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In the process of manufacturing flat fibrous structures from suspensions of fibers by depositing a suspension of such fibers onto a moving permeable surface such as an endless sieve or belt wherein the fibrous suspension has been prepared from fibrous structures formed of a plurality of fibers which have been obtained by drawing a flowing glass melt, followed by chopping of the drawn fibers to form the fiber structures of predetermined length, the improvement in accordance with the invention of preparing the fiber suspension from fiber structures obtained by directing jets of liquid onto the glass fibers drawn from the glass melt and which are being wound onto the periphery of a rotating drum in a parallel arrangement and which after a certain layer thickness thereof has been obtained are cut to a predetermined length with the fibers still being in the moistened state.
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Description (Le texte OCR peut contenir des erreurs.)
lJite States Patet [191 Seliuller et al.
[ PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING ENDLESS FIBER WEBS FROM INORGANIC FIBER SUSPENSIONS [75] Inventors: Wolfgang Schuller; Harald Hohlfeld,
both of Wertheim, Germany [73] Assignees: Werner Hugo; Wilhelm Schuller,
Munich-Grunwald, Germany [22] Filed: Mar. 2, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 231,341
[30] Foreign Application Priority Data Mar. 5, 1971 Germany P 21 10 599.7
[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 8/1962 Schairbaum 65/11 W X 3/1970 Phillips et al. 65/3 FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS Canada 162/156 Canada 162/156 l/195l l/1959 [451 Oct. 16, W73
OTHER PUBLICATIONS Paper Trade Journal The Most Useful Paper Oct. 1, 1956 pp. 26, 27.
Primary Examiner-Robert L. Lindsay, Jr. AttorneyMichael S. Striker [5 7] ABSTRACT In the process of manufacturing flat fibrous structures from suspensions of fibers by depositing a suspension of such fibers onto a moving permeable surface such as an endless sieve or belt wherein the fibrous suspension has been prepared from fibrous structures formed of a plurality of fibers which have been obtained by drawing a flowing glass melt, followed by chopping of the drawn fibers to form the fiber structures of predetermined length, the improvement in accordance with the invention of preparing the fiber suspension from fiber structures obtained by directing jets of liquid onto the glass fibers drawn from the glass melt and which are being wound onto the periphery of a rotating drum in a parallel arrangement and which after a certain layer thickness thereof has been obtained are cut to a predetermined length with the fibers still being in the moistened state.
6 Claims, 4 Drawing Figures PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURING ENDLESS FIBER WEBS FROM INORGANIC FIBER SUSPENSIONS This invention relates to a process for preparing endless fibrous webs from suspensions of inorganic fibers and more particularly relates to an improved process of preparing fibrous suspensions for use in the making of endless fibrous webs.
It is known that flat fibrous structures can be manufactured by the procedures utilized in the manufacture of paper and in particular by the so called wet process. The fibers are for this purpose possibly in admixture with a binding agent, suspended in water to form the fiber suspension. The fiber suspension is required to be entirely uniform in nature as the quality of the resultant fibrous structure or web is directly determined by the degree of uniformity, i.e., homogeneity of the suspension. It is accordingly necessary that the starting fiber material be dispersed in the water so that there is obtained a suspension of the individual single fibers. The resultant fiber suspension is then delivered onto a moving perforated belt on which it is deposited out in a uniform form. The thusly obtained layer of fibers is then withdrawn while still moist and further worked up to form a coherent felted fiber web.
Recently it has been observed that this technique which has been associated with cellulosic and other natural fiber materials can be satisfactorily adapted for use with glass fibers. As is known, as raw fiber starting material, there are used bundles of fibres chopped up to form staple. The requirement that the bundles of fibers thereafter be decomposed into the individual fibers has posed great difficulties in connection with the use of inorganic materials such as glass fibers.
In the manufacture of glass cords or ropes there is in the known manner provided a plurality of individual fibers of endless length but without any rotation or twist having been imparted thereto so as to provide a substantially parallel arrangement of closely associated fibers joined so as to form the unitary cord or rope. In order to ensure that the single untwisted fibers are sufficiently adhered one to the other as to impart to the resultant cord or rope a resistance to abrasion as required by the later working, the fibers in the process of their manufacture have been adhered one to the other by means of a binding agent. The fibers are thusly combined one with the other to form the unified structure and this structure is thereafter chopped up to form staple consisting of the same units each of substantially equal length. However, these units are thereafter only with considerable difficulty separated into the single or individual fibers as is required in connection with the production of the satisfactory webs.
In order to avoid the above difficulties, it has been proposed that the binding agent be reduced in amount to a minimum, i.e., that in order to improve the decomposition of the bundle of fibers forming the staple into the single and individual fibers in the suspension medium, such as water, the binding agent has been considerably reduced in amount. The result has been that in the chopping process considerable and unsatisfactory dust is evolved and more important a preliminary splitting up of the bundle into the individual fibers takes place which in no way enhances the distribution of the fibres in the suspending medium but which rather only results in that the fibers before their introduction into the suspending medium becomes entangled and are thereafter disentangled only with great difficulty, if at all.
The poor decomposition of the fiber bundles into the single fibers has the disadvantageous effect that it results in the formation of specks or spots. This speck formation and spotting not only gives rise to a nonuniform fiber suspension but also produces an impaired final product. In order to avoid the speck formation or for extensively reducing the same, a number of precautionary measures have been proposed. Such measures include regulating the length of the staple so as to be as low as possible, for example, a maximum length of 6 mm has been proposed and in addition to employ in the fiber suspension an additional agent serving to segregate the speck or spot forming material. Still further, it has been proposed that to obtain a better and more uniform distribution of the individual fibers in the suspension agent, there be employed certain additives, such as for example, wetting agents. The disadvantage of such additives includes not only the increased costs for the additives but for the increased working time and equipment required in order to achieve the same operating capacity as when no additives are present. Still further, the use of additives such as the wetting agent has the disadvantage that the same brings about a formation of foam which result in the production of finished webs chracterized as defective by virtue of included flaws and by a cloudy or hazy appearance. The quality of the finished web is particularly so adversely affected, when the webs are very thin in nature, i.e., have a surface weight of about 45-55 g/m.
Further the 'webs prepared on the basis of short length staples, i.e., about 6 mm are characterized as noted above by their lack of uniformity, impaired strength resistance and also by optically negative effects. When glass fiber webs having a non-uniform fiber distribution are used, for example, as surfacing felts in the synthetics industry, for example as insulating and decorating plates or as so-called painting felts, there results that in the non-uniform areas of the web there is an uneven porosity resulting in an unequal uptake of the dye, paint or other coating material applied thereon, so that the final finished product presents an uneven appearance characterized by so-called disturbing spots. 7
In addition to the use of glass fiber bundles or bundles of glass fiber rovings, it has been proposed to use so-called fiber ribbons or tapes. The ribbons or tapes are prior to suspension in the suspension medium cut up to staple length and in this form introduced into the suspension medium. It was believed by the art that the staple segments formed from the glass fiber ribbon or tape and which contain no binding agent would be decomposed and distributed in the water or like suspension medium in the form of the desired single fibers more readily than were the bundles of glass fibers as previously described.
This has however not been the case. All of the deficiencies and defects associated with the use of bundles of fibers containing the decreased amount of binder are encountered when using the fiber ribbon or tape staple. The disadvantages are already evident in the chopping process in that different lengths of fiber have been used in the production of the ribbon or tape, the chopping forther contributing to the unevenness in resultant fiber length. Further the fibers in the ribbon are not parallelly arranged with respect to each other and are further entangled in the chopping or cutting process. The entanglement is so marked that the necessary separation into the individual fibers in the suspension medium is no longer possible. As a result, a strong flock formation takes place which is manifested in the finished product as an optically disturbing flaw or defect and in untenable variations in the surface weight, strength, porosity, etc. of the finished web.
It is an object of the invention to provide a method for economically and simply producing fibrous webs characterized by their uniformity in surface weight, strength and porosity throughout.
It is another object of the invention to provide a process for producing uniform fiber suspension for use in the preparation of such endless webs.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a process for producing uniform and homogeneous suspensions of glass fibers making possible endless fibrous webs and felts characterized by the uniformity of the fiber distribution therein.
These and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description including the drawing forming a part thereof and which diagrammatically illustrates the process of the invention.
In accordance with the invention it has now been found that substantially uniform and homogeneous suspensions of glass fibers in a suspension medium intended for use in the production of endless fiber webs can be obtained if the individual units each composed of a plurality of glass fibers of uniform length are introduced into the suspension medium in a moistened state, wherein the moistness has been imparted to the fiber units in the process of their manufacture and namely between the drawing of the glass melt into endless fibers and the chopping thereof into staple.
The choice of the agent serving for moistening the drawn glass fibers is from amoung the materials known to the art in connection with the manufacture of fiber cords and ropes and includes those liquids used for instance as finishes or lubricants. The particular material selected depends on the choice of the material employed as suspension medium. If the latter is water, then for the moistening, water or a liquid soluble in water can be used.
In accordance with the invention there is now provided a process for manufacturing flat fiber structures from fiber suspensions by deposition of such suspensions on a moving permeable surface for instance an endless sieve or belt, wherein the fiber suspension is obtained by introducing unitary fiber structures each composed of a plurality of parallelly arranged fine glass fibers prepared by drawing a glass melt and while winding such fibers in a parallel arrangement onto the periphery of a known type of rotating drum, spraying the same with jets of a liquid material, the winding being continued util a certain layer thickness has been reached. Thereafter the movement of the drum is interrupted and the layers are cut through while still in the moistened state to form the units composed of the adhering parallelly arranged fibers all having substantially the same predetermined length.
These units composed of the moistened fibers are then introduced into the suspension medium with the result that the units of the adhering fibers undergo rapid and complete decomposition and are substantially completely uniformly distributed as individual fibers in the suspension liquid. The parallel arrangement of the fibers, absence of any binder and the assistance of the moistening agent all contribute to the rapid decomposition of the structure of the fiber units or bundles.
The distribution of the fibers in the suspension medium can be even further improved upon if there is added to the fiber suspension any of the known wetting agents. In accordance with a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention the wetting agent can be incorporated into the liquid, for instance water used for spraying the fibers as they are being wound onto the drum. This has the advantage that the wetting agent is incorporated directly as a part of process of producing the fibers. Under the conditions of the just-mentioned embodiment, the decomposition of the fiber bundles into their component single fibers is considerably enhanced, this being the case even where the fibers have undergone a considerable drying out of the moisture on the surfaces thereof.
The process of the invention will be further illustrated by reference to the accompanying drawing which is a flow sheet representing the sequence of operations that are required to produce the continuous webs of glass strands that are referred to herein.
In FIG. 1 the molten glass is drawn in the form of strands onto a rotating drum while a stream of liquid is applied to the drum.
In FIG. 2 the plurality of successive drawn and spooled layers of parallel glass strands are cut into units and peeled from the rotating drum.
In FIG. 3 the peeled unit is flattened.
In FIG. 4 the flattened unit is chopped into smaller units composed of strands of shorter lengths, which are then placed into a liquid where the unit is broken up into individual short strands and are then passed along in the form of a suspension in a liquid through various conduits and vessels to a webforming machine.
As can be seen from the drawing, the process is carried out by forming in the conventional manner a plurality of single fibers by extrusion of a flowing glass melt using therefor a plate provided with a plurality of nozzles. The glass is delivered from a tank or source 2 containing the molten glass and the fibers thus formed applied onto a rapidly rotating drum 3 so that they are wound in a parallel arrangement onto the periphery of the drum. An intensive and thorough moistening of all of the individual fibers is carried out in accordance with the invention by spraying over the entire drum surface a liquid stream, for example water, using therefor a fan-shaped spray device 4. There is thusly simultaneously obtained a good adhesion of the first fiber layer on the drum surface and moistening of all of the applied fibers.
The intense moistening of the individual fibers acts also to further ensure the cohesion of the fibers to each other under maintenance of the parallel arrangement. After a certain layer thickness has been reached, the movement of the drum is halted and the layers of fiber cut through along the longitudinal direction 5 of the drum. The cut layers of fibers are then separated off from the drum surface. Advantageously the layers can also be cut in-the direction 6 of the drum circumference. This latter cutting serves to form smaller packets or bundles 7 of the moist fibers.
It has been established by testing that the average moisture content of the fiber material present on the drum surface amounts to about 17 percent which in the time elapsed from their manufacture to the chopping is reduced to about 12-15 percent.
A too marked decrease in the moisture content can be avoided by taking appropriate measures self evident to the artisan.
It has been found to be particularly advantageous if the moist fiber packets are delivered immediately following their formation into a chopping apparatus 8 wherein the same are chopped up into fiber structures 9 preferably having a length of between 10 and 30 mm. Another advantage of the process of the invention and in particular stemming from the use of the moistened glass fibers results therefrom that the brittleness of the fiber which is manifested in their dry state and which for instance in the conveying of the fibers leads to breakage and entanglements is considerably lessened in accordance with the invention as is the disadvantage of dust evolvement.
The still moist parallel fiber structures 9 are then continuously conveyed for instance by means of a conveying belt 10 the movement of which is preferably controlled by an intermediately arranged apportioning apparatus provided for feeding the fiber structures at regularly spaced distances, into a mixing tank 11 and therein admixed with the suspension medium which preferably is water.
The condition of the fibers in the packet, that is, the existing cohesion of the fibers in the structure by virtue of the moistening agent particularly in the case where the same agent also serves as the suspension medium and also where the moistening agent is soluble in such suspension medium results in that there is quickly and completely brought about a destruction of the cohesive bonds between the fibers and the same are separated one from the other.
The separation is a very extensive one resulting in a uniform distribution of fibers in the suspension medium. The mixture of fibers and suspension medium is then fed from the mixing tank 11 by means of a pump 15 into the working tank 16 and from there by means of a pump 17, possibly via an intermediately installed beater 14 of the known construction, discharged into the conduit 22 of the circulating suspension medium and while still in this highly dilute form introduced into the material take-off tank 1%. Following separation of the liquid suspension medium from the fibers in chamber 19, the suspension medium is delivered over a conduit 211 after passing through a conventional filter apparatus into a storage container 211. By means of pump 23 the circulating suspension medium is thereafter recycled via conduit 24 into the mixing tank 11 where it is reused for suspending additional fibrous material. The suspension of fibers still present in the take-off tank 18 is then applied onto the moving perforated belt for forming the web.
It is also possible in accordance with the invention in the case of particularly difficulty suspendable glass fibers to continuously circulate the suspension agent 12 from the mixing tank 11 through the working tank 116 and the material take off 18 back into the mixing tank 11 whereby if necessary there can be installed further mixing and working tanks. In this way, instead of directly delivering the material to the storage or take off tank, a further working tank and mixing tank are installed prior to the take-off tank and adequate and uniform distribution of the fibers in the suspension medium thereby assured. It is to be understood that there can be used in the working tank the conventional stirring apparatus for ensuring the best possible decomposition of the fiber packets and distribution of the individual fibers.
We claim:
1. A process of producing a continuous web of individual short glass strands which comprises drawing onto the outer surface of a rotating drum a single layer consisting of a plurality of parallel strands of molten glass from a feeder provided with a plurality of orifices, spooling the said drawn glass strands in successive layers upon the said rotating drum while continuously applying a liquid to the said outer surface of the said drum and to the layers of parallel glass strands as they are being spooled upon the said rotating drum and, after a preselected number of layers of parallel wet glass strands have been spooled upon the said rotating drum, cutting through the said plurality of layers along a line transverse to the parallel strands and peeling the said plurality oflayers as a unit of cohering wet glass strands from the said rotating drum, subsequently chopping the said unit of wet coherent parallel glass strands into units of shorter strands having a preselected length along lines transverse to the parallel strands, distributing the thus-chopped units of wet cohering parallel glass strands into a liquid to form a flowable suspension of individual short glass strands in the liquid, and depositing the said flowable suspension of individual glass strands upon a moving continuous screen that is permeable to the liquid on which the short glass strands are retained as a continuous web.
2. A process as defined in claim 1 in which the liquid that is continuously applied to the outer surface of the rotating drum is water.
3. A process as defined in claim 2 in which the liquid into which the cut glass strands are distributed to form a flowable suspension is water.
4. A process as defined in claim 1 in which the liquid that is continuously applied to the outer surface of the rotating drum contains a wetting agent.
5. A process as defined in claim 1 in which the liquid that is continuously applied to the outer surface of the rotating drum is the same as that into which the cut glass strands are subsequently distributed to form the flowable suspension.
6. A process as defined in claim 1 in which the unit consisting of successive layers of parallel glass strands that was peeled from the rotating drum is chopped at such intervals as to produce a unit consisting of successive layers of shorter strands having a length between 10 and 30 millimeters.
* =l l =t= 1 UNITED" STATES PATENT OFFICE @ERTIFICATE OF QQBREGTION Patent No. 3 766 003 Dat d October 16 1973 Wolfgang Schuller et a1.
Inventor(s) hat error appears in the above-identified patent It is certified t ereby corrected as; shown below:
and that said Letters Patent are h The correct name of the assignee should read Werner Hugo Wilhelm Schuller (SEAL) Attest:
C. MARSHALL DANN McCOY M. GIBSON JR.
Commissioner of Patents Attesting Officer USCOMM-DC 603764 69 FORM PO-1D5OUO-69M u.s. GOVlRNl -ENY PRINTING orncz- 8 93 o
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Tuesday Surgery for UGA DL Toby Johnson; Full Recovery Expected
July 3, 2013
ATHENS--------- University of Georgia junior defensive lineman Toby Johnson underwent surgery Tuesday morning at St. Mary¹s Hospital in Athens for a condition not related to football. A full recovery is expected in 10 days according to UGA Sr. Associate Athletic Director and Director of Sports Medicine Ron Courson.
Johnson, a graduate of Banneker High School in College Park, transferred to Georgia from Hutchinson (Kan.) Community College in June.

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Nvidia quadruples display resolution by stacking two cheap LCD panels on top of each other July 28, 2014 at 10:58 am
Nvidia researchers have used a fantastically straightforward approach to quadruple the effective resolution and double the refresh rate of cheap, off-the-shelf LCD panels: Stacking them on top of each other. This technique, which Nvidia calls cascaded displays, could be key to developing cheap, ultra-high-resolution screens that are needed for consumer-oriented head-mounted displays like the Oculus Rift. Nvidia has already built a prototype cascaded display device — using a 3D printer no less — that closely resembles the Oculus Rift, and the results are surprisingly good.
Omnidirectional treadmill + Oculus Rift = At-home virtual reality finally arrives April 22, 2013 at 7:58 am
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Canon's Mixed Reality headset aims to change the way millionaires shop and prototype February 21, 2013 at 11:14 am
With products like Google's Glass, the Oculus Rift, and even certain features found on the Nintendo 3DS, augmented, mixed, and virtual reality are starting to make some headway into the consumer space. Canon, best known for its cameras, is looking to break into the mixed reality scene with its new head-mounted display.


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RICHMOND, Va. (WTVR) — After a federal judge in Norfolk ruled that Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage was unconstitutional, Attorney General Mark Herring announced his support. In response to his support, one group wrote a petition to have Herring impeached.
Herring called a press conference on Valentine's Day, the day after the ruling.
"Virginians deserved to be treated exactly the same, regardless of their race, gender, religion, or sexual orientation," Herring said during the conference.
As part of the Virginia's Christian Alliance, Don Blake says his organization and others are beginning to weigh their legal options.
"This is all about politics. It's not about the law. It's not about moral values and ethics," Blake said. "This could happen over and over again. And people should fear this."
The Virginia Christian Alliance has started a petition stating that Herring isn't fulfilling his duty as attorney general.
Bill Harrison, president of the Richmond Gay Community Foundation, said he's not discouraged by the backlash.
"I expect it, but I say 'bring it on.' They're fighting a losing battle. The Supreme Court of the United States has already ruled in our favor and it's time that we drop the bows and arrows and start learning to live together as Americans," Harrison said.
Stay with CBS 6 News and WTVR.com for updates on this developing story.


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The present invention provides methods for tagging and tracing materials using nucleic acids as taggants. The process of tagging involves altering a substance in a manner that allows for the subsequent identification of the substance by detecting the alteration. The alteration disclosed herein involves nucleic acids.
1. A method of monitoring the presence of a substance exposed to naturally occurring ultraviolet radiation which comprises tagging the substance with a nucleic acid of at least 20 and less than 1,000 nucleotides, releasing the tagged substance in a manner exposing said substance and nucleic acid to naturally occurring ultraviolet radiation, collecting the nucleic acid, amplifying said nucleic acid using the polymerase chain reaction, and monitoring the presence of the substance by detecting the amplified product of said nucleic acid.
2. A method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid is non-natural nucleic acid comprising inosine bases or derivatized nucleotides selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza-2'deoxyguanosine, alkyl-phosphonate oligodeoxy-nucleotides, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, and alpha-anomeric oligonucleotides.
3. A method of claim 1 wherein the nucleic acid comprises a derivatized nucleotide.
4. A method of claim 1 where the substance is selected from the group consisting of air pollutants, oils, aromatic compounds, explosive compositions, food stuffs, medicaments, inks, paper goods, and paint products.
5. A method of claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid is covalently bound to a component of the substance.
6. A method of claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid is covalently bound to a solid support.
7. A method of claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid is encapsulated by a lipophilic composition.
8. A method of claim 4 wherein the nucleic acid is encapsulated by a polymeric composition.
9. A method of claim 1 wherein the substance is tagged with a nucleic acid having two predetermined subsequences, the first identifying a genera of substances, and the second identifying a subgenera of substances.
10. A method of tagging a substance comprising the step of incorporating a non-natural nucleic acid having a specific sequence of nucleotide bases for retrospective identification into or onto the substance wherein the non-natural nucleic acid is exposed to naturally occurring ultraviolet radiation and is at least 20 nucleotides and less than 1000 nucleotides and further comprises inosine bases or derivatized necleotides selected from the group consisting of 7-deaza-2'deoxyguanosine, alkyl-phosphonate oligodeoxy-nucleotides, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, and alpha-anomeric oligodeoxynucleotides.
11. A method claim 10 where the substance is selected from the group consisting of air pollutants, oil, aromatic compounds, explosive compositions, food stuffs, medicaments, inks, paper goods, and paint products.
12. A method of claim 11 wherein the nucleic acid is covalently bound to a component of the substance.
13. A method of claim 11 wherein the nucleic acid is covalently bound to a solid support.
14. A method of claim 11 wherein the nucleic acid is encapsulated by a lipophilic composition.
15. A method of monitoring the presence or absence of a substance which comprises tagging the substance with a nucleic acid of at least 20 and less than 1,000 nucleotides, releasing the substance and nucleic acid, collecting the nucleic acid, amplifying said nucleic acid, and monitoring the presence or absence of the substance by detecting the presence or absence of the amplified product of said nucleic acid wherein the nucleic acid when released with the substance is not sealed collectively in a container and is exposed to the atmosphere.
16. A method of monitoring the presence or absence of a substance which comprises tagging the substance with a nucleic acid of at least 20 and less than 1,000 nucleotides, releasing the substance, collecting the nucleic acid, amplifying said nucleic acid, and monitoring the presence or absence of the substance by detecting the presence or absence of the amplified product of said nucleic acid wherein the nucleic acid when released with the substance is not sealed collectively in a container and is exposed to the atmosphere and wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of air pollutants, oil, aromatic compounds, explosive compositions, food stuffs, medicaments, inks, paper goods and paint products.
This application is a continuation of U.S. Pat. application No. 07/355,445, filed May 22, 1989 (now abandoned).
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides methods for tagging and tracing materials using nucleic acids as taggants. The process of tagging involves altering a substance in a manner that allows for the subsequent identification of the substance by detecting the alteration. The alteration disclosed herein involves nucleic acids.
Society currently attempts to track the manufacture and distribution of a large number of diverse substances, including (1) natural resources such as animals, plants, oil, minerals, and water; (2) chemicals such as drugs, solvents, petroleum products, and explosives; (3) commercial by-products including pollutants such as radioactive or other hazardous waste; and (4) articles of manufacture such as guns, typewriters, automobiles and automobile parts. Tagging aids in the determination of product identity and so provides information useful to manufacturers and consumers.
Some of the diverse uses of tagging methods and reagents include the identification of the manufacturer of an explosive, even after detonation, and the determination of flow patterns, so as to measure the spread of pollutants. The present invention provides a significant advance in the field, because the taggants can encode substantial amounts of information to aid subsequent identification. Moreover, by using recently available amplification technology, one can detect far less taggant than ever before. In fact, the present tagging methods work with such vanishingly small levels of taggant that drugs tagged by the present method can still pass the FDA standards (10 pg/dose) for amount of DNA, in this case, taggant DNA, in any product.
2. Information Disclosure
The use of tagging substances with polypeptides is known. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,359,353 and 4,441,943. As with the nucleic acid taggants of the subject invention, the polypeptide taggants use the order of amino acids in the polypeptide to encode information.
The present invention provides a method for tagging a material (any substance) by treating the material with a nucleic acid taggant so that said nucleic acid attaches to said material in an amount sufficient for subsequent detection. The nucleic acid taggant comprises a specific nucleotide sequence or has a distinct composition of specific nucleotides to facilitate tracing. The present invention also provides a method for tracing a material tagged with a nucleic acid taggant that comprises determining the presence of a nucleic acid sequence specific for said taggant in the material. In a preferred embodiment, the tracing method also comprises treating the material under conditions that would result in the amplification of a nucleic acid sequence of a taggant, if present, to determine if the specific nucleic acid sequence is present.
More particularly, this invention provides for a method of monitoring the presence of a substance which comprises tagging the substance with a nucleic acid, collecting Said substance and detecting said nucleic acid. An additional step of amplification of the nucleic acid is also described herein. This amplification is typically done prior to detection and is preferably achieved using polymerase chain reaction technology. The nucleic acids can be either naturally occurring or synthetically derived. Preferred synthetic nucleic acids are comprised of inosine bases or 7-deaza-2'-deoxyguanosine nucleotides.
The materials or substances of this invention include those selected from the group consisting of air pollutants, oils, aromatic compounds, explosive compositions, food stuffs, medicaments, inks, paper goods, and paint products. The nucleic acids can be optionally bound to a component of the tagged substance through a covalent bond. "Covalently bound to a component of the substance," means that the nucleic acids are covalently bound to the tagged material or component thereof. Where the material is comprised of different components such as different chemical compounds, the nucleic acid may be covalently bound to any one or all of the components.
The nucleic acids used as taggants may be free or they may be covalently bound to a solid support (such as latex beads, dextran or magnetic beads) which is then mixed with the material being tagged. Alternatively the nucleic acids may be encapsulated by polymeric substances (such as proteins) or by lipophilic compositions (such as liposomes).
This invention also provides methods for tagging substances wherein the method comprises the step of incorporating a nucleic acid onto the substance or into the substance. The preferred taggants and substances are as described above.
This invention also provides compositions of tagged substances where the taggant is a nucleic acid having a specific sequence of nucleotide bases for retrospective identification. Preferred compositions are those which comprise the nucleic acid and a substance selected from the group consisting of air pollutants, oils, aromatic compounds, explosive compositions, food stuffs, medicaments, inks, paper goods, and paint products. The nucleic acids can be synthetically derived, covalently bound to solid support, or encapsulated, as described above.
This invention also provides for kits for the detection of substances tagged with nucleic acids. Such kits can include nucleic acids for the detection of the taggants, for the amplification of the taggants and for use as taggants.
The following definitions are provided of the invention:
SUBSTANCE--a material that can be tagged and traced according to the method of the invention.
NUCLEIC ACID--a deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide polymer in either single- or double-stranded form; modified nucleotides may comprise all or pan of the nucleic acid.
TAGGANT--a nucleic acid that comprises a specific nucleotide sequence or has a specific nucleotide composition, the specificity of said sequence or composition providing a means to store information. Taggants are typically non-biologically functioning in that they are not a pan of a functional nucleic acid sequence operating in a living cell. Those of skill will recognize that living organisms contain unique nucleic acid sequences either natural or artificially introduced. this invention is not meant to embrace these naturally occurring and biologically functional forms of taggants. Taggants are generally added to substances. They are not a functioning pan of the substance.
TAGGING--the process of treating a material with a composition, the taggant, for subsequent identification of the material by detection of the taggant.
TRACING--the process of determining the origin or source of a material.
This invention relates to the use of nucleic acids for monitoring, detecting and tracing substances released into the environment or released into the stream of commerce. The nucleic acids are used as an additive to tag such substances. The specifics of compounding the nucleic acid as a taggant and its subsequent recovery for analysis is dependent upon the specific substance into which the nucleic acid is being added. The following guidelines are offered.
The nucleic acids for use in this invention can provide a limitless amount of information. By using combinations of universal sequences (accepted as industrial standards) and by varying levels of specific sequences, one can identify the type of generic product, the product's origin (company specific sequences), the lot or batch, and even provide an identifier for a unit of commerce.
The nucleic acids suitable for use in this invention include both natural and non-natural nucleic acids. They can be single or double stranded. Natural nucleic acids refer to polymers of either DNA or RNA including the 5 naturally occurring bases, adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
Non-natural or synthetic nucleic acids can also be used in this invention. Synthetic nucleic acids in some instances have advantages over natural nucleic acids, e.g. in stability, solubility, etc. Some synthetic nucleotides are less likely to be degraded by nuclease activity, by chemically active substances or by environmental conditions such as heat or ultraviolet radiation. The use of non-natural nucleotides is limited only by their ability to be effectively detected by the selected detection means. For tagging methods using the preferred PCR technology, the synthetic nucleic acid must form duplexes with the primers and function as a template for the polymerases used in the procedure. Non-natural nucleic acids for use in this invention include those incorporating inosine bases, and derivatized nucleotides, such as 7-deaza-2'deoxyguanosine, methyl- (or longer alkyl-) phosphonate oligodeoxynucleotides, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides, and alpha-anomeric oligodeoxynucleotides.
The nucleic acids for use in this invention can provide a limitless amount of information. By using combinations of universal sequences (accepted as industrial standards) and by varying levels of specific sequences, one can identify or authenticate the type of generic product, the product's origin (company specific sequences) and the lot or batch.
The following substances are not meant to be limiting, but will serve to offer those of skill an understanding of the versatility of this invention. For example, it is expected that this invention will find application in explosives (such as plastic explosives and gunpowder), aerosols (such as automobile or industrial pollutants from smoke stacks), organic solvents (such as from dry cleaners, chemical factories, airports, and gas stations), paper goods (such as newsprint, money, and legal documents), inks, perfumes, and pharmaceutical products (such as medicaments).
Preparation of the nucleic acids will vary in accordance with the nature of the substance and upon the expected impact of the environment in which the substance is expected to be placed. The substances can be classified as solids, liquids or gases. The substances can be either inert or active, with liquids and aerosols being further divided as being either polar or non-polar.
Inert solids such as paper, many pharmaceutical products, wood, some foodstuffs, or polymer compounds (e.g., plastics), can be processed with the taggant or the taggant can be sprayed onto the surface of the solid. Taggants can be physically mixed with inert liquids or gases.
Chemically active substances, such as foodstuffs with enzymatic activity, polymers with charged groups, or acidic pharmaceuticals may require that a protective composition be added to the nucleic acid taggants. Protective compositions would include substances which would encapsulate the nucleic acids and protect them from enzymatic or chemical degradation. Liposomes are a technology presently available for use as a protective capsule for nucleic acids. Typical liposomes are micelle bodies formed by detergents. Alternatively polymeric substances can be used to electrostatically bind to and encapsulate the nucleic acids. Polymeric substances would include proteins such as virus coat proteins.
The same approach is used for the addition of taggants to chemically active liquids except the protective composition for a liquid is preferably compatible with the liquid's polarity. The compatibility of taggant with a liquid substance is preferred for both inert and chemically active liquids. For example, oils and other non-polar liquids can be tagged effectively by the use of detergents added to the taggant prior to the addition of the taggant to the liquid. One could rely upon Brownian motion to ensure a uniform distribution in the liquid.
For gases, the taggants are simply mixed with the gas. This is because the taggant is much smaller that what is usually considered to be dust (0.2 microns) particles. Containerized gases would have the taggants placed in the container. For gases being released into the atmosphere, the taggants could be mixed before release or at the time of release. For example, to track the pattern of dispersal of gases released by industry, one could attach an aerosol delivery device to an exhaust outlet and introduce a metered mount of taggant as the gas is released.
The use of nucleic acid taggants for the tracing of radioactive products, including waste, is anticipated. The means for tracing would be as described herein for non-radioactive materials with the use of appropriate protection. It should be noted that short oligonucleotides of less than 1000 bases are preferred due to their greater stability against degradation from radiation.
The amount to add to a substance and preferred means for recovery and detection of nucleic acid taggant is dependent upon the substance being monitored. The means for detection and the amount of available sample being collected will dictate the amount of taggant required for each application of this invention. Therefore, in the absence of a means to amplify the taggant, the amount of taggant added would depend on the logistics of collecting enough substance to recover a detectable amount of taggant.
The preferred molecular structure of the nucleic acid taggant will vary-with the means used to detect the nucleic acid. Typically at least 20 bases are necessary to ensure adequate specificity for any taggant so that accidental contamination will not lead to false results. Preferably, the sequence should comprise multiple regions of specificity. The longer the sequence, the more information may be carded. However, it will be recognized that the higher the information content of the taggant the more likely that degradation will be become a problem. Typically, fragments under 1 kilobase are preferred.
Recovery of the taggant can be achieved by the use of standard techniques. Typically, the sample is washed or extracted with either distilled water or a buffered solution. Physiological pH is preferred as pH extremes may degrade nucleic acid. Charged substances might require washing in high molarity salt buffers to act as ion exchangers with the electrostatically bound nucleic acids. Detergents, either ionic or non-ionic, are helpful to remove nucleic acids from surfaces or from complex biological mixtures. Using phenol based extractions or phenol/chloroform extractions, one can recover nucleic acid from complex biological substances or from oil based substances.
The recovered nucleic acid can be concentrated by standard techniques such as precipitation with alcohol, evaporation, or microfiltration.
Because of the limits of sensitivity for the detection of nucleic acid, there is an obvious advantage to using methods for amplifying the recovered taggant. For example, using the polymerase chain reaction procedure [PCR] disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,202 and 4,683,195 and European Patent Applications Nos. 258,017 and 237,362, one can amplify and detect nucleic acid molecule. The PCR method can be used with modification to amplify single stranded taggants, double stranded taggants and DNA or RNA taggants.
Those of skill in the art recognize that the PCR amplification can be carried out in a variety of ways. For instance, inverse PCR and asymetric PCR are well known variations of the technique. In another variation, promoters for RNA transcription can be incorporated into primers, which, when extended and replicated by PCR, can then be used to create RNA copies of the target sequence. These RNA copies can, in turn, be several reverse transcribed into DNA, which can then be amplified by PCR. As with all PCR processes, reaction cycles can be repeated as often as desired.
For PCR, the preferred means for amplification, a double stranded taggant is preferred, although a single stranded taggant becomes a double stranded after the first cycle of amplification. The taggant is preferably a minimum of 60 bases long. This permits the hybridization of two primers which are preferably each 20 bases long, and which, when hybridized to the taggant, are separated by an internal region between the primer specific regions of the taggant of about an additional 20 bases.
When detecting nucleic acid by PCR, prior knowledge of the target sequence is necessary to provide appropriate primers. This necessary knowledge offers a valuable degree of security for those who desire it. For without the primers which can remain proprietary, the taggant can be virtually undetectable.
For detection of taggants, one can use standard nucleic acid hybridization assays or nucleic acid sequencing. The standard nucleic acid hybridization assays include single phase and mixed phase assays such as sandwich assays.
The specific detection procedure used is not critical to this invention. Nucleic acid hybridization technology is not a static art. New developments are anticipated and this invention is applicable to any new improvements. An overview of the state of the art can be found in Nucleic Acid Hybridization A Practical Approach, Eds. Hames, B. D. and Higgins, S. J., IRL Press, Wash. D.C., 1987.
The use of nucleic acid hybridization assays requires prior knowledge of the sequence being detected. Knowledge of the taggant's sequence permits the use of appropriate complementary oligonucleotides for capture or signal purposes.
Alternatively, the nucleic acids recovered from the samples can be sequenced using conventional sequencing technology. Commercially available kits are suitable for this purpose. The basic sequencing technology is derived from seminal references such as the Maxam and Gilbert procedure for DNA sequencing described in Methods in Enzymology 65:(part 1) 497-559. Sequencing is a more difficult procedure to conduct, but offers greater reliability than nucleic acid hybridization assays. This is due to the possibility of contamination by extraneous nucleic acid with sufficient complementarity to hybridize to the selected probes and offer false positives. Kits.
This invention also provides for a manufactured product such as a kit designed to tag and monitor substances. Such a kit would include nucleic acid taggants and polynucleotides which are complementary to the taggants. The complementary polynucleotides could be designed for use as signal probes, capture probes or as primers in the PCR method. The kits might also contain signal means such as enzymes, radio-isotopes, fluorescent labels and the like.
All cited references are provided for the convenience of the readers. The knowledge contained therein is well known to those of skill in the art. To the extent that such knowledge may be deemed essential to practice this invention, each of the above-cited references is hereby incorporated by reference.
The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and they are not to be interpreted as limitations of the invention.
The following examples all used a double stranded taggant of a sequence complementary to the DQα allele 1.3. This sequence is derived from a rare DQα type and has a reduced likelihood of being accidently present as a contaminant in the materials described below. The taggant was also labelled with 32 P to follow experimentally the tag during the entire procedure. The unique sequence of one strand of this taggant has been provided in Table 1.
The taggant was recovered as described below. All amplifications were done with 40 cycles on a Perkins-Elmer Cetus Instruments thermal cycler using the protocols and reagents provided by the manufacturer. Biotinylated primers GH26 and GH27 having the sequence provided in Table 1 were used to initiate the PCR process.
TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________Nucleic acid sequences for DHα, related primers and__________________________________________________________________________probes.GH26 - 5' GTGCTGCAGGTGTAAACTTGTACCAG 3'GH27 - 5' CACGGATCCGGTAGCAGCGGTAGAGTTG 3'Taggant sequence DQα5' TTTTACGGTCCCTCTGGCCAGTTCACCCATGAATTTGATGGAGATGAGCAGTTCTACGTGGACCTGGAGAAGAAGGAGACTGCCTGGCGGTGGCCTGAGTTCAGCAAATTTGGAGGTTTTGACCCGCAGGGTGCACTGAGAAACATGGCTGTGGCAAAACACAACTTGAACATCATGATTAAACGCTA 3'CTGGAGAAGAAGGAGAC - 3'__________________________________________________________________________
The Standard PCR procedure.
The following PCR procedure was used to amplify DQα in each of the different substances illustrated below.
The basic PCR mixture consists of:
______________________________________10x TAQ buffer 10 μl100 mM Tris HCl pH 8.3500 mM KCl15.0 mM MgCl210 μM GH26 1.5 μl10 μM GH27 1.5 μl100 mM dNTPs 0.75 μl5 U/μl TAQ 0.5 μldistilled water 35 μl______________________________________
50μl of the basic PCR mixture is mixed with an equal amount of sample. Each cycle consists of 30 second incubations at 94� C. followed by 30 sec at 55� C. and 30 sec at 72� C. After the final (fortieth) cycle, the sample mixture is incubated at 72� C. for ten minutes.
Detection of the PCR amplified taggant is achieved by standard nucleic acid hybridization assays using the capture probe provided in Table 1. The protocol for the hybridization assay is not critical. The means used in our laboratory have been detailed in U.S. Ser. No. 197,000, filed May 20, 1988, and the CIP of that application, Ser. No. 347,495, filed May 4, 1989, which are hereby incorporated by reference. Briefly, the taggant was captured by hybridization to an immobilized probe, GH89 (table 1 ). The probe was immobilized using ultraviolet irradiation on a positively charged nylon membrane.
Preparation: (a) Add 16 ng of taggant to 1 ml of distilled water; (b) mix solution with 1 g of nitrocellulose based gunpowder, and (c) dry in air or under vacuum a 85� C.
Recovery: (a) Wash gunpowder with distilled water (1 ml); (b) add 50 μl of this solution to PCR reaction mix or place gunpowder flakes directly in 100 μl PCR reaction mix; and (c) amplify.
Preparation: (a) Mix together 40 μg of taggant, 10 μl "Tween 80" (detergent), 10 μl "Span 80" (detergent), and 100 μl distilled water; and (b) add mixture to 1.7 ml oil. The combination is then thoroughly mixed.
Recovery: Add oil directly to PCR mix, vortex and amplify; or use a standard phenol-chloroform extraction. After treatment with phenol, the taggant was detected in the boundary layer between the oil and water phases.
Preparation: (a) Add 48 μg of taggant to 325 μl of distilled water; (b) add 50 μl of this mix to a tablet; and (c) allow to dry.
Recovery: (a) dissolve the tablet in 5 ml of H2 O; (b) place 50 μl of this solution in PCR mix; and (c) amplify.
Recovery: As described for oils and medicines.
Preparation: (a) Add dilute solution of taggant 2-3 ng/cm2 to paper; and (b) allow to air dry or dry under vacuum.
Recovery: (a) Soak paper in distilled water with or without detergents to aid in solubilization; (b) optionally concentrate taggant; and (c) amplify by standard PCR procedure.
Preparation: Add 20 ng taggant to each gram of food by physical mixing or spray application.
Recovery: (a) Food material is washed with distilled water; (b) the rinse is optionally concentrated; and (c) the rinse material is subjected to the standard PCR procedure.
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Another edible mushroom we found on our hike with the Western Pa Mushroom Club was a bolete called Old Man of the Woods.
Boletes are mushrooms that grow up from the ground, and the underside has pores instead of gills. The Old Man of the Woods has characteristic black bumps along the top and stalk and has white to gray pores underneath. When bruised or cut, the mushroom eventually turns black. (Beware of boletes which bruise blue quickly, these are often poisonous.)
This mushroom was positively identified for us by members of the club, and we carefully wrapped it in wax paper and placed it in our bag with our other edible mushrooms (the chanterelles).
We'd heard the Old Man is a tasty mushroom, as long as you don't mind it turning everything black as it cooks. In the books, though, we found it was "edible" but not worth eating. We decided to try it.
We sliced the Old Man when we got home
and sauteed it in olive oil, red onions and salt.
It did turn black. It is a meaty mushroom, though had a bit of slimy-ness to it. All in all, it was very good, reminiscent of portebellos.
A couple good mushroom guide books are National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mushrooms (National Audubon Society Field Guides), and Mushrooms Demystified
), which is especially good for those on the west coast.
The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals
by Michael Pollan has a wonderful chapter about mushrooms in it as well, be sure to check that out.


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Grand Theft Auto Mission Pack #1: London 1969
Misc. Cheats
Enter the following at the Name Entry screen:
Effect Password 5x Multiplier SIDEBURN 9,999,990 Points BIGBEN 99 Lives MCVICAR All Cheats HAROLDHAND All Levels Razzle All Levels READERWIFE All levels, all weapons, infinite ammunition, Get Out Of Jail Free card, armor, 5X multiplier FREEMANS All levels, all weapons, infinite ammunition, Get out of jail free card, armor, 99 lives, 5X multiplier, maximum wanted level, display co-ordinates GETCARTER All levels, and all weapons and unlimited ammunition SORTED All Weapons and a Jail Card DONTMESS Infinite Weapons, Armor and a Get Out of Jail Free card. TOOLEDUP London levels 1-2 MAYFAIR London levels 1-3 PENTHOUSE Maximum Wanted Level OLDBILL No Cops GRASS Show Coordinates SWEENEY
Contributed By: Mike Truitt, KasketDarkfyre, Gregs, awinterstale18, zombo1987, and Warrior2000.
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[Video] The Game Threatens The Paparazzi Over Khloe Kardashian
It was straight mayhem in Hollywood last night for Khloe Kardashian.
Over the past few weeks, Khloe has been getting through her relationship woes by hanging out with The Game, and he was right by her side as they left a party at Tru Hollywood nightclub. As they left the club, paparazzi and the crowd began getting out of control, with some of them heckling Khloe about Lamar's drug use, and Game got heated real quick while telling them he was about to go harder than Kanye if they didn't leave her alone.
"Put your cameras down, or there's gonna be 7 broke cameras! You thought Kanye was a problem? I'm a REAL problem!
[…]Y'all don't respect nobody.[…]If I say put it down, then put it down. Sometimes y'all gotta respect people. S–t.
Dude, turn your camera off."
Unlike with Kanye, the paps saw Game getting serious and they shut their cameras down with the quickness! Meanwhile, Radar Online reports that The Game has been Khloe's shoulder to cry on while she deals with Lamar's current drama:
"[Khloe] has been turning to The Game during her marriage woes with Lamar. He has been a great friend to her, and very supportive of Khloe.[…]Jayceon (The Game's legal name) has made no secret that he has very strong feelings for Khloe, beyond friendship. Nothing inappropriate has happened, Jayceon respects the fact she is still married, but he is definitely waiting in the wings, hoping Khloe pulls the plug on her marriage to Lamar."
"Khloe's brother, Rob [loves Jayceon]. They are very tight, and the entire family loves Jayceon. He is constantly playing practical jokes on Khloe, trying to make her laugh. He seems to be the only person in her life that can make her smile. He will continue to offer his support to Khloe."
Khloe is still wearing her wedding ring, and she's also holding on to her love. On Twitter, she posted:
Speculate all you want. The armor I put around MY family can't melt or even scratch. So continue to throw your daggers. You will never cut us, you will just tire yourself out. Strong and united we will still stand.
Not all scars can be seen and not all love can be explained. The deepest love is also the hardest to express. Only those in it, understand. If I love u. Its a deep 4ever love. Ride til the end. Family/friend.Its simply called love. I take it seriously. Dont judge unless u r in it. We all have our own journeys in life. So even if u don't accept mine. Be kind….We all have a journey 2travel & I want to walk mine, my way. Two things define you: your patience when you have nothing and your attitude when you have everything.
And then she added…
My motto lately…. F–k you.
It takes a strong woman to stick it out. Hopefully, everything works out for Khloe and Lamar.
Watch The Game put the paparazzi in check below:
From angle two, it looks as though Khloe's bestie Malika was about to put the paws on somebody.


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Long Description: Dr. Wenger has had longitudinal involvement in major multicenter clinical trials, beginning with the Coronary Drug Project, the Urokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial, and the Urokinase Streptokinase Pulmonary Embolism Trial. More recently, she has been involved on the Steering Committee of the Treating to New Targets Trial, and as a member of the Executive Committee of the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS), and HERS II. Dr. Wenger has been active in the Women's Health Initiative at the Emory site and on national writing committees. She is the co-principal investigator for the international Raloxifene Use for The Heart (RUTH) trial. She has worked with the Centers for Disease Control on several projects related to genetic polymorphisms and their effects on anticoagulant therapy. Dr. Wenger has published more than 1200 original scientific papers, review articles, book chapters, and editorials, including serving as Associate Editor of Hurst's The Heart for many editions. Her most recent text, co-edited with Dr. Peter Collins, Women and Heart Disease, was published in 2005.
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July 31, 2015
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Hello there! If you're reading this than John Canton has yet to realize that I'm using his world famous website to do write-ups about a local indy wrestling organization that I love. If you're not reading this than whatever, I bet you're a jerk anyway.
A brief rundown: this is a review of Black Diamond Wrestling's latest show Grave Consequences, which occurred on October 6, 2013 in Wheeling, WV. I was in attendance and even managed to get some pictures. The ones that weren't a total embarrassment will be featured below in the write-up.
Before we get into the nuts and bolts of the review, I urge you to check out BDW's webpage, like them on Facebook, and check out my last review (Part 1 and Part 2). You can also watch this entire show on U Stream instead of reading this blog. Or you could do both! Up to you, I'm not your boss.
Alright, let's get into it. The main event featured the very first Buried Alive Match in BDW history, and the first outside of WWE ever. So you've got that to look forward to. But first…
Rick Diamond In-Ring Presentation
Okay, you need to know that before the show even got started, something awesome happened. Get ready for those allergies to flare up, ya'll.
This is Jacob Bednarski. He is six-years-old and he has survived cancer. He is also the cutest thing imaginable, and he loves wrestling. Because of these reasons, Black Diamond Wrestling owner Rikk Diamond presented Jacob with his very own championship belt for being the most amazing six-year-old ever.
But that's not all! Because he's a piece of heel-tastic garbage that probably loves cancer, Industry leader Ronnie Starks interrupted the presentation to talk shit on a six-year-old cancer survivor. There's heat, and then there's cheap heat, and then there's…this. I don't even know what kind of heat this is. I think it hops temperature metaphors and just dives straight into evil. Luckily BDW's own Jay Flash came out to wreck the villainous manager for his horribleness, which allowed Jacob to get a pin fall victory on the despicable Starks.
I know blonde lady in the front row. Me too.
Part of the reason I love BDW so much is that it's got a great family atmosphere. It's something you can bring your kids to and enjoy as a family, even though some of the fans are yokels that refuse to let anything not be about themselves (more on that later). But, for the most part BDW is a fan-friendly environment, and even though they don't have WWE money to throw around, they still managed to create a special moment for a six-year-old who has battled and defeated cancer.
Way to go Jacob. You're only six and you've beaten both Ronnie Starks and cancer. One of those is super easy, and the other is extremely hard. Regardless you've still accomplished more than I have, and I'm 30.
Gavin Jacobs defeated The Reaper
So here's Gavin Jacobs again, jerking the curtain at the local indy show looking like the create-a-wrestler everyone made on WWF WarZone. He's still not bad mind you, but he's just so inconsequential that I'm starting to resent him. Nothing he does really stands out, and his character development for me at this point is "check out my barbed wire pants." He's just a guy, and while that's fine for dudes that are just card fillers, this guy keeps winning. He'd be like John Cena if John Cena had the career trajectory of Kofi Kingston.
Meanwhile, he took on a guy named the Reaper who looked like Randy Orton if Randy Orton were cosplaying as the Undertaker. But, because Orton doesn't own pants he instead pulled out a pair of black trunks, looked in the mirror, said "Close enough" and walked out looking as intimidating as you can in briefs. Needless to say, I thought he was awesome.
Despite my generally "meh"-ness toward Gavin Jacobs they had a perfectly cromulent match. Like I said Jacobs isn't bad, he just does nothing for me. I would have liked to see Reaper actually bring more to the match, but since his job was just to lose gracefully I'll give him a break.
The good thing is that if things keep going this way, next month Jacobs will defeat something more ridiculous than a bowler and the living embodiment of death. Maybe a really fat turkey? I figure if he's going to wreck gimmicky dudes, they might as well fit the monthly theme.
The Church of Reznikk defeated Team FroFlex
Hoo boy, things got real awesome real fast.
For those new to this column the Church of Reznikk is a cult led by Sean Reznikk who is a beast on the microphone and pretty decent in the ring. He does way more running sentons than I care for, but so does the majority of the BDW locker room so I can't really hold that against him. FroFlex are a team that I think in time I could really get into, but unfortunately for them two weeks in a row they've competed against teams I'm way more interested in. It's a shame really, because Chest Flexor and Andrew Palace are probably the better workers (ugh insider terminology, yuck) but the Church has a really good thing going on right now, and unfortunately being good at wrestling isn't enough to be good at wrestling. You know what I mean. They're fun, but I need to see them in another context than "funny guys who lose."
Right out the gate the Church of Reznikk was engrossing as hell. Reznikk himself invited a man who was turned away when he came to the BDW locker room looking for work. He said that he was sneered at because of his facial hair and tattoos which is absurd because 90% of the BDW locker room has both of those things, so it's established right away that Reznikk is full of shit. That guy could have been turned away because the card was full, or he was the shits when he took a few bumps. But, Reznikk will use things like looks and insecurities to warp people to do his bidding. That's terrible, but also really brilliant.
So when he clotheslined this cat (I'm calling him Tattoos McBeardy) and told him he would be reborn, I was intrigued. Then the match started and I totally forget he even existed. Then when things were looking bad for the Church (mostly because Pit Vicious is literally the pits) he rolled out of the ring, told Tattoos McBeardy to "RISE" and he got up and caused enough shenanigans by grabbing Chest Flexor's girlfriend Ginger in an uncouth manner to allow the Church to get the win. It wasn't the best match, but it was the one that made me go "Oh man, I can't wait to see what happens next." So kudos, all around. Especially you, Tattoos McBeardy! Welcome to the Church of Reznikk. Hopefully they'll give you something else to wear that isn't the faded "Walking Dead" t-shirt you bought from Spencer's.
The Jester vs "Wild and Wonderful" Harley T Morris (No Contest)
I've mentioned my disdain for Harley T Morris' West Virginia Avatar gimmick. West Virginia is a beautiful state, but it is filled with some of the worst most backward thinking people on earth, especially the further south you go. Ever heard of the "Wild and Wonderful Whites of West Virginia"? Yeah, West Virginia's reputation isn't very good, and it's perpetuated by a gimmick that embraces coonskin hats and probably owns truck nutz. What made it worse was that this month Morris was followed around by some burnout dressed as the Genius who forgot he was supposed to be a manager when he went into the crowd to hang with his friends. Harley T Morris, when it comes to defining WV pride, you are not helping.
The Jester on the other hand is still this little fireball of chubby energy that I kind of love and Morris is a pretty giving wrestler when it comes to making his opponents look like machines, but the chemistry was lacking and it didn't really work for me. Part of the problem is that the crowd seemed like it was dying to cheer for Jester. It was muted however, because Harley T Morris is banking on state pride for pops, which is basically a diet version of getting "USA" chants. On the list of chants I hate at wrestling shows, "USA" is firmly in the middle between "What?" (aka the worst chant ever) and "YES" for anyone that isn't named Daniel Bryan.
Anyway, the end of the match was a no contest because the lights went out, a video that said #REALDEAL lit up the screen, and then this guy showed up:
His name is Rick Rumski, but other than that I have no idea who he is. Because of this, I'm going to pass it off to my Wrestling Bro Michael D. Ondrick to fill you in on what the hell is going on. Take it away, Mike:
Hi all, I'm Mike, Andrew's WrestleBro(TM) and indy wrestling aficionado. I'm probably the biggest BDW fan around, aside from that cadre of girls with the signs and homemade t-shirts. And the chunky kid with the title belt and basketball shorts. And the... you know what, I'm probably in the top twenty, at least. In any case, I've been actively watching Black Diamond for over a year, but I've managed to learn a lot more about its decade-long history through the magic of YouTube. If any of my history is inaccurate, please feel free to correct me.
Ric Rumskey is a local boy done good, not unlike Gavin Jacobs, which means he's generally a good midcard babyface to get murdered by more important heels. I know he used to team with Vinnie Stone as Violence, Inc., because it's always important to incorporate your violence. He went to high school with my ex-girlfriend. Ric, if you see her, tell her I have her copy of Pet Sematery. Anyway, he's been injured several months now and has returned as "The Real Deal" with a series of vignettes containing some pretty frankly disturbing footage of real-life atrocities. I hope his new gimmick is that of a war criminal in hiding, like Orson Welles in "The Stranger".
Thanks Mike. Look for more of Mike's opinions later in the article when I either A) Don't know what I'm talking about or B) Get lazy.
BDW Tag Team Championship: The Industry (Champions) defeated The Fantastic Ones
Okay, here are few thoughts on this match:
- I LOVE The Fantastic Ones so goddamn much it hurts, but their pre-match hijinks went on a little long here. I think it had a lot to do with the fact that since the Industry defend the tag belts under Freebird rules, the ring is usually surrounded by the entire group so they have a lot of characters to interact with. This is all well and good, but after 15 minutes of buffoonery I found myself thinking "Stop f**king with Ronnie Starks and just wrestle already."
- Prior to the match Destin Vaine (an egotist gimmick akin to Rick Martel) placed his mirror in the corner and later it fell and shattered on the ground. This prompted literally everyone around me to make the same joke ("SEVEN YEARS BAD LUCK HYUCK") and kind of threw a wrench in things, because part of the match was dedicated to the Fantastic Ones playing keep away from Vaine. It didn't make a ton of sense for him to give a flying shit about a broken mirror, but whatever, maybe he has an attachment to cheap plastic and shattered glass.
- Once they got rolling, the match was great. Bulldozer HOSS'd all over the place and Pollock continued to validate my undying loyalty to his bandwagon. I would've loved a Fantastic Ones tag title run, but I think the Industry as champions is way more interesting right now. Also, it's important to mention that I prefer the pairing of Vaine and Bulldozer because Dozer is my mother**ker and Vaine has been slowly growing on me with his ridiculous knack for self-parody. Don't believe me? Look at his Twitter account:
Like him or not, that's good comedy.
-Last month the Industry was down one dude; Kid Cupid who I was kind of confused by because he's just this massive dude that was SUPER into what was going on. Once again, take it away Mike:
Kid Cupid, or Cupac, is basically the gigantic enforcer for the Industry. I mean, the one who isn't the Bulldozer. Cupid's got a babyfaced assassin gimmick going for him, where he's basically a nice guy (look how overjoyed he is to be a champion!) He works as a hired gun to back up sociopaths like Ronnie Starks and Corey Futuristic. His big splash is the most indomitable murder/death/kill finisher in BDW. He's kind of great.
After watching him in action, I have to agree with Mike; he is kind of great. He's like a mascot for pure love of wrestling. I don't want to go to splash town, but I wouldn't mind hugging him. Even when he's shouting at the crowd he seems cuddly.
BDW Over the Edge Championship: Jay Flash defeated Corey Futuristic (Champion)
Last month I criticized this match for two big problems: the wrestling, and too much outside the ring interaction. This month both of those problems were fixed. Jay Flash and Corey both seemed more focused on what they were doing, making the match flow more organically and they were able to hit their spots without making it seem like they were struggling to remember what they were supposed to be doing.
The other problem was solved when the ref ejected the Industry from ringside, and Rikk Diamond himself changed the match from a straight up one-on-one to a strap match to keep Corey Futuristic from bailing and getting a count out title retention. It was a welcomed changed, and even though the strap broke mid-way through the match Jay and Corey didn't miss a beat. They kept going like they expected it to rip in twain. It also helped that they beat the ever-loving shit out of each other. Seriously, Corey had marks all over his back. It's like Jay Flash was personally making it his mission to punish Corey for all white people transgressions ever, which if that's the case I can't think of anyone better to take the fall for the terrors of white people than Corey Futuristic.
Congratulations new Over the Edge Champion Jay Flash! Also, a congratulations to Jay Flash's penis which was prevalent throughout the entire match. If I could make one suggestion for your upcoming title reign, it would be maybe you should wear trunks that are any color OTHER than white. Just a thought.
System Elite defeated Jason Gory and Remy Lavey
Before we get into this, you should know that Remy Lavey was not the original partner for Jason Gory. It was supposed to be Façade, a dude who likes to flip and tag stuff. I watched he and Gory have an absolute insane match a few years ago at a BDW show, so I was pretty excited when I heard they were teaming up as Flippin Ain't Easy but it was not meant to be. At some point prior to the show Façade bailed, and Gory was teamed with this dude who looks like 1990 Billy Ray Cyrus. It was…disappointing.
Gory himself is f**king nuts. He's one of the best wrestlers I've ever seen on the indy scene with my own eyes, and pretty much everyone that has seen him go agrees that he's the tits. Gory is a rocket powered by other people's blood and misery. He's so grody looking that if he glanced at you, you'd probably get Hep C. For more information, I hand it back over to Mike:
Jason Gory f---ing rules. Seriously. The first time I saw him, I'm like "oh, okay, scary guy with blood coming from his eyes, derp derp". I mean, I try not to be off-handedly dismissive of anybody's talent or character, but let's face it, there are a lot of bad indy gimmicks out there. Some might work on a grander stage with higher production values or better costumes, but some are just derivative and shitty. Gory isn't one of those guys. He's as full-fledged a character as you'll find anywhere in indy wrestling, or even the pros. Yeah, he's got bloody eyes and spits a blood mist at his opponents, but his tights really look like something a bedraggled psycho chained in a basement would cobble together out of fabric scraps. He wears a gas mask with hypodermic needles stuck in the bottom. He rakes his opponent's back and then chews the skin out from under his nails. The ref tells him to stop choking his opponent, so he bites their face instead. Gimmick aside, he's a tremendous cruiserweight wrestler, so much so that his heelish tendencies are balanced by the amazing things he can do in the ring. He's an evil bastard you can cheer for, and oh yeah, his theme song is awesome.
All that being said, System Elite tried their best to hide their united disappointment in wrestling Remy Lavey and made the best of what they had. The best being that they were in the ring with Jason Gory, who spent a good portion of the match manhandling Tyler Cross, who should be rewarded for his selling efforts. Cross is a bigger dude than Gory, but he bumped and sold his offense like he was being murdered by a psychopath. Lavey for his part wasn't bad, he just had the misfortune of not being Façade, something he can't really be blamed for. He did his best. That's all anybody can really ask of him.
It bums me out that System Elite, two competent and capable tag team specialists, didn't get a chance to mix it up with Flippin'. If Façade sold anything the way Gory sold Edric's Avada Kedavra, it would have been something special. I really hate being all "this could have been better if X replaced Y" about this, but it's kind of hard to get over it when THIS could have been happening twenty feet in front of my eyeballs. Goddamn you Façade. I missed out on a "Buddy Moonsault" because you forgot to take a left turn at Albuquerque.
BDW Diamond Division Championship: Nick Mirra (Champion) defeated "The Trendsetter" Chase Aarons
In case you need a refresher, this is what I wrote about Nick Mirra in my last review:
The problem was Nick Mirra, who was easily the most naturally unlikable person on the roster. In wrestling it's really hard not judge people based on initial assumptions. I'm sure Nick Mirra the guy is lovely, but Nick Mirra the wrestler was the pits. He's every stock pretty faced good guy character rolled into this hair gelled nightmare of disingenuousness. He was one bad talk show segment away from being The Miz. He even aped an Awesome Clothesline. Jesus Christ.
I then went on to write this:
If Nick Mirra shows up next week with a black handprint on his face where Reznikk touched him to mark his new allegiance and plays the part of evil lackey to his new dark master, I will take back everything I said about him and love Nick Mirra forever. If he shakes it off in a few minutes and starts aping Mike Mizanian again, I will boo him until I'm hoarse. Can't wait to see if I'll be drinking honey in my tea after the next show for pleasure or relief.
I am pleased to report that the Nick Mirra who showed up at Grave Consequences was not the dipshit I described in the first paragraph, but instead a captivating character capable of pathos. Admittedly his face paint was a little much (less is more sometimes) but Mirra's portrayal of a tortured man who was fighting against his brainwashing only to repeatedly fail made me actually give a crap about Nick Mirra and want to see him break free. He was borderline heartbreaking. I never thought I'd say this, but Nick Mirra is better at emoting than literally anyone in BDW, at least at this show. Nick Mirra better give Shawn Reznikk a big goddamn basket of fruit this Christmas, because the Church of Reznikk might be the best thing that's ever happened to him.
The match itself was everything it needed to be. Chase Aarons, who is crazy underrated as an in-ring talent, played the part of concerned opponent very well, even if his motivations were questionable. It's not like he was holding a gun to his head or anything to keep him from eating a toddler. Aarons was wrestling for a title belt, he shouldn't feel any sympathy at all for trying to win the match. It ended up not mattering because he got trounced, but I think my point is founded.
The other problem was the BDW crowd. Every indy show has its fair share of mouthbreathers that are more interested in getting themselves over at the expense of the wrestlers, but this show had one of the most obnoxious motherf**kers ever. The guy repeatedly picked fights with heels, made the same jokes over and over again (he called the wheelbarrow a "West Virginia pickup" about a zillion times) interjected himself into the main-event to make a cheap joke about his asshole, and would start chants that made no sense. For some reason, he decided that Nick Mirra being dragged away by a cult leader and reconditioned to serve said cult leader's desires meant that Mirra had "sold out" and got the entire crowd (minus the few that have eyes and ears and an ability to understand rudimentary storytelling) to chant "YOU SOLD OUT" for 80% of the match. He didn't sell out, he's brainwashed you swine. Reznikk himself told you that before Mirra even came out. Pay attention when things happen, and I won't be forced to write mean things about you on the Internet.
BDW Heavyweight Championship: Chris LeRusso defeated Dan Sandwich (Champion)
Last month I more-or-less mentioned that Chris LeRusso was the uncrowned best wrestler in BDW, and I stand by that. The dude might not look like much, but he is easily the best technician they have, and does a better job of selling via facial expressions than anyone by a mile. Last month he stretched the ever loving shit out of Harley T Morris, and this month he took advantage of a clusterf**k Industry run-in to become the new BDW Heavyweight Champion, something I honestly couldn't be happier with.
Basically what went down was after several minutes of Sandwich on Psycho action there was a ref bump and the Industry—who have a documented hatred toward Dan Sandwich for at least a month, probably longer—interfered and each took turns taking it to Sandwich. It started with Corey Futuristic getting fed to Sandwich (because if the Industry has a bitch, it's obviously Corey) then the rest chipping away at him until it ended with Sandwich going to Splash Town courtesy of Kid Cupid. LeRusso— who the whole time was watching in confusion and mouthing to himself "what the f**k"—saw this as a golden opportunity to snatch the title away from Sandwich, which he took without hesitation. It was solid storytelling, only made better by LeRusso's complete and total commitment to selling the whole thing with the looks on his face.
I like Dan Sandwich, but if I'm being frank, he really doesn't need the title. Title belts are props and thinking that they are all that matters in wrestling is immature as hell, but they do serve a purpose. In this instance its purpose is story driven, because Dan Sandwich the babyface Heavyweight Champion defending the title against all challengers isn't nearly as interesting as Dan Sandwich and Industry blood feud. Likewise, Chris LeRusso as heel champion opens the door for a new babyface challenger to be elevated to his level, and even if he doesn't win the belt, it would still put him in a prime position to be champion someday. To me it's a win-win.
Just please don't let his first challenger be Harley T Morris. Hell, just don't let Harley T Morris do anything but bump for better gimmicks, and we'll be good forever.
Buried Alive Match: "Iceman" Tony Johnson defeated Vinnie Stone
Okay, the main-event has a lot of back story that I'm not capable of describing properly, so I'm going to let Mike take over one more time and give you all some much needed origins so you know why things are the way that they are. Bake em' away, Toys:
On BDW's seventh anniversary show in June 2010, a group of young wrestlers showed up uninvited and left a trail of bodies in their wake. Jay Flash, "Iceman" Tony Johnson, Edric Everhart, Tyler Cross, and Keith Haught -- they'd all been trained by "Vicious" Vinnie Stone, they called themselves "The Insurgentz", and their goal was the utter demise of Black Diamond as we knew it. Over the next year, the Insurgentz would clash over and over with those loyal to BDW, including Nikita Allanov, Dan Sandwich, and Dash Bennett, culminating in a Survivor Series-style elimination match at the eighth anniversary show in June 2011. In the course of the feud, Vinnie Stone had been injured at the hands of the Insurgentz and could not take part in the final battle. That's important. Of course, the good guys won in the end, but Stone would never again compete as a full-time wrestler. (The match is here if you're interested.)
Tony Johnson was a heel Over the Edge champion when I first started watching last fall, but he turned face quickly and has remained that way ever since. He's a pretty likable guy with a big smile, honestly. So in May, Iceman had a chance to regain his Over the Edge title from Corey Futuristic and nearly had the match won before the Industry interfered, causing the DQ. Out runs Vinnie Stone with a chair to clear the bad guys from the ring; the Industry scatters, and Stone promptly turns and nails Johnson with the chair. He proceeds to heart punch Johnson, causing kayfabe myocardial damage and putting him on the D.L. for several months.
Later that night, Jay Flash challenges Vinnie to a match at the next show, during which Stone heart punches him as well. Stone explains that fighting the Insurgentz cost him mind, body, and soul, so much so that he couldn't pick up his baby daughter without being in pain, so he was going to make sure each of his former students felt that pain as well. Since Keith Haught already went off the reservation and Digivolved into the Jester, the only ones left were System Elite: Everhart and Cross. Directly after losing their tag titles to the Industry, Stone heart punched them too. Flash made an epic return at the August show and called out Stone, and System Elite too returned in September from the injured reserve. Stone attempted to attack them after their title match but was successfully fended off, first by Flash, and then by a finally returning Tony Johnson. The Insurgentz, reunited as babyfaces, had finally gotten Stone's number. And then Iceman buried him alive. So I guess he's dead now. I admit I was a little weirded out by the idea of cheering for that.
Thanks to Mike we now have a general understanding of why this match is important. The gravitas was definitely there, and Stone was very aggressive in his offense to the point that I actually thought he was trying to hurt Tony Johnson. Of course he lightened up when it came to swinging a shovel at his former protégé, but for a second I was afraid shit was going to get real and I was going to be writing a report for the police instead of all of you. Johnson for his part was equally impressive. He knows how to work, and he's got a long frame that lets him get serious elevation, and he knows how to use his size. All-in-all, this mostly worked.
Two problems though:
1) I don't really know what he was going for in the above image, but the figure four is probably the least effective way to get someone into a freshly dug hole. When you slap on that move you're basically ensuring that they aren't going anywhere. What was your motivation here, Tony Johnson? Because you pretty much had one hand in the grave before you realized your plan wasn't going to work.
2) There was some miscommunication at the end of the match. It was clear from the get-go that there was no way Tony Johnson was going to be able to bury Vinnie Stone completely, so after about three shovels of dirt you could hear someone shouting to the ref "RING THE F**KING BELL" before System Elite and Jay Flash came out to help Tony fill in the hole a little more. Then, as if they were being visited by the Ghost of Buried Alive past, the show ended with a barely filled in hole and a bunch of dudes with shovels.
Still, it mostly worked and BDW should be commended for even trying something like this. It's not easy to take something that barely works in the big leagues and try to make it your own, but for my money they succeeded more than failed. So that should count for something.
Anyway, thanks for reading another review of Black Diamond Wrestling. Special thanks again to Mike D. Ondrick, who's brain I will be utilizing for many reviews to come. Join us next month for "Thanksgiving Throwdown" where I'm sure Gavin Jacobs will pin a giant turkey.
Email: email@example.com
Twitter: @TheAEJohnson
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Just released Simply Works Core 1.5.2 WordPress Theme. This release was a complete review and rewrite of the code to update the theme and to make the code more flexible moving forward. A few new features where changed or added including:
New one page for theme options
Comments completely restyled
Background issues bug corrected
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Again, this release was a necessary step for future theme options and development.
Technical Details
– Removed – Check for theme option swc_analytics_code from the header.php
– Added – wp_head function to functions.php to check if theme option is set.
– Correction – added swc prefix to $options varible in the header.php
– Removed – The feed declaration in Line 17 of header.php automatic feed are supported
– Bug Fix – 404.php add text domain to the title <h2> tag
– Added – wp_enqueue_style to optional color change .css
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Author: Josh Taylor
Moto Place: Airway Heights MX
Description: Open practice day at Airway MX Park. I was riding my old bike, 04 YZ250F trying to figure things out.
Take me to the full site with my free member profile.
No i won't be back just want to read this article.


text:
How do you capture XXX-rated lightning in a bottle? In the case of Debbie Does Dallas, you start with a title—one so splendidly alliterative, so lusciously evocative, that it hardly matters that, over the course of the picture's 83-minute running time, Debbie never actually travels to the titular Texas city. Next, you tap directly into the late-seventies cultural zeitgeist with a "plot" that finds our heroine dreaming of joining the world-famous "Texas Cowgirls" (read: Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders). In the lead role, you cast Bambi Woods, blond and wide-eyed, never before seen and rarely seen since, a girl-next-door fantasy come delicately and ephemerally to life. And finally, since all iconic porn requires an equally iconic tease, you turn the movie into a game of delayed gratification. Indeed, the biggest surprise of all about Debbie Does Dallas, especially for those of us who've come of age in the era of Internet porn-on-demand, is that it takes a full 70 minutes before Debbie actually "does" anyone. (And no, the lucky guy does not hail from Dallas.)
Filmed in Manhattan and Brooklyn and on Long Island, in locations "borrowed" by the producers, who told anyone who asked that they were making an "educational film," Debbie Does Dallas might not seem like a Texas cinematic classic. Nor is the film's thirtieth anniversary (it was shot in the summer of 1978 and opened at Los Angeles's Pussycat theaters later that year) likely to be celebrated by film historians. But this micro-budget movie, which according to some estimates went on to make more than $100 million in theatrical and home video sales, deserves our respect. As a satire of the then widespread obsession with the Cowboys cheerleaders, it's brazen and biting—a sledgehammer to the myth that those pom-pom shakers represented nothing more than apple pie wholesomeness and all-American bonhomie. And as an example of golden-era porn, it's unexpectedly charming and even vaguely feminist: the story of a group of young women determined to take their destinies, among other things, into their own hands. It was the last gasp of fresh air for an increasingly cynical and puerile genre.
Right from the start, Debbie Does Dallas plays a terrific joke on the audience. When Debbie announces that she's going to travel to Texas to join the Cowgirls squad, her cheerleader friends are agog with excitement and eager to help raise the necessary funds. But though they soon begin accepting money from their employers in exchange for sexual favors, these young ladies are no cheap sluts. Instead, they approach each business transaction with ingenuousness, open-mindedness, and a pay-what-you-can-afford philosophy. (It's like "free day" at the museum.) Even when the women in the film function as little more than objects of adolescent wish fulfillment—such as when, in the climactic scene, Debbie dons a blue-and-white Cowboys cheerleader-inspired outfit and hooks up with her boss (Robert Kerman)—they seem to take uncommon, even giddy, pleasure in their escapades. Forget Julia Roberts in Pretty Woman or Shirley MacLaine in Irma la Douce; these are the original whores with a heart of gold.
Needless to say, the Dallas Cowboys didn't look kindly upon the picture and, in early 1979, filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against the owner of the Pussycat theater chain. You can hardly begrudge the team its indignation. Whether the film's creators realized it or not, they had served up a spirited attack on the mixture of promiscuity and piety that was promulgated on Sunday afternoon at Texas Stadium. All rhinestone and cleavage and Mary Kay makeup, the Cowboys cheerleaders were an erotic daydream just chaste enough that you wouldn't feel too guilty watching (especially if you had just gotten out of church). Debbie Does Dallas exposed the base impulses at the center of this daydream. It asserted that, rather than wanting to watch pretty women almost bust out of their halter tops, heterosexual men vastly preferred to see good girls gone completely to seed. (In a particularly brilliant, if illegal, bit of marketing, theater marquees and print ads falsely proclaimed that Woods was an "X-Cowgirls Cheerleader"—hinting that she had suffered some sort of fall from grace and landed flat on her back, with her legs in the air.)
By now, of course, it's a cliché to wax nostalgic about seventies porn (to wit: Paul Thomas Anderson's overwrought Boogie Nights and the hagiographic documentary Inside Deep Throat). But you can't deny Debbie Does Dallas's influence; an entire cottage industry of gonzo porn—the kind that's usually shot during spring break and features very drunk coeds blithely flashing the camera—owes the film a considerable debt. More to the point, Debbie is a hoot. There's a full ten minutes of corny dialogue and cheeky nudity before anyone even has sex. The screenplay is populated with all sorts of eccentric details, such as candle shop owners named Mr. and Mrs. Hardwick (Eric Edwards and Robin Byrd) and a town librarian (Jake Teague) who spends his days reading E. M. Forster while struggling to contain his spanking fetish. And the performers' bodies look refreshingly, startlingly normal. Women have curves; men haven't waxed every stray hair from every last crevice.
Okay, maybe Debbie Does Dallas doesn't deserve a place in the Texas canon alongside Giant or No