our lab. When anyone asks out professor Alexander Seifalian what the limits of this research are, where we have to draw the line, the answer he always gives is 'anything's possible -- you'll never hear anyone in our lab saying otherwise. We might not be there yet, but in the future anything is possible." Jack AndrakaNate Lanxon / Canon 5D MkIII Convincing the PhDs Another Wired Next Generation speaker, creator of the world's most effective, low-cost pancreatic test Jack Andraka, was told his idea for a diagnostic tool was not worth lab space by 199 research centres and told to do forget it and something else by his parents and his teachers.But it only took one lab, the world-renowned John Hopkin's University, to say yes. After his persistence in the face of rejection from all sides, from teaching himself online to having the confidence to sit and argue his case before a room full of 20 PhDs and their professor, Andraka had one important piece of advice shared by the speakers he had followed. That lack of belief from seemingly all sides, in what was a deeply important piece of research to him, did not stop him. "If a 15-year-old who didn't even know what a pancreas was could find a new way to detect pancreatic cancer, then just imagine what we all can do." Comments Latest on wired.co.uk


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Hold down Control (PC) or Command (Mac) key + mouseclick to select more than one option
|Avg. Dinner Entrée
|Greater than $25
|$18.01 - $25
|$12.01 - $18
|$7.01 - $12
|Less than $7
Posted by Anonymous on 06/07/2007
Don't skip the banana and chocolate cake. It was superb. An excellent final for a wonderful meal.
Posted by dimepiece on 05/03/2007
My cousin from overseas was going to watch Hairspray, so we decided to just go in anywhere and have drinks and so my husband could have dinner as well...what a colossal mistake. The servers act like they are doing you a favor. One waiter asked if we wanted spring water, i anwered NYC is just fine, he brought us a spring water anyway. He acted like he was doing me a favor, when I asked for marinara sauce with my calamari, he gave me an attitude and yelled at me saying that they have to heat it up...The food was subpar at best. We had one app, one entree, 5 drinks, and was charged for the damn spring water we didnt order. Whopping $105. It's full of unassuming tourists! Everything, food, atmosphere, and service is unmemorable and they don't plan to apologize for it!
Posted by Luv2eat on 12/22/2006
Excellent place right in the theater district. The staff was very attentive. The waiter recommended an excellent shrimp appetizer with avocado in a large potato chip. They have an extensive wine list. Nice place for a date but for a family.
Posted by Anonymous on 09/26/2006
The atmosphere was really nice outside on the patio. A lot of desserts to choose from. Our table tried 5 different ones, they were all great!
Posted by Anonymous on 07/20/2006
I spent approximately 4 weeks researching NYC restaurants for my "girls weekend" getaway. Azalea was one I put on my list to try. Our second night there we decided to give it a try. We were all blown away. The atmosphere is beautiful and very New York with the outdoor seating. Our waiter added to the ambiance with his authentic Italian accent and pleasing personality. Alessandra was our wine specialist and she was the best there is. You must try the Lemon Drop Martini or the Wickedtini...both are to die for! I can't pick one meal to recommend because all of 8 of us tried something different and then shared. What I can say for sure is that the pasta is so fresh it literally melts in your mouth. The steak was cooked PERFECTLY! They must have wondered what was going on at our table because we could not contain ourselves. Every bite we took was followed by an "ooh or awe". We were all stuffed but we could not leave without trying something sweet. It meant missing our night tour so we asked if it would be worth it. Alessandra said that the Tiramisu is worth it. Tiramisu is my all-time favorite sweet and I have tried it many places but I have never had it like this. It was so smooth and creamy I didn't want it to end. My fiance is Italian and I have tasted amazing authentic Italian food and this topped that by far. I don't even think this review will do Azalea justice because I do not know the proper words to describe this place. All I can say is you can NOT visit NYC without dining at Azalea. I am already planning a weekend getaway just so that my finace can try this place.....that's how GREAT it is! You will be amazed!
Posted by hcook on 02/06/2006
Food was good, with great choices. We did try the pear souffle and some thought it great, but I felt other appetizers were better. Had the mushroom and arugala salad - very good. Entree prices were moderate with good selections, but bottles of wine were very expensive and they were pushing $65 bottles of wine. Desserts were also good and service was excellent. Went to see Wicked and had reservations after the show; service was excellent.
Posted by Anonymous on 10/18/2005
We thought we would give Azalea a try since we had tickets to see Wicked next door at the Gershwin. While the service was very attentive, the food was less than great. I couldn't even finish my appetizer (gorgonzola and pear souffle). We were also disappointed that even with a reservation we were seated in the back corner of the restaurant, behind another table. Very tight and uncomfortable. Overall, I do not recommend.


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Financial Aid Workshop
A financial aid workshop geared towards new incoming students for the 15/16 academic year. We will be going over the FAFSA form and how to apply for financial aid.
An Admissions Officer will also be on hand to answer any admissions questions that arise.If you are interested in attending this free event, please call us to RSVP at 616.451.2787 ext 1210 or email Kara Peltier.


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Ekushey Television was established July 1, 1998 as a private limited company under Companies Act 1994 and registered with the Register of limited companies in Bangladesh.
With the support of a group of leading industrial and Bangladesh businessmen, investors in Europe and America and the international financial agencies, Ekushey Television has an extensive expansion program that covers the needs of urban and rural as public, at home and abroad, creating huge job opportunities, help the development of backward linkage industries and dissemination of information and news, opening new avenues of employment to the people of Bangladesh. Ekushey Television would, therefore, ultimately, be an engine of economic development.
Bangla TV Channels:
English TV Channels:


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Hang tight!
Recipe by Sister Schubert's®
"With lots of lean ground beef, chopped bell pepper, ketchup, brown sugar, and loads of flavor, this classic Sloppy Joe served on fresh dinner rolls feeds a crowd."
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2 (15 ounce) packages
Sister Schubert's Dinner Yeast Rolls, prepared according to package directions
3 pounds
lean ground sirloin
1 tablespoon
vegetable oil
3/4 cup
chopped onion
3/4 cup
finely chopped green or red bell pepper
2 1/2 cups
1/4 cup
tomato paste
1/4 cup
brown sugar
2 tablespoons
2 tablespoons
Worcestershire sauce
2 tablespoons
dry mustard
1 teaspoon
salt or to taste
1/2 teaspoon
freshly ground black pepper
1 2/3 cups
I had never made Sloppy Joe other than the can before I tried this recipe and I can honestly say I will never use the can sauce again! This was delicious and a huge hit with my kids!
I did not care for this recipe.
64 Ratings
Excellent recipe. Tasted much better than the canned version. Cut the recipe in half for a smaller family and it worked just fine. Just spicy and sweet enough for our family.
This was a quick and good recipe for yummy Sloppy Joe's. I found it to be a little on the sweet side, so next time I would cut the ketchup and add more tomato paste and cut the brown sugar. I used ground turkey and added zucchini, summer squash and some raw pumpkin. It was a huge hit! We even had my daughter's friend over, he loved it and told his mom to get my "secret" recipe for her to make at his house. So generally a winner. I used whole wheat onion rolls too.
I was pleasantly surprised with this recipe. I was afraid that it would be bland, but made it anyway based off of reviews. I'm glad I did. It was slightly sweet, but tangy as well. I added about five or six drops of hot sauce to give it a little kick. Everyone loved it at my house.
we really liked this recipe... i added pureed carrots for added nutrition.
LOVE this recipe. I used 2 lbs beef and added a little extra onion and peppers (I also added celery). there was plenty of sauce to spare, so next time I will load it up even more with veggies. very tasty!
One tip to make this recipe more lean is to rinse the beef off with water in a colander (after browning).
My fiance and my mom wanted some sloppy joes today, so I made this recipe because of the reviews. They loved it! I personally hate all sloppy joes, so my opinion doesn't count. I reduced the sugar, omitted the oil, and only made 1/3 of the recipe.
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Sister Schubert's(R) Sloppy Joes
Serving Size: 1/12 of a recipe
Servings Per Recipe: 12
Amount Per Serving
Calories: 483
Calories from Fat: 127
Hard to believe, but many kids will be back in school at the end of the month. Get ready.
You won't believe all the things you can do with cauliflower. It's a great low-carb option.
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See how to make a super quick-and-easy recipe for sloppy joes.


text:
Name: Charles Bintliff
Date of Birth: 1891
Date of Death: 05/13/1927
Location of Death: Redfield, SD
Prohibition Agent Charles Bintliff, Deputy Sheriff Charles Halpin and other officers went to a farm seven miles east of Redfield, SD, to arrest Walter Chrisman. Unknown to the officers, Chrisman was hiding inside a barn. He shot and killed both Agent Bintliff and Deputy Sheriff Halpin from ambush. Chrisman escaped to a neighboring farm, but committed suicide as a posse surrounded him. One week earlier, Chrisman had shot and wounded Prohibition Agent R. W. Labrie during an attempted arrest for selling liquor. As a result, Agent Labrie's left arm was amputated.
Agent Bintliff joined the Prohibition Unit on 3/8/1920, with an annual salary of $1,500 per year. He was assigned to offices at Omaha, NE and Sioux Falls, SD. Agent Bintliff served as an officer in the United States Marine Corps during World War I.
Agent Bintliff was born in 1891 in New York. He was survived by his wife.


text:
A power saving standby mode that can be used in mobile radio stations operating in current networks and improves in the intended message reception. The invention enters the power down mode principally contingent upon the CRC check being successful. Additionally, the invention uses a cumulative majority vote procedure which results in a higher probability of correct reception of a message addressed to the receiving station.
1. In a radio communications system having at least one base station serving one or more mobile stations, a method for reducing standby power consumption of said mobile stations said method comprising the steps of:
receiving messages in a mobile station from said at least one base station, said messages comprising repeated blocks of information bits, each block including a number of data bits and a number of check bits whose value depend on said data bits;
accumulating values of said information bits of said repeated blocks;
generating, upon reception of each repeated message, a check indication when accumulated values of said data bits are consistent with said check bits; and
turning-off portions of said mobile station until receipt of a next message is expected when a substantially error-free check indication is generated.
2. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
determining, upon generation of said check indication, what type of message said data bits represent; and
detecting whether said data bits convey said mobile station's identification number when said message is determined to be a call message.
3. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said check indication generation step includes correcting bit errors in said data bits.
4. A method in accordance with claim 1, further comprising the steps of:
determine whether all repeats of said blocks have been accumulated when check indication has not generated; and
turning-off portions of said mobile station until receipt of a next message is expected when it is determined that all repeats of said blocks have been received.
5. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said accumulation step accumulates values of said information bits by soft majority voting.
6. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said accumulating step accumulates values of said information bits by hard majority voting.
7. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said accumulation step includes resetting accumulators upon receipt of a first of repeated blocks of information bits.
8. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said detecting step includes detecting whether said message is a filler message having no meaning, a broadcast overhead message to be processed by all mobile stations, or a call message including an mobile station identification number.
9. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said turning-off step includes calculating when a next message is to be expected in accordance with the number of received repeats of said message and said message type.
10. A method in accordance with claim 1, wherein said check indication includes a cycle redundancy check.
11. In a radio communication system having at least one base station serving one or more mobile stations a receiver circuit in a mobile station comprising:
a receiver section for receiving and demodulating messages from said at least one base station, said messages comprising repeated blocks of information bits, each block including a number of data bits and a number of check bits whose value depend on said data bits;
a message check circuit for generating, upon reception of each repeated message, a check indication when said data bits are consistent with said check bits, wherein said message check circuit includes a cumulative majority vote circuit; and
a power-down timer for turning off portions of said receiver circuit when a substantially error-free check indication is generated.
12. A receive in accordance with claim 11, further comprising:
a message processor for determining, upon generation of a check indication, whether said received message is a calling message including a mobile station identification number; and
a mobile station identification number detector for detecting whether said calling message includes the mobile station's identification number, wherein said power down time is set to a first time period when said calling message does not include a match to a part of said mobile station's identification number and to a second time period when said calling message includes a match to a part of said mobile station's identification number.
13. A receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein said cumulative majority vote circuit performs soft majority voting.
14. A receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein said cumulative majority vote circuit performs hard majority voting.
15. A receiver in accordance with claim 11, wherein said receiver section includes a Manchester code demodulator.
16. A receiver in accordance with claim 15, wherein said Manchester code demodulator includes:
a phase computer and sampler connected to an output of said radio receiver;
a demultiplexer connected to an output of said phase computer and sampler;
phase averaging circuits connected to respective outputs of said demultiplexer;
phase differentiators connected to respective outputs of said phase averaging circuits; and
a sine and sign function table, connected to outputs of said phase differentiator, for generating a bit for soft majority voting.
17. A receiver in accordance with claim 16, wherein said Manchester code demodulator further includes;
a comparator receiving a quality measure from said phase averaging circuits and generating an output corresponding to the phase having the best quality; and
a selection switch for selecting the output of said sine and sign function table corresponding to the output of the comparator.
18. A receiver in accordance with claim 17, wherein said Manchester code demodulator further comprises a pattern detector connected for receiving an output of said sine and sign function table.
19. In a radio communications system having at least one base station serving one or more portable stations, a method to reduce standby power consumption of said portable stations comprising the steps of:
transmitting messages from a base station, each message including a number of words and each word being repeated a number of times, at least one word including a number of data bits representing at least part of a identification number of any of said portable stations and including a number of check bits that depend on said data bits;
resetting in a portable station a number of accumulators corresponding to said number of data bits and check bits;
receiving first of said repeated words at said portable station and adding the values of each bit to a corresponding one of said accumulators;
processing the values of said accumulator contents to determine if values corresponding to said data bits are consistent with values corresponding to said check bits and generating a check or no-check indication;
if said no-check indication is generated, receiving another repeat of said word and adding its bit values to corresponding accumulators;
repeating said processing step until all word-repeats have been accumulated or until said check indication is generated;
upon a substantially error-free check indication being generated, powering down parts of said portable station for the remainder of said repeats of said word and then further processing said accumulator values to determine if part of said word matches a corresponding part of the said portable station's identification number and generating a match or no-match indication; and
upon said no-match indication being generated, holding parts of said portable station powered down for a duration of transmission of the rest of the words in the same message.
20. In a radio telephone system having at least one base station serving one or more portable stations, a method to reduce standby power consumption of said portable stations comprising the steps of:
transmitting messages from a base station in the form of blocks of information bits which are repeated a number of times, each block including a number of data bits and a number of check bits values of which depend on said data bits;
determining majority values of said repeated blocks in a cumulative majority voting circuit;
processing said majority values of said repeated blocks sequentially to determine whether said data bits in any block are consistent with said check bits and to generate a check or no-check indication correspondingly; and
switching off parts of said portable phone upon generation of a substantially error-free check indication until the beginning of the next set of repeat blocks transmitted by said base station in order to save power.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of and apparatus for reducing power consumption of portable radio communication systems, such as mobile telephones, in standby mode to increase the time between necessary battery charges and recharges.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Cellular mobile telephone systems comprise a network of base stations, each covering a particular geographical area or cell, that communicate with the plurality of mobile or hand-portable phones (hereinafter "mobile phones"). Such systems contain means to ensure as far as possible that the nearest base station is used to communicate with each mobile phone, thus minimizing the transmitter power needed in the mobile phone.
When a mobile phone is in a standby mode, i.e., when it is neither originating nor receiving a call, it must listen to the nearest base station for calls. Not all of the receiver section need be operative in this standby mode and none of the transmitter section need be operative for the mobile phone does not transmit in the standby mode. This results in longer battery life, typically around eight hours as compared to the one or two hours of battery life when the mobile phone is in active conversation and both the transmitter and receiver operate.
The demand to obtain ever longer battery operating life is clear. European Patent No. EP 0 473 465 to Harte describes a method of reducing standby current consumption. This method is based on calling channel transmission formats used by base stations in conformance with the British ETACS standard or to the U.S. EIA-553 cellular standard. In the latter system, 40-bit calling messages to mobile phones in the standby mode are transmitted by base stations in a format that includes five repeats of the 40-bit blocks. A calling message identifies a called mobile phone by including its telephone number, also known as the Mobile Identification Number (MIN), in the message. Each message also contains a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code, whose value depends on the data bits, that can be used to verify the correct decoding and even to correct single bit errors in the message. Each 40-bit message consists of 28 data bits and 12 CRC bits. Because the MIN is 34 bits long, it takes two such calling messages to identify the phone uniquely. 40-bit blocks conveyed at one time are renamed "control words" or just "words," and a calling message consists of two such words. Whenever any message consists of more than one word, a continuation bit is set in all words except the last to indicate that further words will follow.
In the aforementioned European patent, Harte proposes a phone that would decode each message repeat independently as it is received, carry out a check for correct decoding using the CRC, and if correct decoding is indicated by the CRC check, check whether the MIN of the receiving mobile phone is contained in the received word. If the MIN is not in the received word, as is the case for the vast majority of messages, then the mobile phone powers down until the next set of five message repeats is due, according to the European patent. Thus, according to the European patent, the mobile phone could enter a reduced power mode for the remaining four message repeats whenever the first of the repeats is deemed not to contain the mobile's MIN, representing a potential savings of at least 80% of the battery energy consumed in the standby mode. Additionally, when the mobile phone has already identified from the first of the two control words of a message that the MIN does not match that of the receiving mobile phone, the mobile phone does not need to process the second word, and can power down for all five repeats of the second word. This results in a potential power savings of 90% in the standby mode.
On the other hand, a disadvantage of the device disclosed in the European patent is that when a message is intended for the mobile phone, the probability of detecting the message correctly is reduced if the mobile phone is at maximum range, such as on the periphery of a cell where signal levels are likely lowest. The reason for this is that the method of decoding used in the disclosed system requires three out of the five message repeats to be correctly decoded. The power savings method results in a lower probability of decoding the intended message by using just one decoded message out of the five repeated messages. In fact, the method disclosed in the European patent reduces the probability of decoding an intended message accurately below that of mobile phones not implementing the method. Thus, a trade-off between the intended message reception reliability and power consumption in the standby mode is made when using the method disclosed in the European patent.
A reason for the reduced performance is that the five-message repeat structure transmitted according to the U.S. EIA-553 cellular standard is not optimally designed for decoding in the manner disclosed in the aforementioned European patent. The normal method of decoding messages in a U.S. EIA-553 cellular system requires reception of all five message repeats in order to implement bit-wise majority vote decoding, and thus the scope for implementing the power saving method disclosed in the European patent is not clear.
When using redundant coding such as repeat coding with majority vote decoding, it is desirable to space repeat bits as far as apart as possible in time so that they are subject to uncorrelated fading. This known as bit interleaving. The furthest apart each repeat can be theoretically placed by a bit-interleaver is the length of one complete message. Therefore, maximally bit-interleaved repeat coding results in a transmission that appears to be five repeats of the message in succession. However, the optimum decoding is not to decode each message, repeat independently, as used in the prior art, but to decode each bit by means of a 5-fold majority vote process before performing CRC checking on the majority-decoded bits.
Therefore, the five message repeats sent in accordance with the EIA-553 standard should in fact be regarded as five repeats of each bit, a 5-fold majority vote being employed to decode each bit before attempting to perform the CRC check on each 40-bit word of the message. However, this requires that all five word-repeats be received, which conflicts with the basic method disclosed in the European patent for reducing power consumption.
The present invention provides an improved, power saving standby mode that can be used in mobile phones operating in current networks such as the American Mobile Phone System (AMPS) EIA-553 in the U.S., NMT in Scandinavia and ETACS in the U.K., and which does not result in a reduction of the probability of correctly receiving the intended message, but indeed improves in the intended message reception.
The present invention provides, in a radio communications system having at least one base station serving one or more portable stations, a method to reduce standby power consumption of portable stations. This method includes the step of transmitting messages from a base station, each message including a number of words and each word being repeated a number of times, at least one word including a number of data bits representing at least part of a identification number of any of the portable stations and including a number of check bits that depend on the data bits. Upon detection of a message, the portable station resets a number of accumulators corresponding to the number of data bits and check bits and, upon receiving a first of the repeated words at the portable station, adds the values of each bit to a corresponding one of the accumulators. The inventive method further includes processing the values of the accumulator contents to determine if values corresponding to the data bits are consistent with values corresponding to the check bits and generating a check or no-check indication, and, if the no-check indication is generated, receiving another repeat of the word and adding its bit values to corresponding accumulators. The inventive method repeats the processing step until all word-repeats have been accumulated or until the check signal is generated. Upon generation of a check indication, the inventive method powers down parts of the portable station for the remainder of the repeats of the word and then further processes the accumulator values to determine if part of the word matches a corresponding part of the portable station's identification number and generating a match or no-match indication. Upon generation of a no-match indication, the inventive method holds parts of the portable station powered down for the duration of transmission of the rest of the words in the same message.
The present invention will now be described with reference to the following drawing figures.
FIG. 1 shows the bit structure of a control word;
FIG. 2 shows the structure of a transmit cycle;
FIG. 3 shows the preamble bit-block D and S shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4 shows the structure of two words containing the Mobile Identification Number (MIN);
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a mobile telephone receiver in accordance with the present invention:
FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a suitable Manchester Code Modem in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a flow chart in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 is a graph relating percentage power savings to signal-to-noise ratio in accordance with the present invention; and
FIG. 9 is a graph calculated for the invention disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 572,409.
FIG. 1 shows the structure of one 40-bit control word comprising 28 message bits and 12 CRC bits according to the EIA-553 cellular standard. The CRC code, whose value depends on the data bits, provides powerful error detection capability and optionally the ability to correct any single-bit error in the 28-bit message in a manner described hereinafter.
FIG. 2 shows the, structure of one transmit cycle according to EIA-553. Each transmit cycle conveys five repeats A1, A2, . . . A5 of a first 40-bit word "A" and five repeats B1, B2 . . . B5 of a second 40-bit word "B". The A and B words belong to independent messages intended for mobile phones having odd and even MINs, respectively.
FIG. 3 shows more detail of the preamble bit-blocks labeled D and S in FIG. 2. The "dotting sequence" D is a 10-bit block of alternating 1's and 0's intended to provide the receiver with symbol resynchronization opportunities. Symbols are transmitted using Manchester code, in which a "1" is represented by a signal upswing followed by a signal downswing and a "0" is reproduced by a downswing followed by an upswing. In the EIA-553 cellular standard, the bit rate is 10 kb/s. The alternating 1's and 0's after Manchester coding then appear as a 5 kilohertz tone. The Manchester coded bits are transmitted using frequency modulation of a radio carrier. Preceding the 10-bit dotting sequence is a single bit busy/idle flag, giving the total 11 bits labeled "D" in FIGS. 2 and 3.
Following the dotting sequence D is an 11-bit sync word also preceded by a busy/idle flag, making the 12 bits labeled "S" in FIGS. 2 and 3. There then follow five repeats, each of two 40-bit calling messages designated A and B. Four extra busy/idle bits are inserted in each message repeat making 44-bit blocks, as shown in FIG. 3. The total number of bits in a calling channel cycle is thus 1+10+1+11+2�5�(40+4)=463 bits.
In the event that a mobile station is called, it takes two 40-bit words to convey all 34 bits of its MIN. Thus, the first 24 bits of its MIN are sent in a first cycle and the remaining 10 bits of the MIN are sent in a second cycle, as shown in FIG. 4. The first word of the multiple word message contains a flag to indicate that continuation words are to be expected. Continuation words have a continuation flag set. The continuation flag appears in either the A or B word depending on whether the mobile has an odd or even MIN. A call can in some cases consist of more than two words and so it is necessary to look at the third word to determine if it is a continuation of an already begun message, or of a new message because, if it is determined that the first word does not contain the mobile's MIN and the continuation flag is set, then the second word does not need to be processed. If the second word is not processed, then the mobile does not know if the continuation flag is set in the second word, thus necessitating looking for a continuation flag in the third word. Other possible message types are dummy messages, or filler, which may be a single word that can be ignored, and a one- or multiple-word broadcast or "overhead" message that is to be processed by all mobile phones.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a mobile telephone receiver according to the present invention for receiving and decoding messages transmitted in accordance with the formats shown in FIGS. 1-4. An antenna and receiver 10 receives, amplifies and filters signals received from a base station and down converts them to a suitable frequency for processing. A Manchester code modem 11 processes these signals to determine transmitted bit polarities and passes the processed bits to a sync detector 12. The Manchester code modem 11 and sync detector 12 can include a conventional frequency discriminator.
A cumulative majority vote circuit 13 provides cumulative majority vote decoding for each of the 40 bits in a received control message. Majority voting is normally defined for only odd numbers of repeats (3, 5, or more repeats) and it will be understood that the present invention can advantageously perform majority voting over even numbers of repeats also. Majority vote decoding over even numbers of repeats uses soft majority voting rather than hard majority voting in the preferred embodiment of the invention.
In hard majority voting, a data bit is represented by a number value of 1 or -1 corresponding to the Boolean values "0" and "1". Separate estimates of the repeated data bit may then be combined by numerical addition. For example, if a first estimate of a bit is +1, a second estimate is +1 and a third estimate is -1, their sum is 1+1-1=+1 to indicate that the majority vote result is +1. However, when combining an even number in a hard bit decision, an indeterminate value of 0 (e.g., 1+1-1-1=0) can occur. Nevertheless, hard majority voting can in principle still be employed for decoding even numbers of repeats; one would just have to arbitrarily assign one or the other bit polarity in cases where the outcome is indeterminate. The resulting bit error rate would be less than without majority vote decoding, except in the case of a two-fold, hard majority vote which may be shown as follows.
In a situation where two estimates of each bit have the same probability of error in the mean but are otherwise uncorrelated, and this error probability is represented by "E", the probability that both estimates will be correct is thus (1-E)�(1-E). The majority vote makes a clear decision in this case. It also makes a clear wrong decision when both estimates are in error, which occurs with the probability of E�E. The probability that the two estimates disagree, given an indeterminate decision, is 2E(1-E). In half of these cases an arbitrary decision will be wrong and in the other half it will be right. Therefore, the total error probability is E�E+E(1-E)=E. Therefore, a two-fold hard-decision majority vote gives the same error probability as no majority vote in this circumstance.
However, the errors do not necessarily occur in the same place, nor is the number of errors in any particular message exactly the same with and without the majority vote. Therefore, there is still a non-zero chance that a two-fold majority vote of two message repeats will be error free or error correctable when the first and second repeats contain errors. The probability of an error-free or error-correctable majority vote increases as higher order (meaning more repeats) majority voting is employed.
In soft majority voting, however, a bit is not just represented by the values 1 or -1 (for Boolean 0 and 1) but by continuous measure reflecting the confidence of the bit's polarity. For example, 0.9 represents a "0" with a high confidence, while 0.1 represents a "0" with a low confidence whereas -1.25 represents a "1" with a very high confidence while -0.05 represents a "1" with a very low confidence. By adding in the confidence values of the corresponding bits, a net or cumulative confidence value representing the polarity of the bit is obtained, this value being valid for even numbers of repeats as well as odd numbers of repeats. The chance of exactly 0 resulting from adding soft bit values is small, so that an arbitrary treatment of 0 as always being positive number (or alternatively a negative number) has no significant impact on the resulting error rates. Soft majority voting is therefore the preferred technique for implementing the present invention, although hard majority voting can be employed with somewhat less favorable results.
The invention there, fore includes a majority vote accumulator for each bit of a control word. The 40 accumulators are indicated by block 13 in FIG. 5. Upon detecting a dotting sequence D followed by a sync word S, these 40 accumulators are reset to 0. Detecting the dotting sequence followed by the sync word S may, for example, be achieved reliably in the following way.
The last 16 bits from the Manchester code modem 11 are clocked into a shift register. The contents of the shift register are interpreted as a binary number between 0 and 65535. This binary numerical value is compared with a first value corresponding to the last 5 bits of the dotting sequence, a busy/idle bit equal to 0 and the 11 bit sync word S, and with the second value corresponding to a busy/idle bit having a value of 1. If either comparison yields a match, the sync word S and dotting sequence D are deemed to have been detected. It is also possible to compare the last 6 bits of the dotting sequence D plus the first ten bits of the sync word S (including the unknown busy/idle bit) to obtain an advance sync indication, as well as allowing an imperfect match, for example by permitting any one bit to be in error in order to increase the probability of sync detection. Tradeoffs between detection probability and false alarm probability are appropriately balanced in designing the sync detector 12.
After sync detection has caused the value in the 40 cumulative majority vote circuits to be set to 0, the next 40-bit values out of the Manchester code demodulator excluding the 4 busy/idle bits are added to the corresponding majority-vote accumulators, so that they now simply contain the first repeat A1 of the A control word. If the phone has an odd MIN, a central timing/bit counting circuit 17 will cause the first 40 data bits and the 4 busy/idle bits to be discarded and the second 40 bits B1 added to the accumulators instead. At this point, a CRC check circuit 14 is activated by the central timing/bit counting unit 17 to process the contents of the majority vote circuits to decide if they contain a 40-bit, error-free word.
The processing by CRC check circuit 14 consists of temporarily hard-quantizing the soft bit values in the accumulators to either -1 or +1 (Boolean 1 or 0) and then calculating a syndrome, which is the remainder upon polynomial division of the word by a CRC polynomial according to known art. A syndrome of all zeros signifies an error-free word, one of a predetermined forty non-zero syndrome values corresponding to one of the possible predetermined single-bit error patterns, and all other syndrome values correspond to more than a single-bit error. By checking a non-zero syndrome with each of the 40 possible syndromes that would result in a single-bit error in one of the 28 data bits or 12 CRC bit positions, it can be determined if such a single-bit error has occurred and where it is located. It may then be corrected by inverting the bit in question. Alternatively, any other non-zero syndrome can be taken to mean that the data bits cannot be relied upon. Whether or not the device employs a single-bit error correction capability of the CRC code to correct an error is not critical to the implementation of the present invention. It is more important to simply identify that a word contains an uncorrected error.
Upon detection of an error-free word, or a word in which a single-bit error has been corrected by the above-described procedure, an indication from the CRC check circuit is provided to a power down timer 16 which can save power by commanding parts of the receiver 10, Manchester code demodulator 11, sync detector 12, cumulative majority vote circuit 13, CRC check circuit 14 and MIN detector 15, to ignore the rest of the transmission cycle, irrespective of the MIN or message type. The CRC check also activates a message processor 18 to check if the type of message is a calling message, a broadcast message or a dummy (filler) message. If the message processor 18 determines that the message is a calling message, it activates a MIN detector 15 to check if the word contains at least part of the MIN of the receiving phone.
If the received MIN bits do not match corresponding bits of the MIN of the receiving phone, the MIN detector generates a "not MIN" indication, which is provided to the power down timer 16 along with the message type information from message processor 18 (i.e., single or double word message) to enable it to compute how long the receiver may be powered down before the next message is expected to begin. The power down timer 16 will then produce control signals to the receiver and processing circuits 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 17 to reduce their power consumption until the start of the next message cycle that may contain the phone's MIN. This may be of two 463-bit cycles later as when the MIN of another phone is transmitted in a first cycle and the message is a multiple word message. In this case it is known that at least the second cycle will also be addressed to the other mobile phone in order to complete the calling message. The first time a new message may be addressed to the mobile phone in question is thus, in this case, two cycles later.
Two cycles later, the word received may be a further continuation word of the previous message, as indicated by the continuation flag bits, in which case it can be ignored until receipt of the next word, whereupon a further check for continuation of the old message or commencement of a new message is made by the message processor 18.
If no CRC is indicated after processing the first word repeat and adding its 40-bit values into the majority vote circuits 13, the majority vote circuits receive the 40-bit values of the next word repeat and add them to the corresponding values from the first repeat still in the accumulators. Thus, the majority vote circuits 13 at the end of the second repeat (A2 or B2) contain the sums of the corresponding bit values of the first and second word repeats. When the soft bit values are used as described above, the resulting 40 values represent the 40-bit word with a higher confidence of correctness than either repeat alone. If hard bit values are accumulated instead, the resulting values do not necessarily have a higher probability of giving a correct word, but at least have an independent chance of being correct. Thus, the cumulative probability of a word being detected error free after both the first and the second repeats is higher than the probability of detecting it on the first repeat alone. Consequently, upon processing the second word-repeat using accumulation of either hard or soft bit values, the CRC check circuit 14 is again activated. As before, if the CRC is error-free, a power down for the rest of the base station transmit cycle may be instigated irrespective of the of the MIN or message type.
However, taking account of the MIN and the message type can give additional power savings. Consequently, the MIN detector 15 is activated and if the MIN is found not to match that of the receiving phone, the power down timer 16 is activated for a longer period.
If the CRC check does not indicate an error free message, the third message repeat becomes cumulatively added in the majority vote circuits 13 and so on until either the CRC checks at some stage, or all five message repeats have been exhausted. In the latter case, the sync detector 12 is re-enabled to search for dotting sequences D or sync words S for the next cycle to be processed. According to the invention, a message is CRC checked using cumulatively increasing amounts of bit-wise majority vote decoding until finally the full five-fold majority vote is employed if CRC did not check at an earlier stage.
This is in contrast to the disclosure of the European patent application to Harte cited above in which the message repeats are decoded individually without the use of bit-wise majority voting, and also contrasts with other prior art decoders that use only five-fold majority vote decoding and not the lower orders of majority vote that are transiently employed in the present cumulative majority vote procedure. The cumulative majority vote procedure of the present invention results in a higher probability of correct reception in the case of a message addressed to the receiving phone than the prior art common methods, and thus results in a lower mean standby power consumption than the device disclosed in the European patent application to Harte.
Additionally, the present invention enters the power down mode principally contingent upon the CRC check being successful, whereas the aforesaid European patent is exclusively based on evaluating the MIN.
FIG. 6 provides more detail of a suitable Manchester code modem. To obtain soft bit values from the modem for use in soft majority votes, a sine and sign function table 21 has been added. This modem operates as follows. Manchester code FM has a property, due to the frequency being modulated equally low and high in each symbol period, that the radio signal phase returns to more or less the same position at the end of each symbol. This phase is moreover midway between the expected phase excursions in the center of a symbol for "1" or "0" respectively, and is therefore suitable as a comparator reference for deciding between 1's and 0's. However, timing for the beginning and the middle of symbols must also be identified. This is the bit-sync problem that all digital communications systems must solve. In the present invention, it is solved in the modem of FIG. 6 by sampling a receiver 20 output by a phase computer and sampler 25 at a rate of 8 samples per Manchester code symbol, and sorting every eighth sample by means of a demultiplexer 24 to give an 8-candidate stream for processing.
The processing consists of evaluating these streams as candidates for end-of-symbol samples and as mid-bit samples. To evaluate a stream for an end-of-sample candidate, the avenge phase is calculated by a phase avenging circuit 27. Therefore, eight phase avengers 27, one for each stream, are provided for calculating a reference phase Phi(i) under the assumption that the sample phase represents the end of a symbol. Each of the phase averagers 27 can be a digital phase lock loop which evaluates a frequency error as well as phase. Each stream is also evaluated as a mid-bit sample stream by comparing in a phase differentiator 28 the phase sample Phi(i) with a phase reference calculated from the corresponding end-of-bit sample stream. If (i) is a mid-bit-sample, then (i-4) must be an end-of-bit sample, therefore Phi(i) is compared with the reference phase Phi(i-4). This is done in whole sample timings, that is:
Phi(7) is compared with reference Phi(3),
Phi(6) is compared with reference Phi(2),
Phi(5) is compared with reference Phi(1),
Phi(4) is compared with reference Phi(0),
Phi(3) is compared with reference Phi(7),
Phi(2) is compared with reference Phi(6),
Phi(1) is compared with reference Phi(5),
Phi(0) is compared with reference phi(4).
In each case, the phase difference obtained is deemed to represent a demodulated "1" if between 0 and +180 degrees, and a "0" if between 0 and -180 degrees. These hard decisions are made by a SIGN function block 21 and are fed to the eight pattern detectors 23. Each of the eight pattern detectors 23 receives the output of a corresponding one of the eight phase differentiators 28 and operates according to the above-described procedure for detecting dotting sequences D and sync words S. When the dotting sequence D and sync words S are detected on any sample timing within an expected window, the selection switch 26 is made to select that sample timing for outputting soft bit values.
The soft bit values are calculated by a look-up table 21 to be the SINE of the phase differences, which can be shown to be an optimum non-linear weighting for use in soft majority vote combination of phase differences. The use of SINE or COSINE of a phase difference as soft bit values for soft decoding is disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,705 to Dent entitled "Demodulator for Manchester Coded FM signals" and issued Dec. 12, 1995.
The selection switch 26 can remain at the set position at least for the duration of the relatively short message cycle length (463 bits) that are needed before resynchronization in the present invention. For longer intervals between synchronization, however, or in certain circumstances such as high values of time dispersion in the propagation path, it can be advantageous to permit the selector switch 26 to adapt to perceived changes in optimum sample timing, by, for example, continuously monitoring the quality measure produced by the phase reference averaging circuits 27 and picking the sample timing that gives the best quality using an 8-input comparator 29 in order to determine the selector switch position.
It should be noted that the pattern detectors 23 in FIG. 6 correspond to the dotting sequence and sync word detector 12 in FIG. 5. The selected soft bit value stream is fed from the radio receiver/demodulator 20 of FIG. 6 to the cumulative majority vote circuits 13 of FIG. 5.
The modem of FIG. 6 operates on phase values of the radio signal and does not take note of instantaneous amplitude values of the radio signal. An improved performance; may be obtained by processing both amplitude and phase of the radio signal. These may be conveniently derived from the radio signal LOGPOLAR form according to the principle disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,048,059. The logpolar technique is a means of amplifying and digitizing the full vector form of a radio signal without the inconvenience of first having to establish the automatic gain control value. The complex vector is yielded in polar form as the logarithm of the vector radius and the phase of a vector angle. This may be converted into Cartesian X+jY form by use of the sine/cosine and antilog look-up tables in a digital signal processor. In this case, the phase averagers 27 in FIG. 6 are replaced by straight vector averagers that average the real and imaginary parts of the complex vector Zi to produce reference vector Z(i). Demodulation of a sample timing Z(i) with respect to a reference Z(i-4) then takes place by calculating the product
where * signifies complex conjugate, and then taking the imaginary part. In this case, the result is directly in a suitable soft-value form for subsequent majority vote accumulation and does not need to be subject to the sine transformation function 21, as discussed above. The benefit of this form of demodulation is that bits or message repeats that are subject to fading, which reduces the amplitude of the radio signal, will be deweighted in the majority vote accumulation process compared to bits received at high signal levels and which therefore are more trustworthy.
It will be appreciated that the above signal processing operations may be carried out using a suitable programmable digital signal processor (DSP) and/or computer loaded with suitable programs. Such a device can implement the Manchester code modem, sync detection, cumulative majority vote and CRC check as well as the message processing. A preferred embodiment uses a DSP to implement the Manchester code modem, sync detection and cumulative majority vote circuits, the results after each stage of majority voting being passed to a microprocessor that performs the CRC check and message handling. The microprocessor preferably operates according to the flow chart of FIG. 7.
FIG. 7 shows entry to the standby mode upon switch-on of the mobile phone or termination of a previous call. In step 71, a central timer is set to power up the receiver in a certain window to search for dotting D and sync S words, indicated by step 72. The window begins at a fixed time before the next sync is expected and ends a fixed time afterward, for example, � one symbol. The receiver should be powered down as long as possible, but not so long that there is a risk of losing the word sync. It is a matter of adjusting the receiver to listen to the right carrier frequency and stabilizing the reference phases in the Manchester code demultiplexer.
If dotting D and sync S words are not detected, then the process returns to step 71 where the power down timer is reset. Upon detecting dotting D and sync words S, the cumulative majority vote process is initiated at step 73 and continues at steps 74-78 until either CRC checks or all repeats have been received. At step 73, the majority vote accumulators are reset. The process proceeds to step 74 where it is determined which type of message A or B is to be received and skipping the bits corresponding to the other channel. The next set of relevant bits are accumulated at step 75, and a CRC check is performed at step 76. If all repeats have not been accumulated and there are uncorrected errors after the CRC check, the process skips the next set of bits (which belong to the different type of message) at step 78 and proceeds to accumulate the next set of relevant bits at step 75. In the case where all repeats have been accumulated as decided at step 77 and the accumulated repeats still contain uncorrected errors, the power down timer is reset at step 71 to start a sync search again with almost no delay.
In the case of a CRC check indicating an error free word prior to or after processing all five repeats, the nature of the message must be checked at step 87 to determine for how long the power down timer shall operate. Note that the power down timer is activated upon CRC check regardless of the message type. The types of messages are:
1) A one-word call,
2) A multiple-word call,
3) A one-word filler,
4) A one-word broadcast/overhead message, or
5) A multiple-word broadcast.
Two bits of the message are used to distinguish between single-word messages, the first word of a multiple-word message and a continuation word of a multiple-word message. After testing the message type, the mobile phone either ignores the rest of the transmit cycle by powering down till the next syncs are due, or ignores the rest of the cycle and the whole of the next cycle, or quits the standby mode because a one- or two-word call has been detected to contain the phone's MIN bits. Specifically, if the message is a single word filler, the routine returns to step 71 to set the power down timer. If the message is a single word broadcast overhead message, the word is stored and processed at step 88 and thereafter the subroutine returns to step 71.
If the message is determined to be a single word call at step 87, then the flags are cleared and the first 24 bits are checked for match with the mobile phone's MIN at step 79. If there is a match, then the mobile phone leaves the stand-by mode. If the 24 bits do not match, then the routine returns to step 71.
If the message is determined to be the first of a multiple word message at step 87, the flags are cleared and it is determined whether the multiple word message is a call or a broadcast overhead message at step 81. If the call is a broadcast overhead message, then the O/H flag is set at step 80, the word is stored and processed at step 88 and the routine returns to step 71. If a call message, the first 24 MIN bits are checked at step 82. If the first 24 bits match the mobile phone's MIN, then a flag MINI is set, and the routine returns to step 71. If the 24 bits do not match the mobile phone's MIN, then the next cycle is skipped at step 84 and the routine returns to step 71.
If the message is determined to be a continuation word at step 87, then the routine proceeds to step 85 to check the status of flags. At step 85, if an overhead flag O/H is set (in step 80 described above), then the program proceeds to step 88 where the continuation word broadcast overhead message is stored and processed. If a MIN1 flag is set (at step 83 described above), then the last 10 MIN bits are checked. If the last 10 MIN bits match the mobile phones MIN, the mobile phone leaves the stand-by mode. If it does not match, then the routine returns to step 71 where the power down timer is set. If, upon checking the flag status at step 85, it is determined no flag is set, then the routine returns to step 71 where the power down timer is set.
Since the time period between receipt of an error free (or error correctable) word and the next window varies according to which repeat is correctly received, it is necessary to calculate this time period, such as done in EP 0 473 465. The microprocessor calculates the sleep time set in the timer based on information from the DSP. This information includes which repeat was decoded. (The DSP knows how much time has elapsed since the sync word.) The microprocessor knows how much time it used to check the bitstream from the DSP and makes the decision to power down for a calculated period of time.
Using the above-described invention, the performance has been determined in terms of the mean percentage of time that the receiver is active while the phone is locked to a calling channel, versus the signal-to-noise ratio. At a high signal-to-noise ratio, there is a higher probability of correctly receiving a first word-repeat and thus terminating processing earliest to save maximum power. As the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced, more word-repeats on average have to be accumulated in the majority vote process to correctly decode the word, so the power savings are less. The graph of FIG. 8 relates percentage power savings to signal-to-noise ratio for this invention ("Accum.") as compared to a device in accordance with Harte ("No Accum."). This is for the pessimistic case that all messages are single-word calls. If all messages are two-word calls to other phones, a further power savings of at least a factor of two could be obtained. This compares with the graph of FIG. 9 calculated for the invention disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 572,409, even when using the same inventive demodulator described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,705 cited above, and other assumptions being equal. FIG. 9 is a comparison of the lost message probability for the two algorithms with the sync considerations removed. A lost message occurs if no CRC check is successful, even after all five repeats have been checked.
Similar curves may be drawn to compare the probabilities of correctly receiving an intended message for the present invention and that of U.S. patent application No. 572,409, showing that an objective of the present invention (to increase connect message decoding probability at the same time as effecting a greater power savings compared to prior art inventions) has been achieved.
Although the above described invention has been described in connection with cellular telephones, it is not intended to be so limited. The power conserving arrangement and method of this invention can be used advantageously with beepers, pagers, and any other system having mobile stations which are self-identifiable upon receipt of transmitted messages. Further modifications and improvements which retain the basic underlying principles disclosed and claimed herein are within the scope and spirit of the present invention.
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