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The present invention relates generally to the field of investigational bioinformatics and more particularly to secondary structure defining databases. The present invention further relates to methods for interrogating a database as a source of molecular masses of known bioagents for comparing against the molecular mass of an unknown or selected bioagent to determine either the identity of the selected bioagent, and/or to determine the origin of the selected bioagent. The identification of the bioagent is important for determining a proper course of treatment and/or irradication of the bioagent in such cases as biological warfare. Furthermore, the determination of the geographic origin of a selected bioagent will facilitate the identification of potential criminal identity.
1. A method of identifying an unknown bioagent using a database of molecular masses of known bioagents comprising:
contacting nucleic acid from said bioagent with at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to sequences of said nucleic acid, wherein said sequences flank a variable nucleic acid sequence of said bioagent;
producing an amplification product of said variable nucleic acid sequence;
determining a first molecular mass of said amplification product; and
comparing said first molecular mass to the molecular masses of known bioagents, thereby identifying the unknown bioagent.
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11. A database having cell-data positional significance comprising at least a first table of a plurality of data-containing cells, said first table organized into at least a first row and a second row, each row having columns and data-containing cells; and wherein said data-containing cells have an alignment with at least one other row for differentiating aligned from non-aligned data-containing cells, and wherein said differentiation in alignment of said data-containing cells designates a structural feature of a polymer.
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16. A method for reconciling a first file and a second file, said second file corresponding at least in part to said first file, said first file and said second file each containing records, said records corresponding to rows in a table of a dimensional database having rows and columns defined by data-cells having data-cell positional significance, said method comprising:
comparing said first file and said corresponding second file with a backup file containing records from a previous reconciliation of said first file and said corresponding second file to identify new, updated or deleted records;
creating a reconcile file containing information pertaining to said new, updated or deleted records identified in said comparing step; and
copying the contents of said reconcile file to said first file, said corresponding second file and a new backup file.
17. A service providing information related to a bioagent comprising:
providing a dimensional master database for storing a molecular mass, an identity and a detail corresponding to a plurality of known bioagents and, said master database storing the molecular mass, the identity and the detail for a plurality of known bioagents;
interrogating the master database with an identification request of an unknown bioagent to generate a response; and
delivering said response from the master database to a requester.
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26. A method of determining a geographical origin of a selected bioagent using a database of molecular masses of known bioagents comprising:
contacting nucleic acid from said selected bioagent with at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers which hybridize to sequences of said nucleic acid, wherein said sequences flank a variable nucleic acid sequence of the bioagent;
producing an amplification product of said variable nucleic acid sequence;
determining a first molecular mass of said amplification product; and
comparing said first molecular mass to the molecular masses of known bioagents for determining a geographic origin of said selected bioagent, said comparison determining an identity and a geographic origin of said selected bioagent.
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[0001] This invention was made with United States Government support under DARPA/SPO contract BAA00-09. The United States Government may have certain rights in the invention.
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of investigational bioinformatics and more particularly to secondary structure defining databases. The present invention further relates to methods for interrogating a database as a source of molecular masses of known bioagents for comparing against the molecular mass of an unknown or selected bioagent to determine either the identity of the selected bioagent, and/or to determine the origin of the selected bioagent. The identification of the bioagent is important for determining a proper course of treatment and/or irradication of the bioagent in such cases as biological warfare. Furthermore, the determination of the geographic origin of a selected bioagent will facilitate the identification of potential criminal identity. The present invention also relates to methods for rapid detection and identification of bioagents from environmental, clinical or other samples. The methods provide for detection and characterization of a unique base composition signature (BCS) from any bioagent, including bacteria and viruses. The unique BCS is used to rapidly identify the bioagent.
[0003] In the United States, hospitals report well over 5 million cases of recognized infectious disease-related illnesses annually. Significantly greater numbers remain undetected, both in the inpatient and community setting, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality. Critical intervention for infectious disease relies on rapid, sensitive and specific detection of the offending pathogen, and is central to the mission of microbiology laboratories at medical centers. Unfortunately, despite the recognition that outcomes from infectious illnesses are directly associated with time to pathogen recognition, as well as accurate identification of the class and species of microbe, and ability to identify the presence of drug resistance isolates, conventional hospital laboratories often remain encumbered by traditional slow multi-step culture based assays. Other limitations of the conventional laboratory which have become increasingly apparent include: extremely prolonged wait-times for pathogens with long generation time (up to several weeks); requirements for additional testing and wait times for speciation and identification of antimicrobial resistance; diminished test sensitivity for patients who have received antibiotics; and absolute inability to culture certain pathogens in disease states associated with microbial infection.
[0004] For more than a decade, molecular testing has been heralded as the diagnostic tool for the new millennium, whose ultimate potential could include forced obsolescence of traditional hospital laboratories. However, despite the fact that significant advances in clinical application of PCR techniques have occurred, the practicing physician still relies principally on standard techniques. A brief discussion of several existing applications of PCR in the hospital-based setting follows.
[0005] Generally speaking molecular diagnostics have been championed for identifying organisms that cannot be grown in vitro, or in instances where existing culture techniques are insensitive and/or require prolonged incubation times. PCR-based diagnostics have been successfully developed for a wide variety of microbes. Application to the clinical arena has met with variable success, with only a few assays achieving acceptance and utility.
[0006] One of the earliest, and perhaps most widely recognized applications of PCR for clinical practice is in detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clinical characteristics favoring development of a nonculture-based test for tuberculosis include week to month long delays associated with standard testing, occurrence of drug-resistant isolates and public health imperatives associated with recognition, isolation and treatment. Although frequently used as a diagnostic adjunctive, practical and routine clinical application of PCR remains problematic due to significant inter-laboratory variation in sensitivity, and inadequate specificity for use in low prevalence populations, requiring further development at the technical level. Recent advances in the laboratory suggest that identification of drug resistant isolates by amplification of mutations associated with specific antibiotic resistance (e.g., rpoB gene in rifampin resistant strains) may be forthcoming for clinical use, although widespread application will require extensive clinical validation.
[0007] One diagnostic assay, which has gained widespread acceptance, is for C. trachomatis. Conventional detection systems are limiting due to inadequate sensitivity and specificity (direct immunofluoresence or enzyme immunoassay) or the requirement for specialized culture facilities, due to the fastidious characteristics of this microbe. Laboratory development, followed by widespread clinical validation testing in a variety of acute and nonacute care settings have demonstrated excellent sensitivity (90-100%) and specificity (97%) of the PCR assay leading to its commercial development. Proven efficacy of the PCR assay from both genital and urine sampling, have resulted in its application to a variety of clinical setting, most recently including routine screening of patients considered at risk.
[0008] While the full potential for PCR diagnostics to provide rapid and critical information to physicians faced with difficult clinical-decisions has yet to be realized, one recently developed assay provides an example of the promise of this evolving technology. Distinguishing life-threatening causes of fever from more benign causes in children is a fundamental clinical dilemma faced by clinicians, particularly when infections of the central nervous system are being considered. Bacterial causes of meningitis can be highly aggressive, but generally cannot be differentiated on a clinical basis from aseptic meningitis, which is a relatively benign condition that can be managed on an outpatient basis. Existing blood culture methods often take several days to turn positive, and are often confounded by poor sensitivity or false-negative findings in patients receiving empiric antimicrobials. Testing and application of a PCR assay for enteroviral meningitis has been found to be highly sensitive. With reporting of results within 1 day, preliminary clinical trials have shown significant reductions in hospital costs, due to decreased duration of hospital stays and reduction in antibiotic therapy. Other viral PCR assays, now routinely available include those for herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis and HIV. Each has a demonstrated cost savings role in clinical practice, including detection of otherwise difficult to diagnose infections and newly realized capacity to monitor progression of disease and response to therapy, vital in the management of chronic infectious diseases.
[0009] The concept of a universal detection system has been forwarded for identification of bacterial pathogens, and speaks most directly to the possible clinical implications of a broad-based screening tool for clinical use. Exploiting the existence of highly conserved regions of DNA common to all bacterial species in a PCR assay would empower physicians to rapidly identify the presence of bacteremia, which would profoundly impact patient care. Previous empiric decision making could be abandoned in favor of educated practice, allowing appropriate and expeditious decision-making regarding need for antibiotic therapy and hospitalization.
[0010] Experimental work using the conserved features of the 16S rRNA common to almost all bacterial species, is an area of active investigation. Hospital test sites have focused on "high yield" clinical settings where expeditious identification of the presence of systemic bacterial infection has immediate high morbidity and mortality consequences. Notable clinical infections have included evaluation of febrile infants at risk for sepsis, detection of bacteremia in febrile neutropenic cancer patients, and examination of critically ill patients in the intensive care unit. While several of these studies have reported promising results (with sensitivity and specificity well over 90%), significant technical difficulties (described below) remain, and have prevented general acceptance of this assay in clinics and hospitals (which remain dependent on standard blood culture methodologies). Even the revolutionary advances of real-time PCR technique, which offers a quantitative more reproducible and technically simpler system remains encumbered by inherent technical limitations of the PCR assay.
[0011] The principle shortcomings of applying PCR assays to the clinical setting include: inability to eliminate background DNA contamination; interference with the PCR amplification by substrates present in the reaction; and limited capacity to provide rapid reliable speciation, antibiotic resistance and subtype identification. Some laboratories have recently made progress in identifying and removing inhibitors; however background contamination remains problematic, and methods directed towards eliminating exogenous sources of DNA report significant diminution in assay sensitivity. Finally, while product identification and detailed characterization has been achieved using sequencing techniques, these approaches are laborious and time-intensive thus detracting from its clinical applicability.
[0012] Rapid and definitive microbial identification is desirable for a variety of industrial, medical, environmental, quality, and research reasons. Traditionally, the microbiology laboratory has functioned to identify the etiologic agents of infectious diseases through direct examination and culture of specimens. Since the mid-1980s, researchers have repeatedly demonstrated the practical utility of molecular biology techniques, many of which form the basis of clinical diagnostic assays. Some of these techniques include nucleic acid hybridization analysis, restriction enzyme analysis, genetic sequence analysis, and separation and purification of nucleic acids (See, e.g., J. Sambrook, E. F. Fritsch, and T. Maniatis, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1989). These procedures, in general, are time-consuming and tedious. Another option is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or other amplification procedure which amplifies a specific target DNA sequence based on the flanking primers used. Finally, detection and data analysis convert the hybridization event into an analytical result.
[0013] Other not yet fully realized applications of PCR for clinical medicine is the identification of infectious causes of disease previously described as idiopathic (e.g. Bartonella henselae in bacillary angiomatosis, and Tropheryma whippellii as the uncultured bacillus associated with Whipple's disease). Further, recent epidemiological studies which suggest a strong association between Chlamydia pneumonia and coronary artery disease, serve as example of the possible widespread, yet undiscovered links between pathogen and host which may ultimately allow for new insights into pathogenesis and novel life sustaining or saving therapeutics.
[0014] For the practicing clinician, PCR technology offers a yet unrealized potential for diagnostic omnipotence in the arena of infectious disease. A universal reliable infectious disease detection system would certainly become a fundamental tool in the evolving diagnostic armamentarium of the 21st century clinician. For front line emergency physicians, or physicians working in disaster settings, a quick universal detection system, would allow for molecular triage and early aggressive targeted therapy. Preliminary clinical studies using species specific probes suggest that implementing rapid testing in acute care setting is feasible. Resources could thus be appropriately applied, and patients with suspected infections could rapidly be risk stratified to the different treatment settings, depending on the pathogen and virulence. Furthermore, links with data management systems, locally regionally and nationally, would allow for effective epidemiological surveillance, with obvious benefits for antibiotic selection and control of disease outbreaks.
[0015] For the hospitalists, the ability to speciate and subtype would allow for more precise decision-making regarding antimicrobial agents. Patients who are colonized with highly contagious pathogens could be appropriately isolated on entry into the medical setting without delay. Targeted therapy will diminish development of antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, identification of the genetic basis of antibiotic resistant strains would permit precise pharmacologic intervention. Both physician and patient would benefit with less need for repetitive testing and elimination of wait times for test results.
[0016] It is certain that the individual patient will benefit directly from this approach. Patients with unrecognized or difficult to diagnose infections would be identified and treated promptly. There will be reduced need for prolonged inpatient stays, with resultant decreases in iatrogenic events.
[0017] Mass spectrometry provides detailed information about the molecules being analyzed, including high mass accuracy. It is also a process that can be easily automated. Low-resolution MS may be unreliable when used to detect some known agents, if their spectral lines are sufficiently weak or sufficiently close to those from other living organisms in the sample. DNA chips with specific probes can only determine the presence or absence of specifically anticipated organisms. Because there are hundreds of thousands of species of benign bacteria, some very similar in sequence to threat organisms, even arrays with 10,000 probes lack the breadth needed to detect a particular organism.
[0018] Antibodies face more severe diversity limitations than arrays. If antibodies are designed against highly conserved targets to increase diversity, the false alarm problem will dominate, again because threat organisms are very similar to benign ones. Antibodies are only capable of detecting known agents in relatively uncluttered environments.
[0019] Several groups have described detection of PCR products using high resolution electrospray ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR MS). Accurate measurement of exact mass combined with knowledge of the number of at least one nucleotide allowed calculation of the total base composition for PCR duplex products of approximately 100 base pairs. (Aaserud et al., J. Am. Soc. Mass Spec., 1996, 7, 1266-1269; Muddiman et al., Anal. Chem., 1997, 69, 1543-1549; Wunschel et al., Anal. Chem., 1998, 70, 1203-1207; Muddiman et al., Rev. Anal. Chem., 1998, 17, 1-68). Electrospray ionization-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resistance (ESI-FT-ICR) MS may be used to determine the mass of double-stranded, 500 base-pair PCR products via the average molecular mass (Hurst et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spec. 1996, 10, 377-382). The use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry for characterization of PCR products has been described. (Muddiman et al., Rapid Commun. Mass Spec., 1999, 13, 1201-1204). However, the degradation of DNAs over about 75 nucleotides observed with MALDI limited the utility of this method.
[0020] U.S. Pat. No. 5,849,492 describes a method for retrieval of phylogenetically informative DNA sequences which comprise searching for a highly divergent segment of genomic DNA surrounded by two highly conserved segments, designing the universal primers for PCR amplification of the highly divergent region, amplifying the genomic DNA by PCR technique using universal primers, and then sequencing the gene to determine the identity of the organism.
[0021] U.S. Patent No. 5,965,363 discloses methods for screening nucleic acids for polymorphisms by analyzing amplified target nucleic acids using mass spectrometric techniques and to procedures for improving mass resolution and mass accuracy of these methods.
[0022] WO 99/14375 describes methods, PCR primers and kits for use in analyzing preselected DNA tandem nucleotide repeat alleles by mass spectrometry.
[0023] WO 98/12355 discloses methods of determining the mass of a target nucleic acid by mass spectrometric analysis, by cleaving the target nucleic acid to reduce its length, making the target single-stranded and using MS to determine the mass of the single-stranded shortened target. Also disclosed are methods of preparing a double-stranded target nucleic acid for MS analysis comprising amplification of the target nucleic acid, binding one of the strands to a solid support, releasing the second strand and then releasing the first strand which is then analyzed by MS. Kits for target nucleic acid preparation are also provided.
[0024] PCT WO97/33000 discloses methods for detecting mutations in a target nucleic acid by nonrandomly fragmenting the target into a set of single-stranded nonrandom length fragments and determining their masses by MS.
[0025] U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,798 describes a fast and highly accurate mass spectrometer-based process for detecting the presence of a particular nucleic acid in a biological sample for diagnostic purposes.
[0026] WO 98/21066 describes processes for determining the sequence of a particular target nucleic acid by mass spectrometry. Processes for detecting a target nucleic acid present in a biological sample by PCR amplification and mass spectrometry detection are disclosed, as are methods for detecting a target nucleic acid in a sample by amplifying the target with primers that contain restriction sites and tags, extending and cleaving the amplified nucleic acid, and detecting the presence of extended product, wherein the presence of a DNA fragment of a mass different from wild-type is indicative of a mutation. Methods of sequencing a nucleic acid via mass spectrometry methods are also described.
[0027] WO 97/37041, WO 99/31278 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,547,835 describe methods of sequencing nucleic acids using mass spectrometry. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,622,824, 5,872,003 and 5,691,141 describe methods, systems and kits for exonuclease-mediated mass spectrometric sequencing.
[0028] Thus, there is a need for a method for bioagent detection and identification which is both specific and rapid, and in which no nucleic acid sequencing is required. The present invention addresses this need.
[0029] The present invention is directed to method of identifying an unknown bioagent using a database, such as a database stored on, for example, a local computer or perhaps a database accessible over a network or on the internet. This database of molecular masses of known bioagents provides a standard of comparison for determining both identity and geographic origin of the unknown bioagent. The nucleic acid from said bioagent is first contacted with at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers which hybridize to sequences of said nucleic acid that flank a variable nucleic acid sequence of the bioagent. Using PCR technology an amplification product of this variable nucleic acid sequence is made. After standard isolation, the molecular mass of this amplification product is determined using known mass-spec techniques. This molecular mass is compared to the molecular mass of known bioagents within the database, for identifying the unknown bioagent.
[0030] This invention is also directed to databases having cell-data positional significance comprising at least a first table that includes a plurality of data-containing cells. The table is organized into at least a first row and a second row, each row having columns which are aligned relative to each other so that inter-row conserved regions are aligned. This alignment facilitates the analysis of regions, which are highly conserved between species. This alignment further provides insight into secondary polymer structure by this alignment. Although this invention is directed to a database where each row describes any polymer, in a preferred embodiment, the polymer is an RNA. Other alignments that operate in the same manner are also contemplated.
[0031] Another embodiment of this invention is a method for reconciling the content of two databases such that the content of each is a mirror of the other.
[0032] Another embodiment is directed to determining the geographic origin of a bioagent using a database of molecular masses of known bioagents comprising contacting a nucleic acid from the selected bioagent with at least one pair of oligonucleotide primers which hybridize to sequences of the nucleic acid, where the sequences flank a variable nucleic acid sequence of the bioagent. This hybridized region is isolated and amplified through standard PCR techniques known in the art. The molecular mass is determined of this amplified product through any technique known in the art such as, Mass-spectrometry for example. This molecular mass is compared to the molecular masses stored in the database of known bioagents thereby determining a group of probabilistically reasonable geographic origins for the selected bioagent.
[0033] FIGS. 1A-1I are representative consensus diagrams that show examples of conserved regions from 16S rRNA (FIG. 1A-1B), 23S rRNA (3′-half, FIG. 1C-1D; 5′-half, FIG. 1E-F), 23S rRNA Domain I (FIG. 1G), 23S rRNA Domain IV (FIG. 1H) and 16S rRNA Domain III (FIG. 1I) which are suitable for use in the present invention. Lines with arrows are examples of regions to which intelligent primer pairs for PCR are designed. The label for each primer pair represents the starting and ending base number of the amplified region on the consensus diagram. Bases in capital letters are greater than 95% conserved; bases in lower case letters are 90-95% conserved, filled circles are 80-90% conserved; and open circles are less than 80% conserved. The label for each primer pair represents the starting and ending base number of the amplified region on the consensus diagram.
[0034]FIG. 2 shows a typical primer amplified region from the 16S rRNA Domain III shown in FIG. 1C.
[0035]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing conserved regions in RNase P. Bases in capital letters are greater than 90% conserved; bases in lower case letters are 80-90% conserved; filled circles designate bases which are 70-80% conserved; and open circles designate bases that are less than 70% conserved.
[0036]FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of base composition signature determination using nucleotide analog "tags" to determine base composition signatures.
[0037]FIG. 5 shows the deconvoluted mass spectra of a Bacillus anthracis region with and without the mass tag phosphorothioate A (A*). The two spectra differ in that the measured molecular weight of the mass tag-containing sequence is greater than the unmodified sequence.
[0038]FIG. 6 shows base composition signature (BCS) spectra from PCR products from Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus 16S—1337F) and Bacillus anthracus (B. anthr. 16S—1337F), amplified using the same primers. The two strands differ by only two (AT→CG) substitutions and are clearly distinguished on the basis of their BCS.
[0039]FIG. 7 shows that a single difference between two sequences (A14 in B. anthracis vs. A15 in B. cereus) can be easily detected using ESI-TOF mass spectrometry.
[0040]FIG. 8 is an ESI-TOF of Bacillus anthracis spore coat protein sspE 56 mer plus calibrant. The signals unambiguously identify B. anthracis versus other Bacillus species.
[0041]FIG. 9 is an ESI-TOF of a B. anthracis synthetic 16S—1228 duplex (reverse and forward strands). The technique easily distinguishes between the forward and reverse strands.
[0042]FIG. 10 is an ESI-FTICR-MS of a synthetic B. anthracis 16S—1337 46 base pair duplex.
[0043]FIG. 11 is an ESI-TOF-MS of a 56 mer oligonucleotide (3 scans) from the B. anthracis saspB gene with an internal mass standard. The internal mass standards are designated by asterisks.
[0044]FIG. 12 is an ESI-TOF-MS of an internal standard with 5 mM TBA-TFA buffer showing that charge stripping with tributylammonium trifluoroacetate reduces the most abundant charge state from [M−8H+]8− to [M−3H+]3−.
[0045]FIG. 13 is a portion of a secondary structure defining database according to one embodiment of the present invention, where two examples of selected sequences are displayed graphically thereunder.
[0046]FIG. 14 is a three dimensional graph demonstrating the grouping of sample molecular weight according to species.
[0047]FIG. 15 is a three dimensional graph demonstrating the grouping of sample molecular weights according to species of virus and mammal infected.
[0048]FIG. 16 is a three dimensional graph demonstrating the grouping of sample molecular weights according to species of virus, and animal-origin of infectious agent.
[0049]FIG. 17 is a figure depicting how the triangulation method of the present invention provides for the identification of an unknown bioagent without prior knowledge of the unknown agent. The use of different primer sets to distinguish and identify the unknown is also depicted as primer sets I, II and III within this figure. A three dimensional graph depicts all of bioagent space (170), including the unknown bioagent, which after use of primer set I (171) according to a method according to the present invention further differentiates and classifies bioagents according to major classifications (176) which, upon further analysis using primer set II (172) differentiates the unknown agent (177) from other, known agents (173) and finally, the use of a third primer set (175) further specifies subgroups within the family of the unknown (174).
[0050] The present invention provides a combination of a non-PCR biomass detection mode, preferably high-resolution MS, with PCR-based BCS technology using "intelligent primers" which hybridize to conserved sequence regions of nucleic acids derived from a bioagent and which bracket variable sequence regions that uniquely identify the bioagent. The high-resolution MS technique is used to determine the molecular mass and base composition signature (BCS) of the amplified sequence region. This unique "base composition signature" (BCS) is then input to a maximum-likelihood detection algorithm for matching against a database of base composition signatures in the same amplified region. The present method combines PCR-based amplification technology (which provides specificity) and a molecular mass detection mode (which provides speed and does not require nucleic acid sequencing of the amplified target sequence) for bioagent detection and identification.
[0051] The present methods allow extremely rapid and accurate detection and identification of bioagents compared to existing methods. Furthermore, this rapid detection and identification is possible even when sample material is impure. Thus, the method is useful in a wide variety of fields, including, but not limited to, environmental testing (e.g., detection and discrimination of pathogenic vs. non-pathogenic bacteria in water or other samples), germ warfare (allowing immediate identification of the bioagent and appropriate treatment), pharmacogenetic analysis and medical diagnosis (including cancer diagnosis based on mutations and polymorphisms; drug resistance and susceptibility testing; screening for and/or diagnosis of genetic diseases and conditions; and diagnosis of infectious diseases and conditions). The methods leverage ongoing biomedical research in virulence, pathogenicity, drug resistance and genome sequencing into a method which provides greatly improved sensitivity, specificity and reliability compared to existing methods, with lower rates of false positives.
[0052] The present methods can be used, for example, to detect and classify any biological agent, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and toxins. As one example, where the agent is a biological threat, the information obtained is used to determine practical information needed for countermeasures, including toxin genes, pathogenicity islands and antibiotic resistance genes. In addition, the methods can be used to identify natural or deliberate engineering events including chromosome fragment swapping, molecular breeding (gene shuffling) and emerging infectious diseases.
[0053] Bacteria have a common set of absolutely required genes. About 250 genes are present in all bacterial species (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 1996, 93, 10268; Science, 1995, 270, 397), including tiny genomes like Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma and Rickettsia. These genes encode proteins involved in translation, replication, recombination and repair, transcription, nucleotide metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, energy generation, uptake, secretion and the like. Examples of these proteins are DNA polymerase III beta, elongation factor TU, heat shock protein groEL, RNA polymerase beta, phosphoglycerate kinase, NADH dehydrogenase, DNA ligase, DNA topoisomerase and elongation factor G. Operons can also be targeted using the present method. One example of an operon is the bfp operon from enteropathogenic E. coli. Multiple core chromosomal genes can be used to classify bacteria at a genus or genus species level to determine if an organism has threat potential. The methods can also be used to detect pathogenicity markers (plasmid or chromosomal) and antibiotic resistance genes to confirm the threat potential of an organism and to direct countermeasures.
[0054] A theoretically ideal bioagent detector would identify, quantify, and report the complete nucleic acid sequence of every bioagent that reached the sensor. The complete sequence of the nucleic acid component of a pathogen would provide all relevant information about the threat, including its identity and the presence of drug-resistance or pathogenicity markers. This ideal has not yet been achieved. However, the present invention provides a straightforward strategy for obtaining information with the same practical value using base composition signatures (BCS). While the base composition of a gene fragment is not as information-rich as the sequence itself, there is no need to analyze the complete sequence of the gene if the short analyte sequence fragment is properly chosen. A database of reference sequences can be prepared in which each sequence is indexed to a unique base composition signature, so that the presence of the sequence can be inferred with accuracy from the presence of the signature. The advantage of base composition signatures is that they can be quantitatively measured in a massively parallel fashion using multiplex PCR (PCR in which two or more primer pairs amplify target sequences simultaneously) and mass spectrometry. These multiple primer amplified regions uniquely identify most threat and ubiquitous background bacteria and viruses. In addition, cluster-specific primer pairs distinguish important local clusters (e.g., anthracis group).
[0055] In the context of this invention, a "bioagent" is any organism, living or dead, or a nucleic acid derived from such an organism. Examples of bioagents include, but are not limited to, cells (including, but not limited to, human clinical samples, bacterial cells and other pathogens), viruses, toxin genes and bioregulating compounds. Samples may be alive or dead or in a vegetative state (for example, vegetative bacteria or spores) and may be encapsulated or bioengineered.
[0056] As used herein, a "base composition signature" (BCS) is the exact base composition from selected fragments of nucleic acid sequences that uniquely identifies the target gene and source organism. BCS can be thought of as unique indexes of specific genes.
[0057] As used herein, "intelligent primers" are primers which bind to sequence regions which flank an intervening variable region. In a preferred embodiment, these sequence regions which flank the variable region are highly conserved among different species of bioagent. For example, the sequence regions may be highly conserved among all Bacillus species. By the term "highly conserved," it is meant that the sequence regions exhibit between about 80-100%, more preferably between about 90-100% and most preferably between about 95-100% identity. Examples of intelligent primers which amplify regions of the 16S and 23S rRNA are shown in FIGS. 1A-1I. A typical primer amplified region in 16S rRNA is shown in FIG. 2. The arrows represent primers which bind to highly conserved regions which flank a variable region in 16S rRNA domain III. The amplified region is the stem-loop structure under "1100-1188."
[0058] One main advantage of the detection methods of the present invention is that the primers need not be specific for a particular bacterial species, or even genus, such as Bacillus or Streptomyces. Instead, the primers recognize highly conserved regions across hundreds of bacterial species including, but not limited to, the species described herein. Thus, the same primer pair can be used to identify any desired bacterium because it will bind to the conserved regions which flank a variable region specific to a single species, or common to several bacterial species, allowing nucleic acid amplification of the intervening sequence and determination of its molecular weight and base composition. For example, the 16S—971-1062, 16S—1228-1310 and 16S—1100-1188 regions are 98-99% conserved in about 900 species of bacteria (16S=16S rRNA, numbers indicate nucleotide position). In one embodiment of the present invention, primers used in the present method bind to one or more of these regions or portions thereof.
[0059] The present invention provides a combination of a non-PCR biomass detection mode, preferably high-resolution MS, with nucleic acid amplification-based BCS technology using "intelligent primers" which hybridize to conserved regions and which bracket variable regions that uniquely identify the bioagent(s). Although the use of PCR is preferred, other nucleic acid amplification techniques may also be used, including ligase chain reaction (LCR) and strand displacement amplification (SDA). The high-resolution MS technique allows separation of bioagent spectral lines from background spectral lines in highly cluttered environments. The resolved spectral lines are then translated to BCS which are input to a maximum-likelihood detection algorithm matched against spectra for one or more known BCS. Preferably, the bioagent BCS spectrum is matched against one or more databases of BCS from vast numbers of bioagents. Preferably, the matching is done using a maximum-likelihood detection algorithm.
[0060] In one embodiment, base composition signatures are quantitatively measured in a massively parallel fashion using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), preferably multiplex PCR, and mass spectrometric (MS) methods. Sufficient quantities of nucleic acids should be present for detection of bioagents by MS. A wide variety of techniques for preparing large amounts of purified nucleic acids or fragments thereof are well known to those of skill in the art. PCR requires one or more pairs of oligonucleotide primers which bind to regions which flank the target sequence(s) to be amplified. These primers prime synthesis of a different strand of DNA, with synthesis occurring in the direction of one primer towards the other primer. The primers, DNA to be amplified, a thermostable DNA polymerase (e.g. Taq polymerase), the four deoxynucleotide triphosphates, and a buffer are combined to initiate DNA synthesis. The solution is denatured by heating, then cooled to allow annealing of newly added primer, followed by another round of DNA synthesis. This process is typically repeated for about 30 cycles, resulting in amplification of the target sequence.
[0061] The "intelligent primers" define the target sequence region to be amplified and analyzed. In one embodiment, the target sequence is a ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequence. With the complete sequences of many of the smallest microbial genomes now available, it is possible to identify a set of genes that defines "minimal life" and identify composition signatures that uniquely identify each gene and organism. Genes that encode core life functions such as DNA replication, transcription, ribosome structure, translation, and transport are distributed broadly in the bacterial genome and are preferred regions for BCS analysis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes comprise regions that provide useful base composition signatures. Like many genes involved in core life functions, rRNA genes contain sequences that are extraordinarily conserved across bacterial domains interspersed with regions of high variability that are more specific to each species. The variable regions can be utilized to build a database of base composition signatures. The strategy involves creating a structure-based alignment of sequences of the small (16S) and the large (23S) subunits of the rRNA genes. For example, there are currently over 13,000 sequences in the ribosomal RNA database that has been created and maintained by Robin Gutell, University of Texas at Austin, and is publicly available on the Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology web page on the world wide web of the Internet at, for example, "rna.icmb.utexas.edu/." There is also a publicly available rRNA database created and maintained by the University of Antwerp, Belgium on the world wide web of the Internet at, for example, "rrna.uia.ac.be."
[0062] These databases have been analyzed to determine regions that are useful as base composition signatures. The characteristics of such regions include: a) between about 80 and 100%, preferably>about 95% identity among species of the particular bioagent of interest, of upstream and downstream nucleotide sequences which serve as sequence amplification primer sites; b) an intervening variable region which exhibits no greater than about 5% identity among species; and c) a separation of between about 30 and 1000 nucleotides, preferably no more than about 50-250 nucleotides, and more preferably no more than about 60-100 nucleotides, between the conserved regions.
[0063] Due to their overall conservation, the flanking rRNA primer sequences serve as good "universal" primer binding sites to amplify the region of interest for most, if not all, bacterial species. The intervening region between the sets of primers varies in length and/or composition, and thus provides a unique base composition signature.
[0064] It is advantageous to design the "intelligent primers" to be as universal as possible to minimize the number of primers which need to be synthesized, and to allow detection of multiple species using a single pair of primers. These primer pairs can be used to amplify variable regions in these species. Because any variation (due to codon wobble in the 3rd position) in these conserved regions among species is likely to occur in the third position of a DNA triplet, oligonucleotide primers can be designed such that the nucleotide corresponding to this position is a base which can bind to more than one nucleotide, referred to herein as a "universal base." For example, under this "wobble" pairing, inosine (I) binds to U, C or A; guanine (G) binds to U or C, and uridine (U) binds to U or C. Other examples of universal bases include nitroindoles such as 5-nitroindole or 3-nitropyrrole (Loakes et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 1001-1003), the degenerate nucleotides dP or dK (Hill et al.), an acyclic nucleoside analog containing 5-nitroindazole (Van Aerschot et al., Nucleosides and Nucleotides, 1995, 14, 1053-1056) or the purine analog 1-(2-deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-imidazole-4-carboxamide (Sala et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1996, 24, 3302-3306).
[0065] In another embodiment of the invention, to compensate for the somewhat weaker binding by the "wobble" base, the oligonucleotide primers are designed such that the first and second positions of each triplet are occupied by nucleotide analogs which bind with greater affinity than the unmodified nucleotide. Examples of these analogs include, but are not limited to, 2,6-diaminopurine which binds to thymine, propyne T which binds to adenine and propyne C and phenoxazines, including G-clamp, which binds to G. Propynes are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,645,985, 5,830.653 and 5,484,908, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Phenoxazines are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,502,177, 5,763,588, and 6,005,096, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. G-clamps are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,007,992 and 6,028,183, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0066] Bacterial biological warfare agents capable of being detected by the present methods include, but are not limited to, Bacillus anthracis (anthrax), Yersinia pestis (pneumonic plague), Franciscella tularensis (tularemia), Brucella suis, Brucella abortus, Brucella melitensis (undulant fever), Burkholderia mallei (glanders), Burkholderia pseudomalleii (melioidosis), Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever), Rickettsia typhii (epidemic typhus), Rickettsia prowasekii (endemic typhus) and Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), Rhodobacter capsulatus, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Coxiella burnetti, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, and Vibrio cholerae.
[0067] Besides 16S and 23S rRNA, other target regions suitable for use in the present invention for detection of bacteria include, but are not limited to, 5S rRNA and RNase P (FIG. 3).
[0068] Biological warfare fungus biowarfare agents include, but are not limited to, coccidioides immitis (Coccidioidomycosis).
[0069] Biological warfare toxin genes capable of being detected by the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, botulism, T-2 mycotoxins, ricin, staph enterotoxin B, shigatoxin, abrin, aflatoxin, Clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin, conotoxins, diacetoxyscirpenol, tetrodotoxin and saxitoxin.
[0070] Biological warfare viral threat agents are mostly RNA viruses (positive-strand and negative-strand), with the exception of smallpox. Every RNA virus is a family of related viruses (quasispecies). These viruses mutate rapidly and the potential for engineered strains (natural or deliberate) is very high. RNA viruses cluster into families that have conserved RNA structural domains on the viral genome (e.g., virion components, accessory proteins) and conserved housekeeping genes that encode core viral proteins including, for single strand positive strand RNA viruses, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, double stranded RNA helicase, chymotrypsin-like and papain-like proteases and methyltransferases.
[0071] Examples of (−)-strand RNA viruses include, but are not limited to, arenaviruses (e.g., sabia virus, lassa fever, Machupo, Argentine hemorrhagic fever, flexal virus), bunyaviruses (e.g., hantavirus, nairovirus, phlebovirus, hantaan virus, Congo-crimean hemorrhagic fever, rift valley fever), and mononegavirales (e.g., filovirus, paramyxovirus, ebola virus, Marburg, equine morbillivirus).
[0072] Examples of (+)-strand RNA viruses include, but are not limited to, picornaviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus, echovirus, human coxsackievirus A, human echovirus, human enterovirus, human poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, human parechovirus, human rhinovirus), astroviruses (e.g., human astrovirus), calciviruses (e.g., chiba virus, chitta virus, human calcivirus, norwalk virus), nidovirales (e.g., human coronavirus, human torovirus), flaviviruses (e.g., dengue virus 1-4, Japanese encephalitis virus, Kyanasur forest disease virus, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, Rocio virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, hepatitis c virus) and togaviruses (e.g., Chikugunya virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, Mayaro virus, O'nyong-nyong virus, Ross River virus, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Rubella virus, hepatitis E virus). The hepatitis C virus has a 5′-untranslated region of 340 nucleotides, an open reading frame encoding 9 proteins having 3010 amino acids and a 3′-untranslated region of 240 nucleotides. The 5′-UTR and 3′-UTR are 99% conserved in hepatitis C viruses.
[0073] In one embodiment, the target gene is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase or a helicase encoded by (+)-strand RNA viruses, or RNA polymerase from a (−)-strand RNA virus. (+)-strand RNA viruses are double stranded RNA and replicate by RNA-directed RNA synthesis using RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the positive strand as a template. Helicase unwinds the RNA duplex to allow replication of the single stranded RNA. These viruses include viruses from the family picornaviridae (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus), togaviridae (e.g., alphavirus, flavivirus, rubivirus), arenaviridae (e.g., lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, lassa fever virus), cononaviridae (e.g., human respiratory virus) and Hepatitis A virus. The genes encoding these proteins comprise variable and highly conserved regions which flank the variable regions.
[0074] In another embodiment, the detection scheme for the PCR products generated from the bioagent(s) incorporates at least three features. First, the technique simultaneously detects and differentiates multiple (generally about 6-10) PCR products. Second, the technique provides a BCS that uniquely identifies the bioagent from the possible primer sites. Finally, the detection technique is rapid, allowing multiple PCR reactions to be run in parallel.
[0075] In one embodiment, the method can be used to detect the presence of antibiotic resistance and/or toxin genes in a bacterial species. For example, Bacillus anthracis comprising a tetracycline resistance plasmid and plasmids encoding one or both anthracis toxins (px01 and/or px02) can be detected by using antibiotic resistance primer sets and toxin gene primer sets. If the B. anthracis is positive for tetracycline resistance, then a different antibiotic, for example quinalone, is used.
[0076] Mass spectrometry (MS)-based detection of PCR products provides all of these features with additional advantages. MS is intrinsically a parallel detection scheme without the need for radioactive or fluorescent labels, since every amplification product with a unique base composition is identified by its molecular mass. The current state of the art in mass spectrometry is such that less than femtomole quantities of material can be readily analyzed to afford information about the molecular contents of the sample. An accurate assessment of the molecular mass of the material can be quickly obtained, irrespective of whether the molecular weight of the sample is several hundred, or in excess of one hundred thousand atomic mass units (amu) or Daltons. Intact molecular ions can be generated from amplification products using one of a variety of ionization techniques to convert the sample to gas phase. These ionization methods include, but are not limited to, electrospray ionization (ES), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and fast atom bombardment (FAB). For example, MALDI of nucleic acids, along with examples of matrices for use in MALDI of nucleic acids, are described in WO 98/54751 (Genetrace, Inc.).
[0077] Upon ionization, several peaks are observed from one sample due to the formation of ions with different charges. Averaging the multiple readings of molecular mass obtained from a single mass spectrum affords an estimate of molecular mass of the bioagent. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is particularly useful for very high molecular weight polymers such as proteins and nucleic acids having molecular weights greater than 10 kDa, since it yields a distribution of multiply-charged molecules of the sample without causing a significant amount of fragmentation.
[0078] The mass detectors used in the methods of the present invention include, but are not limited to, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS), ion trap, quadrupole, magnetic sector, time of flight (TOF), Q-TOF, and triple quadrupole.
[0079] In general, the mass spectrometric techniques which can be used in the present invention include, but are not limited to, tandem mass spectrometry, infrared multiphoton dissociation and pyrolytic gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PGC-MS). In one embodiment of the invention, the bioagent detection system operates continually in bioagent detection mode using pyrolytic GC-MS without PCR for rapid detection of increases in biomass (for example, increases in fecal contamination of drinking water or of germ warfare agents). To achieve minimal latency, a continuous sample stream flows directly into the PGC-MS combustion chamber. When an increase in biomass is detected, a PCR process is automatically initiated. Bioagent presence produces elevated levels of large molecular fragments from, for example, about 100-7,000 Da which are observed in the PGC-MS spectrum. The observed mass spectrum is compared to a threshold level and when levels of biomass are determined to exceed a predetermined threshold, the bioagent classification process described hereinabove (combining PCR and MS, preferably FT-ICR MS) is initiated. Optionally, alarms or other processes (halting ventilation flow, physical isolation) are also initiated by this detected biomass level.
[0080] The accurate measurement of molecular mass for large DNAs is limited by the adduction of cations from the PCR reaction to each strand, resolution of the isotopic peaks from natural abundance 13C and 15N isotopes, and assignment of the charge state for any ion. The cations are removed by in-line dialysis using a flow-through chip that brings the solution containing the PCR products into contact with a solution containing ammonium acetate in the presence of an electric field gradient orthogonal to the flow. The latter two problems are addressed by operating with a resolving power of>100,000 and by incorporating isotopically depleted nucleotide triphosphates into the DNA. The resolving power of the instrument is also a consideration. At a resolving power of 10,000, the modeled signal from the [M−14H+]14− charge state of an 84 mer PCR product is poorly characterized and assignment of the charge state or exact mass is impossible. At a resolving power of 33,000, the peaks from the individual isotopic components are visible. At a resolving power of 100,000, the isotopic peaks are resolved to the baseline and assignment of the charge state for the ion is straightforward. The [13C,15N]-depleted triphosphates are obtained, for example, by growing microorganisms on depleted media and harvesting the nucleotides (Batey et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 1992, 20, 4515-4523).
[0081] While mass measurements of intact nucleic acid regions are believed to be adequate to determine most bioagents, tandem mass spectrometry (MSn) techniques may provide more definitive information pertaining to molecular identity or sequence. Tandem MS involves the coupled use of two or more stages of mass analysis where both the separation and detection steps are based on mass spectrometry. The first stage is used to select an ion or component of a sample from which further structural information is to be obtained. The selected ion is then fragmented using, e.g., blackbody irradiation, infrared multiphoton dissociation, or collisional activation. For example, ions generated by electrospray ionization (ESI) can be fragmented using IR multiphoton dissociation. This activation leads to dissociation of glycosidic bonds and the phosphate backbone, producing two series of fragment ions, called the w-series (having an intact 3′ terminus and a 5′ phosphate following internal cleavage) and the α-Base series(having an intact 5′ terminus and a 3′ furan).
[0082] The second stage of mass analysis is then used to detect and measure the mass of these resulting fragments of product ions. Such ion selection followed by fragmentation routines can be performed multiple times so as to essentially completely dissect the molecular sequence of a sample.
[0083] If there are two or more targets of similar base composition or mass, or if a single amplification reaction results in a product which has the same mass as two or more bioagent reference standards, they can be distinguished by using mass-modifying "tags." In this embodiment of the invention, a nucleotide analog or "tag" is incorporated during amplification (e.g., a 5-(trifluoromethyl) deoxythymidine triphosphate) which has a different molecular weight than the unmodified base so as to improve distinction of masses. Such tags are described in, for example, PCT WO97/33000, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. This further limits the number of possible base compositions consistent with any mass. For example, 5-(trifluoromethyl)deoxythymidine triphosphate can be used in place of dTTP in a separate nucleic acid amplification reaction. Measurement of the mass shift between a conventional amplification product and the tagged product is used to quantitate the number of thymidine nucleotides in each of the single strands. Because the strands are complementary, the number of adenosine nucleotides in each strand is also determined.
[0084] In another amplification reaction, the number of G and C residues in each strand is determined using, for example, the cytidine analog 5-methylcytosine (5-meC) or propyne C. The combination of the A/T reaction and G/C reaction, followed by molecular weight determination, provides a unique base composition. This method is summarized in FIG. 4 and Table 1.
[0085] The mass tag phosphorothioate A (A*) was used to distinguish a Bacillus anthracis cluster. The B. anthracis (A14G9C14T9) had an average MW of 14072.26, and the B. anthracis (A1A*13G9C14T9) had an average molecular weight of 14281.11 and the phosphorothioate A had an average molecular weight of +16.06 as determined by ESI-TOF MS. The deconvoluted spectra are shown in FIG. 5.
[0086] In another example, assume the measured molecular masses of each strand are 30,000.115 Da and 31,000.115 Da respectively, and the measured number of dT and dA residues are (30,28) and (28,30). If the molecular mass is accurate to 100 ppm, there are 7 possible combinations of dG+dC possible for each strand. However, if the measured molecular mass is accurate to 10 ppm, there are only 2 combinations of dG+dC, and at 1 ppm accuracy there is only one possible base composition for each strand.
[0087] Signals from the mass spectrometer may be input to a maximum-likelihood detection and classification algorithm such as is widely used in radar signal processing. The detection processing uses matched filtering of BCS observed in mass-basecount space and allows for detection and subtraction of signatures from known, harmless organisms, and for detection of unknown bioagent threats. Comparison of newly observed bioagents to known bioagents is also possible, for estimation of threat level, by comparing their BCS to those of known organisms and to known forms of pathogenicity enhancement, such as insertion of antibiotic resistance genes or toxin genes.
[0088] Processing may end with a Bayesian classifier using log likelihood ratios developed from the observed signals and average background levels. The program emphasizes performance predictions culminating in probability-of-detection versus probability-of-false-alarm plots for conditions involving complex backgrounds of naturally occurring organisms and environmental contaminants. Matched filters consist of a priori expectations of signal values given the set of primers used for each of the bioagents. A genomic sequence database (e.g. GenBank) is used to define the mass basecount matched filters. The database contains known threat agents and benign background organisms. The latter is used to estimate and subtract the signature produced by the background organisms. A maximum likelihood detection of known background organisms is implemented using matched filters and a running-sum estimate of the noise covariance. Background signal strengths are estimated and used along with the matched filters to form signatures which are then subtracted. the maximum likelihood process is applied to this "cleaned up" data in a similar manner employing matched filters for the organisms and a running-sum estimate of the noise-covariance for the cleaned up data.
[0089] In one embodiment, a strategy to "triangulate" each organism by measuring signals from multiple core genes is used to reduce false negative and false positive signals, and enable reconstruction of the origin or hybrid or otherwise engineered bioagents. After identification of multiple core genes, alignments are created from nucleic acid sequence databases. The alignments are then analyzed for regions of conservation and variation, and potential primer binding sites flanking variable regions are identified. Next, amplification target regions for signature analysis are selected which distinguishes organisms based on specific genomic differences (i.e., base composition). For example, detection of signatures for the three part toxin genes typical of B. anthracis (Bowen et al., J. Appl. Microbiol., 1999, 87, 270-278) in the absence of the expected signatures from the B. anthracis genome would suggest a genetic engineering event.
[0090] The present method can also be used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), or multiple nucleotide polymorphisms, rapidly and accurately. A SNP is defined as a single base pair site in the genome that is different from one individual to another. The difference can be expressed either as a deletion, an insertion or a substitution, and is frequently linked to a disease state. Because they occur every 100-1000 base pairs, SNPs are the most frequently bound type of genetic marker in the human genome.
[0091] For example, sickle cell anemia results from an A-T transition, which encodes a valine rather than a glutamic acid residue. Oligonucleotide primers may be designed such that they bind to sequences which flank a SNP site, followed by nucleotide amplification and mass determination of the amplified product. Because the molecular masses of the resulting product from an individual who does not have sickle cell anemia is different from that of the product from an individual who has the disease, the method can be used to distinguish the two individuals. Thus, the method can be used to detect any known SNP in an individual and thus diagnose or determine increased susceptibility to a disease or condition.
[0092] In one embodiment, blood is drawn from an individual and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are isolated and simultaneously tested, preferably in a high-throughput screening method, for one or more SNPs using appropriate primers based on the known sequences which flank the SNP region. The National Center for Biotechnology Information maintains a publicly available database of SNPs on the world wide web of the Internet at, for example, "ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/."
[0093] The method of the present invention can also be used for blood typing. The gene encoding A, B or O blood type can differ by four single nucleotide polymorphisms. If the gene contains the sequence CGTGGTGACCCTT (SEQ ID NO: 1), antigen A results. If the gene contains the sequence CGTCGTCACCGCTA (SEQ ID NO: 2) antigen B results. If the gene contains the sequence CGTGGT-ACCCCTT (SEQ ID NO: 3), blood group O results ("−" indicates a deletion). These sequences can be distinguished by designing a single primer pair which flanks these regions, followed by amplification and mass determination.
[0094] While the present invention has been described with specificity in accordance with certain of its preferred embodiments, the following examples serve only to illustrate the invention and are not intended to limit the same.
[0095] In one embodiment, nucleic acid is isolated from the organisms and amplified by PCR using standard methods prior to BCS determination by mass spectrometry. Nucleic acid is isolated, for example, by detergent lysis of bacterial cells, centrifugation and ethanol precipitation. Nucleic acid isolation methods are described in, for example, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al.) and Molecular Cloning; A Laboratory Manual (Sambrook et al.). The nucleic acid is then amplified using standard methodology, such as PCR, with primers which bind to conserved regions of the nucleic acid which contain an intervening variable sequence as described below.
[0096] FTICR Instrumentation: The FTICR instrument is based on a 7 tesla actively shielded superconducting magnet and modified Bruker Daltonics Apex II 70e ion optics and vacuum chamber. The spectrometer is interfaced to a LEAP PAL autosampler and a custom fluidics control system for high throughput screening applications. Samples are analyzed directly from 96-well or 384-well microtiter plates at a rate of about 1 sample/minute. The Bruker data-acquisition platform is supplemented with a lab-built ancillary NT datastation which controls the autosampler and contains an arbitrary waveform generator capable of generating complex rf-excite waveforms (frequency sweeps, filtered noise, stored waveform inverse Fourier transform (SWIFT), etc.) for sophisticated tandem MS experiments. For oligonucleotides in the 20-30-mer regime typical performance characteristics include mass resolving power in excess of 100,000 (FWHM), low ppm mass measurement errors, and an operable m/z range between 50 and 5000 m/z.
[0097] Modified ESI Source: In sample-limited analyses, analyte solutions are delivered at 150 nL/minute to a 30 mm i.d. fused-silica ESI emitter mounted on a 3-D micromanipulator. The ESI ion optics consist of a heated metal capillary, an rf-only hexapole, a skimmer cone, and an auxiliary gate electrode. The 6.2 cm rf-only hexapole is comprised of 1 mm diameter rods and is operated at a voltage of 380 Vpp at a frequency of 5 MHz. A lab-built electro-mechanical shutter can be employed to prevent the electrospray plume from entering the inlet capillary unless triggered to the "open" position via a TTL pulse from the data station. When in the "closed" position, a stable electrospray plume is maintained between the ESI emitter and the face of the shutter. The back face of the shutter arm contains an elastomeric seal which can be positioned to form a vacuum seal with the inlet capillary. When the seal is removed, a 1 mm gap between the shutter blade and the capillary inlet allows constant pressure in the external ion reservoir regardless of whether the shutter is in the open or closed position. When the shutter is triggered, a "time slice" of ions is allowed to enter the inlet capillary and is subsequently accumulated in the external ion reservoir. The rapid response time of the ion shutter (<25 ms) provides reproducible, user defined intervals during which ions can be injected into and accumulated in the external ion reservoir.
[0098] Apparatus for Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation: A 25 watt CW CO2 laser operating at 10.6 μm has been interfaced to the spectrometer to enable infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) for oligonucleotide sequencing and other tandem MS applications. An aluminum optical bench is positioned approximately 1.5 m from the actively shielded superconducting magnet such that the laser beam is aligned with the central axis of the magnet. Using standard IR-compatible mirrors and kinematic mirror mounts, the unfocused 3 mm laser beam is aligned to traverse directly through the 3.5 mm holes in the trapping electrodes of the FTICR trapped ion cell and longitudinally traverse the hexapole region of the external ion guide finally impinging on the skimmer cone. This scheme allows IRMPD to be conducted in an m/z selective manner in the trapped ion cell (e.g. following a SWIFT isolation of the species of interest), or in a broadband mode in the high pressure region of the external ion reservoir where collisions with neutral molecules stabilize IRMPD-generated metastable fragment ions resulting in increased fragment ion yield and sequence coverage.
[0099] Table 2 shows a small cross section of a database of calculated molecular masses for over 9 primer sets and approximately 30 organisms. The primer sets were derived from rRNA alignment. Examples of regions from rRNA consensus alignments are shown in FIGS 1A-1C. Lines with arrows are examples of regions to which intelligent primer pairs for PCR are designed. The primer pairs are >95% conserved in the bacterial sequence database (currently over 10,000 organisms). The intervening regions are variable in length and/or composition, thus providing the base composition "signature" (BCS) for each organism. Primer pairs were chosen so the total length of the amplified region is less than about 80-90 nucleotides. The label for each primer pair represents the starting and ending base number of the amplified region on the consensus diagram.
[0100] Included in the short bacterial database cross-section in Table 2 are many well known pathogens/biowarfare agents (shown in bold/red typeface) such as Bacillus anthracis or Yersinia pestis as well as some of the bacterial organisms found commonly in the natural environment such as Streptomyces. Even closely related organisms can be distinguished from each other by the appropriate choice of primers. For instance, two low G+C organisms, Bacillus anthracis and Staph aureus, can be distinguished from each other by using the primer pair defined by 16S—1337 or 23S—855 (ΔM of 4 Da).
[0101]FIG. 6 shows the use of ESI-FT-ICR MS for measurement of exact mass. The spectra from 46 mer PCR products originating at position 1337 of the 16S rRNA from S. aureus (upper) and B. anthracis (lower) are shown. These data are from the region of the spectrum containing signals from the [M−8H+]8− charge states of the respective 5′-3′ strands. The two strands differ by two (AT→CG) substitutions, and have measured masses of 14206.396 and 14208.373±0.010 Da, respectively. The possible base compositions derived from the masses of the forward and reverse strands for the B. anthracis products are listed in Table 3.
[0102] Among the 16 compositions for the forward strand and the 18 compositions for the reverse strand that were calculated, only one pair (shown in bold) are complementary, corresponding to the actual base compositions of the B. anthracis PCR products.
[0103] A conserved Bacillus region from B. anthracis (A14G9C14T9) and B. cereus (A15G9C13T9) having a C to A base change was synthesized and subjected to ESI-TOF MS. The results are shown in FIG. 7 in which the two regions are clearly distinguished using the method of the present invention (MW=14072.26 vs. 14096.29).
[0104] In other examples of the present invention, the pathogen Vibrio cholera can be distinguished from Vibrio parahemolyticus with ΔM>600 Da using one of three 16S primer sets shown in Table 2 (16S—971, 16S—1228 or 16S—1294) as shown in Table 4. The two mycoplasma species in the list (M. genitalium and M. pneumoniae) can also be distinguished from each other, as can the three mycobacteriae. While the direct mass measurements of amplified products can identify and distinguish a large number of organisms, measurement of the base composition signature provides dramatically enhanced resolving power for closely related organisms. In cases such as Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus that are virtually indistinguishable from each other based solely on mass differences, compositional analysis or fragmentation patterns are used to resolve the differences. The single base difference between the two organisms yields different fragmentation patterns, and despite the presence of the ambiguous/unidentified base N at position 20 in B. anthracis, the two organisms can be identified.
[0105] Tables 4a-b show examples of primer pairs from Table 1 which distinguish pathogens from background.
[0107] Table 4 shows the expected molecular weight and base composition of region 16S—1100-1188 in Mycobacterium avium and Streptomyces sp.
[0108] Table 5 shows base composition (single strand) results for 16S—1100-1188 primer amplification reactions different species of bacteria. Species which are repeated in the table (e.g., Clostridium botulinum) are different strains which have different base compositions in the 16S—1100-1188 region.
[0109] The same organism having different base compositions are different strains. Groups of organisms which are highlighted or in italics have the same base compositions in the amplified region. Some of these organisms can be distinguished using multiple primers. For example, Bacillus anthracis can be distinguished from Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis using the primer 16S—971-1062 (Table 6). Other primer pairs which produce unique base composition signatures are shown in Table 6 (bold). Clusters containing very similar threat and ubiquitous non-threat organisms (e.g. anthracis cluster) are distinguished at high resolution with focused sets of primer pairs. The known biowarfare agents in Table 6 are Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Francisella tularensis and Rickettsia prowazekii.
[0110] The sequence of B. anthracis and B. cereus in region 16S—971 is shown below. Shown in bold is the single base difference between the two species which can be detected using the methods of the present invention. B. anthracis has an ambiguous base at position 20.
[0111] The mass measurement accuracy that can be obtained using an internal mass standard in the ESI-MS study of PCR products is shown in FIG. 8. The mass standard was a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide added to a solution containing a 56-mer PCR product from the B. anthracis spore coat protein sspE. The mass of the expected PCR product distinguishes B. anthracis from other species of Bacillus such as B. thuringiensis and B. cereus.
[0112] An ESI-TOF MS spectrum was obtained from an aqueous solution containing 5 μM each of synthetic analogs of the expected forward and reverse PCR products from the nucleotide 1228 region of the B. anthracis 16S rRNA gene. The results (FIG. 9) show that the molecular weights of the forward and reverse strands can be accurately determined and easily distinguish the two strands. The [M−21H+]21− and [M−20H+]20− charge states are shown.
[0113] An ESI-FTICR-MS spectrum was obtained from an aqueous solution containing 5 μM each of synthetic analogs of the expected forward and reverse PCR products from the nucleotide 1337 region of the B. anthracis 16S rRNA gene. The results (FIG. 10) show that the molecular weights of the strands can be distinguished by this method. The [M−16H+]16− through [M−10H+]10− charge states are shown. The insert highlights the resolution that can be realized on the FTICR-MS instrument, which allows the charge state of the ion to be determined from the mass difference between peaks differing by a single 13C substitution.
[0114] ESI-TOF MS spectra were obtained on a synthetic 56-mer oligonucleotide (5 μM )from the saspB gene of B. anthracis containing an internal mass standard at an ESI of 1.7 μL/min as a function of sample consumption. The results (FIG. 11) show that the signal to noise is improved as more scans are summed, and that the standard and the product are visible after only 100 scans.
[0115] An ESI-TOF-MS spectrum of a 20-mer phosphorothioate mass standard was obtained following addition of 5 mM TBA-TFA buffer to the solution. This buffer strips charge from the oligonucleotide and shifts the most abundant charge state from [M−8H+]8− to [M−3H+]3− (FIG. 12).
[0116] The molecular masses obtained through Examples 1-10 are compared to molecular masses of known bioagents stored in a master database to obtain a high probability matching molecular mass.
[0117] The same procedure as in Example 11 is followed except that the local computer did not store the Master database. The Master database is interrogated over an internet connection, searching for a molecular mass match.
[0118] The same procedure as in example 11 is followed except the local computer is connected to the internet and has the ability to store a master database locally. The local computer system periodically, or at the user's discretion, interrogates the Master database, synchronizing the local master database with the global Master database. This provides the current molecular mass information to both the local database as well as to the global Master database. This further provides more of a globalized knowledge base.
[0119] The same procedure as in example 13 is followed except there are numerous such local stations throughout the world. The synchronization of each database adds to the diversity of information and diversity of the molecular masses of known bioagents.
[0120] Various modifications of the invention, in addition to those described herein, will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description. Such modifications are also intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.
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Archive | Pain Control RSS feed for this section
Taking the Fear Out of Treating Back and Neck Pain
By Amanda Jungman on October 8, 2014
Almost every adult has struggled with back or neck pain at some point in his or her life. It's extremely common among us, no matter the age. It might have started with a car accident, a work or sports injury, or one of those sharp aches in your back you suddenly just wake up with out of the blue one day. Read More »
Is Pain Interrupting Your Sleep?
By Charlene Berke on July 3, 2013
After reading a recent article about pain and how it affects sleep, the information prompted me to write about the relationship individuals experience with pain and sleep. Whether it's from a sore lower back or throbbing tooth, pain is hard enough to deal with during the light of day. Read More »
Migraines in Adolescents – What You Need to Know
By Dr. Samuel Schimelpfenig on November 15, 2012
Chronic headaches – we think of them as something that affect mainly adults but the truth is that they affect children, too. And the worst kind headache for most people is a migraine headache. I find many parents are surprised to learn that a child can get migraine headaches just like an adult. Read More »
BPPV: A Common Cause of Dizziness
By Dr. Matthew Rumsey on September 10, 2012
One day my dad came to me with a concern regarding his balance. He stated that anytime he looks up, bends over or rolls over to his right side, he gets really dizzy. I knew immediately what was going on and was happy to be able to help him. Read More »
Ouch! Low-Back Pain Strikes!
By Dr. James Powell on May 24, 2012
With the great weather we have had lately, my wife and I have been working on our landscaping. I am quickly reminded after an afternoon of yard work why so many of our health plan members have struggled with low-back pain. Read More »
Allergies Acting Up?
By Dr. Shari Eich on April 16, 2012
Sniffling, sneezing and feeling just plain awful this spring? It could be your allergies acting up. Some allergens are present year-round, but most pollen is in greater concentration and reaches peak levels during the spring. Springtime brings plant and pollen allergies. Read More »
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subset: commoncrawl


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Yesterday, we told you how someone was able to steal the tax identity of 2,300-plus small nonprofits due to a hole in a new electronic filing system implemented by the Internal Revenue Service. Every nonprofit in this group, most with religiously themed names, now lists as a principal officer one William Alexander and its address as the same mail-box drop on N. Rainbow Blvd. in Las Vegas. This happened due to a glitch that essentially allows a nonprofit's contact information to be changed online by anyone who registers on an IRS-designated site with a name–which is not verified–and an email address.
Alexander, if that's his real name, and his stated business, Non Profit Accounting Services, have proven elusive to find. (An attorney for the William Alexander of suburban Los Angeles sued last year by the IRS alleging civil pension tax fraud told Forbes on Thursday his client isn't the William Alexander listed for the nonprofits. Coincidentally, despite vowing at the time to fight the IRS charges, that Alexander agreed this week to a court order halting the activities for which he was sued.)
We haven't been able to get comment from the IRS on the nonprofit identity theft issue despite several telephone messages and a conversation with the IRS Press Office in Washington, to which we sent a copy of the story. (See update at end of this story.) One line in that account: "There apparently is nothing stopping someone registering as Donald Duck."
Well, we now can strike the word "apparently." As of this morning, Donald Duck–using that very name–is registered to muck around with the official IRS database that the agency makes available to the public seeking to verify the bona fides and tax-exempt status of small nonprofits. And there's nothing in IRS records that says for sure who this Donald fellow really is.
It wasn't very hard to do.
As part of a 2006 law requiring small nonprofits to make brief annual filings known as "e-postcards" or have their tax exemption revoked, the IRS contracted with the Urban Institute to handle the incoming data. Anyone wishing to file on behalf of many nonprofits first has to go to this page and register as a "tax preparer" with a user name and password. Here's how it looked when the data entry for Donald Duck was finished:
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MSNBC reporter Richard Engel went live from the scene as the last U.S. combat brigade packed up, and pulled out of Iraq. With Rachel Maddow in Baghdad and Keith Olbermann in the MSNBC studio. Watch the moment of truth:
Visit msnbc.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
The Washington Post on how combat troops view the end of the mission.
The New York Times on the civilian takeover.
I don't know how you're feeling about this, but all these years later, and more than 4,000 lives later, I still can't help but wonder why on earth this country invaded Iraq — what we gained, and whether any of it was worth so many lives. It's a question I'm assuming we'll be asking ourselves for a lifetime. Iraq, and why the Bush administration was so determined to invade it, was the subject of the first column I ever wrote for the Miami Herald, back when I was working for the local NBC affiliate in Miami in 2003. I still don't have an answer. Do you?


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This Colored Pencil Set comes with 120 - 7" pre-sharpened pencils that are ideal for illustration, sketching. The pencils are made of natural wood and are non toxic. These pencils will provide subtle color shades and hues with a smooth coverage and bright colors.
8 out of 8 found this review helpful.
Recommend: No
there are so many different types of green, and THREE types of red that look almost exactly the same. no dark reds, or oranges and the ones they choose to make triplets of instead of doubles make no sense at all. who needs three lemon yellows? very misleading box, and no way of seeing the color selection before you buy it.
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I bought the 120-set of these colored pencils, assuming there would be 120 DIFFERENT colors. There are only 56 colors, and the rest are doubles or triples of the 56 colors. While I don't mind duplicates, it's very misleading to those who actually want 120 different colors. I would recommend either a 50-pack of Crayola colored pencils or a 150-pack of Prismacolors; you will get a wide variety of colors and your money's worth.
5 out of 5 found this review helpful.
Recommend: Yes
This set was perfect for my daughter, as she ended up with two complete sets, one for home and one for the car. We figured this out before purchasing and helped us to decide which item to purchase.
The variety of colors are nice and my daughter loves using them daily!
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text: Product Images Alternate Views prev next Share: Email Was $269.95 $242.99 You save up to $26.96 (10%) Rating 0.00 of 5 (0 Reviews) This Product Qualifies for Free Shipping Please Select a Size Please select your bike Sizing Chart Sorry, this item is no longer available. You may be interested in some of the items below. Product Information HMK Gambler Pants Waterproof / Windproof Softshell Pant 2 Layer Waterproof Construction 15,000K Waterproof Laminate 10,000G Breathable Laminate Fully Taped Seams Cargo Pockets on Both Sides with Storm Flaps Storm Cuff with Lace Hook Lower Leg Zippers for venting and easy boot access Inseam Ventilation Zips **Closeouts are limited to stock on hand** Item # 24065 Product Reviews Be the first to review this product. Review It Related Links All HMK Pants All HMK Snow Men's Riding Gear


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A study in the latest sport performance technology, this men's watch from Movado's Series 800 is graphic and distinctive. A well-tuned chronograph, this watch features a 42mm black PVD-finished performance steel case with unidirectional bezel and screw-down crown. A bold black dial and 3 coordinating timing subdials are punctuated by silver-toned signature concave dot, silver-toned hands and expertly applied stick markers that are lined with luminescent details. The black PVD-finished performance steel link bracelet is outfitted with a deployment clasp for easy wear. Powered by a Swiss quartz chronograph movement and water resistant up to 200 meters, this handsome timepiece fuses iconic design with meticulous craftsmanship.
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Posted at: 04/27/2013 4:15 PM
Updated at: 04/27/2013 4:20 PM
By: The Associated Press
JACKSONVILLE, Fla. (AP) - The Jacksonville Jaguars continued to shore up their depleted secondary by selecting New Mexico State cornerback Jeremy Harris in the seventh round of the NFL draft.
The Jaguars used the second pick of the seventh round (No. 208 overall) to get Harris, who played college ball for current Jaguars secondary coach DeWayne Walker.
The 6-foot-2 Harris is the fourth defensive back selected by the Jaguars in the three-day draft, joining second-round safety Johnathan Cyprien, third-round cornerback Dwayne Gratz and sixth-round cornerback Josh Evans.
Jacksonville is trying to replace most of its secondary from last season. The team parted ways with its top four cornerbacks - Derek Cox, Rashean Mathis, Aaron Ross and Will Middleton - as well as strong safety Dawan Landry. The only returning starter is Dwight Lowery.
(Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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Public hearing on Forest City's $29 million budget
Residents of Forest City will have an opportunity Monday at 6 p.m. to comment on the 2013-14 fiscal year proposed $29,838,899 budget. It is balanced with a $.29 per $100 property valuation, reflecting no tax increase.
A public hearing is among items on Monday night's regular meeting at Cool Springs Administrative Offices, West Main Street in Forest City.
The budget is slightly less than last year's $31 million.
The proposed budget calls for a 1.7 percent cost of living raise and a merit raise that would begin in January 2014.
At its last meeting, Town Council expressed concern about the town's revenues from the Electric Utility Franchise. The Electric Utility Franchises Tax increased by $170,000 largely due to Facebook, City Manager John Condrey explained.
Since tax reform is being dicussed in the General Assembly, changes would impact the the town's ability to receive the Electric Utility Franchise revenues.
This was the main revenue source that the town expected to receive due to the annexation of and incentive agreements with Facebook. There is $315,000 in revenues budgeted in the 2013-14 proposed budget from the franchise fee, Condrey said.
The budget also includes a recommendation of a pay and classification study for employees. The study will provide information on job descriptions, which have not been done in over 20 years that would enable the town manager to suggest merit raises for deserving employees.The study is estimated to cost $16,000.
Council will likely pass the budget following the public hearing and subsequent budget deliberations on Monday night.
Council will hear from Tommy Hicks regarding a possible golf tournament to raise money for a nonprofit Muscular Dystrophy Group.
Other discussions will include budget amendments, a resolution regarding the Local Water Supply Plan, Workers Compensation Policy.
The meeting will end with a closed session to discuss attorney-client privileges.


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Lectures and Talks
Each year, the Morse invites recognized scholars in the field of late 19th- and early 20th-century art to speak on topics related to the Museum's collection and exhibitions. Admission to these lectures and talks is free. Programs take place in the Jeannette G. and Hugh F. McKean Pavilion, 161 West Canton Avenue (just behind the Museum), unless otherwise noted. Please see the detailed listings below for dates and times.
Check back in September for 2015–2016 events.
Stained Glass of the J&R Lamb Studios and Its Contemporaries of the 20th Century
Wednesday, January 21, 2015
2:30 pm
Donald Samick President and Owner, J. & R. Lamb Studios Midland Park, New Jersey
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19th-Century Eclecticism: Creating Victorian Modern
Wednesday, March 11, 2015
2:30 pm
Richard Guy Wilson Commonwealth Professor's Chair in Architectural History University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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"Heirloom of the Artist": Rethinking Whistler's Peacock Room
Wednesday, April 15, 2015
2:30 pm
Lee Glazer Associate Curator of American Art Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC
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The Lady in Gold
Tuesday, April 21, 2015
7:30 pm
2015 HUGH F. MCKEAN PUBLIC LECTURE Presented in association with Rollins College Tiedtke Concert Hall, Rollins College, Winter Park Anne-Marie O'Connor Author of The Lady in Gold: The Extraordinary Tale of Gustav Klimt's Masterpiece, Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer (Knopf, 2012)
More >>


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Has your LifeProof case seen better days? Tired of your case looking like everyone else's? If so, the easy fix for both is a brand-new LifeProof case front. Direct from the LifeProof factory, it replaces any iPhone 5 case front that's seen too much action, and lets you mix and match case colors to showcase your sense of style.
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- Use to customize your case with different colors
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- Includes replacement case front only
LifeProof Products are covered by a 1-year Limited Warranty from the original date of purchase. Product warranty only covers the LifeProof Product — it does not cover any non-LifeProof product or device. See Policies and Warranties page for specific details and information regarding the Limited Warranty.
- Customer Reviews


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Robert Jacks Macmillan Mini Art Series
written by Ken McGregor
Macmillan Art Publishing | ISBN 9781921394157
Hardback – 143 pages
Member's price: $31.46
Usually ships within 2–11 business days.
Macmillan Art Publishing is pleased to announce the establishment of a new and ongoing series of Mini Books of which the first five examine the paintings of Australian artists: Melinda Harper, Jasper Knight, Tim Storrier, Robert Jacks, and John Olsen. The series includes emerging, mid-career, and well-established artists. These attractive miniature volumes will appeal to collectors as well as person wishing to acquire knowledge of a particular artist. They also make great gifts for the visual art enthusiast!


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This is going to seem a bit abrupt.
But believe me, it's not. I spent a silly amount of time thinking about my decision to stop updating this blog regularly.
* * *
For a while before I started Nourish Paleo Foods, friends had been telling me that I always made paleo cooking look so easy and tempting. My brother-in-law says he is inspired to eat more vegetables after hanging out with me. "You just make them look so good."
So in July 2012, I started this blog so I could "share and record what I am cooking up these days."
For the past 16 months, I have posted two or three times a week—usually sharing paleo recipes but sometimes writing about topics far outside the kitchen that are interesting to me. I have been bowled over by the supportiveness of my friends and family, as well as by the other bloggers and readers with whom I have made virtual friendships. People have been so kind, gracious and supportive as I have shared my recipes and reflections. I hope that a few readers found a tasty new recipe.
When I told Matt a few months ago that I was thinking of stopping this blog, he was surprised. "Why?" he asked.
I paused, as so many ideas swirled around in my brain.
"I guess I'm running out of things to say," I finally said. "And I've shared all my recipes."
And that's a big part of it. I'm afraid I don't have much else to add on the topic of paleo recipes. I cook about 20 of 21 meals that I eat per week – plus a hefty number of snacks. But probably 19 of those 20 meals are the same basic format – meat and vegetable, topped with olive oil, salt and pepper. During these 16 months, I've shared most of the creative ideas I have accumulated over five years of paleo eating.
But a second and equally significant part of my decision to stop updating this blog has to with how I chose to spend my time. I believe very strongly that each of us has a responsibility to spend the hours and days that we have with intention. I never want to be in a position where I ask myself why I didn't spend more time on things that were important to me. And by spending time on cooking for and writing for this blog, I spend less time on other things that I want to do, such as —
- Impulsively following recipes that I see on other blogs
- Making cute, little paper turkeys to put on my table for Thanksgiving
- Writing thank you notes to people who have been kind and generous to me
- Being silly with Matt
- Meditating
- Carelessly throwing ingredients in a pan, with no concern for replicating the recipe
- Regularly get into bed before 9 pm
- Discovering that I have a yet-unrealized talent as an oil painter or philanthropist
- Listening to more audio books
- Engaging fully with my family and friends who we are seeing this holiday season
I don't foresee a time when I won't be eating meat, vegetables with generous amounts of healthy fats, and some fruit and nuts (with the regular non-paleo off-road into other treats that look too good to pass up!) — but do look forward to not spending 10-15 hours a week blogging about it.
Fortunately, I know the world will not be lacking for paleo recipes. There are hundreds – probably thousands – of inspirational paleo cooks and writers who share their skills with us through their blogs in their cookbooks.
And I feel confident there will be more paleo bloggers every year, as an increasing number of folks discover they feel great eating from a paleo template. I think this is exciting and I'm really looking forward to trying out some of their recipes.
* * *
And at the risk of being overly sappy, I just want to say one more time that really appreciate the awesomeness of every person who has been kind enough to read or comment on my blog. You are the best. Let's have dinner sometime.