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Methods and systems for network-based or Internet-based software delivery are described. In one embodiment, an application program or software platform resides on a client. The program or platform is configured so that it is extensible based on software extensions that are deliverable over a network such as the Internet. Various extensions can be developed by third party developers for incorporation into the program or platform. In the described embodiment, extension files that comprise a software extension are hosted on an Internet server. Additional files are also hosted on the Internet server and describe aspects of the software extension. These additional files include files that describe a logical attachment of the extension to the program or platform, as well as files that describe the location of the extension files. Extensions are incorporated on a client by navigating to a particular Internet site through which the extensions can be accessed. The files describing the extension files are downloaded on the client. These files tell the client where the particular extension is to be plugged in, as well as where to find the appropriate extension files and how to download them. The extension files are then downloaded and incorporated into the program or platform.
1. A computer-readable medium embodying computer-executable code that implements a software architecture, the architecture comprising:
multiple attachment points collectively arranged to filter data associated with files that describe software extensions, each attachment point including logic for filtering data;
an extension definition hub to:
receive the data associated with files that describe software extensions as multiple extension definition files;
combine the multiple extension definition files into a single list;
expose the single list for processing by the multiple attachment points; and
multiple extension managers each associated with one or more of said multiple attachment points and with a respective feature type that can be added to a software platform by software extensions and being configured to receive data from the associated one or more said multiple attachment points that pertains to a software extension having the respective feature type with which the extension manager is associated and to process the received data to add the software extension to the software platform.
2. A method comprising:
receiving data associated with files that describe software extensions as multiple extension definition files;
combining the multiple extension definition files into a single list;
exposing the single list for processing to install the software extensions in a software platform;
collectively arranging multiple attachment points to filter the exposed single list, wherein each said attachment point includes logic for filtering the exposed single list to obtain data that pertains to software extensions of a feature type with which the attachment point is associated; and
associating each of multiple extension managers with one of the multiple attachment points;
associating each of the multiple extension managers with a respective feature type that can be added to the software platform by the software extensions, wherein the extension managers are configured to receive data from the multiple attachment points that pertains to the feature type with which the extension manager is associated.
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9. A computer-readable medium embodying computer-executable code that implements a software architecture, the architecture comprising:
a data structure configured to:
receive multiple different files that describe software extensions that can be added to a software platform;
expose the multiple different files to a filter structure comprising attachment points collectively arranged to filter data associated with the multiple different files, each attachment point including logic for filtering data; and
associate each of multiple extension managers with at least one of said attachment points, wherein each of the multiple extension managers is:
associated with a respective feature type that can be added to a software platform by software extensions, and
configured to receive data from the at least one associated said attachment point that pertains to the feature type with which the extension manager is associated.
10. A system for adding functionality to a software platform, the system comprising:
a processor;
memory; and
one or more modules stored in the memory and executable on the processor to provide the software platform, the one or more modules to further provide:
an extension definition file (EDF) hub receiving one or more EDFs and combining the one or more EDFs into a single list, each EDF describing a software extension that can be added to the software platform;
multiple extension managers managing addition of an associated extension to the software platform, wherein each extension manager is associated with a particular feature type to manage software extensions having the particular feature type;
one or more attachment points, each attachment point associated with one or more of the EDFs and with one or more of the extension managers, and notifying the associated one or more of the extension managers when an EDF having a particular feature type associated with the one or more of the extension managers is added to or removed from the list,
wherein, when an EDF is added to or removed from the list, said one or more of the extension managers that are notified responsively add to or remove from the software platform a said software extension that is described by the EDF.
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This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/599,812, filed Jun. 21, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,874,143. In addition, the following patent applications are related to the present application, are assigned to the assignee of this patent application, and are expressly incorporated by reference herein:
This invention relates to methods and systems for providing software via a network. More specifically, the invention pertains to Internet-based delivery of software.
Installation of traditional PC applications requires physical media, such as a disk or CD-ROM that must be physically inserted into a computer in order for software to be loaded onto a user's computer. Typically, this process requires the user to enter settings information that can be confusing to the user. Once the software is installed, it is typically fixed in terms of its location and functionality. When the software is updated, the user must typically purchase additional physical media and repeat the installation process so that they can use the updated software. In this model, the software is fixed in its association with the computer on which it was installed. If a user moves to another computer, they will not be able to use the specific software on their machine without repeating the installation process.
As computing continues to evolve into the environment of computer networks such as the Internet, it has become clear that the traditional software delivery model described above is inadequate to meet the demands of consumers who desire dynamic, flexible, and adaptable software on-demand. Network-based software delivery is becoming the subject of increasing focus by those who develop and deliver software. Unlocking the potential for network-based software delivery will require smart, innovative and streamlined solutions, especially in situations where bandwidth may be limited.
Accordingly, this invention arose out of concerns associated with providing new software delivery models that are particularly well-suited for network-based software delivery, e.g. delivery via the Internet.
Methods and systems for network-based software delivery are described. In one embodiment, an application program or software platform resides on a client. The program or platform is configured so that it is extensible based on software extensions that are deliverable over a network such as the Internet. Various extensions can be developed by third party developers for incorporation into the program or platform.
In one described embodiment, extension files that comprise a software extension are hosted on a network server such as an Internet server. These include descriptor files that describe aspects of the software extension. These descriptor files logically describe an extension to the program or platform and designate the location of other extension files. Extensions are incorporated on a client by navigating to a particular network or Internet site through which the extensions can be accessed. The files describing the extension files are downloaded on the client. These files tell the client where, when and how the particular extension can be plugged into the program or platform, as well as where to find the appropriate extension files and how to download them. The extension files are then downloaded and incorporated into the platform.
In one embodiment, an inventive software architecture is provided for handling and consolidating particular types of descriptive files associated with various extensions. A filtering mechanism called attachment points, is used to create handlers for the different descriptive types of files that define a software extension. Each of these handlers is known as an attachment manager. Attachment managers are provided for each extensible feature type. The attachment managers interpret data from extensions files which are supplied by attachment points. In addition to predefined attachment managers, custom attachment managers can be created using data from attachment points. When an extension extends a particular feature type, the attachment points ensure that only the appropriate attachment manager is notified so that the feature type can be incorporated into the program or platform efficiently.
The methods and systems described just below provide a mechanism by which functionality can be added dynamically to an application program or software platform. Functionalities or "extensions" as they will be referred to, can be advantageously added via a network such as the Internet. Extensions, that can implement new features or add to existing features, can be added using only a network address, such as a URL, as a basis for extension installation. That is, all of the files that comprise an extension can be maintained on the network and accessed via one or more network sites.
Extensions can be described in a variety of ways. One way utilizes a hierarchical tag-based language which facilitates handling and use of the various extensions. In one particular implementation, a software platform is provided that can incorporate various functionalities. The software platform and the inventive architecture described below enable third and fourth party developers to develop extensions for the platform that can be easily and seamlessly incorporated into the platform without having any knowledge of (or relationship with) a hosting service. A third party developer is a developer who develops an extension for the platform. A fourth party developer might be a developer who develops an extension to a third party developer's extension. Thus, the incorporation of third and fourth party extensions is essentially a transparent process, as far as developers are concerned.
Consider for example,
Extensions can be delivered from any number of different extension sources. The inventive methods and systems provide a streamlined and organized way to handle the provided extensions. The use of XML advantageously enables efficient handling of extensions from multiple different extension sources, without unduly taxing the software components that utilize specific portions of an extension or extensions.
In one particular implementation, the software platform on the user's machine provides various different integrated functionalities that enable a user to accomplish different document-centric tasks. An exemplary system is described in the U.S. patent application entitled "Single Window Navigation Methods and Systems", incorporated by reference above.
Exemplary Computer Environment
The embodiment described just below can be employed in connection with various computer systems. A computer system, for purposes of this document, can be considered as any computing device that includes some type of processor, i.e. a microprocessor, and some type of operating system. Thus, a computer system can be construed to include, without limitation, traditional desktop computers, more powerful servers, various hand-held devices such as cell phones, pocket-held computer devices and the like.
Computer 130 further includes a hard disk drive 144 for reading from and writing to a hard disk (not shown), a magnetic disk drive 146 for reading from and writing to a removable magnetic disk 148, and an optical disk drive 150 for reading from or writing to a removable optical disk 152 such as a CD ROM or other optical media. The hard disk drive 144, magnetic disk drive 146, and optical disk drive 150 are connected to the bus 136 by an SCSI interface 154 or some other appropriate interface. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules and other data for computer 130. Although the exemplary environment described herein employs a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk 148 and a removable optical disk 152, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the art that other types of computer-readable media which can store data that is accessible by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), and the like, may also be used in the exemplary operating environment.
A number of program modules may be stored on the hard disk 144, magnetic disk 148, optical disk 152, ROM 138, or RAM 140, including an operating system 158, one or more application programs 160, other program modules 162, and program data 164. A user may enter commands and information into computer 130 through input devices such as a keyboard 166 and a pointing device 168. Other input devices (not shown) may include a microphone, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, scanner, or the like. These and other input devices are connected to the processing unit 132 through an interface 170 that is coupled to the bus 136. A monitor 172 or other type of display device is also connected to the bus 136 via an interface, such as a video adapter 174. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown) such as speakers and printers.
Computer 130 commonly operates in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 176. The remote computer 176 may be another personal computer, a server, a router, a network PC, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described above relative to computer 130, although only a memory storage device 178 has been illustrated in
When used in a LAN networking environment, computer 130 is connected to the local network 180 through a network interface or adapter 184. When used in a WAN networking environment, computer 130 typically includes a modem 186 or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network 182, such as the Internet. The modem 186, which may be internal or external, is connected to the bus 136 via a serial port interface 156. In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 130, or portions thereof, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
Generally, the data processors of computer 130 are programmed by means of instructions stored at different times in the various computer-readable storage media of the computer. Programs and operating systems are typically distributed, for example, on floppy disks or CD-ROMs. From there, they are installed or loaded into the secondary memory of a computer. At execution, they are loaded at least partially into the computer's primary electronic memory. The invention described herein includes these and other various types of computer-readable storage media when such media contain instructions or programs for implementing the steps described below in conjunction with a microprocessor or other data processor. The invention also includes the computer itself when programmed according to the methods and techniques described below.
For purposes of illustration, programs and other executable program components such as the operating system are illustrated herein as discrete blocks, although it is recognized that such programs and components reside at various times in different storage components of the computer, and are executed by the data processor(s) of the computer.
An "extension", as used in this document, will be considered to include, without limitation, software functionality and content that can be added to an application program or software platform. These additions typically provide some type of functionality that the application program may not have had before the extension was incorporated, or alter the behavior of at least one existing feature. The extension is incorporated or integrated directly into the application program in a way that changes, to some degree, the manner in which the application program behaves or operates. Extensions provide dynamically added content and can provide applications (such as an email application), plug-ins to extend existing applications (like a fax plug-in to an email application), or simply web pages, to name just a few.
In the described embodiment, extensions are described using XML, an industry-standard, text-based markup language. XML greatly facilitates the extensibility of software content. Specifically, various extensions can be authored by third parties and described in XML in a manner that enables the extensions to be readily integrated into application programs. It should be appreciated, however, the XML constitutes but one exemplary way of describing and using the extensions. Other ways can, of course, be used.
Exemplary Extension Organization
In the described embodiment, extensions are organized in three separate but related portions: an Extension Definition File (EDF), a Package Manifest (PKG), and the code, components, or "bits" that make up or define the extension. An EDF can be, but need not be associated with a URL (Universal Resource Locator) that provides a way for a client to access the EDF. By convention and choice, the PKG file is located at the same URL as the EDF. It will be appreciated that the described EDFs and PKG are each not required for the other to be used. It just so happens that, in the example that is given is this document, the two are employed together. To that end, each of these features can be separately and independently employed.
EDFs describe logical attachments to an application program or software platform, while PKGs specify the physical files and resources that are used in an extension. There can be a one to one correspondence between EDFs and PKGs.
Extension Definition File (EDF)
In the described example, an EDF is an XML file that logically describes an extension. For example, the EDF can describe HTML that makes up a user interface (UI), the objects that contain code for implementing various functions, and the like. The EDF can also contain all or part of the functionality that comprises an extension. For instance, the HTML that describes a toolbar could be incorporated directly into an EDF file, and a toolbar attachment manager could read it from the EDF file, instead of from a URL. The information contained in the EDF is processed and (together with the information contained in the PKG), the appropriate files are automatically installed on a user's computer. This is done unobtrusively without manipulating the computer's persisted settings, as might be found in the user's system registry.
An EDF, implemented in XML, contains various tags that are associated with various extensions. The various tags can correspond to:
EDFs advantageously have an "open schema" which means that third party developers can extend the extension mechanism and include their own extensions by creating their own tags. Additionally, extensions can themselves be extended by other developers. EDFs can also have one or more predefined tags. Exemplary predefined XML tags for user interface elements can include tags for feature types such as: tool bars, accelerators, menu items, and themes. These feature types are utilized in the single navigable window application incorporated by reference above and defined in the table immediately below:
Exemplary predefined XML tags for behaviors/components/objects include tags for Services. These feature types are utilized in the single navigable window application incorporated by reference above and defined in the table immediately below:
Exemplary predefined XML tags for store elements include tags for content classes and offline data sources. These feature types are utilized in the single navigable window application incorporated by reference above and defined in the table immediately below:
EDF Schema
In the described embodiment, the EDFs have a particular XML schema that is utilized. The schema comprises collections of XML tags that are arranged in a hierarchical organization to facilitate information dissemination to software components that need certain extensions. In the described embodiment, the outer (encompassing tag) for EDFs is an "extension" tag.
Within the "extension" outer tag are one or more child tags, also referred to as "top level tags". These top level tags are each associated with a feature type that can be added by a particular extension. Exemplary feature types are discussed in connection with Tables 1-3 above. Underneath each top level tag there can be one or more child tags that are individually associated with a particular feature of the feature type that is to be added by a particular extension.
Package Manifest (PKG File)
Package Manifest Definition
In the described embodiment, a package manifest (PKG file) comprises a list of files that are utilized in a package. The list is advantageously compressed somewhat and digitally signed. Each package manifest can contain a list of one or more files each of which can include an associated hash, as well as download directives that control caching of the files. Once an extension is authored, a software tool can be used to generate the package manifest.
In addition, the package manifest can specify several other pieces of information:
All files in an extension can be labeled according to a number of predefined file groups. The file group of a particular file determines when the particular file gets downloaded, where it is stored on the client, and how it gets packaged. In the described embodiment, four predefined file groups are provided and are listed and described in the table immediately below:
Files in each group are listed according to the order in which they should be downloaded. This download order is implicit in the ordering of the files in the package manifest, an example of which is shown in
Individual files in the package manifest can have an associated hash value. Each hash value is generated by running the file through an encryption algorithm. An exemplary encryption algorithm is Microsoft's CryptoAPI. In the illustrated example, each file can be listed with a base 64-encoded hash value, so that the file can be validated once the content arrives at the client. Specifically the package manifest is sent to the client in a secure manner (i.e. it is digitally signed). The package manifest contains the hash values for individual files. When the individual files are received by the client, each of the files can be run through the same Crypto API that was used to provide the hash values in the package manifest. If the hash values for a particular file compare favorably, then the file has not been altered and is secure.
When a file is updated, hash values can serve a useful purpose in identifying files that have not been changed between different versions of an extension. Consider
Using hash values for versioning has two important advantages over traditional versioning schemes. First, the update process is automatic. That is, with an explicit version number, it is possible to forget to update the version number when shipping a new release of a file. Using hash values avoids this problem. Second, versioning does not rely on file types. Specifically, traditional versioning schemes commonly embed version information within files; however, not all files (e.g. GIF files) support embedded version information. In the present example, using hash values for versioning does not depend on whether a particular file type supports or does not support embedded version information. In addition, the version information can be stored separately from the file itself. Thus, access to actual file to determine whether it is current is not needed.
The total storage size of a package is useful at download time to verify that the user has sufficient disk space.
Listing ClassIDs for each DLL is necessary to enable script writers to create classes by scripting against the OM. Additionally, this enables a determination of which package contains the code for a particular class.
The reason for the dependencies section is to allow for legacy code that relies on being loaded by virtue of being in the search path of some other dll. In this case we have to make sure that the dependency dll is in the package cache directory before the dependant dll is loaded.
Package Delivery
To optimize package delivery, two different delivery schemes are utilized. First, a throttled download approach is utilized using known throttling download techniques. Here, considerations such as available bandwidth and media over which the extensions are being provided are considered.
Second, a background download approach is utilized. Background downloads enable a user to continue to work within an application program while content is downloaded. Foreground downloads are used when the user has explicitly requested a file/extension by clicking, for example, on an extension link, or requested an action, for example, by clicking on the "Compose" mail button, that requires download of files which are not available locally.
Along with background downloads, a queue management feature is provided. Specifically, when an extension must be installed or updated, a package manager, which is essentially a software component that manages packages, is provided with the following information:
From this information, the package manager creates a package object and adds the package object to a download queue. The download queue is designed for easy rearrangement of a package download order. Consider, for example,
Step 900 receives one or more requests for an extension. The requests can be generated in any suitable way. Step 902 creates a package object that corresponds to each extension package that is to be downloaded. Step 904 arranges the package objects in a download queue. Step 906 then downloads files corresponding to the package objects in the download queue. This step can be implemented by, for example, starting at the head of the download queue and downloading files until all of the files for a package object have been downloaded, and then moving to the next package object. Step 908 ascertains whether a user action requires a file that is not described in the current package object. If the user's action does not require a file not described by the current package object, then the method branches back to step 906 and continues to download files associated with the current package object. If, on the other hand, the user's action requires a files that is not described in the current package object, then step 910 moves the package object associated with the required file to the head of the download queue and begins to download files associated with this newly-repositioned package object. This step can be implemented by ascertaining which package object is associated with the required file by ascertaining the URN associated with the file. This URN specifies the file's package so that its package object can be quickly located and moved to the front of the download queue.
Package Creation
One of the innovative features of the described embodiment is its extensibility. That is, a software platform is provided in the form of an application program that can be extended by various third-party user-defined extensions. These extensions are delivered via the Web and are integrated directly into the software platform. In order to provide an organized delivery process, packages should be created in a uniform manner so that they can be predictably handled and integrated into the software platform.
In accordance with the described embodiment, each package should correspond to an end-user feature. For example, in the patent application incorporated by reference above, separate packages are provided for each of the email, contacts, document authoring, and planner functionalities. If packages that do not depend on one another share a dependency, then this shared dependency should become its own package. For example, there is no reason why the email and document authoring functionalities should depend on one another, yet both of them require the ability to publish content. By separating the publishing functionality into its own package, a certain amount of download order flexibility is preserved. Depending on what the user starts to work on, the files corresponding to the email functionality or the document authoring can be downloaded first.
Step 1000 identifies end user features that are to be provided as extensions. Step 1002 identifies any shared dependencies among the end user features. Step 1004 creates individual packages for the end user features. Step 1006 creates individual packages for any shared dependencies among the end user features.
Automated Package Manifest Creation Tool
Advantageously, and in accordance with one implementation, an automated package manifest tool is provided and takes various input parameters and automatically creates a package manifest. The tool can be available to third parties to assist them in creating a package manifest.
The extension directory input parameter specifies the directory containing all of the files that will be described by the package manifest. If this is the only parameter, then tool 1100 will generate a manifest in which the EDF and DLLs in the directory are listed in the "Required" set, and all other content is "Offline".
The file group information and load dependencies parameter is optional. If an extension author has an idea of the categories in which his or her files should be placed, the categories should be specified here. For example, the author of the template manifest shown below knows that he wants his error handling GIF to be included in the package's required set. His choices here will always be respected in the final manifest. Additionally, if the extension author knows of any DLL load dependencies, these should be specified here as well.
The file usage statistics from scenario runs parameter is an optional parameter. This parameter enables the file download priority to be determined based on scenario runs. A scenario is a script of tasks that the average user typically follows when using a product during a particular portion of product use. For example, one scenario might pertain to the tasks involved in sending an email message (i.e. click "new mail" button, type in "TO" well, type is "Subject" well, etc.). In the described embodiment, file usage statistics from scenario runs are collected from running IIS logs on various scenarios. The different scenarios are directed to ensuring, with some degree of probabilistic support, that the file download order reflects, in some way, the files that will likely be used by the user first.
It will be appreciated that the file usage statistics can be provided dynamically by building a knowledge base that describes the actual tasks that people typically accomplish. The information that is maintained in the knowledge base can then be used to generate and adapt download scenarios that actually conform to patterns that are established across a user base.
If extension writers want to pass the package manifest creation tool 1100 this information, they need to specify the log directory, as well as the start and end dates of the section of the log that the tool should analyze. For third parties, the download priority order within a group will be the order in which the group's files were requested in the logs across all scenarios.
In one implementation, the approach is somewhat more sophisticated. Additional information (in addition to the scripted steps) is stored in the IIS logs and includes scenario priority and checkpoints. The scenario priority is a priority that is assigned for each scenario. So, for example, if one scenario is ten times more important than another scenario, this information can be maintained. The priority (e.g. a rating from between 1 to 100, with 100 being the highest priority), should be equal to a best guess as to the percentage of the time that users will step through the scenario, assuming they use the extension at all. Checkpoints provide a way to separate one scenario from another. For example, checkpoints designated as "Offline" and "Shutdown" can be automatically added at the beginning and end of the scenarios, respectively, so there can be a differentiation between scenario runs in the log. Additionally, script authors can optionally use checkpoints mid-scenario to indicate a change in group priority, e.g. part of a scenario script could be labeled as an "On demand" feature and another part could be labeled as "Offline".
Step 1200 provides a package manifest creation tool. This tool can be a software tool that resides on an extension author's machine. Step 1202 receives information pertaining to an extension directory as a first input parameter. Step determines whether there is any file group information or load dependency information provided by the extension author. If there is, step 1206 receives the information as an input parameter. Step 1208 determines whether there is any file usage statistic information. Such information can be provided, in one embodiment, through the use of scenario runs as described above. If such information is provided, then step 1210 receives the information as an input parameter. Step 1212 then uses all of the information provided as input parameters to generate a manifest automatically.
Exemplary File Ordering Heuristics Based on File Usage Statistics
Step 1300 sorts files by file group. Recall that in the illustrated example above, files can be grouped in one of four possible groups: Required, Offline, On Demand and Online Only. A file's group is determined first by the manifest, and, if it does not provide any group information, then by the highest priority group that it uses, according to checkpoint information in the log. Files in the "Required" set should not be considered because their order is already known. If no group information is included about a file, then an assumption is made that the EDF and all DLLs are "Required" files and all other files in the directory are "Offline".
Consider, for example, the following initial file usage information for three different scenarios:
In this example, there are three scenarios that have files associated with them. Each of the scenarios has a priority with which it is associated. The files are first sorted by group (step 1300). Recall that in this ordering heuristic, DLLs are "Required" and all other files are considered "Offline". This provides the following sorted files:
Required files
Offline files
FileA, FileB, FileC, File D
Step 1302 sorts files based on scenario priorities (from highest to lowest). Higher priority files are ordered so that they are downloaded first. This step provides the following sorted files:
Required files
Offline files
Priority 80 group: files used by Scenarios 1 & 2=File A, File B, and File C
Priority 40 group: files used by Scenario 3 (that are not already listed)=File D.
Step 1304 then sorts the files by file usage order within a scenario run. For each priority grouping with more than one file, the files are sorted according to the average order in which they were downloaded within scenarios of their labeled priority. Scenarios with a smaller average usage order will be downloaded earlier. Ties are broken based on the order in which the scenarios appear in the input file. As an example, consider the following:
File A: average order=(Scenario 1 order+Scenario 2 order)/2=(1+2)/2=1.5.
File B: average order=(Scenario 1 order)/1=(2)/1=2.
File C: average order=(Scenario 2 order)/1=(1)/1=1.
Here, file A got used first by scenario 1 and second by scenario 2 for an average of 1.5, and so one. File C has the smallest order number so, of the Offline files, it is sent first. The final file order is shown below:
Required files
Offline files
FileC, FileA, FileB, File D
Code, Components and "Bits"
The following files and resources can be, but need not be included with an extension. This list is not exclusive, as other resources can certainly be incorporated into an extension.
Users install extensions by navigating to a network site for the extension. In an Internet implementation, the user navigates to an appropriate URL for the extension. Hosting administrators can also "push" extensions so that users can automatically receive them by adding an entry into the appropriate users' "Preference" settings.
Platform Set Up and Extension Installation
The flow diagram, in this example, is illustrated in connection with three separate "zones", one of which represents a client, one of which represents a "platform" Internet server, and one of which represents a third party Internet server. The acts that are described in connection with the different zones are performed, in this example, by the entities assigned to the zone. In some configurations, one or more of these zones may overlap. For instance, the platform server may be the same device as the extension server.
Step 1400 navigates a user to a particular Internet site that is associated with the software platform that is to be utilized as the foundation for extension installation described below. In step 1402, the user clicks an "install" button that sends a message to the software platform server that indicates that a user wishes to install the software platform. This step can be an optional step. Steps 1404 and 1405 then download the software associated with the software platform to the client. In the illustrated example, step 1404 downloads the package file for the single navigable window application and based on that file's contents step 1405 downloads other components and files to the user's computer. Step 1406 installs the software code on the client machine and can create local directories for the application cache, a local store and preferences. It will be appreciated, however, that local directories or preferences are not necessarily needed. Step 1408 launches the software platform.
The steps described immediately above constitute steps associated with an initial set up in which the software code for the single navigable window application is delivered to and installed on a client machine. The steps described immediately below are associated with extension installation.
Step 1410 uses a link that is associated with an extension to access the extension. This step can be implemented by a user navigating their browser to a particular Internet site through which one or more extensions can be accessed. Alternately, a reference to the link can be placed in the user's preferences or the preferences of a computing group with which the user is associated (e.g. the system administrator can place a reference in a group's preferences). The link can advantageously be associated with a third party Internet server or Internet site. Step 1412 downloads extension files according to the PKG associated with an EDF. The files are delivered to the client and step 1414 places the extension files in a local store as specified by the PKG specification. At this point, an extension is installed and the user can utilize the functionality provided by the extension. Step 1416 determines whether extension updates are available. This can be done by periodically polling an extension catalog (discussed in an "Extension Catalog" section below) to ascertain whether there are any updates to various extensions. Alternately, notifications might be automatically sent to the client so that the client is aware of updates or any other method might be used to determine if updates are available. If there are updates available, step 1418 branches to step 1412 which downloads the extension files associated with the update and installs them on the client.
Developing Extensions
Developing extensions for the software platform is a fairly straight-forward process. A developer develops the extension content using a tool such as Notepad or other tools such as Visual Studio. The extension is then described in an EDF and PKG and the PKG is digitally-signed and then optionally compressed. The extension can then be hosted on a particular network server.
Specifically, step 1510 delivers the EDF and PKG files to a client. This step can be implemented by a user navigating to a particular Internet site where the appropriate files are hosted and then downloading the files. Step 1512 delivers the extension files that are associated with the EDF and PKG files to the client, whereupon they can be installed and used.
Extension Catalog
One optimization, discussed briefly in connection with
In the described embodiment, a catalog is an XML file that contains mappings from extension URNs to one or more package URNs based upon language, version or other attributes. Catalogs can, however, be defined using any suitable format. Catalogs can provide:
Like EDFs, catalogs can be compressed and digitally signed to prevent tampering. By subscribing to a catalog in order to detect changes for one or more hosted extensions, the number of server pings required from the client (or notifications to the client) in order to discover extension updates can be reduced.
In this particular example:
In the described embodiment, one of the aspects that provide desirable utility is the extensibility of the software platform. That is, third and fourth party developers are free to develop their own extensions which can then be used within the framework of the software platform. The extensions are integrated directly into the software so that the platform's functionality is modified by the extensions. Recall that in order to provide an extension, the developer simply authors the extension, describes their extension in an EDF and PKG, and then hosts the EDF, PKG, and associated files on a network server.
The EDF, as pointed out above, can be defined in an XML schema that includes a root node (i.e. the "extension" tag) and one or more child nodes. In this particular example, the child nodes generally correspond to the individual extension feature types that are desired for incorporation into the software platform. For example, recall that Tables 1-3 above describe various exemplary predefined feature types that can be added through an extension using the predefined XML schema.
Consider now a developer who wants to add two menus and a toolbar to the software platform. The menus and toolbar might be associated with a retail store that maintains a Web site for its customers. The retail store might want a customer who visits its Web site to be presented with a UI that is unique to the retail store and provides services that are specifically tailored to the store. To do this, the developer develops two different menus, one of which might be associated with displaying the most recent specials, and other of which might be associated with providing a search mechanism through which the user can search for specific products. The toolbar might contain specific buttons that are unique to the retail store. A simplified EDF called "retail.edf" for the retail store's extension is shown directly below:
Here, the outer "extension" tag designates this XML file as an extension. The inner "menus" and "toolbars" tags are top level tags that designate that the information between these tags pertains respectively to menus and toolbars that correspond to the extensions that the developer has added. The boldface "menu" and "toolbar" tags describe data pertaining to the actual extension and contain a URL that is associated with each extension as described above. The EDF above logically describes the extensions that are being provided as including two menus and one tool bar.
Consider also that the above EDF can constitute but one of many EDFs that are loaded into the system. Each EDF can contain one or more top level tags, each of which is associated with one or more specific extensions that are to be added to the software platform.
Utility objects, herein referred to as attachment points, are used to process the information from the multiple EDFs. An attachment point is simply a collection of objects that fire events to registered listeners as objects are added to or removed from the collection. Many types of attachment points can be created, but all take data from a source (often another attachment point), process it (either dynamically or statically), and expose the results of their processing. Some of the simplest attachment points include:
In the illustrated example, the architecture includes a collection of one or more attachment points, including a funnel structure known as an EDFHub 1700, an attachment point manager 1702, and multiple attachment managers 1704. The EDFHub 1700 receives all of the EDFs and merges them together and exposes them as a single list. Other individual attachment points provide mechanisms that manipulate (including filter, merge and expand) the single list that is exposed by the EDFHub 1700. Whenever a new extension or EDF is added to or removed from the EDFHub, the various attachment points will see to it that the appropriate attachment manager(s) is notified. This is done by firing events to the appropriate attachment managers. The attachment point manager 1702 creates, destroys and manages the various attachment points in the system and allows easy reuse of identical attachment points.
For each top level tag (i.e. "menus" and "toolbars" tags), there is a corresponding attachment manager 1704 that uses data provided by the attachment points to incorporate a particular type of feature within the software platform. Each attachment manager requests a set of attachment points from the attachment point manager 1702. These manipulate the data exposed by the EDFHub 1700. In the illustrated example, the attachment points can be requested as a predicate chain that the attachment point manager uses to create and build a set of attachment points that operate on the data exposed by the EDFHub 1700.
Step 1800 receives multiple EDFs. These files can be received in any suitable way. For example, a user can specify in their preferences particular extensions that they desire to be loaded when they are online. Alternately, a user might navigate using a link to a particular Internet site that recognizes that the user is executing a software platform that is configured to dynamically add the extensions. The EDFs, in this example, are funneled into the EDFHub 1700 which uses attachment points to combine the EDFs (step 1802). In this example, the EDFs are defined as XML files and the nodes are combined into one single XML list. Step 1804 exposes the combined EDFs. In this particular example, the EDFs are combined into a single XML list that is exposed to other various attachment points which then further manipulate that data (step 1806). One goal of the attachment points is to avoid having the attachment managers 1704 re-query the whole system every time an extension gets added or removed from the system. Thus, if an extension gets added or removed, the attachment points ensure that only the appropriate attachment manager 1704 is notified of the specific additions or deletions of the extension. For example, if an EDF indicates the addition of a menu, then only the attachment manager associated with menus is notified. Accordingly, step 1808 notifies the appropriate attachment manager of any new data that matches the attachment managers requirements.
Attachment Points and the Attachment Point Manager
Attachment points are objects that expose collections of ordered objects and fire notifications when new objects are inserted or deleted. In the exemplary system, the objects are XML nodes, but they could be any type of object. Although there are many types of attachment points, they all follow a similar process:
Alone, each attachment point is quite simple, but when different types of attachment points are combined to form "chains", where one attachment point processes data from a second attachment point, the processing can be quite powerful. This is especially true if the attachment points only process the changed data in step 2, since they only do a small amount of simple work at any one time. In the exemplary system, this incremental processing means that the whole system does not have to be re-queried when a new extension is installed or when an existing extension is removed. Additionally, each attachment manager in the exemplary system uses a specific chain of attachment points and so is only informed of changes that impact its area of extensibility.
The attachment point manager performs two important functions when building chains of attachment points. First, it allows the chains to be described as predicate strings. The attachment point manager interprets these strings and builds the required chain of attachment points. Second, it allows the reuse of identical attachment points, which makes the system more efficient. As the attachment point manager creates each chain of attachment points, it tracks which predicate string corresponds to which attachment point. If that predicate string is later requested again, it simply reuses the existing attachment point without creating a new one.
As an example, consider that the attachment manager associated with menus has requested the following predicate chain of attachment points that utilizes the retail.edf file above: (Note: this example does not assume the presence of an EDFHub attachment point).
This string represents all of the menus in the retail.edf file. The XML file located at retail.edf is loaded by the URL attachment point which exposes the root node of the XML file as the only object in its collection. The inner Explode attachment point uses the URL attachment point as its data source and exposes all of the children of the objects in that source collection. In this case, the children of the root node are the top level XML tags "menu" and "toolbars". The Filter attachment point uses the Explode attachment point as its data source and filters the exposed objects looking only for the nodes that are "menus". The outer Explode attachment point uses the Filter attachment point as its data source and exposes all of the children of the filtered menu nodes to provide a list containing the two menus that are added by the extension. Since this particular XML file contained menus that were identified by the attachment points associated with menu attachment manager, that attachment manager is then notified that two menus have been added by an extension.
This process is diagrammatically illustrated in
Consider additionally that the toolbar attachment manager would request a predicate chain of attachment points which would also use URL attachment point, an Explode attachment point and a filter attachment point 1904 that filters on "toolbars". Thus, the corresponding explode attachment point 1906 would expose an XML list containing only the "<toolbar>" node. But, the attachment point manager would detect the commonality of the URL attachment point and the inner Explode attachment point, so it would reuse the same attachment points it created for the menu attachment manager. The Filter attachment points used by the toolbar attachment manager and the menu attachment manager would use the same Explode attachment point as their data sources but would expose different collections of nodes, because they were filtering based on different criteria.
The table below lists a number of different attachment points that can be utilized in accordance with this described embodiment but many more can easily be created.
The embodiments described above provide a platform solution that provides for customization and extensibility through a consistent and logical extensibility mechanism and object model that can be easily understood by third party developers. Internet-based downloads can be accomplished without a great deal of user intervention and without manipulating any user persisted settings. Extensions can be provided to a software platform or application program dynamically based upon the user's computing context.
Although the invention has been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological steps, it is to be understood that the invention defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or steps described. Rather, the specific features and steps are disclosed as preferred forms of implementing the claimed invention.
Patent Citations
Non-Patent Citations
Referenced by
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subset: commoncrawl


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Self Storage in Odessa, TexasNew Search | Advanced Search | TSSA Home Page
When choosing a self storage facility in Odessa, Texas, consider what size unit to rent. You can pick from a range of sizes from 5' x 5' on the small side to 10' x 30' and even larger. But what size unit is right for you? To help determine what size storage unit you'll need for your goods, see Finding the Right Unit Size on the Texas Self Storage Association's Consumer Guide. It is the self-storage facility's responsibility to maintain the property and offer you a clean place to store your valued goods; however it is the consumer's responsibility to store items properly. For tips to help you store your items correctly, read our Packing Tips. You can learn about your responsibilities as a tenant, as well as the self-storage facility owner's obligations to you. Not sure if what you want to store is allowed in a self-storage facility? Read the guidelines about what is prohibited, along with how best to protect your goods.
|A-OK Self Storage, Ltd.
2633 Faudree Road
(432) 563-4359
Map It!
|A3 Storage Center - Odessa East
6190 Cargo Road
Web site: a3storage.com
|AAA Storage Center
3463 Billy Hext Road
Web site: www.aaastoragecenters.com
|AAA Storage Center
2820 Kermit Highway
Web site: www.aaastoragecenters.com
|AAA Storage Center
135 W. 42nd St.
Web site: www.aaastoragecenters.com
|AAA Storage Center - Odessa East
6190 Cargo Road
(432) 363-9919
Map It!
|AAAAA Self-Storage
2740 Faudree Road
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Alamo Mini Storage-Alamo Northport
134 E. 88th St.
(432) 363-0511
Map It!
|Alamo Mini Storage-Alamo West
1310 NW Loop 338
(432) 334-0460
Map It!
|Aztec Storage Center
1131 E. 52nd St.
Web site: members.txssa.org/Aztec
|Golder Self Storage
3607 Golder Ave.
Web site: www.golderselfstorage.co
|Guardian Storage
5136 E. University Blvd.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Guardian Storage & Car Wash
5136 E. University Blvd.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Lark Avenue Mini Storage, LLC
312 S. Lark Ave.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|Lone Star Storage Center
4415 E. 53rd St.
Web site: www.lonestarstoragectr.com
|Longhorn Self Storage
4911 Andrews Highway
(432) 230-0218
Map It!
|Maxi and Mini Storages
700 N. Meadow Ave.
(432) 333-3391
Map It!
|More Space...
6501 E. Business 20
Web site: www.morespacestoragecenter.com
|Park Inn Storage
200 W. 31st St.
Web site: www.parkinnstorage.com
|Rose Storage
Web site: websites.txssa.org/RoseStorage
|Texas Wide Self Storage - Odessa
4500 NE Loop 338
Web site: www.texaswidestorage.com
|U-Haul Moving & Storage of Odessa
3001 Andrews Highway
Web site: www.uhaul.com
|Westside Storage
9341 W. University Blvd.
Email: email@example.com
|Westside Storage II
3610 W. 10th St.
Email: email@example.com
|Westside Storage III
521 W. 42nd St.
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
|The self-storage facilities listed above for Self Storage in Odessa, Texas are members of the Texas Self Storage Association. Whether you are searching for RV storage, boat storage, a unit that is climate controlled, one offering moving supplies, specialty services such as wine storage, truck rentals, or a facility with security features such as alarms, video cameras, and computer gate access, you'll find the closest and most convenient self-storage store listed here.
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Other helpful research guides
Hello, Asian American Studies Students
This guide is designed to provide access to Asian American Studies resources owned by the Claremont Colleges Library (and beyond). If you would like an individual research consultation or have any questions please contact Natalie Tagge (my contact information is to the right).
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By Marine Corps Cpl. Jad SleimanMarine Forces Reserve
NEW ORLEANS, April 18, 2011 Marine Corps Sgt. Daniel Evans didn't see himself working in a kitchen when he first became interested in the Marines, but food service specialist was the only job available.
"I wasn't exactly thrilled," he said. "But I thought I might as well make the best of it."
Eight years later, Evans is the Marine Corps Reserve's top food service specialist noncommissioned officer. The Portland, Ore., native recently took first place honors in the 2011 Major General W.P.T. Hill Awards Program for Food Service Excellence.
Evans credits his platoon with making the victory possible.
"We've got good lance corporals who are good in the kitchen," he said. "We've worked together long enough to work well together. It was a team effort."
Evans led a 15-member Marine Corps team of food service specialists assigned to the 6th Engineer Support Battalion, 4th Marine Logistics Group as they prepared chicken a la king for some 200 Marines as competition inspectors evaluated their every move. The Portland, Ore.,-based Marines were judged on their overall appearance and organization as well as whether their food was "edible, tasted good or tasted [awful]," Evans said.
The Marines used a mobile field food service kitchen -- complete with many of the same appliances and equipment found in commercial kitchens -- to prepare the meals and serve them in an adjacent feeding tent.
Marine Corps Sgt. Jamie Doering, Evans' platoon sergeant, has worked with Evans for seven years.
"He's just kinda that motivational spark, everyone looks to him for that motivation day-to-day," Doering said of Evans. "He always sets the example."
Evans will join the competition's other winners in Chicago in May to receive his award.
Article is closed to new comments.
The opinions expressed in the following comments do not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Department of Defense.
Outstanding Marine!! Semper Fi'!
Chow on the line!
- John P. Thomas, Bakersfield, CA


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PESTEL Analysis
As discussed above, the PESTLE model is a method for analysing the external macro-environment that a firm finds itself in. PESTEL can also be written as PEST, SLEPT, STEEPLE, EPISTEL and a variety of other acronyms. The extra "E" in STEEPLE refers to ethical aspects, and the "I" in EPISTEL refers to information aspects. However, the ultimate framework remains the same, and involves focusing on the main external factors which are generally outside the control of a single firm and are generally specific to a certain country or region, and all markets within in.
The political aspect generally refers to the degree of political stability in a country, its preferred trading partners and the influence of the government on markets. For example, France has a stable government with preferential ties to the other EU members and a desire to maintain a social labour market. In contrast, whilst Russia also has a stable government, it prefers to trade with its former Soviet allies, and will actively promote industries and companies that it perceives as being important to its strategic interests.
Economic analysis focuses on the degree of market freedom, together with the availability and cost of labour and resources. It also focuses on the efficiency of financial markets and the general stability of the exchange rate and economy in general. Other factors include interest and inflation rates, whether the economy is developed or developing, the current stage of the business cycle and the rate of economic growth.
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The key social factors tend to be the demographics and culture of the population. For example, China has a high population, growing rapidly, with a culture focused on group success, and a large number of working class people. In contrast, Ireland has a lower population which is not growing as strongly, a culture which focuses on individual achievement and a larger proportion of middle class citizens. Social characteristics also include education levels, leisure interests and attitudes to factors such as health, the environment and marketing.
The technological side tends to be concerned with the level of technological development of a country or region, and how this impacts on the general level of products in the market and the population's attitude towards technology. This can also be driven by the current rate of technological development and technological diffusion. Finally, the impact of technology on the cost and value chain structures needs to be considered.
Legal factors are often connected to political factors, particularly if the analysis is abbreviated to PEST. However, in many economies the legal factors are influenced by regulators and bodies which are separate from the government of the time. They include the legal basis for contract enforcement and property rights; any trade or product regulations; the existence of anti-trust laws and labour laws; pricing and labelling regulations; and health and safety regulations.
Ecological, or environmental, tend to be more concerned with the natural world, and how businesses may impact on that. For example, companies must be aware of any endangered species or habitats in locations where they plan to construct facilities. Even if the social factors of the country where they are operating do not support maintaining the environment, major companies can still see a backlash from consumers in other markets if they do not consider ecological factors in their strategies.
As can be seen from the discussion above, there are a potentially limitless number of factors in the macro-environment. As such, most firms will tend to focus on the most important factors, particularly those which may affect its industry. However, firms must be careful to continue to analyse the environment to predict and react to any future changes in the critical macro-environmental factors, particularly in an uncertain and dynamic environment.


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Surnames Kichik to Kichor Free Family Genealogy
Discover your family genealogy by browsing surnames below. All genealogy records available at AncientFaces are free of charge and are categorized by surname. Discover your family genealogy for free then upload photos under your surname.
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Welcome to the WDWMAGIC.COM Forums!
Please take a look around, and feel free to sign up and join the community.You can use your Twitter or Facebook account to sign up, or register directly.
ADR's - 180 +10 or just 180
Discussion in 'WDW Restaurants and Dining' started by Eldon_Brasche, May 20, 2011.


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Kiln seals
Kiln seals are one of the most important items on a rotary kiln process.
A seal is essential at each end to prevent ambient air from entering the process. Air leakage can have varying effects on different process. A leaky seal may reduce efficiency; create unsafe or unstable conditions.
Seals are damaged most by overheating or by physical abuse. Overheating can occur because of insufficient cooling by fans or by insulating them from natural cooling. Physical damage is done by not cleaning seal discharge chute or by running the kiln to slow causing spillback.
Each seal is designed for the kiln diameter, maximum runout, temperature, and pressure that it needs to isolate. There are many kinds of seals and each offer advantages in their application.
Metso sells the "good deal" and "super deal" seals. They give an all around performance with low maintenance in most rotary kiln systems.
The overlapping leaves for a seal but let the kiln rotate freely. This configuration is called standard radial. There are many different ways to arrange the seal. The other common configuration is the inward radial.


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(Bethlehem, Pennsylvania) - Moravian College is currently featuring two graphic design exhibits in the Paty Eiffe Gallery of the Haupert Union Building of until March 10, 2003. Displayed in the Gallery, located between the Food Court and Cafeteria, are social awareness posters created by students in Scott Bolestridge's Publication Design class. The lounge area displays the work of Miroslav Cipar, a Slovakian graphic designer.
The featured work of Cipar includes some of his logo designs and didactic panels stating his views on identity design. Much of his work reflects the transformation of his country from a Communist-ruled nation to a free market economy in 1989 and the growth of individual initiatives in service industries and businesses.
Cipar has experience with graphic art, painting, monumental painting, space projects, applied and expositional art, cartoons films, and illustrations. He is a founding member of the Club of Graphicans in Bratislava and a member of the Shankar's Children's Art Competition in New Delhi. He worked as an expert in The Children's Book Trust in New Delhi from 1971 – 1972. Cipar was also the chair of Union of Artists in Bratislava (1986-1989), chief artist of Bratislava (1988), chairman of the Biennial of Illustration committee, member of the Graphic Biennial Brno (1986 and 1988), member of the IBA Leipzig Competition Jury (1982 and 1989), and an international jury member.


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Ever wondered if you are at risk of a Heart Attack?
Did you know that Nearly half of those who die from heart attacks each year never showed prior symptoms of heart disease. Right now, millions of people over age 40 are suffering from heart disease and do not even know it?
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Sunday, October 27, 2013
4:00 pm - 6:00 pm
Cost: $30 general admission, $25 seniors, $5 students and children; $20 groups of 10 or more
Sponsored by: New Dominion Chorale
New Dominion Chorale's "In Praise of Music" features the world premiere of Artistic Director Thomas Beveridge's "Orpheus with His Lute" for lute, orchestra and chorus, with lutenist William Simms. The concert also includes works by Henry Purcell and G.F. Handel performed with chorus and professional orchestra. Soprano Esther Heideman, alto Kristen Dubenion -Smith, tenor Daniel Snyder, countertenor Chris Dudley and bass-baritone Matthew Osifchin are the featured soloists.
Event Contact Info:


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Epic Voyage: The Extraordinary Life of Titanic Survivor Helen Churchill Candee on View in Norwalk
Wednesday, Apr 25, 2012 - Sunday, Oct 14, 2012 at 12:00pm-5:00pm
Lockwood Mathews Mansion Museum, 295 West Ave., Norwalk
Admission: $10 adults, $8 seniors, $6 children 8-18. Student tours: $3 per student
Norwalk's Lockwood Mathews Mansion Museum presents the exhibit, "Epic Voyage" which focuses on the life and times of Titanic surivor, Helen Churchill Candee. Candee was the mother of Edith Mathews, who owned the Mansion at the turn of the century. A women's rights advocate, author, journalist and renowned interior decorator, Candee worked for President Theodore Roosevelt, among others. An adjunct to the exhibit is the Museum's Student Program which includes Mystic Aquarium's Immersion Learning's Return to Titanic program, with hands-on activities and games that highlight science, technology and exploration. For more information, call 203-838-9799 ext. 4, e-mail email@example.com or visit www.lockwoodmathewsmansion.com.


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EEE201 - Creating Effective Learning Environments
Unit details
|2015 unit information
|Offering information:
Pipelining from 2014 - for continuing students only.
|Enrolment modes:
|Trimester 1: Burwood (Melbourne)
|Credit point(s):
|EFTSL value:
|Cohort rule:
|(For students enrolled in courses D347, D351, E377 only)
|Unit chair:
|S Rawolle
|EEY201 or EEY304
|Incompatible with:
|Contact hours:
1 x 3 hour Class and/or Seminar per week.
This unit addresses the knowledge and competencies required by teachers to plan, create and implement safe, inclusive, engaging and challenging learning environments. The unit also addresses the development of effective teacher listening and communication skills appropriate to the primary and secondary school settings. By integrating with the practicum experience, EEE201 provides this broader understanding of theory and practice.
Three assessment tasks:
Task 1: Team development of a school learning & teaching policy (40%).
Task 2: Development of either a sequence of lessons or a strategy designed to create effective learning environments (30%).
Task 3: Individual reflective response in relation to the student's professional learning (30%)
All tasks criterion referenced with a combination of tutor and peer assessment. Total of 4000 words or equivalent.
Recommended texts
Groundwater-Smith, S., Ewing, R., & Le Cornu, R. 2007. Teaching. Challenges & Dilemmas. Thomson, Melbourne.
Marsh, C. 2004, Becoming a Teacher (3rd edn) Pearson, Frenchs Forrest, NSW.
Mackay, J. 2006, Coat of many pockets: managing classroom interactions, ACER Press, Camberwell, VicRepresentative references
Arthur, M., Gordon, C. & Butterfield, N. (2003) Classroom Management: Creating positive learning environments. Thomson, Melbourne.
UNESCO. (2005) Cultural & Linguistic Diversity in Education (at http://portal.unesco.org/ )
UNESCO. (2006) Education For All (at http://www.unescobkk.org/index.php?id=95)
Unit Fee Information
|Student Contribution Rate*
|Student Contribution Rate**
|Fee rate - Domestic Students
|Fee rate - International students
* Rate for all CSP students, except for those who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
** Rate for CSP students who commenced Education and Nursing units pre 2010
Please note: Unit fees listed do not apply to Deakin Prime students.


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The affordable, new entry level Volkswagen is here. The Polo Vivo will set new benchmarks in its category for affordability, quality, safety, space and comfort. Available in hatch and sedan, the Polo Vivo is driven by the desire to make motoring accessible to more South Africans. The Polo Vivo is a car that truly captures the can-do spirit of the nation for which it was designed. So much to celebrate.
Volkswagen has developed a cost of ownership promise for the Polo Vivo based on three cornerstones, "own", "insure" and "maintain".
Let's take a closer look.
|First of all the Polo Vivo represents great value for money at its recommended retail price. It is spacious and uncompromising on safety and comfort features. With 70% local parts content, the Polo Vivo costs less to build and parts are also more affordable and readily available. And it is produced to international quality standards with all the build integrity and quality of components you would expect from Volkswagen. Which also means that, like all Volkswagens, you can expect the Polo Vivo to retain a higher than industry average residual value.
Residual value (the resale value of the vehicle expressed as a percentage of its original price) is an often overlooked and critical influencer on cost of ownership. With the Polo Vivo you can expect the car to hold its value better and when you sell your car you will get more back for your car thus reducing your total cost of ownership over the lifetime of the vehicle. As a Citi Golf owner the same applies to you. According to the reputable TransUnion industry guide, Citi Golf is the leading brand in its segment with a better residual value over an extended period of time. So there is never a better time than now to upgrade to a Polo Vivo. Make contact with your Volkswagen Dealer to get the best deal from Volkswagen Financial Services and ensure you get much more car for your money.
Volkswagensure is approved and backed by Volkswagen and provides complete peace of mind with monthly insurance premiums to suit your lifestyle and your pocket. Highly competitive insurance premiums contribute to a further reduction in vehicle cost of ownership, making access to a Polo Vivo that much easier. Speak to your Volkswagen Dealer about Volkswagensure today to confirm the low premiums available on the Polo Vivo. We invite you to compare your current Citi Golf insurance premium to that of the Polo Vivo.
Volkswagen has offered affordable mobility to South Africans for over 60 years. The Polo Vivo is a car produced in South Africa, for the South African market, utilizing local parts suppliers making it more affordable to maintain. Service, maintenance and crash parts have been price benchmarked with the latest Kinsey Parts Survey to offer leading value in the entry segment of the market. And with 105 Dealers nationwide, you will have all the support and accessibility of Volkswagen's highly trained and experienced Dealer Network.
Through Volkswagen's unique cost of ownership promise, based on "own", "insure" and "maintain", we are able to introduce the Polo Vivo as an incredibly affordable motoring package.
And the good news is that the Polo Vivo has a better total cost of ownership when compared to the Citi Golf. While the legendary Citi Golf has been discontinued, we thought it prudent to highlight the amazing affordability of the Polo Vivo by providing a cost of ownership comparison between the entry-level Citi Golf, the 1.4 Tenaciti, and the entry-level 2-door and 4-door Polo Vivo hatch models.
As a new model, Polo Vivo is expected to hold an even better residual value than the impressive one of Citi Golf. If this is considered in the overall cost of ownership, it would mean an even bigger saving for you.
* Advertised offer is based on a Linked rate, excludes initiation fee, monthly service fee of R57, any dealer fees and credit insurance required in accordance with the NCA. All finance offers subject to credit approval from Volkswagen Financial Services. A division of WesBank. A division of the FirstRand Bank Ltd. An authorized Financial Services Provider. NCRCP20. Information subject to change without notice.
* Average monthly insurance premium for a 25 year old male living in the Sandton area with a low excess (average monthly premium calculated across South Africa's major motor insurers).
** Monthly insurance premium for a 25 year old male living in the Sandton area with a low excess through Volkswagensure (A division of Volkswagen Financial Services).
The Polo Vivo does not only offer amazing affordability, but features improvements under the bonnet too. The proven and reliable 1.4 and 1.6 engine range offers several advantages in terms of torque, fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. The table below compares the Polo Vivo 1.4 and 1.6 petrol engines against the Citi Golf.
|Whilst the Citi Golf is no longer manufactured in South Africa, it remains a vehicle in high demand by South African drivers and has therefore maintained its trade in value very well. There has never been a better time to trade in your Citi for a Polo Vivo that offers outstanding value for money.
Vivo details and costing from VWSA
Tags: CostPoloPricingSpecsVivo
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50 Responses to "Vivo details and costing from VWSA"
June 15, 2010Vincent
I love polo vivo its very nice car and reliable.
I would like to own one, l earn R6320.000 per month,do l qualify for it?
January 11, 2011nonku
I earn R6500 per month do i qualify for the Polo vivo? i stay in Pietermarizburg KZN which garage can you recomend if im interested to buy
January 11, 2011Vdub Editor
not sure, best to visit http://www.vw.co.za and you can find their finance numbers there.
January 13, 2011Moshidi Mnisi
good day my name is Moshidi
I eanr 12600 per month and i would like to own a polo vivo do I qualify
August 3, 2011walter
i would love to buy a brand new polo vivo 1.4 without the deposit, so how will it cost for the instalment, for the period of five years also for six years qoutation please.
September 22, 2011Mahlatse
would love to buy a brand new polo vivo 1.4 without the deposit, so how will it cost for the instalment, for the period of five years also for six years qoutation please.
December 7, 2011Unathi
I would love to buy a brand new polo vivo 1.4(2 door),I earn R10000 and I have a deposit for R30000.Do I qualify and what will my monthly installment be?
January 14, 2012John
i earn R5600 i want polo vivo, i want to know if i qualify to get the car?
May 3, 2012thulani
Im earning 6000 pm and im looking to buy a polo vivo 1.4(2 door for a period of 5years with no deposit. Also six years qoutation please. Do i qualify?
May 29, 2012sophie
I have a deposit of 20000 and would like to a polo vivo without paying the baloon payment. What will my monthly installment be?
May 31, 2012Luckys
I love my vw polo vivo car,
I would like to own one, l earn R7500 per month, plus 1200 monthly allowed , do l qualify for it?
June 18, 2012kemo
my name is kemo, i earn 5000 per month and would like to own a new polo vivo. do i qualify? how much deposit will i have to pay as well as monthly instalments and insurance.
June 27, 2012Rhulani Ndlhovu
I earn 7,878.79 a month i am newly employed and would like to own a new polo vivo and do not have a deposit do i qualify? How much will the monthly installments and insurance cost?
December 27, 2012Palesa
Hi I am a 24 year old lady, earn 6800 after deduction, what will my montlhy instalments with insurance and without deposit be?
February 23, 2013Justice
Hi my name is justice i earn 7500 would like to drive polo vivo 1.4 flashy red in colour,do i qualify for it
February 24, 2013Mandla
Hi my name is Mandla and i earn 7000 ,would like to drive this vivo silver in colour,so do i qualify?
March 18, 2013justin
I earn 8000 a month just started working do I quilify and how must would I pay amouth
April 3, 2013Ayanda
I would love to buy a brand new polo vivo. I have a deposit for R30000.Do I qualify and what will be my monthly installment including insurance?
Hi,I earn R5999pm doi qualify to own polo vivo
Hi, I earn R5999pm do I qualify to own a brand new polo vivo
May 10, 2013Tiisetso
Hi!I earn R8323 and would like to buy a polo vivo 1.4 and would like to know if I qualify and how much will my monthly installment be?
June 22, 2013masilo
I earn 5800 and would like to buy a new polo vivo. I want to know if I qualify
July 10, 2013Baxolise
I would like a to own a polo vivo 1.4 so I would like to know how much I would have to pay monthly without deposit.I will also like to know about the balloon payment.
August 8, 2013matome
Hi am currently earning R7081 after all deductions would like to know if I quality to afford a polo vivo(blue) 1.4(4 door) without deposit.
August 14, 2013Luntu
Hi, I'm luntu and I would like to own a new polo vivo. I earn 9000 so I would like to know how much would be my monthly installment with no deposit for a period of 5 years?
August 18, 2013Benedict mathonsi
I've got no deposoi but am very much intrested to would to own & drive a new polo vivo 1.4 hatchback or new polo GTI 1.4,my salery R8053.53 before deductions & after deductions is R7200.00,do i qualify for 1 of the 2 cars i've mentioned,if yes plz call me(0767453628) to do the application through the phone i want the car as soon as possible,am permernently employed.
September 18, 2013Patrick
Hi, I would like to own a new polo vivo. I earn 7000 so I would like to know how much would be my monthly installment with no deposit for a period of 5 years?
October 24, 2013STHEMBILE
December 6, 2013Lesego
Am looking for polo vivi 1.4! Model 2011 or 2012 with red in colour
December 20, 2013King mohale
I earn R10,000 and i want a 1.4 polo not paying a deposit, how much will i pay per month and how long?
March 17, 2014Shane
I'm interested 2 the new p0l0 viv0 red 0r charc0al in c0l0ur with dark wind0ws and sun-r0of…..I'm permanently empl0yed I'm earning R5800+R500 all0wance I want 2 kn0w if I qualify 4 it and h0w much will I pay 4 the installments with n0 dep0sit
Im a boy of 22 years with no installment in life, and im only earning R6000.0
after dedactions so i need a car with no deposit Polo Vivo 1.4, im intrested and please consalt me guys if i do qualify
April 21, 2014Sibusiso
Hi I am 26 years old earning R6600 after deductions. I need a polo vivo 1.4 or 1.6 hatchback, without deposit over 60 months .I need to know if I qualify for it either one and how much monthly premiums are on both the vehicle. I'm permanently employed.
April 27, 2014andileh
hi my name is andile earning R5000 i need a tena city without deposit. i need to know if i qualify
May 1, 2014Keitumetse Goodman
i earn R1700 from my parents plus my stipend is R2500 would i qualify for a Polo Vivo 1.4 which cost R1699p.m?
June 9, 2014Godfrey
Hie i would like to get a polo vivo 1.4 or 1.6 , i dont mind a second hand please email me the detail and cost of the above 2 mentioned cars, and want to know how much with deposit and without deposit both including insurance. Thanks
June 14, 2014tshepo
Hi m looking for 2014 model polo 1.6 with sunroof. How much will it cost me with 0% deposit ?
August 6, 2014jabulile
Hi I would like to know am earning R5620 a month do I qualify for a polo 2006 1,6 and for how much monthly instalment
August 28, 2014Linda
Hi I earn 7000 before tax do i qualify for the Polo Vivo 1.4 (2-door)
September 19, 2014frans pretorius
hi there I am looking for l;eft and right side mirrors for 2013 polo vivo. plz notify me via email thanx
November 11, 2014Ziyanda
I earn R5000 a month and would like to know if I qualify for a polo vivo 1.4 (4 doors)?
November 12, 2014lunga
hi im lookin for a Polo vivo 1.4 with the installment that doesn't exceed R3000 together with insuarance, I don't want a ballon payment offer pls
November 12, 2014phaahla Mphahlele
I earn 8000 after deduction I want polo vivo 1.4 how much will I pay per month for 5years
November 18, 2014lebo
hi i earn R5000 + 1800 allowance. i need a 2013 or 2014 polo vivo do I qualify? how much will my monthly instalments be with R10000 deposit and no balloon payment?
April 14, 2015Mmapule Maluleka
I earn 9000 per month and I would like to buy a polo 1.6, so I need to know of I qualify, and how much will be my monthly instalment..
April 14, 2015Tumelo
hey i want a secondhand 50000kms1.6 polo with sunroof i have 10000 deposit, i earn 6000. do i qualify?
I will like to buy a polo 1.4 so I am earning R5000 so. I need to kno that do I qualify to get 1 nd haw much will be my monthly payment
July 20, 2015PiterJ
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Stonewall Chorale Sites
Partners of the Stonewall Chorale
Choral Organizations/Friends of the Chorale
ACDA: The American Choral Directors Association
ChoralNet: The Internet Center for Choral Music
CyberBass: Classical music sound files to assist in learning individual choral parts (SATB all featured)
GALA Choruses: The Gay & Lesbian Association of Choruses
VAN: Vocal Area Network (New York area)
Chorus America: Chorus America strengthens choral organizations and provides their leaders with information, research, leadership development, professional training, and advocacy to help them deliver the best possible contributions to their communities and to the choral art
Meredith Monk: Composer, singer, director/choreographer and creator of new opera, music theater works, films and installations
Big Apple Ranch: NYC's biggest and best gay and lesbian country western dance. The Stonewall Chorale thanks Big Apple Ranch for their annual dance event that supports the Chorale!
GLBTQ Organizations
AVP: The New York City Gay & Lesbian Anti-Violence Project
The Audre Lorde Project: Center for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Two Spirit and Transgender People of Color Communities in New York City
The Callen-Lorde Community Health Center: NYC medical facility dedicated to meeting the health care needs of the LGBT communities and people living with HIV/AIDS.
The Center: The New York City Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center
Gayellow Pages: Informing the GLBT US/Canada community since 1973
Hetrick-Martin Institute: The home of the Harvey Milk High School; creates a safe and supportive environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) youth between the ages of 12 and 24 and their families
It Gets Better Project: Many LGBT youth can't picture what their lives might be like as openly gay adults. They can't imagine a future for themselves. So let's show them what our lives are like, let's show them what the future may hold in store for them.
PFLAG NYC: New York City Chapter of Parents, Families & Friends of Lesbians and Gays
QAR: Queer Arts Resources
Queer Urban Orchestra: Providing New York City's lesbian and gay community with a supportive and friendly environment for musical and artistic expression through performances of classical and contemporary music.
SAGE: Senior Action in a Gay Environment
StoneWall Society: GLBTI working to end discrimination and prejudice globally, especially within the GLBTI community toward itself; site features a large GLBTI Artists section


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Some people have a "spirit animal," an animal they relate to spiritually and try to model their lives after. Nobody, however, has a spirit video. We can change that. Make this video your spirit video. Try to live your lives in such fashion that you are as satisfied with every 17 second chunk of living as you are with the 17 seconds of this video. This video is called Minnesota Death Star.
It's triumphant, it's short, it's fun, it's perfect. This is your spirit video. Keep it in mind throughout your day.
Thanks, Best of YouTube.


text:
Below is the poem entitled The beginning which was written by poet
Wolfe. Please feel free to comment on this poem. However, please remember, PoetrySoup is a place of encouragement and growth.
Read Poems by
Danton Wolfe
When all the world was silent,
Not a sound was heard,
Not a laugh,
Nor a cry.
Then a voice broke the silence,
Giving life to all who live.
He spoke and there was light,
He breathed and the stars were born.
The silence was pierced,
By the bird's song,
The cry of wolves,
The laugh of man.
Will that silence be restored?
Will that song ever die?
That cry cease to be heard?
That laugh never sound again?
The One who created these things,
Will not abandon them.
For what he made was good
In silence He will never dwell again.


text:
The document published as the successor to STERP, the Short Term Emergency Recovery Programme, is the MTP, or Medium Term Plan, the Zero Draft version of which has now been released by the Ministry of Economic Planning and Investment Promotion. The document's 133 pages carry detailed and well-prepared descriptions of the current state of the economy's major sectors and go on to describe how much more effectively each sector will perform when policies that will overcome current handicaps have been adopted.
However, descriptions of current problems and assurances of how much better things will work in the future do not constitute a plan.
Various ideas can be assembled to define or describe a plan, such as:
Other concepts might need to be considered, such as scale, or urgency. Every country has to occasionally make momentous decisions – the sort of decisions that affect the entire destiny of the country for years to come. These decisions have to address the biggest and most important issues facing the country's population, so a definition of strategic planning must encompass the need to take big decisions and the ability to follow through in good time.
In this document, many of the descriptions of the success awaiting Zimbabwe are based on assumptions, such as that the country's relations with those international bodies that can support development plans will become normalised, and that their offers to Zimbabwe of Balance of Payments support will therefore become a major source of funding. But when the document is examined to find the backing for such assumptions, they cannot be found.
The video footage above shows sewage freely flowing along the perimeter of Lobengula Primary school (Bulawayo) - you can hear children shouting and playing near-by in the background.
It's cool and dry in Zimbabwe at the moment, but when the rainy season ensues, and the weather turns hot, the threat of a massive cholera epidemic looms large again. This footage, and the images included in this post, clearly show that unhygenic conditions persist.
Rubbish left uncollected alongside a road in Makokoba, a high density residential area


text:
We plan for our retirement. We plan for education costs. We plan for vacations and special anniversaries. We plan because it gives us control. Planning one's funeral and cemetery arrangements is a satisfying, valuable act that gives us a sense of control over our lives today.
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